From: Chet Ramey Date: Tue, 20 Jun 2023 14:10:11 +0000 (-0400) Subject: new BASH_MONOSECONDS, BASH_TRAPSIG variables; make checkwinsize work in subshells... X-Git-Url: http://git.ipfire.org/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=fc29a0240453ce4742a80be0d45c45cd2bdac5d2;p=thirdparty%2Fbash.git new BASH_MONOSECONDS, BASH_TRAPSIG variables; make checkwinsize work in subshells of interactive shells; fix for declare -f and function names containing `=' --- diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog index b9af6fd4a..6cdfb14b0 100644 --- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog +++ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog @@ -6677,3 +6677,37 @@ execute_cmd.c doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi - TIMEFORMAT: document that the max precision is now 6 From https://savannah.gnu.org/support/?110343 + + 6/16 + ---- +variables.c + - get_monoseconds: use clock_gettime to return the value of the + system's monotonic clock, if available + - BASH_MONOSECONDS: a new dynamic variable that returns the value of + get_monoseconds + From a suggestion by William Kennington + +doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi + - BASH_MONOSECONDS: document + +trap.c + - save_bash_trapsig,set_bash_trapsig,restore_bash_trapsig: functions + to manage value of BASH_TRAPSIG + - run_pending_traps: save and restore the value of BASH_TRAPSIG; set + it to the numeric signal number of the trap being run while it's + executing + From a feature request by Eric Marceau + - _run_trap_internal,run_exit_trap: save and restore BASH_TRAPSIG; + make sure it's set appropriately + +builtins/declare.def + - declare_internal: if declare is supplied -f and an argument that + looks like an assignment statement, fail only if there is not a + function with that name already defined. + From a report from Emanuele Torre + back in 12/22 + +jobs.c + - wait_for: make checkwinsize work in subshell commands started from + interactive shells + New feature request by Kerin Millar diff --git a/builtins/declare.def b/builtins/declare.def index e652f639d..fd0ac44a2 100644 --- a/builtins/declare.def +++ b/builtins/declare.def @@ -431,9 +431,14 @@ declare_internal (WORD_LIST *list, int local_var) /* Can't define functions using assignment statements */ if (offset && (flags_on & att_function)) /* declare -f [-rix] foo=bar */ { - builtin_error (_("cannot use `-f' to make functions")); - free (name); - return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); + if (var = find_function (name)) + offset = 0; + else + { + builtin_error (_("cannot use `-f' to make functions")); + free (name); + return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); + } } /* There should be a way, however, to let people look at a particular diff --git a/config.h.in b/config.h.in index b5007fed0..c2750a2a0 100644 --- a/config.h.in +++ b/config.h.in @@ -580,6 +580,9 @@ /* Define if you have the chown function. */ #undef HAVE_CHOWN +/* Define if you have the clock_gettime function. */ +#undef HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME + /* Define if you have the confstr function. */ #undef HAVE_CONFSTR diff --git a/configure b/configure index de3b74780..518b6fc2f 100755 --- a/configure +++ b/configure @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ #! /bin/sh -# From configure.ac for Bash 5.2, version 5.053. +# From configure.ac for Bash 5.3, version 5.054. # Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles. # Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.71 for bash 5.3-devel. # @@ -15041,6 +15041,12 @@ if test "x$ac_cv_func_bzero" = xyes then : printf "%s\n" "#define HAVE_BZERO 1" >>confdefs.h +fi +ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "clock_gettime" "ac_cv_func_clock_gettime" +if test "x$ac_cv_func_clock_gettime" = xyes +then : + printf "%s\n" "#define HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME 1" >>confdefs.h + fi ac_fn_c_check_func "$LINENO" "confstr" "ac_cv_func_confstr" if test "x$ac_cv_func_confstr" = xyes diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac index 173e5233c..29f504387 100644 --- a/configure.ac +++ b/configure.ac @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program. If not, see . -AC_REVISION([for Bash 5.2, version 5.053])dnl +AC_REVISION([for Bash 5.3, version 5.054])dnl define(bashvers, 5.3) define(relstatus, devel) @@ -848,7 +848,7 @@ AC_CHECK_FUNCS(dup2 eaccess fcntl getdtablesize getentropy getgroups \ AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(rename) dnl checks for c library functions -AC_CHECK_FUNCS(bcopy bzero confstr faccessat fnmatch \ +AC_CHECK_FUNCS(bcopy bzero clock_gettime confstr faccessat fnmatch \ getaddrinfo gethostbyname getservbyname getservent inet_aton \ imaxdiv memmove pathconf putenv raise random regcomp regexec \ setenv setlinebuf setlocale setvbuf siginterrupt strchr \ diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0 index ff2ea3261..a71efb11b 100644 --- a/doc/bash.0 +++ b/doc/bash.0 @@ -907,6 +907,12 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex- pression. The element with index _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. + BBAASSHH__MMOONNOOSSEECCOONNDDSS + Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value + returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available. + If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to EEPPOOCCHHSSEECC-- + OONNDDSS. If BBAASSHH__MMOONNOOSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special prop- + erties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the corresponding shell function names in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array @@ -918,9 +924,14 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini- tial value is 0. If BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL is unset, it loses its spe- cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + BBAASSHH__TTRRAAPPSSIIGG + Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being + executed during its execution. See the description of ttrraapp un- + der SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below for information about signal + numbers and trap execution. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO A readonly array variable whose members hold version information - for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array + for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array members are as follows: BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n). @@ -929,94 +940,94 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[4]] The release status (e.g., _b_e_t_a_1). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[5]] The value of MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIIOONN - Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of + Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of bbaasshh. CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD - An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current + An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func- - tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the cur- rent completion function. CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE - The current command line. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- + The current command line. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT - The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- - ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is + The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- + ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is - equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- + equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE - Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion - attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, - for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- - sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- - tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or - _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- + Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion + attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, + for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- + sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- + tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or + _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the program- mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word - separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word + separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- - ual words in the current command line. The line is split into - words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as de- - scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func- - tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- + ual words in the current command line. The line is split into + words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as de- + scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func- + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file - descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess + CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file + descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see CCoopprroocceesssseess above). DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing the current con- - tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack - in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning + tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack + in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo- - ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must + ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this vari- - able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is un- + able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is un- set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)) as a floating + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)) as a floating point value with micro-second granularity. Assignments to - EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE is unset, it loses + EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)). Assignments to - EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)). Assignments to + EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. - EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- + EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE - An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot- - tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". - This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. - Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, - it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re- + tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". + This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. + Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re- set. - This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. - Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in + This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. + Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For in- - stance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file - $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The + stance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file + $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The ccaalllleerr builtin displays the current call stack using this infor- mation. - GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect. - If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it + If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. HHIISSTTCCMMDD The history number, or index in the history list, of the current @@ -1026,44 +1037,44 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE Automatically set to the name of the current host. HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type - of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- + Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type + of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- dependent. - LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a - decimal number representing the current sequential line number - (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a - script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to + LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a + decimal number representing the current sequential line number + (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a + script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful. If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper- ties, even if it is subsequently reset. MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system - type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- + Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system + type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- _p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format. The default is system-dependent. MMAAPPFFIILLEE - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text read by the mmaappffiillee builtin when no variable name is supplied. OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command. - OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- - tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- + OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- + tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- dent. PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit - status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit + status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). - PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- + PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- only. PPWWDD The current working directory as set by the ccdd command. - RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random - integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM ini- - tializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. If RRAANNDDOOMM is - unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random + integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM ini- + tializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. If RRAANNDDOOMM is + unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__AARRGGUUMMEENNTT - Any numeric argument given to a readline command that was de- + Any numeric argument given to a readline command that was de- fined using "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) when it was invoked. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE @@ -1071,38 +1082,38 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK The position of the mark (saved insertion point) in the rreeaaddlliinnee - line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The characters between the insertion point and the mark are often called the _r_e_g_i_o_n. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT The position of the insertion point in the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when + RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when no arguments are supplied. SSEECCOONNDDSS Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since shell invocation. If a value is assigned to - SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the - number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. - The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time - are always determined by querying the system clock. If SSEECCOONNDDSS - is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + of seconds since shell invocation. If a value is assigned to + SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the + number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. + The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time + are always determined by querying the system clock. If SSEECCOONNDDSS + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each - shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any + appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each + shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is read-only. SSHHLLVVLL Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started. SSRRAANNDDOOMM This variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number each time - it is referenced. The random number generator is not linear on - systems that support /dev/urandom or _a_r_c_4_r_a_n_d_o_m, so each re- - turned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. - The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to + it is referenced. The random number generator is not linear on + systems that support /dev/urandom or _a_r_c_4_r_a_n_d_o_m, so each re- + turned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. + The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to this variable have no effect. If SSRRAANNDDOOMM is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. UUIIDD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell @@ -1112,297 +1123,297 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS signs a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT - The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See - SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below for a description of the various + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See + SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below for a description of the various compatibility levels and their effects. The value may be a dec- - imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding - to the desired compatibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or - set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the - default for the current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a - value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the - shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level + imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding + to the desired compatibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or + set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the + default for the current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a + value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the + shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the current version. The valid values corre- - spond to the compatibility levels described below under SSHHEELLLL - CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are valid values + spond to the compatibility levels described below under SSHHEELLLL + CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are valid values that correspond to the ccoommppaatt4422 sshhoopptt option and set the compat- ibility level to 42. The current version is also a valid value. BBAASSHH__EENNVV - If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, - its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to + If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, + its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to initialize the shell, as in _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is - subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and - arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a filename. + subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and + arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a filename. PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant filename. BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD - If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, - bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is en- - abled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed - when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting - BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace - output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, + bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is en- + abled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed + when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting + BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace + output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. - CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated + CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for destination di- - rectories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is + rectories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is ".:~:/usr". CCHHIILLDD__MMAAXX - Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to - remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below - a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- - rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below + a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- + rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is system-dependent. CCOOLLUUMMNNSS - Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal - width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal + width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions - generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- - pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each ar- + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- + pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each ar- ray element contains one possible completion. - EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell - starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in + EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. - EENNVV Expanded and executed similarly to BBAASSHH__EENNVV (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN + EENNVV Expanded and executed similarly to BBAASSHH__EENNVV (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above) when an interactive shell is invoked in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e. EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) - defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search - using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- - terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of + A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) + defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search + using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- + terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution via PPAATTHH lookup. This does not affect the behavior of the [[, tteesstt, and [[[[ commands. Full path- - names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. - Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the - executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern + names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. + Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the + executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command. FFIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing + A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). A filename whose suf- - fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the + fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~". FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT - If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum - function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this + If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum + function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level will cause the current command to abort. GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file - names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name - matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file + names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name + matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT - Control how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The - value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or- - der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is - unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the - historial behavior of sorting by name. If set, a valid value - begins with an optional _+, which is ignored, or _-, which re- - verses the sort order from ascending to descending, followed by - a sort specifier. The valid sort specifiers are _n_a_m_e, _s_i_z_e, - _m_t_i_m_e, _a_t_i_m_e, _c_t_i_m_e, and _b_l_o_c_k_s, which sort the files on name, - file size, modification time, access time, inode change time, - and number of blocks, respectively. For example, a value of - _-_m_t_i_m_e sorts the results in descending order by modification - time (newest first). A sort specifier of _n_o_s_o_r_t disables sort- - ing completely; the results are returned in the order they are - read from the file system,. If the sort specifier is missing, - it defaults to _n_a_m_e, so a value of _+ is equivalent to the null + Control how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The + value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or- + der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is + unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the + historial behavior of sorting by name. If set, a valid value + begins with an optional _+, which is ignored, or _-, which re- + verses the sort order from ascending to descending, followed by + a sort specifier. The valid sort specifiers are _n_a_m_e, _s_i_z_e, + _m_t_i_m_e, _a_t_i_m_e, _c_t_i_m_e, and _b_l_o_c_k_s, which sort the files on name, + file size, modification time, access time, inode change time, + and number of blocks, respectively. For example, a value of + _-_m_t_i_m_e sorts the results in descending order by modification + time (newest first). A sort specifier of _n_o_s_o_r_t disables sort- + ing completely; the results are returned in the order they are + read from the file system,. If the sort specifier is missing, + it defaults to _n_a_m_e, so a value of _+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _- sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores the historical sorting behavior. HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL - A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are - saved on the history list. If the list of values includes _i_g_- - _n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not - saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines + A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are + saved on the history list. If the list of values includes _i_g_- + _n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not + saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_b_o_t_h is shorthand for _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e and _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s. A value of _e_r_a_s_e_d_u_p_s causes all previous lines matching the current line - to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. - Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is - unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the + to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. + Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is + unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value - of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line - compound command are not tested, and are added to the history + of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line + compound command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. HHIISSTTFFIILLEE The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HHIISS-- - TTOORRYY below). The default value is _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. If unset, + TTOORRYY below). The default value is _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. If unset, the command history is not saved when a shell exits. HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When - this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- - cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of - lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also - truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits. If - the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. - Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit - truncation. The shell sets the default value to the value of + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- + cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of + lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also + truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits. If + the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. + Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit + truncation. The shell sets the default value to the value of HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command - lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is an- - chored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete - line (no implicit `**' is appended). Each pattern is tested - against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL are + A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command + lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is an- + chored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete + line (no implicit `**' is appended). Each pattern is tested + against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching char- - acters, `&&' matches the previous history line. `&&' may be es- - caped using a backslash; the backslash is removed before at- - tempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a multi- - line compound command are not tested, and are added to the his- - tory regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The pattern match- + acters, `&&' matches the previous history line. `&&' may be es- + caped using a backslash; the backslash is removed before at- + tempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a multi- + line compound command are not tested, and are added to the his- + tory regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The pattern match- ing honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE - The number of commands to remember in the command history (see - HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in + The number of commands to remember in the command history (see + HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every - command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). - The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any + command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). + The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a + If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated - with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If - this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history - file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses - the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from + with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If + this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history + file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses + the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. HHOOMMEE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the ccdd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion. HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE - Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s + Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. - The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while - the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at- - tempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of - the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has - no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to - read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- + The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while + the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at- + tempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of + the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has + no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to + read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- tions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, the hostname list is cleared. IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting af- - ter expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd + ter expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd builtin command. The default value is ``''. IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of - consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first - characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable - exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the - default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the + consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first + characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable + exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the + default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the end of input to the shell. IINNPPUUTTRRCC - The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the de- + The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the de- fault of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). IINNSSIIDDEE__EEMMAACCSS - If this variable appears in the environment when the shell - starts, bbaasshh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell - buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of + If this variable appears in the environment when the shell + starts, bbaasshh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell + buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of TTEERRMM. - LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not + LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__. - LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ + LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ variable specifying a locale category. LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE - This variable determines the collation order used when sorting - the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior - of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se- + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting + the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior + of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se- quences within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE - This variable determines the interpretation of characters and - the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and + the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS - This variable determines the locale used to translate double- + This variable determines the locale used to translate double- quoted strings preceded by a $$. LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC - This variable determines the locale category used for number + This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. LLCC__TTIIMMEE - This variable determines the locale category used for data and + This variable determines the locale category used for data and time formatting. - LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column - length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column + length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. - MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the - MMAAIILLPPAATTHH variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the ar- + MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the + MMAAIILLPPAATTHH variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the ar- rival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory. MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK - Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The de- - fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the - shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this - variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number + Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The de- + fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the + shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this + variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. MMAAIILLPPAATTHH A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may - be specified by separating the filename from the message with a - `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the + be specified by separating the filename from the message with a + `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the name of the current mailfile. Example: MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"' - BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- - able (there is no value by default), but the location of the + BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- + able (there is no value by default), but the location of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by - the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a + the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell script is executed. - PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of - directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD - EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the + PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of + directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD + EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory - name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or - trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is + name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or + trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/lo- cal/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''. PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT - If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the - shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as if - the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set - while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, as if the - command _s_e_t _-_o _p_o_s_i_x had been executed. When the shell enters + If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the + shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as if + the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set + while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, as if the + command _s_e_t _-_o _p_o_s_i_x had been executed. When the shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it sets this variable if it was not already set. PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD - If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set - element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary - prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is + If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set + element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary + prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is used as a command to execute instead. PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM - If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the + If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding - the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). + the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. - PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and + PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and before the command is executed. - PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is + PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is ``\\ss--\\vv\\$$ ''. - PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as + PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is ``>> ''. PPSS33 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the sseelleecctt command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). - PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the + PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the value is printed before each command bbaasshh displays during an ex- ecution trace. The first character of the expanded value of PPSS44 is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is ``++ ''. - SSHHEELLLL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it - is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full + SSHHEELLLL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it + is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- - ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the - ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- - duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or - other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are + The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- + ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the + ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- + duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or + other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the braces denote optional portions. %%%% A literal %%. %%[[_p]][[ll]]RR The elapsed time in seconds. @@ -1410,77 +1421,77 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS %%[[_p]][[ll]]SS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. %%PP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. - The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number + The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes - no decimal point or fraction to be output. At most six places - after the decimal point may be specified; values of _p greater - than 6 are changed to 6. If _p is not specified, the value 3 is + no decimal point or fraction to be output. At most six places + after the decimal point may be specified; values of _p greater + than 6 are changed to 6. If _p is not specified, the value 3 is used. - The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of - the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not + The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of + the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not the fraction is included. - If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value - $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, + If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value + $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, TTMMOOUUTT is treated as the de- - fault timeout for the rreeaadd builtin. The sseelleecctt command termi- + fault timeout for the rreeaadd builtin. The sseelleecctt command termi- nates if input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is - coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is + coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting - for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not + for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arrive. - TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which + TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which bbaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use. aauuttoo__rreessuummee This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and - job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com- + job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com- mands without redirections are treated as candidates for resump- tion of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed; - if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, - the job most recently accessed is selected. The _n_a_m_e of a - stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start - it. If set to the value _e_x_a_c_t, the string supplied must match - the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the - string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a - stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value provides functionality analo- - gous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set - to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a + if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, + the job most recently accessed is selected. The _n_a_m_e of a + stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start + it. If set to the value _e_x_a_c_t, the string supplied must match + the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the + string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a + stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value provides functionality analo- + gous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set + to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the %%_s_t_r_i_n_g job identifier. hhiissttcchhaarrss - The two or three characters which control history expansion and + The two or three characters which control history expansion and tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). The first character - is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which signals - the start of a history expansion, normally `!!'. The second - character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, which is used as - shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi- - tuting one string for another in the command. The default is - `^^'. The optional third character is the character which indi- - cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as - the first character of a word, normally `##'. The history com- + is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which signals + the start of a history expansion, normally `!!'. The second + character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, which is used as + shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi- + tuting one string for another in the command. The default is + `^^'. The optional third character is the character which indi- + cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as + the first character of a word, normally `##'. The history com- ment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the - remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the + remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. AArrrraayyss - BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. - Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin will - explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of - an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- - tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including + BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. + Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin will + explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of + an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- + tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are ref- erenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. - An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned + An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e. The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. To explicitly - declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMM-- - MMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also accepted; the _s_u_b_- + declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMM-- + MMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also accepted; the _s_u_b_- _s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored. Associative arrays are created using ddeeccllaarree --AA _n_a_m_e. @@ -1488,159 +1499,159 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the ddeeccllaarree and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. - Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form - _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e may be of the form [_s_u_b_- - _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require anything but - _s_t_r_i_n_g. Each _v_a_l_u_e in the list is expanded using the shell expansions + Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form + _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e may be of the form [_s_u_b_- + _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require anything but + _s_t_r_i_n_g. Each _v_a_l_u_e in the list is expanded using the shell expansions described below under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN, but _v_a_l_u_es that are valid variable as- signments including the brackets and subscript do not undergo brace ex- - pansion and word splitting, as with individual variable assignments. - When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and sub- - script are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of - the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement + pansion and word splitting, as with individual variable assignments. + When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and sub- + script are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of + the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assign- - ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is - required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al- - ternating keys and values: _n_a_m_e=(( _k_e_y_1 _v_a_l_u_e_1 _k_e_y_2 _v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). These - are treated identically to _n_a_m_e=(( [_k_e_y_1]=_v_a_l_u_e_1 [_k_e_y_2]=_v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). - The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in- - terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When - using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final + ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is + required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al- + ternating keys and values: _n_a_m_e=(( _k_e_y_1 _v_a_l_u_e_1 _k_e_y_2 _v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). These + are treated identically to _n_a_m_e=(( [_k_e_y_1]=_v_a_l_u_e_1 [_k_e_y_2]=_v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). + The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in- + terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When + using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final missing value is treated like the empty string. - This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array - elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax in- - troduced above. When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is sub- - scripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative - to one greater than the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices + This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array + elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax in- + troduced above. When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is sub- + scripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative + to one greater than the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. - The += operator will append to an array variable when assigning using + The += operator will append to an array variable when assigning using the compound assignment syntax; see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS above. - Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. + Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If - _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e. These - subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If + _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e. These + subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the - value of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS + value of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special variable, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a sep- - arate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to - nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the ex- + arate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to + nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the ex- pansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the - original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with + original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the expansion - of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss above). - ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If + of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss above). + ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of elements in the ar- ray. If the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of an indexed array - evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to - one greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices + evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to + one greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref- - erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable + erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and bbaasshh will create an array if nec- essary. - An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. - It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the - values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in + It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the + values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in array variable _n_a_m_e. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the special parameters _@ and _* within double quotes. The uunnsseett builtin is used to destroy arrays. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] de- stroys the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t, for both indexed and asso- - ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted - as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable - does not unset the variable. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, re- + ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted + as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable + does not unset the variable. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, re- moves the entire array. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t], where _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, behaves differently depending on whether _n_a_m_e is an indexed or asso- - ciative array. If _n_a_m_e is an associative array, this unsets the ele- + ciative array. If _n_a_m_e is an associative array, this unsets the ele- ment with subscript ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an indexed array, unset removes all of the elements but does not remove the array itself. - When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com- - mand, such as with uunnsseett, without using the word expansion syntax de- + When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com- + mand, such as with uunnsseett, without using the word expansion syntax de- scribed above, the argument is subject to pathname expansion. If path- name expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted. - The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to - specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative ar- - ray. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd - builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the + The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to + specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative ar- + ray. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd + builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the standard input to an array. The sseett and ddeeccllaarree builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into - words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _b_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, - _t_i_l_d_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _a_n_d _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_- + words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _b_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, + _t_i_l_d_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _a_n_d _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_- _t_i_o_n, _a_r_i_t_h_m_e_t_i_c _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g, and _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter - and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution - (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and pathname expan- + and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution + (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and pathname expan- sion. On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail- - able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as - tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- + able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as + tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- stitution. - After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the - original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves + After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the + original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (_q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l). - Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in- - crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a - single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex- + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in- + crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a + single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex- pansions of "$$@@" and "$${{_n_a_m_e[[@@]]}}", and, in most cases, $$** and $${{_n_a_m_e[[**]]}} as explained above (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS). BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be gener- - ated. This mechanism is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the file- + ated. This mechanism is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the file- names generated need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional _p_r_e_a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-sep- - arated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol- - lowed by an optional _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each + arated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol- + lowed by an optional _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right. - Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string - are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, + Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string + are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, a{{d,c,b}}e expands into `ade ace abe'. - A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y are - either integers or single letters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, is + A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y are + either integers or single letters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each - number between _x and _y, inclusive. Supplied integers may be prefixed - with _0 to force each term to have the same width. When either _x or _y - begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to - contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When - letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexico- - graphically between _x and _y, inclusive, using the default C locale. - Note that both _x and _y must be of the same type (integer or letter). - When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between + number between _x and _y, inclusive. Supplied integers may be prefixed + with _0 to force each term to have the same width. When either _x or _y + begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to + contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When + letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexico- + graphically between _x and _y, inclusive, using the default C locale. + Note that both _x and _y must be of the same type (integer or letter). + When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char- - acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is - strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to + acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is + strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. - A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and + A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence ex- pression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. A - {{ or ,, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered - part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan- + {{ or ,, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered + part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan- sion, the string $${{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing }}. @@ -1651,36 +1662,36 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN or chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} - Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical - versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially - when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. - BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. - For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in - the output. The same word is output as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after expansion by - bbaasshh. If strict compatibility with sshh is desired, start bbaasshh with the + Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical + versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially + when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. + BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. + For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in + the output. The same word is output as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after expansion by + bbaasshh. If strict compatibility with sshh is desired, start bbaasshh with the ++BB option or disable brace expansion with the ++BB option to the sseett com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). TTiillddee EExxppaannssiioonn - If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~~'), all of the - characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if - there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of - the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the - tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. - If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the - value of the shell parameter HHOOMMEE. If HHOOMMEE is unset, the home direc- - tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other- - wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated + If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~~'), all of the + characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if + there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of + the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the + tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. + If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the + value of the shell parameter HHOOMMEE. If HHOOMMEE is unset, the home direc- + tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other- + wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated with the specified login name. - If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable PPWWDD re- - places the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of - the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char- - acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _N, - optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced + If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable PPWWDD re- + places the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of + the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char- + acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _N, + optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the ddiirrss builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argu- - ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con- + ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con- sist of a number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed. If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is @@ -1689,140 +1700,140 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immedi- ately following a :: or the first ==. In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as- - signments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the ex- + signments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the ex- panded value. - Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions + Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of variable assignments (as described above under PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) when they - appear as arguments to simple commands. Bash does not do this, except + appear as arguments to simple commands. Bash does not do this, except for the _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands listed above, when in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e. PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn The `$$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, - or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded - may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the - variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which + or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded + may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the + variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name. - When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}}' not + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}}' not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an em- - bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan- + bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan- sion. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} - The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. The braces are required - when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one + The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. The braces are required + when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell - parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference + parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference (AArrrraayyss). - If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and + If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of indirection. BBaasshh uses the value formed by expanding the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the new _p_a_- - _r_a_m_e_t_e_r; this is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of - the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r; this is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of + the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The value is subject to tilde ex- - pansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic ex- - pansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the - parameter referenced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete - indirect expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of - ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point - must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec- + pansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic ex- + pansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the + parameter referenced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete + indirect expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of + ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point + must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec- tion. In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented be- - low (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. - Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is un- + low (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. + Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is un- set. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::--_w_o_r_d} - UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- + sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::==_w_o_r_d} - AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the ex- - pansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_- - _t_e_r is then substituted. Positional parameters and special pa- + AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the ex- + pansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_- + _t_e_r is then substituted. Positional parameters and special pa- rameters may not be assigned to in this way. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::??_w_o_r_d} - DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, - the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is - not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if + DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, + the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is + not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::++_w_o_r_d} - UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is + UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h} - SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the - value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- - _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, an indexed array subscripted by @@ - or **, or an associative array name, the results differ as de- - scribed below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring + SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- + _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, an indexed array subscripted by @@ + or **, or an associative array name, the results differ as de- + scribed below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t and extending to the end of the value. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). - If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is + If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of _p_a_- - _r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it is + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the value - of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the expan- - sion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. Note - that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at + of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the expan- + sion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. Note + that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to avoid being confused with the ::-- expansion. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parame- - ters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative - to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parame- + ters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative + to one greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter (or 0 if - there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion error + there are no positional parameters). It is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the - result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with ${_p_a_- - _r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one + result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with ${_p_a_- + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces un- defined results. - Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- - ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de- - fault. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- + ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by de- + fault. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $$00 is prefixed to the list. ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@} - NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose + NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the - IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears - within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate + IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears + within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate word. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} - LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to - the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is - not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. - When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to + the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is + not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. + When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. ${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} - PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. The length in characters of the value of _p_a_- - _r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value sub- - stituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. The length in characters of the value of _p_a_- + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value sub- + stituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed - array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is in- - terpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the end of the + array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is in- + terpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d} @@ -1830,15 +1841,15 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of - the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the - expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern - (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the ``####'' - case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal op- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of + the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern + (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the ``####'' + case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal op- eration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array vari- - able subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is - applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion + able subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is + applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d} @@ -1846,15 +1857,15 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- - tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion - of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the ex- - pansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest - matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest matching pat- - tern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the - pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion + of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the ex- + pansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest + matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest matching pat- + tern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the + pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_- - _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern - removal operation is applied to each member of the array in + _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern + removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} @@ -1862,116 +1873,116 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//##_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//%%_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat- - tern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and - the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with - _s_t_r_i_n_g. _s_t_r_i_n_g undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and vari- - able expansion, arithmetic expansion, command and process sub- - stitution, and quote removal. The match is performed using the + tern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and + the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with + _s_t_r_i_n_g. _s_t_r_i_n_g undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and vari- + able expansion, arithmetic expansion, command and process sub- + stitution, and quote removal. The match is performed using the rules described under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. In the first form - above, only the first match is replaced. If there are two + above, only the first match is replaced. If there are two slashes separating _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r and _p_a_t_t_e_r_n (the second form - above), all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. If - _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by ## (the third form above), it must match + above), all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. If + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is preceded by ## (the third form above), it must match at the beginning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n - is preceded by %% (the fourth form above), it must match at the - end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If the expansion of - _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is + is preceded by %% (the fourth form above), it must match at the + end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If the expansion of + _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted and the // following _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. - If the ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, - any unquoted instances of && in _s_t_r_i_n_g are replaced with the + If the ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, + any unquoted instances of && in _s_t_r_i_n_g are replaced with the matching portion of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. Quoting any part of _s_t_r_i_n_g inhibits replacement in the expansion - of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in - shell variables. Backslash will escape && in _s_t_r_i_n_g; the back- - slash is removed in order to permit a literal && in the replace- - ment string. Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; - \\\\ results in a literal backslash in the replacement. Users - should take care if _s_t_r_i_n_g is double-quoted to avoid unwanted - interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since - backslash has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern - substitution performs the check for unquoted && after expanding + of the quoted portion, including replacement strings stored in + shell variables. Backslash will escape && in _s_t_r_i_n_g; the back- + slash is removed in order to permit a literal && in the replace- + ment string. Backslash can also be used to escape a backslash; + \\\\ results in a literal backslash in the replacement. Users + should take care if _s_t_r_i_n_g is double-quoted to avoid unwanted + interactions between the backslash and double-quoting, since + backslash has special meaning within double quotes. Pattern + substitution performs the check for unquoted && after expanding _s_t_r_i_n_g; shell programmers should quote any occurrences of && they want to be taken literally in the replacement and ensure any in- stances of && they want to be replaced are unquoted. - If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per- - formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to - each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re- - sultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted - with @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to each mem- - ber of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per- + formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to + each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the re- + sultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted + with @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to each mem- + ber of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} - CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- - betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- + CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- + betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. Each character in - the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and, - if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern - should not attempt to match more than one character. The ^^ op- + the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and, + if it matches the pattern, its case is converted. The pattern + should not attempt to match more than one character. The ^^ op- erator converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to uppercase; the ,, operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. - The ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched character in the - expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert only - the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is omit- - ted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. If - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied - to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the - resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted - with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied to each - member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + The ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched character in the + expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert only + the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is omit- + ted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. If + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied + to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the + resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted + with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied to each + member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r@@_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r} PPaarraammeetteerr ttrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn. The expansion is either a transforma- - tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a + tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or information about _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + itself, depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a single letter: - UU The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to upper- + UU The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to upper- case. - uu The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + uu The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the first character converted to uppercase, if it is alphabetic. - LL The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lower- + LL The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lower- case. - QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + QQ The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r quoted in a format that can be reused as input. - EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r - with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the + EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the $$''......'' quoting mechanism. PP The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as if it were a prompt string (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). - AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment - statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, will + AA The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment + statement or ddeeccllaarree command that, if evaluated, will recreate _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with its attributes and value. KK Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_- _e_t_e_r, except that it prints the values of indexed and as- - sociative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs + sociative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value pairs (see AArrrraayyss above). - aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- + aa The expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep- resenting _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r's attributes. - kk Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and val- - ues of indexed and associative arrays to separate words + kk Like the K transformation, but expands the keys and val- + ues of indexed and associative arrays to separate words after word splitting. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- - tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant - list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- + tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. - The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and + The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname expansion as described below. CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn @@ -1985,46 +1996,46 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in a subshell environ- ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are - not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- - mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but + not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The com- + mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)). - With the old-style backquote form of substitution, backslash retains - its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The first - backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitu- - tion. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the + With the old-style backquote form of substitution, backslash retains + its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The first + backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitu- + tion. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. There is an alternate form of command substitution: $${{_c _c_o_m_m_a_n_d;;}} - which executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in the current execution environment and cap- + which executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in the current execution environment and cap- tures its output, again with trailing newlines removed. The character _c following the open brace must be a space, tab, newline, - or ||, and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved word - may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semicolon). + or ||, and the close brace must be in a position where a reserved word + may appear (i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as semicolon). BBaasshh allows the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in - the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as a reserved + the word without being followed by a shell metacharacter as a reserved word would usually require. Any side effects of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d take effect immediately in the current exe- - cution environment and persist in the current environment after the + cution environment and persist in the current environment after the command completes (e.g., the eexxiitt builtin will exit the shell). - This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an - unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell - function is executing, and the rreettuurrnn builtin forces _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to com- - plete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the + This type of command substitution superficially resembles executing an + unnamed shell function: local variables are created as when a shell + function is executing, and the rreettuurrnn builtin forces _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to com- + plete; however, the rest of the execution environment, including the positional parameters, is shared with the caller. - If the first character following the open brace is a ||, the construct - expands to the value of the RREEPPLLYY shell variable after _c_o_m_m_a_n_d exe- - cutes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output - of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d remains the same as in the calling shell. BBaasshh creates RREE-- + If the first character following the open brace is a ||, the construct + expands to the value of the RREEPPLLYY shell variable after _c_o_m_m_a_n_d exe- + cutes, without removing any trailing newlines, and the standard output + of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d remains the same as in the calling shell. BBaasshh creates RREE-- PPLLYY as an initially-unset local variable when _c_o_m_m_a_n_d executes, and re- - stores RREEPPLLYY to the value it had before the command substitution after + stores RREEPPLLYY to the value it had before the command substitution after _c_o_m_m_a_n_d completes, as with any local variable. Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted @@ -2034,175 +2045,175 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN word splitting and pathname expansion on the results. AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn - Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression - and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan- + Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression + and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan- sion is: $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)))) - The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou- - ble quotes, but double quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou- + ble quotes, but double quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo param- - eter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. - The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. + eter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. + The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. - The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs. PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn - _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred - to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The - process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as + _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be referred + to using a filename. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The + process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears as a filename. This filename is passed as an argument to the current com- - mand as the result of the expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, - writing to the file will provide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form - is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the + mand as the result of the expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, + writing to the file will provide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form + is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the output of _l_i_s_t. Process substitution is supported on systems that sup- port named pipes (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. - When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with - parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with + parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg - The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes + The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g. - The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the - results of the other expansions into words using these characters as + The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the + results of the other expansions into words using these characters as field terminators. If IIFFSS is unset, or its value is exactly <><><>, the de- - fault, then sequences of ssppaaccee, ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee at the beginning and - end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any se- - quence of IIFFSS characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit - words. If IIFFSS has a value other than the default, then sequences of - the whitespace characters ssppaaccee, ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee are ignored at the - beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is - in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS whitespace character). Any character in - IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace - characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters + fault, then sequences of ssppaaccee, ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee at the beginning and + end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any se- + quence of IIFFSS characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit + words. If IIFFSS has a value other than the default, then sequences of + the whitespace characters ssppaaccee, ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee are ignored at the + beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is + in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS whitespace character). Any character in + IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace + characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. - If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. If IIFFSS is un- - set, word splitting behaves as if it contained the default value of + If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. If IIFFSS is un- + set, word splitting behaves as if it contained the default value of <><><>. - Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands + Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands as empty strings. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parame- ter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument re- sults and is retained and passed to a command as an empty string. When - a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is + a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is non-null, the null argument is removed. That is, the word -d'' becomes -d after word splitting and null argument removal. Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn - After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans - each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters + After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans + each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and - replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames matching the - pattern (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below). If no matching filenames are - found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not enabled, the word is left - unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, and no matches are found, - the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell option is set, and no - matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is not + replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames matching the + pattern (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below). If no matching filenames are + found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not enabled, the word is left + unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, and no matches are found, + the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell option is set, and no + matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is not executed. If the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is enabled, the match is per- - formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a - pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character ````..'''' at the - start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex- - plicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. In order to match + formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a + pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character ````..'''' at the + start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex- + plicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. In order to match the filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''', the pattern must begin with ``.'' (for - example, ``.?''), even if ddoottgglloobb is set. If the gglloobbsskkiippddoottss shell - option is enabled, the filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are never matched, - even if the pattern begins with a ````..''''. When not matching pathnames, - the ````..'''' character is not treated specially. When matching a path- - name, the slash character must always be matched explicitly by a slash - in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it can be matched by a - special pattern character as described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. - See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a - description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, gglloobbsskkiippddoottss, ffaaiillgglloobb, and + example, ``.?''), even if ddoottgglloobb is set. If the gglloobbsskkiippddoottss shell + option is enabled, the filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are never matched, + even if the pattern begins with a ````..''''. When not matching pathnames, + the ````..'''' character is not treated specially. When matching a path- + name, the slash character must always be matched explicitly by a slash + in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it can be matched by a + special pattern character as described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. + See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a + description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, gglloobbsskkiippddoottss, ffaaiillgglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell options. - The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file - names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file - name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed - from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- - ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to + The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file + names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file + name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed + from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- + ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to case. The filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGG-- - NNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null + NNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other - filenames beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old behavior - of ignoring filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one of the + filenames beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old behavior + of ignoring filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. - The GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT variable controls how the results of pathname expansion + The GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT variable controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted, as described above. PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern - characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not - occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the - escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern + characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not + occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the + escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. The special pattern characters have the following meanings: - ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the - gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a - pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a - single pattern will match all files and zero or more di- - rectories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two - adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- + ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the + gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a + pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a + single pattern will match all files and zero or more di- + rectories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two + adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto- ries. ?? Matches any single character. - [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of - characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- - _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- + [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of + characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_- + _s_i_o_n; any character that falls between those two charac- ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating se- quence and character set, is matched. If the first char- - acter following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ then any character + acter following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of characters - in range expressions, and the characters included in the - range, are determined by the current locale and the val- - ues of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell variables, if set. + in range expressions, and the characters included in the + range, are determined by the current locale and the val- + ues of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell variables, if set. To obtain the traditional interpretation of range expres- - sions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to [[aabbccdd]], set value of - the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or enable the gglloobbaassccii-- + sions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to [[aabbccdd]], set value of + the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to CC, or enable the gglloobbaassccii-- iirraannggeess shell option. A -- may be matched by including it - as the first or last character in the set. A ]] may be - matched by including it as the first character in the + as the first or last character in the set. A ]] may be + matched by including it as the first character in the set. - Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using + Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes defined in the POSIX standard: - aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt + aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt A character class matches any character belonging to that class. The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits, and the character _. Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified us- - ing the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with - the same collation weight (as defined by the current lo- + ing the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with + the same collation weight (as defined by the current lo- cale) as the character _c. Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collat- ing symbol _s_y_m_b_o_l. - If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, the - shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the + If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, the + shell recognizes several extended pattern matching operators. In the following description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns - separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more + separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following sub-patterns: ??((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) @@ -2217,84 +2228,84 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Matches anything except one of the given patterns The eexxttgglloobb option changes the behavior of the parser, since the paren- - theses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. To - ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure - that eexxttgglloobb is enabled before parsing constructs containing the pat- + theses are normally treated as operators with syntactic meaning. To + ensure that extended matching patterns are parsed correctly, make sure + that eexxttgglloobb is enabled before parsing constructs containing the pat- terns, including shell functions and command substitutions. When matching filenames, the ddoottgglloobb shell option determines the set of - filenames that are tested: when ddoottgglloobb is enabled, the set of file- - names includes all files beginning with ``.'', but ``.'' and ``..'' - must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; - when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning - with ``.'' unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ``.''. As + filenames that are tested: when ddoottgglloobb is enabled, the set of file- + names includes all files beginning with ``.'', but ``.'' and ``..'' + must be matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that begins with a dot; + when it is disabled, the set does not include any filenames beginning + with ``.'' unless the pattern or sub-pattern begins with a ``.''. As above, ``.'' only has a special meaning when matching filenames. Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, es- pecially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings contain - multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or + multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac- - ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions + ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions are removed. RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN - Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d - using a special notation interpreted by the shell. _R_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n allows - commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer + Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d + using a special notation interpreted by the shell. _R_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n allows + commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and - writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the - current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera- + writes to. Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the + current shell execution environment. The following redirection opera- tors may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may fol- - low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, + low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. - Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}. In this case, for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a - file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. - If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines - the file descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirect- - ion persists beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell pro- + file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. + If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines + the file descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirect- + ion persists beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell pro- grammer to manage the file descriptor's lifetime manually. The vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee shell option manages this behavior. - In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- - ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- - direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the - first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- + ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- + direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the + first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). - The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- - tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde - expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, - arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word + The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- + tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde + expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error. - Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the + Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the command ls >> dirlist 2>>&&1 - directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, + directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, while the command ls 2>>&&1 >> dirlist - directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard - error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- + directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard + error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- put was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec- tions, as described in the following table. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; - otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described + otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior described below. //ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d - If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- + If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- cated. //ddeevv//ssttddiinn File descriptor 0 is duplicated. @@ -2304,22 +2315,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN File descriptor 2 is duplicated. //ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding TCP socket. //ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t - is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open the corresponding UDP socket. A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. - Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with - care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with + care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- nally. RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the + sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. The general format for redirecting input is: @@ -2327,27 +2338,27 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the ex- - pansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the + Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the ex- + pansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file - does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero + does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. The general format for redirecting output is: [_n]>>_w_o_r_d - If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett - builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose - name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. + If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett + builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose + name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, the re- direction is attempted even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists. AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt - Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name re- + Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name re- sults from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file de- - scriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not + scriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. The general format for appending output is: @@ -2355,11 +2366,11 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>>>_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. - There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er- + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard er- ror: &&>>_w_o_r_d @@ -2371,13 +2382,13 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN >>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 - When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If - it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDee-- + When using the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --. If + it does, other redirection operators apply (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDee-- ssccrriippttoorrss below) for compatibility reasons. AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr - This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and - the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. The format for appending standard output and standard error is: @@ -2391,10 +2402,10 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below). HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss - This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the + This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no trailing - blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used - as the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a + blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used + as the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified) for a command. The format of here-documents is: @@ -2403,19 +2414,19 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN _h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r - No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic + No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any part of _w_o_r_d is quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote re- moval on _w_o_r_d, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If - _w_o_r_d is unquoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is _w_o_r_d itself, all lines of the here- - document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, + _w_o_r_d is unquoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is _w_o_r_d itself, all lines of the here- + document are subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the character sequence \\<> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote the characters \\, $$, and ``. If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then all leading tab characters are - stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This al- - lows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural + stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This al- + lows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion. HHeerree SSttrriinnggss @@ -2423,9 +2434,9 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<<<<<_w_o_r_d - The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, - command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- - name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is + The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- + name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified). @@ -2435,8 +2446,8 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or - more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of - that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file de- + more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of + that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file de- scriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. @@ -2445,12 +2456,12 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d - is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not - specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the - digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- - direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is - closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand - to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are + is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not + specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the + digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- + direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is + closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand + to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss @@ -2458,7 +2469,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after being duplicated to _n. @@ -2466,7 +2477,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg @@ -2474,30 +2485,30 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d - causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for - both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 + causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for + both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. AALLIIAASSEESS - _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi- - tion in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command. - Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us- - ing the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word that is in a posi- + tion in the input where it can be the first word of a simple command. + Aliases have names and corresponding values that are set and unset us- + ing the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks - the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell - replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it + If the shell reads an unquoted word in the right position, it checks + the word to see if it matches an alias name. If it matches, the shell + replaces the word with the alias value, and reads that value as if it had been read instead of the word. The shell doesn't look at any char- acters following the word before attempting alias substitution. - The characters //, $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or - quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The - replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell - metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for + The characters //, $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or + quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The + replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell + metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for - instance, and bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement + instance, and bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next com- @@ -2506,129 +2517,129 @@ AALLIIAASSEESS Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with the uunnaalliiaass command. - There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If arguments are needed, use a shell function (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the - eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat - confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input, and - all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the - commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded - when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias - definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take - effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following - the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. - This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases - are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function - is executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a - consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until af- - ter that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias defini- + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat + confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input, and + all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the + commands on that line or the compound command. Aliases are expanded + when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias + definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take + effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following + the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. + This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases + are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function + is executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a + consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until af- + ter that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias defini- tions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound commands. For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS - A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, - stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a - shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands + A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, + stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a + shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed - in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to in- - terpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). - When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the + in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to in- + terpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is - updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The - first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- + updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The + first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- tion while the function is executing. - All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be- - tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and - RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been - given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin - below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett - builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN - traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical be- + tween a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and + RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been + given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin + below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett + builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell option has been enabled. - Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin - command (_l_o_c_a_l _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s). Ordinarily, variables and their values are - shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared - llooccaall, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and + Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin + command (_l_o_c_a_l _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s). Ordinarily, variables and their values are + shared between the function and its caller. If a variable is declared + llooccaall, the variable's visible scope is restricted to that function and its children (including the functions it calls). In the following description, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _s_c_o_p_e is a currently- execut- ing function. Previous scopes consist of that function's caller and so - on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any + on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not executing any shell function. Consequently, a local variable at the current scope is a variable declared using the llooccaall or ddeeccllaarree builtins in the function that is currently executing. - Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre- - vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function - hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments - refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. + Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at pre- + vious scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function + hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments + refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. - The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility - within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their - values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- - cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a - function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether - that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is - also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the + The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility + within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their + values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- + cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a + function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether + that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is + also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function returns. - For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, - and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from + For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, + and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from within _f_u_n_c_2 will resolve to the local variable _v_a_r from _f_u_n_c_1, shadow- ing any global variable named _v_a_r. The uunnsseett builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable is local to the current scope, uunnsseett will unset it; otherwise the unset - will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described - above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will re- - main so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until - the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the + will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described + above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will re- + main so (appearing as unset) until it is reset in that scope or until + the function returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts on - a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that - name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the lloo-- + a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that + name that had been shadowed will become visible (see below how the lloo-- ccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett shell option changes this behavior). - The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de- - fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex- + The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de- + fines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that ex- ceed the limit cause the entire command to abort. - If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function - completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- + If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function + completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed be- - fore execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the - positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the + fore execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the + positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. - Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the + Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppee-- - sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file - and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions - may be exported so that child shell processes (those created when exe- - cuting a separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined + sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file + and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions + may be exported so that child shell processes (those created when exe- + cuting a separate shell invocation) automatically have them defined with the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Functions may be recursive. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit - the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- + the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of re- cursive calls. AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN - The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain - circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- + The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain + circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- pound command, and AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed- - width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is - trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, - associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol- + width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is + trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, + associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol- lowing list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence op- erators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. @@ -2657,55 +2668,55 @@ AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 comma - Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell - variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter - expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to + variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter + expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. - The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when - it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r + The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when + it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates - to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on + to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or character constants. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as oc- - tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num- - bers take the form [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal num- - ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a num- - ber in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When + tal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, num- + bers take the form [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal num- + ber between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a num- + ber in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, if a non-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are - represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, - in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up- - percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be- + represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, + in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up- + percase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers be- tween 10 and 35. - Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in - parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in + parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS - Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the - tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string - and arithmetic comparisons. The tteesstt and [[ commands determine their - behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of + Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the + tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string + and arithmetic comparisons. The tteesstt and [[ commands determine their + behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any other command-specific actions. - Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries. - BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres- + Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries. + BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres- sions. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running provides these - special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in- - ternally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- + special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them in- + ternally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file descriptor _n is checked. If - the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, - _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, + the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, + _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. - When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using + When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. The tteesstt command sorts using ASCII ordering. --aa _f_i_l_e @@ -2744,30 +2755,30 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS --LL _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. --NN _f_i_l_e - True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last read. --OO _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. --SS _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- + True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- bers. _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 does not. --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e - True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of - options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett + True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of + options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett builtin below. --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a value). --RR _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- ence. --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. @@ -2777,8 +2788,8 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 - True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt - command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, + True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt + command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, this performs pattern matching as described above (CCoommppoouunndd CCoomm-- mmaannddss). @@ -2792,113 +2803,113 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2 - OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic - binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, - less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than - or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive - or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _A_r_g_1 and - _A_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC + OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic + binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, + less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than + or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive + or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _A_r_g_1 and + _A_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following ex- - pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the + pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the following order. - 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments - (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments + (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. - 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are - expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word - is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word + is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. 3. Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN. 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- able. If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current - shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists - only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements - are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added - to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur- + shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists + only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements + are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added + to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur- rent shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a - value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits + value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. - If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af- - fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af- + fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. - If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as - described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- - sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command - is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as + described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- + sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command + is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN - After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple - command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol- + After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple + command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol- lowing actions. - If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate - it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is - invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a - function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If + If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate + it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is + invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a + function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. - If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no - slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- + If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no + slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to re- - member the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is - performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the + member the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is + performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it is invoked - in a separate execution environment with the original command and the - original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's exit - status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is + in a separate execution environment with the original command and the + original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's exit + status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit sta- tus of 127. - If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain- ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. - If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, - and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a + If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, + and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a file containing shell commands, and the shell creates a new instance of - itself to execute it. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the + itself to execute it. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with - the exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent - (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS) are retained by the + the exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent + (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS) are retained by the child. - If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first - line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the + If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first + line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe- cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of - a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first - line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by + a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first + line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command arguments, if any. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- + The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- ing: - +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin - +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or + +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or inherited by the shell at invocation - +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from + +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from the shell's parent +o current traps set by ttrraapp @@ -2906,282 +2917,282 @@ CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENN +o shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment - +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment - +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- + +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- mand-line arguments) or by sseett +o options enabled by sshhoopptt +o shell aliases defined with aalliiaass - +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the + +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD - When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be - executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- - sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be + executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- + sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- ited from the shell. - +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified by redirections to the command +o the current working directory +o the file creation mode mask - +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables exported for the command, passed in the environment +o traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored - A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. A _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l is a copy of the shell process. - Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are re- - set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- + set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell envi- ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of - the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, bbaasshh + the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, bbaasshh clears the --ee option in such subshells. - If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the de- + If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the de- fault standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. Oth- - erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call- + erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call- ing shell as modified by redirections. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the + When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e. - The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in- - vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter - for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- + The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in- + vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter + for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and ddee-- - ccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and + ccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi- ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, re- - placing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command - consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- - fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus + placing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command + consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- + fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddeeccllaarree --xx commands. - The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented - temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described + The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented + temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS. These assignment statements affect only the envi- ronment seen by that command. - If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l - parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not + If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l + parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the + When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the full filename of the command and passed to that command in its environ- ment. EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS - The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the + The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the _w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between - 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above + 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status - has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero - exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal + has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero + exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status. - If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re- - turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re- + turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. - Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and - non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins - return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in- + Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and + non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins + return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in- valid options or missing arguments. The exit status of the last command is available in the special parame- ter $?. - BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un- - less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero + BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un- + less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero value. See also the eexxiitt builtin command below. SSIIGGNNAALLSS - When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores + When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and SSIIGGIINNTT - is caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). In + is caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). In all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh ig- nores SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. Non-builtin commands run by bbaasshh have signal handlers set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in ef- - fect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to - these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi- + fect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to + these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi- tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTT-- TTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. - The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, - an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, + an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent SSIIGGCCOONNTT to ensure that they receive the - SSIIGGHHUUPP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular - job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn builtin - (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP us- + SSIIGGHHUUPP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular + job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn builtin + (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP us- ing ddiissoowwnn --hh. - If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a + If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. - If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for + If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com- - mand completes. When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via - the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been + mand completes. When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via + the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the wwaaiitt builtin to return immediately with an exit sta- tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. - When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground + When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such - as SSIIGGIINNTT (usually generated by ^^CC) that users commonly intend to send + as SSIIGGIINNTT (usually generated by ^^CC) that users commonly intend to send to that command. This happens because the shell and the command are in the same process group as the terminal, and ^^CC sends SSIIGGIINNTT to all pro- cesses in that process group. - When bbaasshh is running without job control enabled and receives SSIIGGIINNTT - while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground + When bbaasshh is running without job control enabled and receives SSIIGGIINNTT + while waiting for a foreground command, it waits until that foreground command terminates and then decides what to do about the SSIIGGIINNTT: 1. If the command terminates due to the SSIIGGIINNTT, bbaasshh concludes that - the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the SSIIGGIINNTT + the user meant to end the entire script, and acts on the SSIIGGIINNTT (e.g., by running a SSIIGGIINNTT trap or exiting itself); - 2. If the command does not terminate due to SSIIGGIINNTT, the program - handled the SSIIGGIINNTT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig- - nal. In that case, bbaasshh does not treat SSIIGGIINNTT as a fatal sig- - nal, either, instead assuming that the SSIIGGIINNTT was used as part - of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort + 2. If the command does not terminate due to SSIIGGIINNTT, the program + handled the SSIIGGIINNTT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig- + nal. In that case, bbaasshh does not treat SSIIGGIINNTT as a fatal sig- + nal, either, instead assuming that the SSIIGGIINNTT was used as part + of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort editing commands) or deliberately discarded. However, bbaasshh will - run any trap set on SSIIGGIINNTT, as it does with any other trapped - signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com- + run any trap set on SSIIGGIINNTT, as it does with any other trapped + signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com- mand to complete, for compatibility. JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the ex- - ecution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later - point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in- - terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal + ecution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later + point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in- + terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and bbaasshh. - The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of - currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. - When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a + The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of + currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. + When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a line that looks like: [1] 25647 indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of - the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh + the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh uses the _j_o_b abstraction as the basis for job control. - To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, the operating system maintains the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. Members of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard- - generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in - the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID + generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in + the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen- erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, - if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. - Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty - tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal - by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the + if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. + Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty + tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal + by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. - If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, + If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, bbaasshh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ- ically ^^ZZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to - be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d - character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped + be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d + character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be re- - turned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, - using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command + turned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, + using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command to continue it in the foreground, or the kkiillll command to kill it. A ^^ZZ takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The charac- - ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be + ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command - line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped job whose command name be- - gins with ccee. If a prefix matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an + line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped job whose command name be- + gins with ccee. If a prefix matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. Using %%??ccee, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the - string ccee in its command line. If the substring matches more than one + string ccee in its command line. If the substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's - notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was - in the foreground or started in the background. The _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b may - be referenced using %%--. If there is only a single job, %%++ and %%-- can + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was + in the foreground or started in the background. The _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b may + be referenced using %%--. If there is only a single job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jjoobbss command), the current job is always flagged with - a ++, and the previous job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying + a ++, and the previous job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the current job. - Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is - a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the background into the - foreground. Similarly, ````%%11 &&'''' resumes job 1 in the background, + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is + a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the background into the + foreground. Similarly, ````%%11 &&'''' resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to ````bbgg %%11''''. - The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes - in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the --bb + in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the --bb option to the sseett builtin command is enabled, bbaasshh reports such changes - immediately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that ex- + immediately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that ex- its. - If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the - cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- + If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the + cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the cchheecckkjjoobbss option - is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may - then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is - made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another + is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may + then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is + made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. - When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, - and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes - state. The --ff option causes wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process ter- + When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, + and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes + state. The --ff option causes wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process ter- minates before returning. PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when - it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it - needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it - reads a command but before executing it. BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as de- - scribed above before tracing each command when the --xx option is en- - abled. BBaasshh allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting - a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as + it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it + needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it + reads a command but before executing it. BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as de- + scribed above before tracing each command when the --xx option is en- + abled. BBaasshh allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting + a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: \\aa an ASCII bell character (07) - \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May + \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26") \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}} the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is in- serted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results in - a locale-specific time representation. The braces are + a locale-specific time representation. The braces are required \\ee an ASCII escape character (033) \\hh the hostname up to the first `.' @@ -3190,7 +3201,7 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\ll the basename of the shell's terminal device name \\nn newline \\rr carriage return - \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion + \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion following the final slash) \\tt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format \\TT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format @@ -3199,8 +3210,8 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\uu the username of the current user \\vv the version of bbaasshh (e.g., 2.00) \\VV the release of bbaasshh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) - \\ww the value of the PPWWDD shell variable ($$PPWWDD), with $$HHOOMMEE - abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the + \\ww the value of the PPWWDD shell variable ($$PPWWDD), with $$HHOOMMEE + abbreviated with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM variable) \\WW the basename of $$PPWWDD, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a tilde \\!! the history number of this command @@ -3208,70 +3219,70 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\$$ if the effective UID is 0, a ##, otherwise a $$ \\_n_n_n the character corresponding to the octal number _n_n_n \\\\ a backslash - \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could - be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt \\]] end a sequence of non-printing characters - The command number and the history number are usually different: the - history number of a command is its position in the history list, which - may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY be- - low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com- - mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is - decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution, - arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the + The command number and the history number are usually different: the + history number of a command is its position in the history list, which + may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY be- + low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of com- + mands executed during the current shell session. After the string is + decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitution, + arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command under - SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). This can have unwanted side effects if - escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or + SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). This can have unwanted side effects if + escaped portions of the string appear within command substitution or contain characters special to word expansion. RREEAADDLLIINNEE - This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- + This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is given at shell invocation. Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd builtin. By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be - enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett - builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing - after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the + enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett + builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing + after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the sseett builtin. RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes. - Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- - larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- - boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key + Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- + larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- + boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key then the _x key. This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combination M-C-_x - means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key + means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key while pressing the _x key.) Readline commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as - a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument - that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that - acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to - act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments + a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument + that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that + acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to + act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below. - When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved + When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g). The killed text is saved in a _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. RReeaaddlliinnee IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn - Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file - (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of + Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file + (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is _~_/_._i_n_- - _p_u_t_r_c. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate - default is _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline li- - brary starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings - and variables are set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed - in the readline initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines - beginning with a ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate - conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable + _p_u_t_r_c. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate + default is _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline li- + brary starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings + and variables are set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed + in the readline initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines + beginning with a ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate + conditional constructs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. - The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other + The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings. For example, placing @@ -3279,18 +3290,18 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE M-Control-u: universal-argument or C-Meta-u: universal-argument - into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- + into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. - The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, + The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, _E_S_C, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _S_P_C, _S_P_A_C_E, and _T_A_B. - In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a + In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss - The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. - All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. + All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci- fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence. @@ -3302,15 +3313,15 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: "> output" - In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, - _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to - run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the + In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, + _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to + run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text ``> output'' into the line). - In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs - from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may - be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU - Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but + In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs + from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may + be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU + Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names are not recognized. "\C-u": universal-argument @@ -3318,7 +3329,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt. - _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is + _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''. The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is @@ -3329,7 +3340,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\"" literal " \\'' literal ' - In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -3339,20 +3350,20 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\rr carriage return \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab - \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func- - tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above - are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro + tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above + are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including " and '. - BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- - fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched - during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- + BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- + fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched + during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess @@ -3363,106 +3374,106 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e or using the bbiinndd builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff - (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. - When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- + Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff + (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- sitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are equivalent to OOffff. The variables and their default values are: aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr - A string variable that controls the text color and background - when displaying the text in the active region (see the descrip- - tion of eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn below). This string must not take + A string variable that controls the text color and background + when displaying the text in the active region (see the descrip- + tion of eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn below). This string must not take up any physical character positions on the display, so it should - consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is output to the - terminal before displaying the text in the active region. This - variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal - type changes. The default value is the string that puts the - terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal's ter- + consist only of terminal escape sequences. It is output to the + terminal before displaying the text in the active region. This + variable is reset to the default value whenever the terminal + type changes. The default value is the string that puts the + terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal's ter- minfo description. A sample value might be "\e[01;33m". aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--eenndd--ccoolloorr - A string variable that "undoes" the effects of aaccttiivvee--rree-- - ggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr and restores "normal" terminal display appear- - ance after displaying text in the active region. This string - must not take up any physical character positions on the dis- - play, so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. - It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the - active region. This variable is reset to the default value - whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the - string that restores the terminal from standout mode, as ob- + A string variable that "undoes" the effects of aaccttiivvee--rree-- + ggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr and restores "normal" terminal display appear- + ance after displaying text in the active region. This string + must not take up any physical character positions on the dis- + play, so it should consist only of terminal escape sequences. + It is output to the terminal after displaying the text in the + active region. This variable is reset to the default value + whenever the terminal type changes. The default value is the + string that restores the terminal from standout mode, as ob- tained from the terminal's terminfo description. A sample value might be "\e[0m". bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee)) - Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal + Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell. If set to - vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If + vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters + If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read- line equivalents. bblliinnkk--mmaattcchhiinngg--ppaarreenn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. ccoolloorreedd--ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the + If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ- - ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of + ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. If there is a color defini- - tion in $$LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS for the custom suffix "readline-colored-com- - pletion-prefix", readline uses this color for the common prefix + tion in $$LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS for the custom suffix "readline-colored-com- + pletion-prefix", readline uses this color for the common prefix instead of its default. ccoolloorreedd--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- - ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- - tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment + If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- + ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- + tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##'''')) - The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt + The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command is executed. This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi command mode. ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh ((--11)) - The number of screen columns used to display possible matches - when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less - than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 - will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default + The number of screen columns used to display possible matches + when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less + than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 + will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default value is -1. ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--mmaapp--ccaassee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline - treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- + If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline + treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00)) - The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- - sible completions that is displayed without modification. When - set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than - this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- + sible completions that is displayed without modification. When + set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than + this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- ble completions. ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) - This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- - ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- - ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than - or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is - greater than or equal to the value of this variable, readline - will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise - they are simply listed on the terminal. A zero value means + This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- + ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- + ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than + or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is + greater than or equal to the value of this variable, readline + will ask whether or not the user wishes to view them; otherwise + they are simply listed on the terminal. A zero value means readline should never ask; negative values are treated as zero. ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and - prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the - _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but readline will set it to - _O_f_f if the locale contains eight-bit characters. This variable - is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may change if + prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the + _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but readline will set it to + _O_f_f if the locale contains eight-bit characters. This variable + is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may change if the locale is changed. ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion - characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been + characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt. eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support + When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- ated from the keyboard. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) @@ -3470,29 +3481,29 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE ilar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or vvii. eemmaaccss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((@@)) - If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a - key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes - and backslash escape sequences is available. Use the \1 and \2 - escapes to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, - which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes + and backslash escape sequences is available. Use the \1 and \2 + escapes to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, + which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. eennaabbllee--aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn ((OOnn)) - The _p_o_i_n_t is the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to a - saved cursor position. The text between the point and mark is - referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. When this variable is set to _O_n, - readline allows certain commands to designate the region as _a_c_- - _t_i_v_e. When the region is active, readline highlights the text - in the region using the value of the aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr, - which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's stand- - out mode. The active region shows the text inserted by brack- - eted-paste and any matching text found by incremental and non- + The _p_o_i_n_t is the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to a + saved cursor position. The text between the point and mark is + referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. When this variable is set to _O_n, + readline allows certain commands to designate the region as _a_c_- + _t_i_v_e. When the region is active, readline highlights the text + in the region using the value of the aaccttiivvee--rreeggiioonn--ssttaarrtt--ccoolloorr, + which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's stand- + out mode. The active region shows the text inserted by brack- + eted-paste and any matching text found by incremental and non- incremental history searches. eennaabbllee--bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, readline configures the terminal to insert each - paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, - instead of treating each character as if it had been read from + When set to OOnn, readline configures the terminal to insert each + paste into the editing buffer as a single string of characters, + instead of treating each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. This prevents readline from executing any editing commands bound to key sequences appearing in the pasted text. eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff)) @@ -3500,195 +3511,195 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the ar- row keys. eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier - key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many + When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier + key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline at- + If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline at- tempts word completion. hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the - same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- + If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the + same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy. hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((uunnsseett)) - Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history - list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less than zero, - the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the - number of history entries is set to the value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE - shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a + the number of history entries is not limited. By default, the + number of history entries is set to the value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE + shell variable. If an attempt is made to set _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500. hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff)) - When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, + When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it - becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a - new line. This setting is automatically enabled for terminals + becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a + new line. This setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1. iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it + If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), re- - gardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name - mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _O_f_f, - but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit - characters. This variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale + gardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name + mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. The default is _O_f_f, + but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains eight-bit + characters. This variable is dependent on the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may change if the locale is changed. iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss ((````CC--[[CC--JJ'''')) - The string of characters that should terminate an incremental - search without subsequently executing the character as a com- - mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a com- + mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- ters _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. kkeeyymmaapp ((eemmaaccss)) - Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names - is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- - _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is - equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the + Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names + is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- + _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is + equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap. kkeeyysseeqq--ttiimmeeoouutt ((550000)) - Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when - reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete + Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when + reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional - input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is re- - ceived within the timeout, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will use the shorter but - complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, - so a value of 1000 means that _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait one second for - additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than - or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait - until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to + input to complete a longer key sequence). If no input is re- + ceived within the timeout, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will use the shorter but + complete key sequence. The value is specified in milliseconds, + so a value of 1000 means that _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait one second for + additional input. If this variable is set to a value less than + or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait + until another key is pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOnn)) If set to OOnn, completed directory names have a slash appended. mmaarrkk--mmooddiiffiieedd--lliinneess ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- + If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- played with a preceding asterisk (**). mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc- - tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddii-- + tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddii-- rreeccttoorriieess). mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn)) - This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files - whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing - filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be + This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files + whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing + filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--ddiissppllaayy--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the + If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through the list. oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. The default is _O_f_f, but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale - contains eight-bit characters. This variable is dependent on - the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may change if the locale is + contains eight-bit characters. This variable is dependent on + the LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE locale category, and may change if the locale is changed. ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- + If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- play a screenful of possible completions at a time. pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches - sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the + If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines + If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when aacccceepptt--lliinnee is executed. By default, his- - tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists + tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee. sseeaarrcchh--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline performs incremental and non-incremental + If set to OOnn, readline performs incremental and non-incremental history list searches in a case-insensitive fashion. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If set to OOnn, words which have more than one possible completion - cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing + cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff)) - This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to OOnn, words - which have more than one possible completion without any possi- - ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a - common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in- + which have more than one possible completion without any possi- + ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a + common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately in- stead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--mmooddee--iinn--pprroommpptt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi- - cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. + If set to OOnn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi- + cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_o_d_e_-_s_t_r_i_n_g). sskkiipp--ccoommpplleetteedd--tteexxtt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when - inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when - performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, - readline does not insert characters from the completion that - match characters after point in the word being completed, so + If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when + inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when + performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, + readline does not insert characters from the completion that + match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. vvii--ccmmdd--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((ccmmdd)))) - If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt - when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value + when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and - control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. - Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- - printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- + printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- trol sequence into the mode string. vvii--iinnss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((iinnss)))) - If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and - control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. - Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- - printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- + printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- trol sequence into the mode string. vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by - _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- + If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by + _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- pletions. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss - Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional - compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings - and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There + Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional + compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings + and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used. - $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- - ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using + $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- + ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, - extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no + extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it. - mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test - whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be - used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for in- - stance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and - _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in + mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test + whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be + used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for in- + stance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and + _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in emacs mode. - tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific + tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the == is tested against both the full name of the ter- - minal and the portion of the terminal name before the - first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, + minal and the portion of the terminal name before the + first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, for instance. vveerrssiioonn - The vveerrssiioonn test may be used to perform comparisons - against specific readline versions. The vveerrssiioonn expands - to the current readline version. The set of comparison - operators includes ==, (and ====), !!==, <<==, >>==, <<, and >>. - The version number supplied on the right side of the op- - erator consists of a major version number, an optional + The vveerrssiioonn test may be used to perform comparisons + against specific readline versions. The vveerrssiioonn expands + to the current readline version. The set of comparison + operators includes ==, (and ====), !!==, <<==, >>==, <<, and >>. + The version number supplied on the right side of the op- + erator consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 77..11). - If the minor version is omitted, it is assumed to be 00. + If the minor version is omitted, it is assumed to be 00. The operator may be separated from the string vveerrssiioonn and from the version number argument by whitespace. aapppplliiccaattiioonn The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application- - specific settings. Each program using the readline li- - brary sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization + specific settings. Each program using the readline li- + brary sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used - to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific - program. For instance, the following command adds a key - sequence that quotes the current or previous word in + to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific + program. For instance, the following command adds a key + sequence that quotes the current or previous word in bbaasshh: $$iiff Bash @@ -3698,12 +3709,12 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e The _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e construct provides simple equality tests for - readline variables and values. The permitted comparison - operators are _=, _=_=, and _!_=. The variable name must be + readline variables and values. The permitted comparison + operators are _=, _=_=, and _!_=. The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the - operator may be separated from the value on the right - hand side by whitespace. Both string and boolean vari- - ables may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested + operator may be separated from the value on the right + hand side by whitespace. Both string and boolean vari- + ables may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested against the values _o_n and _o_f_f. $$eennddiiff This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $$iiff @@ -3713,51 +3724,51 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE test fails. $$iinncclluuddee - This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads - commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c: $$iinncclluuddee _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c SSeeaarrcchhiinngg - Readline provides commands for searching through the command history + Readline provides commands for searching through the command history (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l. - Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the - search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the + search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed - so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as - needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in - the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an + so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as + needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in + the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the - Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. - Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original - line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the + Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. + Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original + line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. - To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or - Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the - history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. - Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the - search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- + To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or + Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the + history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. + Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the + search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control- - Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search + Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, any remembered search string is used. - Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting - to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting + to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess - The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default + The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom- panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip- - tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to - a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the + tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to + a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg @@ -3773,33 +3784,33 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb)) - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. pprreevviioouuss--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee - Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the - previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired - effect if the current readline line does not take up more than - one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired + effect if the current readline line does not take up more than + one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. nneexxtt--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee - Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect - if the current readline line does not take up more than one - physical line or if the length of the current readline line is + if the current readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if the length of the current readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. cclleeaarr--ddiissppllaayy ((MM--CC--ll)) - Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback - buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line + Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback + buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top of the screen. cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the cur- - rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh + rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen. rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee Refresh the current line. @@ -3807,158 +3818,158 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn)) Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line - is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state - of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history + is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state + of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history line, then restore the history line to its original state. pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp)) Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in the list. nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn)) - Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in + Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the list. bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<)) Move to the first line in the history. eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>)) - Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. ooppeerraattee--aanndd--ggeett--nneexxtt ((CC--oo)) - Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line - relative to the current line from the history for editing. A - numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to + Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line + relative to the current line from the history for editing. A + numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead of the current line. ffeettcchh--hhiissttoorryy - With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list + With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list and make it the current line. Without an argument, move back to the first entry in the history list. rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr)) - Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss)) - Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' - through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp)) Search backward through the history starting at the current line - using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the + using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn)) - Search forward through the history using a non-incremental + Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters - between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the current cursor po- - sition (the _p_o_i_n_t). The search string may match anywhere in a + sition (the _p_o_i_n_t). The search string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd - Search forward through the history for the string of characters + Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search - string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in- + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-in- cremental search. yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy)) - Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n, - insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the - previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in- - serts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once - the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the + insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument in- + serts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once + the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the "!_n" history expansion had been specified. yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__)) - Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word + Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave - exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg - move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or - the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each + exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg + move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or + the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive - calls determines the direction to move through the history. A - negative argument switches the direction through the history + calls determines the direction to move through the history. A + negative argument switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. sshheellll--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--CC--ee)) - Expand the line by performing shell word expansions. This per- + Expand the line by performing shell word expansions. This per- forms alias and history expansion, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quot- - ing, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith- + ing, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith- metic expansion, word splitting, and quote removal. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. hhiissttoorryy--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--^^)) - Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXX-- + Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXX-- PPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. mmaaggiicc--ssppaaccee - Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a + Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee - Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above + Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above for a description of alias expansion. hhiissttoorryy--aanndd--aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. iinnsseerrtt--llaasstt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--..,, MM--__)) A synonym for yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg. eeddiitt--aanndd--eexxeeccuuttee--ccoommmmaanndd ((CC--xx CC--ee)) - Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, $$EEDD-- IITTOORR, and _e_m_a_c_s as the editor, in that order. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr CChhaannggiinngg TTeexxtt _e_n_d_-_o_f_-_f_i_l_e ((uussuuaallllyy CC--dd)) - The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by - ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac- - ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, + The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by + ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac- + ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, readline interprets it as the end of input and returns EEOOFF. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((CC--dd)) Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the same character as the tty EEOOFF character, as CC--dd commonly is, see above for the effects. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((RRuubboouutt)) - Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric + Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. ffoorrwwaarrdd--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr - Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur- sor is deleted. qquuootteedd--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--qq,, CC--vv)) - Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to insert characters like CC--qq, for example. ttaabb--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--vv TTAABB)) Insert a tab character. sseellff--iinnsseerrtt ((aa,, bb,, AA,, 11,, !!,, ......)) Insert the character typed. ttrraannssppoossee--cchhaarrss ((CC--tt)) - Drag the character before point forward over the character at - point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of - the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. + Drag the character before point forward over the character at + point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of + the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. Negative arguments have no effect. ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt)) - Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving - point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving + point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. uuppccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--uu)) - Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- gument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. ddoowwnnccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--ll)) - Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- gument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. ccaappiittaalliizzee--wwoorrdd ((MM--cc)) Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative ar- gument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. oovveerrwwrriittee--mmooddee - Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- + Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects - only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call + only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac- - ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than - pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- - wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a + ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than + pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- + wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound. KKiilllliinngg aanndd YYaannkkiinngg @@ -3967,31 +3978,31 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--xx RRuubboouutt)) Kill backward to the beginning of the line. uunniixx--lliinnee--ddiissccaarrdd ((CC--uu)) - Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The + Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. kkiillll--wwhhoollee--lliinnee - Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) - Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between - words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd - Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between - words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww)) - Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. uunniixx--ffiilleennaammee--rruubboouutt - Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash - character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. ddeelleettee--hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssppaaccee ((MM--\\)) Delete all spaces and tabs around point. @@ -4000,64 +4011,64 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE ccooppyy--rreeggiioonn--aass--kkiillll Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. ccooppyy--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- aries are the same as bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. ccooppyy--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. yyaannkk ((CC--yy)) Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. yyaannkk--ppoopp ((MM--yy)) - Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- + Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- ing yyaannkk or yyaannkk--ppoopp. NNuummeerriicc AArrgguummeennttss ddiiggiitt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--00,, MM--11,, ......,, MM----)) - Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. M-- starts a negative argument. uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt - This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is - followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus - sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the nu- meric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a character that is nei- - ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next - command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially - one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- + ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next + command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially + one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. CCoommpplleettiinngg ccoommpplleettee ((TTAABB)) - Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh + Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text - begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname - (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and + begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname + (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--??)) List the possible completions of the text before point. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--**)) - Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee - Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with - a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated - execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible - completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the + Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with + a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated + execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and the original text is restored. An argument of _n moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative ar- gument may be used to move backward through the list. This com- mand is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by default. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--bbaacckkwwaarrdd - Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list - of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a + Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a negative argument. This command is unbound by default. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt - Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning - or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning + or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the line, behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. This command is unbound by default. ccoommpplleettee--ffiilleennaammee ((MM--//)) @@ -4066,67 +4077,67 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename. ccoommpplleettee--uusseerrnnaammee ((MM--~~)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username. ppoossssiibbllee--uusseerrnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx ~~)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username. ccoommpplleettee--vvaarriiaabbllee ((MM--$$)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ppoossssiibbllee--vvaarriiaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx $$)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ccoommpplleettee--hhoossttnnaammee ((MM--@@)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ppoossssiibbllee--hhoossttnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx @@)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ccoommpplleettee--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--!!)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a - command name. Command completion attempts to match the text - against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommmmaanndd--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx !!)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name. ddyynnaammiicc--ccoommpplleettee--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--TTAABB)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text - against lines from the history list for possible completion + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ddaabbbbrreevv--eexxppaanndd - Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the + Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ccoommpplleettee--iinnttoo--bbrraacceess ((MM--{{)) Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com- - pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the + pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). KKeeyybbooaarrdd MMaaccrrooss ssttaarrtt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx (()) - Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. eenndd--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx )))) Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and store the definition. ccaallll--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ee)) - Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. pprriinntt--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo (()) - Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for + Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee ((CC--xx CC--rr)) - Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any + Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. aabboorrtt ((CC--gg)) - Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee). ddoo--lloowweerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--AA,, MM--BB,, MM--_x,, ......)) - If the metafied character _x is uppercase, run the command that + If the metafied character _x is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. The behavior is undefined if _x is already lowercase. pprreeffiixx--mmeettaa ((EESSCC)) @@ -4134,204 +4145,204 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu)) Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr)) - Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the - uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial state. ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&)) Perform tilde expansion on the current word. sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<>)) - Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx)) - Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is - set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is + set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]])) A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of - that character. A negative argument searches for previous oc- + that character. A negative argument searches for previous oc- currences. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]])) - A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- - rence of that character. A negative argument searches for sub- + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- + rence of that character. A negative argument searches for sub- sequent occurrences. sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee - Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as - those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this - sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will - have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, - instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. + sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will + have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, + instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##)) - Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- - mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current + Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- + mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a - toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not - match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- + toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not + match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin- - ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a - newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn - causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. - If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be re- + ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a + newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn + causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. + If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be re- moved, the line will be executed by the shell. ssppeellll--ccoorrrreecctt--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx ss)) - Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as - a directory or filename, in the same way as the ccddssppeellll shell - option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by + Perform spelling correction on the current word, treating it as + a directory or filename, in the same way as the ccddssppeellll shell + option. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex- - pansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is - used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible com- + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex- + pansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is + used to generate a list of matching filenames for possible com- pletions. gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **)) - The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex- + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex- pansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replac- ing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg)) - The list of expansions that would have been generated by - gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a - numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before + The list of expansions that would have been generated by + gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a + numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss - Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out- - put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to - the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, - the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part + the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, + the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss - Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv)) Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn - When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for - which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using - the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the program- + When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for + which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using + the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the program- mable completion facilities are invoked. - First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the - empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), - any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a - compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to + First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the + empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), + any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a + compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command - word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched - for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt - is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. - If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined - with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. If there is no - default compspec, bbaasshh attempts alias expansion on the command word as - a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word + word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched + for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt + is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. + If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined + with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. If there is no + default compspec, bbaasshh attempts alias expansion on the command word as + a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the command word from any successful expansion. - Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of - matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- + Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of + matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- tion as described above under CCoommpplleettiinngg is performed. - First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches - which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the - --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the + First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches + which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the + --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell variable FFIIGGNNOORREE is used to filter the matches. Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG op- - tion are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not - match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not + tion are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not + match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the FFIIGGNNOORREE variable is used. - Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- - ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- - cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is - then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and - variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as + Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- + ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- + cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is + then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described above under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN. The results are split using the rules described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg. The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. - After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command - specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or + After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command + specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE, CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT, CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY, and CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. - If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD - variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the - first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose arguments are be- - ing completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, - and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word being com- + If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD + variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose arguments are be- + ing completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, + and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word being com- pleted on the current command line. No filtering of the generated com- pletions against the word being completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. - Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use - any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described - below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions + Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use + any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described + below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable, one per array element. - Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- - ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of - completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be + Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- + ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of + completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. - After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- - fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- - tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced - with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped - with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. - Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. + After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- + fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- + tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced + with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped + with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. + Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. A leading !! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match- - ing the pattern will be removed. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is - enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- + ing the pattern will be removed. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is + enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- betic characters. Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the --PP and --SS options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions. - If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the - --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was de- + If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the + --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was de- fined, directory name completion is attempted. - If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec + If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. - By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned - to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned + to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The default bbaasshh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of filename completion is disabled. If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was sup- - plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- + plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the --oo - ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, - readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, + ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, + readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no matches. - When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, - the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash - to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to - the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the + When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, + the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash + to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to + the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the setting of the mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable. - There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is - most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- - fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as - completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by - returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and + There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is + most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- + fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as + completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by + returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is - being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is + being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an - attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of - completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather + attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of + completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once. - For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept - in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de- + For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept + in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de- fault completion function would load completions dynamically: _completion_loader() @@ -4342,167 +4353,167 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE HHIISSTTOORRYY - When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell + When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _h_i_s_t_o_r_y, the list of commands previously - typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of + typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. The text of the last HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE com- - mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the - history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values + mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the + history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari- - able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value - of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the - number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE-- - SSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value - less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history - file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol- + able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value + of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the + number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE-- + SSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value + less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history + file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol- lowed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the fol- lowing history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed depend- - ing on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When a shell with - history enabled exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the - history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled - (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the - lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is - overwritten. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset, or if the history file is un- - writable, the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is - set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the his- + ing on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When a shell with + history enabled exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the + history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled + (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the + lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is + overwritten. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset, or if the history file is un- + writable, the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is + set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the his- tory comment character, so they may be preserved across shell sessions. - This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from - other history lines. After saving the history, the history file is - truncated to contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE - is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less + This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from + other history lines. After saving the history, the history file is + truncated to contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE + is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. - The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used + The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The hhiiss-- - ttoorryy builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and ma- - nipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search - commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the + ttoorryy builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and ma- + nipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search + commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the history list. - The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history + The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. The HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The ccmmddhhiisstt shell - option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a - multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where - necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option - causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of + option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a + multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where + necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option + causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. See the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for information on setting and unsetting shell op- + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for information on setting and unsetting shell op- tions. HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the - history expansion in ccsshh. This section describes what syntax features - are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive + The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the + history expansion in ccsshh. This section describes what syntax features + are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion by default. History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input - stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a + stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. - History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is - read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each - line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into ac- - count. It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which - line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is - to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. - The line selected from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of - that line that are acted upon are _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are avail- - able to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words - in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_- + History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is + read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each + line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into ac- + count. It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which + line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is + to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. + The line selected from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of + that line that are acted upon are _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are avail- + able to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words + in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_- _t_e_r-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. His- - tory expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expan- - sion character, which is !! by default. Only backslash (\\) and single - quotes can quote the history expansion character, but the history ex- - pansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes + tory expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expan- + sion character, which is !! by default. Only backslash (\\) and single + quotes can quote the history expansion character, but the history ex- + pansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted string. - Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- - lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, - tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is + Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- + lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, + tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled, (( will also inhibit expansion. - Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to - tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell op- - tion is enabled (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below), and - rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately - passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded + Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to + tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell op- + tion is enabled (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below), and + rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately + passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer for further modification. If rreeaaddlliinnee - is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed - history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer - for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be - used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss + is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed + history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer + for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be + used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin may be used to add commands to the end of - the history list without actually executing them, so that they are + the history list without actually executing them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. - The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history + The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history expansion mechanism (see the description of hhiissttcchhaarrss above under SShheellll - VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- + VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- tory timestamps when writing the history file. EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss - An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- - tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to + An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- + tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current position in the history list. - !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, - newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option + !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, + newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin). !!_n Refer to command line _n. !!--_n Refer to the current command minus _n. !!!! Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. !!_s_t_r_i_n_g - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g. !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position - in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be - omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline. If - _s_t_r_i_n_g is missing, the string from the most recent search is + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be + omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline. If + _s_t_r_i_n_g is missing, the string from the most recent search is used; it is an error if there is no previous search string. ^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^ - Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing - _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^'' + Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^'' (see MMooddiiffiieerrss below). !!## The entire command line typed so far. WWoorrdd DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss - Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: - separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be - omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words - are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being - denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- + Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: + separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be + omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words + are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being + denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- rated by single spaces. 00 ((zzeerroo)) The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word. _n The _nth word. ^^ The first argument. That is, word 1. - $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex- + $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will ex- pand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. - %% The first word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search, if - the search string begins with a character that is part of a + %% The first word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search, if + the search string begins with a character that is part of a word. _x--_y A range of words; `-_y' abbreviates `0-_y'. - ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. - It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the + ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. + It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. xx** Abbreviates _x_-_$. xx-- Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word. If xx is miss- ing, it defaults to 0. - If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event. MMooddiiffiieerrss - After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one + After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. These mod- ify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event. @@ -4512,24 +4523,24 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ee Remove all but the trailing suffix. pp Print the new command but do not execute it. qq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. - xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at - bbllaannkkss and newlines. The qq and xx modifiers are mutually exclu- + xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at + bbllaannkkss and newlines. The qq and xx modifiers are mutually exclu- sive; the last one supplied is used. ss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w// - Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event + Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event line. Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /. - The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of + The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line. The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with a single backslash. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d. - A single backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set - to the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substi- - tutions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] search. + A single backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set + to the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substi- + tutions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] search. If _n_e_w is null, each matching _o_l_d is deleted. && Repeat the previous substitution. gg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is - used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. - If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and - the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of + used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. + If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and + the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line. An aa may be used as a synonym for gg. GG Apply the following `ss' or `&&' modifier once to each word in the event line. @@ -4538,56 +4549,56 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt/[[ builtins do not accept options - and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- - ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning - with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but - are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning - with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- + and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- + ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning + with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but + are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning + with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- tion. :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s + No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s and performing any specified redirections. The return status is zero. .. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell en- - vironment and return the exit status of the last command exe- - cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, - filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing + vironment and return the exit status of the last command exe- + cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, + filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, but _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not need to be executable. The file - searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. When bbaasshh is not - in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it searches the current directory if no file is - found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option to the sshhoopptt builtin - command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not searched. If any _a_r_g_u_- - _m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the positional parameters when - _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are - unchanged. If the --TT option is enabled, .. inherits any trap on + searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. When bbaasshh is not + in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it searches the current directory if no file is + found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option to the sshhoopptt builtin + command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not searched. If any _a_r_g_u_- + _m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the positional parameters when + _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are + unchanged. If the --TT option is enabled, .. inherits any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored - around the call to .., and .. unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it exe- + around the call to .., and .. unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it exe- cutes. If --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG - trap, the new value is retained when .. completes. The return - status is the status of the last command exited within the + trap, the new value is retained when .. completes. The return + status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or cannot be read. aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of - aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When - arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose - _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word + aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When + arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose + _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. - For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- - plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass re- - turns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been + For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- + plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass re- + turns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been defined. bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] - Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it + Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it had been started with &&. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's - notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless - run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control - enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless + run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control + enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started without job control. bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVVXX] @@ -4597,30 +4608,30 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d bbiinndd _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d_-_l_i_n_e - Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key - sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee + Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key + sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would ap- - pear in a rreeaaddlliinnee initialization file such as _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but - each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; - e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied, + pear in a rreeaaddlliinnee initialization file such as _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but + each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; + e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- - _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, - and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e - is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- + _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, + and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e + is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- _d_a_r_d. --ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions. - --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a + --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a way that they can be re-read. --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. - --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output in such a way that they can be re- + --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output in such a way that they can be re- read. - --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. - --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way + --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way that they can be re-read. --VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values. --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e @@ -4633,194 +4644,194 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q. --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is en- - tered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets - the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- + tered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets + the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT and RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK - variables to the current location of the insertion point - and the saved insertion point (the mark), respectively. - The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied + variables to the current location of the insertion point + and the saved insertion point (the mark), respectively. + The shell assigns any numeric argument the user supplied to the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__AARRGGUUMMEENNTT variable. If there was no argu- - ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command - changes the value of any of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE, RREEAADD-- - LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, or RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK, those new values will be + ment, that variable is not set. If the executed command + changes the value of any of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE, RREEAADD-- + LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, or RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. - --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a format that can be reused as in- put. - The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or + The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. bbrreeaakk [_n] - Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is - specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater - than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are ex- - ited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or + Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is + specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater + than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are ex- + ited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and + Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function - whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- + whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is - commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if + commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command. ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r] Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func- tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). With- out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of - the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- + the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name, - and source file corresponding to that position in the current - execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for - example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. - The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- - routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in + and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- + routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]]] [-@] [_d_i_r] - Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, - the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. The vari- + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, + the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. The vari- able CCDDPPAATTHH defines the search path for the directory containing - _d_i_r: each directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alter- - native directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). - A null directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current di- - rectory, i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDD-- - PPAATTHH is not used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical + _d_i_r: each directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alter- + native directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). + A null directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current di- + rectory, i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDD-- + PPAATTHH is not used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing - _d_i_r and before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the + _d_i_r and before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces sym- - bolic links to be followed by resolving the link after process- - ing instances of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is pro- - cessed by removing the immediately previous pathname component - from _d_i_r, back to a slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee - option is supplied with --PP, and the current working directory - cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory - change, ccdd will return an unsuccessful status. On systems that + bolic links to be followed by resolving the link after process- + ing instances of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is pro- + cessed by removing the immediately previous pathname component + from _d_i_r, back to a slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee + option is supplied with --PP, and the current working directory + cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory + change, ccdd will return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the --@@ option presents the extended attributes asso- - ciated with a file as a directory. An argument of -- is con- - verted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD before the directory change is attempted. If - a non-empty directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the - first argument, and the directory change is successful, the ab- - solute pathname of the new working directory is written to the + ciated with a file as a directory. An argument of -- is con- + verted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD before the directory change is attempted. If + a non-empty directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the + first argument, and the directory change is successful, the ab- + solute pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard output. If the directory change is successful, ccdd sets - the value of the PPWWDD environment variable to the new directory - name, and sets the OOLLDDPPWWDD environment variable to the value of - the current working directory before the change. The return - value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false + the value of the PPWWDD environment variable to the new directory + name, and sets the OOLLDDPPWWDD environment variable to the value of + the current working directory before the change. The return + value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false otherwise. ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] - Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function + Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are - executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is - performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to - find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv op- - tion is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv - option causes a single word indicating the command or filename + executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to + find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv op- + tion is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv + option causes a single word indicating the command or filename used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a - more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, - the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If + more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, + the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- + not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. ccoommppggeenn [--VV _v_a_r_n_a_m_e] [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] - Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the - _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee + Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee builtin with the exceptions of --pp, --rr, --DD, --EE, and --II, and write - the matches to the standard output. If the --VV option is sup- + the matches to the standard output. If the --VV option is sup- plied, ccoommppggeenn stores the generated completions into the indexed - array variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e instead of writing them to the standard - output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the various shell - variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while + array variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e instead of writing them to the standard + output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the various shell + variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program- mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple- - tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified, + tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEEII] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the - --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing - completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them + Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the + --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec- - ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- + ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that other sup- - plied options and actions should apply to the ``default'' com- - mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for - which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE option - indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply - to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted - on a blank line. The --II option indicates that other supplied - options and actions should apply to completion on the initial - non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter - such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name completion. If - multiple options are supplied, the --DD option takes precedence + plied options and actions should apply to the ``default'' com- + mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for + which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE option + indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply + to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted + on a blank line. The --II option indicates that other supplied + options and actions should apply to completion on the initial + non-assignment word on the line, or after a command delimiter + such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name completion. If + multiple options are supplied, the --DD option takes precedence over --EE, and both take precedence over --II. If any of --DD, --EE, or - --II are supplied, any other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored; these + --II are supplied, any other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case specified by the option. - The process of applying these completion specifications when - word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm-- + The process of applying these completion specifications when + word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm-- mmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. - Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The - arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the - --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the + --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n - The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- - spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- + The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- + spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions if the compspec generates no matches. - ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if + ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. ddiirrnnaammeess - Perform directory name completion if the comp- + Perform directory name completion if the comp- spec generates no matches. ffiilleennaammeess - Tell readline that the compspec generates file- - names, so it can perform any filename-specific - processing (like adding a slash to directory - names, quoting special characters, or suppress- - ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with + Tell readline that the compspec generates file- + names, so it can perform any filename-specific + processing (like adding a slash to directory + names, quoting special characters, or suppress- + ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. ffuullllqquuoottee - Tell readline to quote all the completed words + Tell readline to quote all the completed words even if they are not filenames. - nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words - if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the + nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words + if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). - nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible + nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically. - nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the de- - fault) to words completed at the end of the + nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the de- + fault) to words completed at the end of the line. pplluussddiirrss - After any matches defined by the compspec are + After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, directory name completion is at- tempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n - The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a + The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a list of possible completions: aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. aarrrraayyvvaarr Array variable names. bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. - bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be + bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as --bb. ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. ddiirreeccttoorryy @@ -4828,7 +4839,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ddiissaabblleedd Names of disabled shell builtins. eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. - eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be + eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as --ee. ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. ffuunnccttiioonn @@ -4837,17 +4848,17 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hheellppttooppiicc Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. hhoossttnnaammee - Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. - jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also + jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as --jj. - kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as + kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as --kk. rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. - sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett + sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt + sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin. ssiiggnnaall Signal names. ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. @@ -4856,198 +4867,198 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- ified as --vv. --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its - output is used as the possible completions. Arguments + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its + output is used as the possible completions. Arguments are passed as with the --FF option. --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n - The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current - shell environment. When the function is executed, the + The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current + shell environment. When the function is executed, the first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose ar- guments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33) is - the word preceding the word being completed on the cur- - rent command line. When it finishes, the possible com- - pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY + the word preceding the word being completed on the cur- + rent command line. When it finishes, the possible com- + pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable. --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t - The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to + The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to generate the possible completions. --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x - _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- + _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- pletion after all other options have been applied. --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t - The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS - special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word - is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t, + The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word + is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain - shell metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS. - The possible completions are the members of the resul- + shell metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS. + The possible completions are the members of the resul- tant list which match the word being completed. --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t - _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. + _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- - ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each - completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. - A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this + ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each + completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. + A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option other than --pp, --rr, --DD, --EE, or --II is supplied without a - _n_a_m_e argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion speci- + _n_a_m_e argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion speci- fication for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an er- ror occurs adding a completion specification. ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e] - Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the _o_p_- + Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the _o_p_- _t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es are - supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion op- - tions for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible - values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin de- - scribed above. The --DD option indicates that other supplied op- - tions should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that - is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion + supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion op- + tions for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible + values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin de- + scribed above. The --DD option indicates that other supplied op- + tions should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that + is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that other - supplied options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; - that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The --II option + supplied options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; + that is, completion attempted on a blank line. The --II option indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion - on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a com- - mand delimiter such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name + on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a com- + mand delimiter such as ;; or ||, which is usually command name completion. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or - sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing - loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of en- - closing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) - is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than + sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing + loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of en- + closing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) + is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiiIIllnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiiIIllnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] - Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are - given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will + Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are + given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used - with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, - are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it - will display the attributes and values of all variables having + with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, + are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it + will display the attributes and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the additional options. If no other - options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the at- - tributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option will + options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the at- + tributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option will restrict the display to shell functions. The --FF option inhibits - the display of function definitions; only the function name and + the display of function definitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled - using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number where each - _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option implies + using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number where each + _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a shell func- - tion. It is ignored in all other cases. The --II option causes - local variables to inherit the attributes (except the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f + tion. It is ignored in all other cases. The --II option causes + local variables to inherit the attributes (except the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute) and value of any existing variable with the same _n_a_m_e - at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing variable, the + at a surrounding scope. If there is no existing variable, the local variable is initially unset. The following options can be - used to restrict output to variables with the specified attri- + used to restrict output to variables with the specified attri- bute or to give variables attributes: - --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). - --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). --ff Use function names only. --ii The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua- - tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when + tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. - --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case - characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. - --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name - reference to another variable. That other variable is - defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- - ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those - using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed - on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref + --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is + defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- + ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those + using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed + on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables. --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions in- - herit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling shell. + herit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. - --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case - characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case attribute is disabled. - --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the en- + --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the en- vironment. - Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with - the exceptions that ++aa and ++AA may not be used to destroy array - variables and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When + Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with + the exceptions that ++aa and ++AA may not be used to destroy array + variables and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e local, as - with the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is supplied. If a - variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable - is set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assign- - ment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do - not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value + with the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is supplied. If a + variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable + is set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assign- + ment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do + not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to as- sign a value to an array variable without using the compound as- - signment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a - valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- - only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn + signment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a + valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- + only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with --ff. ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]] - Without options, displays the list of currently remembered di- - rectories. The default display is on a single line with direc- - tory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the - list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes entries + Without options, displays the list of currently remembered di- + rectories. The default display is on a single line with direc- + tory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the + list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes entries from the list. The current directory is always the first direc- tory in the stack. - --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en- + --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the en- tries. - --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default + --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. - --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- + --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- fixing each entry with its index in the stack. ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. - --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the + --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. - The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... | _p_i_d ... ] - Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active - jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr - option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option - is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is - marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell re- + Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active + jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr + option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option + is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is + marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell re- ceives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option means - to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ar- + to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ar- gument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] - Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. - The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is + Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the --ee option - is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped - characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- - tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are - interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used - to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these es- - cape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean - the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape se- + is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped + characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- + tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are + interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used + to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these es- + cape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean + the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape se- quences: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -5060,202 +5071,202 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab \\\\ backslash - \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) - \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin - to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though - the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. - If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are en- - abled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH - instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. - The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from + to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though + the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. + If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are en- + abled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH + instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. + The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. Bash will use the value of the BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH variable as a colon-separated list of directories in which to search for _f_i_l_e_- - _n_a_m_e. The default is system-dependent. The --dd option will - delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If no _n_a_m_e argu- - ments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of - shell builtins is printed. With no other option arguments, the + _n_a_m_e. The default is system-dependent. The --dd option will + delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If no _n_a_m_e argu- + ments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of + shell builtins is printed. With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is supplied, the list - printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or - not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the output is re- - stricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. If no options are sup- - plied and a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin, eennaabbllee will attempt to - load _n_a_m_e from a shared object named _n_a_m_e, as if the command - were ``enable -f _n_a_m_e _n_a_m_e . The return value is 0 unless a - _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new + printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or + not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the output is re- + stricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. If no options are sup- + plied and a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin, eennaabbllee will attempt to + load _n_a_m_e from a shared object named _n_a_m_e, as if the command + were ``enable -f _n_a_m_e _n_a_m_e . The return value is 0 unless a + _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] - The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- - mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and - its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are + The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- + mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and + its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] - If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process - is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process + is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin- ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what _l_o_- - _g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with - an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e + _g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with + an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, - unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it - returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the - file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if - eexxeecc fails. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take - effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If + not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, + unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it + returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the + file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if + eexxeecc fails. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take + effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. eexxiitt [_n] - Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... eexxppoorrtt --pp - The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- - ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is - given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or - if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported - variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or + if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported + variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one - of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- + of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. ffaallssee Does nothing, returns a non-zero status. ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] - The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t - from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes - them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate - the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an - index into the history list, where a negative number is used as - an offset from the current command number). When listing, a - _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to - the current command (usually the ffcc command); otherwise 0 is - equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _l_a_s_t is not specified, - it is set to the current command for listing (so that ``fc -l - -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise. If - _f_i_r_s_t is not specified, it is set to the previous command for + The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t + from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes + them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate + the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an + index into the history list, where a negative number is used as + an offset from the current command number). When listing, a + _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is equivalent to + the current command (usually the ffcc command); otherwise 0 is + equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid. If _l_a_s_t is not specified, + it is set to the current command for listing (so that ``fc -l + -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise. If + _f_i_r_s_t is not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. - The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The - --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option - is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- - wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing - those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT - variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. - If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- + The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The + --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option + is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- + wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing + those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT + variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. + If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. - In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance - of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as - _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', - so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with + In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as + _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', + so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command. - If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an in- - valid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history - lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return + If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an in- + valid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history + lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second - form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- - cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in + form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- + cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in which case ffcc returns failure. ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c] - Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. + Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b - is used. The return value is that of the command placed into - the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled + is used. The return value is that of the command placed into + the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec- - ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started + ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started without job control. ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g _._._.] - ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- - ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- - nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is ex- + ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- + ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- + nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is ex- pected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by - white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be - used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss - places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing + white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be + used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss + places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an op- tion requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automatically; - it must be manually reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss - within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is + it must be manually reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss + within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a re- turn value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?. - ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more - arguments are supplied as _a_r_g values, ggeettooppttss parses those in- + ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + arguments are supplied as _a_r_g values, ggeettooppttss parses those in- stead. - ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character - of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In - normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid - options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the - variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- + ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character + of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In + normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid + options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the + variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if - not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If - ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in OOPP-- + not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If + ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in OOPP-- TTAARRGG and no diagnostic message is printed. - If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, - a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a - diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a - colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option + If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, + a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a + colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option character found. - ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is + ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e] Each time hhaasshh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _n_a_m_e - is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- + is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e - is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option + is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd op- - tion causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each - _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to which - each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments + tion causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each + _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to which + each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the hashed full pathname. The --ll option causes output to be displayed in a for- - mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or + mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information about remembered commands is - printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found + printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found or an invalid option is supplied. hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] - Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n - is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching - _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures is printed. --dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like @@ -5273,54 +5284,54 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] With no options, display the command history list with line num- bers. Lines listed with a ** have been modified. An argument of - _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- - FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for - _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- - played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between - the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is - supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, - the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the + _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- + FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for + _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- + played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between + the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, + the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t - Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t + Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater than the last history position, so negative indices count - back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 + back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 refers to the current hhiissttoorryy --dd command. --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d - Delete the range of history entries between positions - _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values + Delete the range of history entries between positions + _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values for _s_t_a_r_t and _e_n_d are interpreted as described above. - --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. - These are history lines entered since the beginning of + --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. + These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the history file. - --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history - file into the current history list. These are lines ap- - pended to the history file since the beginning of the + --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history + file into the current history list. These are lines ap- + pended to the history file since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session. - --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to + --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to the current history list. --ww Write the current history list to the history file, over- writing the history file's contents. - --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and - display the result on the standard output. Does not - store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be + --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and + display the result on the standard output. Does not + store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. - --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. - The last command in the history list is removed before + --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. + The last command in the history list is removed before the _a_r_g_s are added. - If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- - tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- - tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the - history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment - character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- + tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- + tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the + history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment + character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while - reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t or range - is supplied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion sup- + reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t or range + is supplied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion sup- plied as an argument to --pp fails. jjoobbss [--llnnpprrss] [ _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... ] @@ -5328,15 +5339,15 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol- lowing meanings: --ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information. - --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed + --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. - --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group + --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. --rr Display only running jobs. --ss Display only stopped jobs. - If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about - that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about + that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied. If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in @@ -5345,263 +5356,263 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ... kkiillll --ll|--LL [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] - Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes - named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive - signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or - a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not - present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the - signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, - the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are + Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes + named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive + signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or + a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not + present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the + signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, + the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to - --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit - status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is - equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was + --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit + status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is + equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid op- tion is encountered. lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH-- - MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... | - ] - For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and - assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted + For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and + assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the - variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- - tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options - is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell - options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function after + variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- + tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options + is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell + options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function after the call to llooccaall are restored to their original values when the function returns. The restore is effected as if a series of sseett - commands were executed to restore the values that were in place - before the function. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of - local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use + commands were executed to restore the values that were in place + before the function. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of + local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless - llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, + llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable. llooggoouutt Exit a login shell. - mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC + mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] - Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- - able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- - plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- + able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- + plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each - input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each + input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty string, mmaappffiillee will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. - --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are + --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are copied. - --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default + --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default index is 0. --ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read. - --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line + --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line read. - --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- + --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- dard input. - --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The + --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m. - --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to + --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k. - If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. + If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that - element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after + element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element is assigned. - If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear _a_r_- + If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear _a_r_- _r_a_y before assigning to it. - mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option - argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if + mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array. ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n] Removes entries from the directory stack. The elements are num- - bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by ddiirrss. - With no arguments, ppooppdd removes the top directory from the + bered from 0 starting at the first directory listed by ddiirrss. + With no arguments, ppooppdd removes the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Arguments, if sup- plied, have the following meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so that only the stack is ma- nipulated. - ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero, from the stack. For - example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd + ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero, from the stack. For + example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second. --_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd - -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to last. - If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the - _-_n option was not supplied, ppooppdd uses the ccdd builtin to change + If the top element of the directory stack is modified, and the + _-_n option was not supplied, ppooppdd uses the ccdd builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack. If the ccdd fails, ppooppdd returns a non-zero value. - Otherwise, ppooppdd returns false if an invalid option is encoun- + Otherwise, ppooppdd returns false if an invalid option is encoun- tered, the directory stack is empty, or a non-existent directory stack entry is specified. - If the ppooppdd command is successful, bash runs ddiirrss to show the - final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is + If the ppooppdd command is successful, bash runs ddiirrss to show the + final contents of the directory stack, and the return status is 0. pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the - control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be - assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the + Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the + control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be + assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the standard output. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of - objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard - output, character escape sequences, which are converted and - copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each - of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of + objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard + output, character escape sequences, which are converted and + copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each + of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(3) format characters ccssnnddiioouuxxXXee-- EEffFFggGGaaAA, pprriinnttff interprets the following additional format spec- ifiers: %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in the same way as eecchhoo --ee. - %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a - format that can be reused as shell input. %%qq and %%QQ use - the $$'''' quoting style if any characters in the argument - string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If - the format string uses the _p_r_i_n_t_f alternate form, these + %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a + format that can be reused as shell input. %%qq and %%QQ use + the $$'''' quoting style if any characters in the argument + string require it, and backslash quoting otherwise. If + the format string uses the _p_r_i_n_t_f alternate form, these two formats quote the argument string using single quotes. - %%QQ like %%qq, but applies any supplied precision to the _a_r_g_u_- + %%QQ like %%qq, but applies any supplied precision to the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t before quoting it. %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT - causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting - from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). + causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting + from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the - number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument - values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and - -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no ar- + number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument + values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and + -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no ar- gument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been - given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff behav- + given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff behav- ior. The %b, %q, and %T format specifiers all use the field width and precision arguments from the format specification and write that - many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded ar- - gument, which usually contains more characters than the origi- + many bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded ar- + gument, which usually contains more characters than the origi- nal. The %n format specifier accepts a corresponding argument that is treated as a shell variable name. - The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier, + The %s and %c format specifiers accept an l (long) modifier, which forces them to convert the argument string to a wide-char- acter string and apply any supplied field width and precision in terms of characters, not bytes. - Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and - if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of the following character. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, - the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or - null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return - value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid option is sup- + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + value is zero on success, non-zero if an invalid option is sup- plied or a write or assignment error occurs. ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] - Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates - the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working - directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two ele- - ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates + the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two ele- + ments of the directory stack. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating - or adding directories to the stack, so that only the + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating + or adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. - ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. - --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top After the stack has been modified, if the --nn option was not sup- - plied, ppuusshhdd uses the ccdd builtin to change to the directory at + plied, ppuusshhdd uses the ccdd builtin to change to the directory at the top of the stack. If the ccdd fails, ppuusshhdd returns a non-zero value. - Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless - the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory - stack, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a + Otherwise, if no arguments are supplied, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless + the directory stack is empty. When rotating the directory + stack, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a non-existent directory stack element is specified. - If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, bash runs ddiirrss to show the + If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, bash runs ddiirrss to show the final contents of the directory stack. ppwwdd [--LLPP] - Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command - is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may - contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error + is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may + contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an in- valid option is supplied. rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...] - One line is read from the standard input, or from the file de- + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file de- scriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split into - words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the first - word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the sec- - ond _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the + words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the first + word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the sec- + ond _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to - the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input - stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- - ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into - words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (de- - scribed above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The backslash character + the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input + stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- + ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into + words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (de- + scribed above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The backslash character (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char- - acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, + acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --aa _a_n_a_m_e The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0. _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any - new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ig- + new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ig- nored. --dd _d_e_l_i_m The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the in- - put line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty - string, rreeaadd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL + put line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + string, rreeaadd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee - (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- - line uses the current (or default, if line editing was - not previously active) editing settings, but uses read- + (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- + line uses the current (or default, if line editing was + not previously active) editing settings, but uses read- line's default filename completion. --ii _t_e_x_t - If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is + If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than + rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim- - iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the + iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the delimiter. --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless - EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- - ters encountered in the input are not treated specially - and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - are read. The result is not split on the characters in - IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly + rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless + EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- + ters encountered in the input are not treated specially + and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + are read. The result is not split on the characters in + IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see the --rr option below). --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t @@ -5609,133 +5620,133 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- - slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- - lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line continuation. --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- ters are not echoed. --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t - Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete - line of input (or a specified number of characters) is - not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- - mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- - mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is - reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special - file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input (or a specified number of characters) is + not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- + mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- + mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is + reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special + file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into - the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd re- - turns immediately, without trying to read any data. The - exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified - file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-zero - otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the + the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd re- + turns immediately, without trying to read any data. The + exit status is 0 if input is available on the specified + file descriptor, or the read will return EOF, non-zero + otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. - If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read, without the ending de- - limiter but otherwise unmodified, is assigned to the variable - RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encoun- - tered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater than - 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a read- + If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read, without the ending de- + limiter but otherwise unmodified, is assigned to the variable + RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encoun- + tered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater than + 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a read- only variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to --uu. rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] - The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s - may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option - is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so - marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed ar- - rays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative ar- + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option + is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so + marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed ar- + rays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative ar- rays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If no - _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a + _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be - used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly - names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format - that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by - =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return - status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the + used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly + names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format + that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return + status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. rreettuurrnn [_n] - Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- - fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is - that of the last command executed in the function body. If rree-- + Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- + fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is + that of the last command executed in the function body. If rree-- ttuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to de- - termine the status is the last command executed before the trap - handler. If rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the last - command used to determine the status is the last command exe- - cuted by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If rreettuurrnn - is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by - the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop executing - that script and return either _n or the exit status of the last - command executed within the script as the exit status of the + termine the status is the last command executed before the trap + handler. If rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the last + command used to determine the status is the last command exe- + cuted by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If rreettuurrnn + is used outside a function, but during execution of a script by + the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop executing + that script and return either _n or the exit status of the last + command executed within the script as the exit status of the script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least signif- - icant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is sup- - plied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function and - not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any command + icant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is sup- + plied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function and + not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution re- sumes after the function or script. sseett [--aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [----] [--] [_a_r_g ...] sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [----] [--] [_a_r_g ...] - Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari- - able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re- + Without options, display the name and value of each shell vari- + able in a format that can be reused as input for setting or re- setting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot - be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. The - output is sorted according to the current locale. When options - are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu- - ments remaining after option processing are treated as values + be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. The + output is sorted according to the current locale. When options + are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any argu- + ments remaining after option processing are treated as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $$11, - $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following mean- + $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following mean- ings: --aa Each variable or function that is created or modified is - given the export attribute and marked for export to the + given the export attribute and marked for export to the environment of subsequent commands. - --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- + --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. - --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a - single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a + single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero status. - The shell does not exit if the command that fails is - part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee - or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or - eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a - &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& + The shell does not exit if the command that fails is + part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee + or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or + eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a + &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the - command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a - compound command other than a subshell returns a non- - zero status because a command failed while --ee was being - ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if - set, is executed before the shell exits. This option + command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a + compound command other than a subshell returns a non- + zero status because a command failed while --ee was being + ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if + set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- - ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. - If a compound command or shell function executes in a - context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands - executed within the compound command or function body - will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set - and a command returns a failure status. If a compound - command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a - context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have - any effect until the compound command or the command + If a compound command or shell function executes in a + context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands + executed within the compound command or function body + will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set + and a command returns a failure status. If a compound + command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a + context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have + any effect until the compound command or the command containing the function call completes. --ff Disable pathname expansion. - --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up + --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. - --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are - placed in the environment for a command, not just those + --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are + placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is - on by default for interactive shells on systems that - support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run + --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is + on by default for interactive shells on systems that + support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run in a separate process group. When a background job com- pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta- tus. --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used - to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig- + to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig- nored by interactive shells. --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following: @@ -5743,10 +5754,10 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Same as --aa. bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd Same as --BB. - eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- + eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- face. This is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started with - the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the + the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee. eerrrrttrraaccee @@ -5760,8 +5771,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS HHIISSTTOORRYY. This option is on by default in inter- active shells. iiggnnoorreeeeooff - The effect is as if the shell command ``IG- - NOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll VVaarrii-- + The effect is as if the shell command ``IG- + NOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll VVaarrii-- aabblleess above). kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm. @@ -5776,178 +5787,178 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS pphhyyssiiccaall Same as --PP. ppiippeeffaaiill - If set, the return value of a pipeline is the - value of the last (rightmost) command to exit - with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands - in the pipeline exit successfully. This option + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the + value of the last (rightmost) command to exit + with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands + in the pipeline exit successfully. This option is disabled by default. - ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default - operation differs from the POSIX standard to - match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO + ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default + operation differs from the POSIX standard to + match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects bash's behavior. pprriivviilleeggeedd Same as --pp. vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. - vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. + vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. xxttrraaccee Same as --xx. If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, the values of the - current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no - _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the - current option settings is displayed on the standard + current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no + _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the + current option settings is displayed on the standard output. - --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and - $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are - not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, - BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they ap- - pear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is - started with the effective user (group) id not equal to - the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- + --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and + $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are + not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, + BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they ap- + pear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id - is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- - plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. - Turning this option off causes the effective user and + is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- + plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. + Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. --rr Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un- set once it has been set. --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. --uu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe- - cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub- - scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing - parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an - unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error - message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero + cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub- + scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing + parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an + unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error + message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. - --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee + --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- - play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command - and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to + play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command + and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to standard error. - --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). This is on by default. - --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with - the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be + --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with + the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be overridden when creating output files by using the redi- rection operator >>|| instead of >>. --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, - command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- - shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- + command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- + shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- ited in such cases. --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. - --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when - executing commands such as ccdd that change the current + --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when + executing commands such as ccdd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical directory structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical - chain of directories when performing commands which + chain of directories when performing commands which change the current directory. - --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by + --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex- - ecuted in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + ecuted in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. - ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame- - ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin + ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin with a --. - -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to + -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to be assigned to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv options are turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the posi- tional parameters remain unchanged. - The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + - rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op- + The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op- tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the - shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The re- - turn status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun- + shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The re- + turn status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun- tered. sshhiifftt [_n] - The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ - Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are un- - set. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $$##. - If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, it is + The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ + Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are un- + set. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $$##. + If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, it is assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional param- - eters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero + eters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] - Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- - ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- + ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett builtin command. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list - of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of + of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set; if _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output - is restricted to those options. The --pp option causes output to - be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other op- + is restricted to those options. The --pp option causes output to + be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other op- tions have the following meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. - --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status + --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- - ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- - tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- + ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- + tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- wise. - --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for + --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt - shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. - Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) by default. - The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s - are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op- - tions, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a + The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s + are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op- + tions, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a valid shell option. The list of sshhoopptt options is: aarrrraayy__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee - If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as- + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as- sociative and indexed array subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing builtins that can - perform variable assignments, and while executing + perform variable assignments, and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing. aassssoocc__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee Deprecated; a synonym for aarrrraayy__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee. - aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory - is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- + aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory + is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss - If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is - not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is + not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. ccddssppeellll If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com- - ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors + ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac- - ter, and one character too many. If a correction is - found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- - mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive + ter, and one character too many. If a correction is + found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- + mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. cchheecckkhhaasshh If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- - ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed - command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- + ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- formed. cchheecckkjjoobbss If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running - jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs + jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a - second exit is attempted without an intervening command + second exit is attempted without an intervening command (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones ex- iting if any jobs are stopped. cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee - If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external - (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the - values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS. This option is enabled by + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the + values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS. This option is enabled by default. - ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- - line command in the same history entry. This allows - easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is - enabled by default, but only has an effect if command + ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- + line command in the same history entry. This allows + easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is + enabled by default, but only has an effect if command history is enabled, as described above under HHIISSTTOORRYY. ccoommppaatt3311 ccoommppaatt3322 @@ -5957,122 +5968,122 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ccoommppaatt4433 ccoommppaatt4444 ccoommppaatt5500 - These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode + These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode (see SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below). ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee - If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- - names and directory names when performing completion. + If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- + names and directory names when performing completion. If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol- - lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted - in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear - in shell variable references in words to be completed. - This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex- - pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any - dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, - either. This is active only when bash is using back- - slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is - set by default, which is the default bash behavior in + lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted + in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear + in shell variable references in words to be completed. + This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex- + pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any + dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, + either. This is active only when bash is using back- + slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default bash behavior in versions through 4.2. ddiirreexxppaanndd - If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results - of word expansion when performing filename completion. - This changes the contents of the readline editing buf- - fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the + If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results + of word expansion when performing filename completion. + This changes the contents of the readline editing buf- + fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the user typed. ddiirrssppeellll - If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory - names during word completion if the directory name ini- + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. - ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in - the results of pathname expansion. The filenames ````..'''' - and ````....'''' must always be matched explicitly, even if + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in + the results of pathname expansion. The filenames ````..'''' + and ````....'''' must always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- - not execute the file specified as an argument to the - eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess - If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg - If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, + If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell - starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- - ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers + starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- + ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- - routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- - cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell simulates a call to rreettuurrnn. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above). - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, - shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. eexxttqquuoottee - If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed - within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb - If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree - If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell - variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- - ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a de- - scription of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- + ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a de- + scription of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- fault. gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess - If set, range expressions used in pattern matching - bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave - as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- - parisons. That is, the current locale's collating se- - quence is not taken into account, so bb will not collate - between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave + as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- + parisons. That is, the current locale's collating se- + quence is not taken into account, so bb will not collate + between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. gglloobbsskkiippddoottss - If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- + If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- names ````..'''' and ````....'''', even if the pattern begins with a ````..''''. This option is enabled by default. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- - text will match all files and zero or more directories - and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only directories and subdirectories match. ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt @@ -6080,25 +6091,25 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd - If set, the history list is appended to the file named + If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell ex- its, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. hhiissttvveerriiffyy - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- - tory substitution are not immediately passed to the - shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to - perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ - is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt @@ -6106,23 +6117,23 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS active login shell exits. iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt - If set, command substitution inherits the value of the - eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell - environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is enabled. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word - and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored - in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This op- + and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored + in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This op- tion is enabled by default. llaassttppiippee - If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- ground in the current shell environment. - lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. @@ -6133,54 +6144,54 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS tribute is not inherited. llooccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett - If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous - function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find - them unset until that function returns. This is identi- - cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the + If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous + function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find + them unset until that function returns. This is identi- + cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the current function scope. llooggiinn__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started as a login - shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be changed. mmaaiillwwaarrnn - If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has - been accessed since the last time it was checked, the - message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, the + message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- played. nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not at- - tempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not at- + tempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line. nnooccaasseegglloobb - If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above). nnooccaasseemmaattcchh - If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi- - tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- + tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- pletions as part of programmable completion. nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn - If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $"..." - quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If + If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $"..." + quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the string is not translated, this has no effect. nnuullllgglloobb - If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see - PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, + If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt If set, bbaasshh expands occurrences of && in the replacement - string of pattern substitution to the text matched by - the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn + string of pattern substitution to the text matched by + the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn above. This option is enabled by default. pprrooggccoommpp @@ -6189,69 +6200,69 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS enabled by default. pprrooggccoommpp__aalliiaass - If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh - treats a command name that doesn't have any completions - as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it - has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- + If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh + treats a command name that doesn't have any completions + as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it + has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias. pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- - moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- + moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG above. This option is enabled by default. rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started in re- - stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value - may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup - files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + The shell sets this option if it is started in re- + stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- cover whether or not a shell is restricted. sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee - If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the .. (ssoouurrccee) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to - find the directory containing the file supplied as an + find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. This option is enabled by default. vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee - If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors + If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors assigned using the _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_} redirection syntax (see RREE-- - DDIIRREECCTTIIOONN above) instead of leaving them open when the + DDIIRREECCTTIIOONN above) instead of leaving them open when the command completes. xxppgg__eecchhoo - If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- quences by default. ssuussppeenndd [--ff] - Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT - signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, - cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be used to override this - and force the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the - shell is a login shell or job control is not enabled and --ff is + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, + cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be used to override this + and force the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the + shell is a login shell or job control is not enabled and --ff is not supplied. tteesstt _e_x_p_r [[ _e_x_p_r ]] Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu- ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and op- - erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of - the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. - tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore + erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of + the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, - listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de- - pends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de- + pends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- dence is used when there are five or more arguments. !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. (( _e_x_p_r )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. @@ -6268,159 +6279,159 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS null. 2 arguments If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and - only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- - ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed - above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed + above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. - If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the binary test - using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa - and --oo operators are considered binary operators when - there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, - the value is the negation of the two-argument test using + using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa + and --oo operators are considered binary operators when + there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, + the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result - is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- + is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- wise, the expression is false. 4 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of - the three-argument expression composed of the remaining - arguments. the two-argument test using the second and - third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and - the fourth argument is exactly )), the result is the two- - argument test of the second and third arguments. Other- + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + arguments. the two-argument test using the second and + third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and + the fourth argument is exactly )), the result is the two- + argument test of the second and third arguments. Other- wise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments - The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. - When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- + When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- graphically using ASCII ordering. - ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_c_t_i_o_n] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] The _a_c_t_i_o_n is a command that is read and executed when the shell receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is absent (and there is a - single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its - original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the - shell). If _a_c_t_i_o_n is the null string the signal specified by - each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in- + single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its + original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the + shell). If _a_c_t_i_o_n is the null string the signal specified by + each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in- vokes. - If no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions associ- + If no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions associ- ated with each trapped signal as a set of ttrraapp commands that can - be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi- - tions. If --pp is given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is not present, then ttrraapp - displays the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or, if none + be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi- + tions. If --pp is given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is not present, then ttrraapp + displays the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or, if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of ttrraapp commands - that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal - dispositions. The --PP option behaves similarly, but displays - only the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. --PP re- - quires at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. The --PP or --pp options to - ttrraapp may be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command sub- - stitution) and, as long as they are used before ttrraapp is used to - change a signal's handling, will display the state of its par- + that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal + dispositions. The --PP option behaves similarly, but displays + only the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. --PP re- + quires at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. The --PP or --pp options to + ttrraapp may be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command sub- + stitution) and, as long as they are used before ttrraapp is used to + change a signal's handling, will display the state of its par- ent's traps. - The --ll option causes ttrraapp to print a list of signal names and - their corresponding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal - name defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names + The --ll option causes ttrraapp to print a list of signal names and + their corresponding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal + name defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on exit - from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_c_t_i_o_n is + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on exit + from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, - _s_e_l_e_c_t command, (( arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, + _s_e_l_e_c_t command, (( arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the first command executes in - a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). Refer to the de- - scription of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin for de- - tails of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, - the command _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed each time a shell function or a - script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins finishes execut- + a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). Refer to the de- + scription of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin for de- + tails of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, + the command _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed each time a shell function or a + script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins finishes execut- ing. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed whenever a + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed whenever a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to - the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the + the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following - a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command - following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the - last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using + following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the + last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) op- tion. When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit trapping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not - being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell - or subshell environment when one is created. The return status + being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell + or subshell environment when one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. ttrruuee Does nothing, returns a 0 status. ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...] - With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if + With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if used as a command name. If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a - string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or - _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, - builtin, or executable disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is - not found, then nothing is printed, and ttyyppee returns a non-zero - exit status. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the - name of the executable file that would be found by searching - $$PPAATTHH if _n_a_m_e were specified as a command name, or nothing if - ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a - PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if ``type -t name'' would not + string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or + _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, + builtin, or executable disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is + not found, then nothing is printed, and ttyyppee returns a non-zero + exit status. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the + name of the executable file that would be found by searching + $$PPAATTHH if _n_a_m_e were specified as a command name, or nothing if + ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a + PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed - value, which is not necessarily the file that appears first in - PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee prints all of the places - that contain a command named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases, re- - served words, functions, and builtins, but the path search op- + value, which is not necessarily the file that appears first in + PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee prints all of the places + that contain a command named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases, re- + served words, functions, and builtins, but the path search op- tions (--pp and --PP) can be supplied to restrict the output to exe- - cutable files. ttyyppee does not consult the table of hashed com- + cutable files. ttyyppee does not consult the table of hashed com- mands when using --aa with --pp, and only performs a PPAATTHH search for - _n_a_m_e. The --ff option suppresses shell function lookup, as with - the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments + _n_a_m_e. The --ff option suppresses shell function lookup, as with + the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] --aa uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] [--bbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPRRTT [_l_i_m_i_t]] - Provides control over the resources available to the shell and - to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. + Provides control over the resources available to the shell and + to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set - for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a - non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up - to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- + for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a + non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up + to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _l_i_m_i_t can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the - current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, re- - spectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the soft + current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, re- + spectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is given. - When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and - unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other op- + When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and + unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other op- tions are interpreted as follows: --aa All current limits are reported; no limits are set --bb The maximum socket buffer size --cc The maximum size of core files created --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment --ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") - --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children --ii The maximum number of pending signals --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory - --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor + --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit) --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not allow this value to be set) @@ -6429,134 +6440,134 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority --ss The maximum stack size --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds - --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single + --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single user - --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the + --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on some systems, to its children --xx The maximum number of file locks --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals - --RR The maximum time a real-time process can run before + --RR The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds --TT The maximum number of threads - If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the - new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, - then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except - for --tt, which is in seconds; --RR, which is in microseconds; --pp, - which is in units of 512-byte blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and - --uu, which are unscaled values; and, when in posix mode, --cc and - --ff, which are in 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 - unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error + If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the + new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, + then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except + for --tt, which is in seconds; --RR, which is in microseconds; --pp, + which is in units of 512-byte blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and + --uu, which are unscaled values; and, when in posix mode, --cc and + --ff, which are in 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 + unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with - a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is - interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by - _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is - printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- - bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp + a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is + interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by + _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is + printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- + bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode - was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, + was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, and false otherwise. uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is - supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value + Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is + supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...] - For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. + For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable, - and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be - unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- - tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option - is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, - _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn - has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are - supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- - able by that name, a function with that name, if any, is unset. - Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment - passed to subsequent commands. If any of BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS, + and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be + unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- + tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option + is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, + _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn + has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are + supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- + able by that name, a function with that name, if any, is unset. + Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment + passed to subsequent commands. If any of BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS, BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00, BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS, BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD, BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL, BBAASSHHPPIIDD, - CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK, EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE, EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS, FFUUNNCC-- - NNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, LLIINNEENNOO, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, or SSRRAANNDDOOMM are + CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK, EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE, EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS, FFUUNNCC-- + NNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, LLIINNEENNOO, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, or SSRRAANNDDOOMM are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub- sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read- only or may not be unset. wwaaiitt [--ffnn] [--pp _v_a_r_n_a_m_e] [_i_d _._._.] Wait for each specified child process and return its termination - status. Each _i_d may be a process ID or a job specification; if - a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are - waited for. If _i_d is not given, wwaaiitt waits for all running - background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if + status. Each _i_d may be a process ID or a job specification; if + a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are + waited for. If _i_d is not given, wwaaiitt waits for all running + background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if its process id is the same as $$!!, and the return status is zero. - If the --nn option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for a single job from + If the --nn option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for a single job from the list of _i_ds or, if no _i_ds are supplied, any job, to complete - and returns its exit status. If none of the supplied arguments + and returns its exit status. If none of the supplied arguments is a child of the shell, or if no arguments are supplied and the - shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127. If - the --pp option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the - job for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the - variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e named by the option argument. The variable - will be unset initially, before any assignment. This is useful - only when the --nn option is supplied. Supplying the --ff option, - when job control is enabled, forces wwaaiitt to wait for _i_d to ter- + shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127. If + the --pp option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the + job for which the exit status is returned is assigned to the + variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e named by the option argument. The variable + will be unset initially, before any assignment. This is useful + only when the --nn option is supplied. Supplying the --ff option, + when job control is enabled, forces wwaaiitt to wait for _i_d to ter- minate before returning its status, instead of returning when it - changes status. If _i_d specifies a non-existent process or job, - the return status is 127. If wwaaiitt is interrupted by a signal, - the return status will be greater than 128, as described under - SSIIGGNNAALLSS above. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status + changes status. If _i_d specifies a non-existent process or job, + the return status is 127. If wwaaiitt is interrupted by a signal, + the return status will be greater than 128, as described under + SSIIGGNNAALLSS above. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last process or job waited for. SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE - Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _s_h_e_l_l _c_o_m_p_a_t_i_b_i_l_i_t_y _l_e_v_e_l, speci- - fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin ( ccoommppaatt3311, ccoommppaatt3322, - ccoommppaatt4400, ccoommppaatt4411, and so on). There is only one current compatibil- - ity level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility - level is intended to allow users to select behavior from previous ver- - sions that is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate - scripts to use current features and behavior. It's intended to be a + Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _s_h_e_l_l _c_o_m_p_a_t_i_b_i_l_i_t_y _l_e_v_e_l, speci- + fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin ( ccoommppaatt3311, ccoommppaatt3322, + ccoommppaatt4400, ccoommppaatt4411, and so on). There is only one current compatibil- + ity level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility + level is intended to allow users to select behavior from previous ver- + sions that is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate + scripts to use current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solution. - This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu- - lar version (e.g., setting ccoommppaatt3322 means that quoting the rhs of the - regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word, + This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu- + lar version (e.g., setting ccoommppaatt3322 means that quoting the rhs of the + regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent versions). - If a user enables, say, ccoommppaatt3322, it may affect the behavior of other - compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility - level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior - that changed in that version of bbaasshh, but that behavior may have been - present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale- - based comparisons with the [[[[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier + If a user enables, say, ccoommppaatt3322, it may affect the behavior of other + compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility + level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior + that changed in that version of bbaasshh, but that behavior may have been + present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale- + based comparisons with the [[[[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling ccoommppaatt3322 will enable - ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi- - cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility - levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to + ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi- + cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility + levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to find out the current behavior. - Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT. The value as- + Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT. The value as- signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte- - ger corresponding to the ccoommppaatt_N_N option, like 42) determines the com- + ger corresponding to the ccoommppaatt_N_N option, like 42) determines the com- patibility level. - Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility - levels. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of BBAASSHH__CCOOMM-- + Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility + levels. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of BBAASSHH__CCOOMM-- PPAATT. - Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual - shopt option for the previous version. Users should use BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT on + Bash-5.0 is the final version for which there will be an individual + shopt option for the previous version. Users should use BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT on bash-5.0 and later versions. - The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each + The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each compatibility level setting. The ccoommppaatt_N_N tag is used as shorthand for setting the compatibility level to _N_N using one of the following mecha- - nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be - set using the corresponding ccoommppaatt_N_N shopt option. For bash-4.3 and - later versions, the BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT variable is preferred, and it is re- + nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be + set using the corresponding ccoommppaatt_N_N shopt option. For bash-4.3 and + later versions, the BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT variable is preferred, and it is re- quired for bash-5.1 and later versions. ccoommppaatt3311 @@ -6564,114 +6575,114 @@ SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE ator (=~) has no special effect ccoommppaatt3322 - +o interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes - the execution of the next command in the list (in - bash-4.0 and later versions, the shell acts as if it re- - ceived the interrupt, so interrupting one command in a + +o interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes + the execution of the next command in the list (in + bash-4.0 and later versions, the shell acts as if it re- + ceived the interrupt, so interrupting one command in a list aborts the execution of the entire list) ccoommppaatt4400 - +o the << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider + +o the << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII ordering. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col- - lation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current + lation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). ccoommppaatt4411 - +o in _p_o_s_i_x mode, ttiimmee may be followed by options and still + +o in _p_o_s_i_x mode, ttiimmee may be followed by options and still be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre- tation 267) +o in _p_o_s_i_x mode, the parser requires that an even number of - single quotes occur in the _w_o_r_d portion of a double- - quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so - that characters within the single quotes are considered + single quotes occur in the _w_o_r_d portion of a double- + quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so + that characters within the single quotes are considered quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221) ccoommppaatt4422 +o the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu- - tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver- + tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver- sions after bash-4.2 - +o in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when - expanding the _w_o_r_d portion of a double-quoted parameter - expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or - other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre- - tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not + +o in posix mode, single quotes are considered special when + expanding the _w_o_r_d portion of a double-quoted parameter + expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or + other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre- + tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not special within double-quoted word expansions ccoommppaatt4433 - +o the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt - is made to use a quoted compound assignment as an argu- - ment to declare (e.g., declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later + +o the shell does not print a warning message if an attempt + is made to use a quoted compound assignment as an argu- + ment to declare (e.g., declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later versions warn that this usage is deprecated - +o word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors - that cause the current command to fail, even in posix - mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors + +o word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors + that cause the current command to fail, even in posix + mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit) - +o when executing a shell function, the loop state + +o when executing a shell function, the loop state (while/until/etc.) is not reset, so bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in that function will break or continue loops in the calling - context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre- + context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre- vent this ccoommppaatt4444 - +o the shell sets up the values used by BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV and - BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC so they can expand to the shell's positional + +o the shell sets up the values used by BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV and + BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC so they can expand to the shell's positional parameters even if extended debugging mode is not enabled - +o a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so - bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee will cause the subshell to exit. - Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the + +o a subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so + bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee will cause the subshell to exit. + Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the exit - +o variable assignments preceding builtins like eexxppoorrtt and + +o variable assignments preceding builtins like eexxppoorrtt and rreeaaddoonnllyy that set attributes continue to affect variables with the same name in the calling environment even if the shell is not in posix mode ccoommppaatt5500 - +o Bash-5.1 changed the way $$RRAANNDDOOMM is generated to intro- + +o Bash-5.1 changed the way $$RRAANNDDOOMM is generated to intro- duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibility - level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method - from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran- - dom number generator by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM will + level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method + from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran- + dom number generator by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0 - +o If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior - to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef- - fect, even when producing output that can be reused as - input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the --ll op- + +o If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior + to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef- + fect, even when producing output that can be reused as + input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the --ll op- tion is supplied. ccoommppaatt5511 - +o The uunnsseett builtin treats attempts to unset array sub- - scripts @@ and ** differently depending on whether the ar- - ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in + +o The uunnsseett builtin treats attempts to unset array sub- + scripts @@ and ** differently depending on whether the ar- + ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in previous versions. RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at - invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used - to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It - behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are + invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used + to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It + behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +o changing directories with ccdd - +o setting or unsetting the values of SSHHEELLLL, PPAATTHH, HHIISSTTFFIILLEE, EENNVV, + +o setting or unsetting the values of SSHHEELLLL, PPAATTHH, HHIISSTTFFIILLEE, EENNVV, or BBAASSHH__EENNVV +o specifying command names containing // - +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. + +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. builtin command - +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command - +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command - +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at + +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup - +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at + +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at startup +o redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect- @@ -6680,28 +6691,28 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL +o using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another command - +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options + +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options to the eennaabbllee builtin command - +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell + +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins +o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command - +o turning off restricted mode with sseett ++rr or sshhoopptt --uu rree-- + +o turning off restricted mode with sseett ++rr or sshhoopptt --uu rree-- ssttrriicctteedd__sshheellll. These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see CCOOMM-- - MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell + MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script. SSEEEE AALLSSOO _B_a_s_h _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _M_a_n_u_a_l, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _R_e_a_d_l_i_n_e _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey - _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- + _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- _t_i_e_s, IEEE -- http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode @@ -6719,10 +6730,10 @@ FFIILLEESS _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c The individual per-interactive-shell startup file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t - The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login + The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y - The default value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE, the file in which bash saves the + The default value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE, the file in which bash saves the command history _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file @@ -6736,15 +6747,15 @@ AAUUTTHHOORRSS BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS If you find a bug in bbaasshh,, you should report it. But first, you should - make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest - version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from + make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest + version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from _f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_g_n_u_/_b_a_s_h_/ and _h_t_t_p_:_/_/_g_i_t_._s_a_v_a_n_- _n_a_h_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_c_g_i_t_/_b_a_s_h_._g_i_t_/_s_n_a_p_s_h_o_t_/_b_a_s_h_-_m_a_s_t_e_r_._t_a_r_._g_z. - Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g - command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged - to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may - be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g + command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged + to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may + be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg. ALL bug reports should include: @@ -6755,7 +6766,7 @@ BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS A description of the bug behaviour A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug - _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template + _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template it provides for filing a bug report. Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed @@ -6772,10 +6783,10 @@ BBUUGGSS Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not - handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a - process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in - the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between - parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a + handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a + process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in + the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between + parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit. Array variables may not (yet) be exported. @@ -6784,4 +6795,4 @@ BBUUGGSS -GNU Bash 5.3 2023 June 15 BASH(1) +GNU Bash 5.3 2023 June 16 BASH(1) diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1 index a6c133200..444bd2150 100644 --- a/doc/bash.1 +++ b/doc/bash.1 @@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet.ramey@case.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Thu Jun 15 18:11:33 EDT 2023 +.\" Last Change: Fri Jun 16 11:36:28 EDT 2023 .\" .\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -.TH BASH 1 "2023 June 15" "GNU Bash 5.3" +.TH BASH 1 "2023 June 16" "GNU Bash 5.3" .\" .\" There's some problem with having a `@' .\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros. @@ -1657,6 +1657,15 @@ matching the entire regular expression. The element with index \fIn\fP is the portion of the string matching the \fIn\fPth parenthesized subexpression. .TP +.B BASH_MONOSECONDS +Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value returned +by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available. +If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to \fBEPOCHSECONDS\fP. +If +.B BASH_MONOSECONDS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP .B BASH_SOURCE An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the corresponding shell function names in the @@ -1677,6 +1686,14 @@ If is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. .TP +.B BASH_TRAPSIG +Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being executed +during its execution. +See the description of \fBtrap\fP under +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below for information about signal numbers and trap execution. +.TP .B BASH_VERSINFO A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for this instance of diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html index 7e6d9c93a..68a8f412d 100644 --- a/doc/bash.html +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ -
BASH(1)2023 June 15BASH(1) +BASH(1)2023 June 16BASH(1)

Index @@ -2111,6 +2111,17 @@ The element with index 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular expression. The element with index n is the portion of the string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression. +
BASH_MONOSECONDS + +
+Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value returned +by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available. +If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to EPOCHSECONDS. +If +BASH_MONOSECONDS + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset.
BASH_SOURCE
@@ -2135,6 +2146,16 @@ If is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. +
BASH_TRAPSIG + +
+Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being executed +during its execution. +See the description of trap under +SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS + + +below for information about signal numbers and trap execution.
BASH_VERSINFO
@@ -15009,7 +15030,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
-
GNU Bash 5.32023 June 15BASH(1) +GNU Bash 5.32023 June 16BASH(1)
@@ -15115,7 +15136,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
BUGS
-This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20230614/doc/bash.1.
-Time: 15 June 2023 18:17:34 EDT +This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20230616/doc/bash.1.
+Time: 16 June 2023 12:13:33 EDT diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info index 6d3e58da2..3077b1d0a 100644 --- a/doc/bash.info +++ b/doc/bash.info @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.8 from bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 15 June 2023). +Bash shell (version 5.3, 16 June 2023). - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 15 June 2023, of 'The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 16 June 2023, of 'The GNU Bash Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.3. Copyright (C) 1988-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 15 June 2023). The Bash home page is +Bash shell (version 5.3, 16 June 2023). The Bash home page is . - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 15 June 2023, of 'The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 16 June 2023, of 'The GNU Bash Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.3. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some @@ -5406,6 +5406,13 @@ Variables::). A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for dynamically loadable builtins specified by the 'enable' command. +'BASH_MONOSECONDS' + Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value + returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available. If + there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to 'EPOCHSECONDS'. + If 'BASH_MONOSECONDS' is unset, it loses its special properties, + even if it is subsequently reset. + 'BASH_REMATCH' An array variable whose members are assigned by the '=~' binary operator to the '[[' conditional command (*note Conditional @@ -5427,6 +5434,12 @@ Variables::). value is 0. If 'BASH_SUBSHELL' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. +'BASH_TRAPSIG' + Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being + executed during its execution. See the description of 'trap' + (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) for information about signal + numbers and trap execution. + 'BASH_VERSINFO' A readonly array variable (*note Arrays::) whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash. The values assigned @@ -12193,12 +12206,14 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index * BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 122) * BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 125) * BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: Bash Variables. (line 133) -* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 137) -* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 145) -* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 152) -* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 158) -* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 181) -* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 184) +* BASH_MONOSECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 137) +* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 144) +* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 152) +* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 159) +* BASH_TRAPSIG: Bash Variables. (line 165) +* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 171) +* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 194) +* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 197) * bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 64) * bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -12207,12 +12222,12 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 76) * CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 9) -* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 195) +* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 208) * colored-completion-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 81) * colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 91) -* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 202) +* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 215) * comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 97) * completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -12225,25 +12240,25 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 120) * completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 127) -* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 254) -* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 208) -* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 237) -* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 214) -* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 219) -* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 227) -* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 241) -* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 247) +* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 267) +* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 221) +* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 250) +* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 227) +* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 232) +* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 240) +* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 254) +* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 260) * convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 138) -* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 260) -* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 264) +* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 273) +* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 277) * disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 148) * echo-control-characters: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 153) * editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 158) -* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 274) +* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 287) * emacs-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 164) * enable-active-region: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -12252,70 +12267,70 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 187) * enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 196) -* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 279) -* EPOCHREALTIME: Bash Variables. (line 284) -* EPOCHSECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 292) -* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 299) -* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 303) +* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 292) +* EPOCHREALTIME: Bash Variables. (line 297) +* EPOCHSECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 305) +* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 312) +* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 316) * expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 207) -* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 316) -* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 320) -* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 326) -* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 343) -* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 348) -* GLOBSORT: Bash Variables. (line 355) -* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 381) -* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 387) -* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 402) -* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 408) -* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 424) -* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 428) -* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 439) +* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 329) +* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 333) +* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 339) +* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 356) +* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 361) +* GLOBSORT: Bash Variables. (line 368) +* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 394) +* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 400) +* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 415) +* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 421) +* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 437) +* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 441) +* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 452) * history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 211) * history-size: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 217) -* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 459) -* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 466) +* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 472) +* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 479) * HOME: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 13) * horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 226) -* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 474) -* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 485) -* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 488) +* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 487) +* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 498) +* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 501) * IFS: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 18) -* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 491) +* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 504) * input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 235) -* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 501) -* INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 505) +* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 514) +* INSIDE_EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 518) * isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 245) * keymap: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 252) * LANG: Creating Internationalized Scripts. (line 51) -* LANG <1>: Bash Variables. (line 511) -* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 515) -* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 519) -* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 526) +* LANG <1>: Bash Variables. (line 524) +* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 528) +* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 532) +* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 539) * LC_MESSAGES: Creating Internationalized Scripts. (line 51) -* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 531) -* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 535) -* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 539) -* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 543) -* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 548) -* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 554) +* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 544) +* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 548) +* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 552) +* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 556) +* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 561) +* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 567) * MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 22) -* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 558) +* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 571) * MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 27) -* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 566) +* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 579) * mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 282) * mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -12326,46 +12341,46 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 299) * meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 235) -* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 570) +* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 583) * OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 34) -* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 573) +* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 586) * OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 38) -* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 577) +* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 590) * output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 304) * page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 312) * PATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 42) -* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 580) -* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 585) -* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 595) -* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 599) -* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 605) -* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 611) +* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 593) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 598) +* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 608) +* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 612) +* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 618) +* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 624) * PS1: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 48) * PS2: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 53) -* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 616) -* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 621) -* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 629) -* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 632) -* READLINE_ARGUMENT: Bash Variables. (line 638) -* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 642) -* READLINE_MARK: Bash Variables. (line 646) -* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 652) -* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 656) +* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 629) +* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 634) +* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 642) +* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 645) +* READLINE_ARGUMENT: Bash Variables. (line 651) +* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 655) +* READLINE_MARK: Bash Variables. (line 659) +* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 665) +* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 669) * revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 322) * search-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 329) -* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 659) -* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 668) -* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 673) -* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 682) +* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 672) +* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 681) +* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 686) +* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 695) * show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 334) * show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -12374,15 +12389,15 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 349) * skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 355) -* SRANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 687) +* SRANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 700) * TEXTDOMAIN: Creating Internationalized Scripts. (line 51) * TEXTDOMAINDIR: Creating Internationalized Scripts. (line 51) -* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 696) -* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 734) -* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 746) -* UID: Bash Variables. (line 750) +* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 709) +* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 747) +* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 759) +* UID: Bash Variables. (line 763) * vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 368) * vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -12834,77 +12849,77 @@ Node: Special Builtins223181 Node: Shell Variables224157 Node: Bourne Shell Variables224591 Node: Bash Variables226692 -Node: Bash Features260752 -Node: Invoking Bash261762 -Node: Bash Startup Files267772 -Node: Interactive Shells272900 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?273308 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?273954 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior274766 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions278392 -Node: Shell Arithmetic283031 -Node: Aliases285989 -Node: Arrays288880 -Node: The Directory Stack295440 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins296221 -Node: Controlling the Prompt300478 -Node: The Restricted Shell303440 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode306047 -Node: Shell Compatibility Mode321837 -Node: Job Control330078 -Node: Job Control Basics330535 -Node: Job Control Builtins335534 -Node: Job Control Variables341326 -Node: Command Line Editing342479 -Node: Introduction and Notation344147 -Node: Readline Interaction345767 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials346955 -Node: Readline Movement Commands348741 -Node: Readline Killing Commands349698 -Node: Readline Arguments351616 -Node: Searching352657 -Node: Readline Init File354840 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax356098 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs379886 -Node: Sample Init File384079 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands387200 -Node: Commands For Moving388401 -Node: Commands For History390449 -Node: Commands For Text395440 -Node: Commands For Killing399086 -Node: Numeric Arguments402116 -Node: Commands For Completion403252 -Node: Keyboard Macros407440 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands408125 -Node: Readline vi Mode414160 -Node: Programmable Completion415064 -Node: Programmable Completion Builtins422841 -Node: A Programmable Completion Example433958 -Node: Using History Interactively439203 -Node: Bash History Facilities439884 -Node: Bash History Builtins442886 -Node: History Interaction447907 -Node: Event Designators451524 -Node: Word Designators452875 -Node: Modifiers454632 -Node: Installing Bash456437 -Node: Basic Installation457571 -Node: Compilers and Options461290 -Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures462028 -Node: Installation Names463717 -Node: Specifying the System Type465823 -Node: Sharing Defaults466537 -Node: Operation Controls467207 -Node: Optional Features468162 -Node: Reporting Bugs479378 -Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell480709 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License497555 -Node: Indexes522729 -Node: Builtin Index523180 -Node: Reserved Word Index530278 -Node: Variable Index532723 -Node: Function Index549708 -Node: Concept Index563489 +Node: Bash Features261344 +Node: Invoking Bash262354 +Node: Bash Startup Files268364 +Node: Interactive Shells273492 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?273900 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?274546 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior275358 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions278984 +Node: Shell Arithmetic283623 +Node: Aliases286581 +Node: Arrays289472 +Node: The Directory Stack296032 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins296813 +Node: Controlling the Prompt301070 +Node: The Restricted Shell304032 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode306639 +Node: Shell Compatibility Mode322429 +Node: Job Control330670 +Node: Job Control Basics331127 +Node: Job Control Builtins336126 +Node: Job Control Variables341918 +Node: Command Line Editing343071 +Node: Introduction and Notation344739 +Node: Readline Interaction346359 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials347547 +Node: Readline Movement Commands349333 +Node: Readline Killing Commands350290 +Node: Readline Arguments352208 +Node: Searching353249 +Node: Readline Init File355432 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax356690 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs380478 +Node: Sample Init File384671 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands387792 +Node: Commands For Moving388993 +Node: Commands For History391041 +Node: Commands For Text396032 +Node: Commands For Killing399678 +Node: Numeric Arguments402708 +Node: Commands For Completion403844 +Node: Keyboard Macros408032 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands408717 +Node: Readline vi Mode414752 +Node: Programmable Completion415656 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins423433 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example434550 +Node: Using History Interactively439795 +Node: Bash History Facilities440476 +Node: Bash History Builtins443478 +Node: History Interaction448499 +Node: Event Designators452116 +Node: Word Designators453467 +Node: Modifiers455224 +Node: Installing Bash457029 +Node: Basic Installation458163 +Node: Compilers and Options461882 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures462620 +Node: Installation Names464309 +Node: Specifying the System Type466415 +Node: Sharing Defaults467129 +Node: Operation Controls467799 +Node: Optional Features468754 +Node: Reporting Bugs479970 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell481301 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License498147 +Node: Indexes523321 +Node: Builtin Index523772 +Node: Reserved Word Index530870 +Node: Variable Index533315 +Node: Function Index550446 +Node: Concept Index564227  End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/bash.ps b/doc/bash.ps index 89e5a58e4..8c7f68686 100644 --- a/doc/bash.ps +++ b/doc/bash.ps @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.22.4 -%%CreationDate: Thu Jun 15 18:19:56 2023 +%%CreationDate: Fri Jun 16 12:13:32 2023 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic @@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ F .475(xtended deb)-.15 F(ug-)-.2 E (~/.bashr)3.598 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.598(if the)4.408 F(shell is interacti) 144 710.4 Q .3 -.15(ve \()-.25 H(see).15 E F4(INV)2.5 E(OCA)-.405 E (TION)-.855 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 15)148.175 E(1)202.335 E 0 Cg EP +(2023 June 16)148.175 E(1)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 2 2 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ F2(~/.bashr)108 691.2 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.535(,i)C 2.535(ft)-2.535 G .035 Q F1(bash)5.306 E F0 2.806(is started non-interacti)5.306 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.306(,t)-.65 G 5.306(or)-5.306 G 2.806 (un a 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-(tion)144 216 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 228 Q(ORDBREAKS) --.1 E F0 1.336(The set of characters that the)144 240 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 -G(adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.335 -(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.125(completion. 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The)144 420 R .692(line is split into w)3.192 F .692(ords as)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.192 G (adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)3.192 G .692(uld split it, using).1 F F3(COMP_W) -3.192 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .692(as de-)2.942 F 1.558(scribed abo)144 -312 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.558(.T).15 G 1.558(his v)-6.558 F 1.558 +3.192 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .691(as de-)2.942 F 1.557(scribed abo)144 +432 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.557(.T).15 G 1.557(his v)-6.557 F 1.557 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.558 -(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.057 -(db).1 G 4.057(yt)-4.057 G 1.557(he programmable)-4.057 F(completion f) -144 324 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 336 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .168(An array v) -144 348 R .168(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.668 E F0(belo)2.669 E +(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.058 +(db).1 G 4.058(yt)-4.058 G 1.558(he programmable)-4.058 F(completion f) +144 444 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 456 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .169(An array v) +144 468 R .169(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.669 E F0(belo)2.669 E .169 (w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input) --.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 360 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) --.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 372 Q -.55(AC) --.9 G(K).55 E F0 .79(An array v)144 384 R .79(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 -(Arrays)3.29 E F0(belo)3.289 E .789 +-.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 480 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) +-.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 492 Q -.55(AC) +-.9 G(K).55 E F0 .789(An array v)144 504 R .789(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 +(Arrays)3.289 E F0(belo)3.289 E .789 (w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F(Di-) -5.789 E .099(rectories appear in the stack in the order the)144 396 R +5.79 E .099(rectories appear in the stack in the order the)144 516 R 2.599(ya)-.15 G .099(re displayed by the)-2.599 F F1(dirs)2.599 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.599 G 2.599(iltin. Assigning).2 F .099(to mem-)2.599 F .84 -(bers of this array v)144 408 R .84 +(bu)2.599 G 2.598(iltin. Assigning).2 F .098(to mem-)2.598 F .84 +(bers of this array v)144 528 R .84 (ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25 -F .84(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)3.34 E F0(and)144 420 Q F1(popd)3.45 E F0 --.2(bu)3.45 G .951(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F 1.251 -.15 -(ve d)-.15 H 3.451(irectories. Assignment).15 F .951(to this v)3.451 F -.951(ariable will)-.25 F .379(not change the current directory)144 432 R -5.379(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.379 E F3(DIRST)2.879 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 -.378(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.629 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.878(ni).15 G 2.878(fi)-2.878 G 2.878(ti)-2.878 G(s)-2.878 E -(subsequently reset.)144 444 Q F1(EPOCHREAL)108 456 Q(TIME)-.92 E F0 -.337(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 468 R .338 +F .84(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)3.34 E F0(and)144 540 Q F1(popd)3.451 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.451 G .951(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F 1.251 -.15 +(ve d)-.15 H 3.45(irectories. Assignment).15 F .95(to this v)3.45 F .95 +(ariable will)-.25 F .378(not change the current directory)144 552 R +5.378(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.378 E F3(DIRST)2.878 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 +.379(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.628 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.879(ni).15 G 2.879(fi)-2.879 G 2.879(ti)-2.879 G(s)-2.879 E +(subsequently reset.)144 564 Q F1(EPOCHREAL)108 576 Q(TIME)-.92 E F0 +.338(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 588 R .337 (xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144 -480 Q F2(time)2.917 E F0 .417(\(3\)\) as a \215oating point v)B .416 -(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.416(.A)-.65 G .416 -(ssignments to)-5.416 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.916 E(AL)144 492 Q(TIME)-.828 E F0 -1.09(are ignored.)3.34 F(If)6.09 E F3(EPOCHREAL)3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E F0 -1.09(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.591(ni).15 G 3.591(fi)-3.591 G 3.591(ti)-3.591 G(s)-3.591 E -(subsequently reset.)144 504 Q F1(EPOCHSECONDS)108 516 Q F0 .338 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 528 R .337 +600 Q F2(time)2.916 E F0 .416(\(3\)\) as a \215oating point v)B .417 +(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.417(.A)-.65 G .417 +(ssignments to)-5.417 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.917 E(AL)144 612 Q(TIME)-.828 E F0 +1.091(are ignored.)3.341 F(If)6.091 E F3(EPOCHREAL)3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E +F0 1.09(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.59(ni).15 G 3.59(fi)-3.59 G 3.59(ti)-3.59 G(s)-3.59 E +(subsequently reset.)144 624 Q F1(EPOCHSECONDS)108 636 Q F0 .337 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 648 R .338 (xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144 -540 Q F2(time)4.041 E F0 4.041(\(3\)\). Assignments)B(to)4.041 E F3 -(EPOCHSECONDS)4.041 E F0 1.542(are ignored.)3.792 F(If)6.542 E F3 -(EPOCHSECONDS)4.042 E F0 1.542(is unset, it)3.792 F -(loses its special properties, e)144 552 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G +660 Q F2(time)4.042 E F0 4.042(\(3\)\). Assignments)B(to)4.042 E F3 +(EPOCHSECONDS)4.042 E F0 1.542(are ignored.)3.792 F(If)6.542 E F3 +(EPOCHSECONDS)4.041 E F0 1.541(is unset, it)3.791 F +(loses its special properties, e)144 672 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -(EUID)108 564 Q F0 1.104(Expands to the ef)144 564 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 +(EUID)108 684 Q F0 1.103(Expands to the ef)144 684 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G -1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.103(This v)6.103 F 1.103 -(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 576 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 588 Q(AME) --.2 E F0 .478(An array v)144 600 R .479 -(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e) --.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277 -(The element with inde)144 612 R 2.777(x0i)-.15 G 2.777(st)-2.777 G .276 -(he name of an)-2.777 F 2.776(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.776 E -.15(xe)-.15 -G .276(cuting shell function.).15 F .276(The bottom-most)5.276 F .384 -(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 624 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F4 -10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .385 -(ariable e)-.25 F .385(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .076 -(tion is e)144 636 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.576(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to) -2.576 E F3(FUNCN)2.576 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.326 E .376 -.15(ve n)-.2 H -2.576(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.576 G 2.576(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.575 E -(AME)-.18 E F0 .075(is unset, it loses its)2.325 F -(special properties, e)144 648 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 -G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E .11(This v)144 -666 R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO) -.3 E F0(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 5.111(.E)C .111 -(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.611 E -.2(NA)144 678 S(ME).2 E F0 -1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_LINENO) -.3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 1.404 -(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 690 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G -2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E F2($i)A -F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012(alled from the \214le) --2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.184 -(at line number)144 702 R F1(${B)3.684 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1 -(]})A F0 6.184(.T)C(he)-6.184 E F1(caller)3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G -1.183(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F -(this information.)144 714 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 -E(13)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.104(This v)6.103 F 1.104 +(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 696 Q(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 June 16)148.175 E(13)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 14 14 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(GR)108 84 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.228(An array v)144 96 R 1.228(ariable co\ -ntaining the list of groups of which the current user is a member)-.25 F -6.229(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.229 E .572(ments to)144 108 R/F2 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.822 E .872 -.15(ve n)-.2 -H 3.072(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. If).25 F F2(GR)3.072 E -(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .572(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.072(ni).15 G 3.071(fi)-3.072 G 3.071(ti)-3.071 G(s) --3.071 E(subsequently reset.)144 120 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 132 Q F0 2.81 -(The history number)144 144 R 5.31(,o)-.4 G 5.31(ri)-5.31 G(nde)-5.31 E -5.311(xi)-.15 G 5.311(nt)-5.311 G 2.811 -(he history list, of the current command.)-5.311 F 2.811(Assignments to) -7.811 F F2(HISTCMD)144 156 Q F0 1.135(are ignored.)3.385 F(If)6.135 E F2 -(HISTCMD)3.635 E F0 1.135(is unset, it loses its special properties, e) -3.385 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.634(ni).15 G 3.634(fi)-3.634 G 3.634(ti)-3.634 -G 3.634(ss)-3.634 G(ubse-)-3.634 E(quently reset.)144 168 Q F1(HOSTN)108 -180 Q(AME)-.2 E F0(Automatically set to the name of the current host.) -144 192 Q F1(HOSTTYPE)108 204 Q F0 .222(Automatically set to a string t\ -hat uniquely describes the type of machine on which)144 216 R F1(bash) -2.723 E F0 .223(is e)2.723 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 -228 R(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 240 Q F0 +SF(FUNCN)108 84 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 .479(An array v)144 96 R .479 +(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e) +-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .478(cution call stack.).15 F .276 +(The element with inde)144 108 R 2.776(x0i)-.15 G 2.776(st)-2.776 G .276 +(he name of an)-2.776 F 2.777(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.777 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G .277(cuting shell function.).15 F .277(The bottom-most)5.277 F .385 +(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 120 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F2 +10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .384 +(ariable e)-.25 F .384(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .075 +(tion is e)144 132 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.575(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to) +2.575 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)2.575 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.325 E .376 +-.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.576(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.576 G 2.576(ect. If).25 F F3 +(FUNCN)2.576 E(AME)-.18 E F0 .076(is unset, it loses its)2.326 F +(special properties, e)144 144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 +G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E .111(This v)144 +162 R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO) +.3 E F0(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 5.111(.E)C .111 +(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.61 E -.2(NA)144 174 S(ME).2 E F0 +1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_LINENO) +.3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 1.404 +(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 186 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G +2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E/F4 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012 +(alled from the \214le)-2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4 +($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.183(at line number)144 198 R F1(${B)3.683 E +(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0 6.183(.T)C(he)-6.183 E F1(caller) +3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G 1.184 +(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F(this information.)144 +210 Q F1(GR)108 222 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.229(An array v)144 234 R 1.228(ar\ +iable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a memb\ +er)-.25 F 6.228(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.228 E .571(ments to)144 246 R F3(GR) +3.071 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.822 E .872 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.072(oe).15 G +-.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. If).25 F F3(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .572 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.072(ni).15 G 3.072(fi)-3.072 G 3.072(ti)-3.072 G(s)-3.072 E +(subsequently reset.)144 258 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 270 Q F0 2.811 +(The history number)144 282 R 5.311(,o)-.4 G 5.311(ri)-5.311 G(nde) +-5.311 E 5.311(xi)-.15 G 5.311(nt)-5.311 G 2.811 +(he history list, of the current command.)-5.311 F 2.81(Assignments to) +7.81 F F3(HISTCMD)144 294 Q F0 1.134(are ignored.)3.384 F(If)6.134 E F3 +(HISTCMD)3.634 E F0 1.135(is unset, it loses its special properties, e) +3.385 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.635(ni).15 G 3.635(fi)-3.635 G 3.635(ti)-3.635 +G 3.635(ss)-3.635 G(ubse-)-3.635 E(quently reset.)144 306 Q F1(HOSTN)108 +318 Q(AME)-.2 E F0(Automatically set to the name of the current host.) +144 330 Q F1(HOSTTYPE)108 342 Q F0 .223(Automatically set to a string t\ +hat uniquely describes the type of machine on which)144 354 R F1(bash) +2.722 E F0 .222(is e)2.722 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 +366 R(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 378 Q F0 1.408(Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a d\ -ecimal number representing the)144 252 R .078(current sequential line n\ -umber \(starting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 264 R .079 -(When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 276 R .307 -(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.306 E -F2(LINENO)2.806 E F0 .306(is unset, it loses its)2.556 F -(special properties, e)144 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 -G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 300 Q +ecimal number representing the)144 390 R .078(current sequential line n\ +umber \(starting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 402 R .078 +(When not in a script or)5.078 F .306(function, the v)144 414 R .306 +(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.307 E +F3(LINENO)2.807 E F0 .307(is unset, it loses its)2.557 F +(special properties, e)144 426 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 +G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 438 Q (CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully describ\ -es the system type on which)144 312 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .899(is e)3.398 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .899(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 324 Q/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5 F -(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)108 336 Q F0 .294 -(An array v)144 348 R .294(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.794 E F0 -(belo)2.794 E .294(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .293 -(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.793 E F0 -.2(bu)2.793 G .293 -(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 360 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1 -(OLDPWD)108 372 Q F0(The pre)144 384 Q(vious w)-.25 E +es the system type on which)144 450 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .898(is e)3.398 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .898(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 462 Q F4 +(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E +(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)108 474 Q F0 .293 +(An array v)144 486 R .293(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.793 E F0 +(belo)2.793 E .293(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .294 +(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.794 E F0 -.2(bu)2.794 G .294 +(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 498 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1 +(OLDPWD)108 510 Q F0(The pre)144 522 Q(vious w)-.25 E (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -(OPT)108 396 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.626(The v)144 408 R 1.627 +(OPT)108 534 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.627(The v)144 546 R 1.627 (alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F -F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.627(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 -(SHELL)4.127 E -.09(BU)144 420 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 432 Q F0 1.652(The inde)144 444 R 4.152 -(xo)-.15 G 4.152(ft)-4.152 G 1.652(he ne)-4.152 F 1.652(xt ar)-.15 F -1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.151 E F0 -.2(bu) -4.151 G 1.651(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(SHELL)4.151 E -.09(BU)144 456 +F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.626(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 +(SHELL)4.126 E -.09(BU)144 558 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 570 Q F0 1.651(The inde)144 582 R 4.151 +(xo)-.15 G 4.151(ft)-4.151 G 1.651(he ne)-4.151 F 1.651(xt ar)-.15 F +1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.152 E F0 -.2(bu) +4.152 G 1.652(iltin command \(see).2 F F3(SHELL)4.152 E -.09(BU)144 594 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108 -468 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ -g system on which)144 480 R F1(bash)2.83 E F0 .33(is e)2.83 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 492 Q(ault is system-dependent.) --.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 504 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US).95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 -516 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61 -(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61(xit status v)-.15 F .61 -(alues from the processes in)-.25 F(the most-recently-e)144 528 Q -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E +606 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ +g system on which)144 618 R F1(bash)2.829 E F0 .329(is e)2.829 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.829(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 630 Q +(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 642 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US) +.95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 654 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays) +3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61 +(xit status v)-.15 F .61(alues from the processes in)-.25 F +(the most-recently-e)144 666 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E (ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1 -(PPID)108 540 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')144 540 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G +(PPID)108 678 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')144 678 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G 2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E -F1(PWD)108 552 Q F0(The current w)144 552 Q +F1(PWD)108 690 Q F0(The current w)144 690 Q (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -(RANDOM)108 564 Q F0 .417(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e) -144 576 R .417(xpands to a random inte)-.15 F .417 -(ger between 0 and 32767.)-.15 F(As-)5.417 E .551(signing a v)144 588 R -.551(alue to)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)3.051 E F0 .551 -(initializes \(seeds\) the sequence of random numbers.)2.801 F(If)5.55 E -F2(RANDOM)3.05 E F0(is)2.8 E(unset, it loses its special properties, e) -144 600 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5 -(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(READLINE_ARGUMENT)108 612 Q F0 -(An)144 624 Q 4.694(yn)-.15 G 2.194(umeric ar)-4.694 F 2.194(gument gi) --.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.694(nt).15 G 4.694(oar)-4.694 G 2.194 -(eadline command that w)-4.694 F 2.194(as de\214ned using)-.1 F/F4 10 -/Courier@0 SF 2.195(bind -x)4.695 F F0(\(see)4.695 E F2(SHELL B)144 636 -Q(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\) when it w)-.25 E -(as in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 648 Q -F0 1.547(The contents of the)144 660 R F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E -F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547 -(or use with)-4.047 F F4 1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.546 -(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.546(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 672 Q F0 -(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(READLINE_MARK)108 684 Q F0 .106 -(The position of the mark \(sa)144 696 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.606(di).15 G -.106(nsertion point\) in the)-2.606 F F1 -.18(re)2.607 G(adline).18 E F0 -.107(line b)2.607 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.607(,f)-.4 G .107(or use with) --2.607 F F4 .107(bind -x)2.607 F F0(\(see)144 708 Q F2 1.017(SHELL B) -3.517 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.017(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.267 E 3.516 -(w\). The)-.25 F 1.016(characters between the insertion point and the) -3.516 F(mark are often called the)144 720 Q F3 -.37(re)2.5 G(gion)-.03 E -F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(14)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(RANDOM)108 702 Q F0 .417(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e) +144 714 R .417(xpands to a random inte)-.15 F .417 +(ger between 0 and 32767.)-.15 F(As-)5.416 E .55(signing a v)144 726 R +.55(alue to)-.25 F F3(RANDOM)3.05 E F0 .551 +(initializes \(seeds\) the sequence of random numbers.)2.801 F(If)5.551 +E F3(RANDOM)3.051 E F0(is)2.801 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16) +148.175 E(14)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 15 15 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(READLINE_POINT)108 84 Q F0 .313 -(The position of the insertion point in the)144 96 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 84 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) +-2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_ARGUMENT)108 96 Q F0(An)144 108 Q +4.695(yn)-.15 G 2.195(umeric ar)-4.695 F 2.195(gument gi)-.18 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 4.695(nt).15 G 4.694(oar)-4.695 G 2.194(eadline command that w) +-4.694 F 2.194(as de\214ned using)-.1 F/F2 10/Courier@0 SF 2.194 +(bind -x)4.694 F F0(\(see)4.694 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)144 120 Q +(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\) when it w)-.25 E +(as in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 132 Q +F0 1.546(The contents of the)144 144 R F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E +F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547 +(or use with)-4.047 F F2 1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F3 1.547 +(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.547(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 156 Q F0 +(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(READLINE_MARK)108 168 Q F0 .107 +(The position of the mark \(sa)144 180 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.607(di).15 G +.107(nsertion point\) in the)-2.607 F F1 -.18(re)2.606 G(adline).18 E F0 +.106(line b)2.606 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.606(,f)-.4 G .106(or use with) +-2.606 F F2 .106(bind -x)2.606 F F0(\(see)144 192 Q F3 1.016(SHELL B) +3.516 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.016(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.266 E 3.516 +(w\). The)-.25 F 1.017(characters between the insertion point and the) +3.516 F(mark are often called the)144 204 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37 +(re)2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(READLINE_POINT)108 216 Q F0 .314 +(The position of the insertion point in the)144 228 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G (adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G -.313(or use with)-2.813 F/F2 10/Courier@0 SF .314(bind -x)2.814 F F0 -(\(see)2.814 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)2.814 E -.09(BU)144 108 S(IL) -.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 120 Q -(Y)-.92 E F0(Set to the line of input read by the)144 132 Q F1 -.18(re) -2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E -(guments are supplied.)-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 144 Q F0 .178 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 156 R .177 +.313(or use with)-2.813 F F2 .313(bind -x)2.813 F F0(\(see)2.813 E F3 +(SHELL)2.813 E -.09(BU)144 240 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 252 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 +(Set to the line of input read by the)144 264 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 +E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.) +-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 276 Q F0 .177 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 288 R .178 (xpands to the number of seconds since shell in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -(cation.).2 E .712(If a v)144 168 R .712(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F3 -(SECONDS)3.212 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .712(the v)2.962 F .712 -(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .628 -(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 180 R .627 -(alue assigned.)-.25 F .627(The number of seconds at shell in)5.627 F --.2(vo)-.4 G(ca-).2 E .111(tion and the current time are al)144 192 R +(cation.).2 E .713(If a v)144 300 R .712(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F3 +(SECONDS)3.212 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .712(the v)2.962 F .712 +(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .627 +(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 312 R .627 +(alue assigned.)-.25 F .628(The number of seconds at shell in)5.627 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G(ca-).2 E .112(tion and the current time are al)144 324 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .111(ys determined by querying the system clock.).1 F(If) -5.112 E F3(SECONDS)2.612 E F0 .112(is un-)2.362 F -(set, it loses its special properties, e)144 204 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +5.111 E F3(SECONDS)2.611 E F0 .111(is un-)2.361 F +(set, it loses its special properties, e)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 216 Q F0 3.263(Ac)144 228 S .763 -(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.263 F .763(Each w) +-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 348 Q F0 3.262(Ac)144 360 S .763 +(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.262 F .763(Each w) 5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763 -(gument for the)-.18 F F1144 240 Q F0 1.173(option to the)3.673 F -F1(set)3.673 E F0 -.2(bu)3.673 G 1.173(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 1.174 -(SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.174(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.424 E -3.674(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.674 E .02(appearing in)144 252 R F3 -(SHELLOPTS)2.52 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.27 F/F5 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(on)2.749 E F0(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 -5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .019 -(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 264 Q F1(bash) -3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ -d before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 -F(This v)144 276 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 288 Q -(VL)-.92 E F0(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 300 Q F1 -(bash)2.5 E F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(SRANDOM)108 312 Q F0 .761(This v)144 -324 R .761(ariable e)-.25 F .761(xpands to a 32-bit pseudo-random numbe\ -r each time it is referenced. The random)-.15 F .564 -(number generator is not linear on systems that support)144 336 R F2 -(/dev/urandom)3.065 E F0(or)3.065 E F5(ar)3.065 E(c4r)-.37 E(andom)-.15 -E F0 3.065(,s)C 3.065(oe)-3.065 G(ach)-3.065 E .788 +(gument for the)-.18 F F1144 372 Q F0 1.174(option to the)3.674 F +F1(set)3.674 E F0 -.2(bu)3.674 G 1.174(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 1.173 +(SHELL B)3.673 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.173(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.423 E +3.673(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.673 E .019(appearing in)144 384 R F3 +(SHELLOPTS)2.519 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.269 F F4(on)2.749 E +F0(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G +.019(his v)-2.519 F .02(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E +(when)144 396 Q F1(bash)3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in\ + the list will be enabled before reading an)3.142 F 3.141(ys)-.15 G .641 +(tartup \214les.)-3.141 F(This v)144 408 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E +(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 420 Q(VL)-.92 E F0 +(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 432 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(is started.)2.5 E F1(SRANDOM)108 444 Q F0 .76(This v)144 456 R .76 +(ariable e)-.25 F .761(xpands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number each tim\ +e it is referenced. The random)-.15 F .565 +(number generator is not linear on systems that support)144 468 R F2 +(/dev/urandom)3.064 E F0(or)3.064 E F4(ar)3.064 E(c4r)-.37 E(andom)-.15 +E F0 3.064(,s)C 3.064(oe)-3.064 G(ach)-3.064 E .788 (returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it.)144 -348 R .787(The random number generator)5.787 F .087 -(cannot be seeded, so assignments to this v)144 360 R .087(ariable ha) --.25 F .387 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.587(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.587 G 2.588 -(ect. If).25 F F3(SRANDOM)2.588 E F0 .088(is unset, it loses its)2.338 F -(special properties, e)144 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 -G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(UID)108 384 Q -F0(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 384 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G +480 R .788(The random number generator)5.788 F .088 +(cannot be seeded, so assignments to this v)144 492 R .087(ariable ha) +-.25 F .387 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.587(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.587 G 2.587 +(ect. If).25 F F3(SRANDOM)2.587 E F0 .087(is unset, it loses its)2.337 F +(special properties, e)144 504 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 +G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(UID)108 516 Q +F0(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 516 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G (nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25 -E(.)-.65 E .994(The follo)108 400.8 R .994(wing v)-.25 F .994 +E(.)-.65 E .993(The follo)108 532.8 R .993(wing v)-.25 F .994 (ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F1 -(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .993 -(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 412.8 -Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 429.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 -.502(The v)144 441.6 R .502(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.002 +(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .994 +(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 544.8 +Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 561.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 +.503(The v)144 573.6 R .502(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.002 (sc)-.55 G .502(ompatibility le)-3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(l. See).15 -F F3 .503(SHELL COMP)3.002 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .503(IBILITY MODE).855 F -F0(be-)2.753 E(lo)144 453.6 Q 2.663(wf)-.25 G .163 -(or a description of the v)-2.663 F .162(arious compatibility le)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .162(ls and their ef).15 F 2.662(fects. The)-.25 F -.25 -(va)2.662 G .162(lue may be a dec-).25 F .33 -(imal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte)144 465.6 R .33 +F F3 .502(SHELL COMP)3.002 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .502(IBILITY MODE).855 F +F0(be-)2.752 E(lo)144 585.6 Q 2.662(wf)-.25 G .162 +(or a description of the v)-2.662 F .162(arious compatibility le)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .162(ls and their ef).15 F 2.663(fects. The)-.25 F -.25 +(va)2.663 G .163(lue may be a dec-).25 F .33 +(imal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte)144 597.6 R .33 (ger \(e.g., 42\) corresponding to the desired compatibility le)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.83(l. If).15 F F1 -.3(BA)144 477.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95 -(AT)-.74 G F0 .861 -(is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility le)4.311 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.36(li).15 G 3.36(ss)-3.36 G .86(et to the def)-3.36 F(ault) --.1 E .39(for the current v)144 489.6 R 2.89(ersion. If)-.15 F F1 -.3 -(BA)2.89 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 .39(is set to a v)3.84 F .39 -(alue that is not one of the v)-.25 F .39(alid compati-)-.25 F .278 -(bility le)144 501.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .278 +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.83(l. If).15 F F1 -.3(BA)144 609.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95 +(AT)-.74 G F0 .86 +(is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility le)4.31 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.361(li).15 G 3.361(ss)-3.361 G .861(et to the def)-3.361 F +(ault)-.1 E .39(for the current v)144 621.6 R 2.89(ersion. If)-.15 F F1 +-.3(BA)2.89 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 .39(is set to a v)3.84 F +.39(alue that is not one of the v)-.25 F .39(alid compati-)-.25 F .277 +(bility le)144 633.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .278 (ls, the shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility le).15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.777(lt).15 G 2.777(ot)-2.777 G .277(he def)-2.777 F -.277(ault for the)-.1 F 1.4(current v)144 513.6 R 3.9(ersion. The)-.15 F --.25(va)3.901 G 1.401(lid v).25 F 1.401 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.778(lt).15 G 2.778(ot)-2.778 G .278(he def)-2.778 F +.278(ault for the)-.1 F 1.401(current v)144 645.6 R 3.901(ersion. The) +-.15 F -.25(va)3.901 G 1.401(lid v).25 F 1.401 (alues correspond to the compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.401 -(ls described belo).15 F 3.901(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.901 E F3 .154 -(SHELL COMP)144 525.6 R -.855(AT)-.666 G .154(IBILITY MODE).855 F F4(.)A -F0 -.15(Fo)4.654 G 2.654(re).15 G .154(xample, 4.2 and 42 are v)-2.804 F -.153(alid v)-.25 F .153(alues that correspond to the)-.25 F F1 .773 -(compat42 shopt)144 537.6 R F0 .774(option and set the compatibility le) -3.273 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.274(lt).15 G 3.274(o4)-3.274 G 3.274(2. The) --3.274 F .774(current v)3.274 F .774(ersion is also a v)-.15 F(alid)-.25 -E -.25(va)144 549.6 S(lue.).25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 561.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 -.506(If this parameter is set when)144 573.6 R F1(bash)3.006 E F0 .506 -(is e)3.006 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .505(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F -.505(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .39 -(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 585.6 R F5 -(~/.bashr)2.39 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.39(.T).31 G .39(he v)-5.39 F .391 -(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.27(BA)2.891 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .391(is subjected) -2.641 F .525(to parameter e)144 597.6 R .525 +(ls described belo).15 F 3.9(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.9 E F3 .153(SHELL COMP) +144 657.6 R -.855(AT)-.666 G .153(IBILITY MODE).855 F F5(.)A F0 -.15(Fo) +4.653 G 2.653(re).15 G .154(xample, 4.2 and 42 are v)-2.803 F .154 +(alid v)-.25 F .154(alues that correspond to the)-.25 F F1 .774 +(compat42 shopt)144 669.6 R F0 .774(option and set the compatibility le) +3.274 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.274(lt).15 G 3.274(o4)-3.274 G 3.274(2. The) +-3.274 F .774(current v)3.274 F .773(ersion is also a v)-.15 F(alid)-.25 +E -.25(va)144 681.6 S(lue.).25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 693.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 +.505(If this parameter is set when)144 705.6 R F1(bash)3.005 E F0 .505 +(is e)3.005 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .506(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F +.506(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .391 +(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 717.6 R F4 +(~/.bashr)2.39 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.39(.T).31 G .39(he v)-5.39 F .39(alue of) +-.25 F F3 -.27(BA)2.89 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .39(is subjected)2.64 F .525 +(to parameter e)144 729.6 R .525 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 -(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 609.6 Q -F3 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 -(is not used to search for the resultant \214lename.)2.25 E F1 -.3(BA) -108 621.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .48(If set to an inte)144 633.6 -R .48(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F -(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.981 E F0 .481(will write the trace output gener)2.981 -F(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 645.6 R F2 3.114(set -x)5.614 F F0 3.114 -(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T)-.55 G 3.114 -(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F3 -.27(BA)144 657.6 S -(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne)2.388 F -2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F3 -.27(BA)2.638 G -(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the e\ -mpty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error)144 -669.6 R 7.53(.N)-.55 G 2.53(ote that setting)-7.53 F F3 -.27(BA)144 -681.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error \ -\214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will result in the)2.99 F -(standard error being closed.)144 693.6 Q F1(CDP)108 705.6 Q -.95(AT) --.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.248(The search path for the)144 717.6 R F1(cd)3.748 -E F0 3.748(command. This)3.748 F 1.247 -(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.748 F 3.795 -(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 729.6 R -F1(cd)6.295 E F0 6.296(command. A)6.296 F 3.796(sample v)6.296 F 3.796 -(alue is)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(15)197.335 -E 0 Cg EP +(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 June 16)148.175 E(15)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 16 16 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF -(".:~:/usr")144 84 Q F0(.)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(CHILD_MAX)108 96 Q F0 -.997(Set the number of e)144 108 R .997(xited child status v)-.15 F .997 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(as a \214lename.) +144 84 Q/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 +(is not used to search for the resultant \214lename.)2.25 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)108 96 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .481 +(If set to an inte)144 108 R .481(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481 +(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F(,)-.4 E F2(bash)2.98 E F0 .48 +(will write the trace output gener)2.98 F(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 +120 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 3.114(set -x)5.614 F F0 3.114 +(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T)-.55 G 3.114 +(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F1 -.27(BA)144 132 S +(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne)2.388 F +2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. 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If)-.15 F .36(this v)2.86 F .36 +(ariable is unset or set to)-.25 F .589(the null string, pathname e)144 +720 R .589(xpansion uses the historial beha)-.15 F .589 +(vior of sorting by name.)-.2 F .588(If set, a v)5.588 F(alid)-.25 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(16)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 17 17 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(HISTCONTR)108 84 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 2.654(Ac)144 96 S .153 -(olon-separated list of v)-2.654 F .153(alues controlling ho)-.25 F -2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 -G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.)-2.653 F .153(If the list) -5.153 F .49(of v)144 108 R .49(alues includes)-.25 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(ignor)3 E(espace)-.37 E F0 2.99(,l).18 G .49 -(ines which be)-2.99 F .49(gin with a)-.15 F F1(space)2.99 E F0 .49 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.25(va)144 84 S +.002(lue be).25 F .002(gins with an optional)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(+)2.502 E F0 2.502(,w)C .002(hich is ignored, or)-2.502 F F12.502 +E F0 2.502(,w)C .003(hich re)-2.502 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .003 +(rses the sort order from ascend-).15 F 1.126(ing to descending, follo) +144 96 R 1.126(wed by a sort speci\214er)-.25 F 6.125(.T)-.55 G 1.125 +(he v)-6.125 F 1.125(alid sort speci\214ers are)-.25 F F1(name)3.985 E +F0(,).18 E F1(size)3.965 E F0(,).18 E F1(mtime)4.005 E F0(,).18 E F1 +(atime)144.33 108 Q F0(,).18 E F1(ctime)2.844 E F0 2.644(,a).18 G(nd) +-2.644 E F1(bloc)2.914 E(ks)-.2 E F0 2.644(,w).27 G .144(hich sort the \ +\214les on name, \214le size, modi\214cation time, access time, in-) +-2.644 F .076(ode change time, and number of blocks, respecti)144 120 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.076(.F)-.65 G .076(or e)-5.226 F .076 +(xample, a v)-.15 F .075(alue of)-.25 F F1(\255mtime)2.575 E F0 .075 +(sorts the re-)2.575 F .964 +(sults in descending order by modi\214cation time \(ne)144 132 R .964 +(west \214rst\).)-.25 F 3.464(As)5.964 G .965(ort speci\214er of)-3.464 +F F1(nosort)3.465 E F0(disables)3.465 E .497 +(sorting completely; the results are returned in the order the)144 144 R +2.997(ya)-.15 G .497(re read from the \214le system,.)-2.997 F .497 +(If the)5.497 F .52(sort speci\214er is missing, it def)144 156 R .52 +(aults to)-.1 F F1(name)3.02 E F0 3.02(,s)C 3.02(oav)-3.02 G .52 +(alue of)-3.27 F F1(+)3.02 E F0 .52(is equi)3.02 F -.25(va)-.25 G .52 +(lent to the null string, and a).25 F -.25(va)144 168 S .46(lue of).25 F +F1(-)2.96 E F0 .46(sorts by name in descending order)2.96 F 5.46(.A)-.55 +G .76 -.15(ny i)-5.46 H -1.95 -.4(nv a).15 H .46(lid v).4 F .46 +(alue restores the historical sorting be-)-.25 F(ha)144 180 Q(vior)-.2 E +(.)-.55 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)108 192 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 2.653 +(Ac)144 204 S .153(olon-separated list of v)-2.653 F .153 +(alues controlling ho)-.25 F 2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 +F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.) +-2.653 F .154(If the list)5.153 F .49(of v)144 216 R .49(alues includes) +-.25 F F1(ignor)3 E(espace)-.37 E F0 2.99(,l).18 G .49(ines which be) +-2.99 F .49(gin with a)-.15 F F2(space)2.99 E F0 .49 (character are not sa)2.99 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.99(di).15 G 2.99(nt)-2.99 G -.49(he his-)-2.99 F .558(tory list.)144 120 R 3.058(Av)5.558 G .558 -(alue of)-3.308 F F2(ignor)3.068 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .558 -(causes lines matching the pre)3.328 F .557 -(vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.925 -(Av)144 132 S .425(alue of)-3.175 F F2(ignor)2.935 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 -.426(is shorthand for)3.205 F F2(ignor)2.926 E(espace)-.37 E F0(and) -2.926 E F2(ignor)2.926 E(edups)-.37 E F0 5.426(.A)C -.25(va)-2.5 G .426 -(lue of).25 F F2(er)3.116 E(asedups)-.15 E F0(causes)3.196 E .699 -(all pre)144 144 R .698 +.49(he his-)-2.99 F .557(tory list.)144 228 R 3.057(Av)5.557 G .557 +(alue of)-3.307 F F1(ignor)3.067 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .557 +(causes lines matching the pre)3.327 F .558 +(vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.926 +(Av)144 240 S .426(alue of)-3.176 F F1(ignor)2.936 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 +.426(is shorthand for)3.206 F F1(ignor)2.926 E(espace)-.37 E F0(and) +2.926 E F1(ignor)2.926 E(edups)-.37 E F0 5.426(.A)C -.25(va)-2.501 G +.425(lue of).25 F F1(er)3.115 E(asedups)-.15 E F0(causes)3.195 E .698 +(all pre)144 252 R .698 (vious lines matching the current line to be remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.198(df).15 G .698(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F -(sa)144 156 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.763(d. 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If).15 F .302(the v)2.802 F .302(ariable e) --.25 F .302(xists b)-.15 F .302(ut does not ha)-.2 F .602 -.15(ve a n) --.2 H .302(umeric v).15 F .302(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 96 Q -(alue, the def)-.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it does not e)5 -E(xist,)-.15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EOF)2.5 E F0 -(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F1(INPUTRC)108 108 Q -F0 .26(The \214lename for the)144 120 R F1 -.18(re)2.76 G(adline).18 E -F0 .26(startup \214le, o)2.76 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26(rriding the def).15 F -.261(ault of)-.1 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.inputr)4.427 E(c)-.37 E F0 -(\(see)4.427 E F2(READLINE)2.761 E F0(be-)2.511 E(lo)144 132 Q(w\).)-.25 -E F1(INSIDE_EMA)108 144 Q(CS)-.55 E F0 .034(If this v)144 156 R .034 -(ariable appears in the en)-.25 F .034(vironment when the shell starts,) --.4 F F1(bash)2.533 E F0 .033(assumes that it is running in-)2.533 F -(side an Emacs shell b)144 168 Q(uf)-.2 E -(fer and may disable line editing, depending on the v)-.25 E(alue of) --.25 E F1(TERM)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LANG)108 180 Q F0 1.239 -(Used to determine the locale cate)144 180 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F -3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.24 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.058 +(the shell is running; the ne)144 84 R 1.059 +(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.059 +(alue is changed,)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)144 96 Q F0 .138 +(adds the contents of the ne)2.639 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) +-2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 .138(is set, b)2.388 F .138(ut has no v)-.2 F .138 +(alue, or)-.25 F .517(does not name a readable \214le,)144 108 R F1 +(bash)3.017 E F0 .517(attempts to read)3.017 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(/etc/hosts)4.684 E F0 .518(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.684 F +(name completions.)144 120 Q(When)5 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0 +(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.)2.25 E F1(IFS)108 132 Q F0(The) +144 132 Q F3 .556(Internal F)3.636 F .556(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E +F0 .556(that is used for w)3.786 F .556(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .555 +(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 144 S(rds with the) +.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E +(The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F1(IGNOREEOF)108 156 Q F0 .503 +(Controls the action of an interacti)144 168 R .803 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +.503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F2(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 +(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .504(If set,)5.504 F .426(the v) +144 180 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2 +(EOF)3.076 E F0 .426 +(characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .302 +(on an input line before)144 192 R F1(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G +2.802(its. 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F1(LANG)108 288 Q F0 1.24 +(Used to determine the locale cate)144 288 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F +3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.239 (gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E -(starting with)144 192 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 204 Q F0 .974 -(This v)144 216 R .974(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .974 +(starting with)144 300 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 312 Q F0 .973 +(This v)144 324 R .973(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .973 (rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F2(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an) 3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F1(LC_)3.473 E F0 -.25(va)3.473 G -.973(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 228 Q(.)-.65 E F1 -(LC_COLLA)108 240 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .411(This v)144 252 R .412(ariable det\ +.974(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 336 Q(.)-.65 E F1 +(LC_COLLA)108 348 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .412(This v)144 360 R .412(ariable det\ ermines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname e) --.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 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F1(LC_MESSA)108 432 Q(GES)-.55 E +F0(This v)144 444 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F1($)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_NUMERIC) -108 348 Q F0(This v)144 360 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E -(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LC_TIME)108 372 Q F0(This v) -144 384 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E -(gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 396 Q F0 -.055(Used by the)144 396 R F1(select)2.555 E F0 .054(compound command t\ -o determine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.555 F .264 -(Automatically set if the)144 408 R F1(checkwinsize)2.764 E F0 .264 -(option is enabled or in an interacti)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .265 -(hell upon receipt of a).15 F F2(SIGWINCH)144 420 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 -SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 432 Q F0 .422 -(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 432 -R F2(MAILP)2.921 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)2.671 G .421 -(riable 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user of the arri)144 552 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5 (fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E -(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 456 Q F0 .098 -(Speci\214es ho)144 468 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\)) --2.598 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def) -5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099(When it is time)5.099 F .224 +(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 564 Q F0 .099 +(Speci\214es ho)144 576 R 2.599(wo)-.25 G .099(ften \(in seconds\)) +-2.599 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def) +5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .098(When it is time)5.098 F .223 (to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\ -mpt.)144 480 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F -(or set to a v)144 492 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\ -l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F1(MAILP)108 504 Q --.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 516 S .49 +mpt.)144 588 R .224(If this v)5.224 F .224(ariable is unset,)-.25 F +(or set to a v)144 600 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\ +l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F1(MAILP)108 612 Q +-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 624 S .49 (olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49 (ed for mail.)-.1 F .49(The message to be printed when mail)5.49 F(arri) -144 528 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \ +144 636 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \ \214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214lename from the message\ - with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 540 Q(xt of the message,) + with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 648 Q(xt of the message,) -.15 E F1($_)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 E(Example:)5 E F1 -(MAILP)144 552 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y) +(MAILP)144 660 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y) -.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H -(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 564 Q F0 .015 +(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 672 Q F0 .015 (can be con\214gured to supply a def)2.515 F .015(ault v)-.1 F .015 (alue for this v)-.25 F .015(ariable \(there is no v)-.25 F .015 (alue by def)-.25 F .015(ault\), b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E(the location of the u\ -ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 576 Q -(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 588 Q F0 .39 -(If set to the v)144 600 R .39(alue 1,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .389 -(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1(getopts)2.889 E F0 --.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .359(SHELL B)144 612 R -(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in) -2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 624 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 636 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588 -(The search path for commands.)144 636 R .587 -(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks) -5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 648 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION) -2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472 -(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 660 S -.536(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 -(indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 -(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent) --3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 672 R .868 -(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) --.1 F(administrator who installs)144 684 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C -(common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF -(/usr/local/bin:/usr/lo-)2.5 E(cal/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin) -144 696 Q F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(18)197.335 -E 0 Cg EP +ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 684 Q +(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 696 Q F0 .389 +(If set to the v)144 708 R .389(alue 1,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.889 E F0 .389 +(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1(getopts)2.89 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.89 G .39(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .36(SHELL B)144 720 R(UIL) +-.09 E .36(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.61 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR) +5.36 E F0 .359(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.61 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 +E(18)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 19 19 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(POSIXL)108 84 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 96 R .471 -(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)2.971 E -F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .472 -(posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011 -(the startup \214les, as if the)144 108 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 -(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011 -(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 120 Q F1(bash) -4.497 E F0(enables)4.497 E F2 1.997(posix mode)4.497 F F0 4.497(,a)C -4.497(si)-4.497 G 4.497(ft)-4.497 G 1.997(he command)-4.497 F/F3 10 -/Courier@0 SF 1.997(set -o posix)4.497 F F0 1.998(had been e)4.497 F --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(When the shell enters)144 132 Q F2 -(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,i)C 2.5(ts)-2.5 G(ets this v)-2.5 E -(ariable if it w)-.25 E(as not already set.)-.1 E F1(PR)108 144 Q -(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 .155(If this v)144 156 R .155 -(ariable is set, and is an array)-.25 F 2.655(,t)-.65 G .155(he v)-2.655 -F .155(alue of each set element is e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .155 -(cuted as a command prior).15 F .407(to issuing each primary prompt.)144 -168 R .407(If this is set b)5.407 F .407(ut not an array v)-.2 F .407 -(ariable, its v)-.25 F .407(alue is used as a com-)-.25 F(mand to e)144 -180 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute instead.).15 E F1(PR)108 192 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E -(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 204 -R .676(alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F -.923(nents to retain when e)144 216 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w) -3.423 E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923 -(prompt string escapes \(see)3.423 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)3.423 E -(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E(Characters remo)144 228 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0) -108 240 Q F0 1.174(The v)144 240 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e) --.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F4(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo) -3.424 E 1.174(w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 252 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PS1)108 264 Q F0 .064(The v)144 264 R -.065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F4(PR) +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(or a shell script is e)144 84 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.74(PA)108 96 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .587 +(The search path for commands.)144 96 R .588 +(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks) +5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 108 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .472 +(COMMAND EXECUTION)2.972 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471 +(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 120 S +.535(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 +(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 +(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent) +-3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 132 R .868 +(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) +-.1 F(administrator who installs)144 144 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C +(common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF +(/usr/local/bin:/usr/lo-)2.5 E(cal/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin) +144 156 Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 168 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v) +144 180 R .472(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1 +(bash)2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF .471(posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971 +F .011(the startup \214les, as if the)144 192 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E +F0(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F +.011(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 204 Q F1(bash) +4.498 E F0(enables)4.498 E F4 1.997(posix mode)4.497 F F0 4.497(,a)C +4.497(si)-4.497 G 4.497(ft)-4.497 G 1.997(he command)-4.497 F F3 1.997 +(set -o posix)4.497 F F0 1.997(had been e)4.497 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) +.15 E(When the shell enters)144 216 Q F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,i)C +2.5(ts)-2.5 G(ets this v)-2.5 E(ariable if it w)-.25 E +(as not already set.)-.1 E F1(PR)108 228 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 .155 +(If this v)144 240 R .155(ariable is set, and is an array)-.25 F 2.655 +(,t)-.65 G .155(he v)-2.655 F .155(alue of each set element is e)-.25 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .155(cuted as a command prior).15 F .407 +(to issuing each primary prompt.)144 252 R .407(If this is set b)5.407 F +.407(ut not an array v)-.2 F .407(ariable, its v)-.25 F .407 +(alue is used as a com-)-.25 F(mand to e)144 264 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cute instead.).15 E F1(PR)108 276 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 +(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 288 R .676 +(alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923 +(nents to retain when e)144 300 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 +E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) +3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E +(Characters remo)144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 324 Q F0 1.174(The v) +144 324 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) +-.15 F F2(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174 +(w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 336 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PS1)108 348 Q F0 .065(The v)144 348 R +.065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR) 2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065 -(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 276 R +(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 360 R (def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 --.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 288 Q F0 .118(The v)144 288 R .118 -(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F4(PS1) -2.617 E F0 .117(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The) -5.117 E(def)144 300 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G -(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 312 Q F0 1.115(The v)144 312 R 1.115 +-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 372 Q F0 .117(The v)144 372 R .117 +(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .117(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1) +2.617 E F0 .118(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The) +5.118 E(def)144 384 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G +(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 396 Q F0 1.116(The v)144 396 R 1.115 (alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select) -3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F4 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR) -144 324 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 336 Q F0 -.101(The v)144 336 R .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101 -(xpanded as with)-.15 F F4(PS1)2.6 E F0 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1 -(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 348 Q F0 .334 -(displays during an e)2.834 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F +3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F2 1.115(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR) +144 408 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 420 Q F0 .1 +(The v)144 420 R .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .1 +(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101 +(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 432 Q F0 .335 +(displays during an e)2.835 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F .335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335(xpanded v)-.15 F .335 -(alue of)-.25 F F4(PS4)2.835 E F0 .335(is repli-)2.585 F -(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 360 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 +(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)2.834 E F0 .334(is repli-)2.584 F +(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 444 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.).15 E (The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1 -(SHELL)108 372 Q F0 .543(This v)144 384 R .543(ariable e)-.25 F .543 -(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .542 -(If it is not set when the shell starts,)5.543 F F1(bash)3.042 E F0 -(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 396 Q 2.5(sl) --.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 408 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v) -144 420 R .826 +(SHELL)108 456 Q F0 .542(This v)144 468 R .542(ariable e)-.25 F .542 +(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .543 +(If it is not set when the shell starts,)5.543 F F1(bash)3.043 E F0 +(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 480 Q 2.5(sl) +-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 492 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v) +144 504 R .826 (alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F -3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649 -(pipelines pre\214x)144 432 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0 -(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F -(The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711 -(an escape sequence that is e)144 444 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F -.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F -(and their meanings are as follo)144 456 Q -(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 474 Q F0 2.5 -(Al)194 474 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 486 Q F2(p)A F1 -(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 486 Q F1(%[)144 498 Q F2(p) -A F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 498 Q -F1(%[)144 510 Q F2(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0 -(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 510 Q F1(%P)144 522 -Q F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 522 Q .87 -(The optional)144 538.8 R F2(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) -3.37 F F2(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 -(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.963(point. A) -144 550.8 R -.25(va)2.963 G .463 -(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .464 -(At most six places after the)5.463 F .538 -(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 562.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F2 -(p)3.038 E F0 .537(greater than 6 are changed to 6.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E -F2(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 574.8 Q -(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 591.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0 +3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648 +(pipelines pre\214x)144 516 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0 +(reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F +(The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712 +(an escape sequence that is e)144 528 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F +.711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F +(and their meanings are as follo)144 540 Q +(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 558 Q F0 2.5 +(Al)194 558 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 570 Q F4(p)A F1 +(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 570 Q F1(%[)144 582 Q F4(p) +A F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 582 Q +F1(%[)144 594 Q F4(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0 +(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 594 Q F1(%P)144 606 +Q F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 606 Q .87 +(The optional)144 622.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) +3.37 F F4(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 +(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.964(point. A) +144 634.8 R -.25(va)2.964 G .463 +(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .463 +(At most six places after the)5.463 F .537 +(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 646.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F4 +(p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 6 are changed to 6.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E +F4(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 658.8 Q +(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 675.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0 .668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F -F2(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F2(SS)A F0(.)A F2(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va) -3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 603.6 Q F2(p)2.5 E F0 -(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.365 -(If this v)144 620.4 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 -E F0 13.364(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr) -144 632.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 +F4(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F4(SS)A F0(.)A F4(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va) +3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 687.6 Q F4(p)2.5 E F0 +(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.364 +(If this v)144 704.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 +E F0 13.365(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr) +144 716.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 (.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113 (alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144 -644.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E -(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108 -656.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 668.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,) --.25 F F4(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941 -(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 -G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 680.4 Q F1(select)2.81 E F0 .31 -(command terminates if input does not arri)2.81 F .611 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(fter).15 E F4(TMOUT)2.811 E F0 .311(seconds when input is com-)2.561 F -.886(ing from a terminal.)144 692.4 R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 --.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .885 -(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 704.4 -S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1 -(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1 -F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 716.4 -Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E -(19)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +728.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E +(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(19)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 20 20 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(TMPDIR)108 84 Q F0 .391(If set,)144 96 R F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391 -(uses its v)2.891 F .391(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F -F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39(creates temporary \214les for the)2.89 F(shell') -144 108 Q 2.5(su)-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 120 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 -.53(This v)144 132 R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531 -(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531 -(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 144 R +SF(TMOUT)108 84 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 96 R .941 +(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 +.941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 +-.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 108 Q F1 +(select)2.811 E F0 .311(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811 +F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31 +(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F .885(ing from a terminal.)144 120 R +.885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 +F .886(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 +132 S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F +F1(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that) +-.1 F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 +144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 156 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 168 +R F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39(uses its v)2.89 F .39 +(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391 +(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 180 Q 2.5(su)-.55 +G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 192 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 204 R +.531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531 +(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53 +(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 216 R .538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\ - for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 156 S .366(isting stopped job) -.15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.366 F .366 -(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F -1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 -168 R(The)6.125 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.985 E F0 1.124 -(of a stopped job, in this)3.805 F(conte)144 180 Q 1.132 + for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 228 S .367(isting stopped job) +.15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366 +(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F +1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 +240 R(The)6.125 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.985 E F0 1.125 +(of a stopped job, in this)3.805 F(conte)144 252 Q 1.133 (xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v) -6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F2 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133 -(he string supplied must)-3.633 F .606 -(match the name of a stopped job e)144 192 R .606(xactly; if set to)-.15 -F F2(substring)3.445 E F0 3.105(,t).22 G .605 -(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.105 F .884 -(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 204 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) --5.884 E F2(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885 -(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 216 Q F1(%?)3.334 E F0 -.834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .834(JOB CONTR) -3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an) -3.334 F 3.334(yo)-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833 -(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .315 -(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 228 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 -(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F -F1(%)2.816 E F2(string)A F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 240 Q(.)-.55 E -F1(histchars)108 252 Q F0 .546(The tw)144 264 R 3.046(oo)-.1 G 3.046(rt) --3.046 G .546(hree characters which control history e)-3.046 F .545 -(xpansion and tok)-.15 F .545(enization \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.045 E(OR) --.162 E 2.795(YE)-.315 G(X-)-2.795 E -.666(PA)144 276 S(NSION).666 E F0 -(belo)2.987 E 3.237(w\). The)-.25 F .737(\214rst character is the)3.237 -F F2 .737(history e)3.237 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.238 E 3.238 -(,t)-.4 G .738(he character which sig-)-3.238 F .761 -(nals the start of a history e)144 288 R .761(xpansion, normally `)-.15 -F F1(!)A F0 3.261('. The)B .76(second character is the)3.261 F F2(quic) -3.26 E 3.26(ks)-.2 G(ubstitution)-3.26 E F0(character)144 300 Q 3.476 -(,w)-.4 G .977(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-3.476 F -.977(vious command entered, substituting)-.25 F .131 -(one string for another in the command.)144 312 R .131(The def)5.131 F -.131(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 2.63('. The)B .13 -(optional third character is the char)2.63 F(-)-.2 E .276(acter which i\ -ndicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \ -\214rst character)144 324 R .46(of a w)144 336 R .46(ord, normally `)-.1 -F F1(#)A F0 2.959('. The)B .459 +6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132 +(he string supplied must)-3.632 F .605 +(match the name of a stopped job e)144 264 R .606(xactly; if set to)-.15 +F F3(substring)3.446 E F0 3.106(,t).22 G .606 +(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.106 F .885 +(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 276 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) +-5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884 +(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 288 Q F1(%?)3.333 E F0 +.833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E +F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) +-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .316 +(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 300 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 +(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .315(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F +F1(%)2.815 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 312 Q(.)-.55 E +F1(histchars)108 324 Q F0 .545(The tw)144 336 R 3.045(oo)-.1 G 3.045(rt) +-3.045 G .545(hree characters which control history e)-3.045 F .546 +(xpansion and tok)-.15 F .546(enization \(see)-.1 F F2(HIST)3.046 E(OR) +-.162 E 2.796(YE)-.315 G(X-)-2.796 E -.666(PA)144 348 S(NSION).666 E F0 +(belo)2.988 E 3.238(w\). The)-.25 F .738(\214rst character is the)3.238 +F F3 .737(history e)3.237 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.237 E 3.237 +(,t)-.4 G .737(he character which sig-)-3.237 F .76 +(nals the start of a history e)144 360 R .761(xpansion, normally `)-.15 +F F1(!)A F0 3.261('. The)B .761(second character is the)3.261 F F3(quic) +3.261 E 3.261(ks)-.2 G(ubstitution)-3.261 E F0(character)144 372 Q 3.477 +(,w)-.4 G .977(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-3.477 F +.976(vious command entered, substituting)-.25 F .13 +(one string for another in the command.)144 384 R .131(The def)5.13 F +.131(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 2.631('. The)B .131 +(optional third character is the char)2.631 F(-)-.2 E .276(acter which \ +indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the\ + \214rst character)144 396 R .459(of a w)144 408 R .459(ord, normally `) +-.1 F F1(#)A F0 2.959('. The)B .459 (history comment character causes history substitution to be skipped) -2.959 F .466(for the remaining w)144 348 R .466(ords on the line.)-.1 F -.467(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest) -5.467 F(of the line as a comment.)144 360 Q F1(Arrays)87 376.8 Q(Bash) -108 388.8 Q F0(pro)3.391 E .891(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 3.391(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.391 F 1.191 -.15(ve a) --.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .89 -(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 400.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.573(da).15 G .073(rray; the)-2.573 F F1(declar)2.573 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.573 G .073(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 -F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .074(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F -.329(an array)108 412.8 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr) --.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .328(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F -5.328(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.328 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.828(da).15 G .328 -(rrays are refer)-2.828 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 424.8 R +2.959 F .467(for the remaining w)144 420 R .467(ords on the line.)-.1 F +.466(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest) +5.467 F(of the line as a comment.)144 432 Q F1(Arrays)87 448.8 Q(Bash) +108 460.8 Q F0(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 3.39(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.39 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +.891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891 +(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 472.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.574(da).15 G .074(rray; the)-2.574 F F1(declar)2.574 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 +F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .073(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F +.328(an array)108 484.8 R 2.828(,n)-.65 G .328(or an)-2.828 F 2.828(yr) +-.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.828 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .329(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F +5.329(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.329 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(da).15 G .329 +(rrays are refer)-2.829 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 496.8 R 1.595(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595 (xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 -436.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +508.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G (rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15 -(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.463(An inde)108 453.6 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463(rray is created automatically if an)-4.963 F -4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.462(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F -F2(name)4.962 E F0([)A F2(sub-)A(script)108 465.6 Q F0(]=)A F2(value)A -F0 5.506(.T)C(he)-5.506 E F2(subscript)3.346 E F0 .507 +(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.462(An inde)108 525.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 4.962(da).15 G 2.462(rray is created automatically if an)-4.962 F +4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.463(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F +F3(name)4.963 E F0([)A F3(sub-)A(script)108 537.6 Q F0(]=)A F3(value)A +F0 5.507(.T)C(he)-5.507 E F3(subscript)3.347 E F0 .507 (is treated as an arithmetic e)3.687 F .507(xpression that must e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G .507(luate to a number).25 F 5.507(.T)-.55 G 3.007(oe) --6.307 G(x-)-3.157 E 1.193(plicitly declare an inde)108 477.6 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 3.693(da).15 G(rray)-3.693 E 3.693(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.693 E F1 -(declar)3.693 E 3.693<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.693 E F2(name)3.693 E F0(\(see) -3.692 E F3 1.192(SHELL B)3.692 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.192(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F -F0(belo)3.442 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(de-)6.192 E(clar)108 489.6 Q 2.5<65ad> --.18 G(a)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])A F0 -(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E -(Associati)108 506.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E -F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 -523.2 Q .94(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 -(ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.441 E F1 --.18(re)3.441 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G 3.441(iltins. Each).2 F -(attrib)3.441 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 535.2 Q +-.25(va)-.25 G .507(luate to a number).25 F 5.506(.T)-.55 G 3.006(oe) +-6.306 G(x-)-3.156 E 1.192(plicitly declare an inde)108 549.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 3.692(da).15 G(rray)-3.692 E 3.692(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.692 E F1 +(declar)3.692 E 3.693<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.693 E F3(name)3.693 E F0(\(see) +3.693 E F2 1.193(SHELL B)3.693 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.193(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F +F0(belo)3.443 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(de-)6.193 E(clar)108 561.6 Q 2.5<65ad> +-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F1([)A F3(subscript)A F1(])A F0 +(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F3(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E +(Associati)108 578.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E +F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 +595.2 Q .941(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 +(ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.44 E F1 +-.18(re)3.44 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.44 G 3.44(iltins. Each).2 F +(attrib)3.44 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 607.2 Q (.)-.65 E 1.647 -(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 552 R -F2(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F2(1)A F0 1.647 -(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F2(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.147(,w)C 1.647(here each) --4.147 F F2(value)108 564 Q F0 .211(may be of the form [)2.711 F F2 -(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(string)A F0 5.211(.I)C(nde)-5.211 E -.15(xe)-.15 -G 2.711(da).15 G .212(rray assignments do not require an)-2.711 F .212 -(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F2(string)2.712 E F0(.)A(Each)108 576 Q F2 -(value)3.03 E F0 .529(in the list is e)3.029 F .529 +(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 624 R +F3(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F3(1)A F0 1.647 +(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F3(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.148(,w)C 1.648(here each) +-4.148 F F3(value)108 636 Q F0 .212(may be of the form [)2.712 F F3 +(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(string)A F0 5.211(.I)C(nde)-5.211 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G 2.711(da).15 G .211(rray assignments do not require an)-2.711 F .211 +(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F3(string)2.711 E F0(.)A(Each)108 648 Q F3 +(value)3.029 E F0 .529(in the list is e)3.029 F .529 (xpanded using the shell e)-.15 F .529(xpansions described belo)-.15 F -3.029(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.029 E F3(EXP)3.029 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.2(bu)2.779 G(t).2 E F2(val-)3.029 E(ue)108 -588 Q F0 2.644(st)C .144(hat are v)-2.644 F .144(alid v)-.25 F .145 -(ariable assignments including the brack)-.25 F .145 -(ets and subscript do not under)-.1 F .145(go brace e)-.18 F(xpansion) --.15 E .844(and w)108 600 R .844(ord splitting, as with indi)-.1 F .844 +3.029(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.029 E F2(EXP)3.029 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.2(bu)2.779 G(t).2 E F3(val-)3.03 E(ue)108 660 +Q F0 2.645(st)C .145(hat are v)-2.645 F .145(alid v)-.25 F .145 +(ariable assignments including the brack)-.25 F .144 +(ets and subscript do not under)-.1 F .144(go brace e)-.18 F(xpansion) +-.15 E .844(and w)108 672 R .844(ord splitting, as with indi)-.1 F .844 (vidual v)-.25 F .844(ariable assignments.)-.25 F .844 (When assigning to inde)5.844 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.344(da).15 G .844 -(rrays, if the op-)-3.344 F .504(tional brack)108 612 R .504 +(rrays, if the op-)-3.344 F .505(tional brack)108 684 R .504 (ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 3.004(xi)-.15 G 3.004 (sa)-3.004 G .504(ssigned to; otherwise the inde)-3.004 F 3.004(xo)-.15 -G 3.004(ft)-3.004 G .505(he element as-)-3.004 F -(signed is the last inde)108 624 Q 2.5(xa)-.15 G +G 3.004(ft)-3.004 G .504(he element as-)-3.004 F +(signed is the last inde)108 696 Q 2.5(xa)-.15 G (ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-2.5 E(Inde)5 E (xing starts at zero.)-.15 E 1.288(When assigning to an associati)108 -640.8 R 1.588 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 3.788(,t)-.65 G 1.288(he w) +712.8 R 1.588 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 3.788(,t)-.65 G 1.288(he w) -3.788 F 1.288(ords in a compound assignment may be either assignment) --.1 F .608 +-.1 F 1.942 (statements, for which the subscript is required, or a list of w)108 -652.8 R .608(ords that is interpreted as a sequence of alter)-.1 F(-)-.2 -E 1.957(nating k)108 664.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.457(sa).15 G 1.957(nd v) --4.457 F(alues:)-.25 E F2(name)4.457 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F2 -.1(ke)4.457 G -1.957(y1 value1 k)-.2 F -.3(ey)-.1 G 4.457(2v).3 G(alue2)-4.457 E F0 -(...)4.457 E F1(\))A F0 6.957(.T)C 1.956 -(hese are treated identically to)-6.957 F F2(name)4.456 E F0(=)A F1(\()A -F0([)108 676.8 Q F2 -.1(ke)C(y1)-.2 E F0(]=)A F2(value1)A F0([)3.132 E -F2 -.1(ke)C(y2)-.2 E F0(]=)A F2(value2)A F0(...)3.132 E F1(\))A F0 5.632 -(.T)C .632(he \214rst w)-5.632 F .633(ord in the list determines ho)-.1 -F 3.133(wt)-.25 G .633(he remaining w)-3.133 F .633(ords are inter)-.1 F -(-)-.2 E .154 -(preted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type.)108 688.8 R -.153(When using k)5.153 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(/v).15 E .153(alue pairs, the k) --.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.653(sm).15 G .153(ay not be)-2.653 F -(missing or empty; a \214nal missing v)108 700.8 Q(alue is treated lik) --.25 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he empty string.)-2.5 E .239 -(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 717.6 R F1(declar)2.739 E(e) --.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .24 -(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F2(name)108 -729.6 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 3.72 -(syntax introduced abo)6.22 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 8.72(.W).15 G 3.72 -(hen assigning to an inde)-8.72 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 6.22(da).15 G(rray) --6.22 E 6.22(,i)-.65 G(f)-6.22 E F2(name)6.58 E F0(is)6.4 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(20)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +724.8 R 1.941(ords that is interpreted as a sequence of)-.1 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(20)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 21 21 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .79 -(subscripted by a ne)108 84 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.09 -.15(ve n) --.25 H(umber).15 E 3.29(,t)-.4 G .79 -(hat number is interpreted as relati)-3.29 F 1.09 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.29 -(oo).15 G .79(ne greater than the maximum)-3.29 F(inde)108 96 Q 2.929 -(xo)-.15 G(f)-2.929 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.929 E F0 2.929(,s)C -2.929(on)-2.929 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.929 H(ti).15 E .729 -.15(ve i)-.25 -H .429(ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 2.929(,a)-.65 G -.429(nd an inde)-2.929 F 2.929(xo)-.15 G 2.929<66ad>-2.929 G 2.929(1r) --2.929 G .429(eferences the)-2.929 F(last element.)108 108 Q .716 -(The += operator will append to an array v)108 124.8 R .717 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .772 +(alternating k)108 84 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.272(sa).15 G .772(nd v)-3.272 F +(alues:)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.272 E F0(=)A/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()A F1 -.1(ke)3.272 G .772(y1 value1 k)-.2 F -.3(ey) +-.1 G 3.272(2v).3 G(alue2)-3.272 E F0(...)3.272 E F2(\))A F0 5.772(.T)C +.772(hese are treated identically to)-5.772 F F1(name)3.272 E F0(=)A F2 +(\()A F0([)108 96 Q F1 -.1(ke)C(y1)-.2 E F0(]=)A F1(value1)A F0([)3.133 +E F1 -.1(ke)C(y2)-.2 E F0(]=)A F1(value2)A F0(...)3.133 E F2(\))A F0 +5.633(.T)C .633(he \214rst w)-5.633 F .633 +(ord in the list determines ho)-.1 F 3.132(wt)-.25 G .632 +(he remaining w)-3.132 F .632(ords are inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .153 +(preted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type.)108 108 R +.154(When using k)5.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(/v).15 E .154(alue pairs, the k) +-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.654(sm).15 G .154(ay not be)-2.654 F +(missing or empty; a \214nal missing v)108 120 Q(alue is treated lik) +-.25 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he empty string.)-2.5 E .24 +(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 136.8 R F2(declar)2.74 E(e)-.18 +E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .239 +(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F1(name)108 +148.8 Q F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(]=)A F1(value)A F0 1.917 +(syntax introduced abo)4.416 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 +(hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray) +-4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F1(name)4.777 E F0 1.917(is sub-) +4.597 F .116(scripted by a ne)108 160.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .416 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.616(,t)-.4 G .115 +(hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.616 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H +2.615(oo).15 G .115(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E +(of)108 172.8 Q F1(name)2.676 E F0 2.676(,s)C 2.676(on)-2.676 G -2.25 +-.15(eg a)-2.676 H(ti).15 E .476 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .177 +(ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 2.677(,a)-.65 G .177 +(nd an inde)-2.677 F 2.677(xo)-.15 G 2.677<66ad>-2.677 G 2.677(1r)-2.677 +G .177(eferences the last el-)-2.677 F(ement.)108 184.8 Q .717 +(The += operator will append to an array v)108 201.6 R .716 (ariable when assigning using the compound assignment syntax;)-.25 F -(see)108 136.8 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0 -(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 153.6 Q 3.576(ye)-.15 G 1.076 -(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.576 F F1(name)A F0([)A -F1(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075(braces are required to a)3.575 F --.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.541(con\215icts with pathname e)108 165.6 R 4.041 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F F1(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E/F3 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(@)4.041 E F0(or)4.041 E F3(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C -1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)-.1 F 1.541(xpands to all members of) --.15 F F1(name)4.042 E F0(.)A 1.057(These subscripts dif)108 177.6 R -1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 -(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.056(If the w)6.056 F 1.056 -(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 189.6 Q F1(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B -.52(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .52(ord with the v)-.1 F .521 +(see)108 213.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0 +(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 230.4 Q 3.575(ye)-.15 G 1.075 +(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.575 F F1(name)A F0([)A +F1(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.076(braces are required to a)3.576 F +-.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.542(con\215icts with pathname e)108 242.4 R 4.041 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F F1(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F2(@)4.041 E F0 +(or)4.041 E F2(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e) +-.1 F 1.541(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F1(name)4.041 E F0(.)A 1.056 +(These subscripts dif)108 254.4 R 1.056(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 +(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.057(If the w)6.057 F 1.057 +(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 266.4 Q F1(name)A F0 .521([*]} e)B +.521(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .521(ord with the v)-.1 F .52 (alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F -1.375(of the)108 201.6 R F2(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375(special v)3.625 F 1.375 +1.374(of the)108 278.4 R F3(IFS)3.874 E F0 1.374(special v)3.624 F 1.375 (ariable, and ${)-.25 F F1(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375 -(xpands each element of)-.15 F F1(name)3.875 E F0 1.374(to a separate w) -3.875 F 3.874(ord. When)-.1 F 2.027(there are no array members, ${)108 -213.6 R F1(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F -2.028(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.028(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .759 -(within a w)108 225.6 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 +(xpands each element of)-.15 F F1(name)3.875 E F0 1.375(to a separate w) +3.875 F 3.875(ord. When)-.1 F 2.028(there are no array members, ${)108 +290.4 R F1(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F +2.027(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.027(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .758 +(within a w)108 302.4 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 (xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759 -(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .515(and the e)108 -237.6 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ -t of the original w)-.15 F 3.016(ord. This)-.1 F .516(is analogous)3.016 -F .228(to the e)108 249.6 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 -F F3(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F3(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F3 .228 -(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.727 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.727 -(\). ${#).15 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 261.6 +(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .516(and the e)108 +314.4 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ +t of the original w)-.15 F 3.015(ord. This)-.1 F .515(is analogous)3.015 +F .227(to the e)108 326.4 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 +F F2(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F2(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F2 .228 +(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.728 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.728 +(\). ${#).15 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 338.4 S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A -F0 3.386(]}. If)B F1(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F3(*)3.386 E F0(or) -3.386 E F3(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 -(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .295(ments in the array)108 273.6 -R 5.295(.I)-.65 G 2.795(ft)-5.295 G(he)-2.795 E F1(subscript)3.135 E F0 +F0 3.386(]}. If)B F1(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F2(*)3.386 E F0(or) +3.386 E F2(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 +(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .294(ments in the array)108 350.4 +R 5.294(.I)-.65 G 2.794(ft)-5.294 G(he)-2.794 E F1(subscript)3.135 E F0 .295(used to reference an element of an inde)3.475 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.794(da).15 G .294(rray e)-2.794 F -.25(va)-.25 G .294 -(luates to a number).25 F .628 -(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 285.6 R .928 -.15(ve t) --.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .629(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F -3.129(xo)-.15 G 3.129(ft)-3.129 G .629(he array)-3.129 F 3.129(,s)-.65 G -3.129(on)-3.129 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.129 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(indices count back from the end of the array)108 297.6 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G +2.795(da).15 G .295(rray e)-2.795 F -.25(va)-.25 G .295 +(luates to a number).25 F .629 +(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 362.4 R .929 -.15(ve t) +-.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .628(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F +3.128(xo)-.15 G 3.128(ft)-3.128 G .628(he array)-3.128 F 3.128(,s)-.65 G +3.128(on)-3.128 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.128 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(indices count back from the end of the array)108 374.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G (nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G (eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .595(Referencing an array v)108 -314.4 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G +391.2 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .595(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An) -108 326.4 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 -E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F3(bash)2.5 E -F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 343.2 -Q(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E +108 403.2 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 +E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F2(bash)2.5 E +F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 420 Q +(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E 2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E -.417(It is possible to obtain the k)108 360 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() -.15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.918 -(alues. ${)-.25 F F3(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .418(]} and ${)B F3 -(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 372 S .75 +.418(It is possible to obtain the k)108 436.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() +.15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.917 +(alues. ${)-.25 F F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .417(]} and ${)B F2 +(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 448.8 S .749 (pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(name) -3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .749 -(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 384 -Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 400.8 Q F3(unset)2.766 E -F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G -(rrays.)-2.767 E F3(unset)5.267 E F1(name)2.767 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A +3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .75 +(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 +460.8 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F1(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 477.6 Q F2(unset) +2.767 E F0 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 +G(rrays.)-2.767 E F2(unset)5.267 E F1(name)2.767 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x) --.15 E F1(sub-)2.767 E(script)108 412.8 Q F0 2.858(,f)C .358 +-.15 E F1(sub-)2.766 E(script)108 489.6 Q F0 2.858(,f)C .358 (or both inde)-2.858 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.858(da).15 G .358(nd associati) -2.858 F .658 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 2.858(rrays. Ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti) .05 E .658 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .358(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.858(da).15 G .358(rrays are interpreted as de-)-2.858 F 1.204 -(scribed abo)108 424.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.204(.U).15 G 1.204 -(nsetting the last element of an array v)-6.204 F 1.205 -(ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F3(unset)6.205 E F1 -(name)3.705 E F0(,)A(where)108 436.8 Q F1(name)3.413 E F0 .913 -(is an array)3.413 F 3.413(,r)-.65 G(emo)-3.413 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.413 -(st).15 G .912(he entire array)-3.413 F(.)-.65 E F3(unset)5.912 E F1 +2.858(da).15 G .358(rrays are interpreted as de-)-2.858 F 1.205 +(scribed abo)108 501.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.205(.U).15 G 1.205 +(nsetting the last element of an array v)-6.205 F 1.204 +(ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F2(unset)6.204 E F1 +(name)3.704 E F0(,)A(where)108 513.6 Q F1(name)3.412 E F0 .912 +(is an array)3.412 F 3.412(,r)-.65 G(emo)-3.412 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.412 +(st).15 G .912(he entire array)-3.412 F(.)-.65 E F2(unset)5.912 E F1 (name)3.412 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 .912(], where)B F1(subscript) -3.412 E F0(is)3.412 E F3(*)3.412 E F0(or)3.412 E F3(@)3.412 E F0 3.412 -(,b)C(e-)-3.412 E(ha)108 448.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.125(sd).15 G(if)-3.125 -E .625(ferently depending on whether)-.25 F F1(name)3.125 E F0 .626 -(is an inde)3.125 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.126(do).15 G 3.126(ra)-3.126 G -(ssociati)-3.126 E .926 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.626(.I)-.65 G(f) --5.626 E F1(name)3.126 E F0 .626(is an associati)3.126 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(array)108 460.8 Q 3.067(,t)-.65 G .567 -(his unsets the element with subscript)-3.067 F F3(*)3.067 E F0(or)3.067 -E F3(@)3.067 E F0 5.567(.I)C(f)-5.567 E F1(name)3.067 E F0 .567 +3.413 E F0(is)3.413 E F2(*)3.413 E F0(or)3.413 E F2(@)3.413 E F0 3.413 +(,b)C(e-)-3.413 E(ha)108 525.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.126(sd).15 G(if)-3.126 +E .626(ferently depending on whether)-.25 F F1(name)3.126 E F0 .626 +(is an inde)3.126 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.126(do).15 G 3.126(ra)-3.126 G +(ssociati)-3.126 E .925 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.625(.I)-.65 G(f) +-5.625 E F1(name)3.125 E F0 .625(is an associati)3.125 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(array)108 537.6 Q 3.067(,t)-.65 G .567 +(his unsets the element with subscript)-3.067 F F2(*)3.067 E F0(or)3.067 +E F2(@)3.067 E F0 5.567(.I)C(f)-5.567 E F1(name)3.067 E F0 .567 (is an inde)3.067 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.067(da).15 G(rray)-3.067 E 3.067 (,u)-.65 G .567(nset remo)-3.067 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.067(sa).15 G .567 -(ll of the)-3.067 F(elements b)108 472.8 Q(ut does not remo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.15 H(he array itself.).15 E .028(When using a v)108 489.6 R -.028(ariable name with a subscript as an ar)-.25 F .029 -(gument to a command, such as with)-.18 F F3(unset)2.529 E F0 2.529(,w)C -.029(ithout us-)-2.529 F .938(ing the w)108 501.6 R .938(ord e)-.1 F -.938(xpansion syntax described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.437(,t).15 G -.937(he ar)-3.437 F .937(gument is subject to pathname e)-.18 F 3.437 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F(path-)3.437 E(name e)108 513.6 Q +(ll of the)-3.067 F(elements b)108 549.6 Q(ut does not remo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H(he array itself.).15 E .029(When using a v)108 566.4 R +.029(ariable name with a subscript as an ar)-.25 F .028 +(gument to a command, such as with)-.18 F F2(unset)2.528 E F0 2.528(,w)C +.028(ithout us-)-2.528 F .937(ing the w)108 578.4 R .937(ord e)-.1 F +.937(xpansion syntax described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.437(,t).15 G +.937(he ar)-3.437 F .938(gument is subject to pathname e)-.18 F 3.438 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F(path-)3.438 E(name e)108 590.4 Q (xpansion is not desired, the ar)-.15 E(gument should be quoted.)-.18 E -(The)108 530.4 Q F3(declar)2.683 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F3(local)2.683 E F0 -2.683(,a)C(nd)-2.683 E F3 -.18(re)2.683 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.683 G -.184(iltins each accept a).2 F F32.684 E F0 .184 -(option to specify an inde)2.684 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.684(da).15 G .184 -(rray and a)-2.684 F F32.684 E F0(op-)2.684 E .042 -(tion to specify an associati)108 542.4 R .341 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 +(The)108 607.2 Q F2(declar)2.684 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)2.684 E F0 +2.684(,a)C(nd)-2.684 E F2 -.18(re)2.684 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.684 G +.184(iltins each accept a).2 F F22.684 E F0 .184 +(option to specify an inde)2.684 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.683(da).15 G .183 +(rray and a)-2.683 F F22.683 E F0(op-)2.683 E .041 +(tion to specify an associati)108 619.2 R .341 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.041(.I)-.65 G 2.541(fb)-5.041 G .041(oth options are supplied,) --2.541 F F32.541 E F0(tak)2.541 E .041(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) -5.041 E F3 -.18(re)2.541 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.541 G .041(iltin ac-).2 -F .863(cepts a)108 554.4 R F33.363 E F0 .864 -(option to assign a list of w)3.363 F .864 -(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.864(.T)-.65 G(he) --5.864 E F3(set)3.364 E F0(and)3.364 E F3(declar)3.364 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)108 566.4 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E +-2.541 F F22.541 E F0(tak)2.541 E .041(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) +5.041 E F2 -.18(re)2.542 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.542 G .042(iltin ac-).2 +F .864(cepts a)108 631.2 R F23.364 E F0 .864 +(option to assign a list of w)3.364 F .864 +(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.863(.T)-.65 G(he) +-5.863 E F2(set)3.363 E F0(and)3.363 E F2(declar)3.363 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)108 643.2 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E (ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F4 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 583.2 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ -rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 595.2 R 3.26 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 660 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perform\ +ed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 672 R 3.26 (ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76 -(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 607.2 S .2(pansion performed:).15 F F1(br) +(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 684 S .201(pansion performed:).15 F F1(br) 2.971 E .201(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .201(tilde e) 2.831 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(par)3.951 E .201 -(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .201 -(command sub-)2.901 F(stitution)108 619.2 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e) +(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .2 +(command sub-)2.901 F(stitution)108 696 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e) 2.83 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting) -2.5 E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)3.75 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0 -(.).24 E .419(The order of e)108 636 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F -.418(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .418(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .418 -(ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 648 S -.195(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 F -.196(ashion\); w)-.1 F .196(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-) --.15 E(sion.)108 660 Q .257 -(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 676.8 R -.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(pr)2.757 E .257 -(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .256(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 -E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 688.8 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G -(ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.) --.15 E .002(After these e)108 705.6 R .003 -(xpansions are performed, quote characters present in the original w) --.15 F .003(ord are remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.503(du).15 G .003 -(nless the)-2.503 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 717.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F1(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 -E F0(\).)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(21)197.335 E 0 -Cg EP +(.).24 E .418(The order of e)108 712.8 R .418(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 +F .418(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .419(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F +.419(ariable e)-.25 F .419(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 724.8 +S 2.675(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f) +.15 F 2.675(ashion\); w)-.1 F 2.675(ord splitting; and pathname)-.1 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(21)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 22 22 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .172(Only brace e) -108 84 R .172(xpansion, w)-.15 F .171(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 -F .171(xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F .171(ords of the e) --.1 F(x-)-.15 E .776(pansion; other e)108 96 R .776(xpansions e)-.15 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)108 84 S +(pansion.).15 E .257 +(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 100.8 R +.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(pr)2.757 E .257(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .257 +(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 E +(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 112.8 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G +(ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.) +-.15 E .003(After these e)108 129.6 R .003 +(xpansions are performed, quote characters present in the original w) +-.15 F .002(ord are remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.502(du).15 G .002 +(nless the)-2.502 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 141.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F1(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 +E F0(\).)A .171(Only brace e)108 158.4 R .171(xpansion, w)-.15 F .171 +(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F .171 +(xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F .172(ords of the e)-.1 F +(x-)-.15 E .777(pansion; other e)108 170.4 R .776(xpansions e)-.15 F .776(xpand a single w)-.15 F .776(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.276 (ord. The)-.1 F .776(only e)3.276 F .776(xceptions to this are the e) --.15 F(x-)-.15 E .696(pansions of ")108 108 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($@)A -F0 3.196("a)C .696(nd ")-3.196 F F1(${)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)A -F1([@]})A F0 .696(", and, in most cases,)B F1($*)3.196 E F0(and)3.196 E -F1(${)3.196 E F2(name)A F1([*]})A F0 .695(as e)3.196 F .695 -(xplained abo)-.15 F .995 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)3.195 G(-).666 E(RAMETERS)108 120 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -(\).)A F1(Brace Expansion)87 136.8 Q F2(Br)108.58 148.8 Q .606(ace e) --.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 +-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .695(pansions of ")108 182.4 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +($@)A F0 3.195("a)C .695(nd ")-3.195 F F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 +.696(", and, in most cases,)B F2($*)3.196 E F0(and)3.196 E F2(${)3.196 E +F1(name)A F2([*]})A F0 .696(as e)3.196 F .696(xplained abo)-.15 F .996 +-.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.196 G(-).666 +E(RAMETERS)108 194.4 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87 +211.2 Q F1(Br)108.58 223.2 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 (is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F -.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 160.8 Q F2 .415 +.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 235.2 Q F1 .415 (pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 (ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F .415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G -(he)-2.915 E .073(form of an optional)108 172.8 R F2(pr)3.823 E(eamble) +(he)-2.915 E .074(form of an optional)108 247.2 R F1(pr)3.823 E(eamble) -.37 E F0 2.573(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.573 E .073 (wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 -F(xpres-)-.15 E .49(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 184.8 R -.489(wed by an optional)-.25 F F2(postscript)4.239 E F0 5.489(.T).68 G -.489(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.489 F .489(ed to each string)-.15 F .659 -(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\ -ch resulting string, e)108 196.8 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) -108 208.8 Q .719(Brace e)108 225.6 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 -F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 +F(xpres-)-.15 E .489(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 259.2 R +.489(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)4.239 E F0 5.49(.T).68 G +.49(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.49 F .49(ed to each string)-.15 F .659(c\ +ontained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each\ + resulting string, e)108 271.2 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)108 +283.2 Q .718(Brace e)108 300 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719 +(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 (xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) -108 237.6 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0 -(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.148(As) -108 254.4 S .648(equence e)-3.148 F .648(xpression tak)-.15 F .649 -(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.149 E F2(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1([..)A F2(incr)A -F1(]})A F0 3.149(,w)C(here)-3.149 E F2(x)3.149 E F0(and)3.149 E F2(y) -3.149 E F0 .649(are either inte)3.149 F .649 -(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F F2(incr)108 266.4 Q F0 2.615(,a)C +108 312 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0(d,c,b) +A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.149(As)108 +328.8 S .649(equence e)-3.149 F .649(xpression tak)-.15 F .649 +(es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.149 E F1(x)A F2(..)A F1(y)A F2([..)A F1(incr)A +F2(]})A F0 3.149(,w)C(here)-3.149 E F1(x)3.149 E F0(and)3.149 E F1(y) +3.149 E F0 .649(are either inte)3.149 F .648 +(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F F1(incr)108 340.8 Q F0 2.615(,a)C 2.615(no)-2.615 G .115(ptional increment, is an inte)-2.615 F(ger)-.15 E 5.115(.W)-.55 G .115(hen inte)-5.115 F .115(gers are supplied, the e) --.15 F .115(xpression e)-.15 F .115(xpands to each num-)-.15 F 1.013 -(ber between)108 278.4 R F2(x)3.513 E F0(and)3.513 E F2(y)3.513 E F0 +-.15 F .115(xpression e)-.15 F .115(xpands to each num-)-.15 F 1.014 +(ber between)108 352.8 R F1(x)3.514 E F0(and)3.514 E F1(y)3.513 E F0 3.513(,i)C(nclusi)-3.513 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 6.013(.S).15 G 1.013 (upplied inte)-6.013 F 1.013(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F 1.013(ed with) --.15 F F2(0)3.513 E F0 1.013(to force each term to ha)3.513 F 1.314 -.15 -(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015(same width.)108 290.4 R .015(When either)5.015 -F F2(x)2.515 E F0(or)2.515 E F2(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with \ +-.15 F F1(0)3.513 E F0 1.013(to force each term to ha)3.513 F 1.313 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014(same width.)108 364.8 R .014(When either)5.014 +F F1(x)2.514 E F0(or)2.514 E F1(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with \ a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 -F 1.13(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 302.4 -R 6.131(.W)-.65 G 1.131(hen letters are supplied, the e)-6.131 F 1.131 -(xpression e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .485(pands to each character le)108 314.4 -R .485(xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)2.985 E F0(and)2.984 E F2(y) -2.984 E F0 2.984(,i)C(nclusi)-2.984 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.984(,u).15 G .484 -(sing the def)-2.984 F .484(ault C locale.)-.1 F .484(Note that)5.484 F -(both)108 326.4 Q F2(x)2.966 E F0(and)2.966 E F2(y)2.966 E F0 .467 -(must be of the same type \(inte)2.966 F .467(ger or letter\).)-.15 F -.467(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the)5.467 F(dif)108 -338.4 Q(ference between each term.)-.25 E(The def)5 E -(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E .582(Brace e)108 -355.2 R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581 -(ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581 -(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015 -(are preserv)108 367.2 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015 -(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016 -(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016 -(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 379.2 Q +F 1.131(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 +376.8 R 6.131(.W)-.65 G 1.13(hen letters are supplied, the e)-6.131 F +1.13(xpression e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .484(pands to each character le)108 +388.8 R .484(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)2.984 E F0(and)2.984 E +F1(y)2.984 E F0 2.984(,i)C(nclusi)-2.984 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.984(,u).15 G +.485(sing the def)-2.984 F .485(ault C locale.)-.1 F .485(Note that) +5.485 F(both)108 400.8 Q F1(x)2.967 E F0(and)2.967 E F1(y)2.967 E F0 +.467(must be of the same type \(inte)2.967 F .467(ger or letter\).)-.15 +F .467(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the)5.467 F(dif)108 +412.8 Q(ference between each term.)-.25 E(The def)5 E +(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E .581(Brace e)108 +429.6 R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581 +(ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582 +(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016 +(are preserv)108 441.6 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016 +(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015 +(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015 +(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 453.6 Q (xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) --.15 E 2.502(Ac)108 396 S .002(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.502 F .001(xp\ -ansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least o\ -ne un-)-.15 F .457(quoted comma or a v)108 408 R .458(alid sequence e) --.25 F 2.958(xpression. An)-.15 F 2.958(yi)-.15 G .458 -(ncorrectly formed brace e)-2.958 F .458(xpansion is left unchanged.) --.15 F(A)108 420 Q F1({)2.522 E F0(or)2.522 E F1(,)2.522 E F0 .022 -(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .021 -(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F 2.521(xpression. T)-.15 -F 2.521(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-2.721 G(id).2 E .172 -(con\215icts with parameter e)108 432 R .172(xpansion, the string)-.15 F -F1(${)2.672 E F0 .172(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.672 F -.172(xpansion, and inhibits)-.15 F(brace e)108 444 Q -(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F1(})2.5 E F0(.)A 1.476(This constru\ +-.15 E 2.501(Ac)108 470.4 S .001(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.501 F .001(\ +xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\ + one un-)-.15 F .458(quoted comma or a v)108 482.4 R .458 +(alid sequence e)-.25 F 2.958(xpression. An)-.15 F 2.958(yi)-.15 G .458 +(ncorrectly formed brace e)-2.958 F .457(xpansion is left unchanged.) +-.15 F(A)108 494.4 Q F2({)2.521 E F0(or)2.521 E F2(,)2.521 E F0 .021 +(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.521 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 +(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F 2.522(xpression. T)-.15 +F 2.522(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-2.722 G(id).2 E .172 +(con\215icts with parameter e)108 506.4 R .172(xpansion, the string)-.15 +F F2(${)2.672 E F0 .172(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.672 F +.172(xpansion, and inhibits)-.15 F(brace e)108 518.4 Q +(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F2(})2.5 E F0(.)A 1.476(This constru\ ct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strin\ -gs to be generated is)108 460.8 R(longer than in the abo)108 472.8 Q .3 --.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 -489.6 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 501.6 Q(cho)144 -513.6 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 -E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 530.4 R .618 +gs to be generated is)108 535.2 R(longer than in the abo)108 547.2 Q .3 +-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 564 +Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 576 Q(cho)144 588 Q +(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e) +-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 604.8 R .618 (xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F -.618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 -(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248 -(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 542.4 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G -.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247 -(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 554.4 Q -.15 +.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 +(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247 +(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 616.8 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G +.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248 +(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 628.8 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 (ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 -(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh) -3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F2(\214le{1,2})108 566.4 Q F0 .515 -(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 -(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e) -3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436 -(If strict compatibility with)108 578.4 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 -(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1 -(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437 -(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 590.4 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1 +(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh) +3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 640.8 Q F0 .514 +(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 +(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515(after e) +3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437 +(If strict compatibility with)108 652.8 R F2(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 +(is desired, start)2.936 F F2(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F2 +(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436 +(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 664.8 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F2 (set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti)87 607.2 S -(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 619.2 R 1.087(ord be)-.1 F -1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 1.086 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 681.6 S +(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 693.6 R 1.086(ord be)-.1 F +1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.087 ('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\ \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a) -108 631.2 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn) --5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\214x\ - are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 643.2 R .725 -(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 655.2 Q .522 -(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522 +108 705.6 R F1(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn) +-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\214x\ + are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 717.6 R .726 +(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 729.6 Q .523 +(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523 (his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) --3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 667.2 Q F4 -(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F3(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287 -(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286 -(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\ -ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \ -with the speci\214ed login name.)108 679.2 Q .092 -(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 696 R .092 -(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 -(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is) -5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 708 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904 -(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0 -.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo) -5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F 1.641 -(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 720 R F2(N)4.141 E -F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.642 -(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(22)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 June 16)148.175 E(22)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 23 23 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.438(replaced wi\ -th the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 84 R -1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dirs)3.937 E -F0 -.2(bu)108 96 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw) -.1 G .454(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.954 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 -F .454(the characters follo)2.954 F .455 -(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F -(consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.) -108 108 Q(If the login name is in)108 124.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E -(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 141.6 R .167 -(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x) --.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E -F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E -.467(these cases, tilde e)108 153.6 R .467(xpansion is also performed.) --.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .468 -(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108 -165.6 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E/F3 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F3(,)A -F0(and)2.25 E F2(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F3(,)A F0 -(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E .024 -(Bash also performs tilde e)108 182.4 R .024(xpansion on w)-.15 F .023 -(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F .023 -(ariable assignments \(as described)-.25 F(abo)108 194.4 Q .769 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.666(PA)2.969 G(RAMETERS).666 E F3(\))A F0 -.469(when the)2.719 F 2.969(ya)-.15 G .469(ppear as ar)-2.969 F .469 -(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F .47(Bash does not do this,)5.469 F --.15(ex)108 206.4 S(cept for the).15 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(declar) -2.5 E(ation)-.15 E F0(commands listed abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w) -.15 G(hen in)-2.5 E F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(Pa)87 223.2 S -(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 .2(The `)108 235.2 R F1($)A F0 2.7('c)C .199 -(haracter introduces parameter e)-2.7 F .199 -(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.699 -(xpansion. The)-.15 F(pa-)2.699 E .314(rameter name or symbol to be e) -108 247.2 R .314 -(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .314 -(ut serv)-.2 F 2.814(et)-.15 G 2.814(op)-2.814 G(rotect)-2.814 E .415 -(the v)108 259.2 R .415(ariable to be e)-.25 F .415 -(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .414 -(wing it which could be interpreted as part of)-.25 F(the name.)108 -271.2 Q 1.189 -(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108 -288 R F1(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a) --3.69 F .822(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 -300 R .821(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 -E(pansion.)108 312 Q(${)108 328.8 Q F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A .106 -(The v)144 340.8 R .106(alue of)-.25 F F4(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(HOME)108 84 Q/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F1(HOME)2.786 E +F0 .287(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .287(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-) +-.2 E(wise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory asso\ +ciated with the speci\214ed login name.)108 96 Q .093 +(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 112.8 R .092 +(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 +(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is) +5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 124.8 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903 +(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(OLDPWD)3.404 E F2(,)A F0 +.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo) +5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F .88 +(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 136.8 R/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(N)3.38 E F0 3.38(,o)C .88(ptionally pre\214x)-3.38 F +.879(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is re-)-.15 F .138(pla\ +ced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 +148.8 R .138(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dirs) +2.639 E F0 -.2(bu)2.639 G(iltin).2 E(in)108 160.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) +.2 G 2.839(dw).1 G .338(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.839 F 2.838 +(gument. If)-.18 F .338(the characters follo)2.838 F .338 +(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist)-.25 F +(of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)108 172.8 +Q(If the login name is in)108 189.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid, or the tilde e) +.25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166 +(Each v)108 206.4 R .167(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167 +(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F +.167(wing a)-.25 F F4(:)2.667 E F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F4(=) +2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E .468(these cases, tilde e)108 218.4 R +.468(xpansion is also performed.)-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o) +-.65 G .467(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F +(ments to)108 230.4 Q F1 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F2(,)A F1(MAILP)2.25 +E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F2(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F1(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F2(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v) +-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E .023(Bash also performs tilde e)108 247.2 R .023 +(xpansion on w)-.15 F .024(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F +.024(ariable assignments \(as described)-.25 F(abo)108 259.2 Q .77 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.666(PA)2.97 G(RAMETERS).666 E F2(\))A F0 +.47(when the)2.72 F 2.969(ya)-.15 G .469(ppear as ar)-2.969 F .469 +(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F .469(Bash does not do this,)5.469 F +-.15(ex)108 271.2 S(cept for the).15 E F3(declar)2.5 E(ation)-.15 E F0 +(commands listed abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w).15 G(hen in)-2.5 E F3 +(posix mode)2.5 E F0(.)A F4 -.1(Pa)87 288 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 +.199(The `)108 300 R F4($)A F0 2.699('c)C .199 +(haracter introduces parameter e)-2.699 F .199 +(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.7 +(xpansion. The)-.15 F(pa-)2.7 E .314(rameter name or symbol to be e)108 +312 R .314(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 +F .314(ut serv)-.2 F 2.813(et)-.15 G 2.813(op)-2.813 G(rotect)-2.813 E +.414(the v)108 324 R .414(ariable to be e)-.25 F .414 +(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .415 +(wing it which could be interpreted as part of)-.25 F(the name.)108 336 +Q 1.19(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `) +108 352.8 R F4(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189 +(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.689 F .821 +(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 364.8 R .822 +(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E +(pansion.)108 376.8 Q(${)108 393.6 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A .106 +(The v)144 405.6 R .106(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .106(is substituted.)2.606 F .106(The braces are required when)5.106 F -F4(par)3.856 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .106(is a positional pa-)3.336 F .111 -(rameter with more than one digit, or when)144 352.8 R F4(par)3.861 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .111(is follo)3.341 F .11 +F3(par)3.856 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .106(is a positional pa-)3.336 F .11 +(rameter with more than one digit, or when)144 417.6 R F3(par)3.86 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .111(is follo)3.341 F .111 (wed by a character which is not to be)-.25 F .208 -(interpreted as part of its name.)144 364.8 R(The)5.208 E F4(par)2.708 E +(interpreted as part of its name.)144 429.6 R(The)5.208 E F3(par)2.708 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .208(is a shell parameter as described abo)2.708 F --.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)2.858 G(RAME-).74 E(TERS)144 376.8 Q F0 2.5 -(\)o)C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F1(Arrays)A -F0(\).)A .347(If the \214rst character of)108 393.6 R F4(par)2.846 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G F4 -.74(PA)2.858 G(RAME-).74 E(TERS)144 441.6 Q F0 2.5 +(\)o)C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F4(Arrays)A +F0(\).)A .346(If the \214rst character of)108 458.4 R F3(par)2.846 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F -F1(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F4(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a) -2.846 F F4(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.846(,i)C 2.846(ti)-2.846 G -(ntroduces)-2.846 E 2.906(al)108 405.6 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.906 H 2.906 -(lo).25 G 2.906(fi)-2.906 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F1(Bash)5.406 E F0 .406 +F4(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F3(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a) +2.846 F F3(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.847(,i)C 2.847(ti)-2.847 G +(ntroduces)-2.847 E 2.907(al)108 470.4 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.907 H 2.907 +(lo).25 G 2.906(fi)-2.907 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F4(Bash)5.406 E F0 .406 (uses the v)2.906 F .406(alue formed by e)-.25 F .406 -(xpanding the rest of)-.15 F F4(par)2.906 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .406 -(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F4(par)2.907 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 417.6 Q -F0 2.579(;t)C .079(his is then e)-2.579 F .079(xpanded and that v)-.15 F -.079(alue is used in the rest of the e)-.25 F .078 -(xpansion, rather than the e)-.15 F .078(xpansion of the)-.15 F -(original)108 429.6 Q F4(par)2.542 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.042(.T)C .042 -(his is kno)-5.042 F .042(wn as)-.25 F F4(indir)2.543 E .043(ect e)-.37 -F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043(he v)-5.043 F .043 -(alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F .043(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F -.15 -(ex)108 441.6 S .249(pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e).15 -F 2.749(xpansion. If)-.15 F F4(par)2.749 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .248 -(is a nameref, this e)2.749 F .248(xpands to the)-.15 F 1.51 -(name of the parameter referenced by)108 453.6 R F4(par)4.01 E(ameter) +(xpanding the rest of)-.15 F F3(par)2.906 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .406 +(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F3(par)2.906 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 482.4 Q +F0 2.578(;t)C .078(his is then e)-2.578 F .078(xpanded and that v)-.15 F +.079(alue is used in the rest of the e)-.25 F .079 +(xpansion, rather than the e)-.15 F .079(xpansion of the)-.15 F +(original)108 494.4 Q F3(par)2.543 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043 +(his is kno)-5.043 F .043(wn as)-.25 F F3(indir)2.543 E .043(ect e)-.37 +F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.043(.T)C .043(he v)-5.043 F .042 +(alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F .042(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F -.15 +(ex)108 506.4 S .248(pansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e).15 +F 2.748(xpansion. If)-.15 F F3(par)2.749 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .249 +(is a nameref, this e)2.749 F .249(xpands to the)-.15 F 1.51 +(name of the parameter referenced by)108 518.4 R F3(par)4.01 E(ameter) -.15 E F0 1.51(instead of performing the complete indirect e)4.01 F -(xpansion.)-.15 E .388(The e)108 465.6 R .387 -(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .387(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1(!)A -F4(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 2.887(}a)C .387(nd ${)-2.887 F F1(!)A F4 -(name)A F0([)A F4(@)A F0 .387(]} described belo)B 4.187 -.65(w. T)-.25 H -.387(he e).65 F(xclama-)-.15 E(tion point must immediately follo)108 -477.6 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.) --2.5 E .334(In each of the cases belo)108 494.4 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F4(wor) +(xpansion.)-.15 E .387(The e)108 530.4 R .387 +(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .387(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F4(!)A +F3(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F4(*)A F0 2.887(}a)C .387(nd ${)-2.887 F F4(!)A F3 +(name)A F0([)A F3(@)A F0 .387(]} described belo)B 4.188 -.65(w. T)-.25 H +.388(he e).65 F(xclama-)-.15 E(tion point must immediately follo)108 +542.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.) +-2.5 E .334(In each of the cases belo)108 559.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F3(wor) 3.484 E(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 (xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 -F(and arithmetic e)108 506.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .067 -(When not performing substring e)108 523.2 R .067 +F(and arithmetic e)108 571.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .066 +(When not performing substring e)108 588 R .067 (xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 2.567(w\()-.25 G -(e.g.,)-2.567 E F1(:-)2.567 E F0(\),)A F1(bash)2.567 E F0 .066 -(tests for a pa-)2.567 F(rameter that is unset or null.)108 535.2 Q(Omi\ -tting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 -E(${)108 552 Q F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F4(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A -F1 .722(Use Default V)144 564 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722 E F4 -(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F .723 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F4(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.) -3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 576 Q(alue of)-.25 E F4 -(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 588 Q F4(par) -A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F4(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .812 -(Assign Default V)144 600 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.812(.I)C(f)-5.812 E F4 +(e.g.,)-2.567 E F4(:-)2.567 E F0(\),)A F4(bash)2.567 E F0 .067 +(tests for a pa-)2.567 F(rameter that is unset or null.)108 600 Q(Omitt\ +ing the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E +(${)108 616.8 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F4<3aad>A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(}) +A F4 .723(Use Default V)144 628.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 +E F3(par)4.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F +.722(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F0 .722(is substituted.) +3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 640.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3 +(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 652.8 Q F3 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F4(:=)A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F4 .811 +(Assign Default V)144 664.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.812(.I)C(f)-5.812 E F3 (par)4.562 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .812(is unset or null, the e)4.042 F .812 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F4(wor)3.652 E(d)-.37 E F0 .812(is assigned to)4.082 -F F4(pa-)4.561 E -.15(ra)144 612 S(meter).15 E F0 5.741(.T).73 G .741 -(he v)-5.741 F .741(alue of)-.25 F F4(par)4.491 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .742 -(is then substituted.)3.972 F .742 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)3.652 E(d)-.37 E F0 .812(is assigned to)4.082 +F F3(pa-)4.562 E -.15(ra)144 676.8 S(meter).15 E F0 5.742(.T).73 G .742 +(he v)-5.742 F .742(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)4.492 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .742 +(is then substituted.)3.972 F .741 (Positional parameters and special parame-)5.742 F -(ters may not be assigned to in this w)144 624 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${) -108 636 Q F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:?)A F4(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 -.535(Display Err)144 648 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535(.I)C -(f)-5.535 E F4(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 -(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F4(wor)3.035 E -(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .012(sage to that ef)144 660 R -.012(fect if)-.25 F F4(wor)2.852 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(is not present\) is\ - written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not in-)3.282 F -(teracti)144 672 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) --2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F4(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 684 Q F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:+)A F4 -(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .745(Use Alter)144 696 R .745(nate V)-.15 F -(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F4(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 708 Q F4(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(is substituted.)3.27 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(23) -197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(ters may not be assigned to in this w)144 688.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${) +108 700.8 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F4(:?)A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F4 +.535(Display Err)144 712.8 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535 +(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F3(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 +(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)3.035 E +(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .662(sage to that ef)144 724.8 R +.662(fect if)-.25 F F3(wor)3.502 E(d)-.37 E F0 .661(is not present\) is\ + written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.932 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(23)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 24 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(:)A F1(of)A -(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 96 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1(of)A -(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .002(Substring Expansion)144 -108 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F1(length)2.502 E F0 -.002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.502 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F .004 -(character speci\214ed by)144 120 R F1(of)2.504 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.003 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(interacti)144 84 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,)-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E +(alue of)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 96 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(:+)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 108 +R .745(nate V)-.15 F(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(par)4.495 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .745 +(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 120 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 132 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 144 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .002(Substring Expansion) +144 156 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F1(length)2.502 E +F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.502 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F .003 +(character speci\214ed by)144 168 R F1(of)2.503 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.003 (.I)C(f)-5.003 E F1(par)2.503 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.503 E F2(@)2.503 E F0(or)2.503 E F2(*)2.503 E F0 2.503(,a)C 2.503(ni)-2.503 G(nde)-2.503 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.503(da).15 G .003(rray subscripted by)-2.503 F F2(@) -2.503 E F0(or)2.503 E F2(*)2.503 E F0 2.503(,o)C 2.503(ra)-2.503 G(n) --2.503 E(associati)144 132 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722 +2.503 E F0(or)2.503 E F2(*)2.504 E F0 2.504(,o)C 2.504(ra)-2.504 G(n) +-2.504 E(associati)144 180 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722 (rray name, the results dif).15 F .722(fer as described belo)-.25 F 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F1(length)3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e) -3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .043(substring of the v)144 144 R .043 -(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.543 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .042 -(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.543 F F1(of)2.542 E(fset) --.18 E F0 .042(and e)2.542 F .042(xtending to the)-.15 F .846 -(end of the v)144 156 R(alue.)-.25 E F1(length)5.846 E F0(and)3.346 E F1 -(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .847 -(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .847(ARITHMETIC EV)3.347 F -(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 168 Q(w\).)-.25 E -(If)144 192 Q F1(of)3.029 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 +3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .042(substring of the v)144 192 R .042 +(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.542 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .043 +(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.542 F F1(of)2.543 E(fset) +-.18 E F0 .043(and e)2.543 F .043(xtending to the)-.15 F .847 +(end of the v)144 204 R(alue.)-.25 E F1(length)5.846 E F0(and)3.346 E F1 +(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .846 +(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .846(ARITHMETIC EV)3.346 F +(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 216 Q(w\).)-.25 E +(If)144 240 Q F1(of)3.028 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 (luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529 (alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F -.045(end of the v)144 204 R .045(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.546 E(ameter) +.046(end of the v)144 252 R .046(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.546 E(ameter) -.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F1(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G .046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F -(of)144 216 Q .203(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F .202 -(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .202 -(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .557(the e)144 228 R -.557(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F1(of)3.057 E(fset)-.18 E -F0 .557(and that result.)3.057 F .558(Note that a ne)5.558 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .858 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .558(set must be).25 -F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 240 Q -.2(vo) +(of)144 264 Q .202(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F .202 +(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .203 +(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .558(the e)144 276 R +.558(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F1(of)3.058 E(fset)-.18 E +F0 .558(and that result.)3.058 F .557(Note that a ne)5.557 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .857 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .557(set must be).25 +F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 288 Q -.2(vo) -.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F2(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(pansion.).15 E(If)144 264 Q F1(par)3.284 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.284 E -F2(@)3.284 E F0(or)3.284 E F2(*)3.284 E F0 3.284(,t)C .784(he result is) --3.284 F F1(length)3.284 E F0 .784(positional parameters be)3.284 F .783 -(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of)3.283 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.783(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(of)144 276 Q(fset)-.18 E F0 -.166(is tak)2.666 F .166(en relati)-.1 F .466 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.666(oo) -.15 G .166(ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-2.666 F -2.667(,s)-.4 G 2.667(oa)-2.667 G 2.667(no)-2.667 G -.25(ff)-2.667 G .167 +(pansion.).15 E(If)144 312 Q F1(par)3.283 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.283 E +F2(@)3.283 E F0(or)3.283 E F2(*)3.284 E F0 3.284(,t)C .784(he result is) +-3.284 F F1(length)3.284 E F0 .784(positional parameters be)3.284 F .784 +(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of)3.284 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.784(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(of)144 324 Q(fset)-.18 E F0 +.167(is tak)2.667 F .167(en relati)-.1 F .467 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.667(oo) +.15 G .167(ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-2.667 F +2.666(,s)-.4 G 2.666(oa)-2.666 G 2.666(no)-2.666 G -.25(ff)-2.666 G .166 (set of \2551 e).25 F -.25(va)-.25 G(l-).25 E .023(uates to the last po\ sitional parameter \(or 0 if there are no positional parameters\).)144 -288 R .023(It is an e)5.023 F(xpansion)-.15 E(error if)144 300 Q F1 +336 R .023(It is an e)5.023 F(xpansion)-.15 E(error if)144 348 Q F1 (length)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luates to a number less than zero.).25 E -(If)144 324 Q F1(par)3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.013 F +(If)144 372 Q F1(par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.014 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014(da).15 G .514 (rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-3.014 F F1(length) -3.014 E F0 .514(members of)3.014 F 1.082(the array be)144 336 R 1.082 +3.014 E F0 .513(members of)3.013 F 1.081(the array be)144 384 R 1.081 (ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A(fset)-.18 -E F0 3.582(]}. A)B(ne)3.582 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1 -(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.081(is tak)3.581 F 1.081(en relati)-.1 F -1.381 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.581(oo).15 G 1.081(ne greater)-3.581 F 1.079 -(than the maximum inde)144 348 R 3.579(xo)-.15 G 3.579(ft)-3.579 G 1.079 -(he speci\214ed array)-3.579 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti)-6.079 G 3.579 -(sa)-3.579 G 3.58(ne)-3.579 G 1.08(xpansion error if)-3.73 F F1(length) -3.58 E F0 -.25(eva)3.58 G 1.08(luates to a).25 F(number less than zero.) -144 360 Q(Substring e)144 384 Q(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E -.3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E .821 -(Substring inde)144 408 R .821(xing is zero-based unless the positional\ - parameters are used, in which case the in-)-.15 F(de)144 420 Q .159 -(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.659(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.659 E(fset) --.18 E F0 .159(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.659 F F2 -($0)2.659 E F0 .159(is pre\214x)2.659 F .159(ed to)-.15 F(the list.)144 -432 Q(${)108 448.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0(})A(${)108 -460.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .085 -(Names matching pr)144 472.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.085(.E)C .084 -(xpands to the names of v)-5.085 F .084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F -.084(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.584 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.584(,s)C(epa-) --2.584 E .257(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 484.8 R F3(IFS) -2.757 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.758 -E F0 .258(is used and the e)2.758 F .258(xpansion appears)-.15 F -(within double quotes, each v)144 496.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E -(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 513.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name) -A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 525.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0 -(]})A F2 1.137(List of array k)144 537.6 R(eys)-.1 E F0 6.136(.I)C(f) +E F0 3.581(]}. A)B(ne)3.581 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1 +(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.082(is tak)3.582 F 1.082(en relati)-.1 F +1.382 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.582(oo).15 G 1.082(ne greater)-3.582 F 1.08 +(than the maximum inde)144 396 R 3.58(xo)-.15 G 3.58(ft)-3.58 G 1.08 +(he speci\214ed array)-3.58 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti)-6.079 G 3.579 +(sa)-3.579 G 3.579(ne)-3.579 G 1.079(xpansion error if)-3.729 F F1 +(length)3.579 E F0 -.25(eva)3.579 G 1.079(luates to a).25 F +(number less than zero.)144 408 Q(Substring e)144 432 Q +(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E .82(Substring inde)144 456 R +.821(xing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in w\ +hich case the in-)-.15 F(de)144 468 Q .159(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 +F 2.659(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.659 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .159 +(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.659 F F2($0)2.659 E F0 +.159(is pre\214x)2.659 F .158(ed to)-.15 F(the list.)144 480 Q(${)108 +496.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0(})A(${)108 508.8 Q F2(!)A +F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .084(Names matching pr)144 520.8 +R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.084(.E)C .084(xpands to the names of v)-5.084 F +.084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .085(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.585 E +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.585(,s)C(epa-)-2.585 E .258 +(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 532.8 R F3(IFS)2.758 E F0 +.257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.757 E F0 .257 +(is used and the e)2.757 F .257(xpansion appears)-.15 F +(within double quotes, each v)144 544.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 561.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name) +A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 573.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0 +(]})A F2 1.136(List of array k)144 585.6 R(eys)-.1 E F0 6.136(.I)C(f) -6.136 E F1(name)3.636 E F0 1.136(is an array v)3.636 F 1.136 (ariable, e)-.25 F 1.136(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F --.15(ey)-.1 G 1.136(s\) as-).15 F .397(signed in)144 549.6 R F1(name) +-.15(ey)-.1 G 1.137(s\) as-).15 F .397(signed in)144 597.6 R F1(name) 2.897 E F0 5.397(.I)C(f)-5.397 E F1(name)2.897 E F0 .397 (is not an array)2.897 F 2.897(,e)-.65 G .397(xpands to 0 if)-3.047 F F1 (name)2.897 E F0 .397(is set and null otherwise.)2.897 F(When)5.397 E F1 -(@)2.897 E F0(is used and the e)144 561.6 Q +(@)2.897 E F0(is used and the e)144 609.6 Q (xpansion appears within double quotes, each k)-.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 -H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 578.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A -(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 590.4 S .471(rameter length).1 F F0 -5.471(.T)C .471(he length in characters of the v)-5.471 F .471(alue of) --.25 F F1(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .47(is substituted.)2.97 F(If) -5.47 E F1(par)4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 602.4 Q F0(is)3.626 E F2(*) -2.896 E F0(or)2.896 E F2(@)2.896 E F0 2.896(,t)C .396(he v)-2.896 F .397 +H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 626.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 638.4 S .47(rameter length).1 F F0 +5.47(.T)C .471(he length in characters of the v)-5.47 F .471(alue of) +-.25 F F1(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .471(is substituted.)2.971 F(If) +5.471 E F1(par)4.221 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 650.4 Q F0(is)3.627 E F2(*) +2.897 E F0(or)2.897 E F2(@)2.897 E F0 2.897(,t)C .397(he v)-2.897 F .397 (alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) -5.397 E F1(par)4.147 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .397(is an ar)3.627 F(-)-.2 E -.781(ray name subscripted by)144 614.4 R F2(*)3.281 E F0(or)3.281 E F2 -(@)3.281 E F0 3.281(,t)C .781(he v)-3.281 F .78 -(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.78(.I) --.65 G(f)-5.78 E F1(par)145.25 626.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .455(is an inde) -3.685 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.955(da).15 G .456 -(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.955 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 --.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.956(,t)-.4 G .456 -(hat number is interpreted)-2.956 F .973(as relati)144 638.4 R 1.273 --.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.473(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde) --3.473 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -3.472(,s)C 3.472(on)-3.472 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.472 H(ti).15 E 1.272 --.15(ve i)-.25 H .972(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array) -144 650.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 -G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 667.2 Q F1 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 679.2 Q F1 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 691.2 -Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F -(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196 -(is e)4.466 F 1.196(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F -.544(name e)144 703.2 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544 -(ainst the e)-.05 F .544(xpanded v)-.15 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) -4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .543(using the rules described)3.774 F(under) -144 715.2 Q F2 -.1(Pa)3.132 G(tter).1 E 3.132(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.132 E -F0(belo)3.132 E 4.432 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 3.132(ft).65 G .632 -(he pattern matches the be)-3.132 F .632(ginning of the v)-.15 F .633 -(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.383 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(,).73 E 1.152 -(then the result of the e)144 727.2 R 1.151(xpansion is the e)-.15 F -1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.901 E(ameter)-.15 E -F0 1.151(with the shortest matching)4.381 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 15)148.175 E(24)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +5.396 E F1(par)4.146 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .396(is an ar)3.626 F(-)-.2 E +.78(ray name subscripted by)144 662.4 R F2(*)3.28 E F0(or)3.28 E F2(@) +3.28 E F0 3.28(,t)C .78(he v)-3.28 F .781 +(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.781 +(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.781 E F1(par)145.25 674.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .456 +(is an inde)3.686 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.956(da).15 G .456 +(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.956 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.955(,t)-.4 G .455 +(hat number is interpreted)-2.955 F .972(as relati)144 686.4 R 1.272 +-.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.472(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde) +-3.472 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +3.473(,s)C 3.473(on)-3.473 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.473 H(ti).15 E 1.273 +-.15(ve i)-.25 H .973(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array) +144 698.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 +G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 June 16)148.175 E(24)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 25 25 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .183 -(pattern \(the `)144 84 R(`)-.74 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)A F0 1.663 --.74('' c)D .184(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`) --.74 E F1(##)A F0 1.664 -.74('' c)D .184(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.184 E -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)3.934 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.414 E F1(@) -2.684 E F0(or)144 96 Q F1(*)3.019 E F0 3.019(,t)C .518(he pattern remo) --3.019 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.018(lo).25 G .518 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)A F1(wor) +A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 96 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d) +-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 108 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 +F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor) +4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196(is e)4.466 F 1.196 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F .543(name e)144 +120 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544(ainst the e)-.05 F .544 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.544(using the rules described)3.774 F(under)144 132 Q F2 -.1(Pa)3.133 G +(tter).1 E 3.133(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.133 E F0(belo)3.132 E 4.432 -.65 +(w. I)-.25 H 3.132(ft).65 G .632(he pattern matches the be)-3.132 F .632 +(ginning of the v)-.15 F .632(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.382 E(ameter)-.15 +E F0(,).73 E 1.151(then the result of the e)144 144 R 1.151 +(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(par)4.902 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.152(with the shortest matching)4.382 F +.184(pattern \(the `)144 156 R(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 1.664 -.74('' c)D .184 +(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 +1.664 -.74('' c)D .184(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.183 E F1(par)3.933 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.413 E F2(@)2.683 E F0(or)144 168 Q F2(*)3.018 E +F0 3.018(,t)C .518(he pattern remo)-3.018 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.018(lo).25 +G .518 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E .303(sion is the resultant list.)144 108 R(If) -5.303 E F2(par)4.053 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .303(is an array v)3.533 F .303 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.804 E F0(or)2.804 E F1(*)2.804 E -F0 2.804(,t)C .304(he pattern re-)-2.804 F(mo)144 120 Q -.25(va)-.15 G -2.988(lo).25 G .487 +-3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E .304(sion is the resultant list.)144 180 R(If) +5.304 E F1(par)4.054 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .303(is an array v)3.533 F .303 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.803 E F0(or)2.803 E F2(*)2.803 E +F0 2.803(,t)C .303(he pattern re-)-2.803 F(mo)144 192 Q -.25(va)-.15 G +2.987(lo).25 G .487 (peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) --2.988 F .487(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 132 Q(${)108 -148.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(%)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 -160.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(%%)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1(Remo) -144 172.8 Q .346 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .146(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 -E F0 5.146(.T)C(he)-5.146 E F2(wor)2.646 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F -.147(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 -184.8 S .459(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .459(ainst the e)-.05 F .459 -(xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.208 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.458(using the rules described under)3.688 F F1 -.1(Pa)144 196.8 S(tter) +-2.987 F .487(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 204 Q(${)108 +220.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 +232.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo) +144 244.8 Q .347 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 +E F0 5.147(.T)C(he)-5.147 E F1(wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F +.146(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 +256.8 S .458(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .458(ainst the e)-.05 F .458 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.209 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.459(using the rules described under)3.689 F F2 -.1(Pa)144 268.8 S(tter) .1 E 3.314(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.314 E F0(belo)3.314 E 4.614 -.65(w. I) -.25 H 3.314(ft).65 G .814 (he pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)-3.314 F .814(xpanded v) --.15 F .814(alue of)-.25 F F2(pa-)4.564 E -.15(ra)144 208.8 S(meter).15 -E F0 3.817(,t).73 G 1.317(hen the result of the e)-3.817 F 1.317 -(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.317(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.316(alue of)-.25 F F2 -(par)5.066 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.316(with the shortest)4.546 F 1.084 -(matching pattern \(the `)144 220.8 R(`)-.74 E F1(%)A F0 2.564 -.74 +-.15 F .814(alue of)-.25 F F1(pa-)4.564 E -.15(ra)144 280.8 S(meter).15 +E F0 3.816(,t).73 G 1.316(hen the result of the e)-3.816 F 1.317 +(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.317(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.317(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(par)5.067 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.317(with the shortest)4.547 F 1.085 +(matching pattern \(the `)144 292.8 R(`)-.74 E F2(%)A F0 2.565 -.74 ('' c)D 1.084(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 -E F1(%%)A F0 2.565 -.74('' c)D 1.085(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)6.085 E F2 -(par)145.25 232.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.39 E F1(@)2.66 E F0(or)2.66 E -F1(*)2.66 E F0 2.66(,t)C .16(he pattern remo)-2.66 F -.25(va)-.15 G -2.659(lo).25 G .159 -(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn,)-2.659 F .509 -(and the e)144 244.8 R .509(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If) -5.509 E F2(par)4.259 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .51(is an array v)3.739 F .51 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)3.01 E F0(or)3.01 E F1(*)3.01 E F0 -(,)A .423(the pattern remo)144 256.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.923(lo).25 G +E F2(%%)A F0 2.564 -.74('' c)D 1.084(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)6.084 E F1 +(par)145.25 304.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.389 E F2(@)2.659 E F0(or)2.659 +E F2(*)2.659 E F0 2.659(,t)C .159(he pattern remo)-2.659 F -.25(va)-.15 +G 2.659(lo).25 G .16 +(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn,)-2.659 F .51 +(and the e)144 316.8 R .51(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If) +5.51 E F1(par)4.259 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .509(is an array v)3.739 F .509 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.009 E F0(or)3.009 E F2(*)3.009 E +F0(,)A .422(the pattern remo)144 328.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.922(lo).25 G .422(peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) --2.923 F .422(xpansion is)-.15 F(the resultant list.)144 268.8 Q(${)108 -285.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(/)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0 -(})A(${)108 297.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(//)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A -F2(string)A F0(})A(${)108 309.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(/#)A F2 -(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0(})A(${)108 321.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 -E F1(/%)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 333.6 S -(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.606 E F0 6.106(.T)C(he)-6.106 -E F2(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F 1.107 +-2.922 F .423(xpansion is)-.15 F(the resultant list.)144 340.8 Q(${)108 +357.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0 +(})A(${)108 369.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(//)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A +F1(string)A F0(})A(${)108 381.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/#)A F1 +(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A(${)108 393.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 +E F2(/%)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 405.6 S +(tter).1 E 3.607(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.607 E F0 6.107(.T)C(he)-6.107 +E F1(pattern)3.607 E F0 1.107(is e)3.607 F 1.106 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion.)144 345.6 Q F2 -.8(Pa)6.034 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.034 -(is e)3.534 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F2(pattern) -3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.033(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.033 -(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F2(string)144 357.6 Q F0(.)A F2(string) +(sion.)144 417.6 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.033 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.033 +(is e)3.533 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern) +3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.034(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.034 +(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 429.6 Q F0(.)A F1(string) 5.499 E F0(under)2.999 E .499(goes tilde e)-.18 F .499 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .499(ariable e)-.25 F .499 (xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.137 -(command and process substitution, and quote remo)144 369.6 R -.25(va) +(command and process substitution, and quote remo)144 441.6 R -.25(va) -.15 G 3.637(l. The).25 F 1.137(match is performed using the rules)3.637 -F .075(described under)144 381.6 R F1 -.1(Pa)2.575 G(tter).1 E 2.575(nM) --.15 G(atching)-2.575 E F0(belo)2.575 E 3.875 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 2.575(nt) +F .076(described under)144 453.6 R F2 -.1(Pa)2.576 G(tter).1 E 2.576(nM) +-.15 G(atching)-2.576 E F0(belo)2.576 E 3.876 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 2.575(nt) .65 G .075(he \214rst form abo)-2.575 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.575(,o).15 G -.076(nly the \214rst match is replaced.)-2.575 F .48(If there are tw)144 -393.6 R 2.98(os)-.1 G .48(lashes separating)-2.98 F F2(par)2.98 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0(and)2.98 E F2(pattern)2.98 E F0 .48 +.075(nly the \214rst match is replaced.)-2.575 F .48(If there are tw)144 +465.6 R 2.98(os)-.1 G .48(lashes separating)-2.98 F F1(par)2.98 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(and)2.98 E F1(pattern)2.98 E F0 .48 (\(the second form abo)2.98 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .48(\), all matches of).15 -F F2(pattern)144 405.6 Q F0 .374(are replaced with)2.874 F F2(string) -2.874 E F0 5.374(.I)C(f)-5.374 E F2(pattern)2.874 E F0 .374 -(is preceded by)2.874 F F1(#)2.874 E F0 .374(\(the third form abo)2.874 -F -.15(ve)-.15 G .375(\), it must match).15 F .089(at the be)144 417.6 R -.089(ginning of the e)-.15 F .088(xpanded v)-.15 F .088(alue of)-.25 F -F2(par)2.588 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.088(.I)C(f)-5.088 E F2(pattern)2.588 E -F0 .088(is preceded by)2.588 F F1(%)2.588 E F0 .088(\(the fourth form) -2.588 F(abo)144 429.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G .315 +F F1(pattern)144 477.6 Q F0 .375(are replaced with)2.875 F F1(string) +2.874 E F0 5.374(.I)C(f)-5.374 E F1(pattern)2.874 E F0 .374 +(is preceded by)2.874 F F2(#)2.874 E F0 .374(\(the third form abo)2.874 +F -.15(ve)-.15 G .374(\), it must match).15 F .088(at the be)144 489.6 R +.088(ginning of the e)-.15 F .088(xpanded v)-.15 F .088(alue of)-.25 F +F1(par)2.588 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.088(.I)C(f)-5.088 E F1(pattern)2.588 E +F0 .088(is preceded by)2.588 F F2(%)2.589 E F0 .089(\(the fourth form) +2.589 F(abo)144 501.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G .315 (\), it must match at the end of the e).15 F .315(xpanded v)-.15 F .315 -(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.815 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.315(.I)C 2.815(ft) --5.315 G .315(he e)-2.815 F .315(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(string)2.815 E F0 -(is)2.815 E .399(null, matches of)144 441.6 R F2(pattern)2.899 E F0 .399 -(are deleted.)2.899 F(If)5.399 E F2(string)2.898 E F0 .398 -(is null, matches of)2.898 F F2(pattern)2.898 E F0 .398 -(are deleted and the)2.898 F F1(/)2.898 E F0(fol-)2.898 E(lo)144 453.6 Q -(wing)-.25 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(may be omitted.)2.5 E .95(If the)144 -477.6 R F1(patsub_r)3.45 E(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .95 -(shell option is enabled using)3.45 F F1(shopt)3.45 E F0 3.45(,a)C 1.25 --.15(ny u)-3.45 H .95(nquoted instances of).15 F F1(&)3.45 E F0(in)3.45 -E F2(string)144 489.6 Q F0(are replaced with the matching portion of)2.5 -E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(.)A .75(Quoting an)144 513.6 R 3.25(yp)-.15 G .75 -(art of)-3.25 F F2(string)3.25 E F0 .749(inhibits replacement in the e) -3.249 F .749(xpansion of the quoted portion, including)-.15 F .767 -(replacement strings stored in shell v)144 525.6 R 3.267 -(ariables. Backslash)-.25 F .767(will escape)3.267 F F1(&)3.267 E F0(in) -3.267 E F2(string)3.267 E F0 3.267(;t)C .768(he backslash is)-3.267 F -(remo)144 537.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.669(di).15 G 2.669(no)-2.669 G .169 -(rder to permit a literal)-2.669 F F1(&)2.669 E F0 .169 +(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.815 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.315(.I)C 2.815(ft) +-5.315 G .315(he e)-2.815 F .315(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(string)2.815 E F0 +(is)2.815 E .398(null, matches of)144 513.6 R F1(pattern)2.898 E F0 .398 +(are deleted.)2.898 F(If)5.398 E F1(string)2.898 E F0 .398 +(is null, matches of)2.898 F F1(pattern)2.898 E F0 .399 +(are deleted and the)2.899 F F2(/)2.899 E F0(fol-)2.899 E(lo)144 525.6 Q +(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(may be omitted.)2.5 E .95(If the)144 +549.6 R F2(patsub_r)3.45 E(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .95 +(shell option is enabled using)3.45 F F2(shopt)3.45 E F0 3.45(,a)C 1.25 +-.15(ny u)-3.45 H .95(nquoted instances of).15 F F2(&)3.45 E F0(in)3.45 +E F1(string)144 561.6 Q F0(are replaced with the matching portion of)2.5 +E F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(.)A .749(Quoting an)144 585.6 R 3.249(yp)-.15 G +.749(art of)-3.249 F F1(string)3.249 E F0 .749 +(inhibits replacement in the e)3.249 F .75 +(xpansion of the quoted portion, including)-.15 F .767 +(replacement strings stored in shell v)144 597.6 R 3.267 +(ariables. Backslash)-.25 F .767(will escape)3.267 F F2(&)3.267 E F0(in) +3.267 E F1(string)3.267 E F0 3.267(;t)C .767(he backslash is)-3.267 F +(remo)144 609.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.668(di).15 G 2.668(no)-2.668 G .169 +(rder to permit a literal)-2.668 F F2(&)2.669 E F0 .169 (in the replacement string.)2.669 F .169 -(Backslash can also be used to es-)5.169 F 1.428(cape a backslash;)144 -549.6 R F1(\\\\)3.928 E F0 1.428 +(Backslash can also be used to es-)5.169 F 1.429(cape a backslash;)144 +621.6 R F2(\\\\)3.928 E F0 1.428 (results in a literal backslash in the replacement.)3.928 F 1.428 -(Users should tak)6.428 F 3.929(ec)-.1 G 1.429(are if)-3.929 F F2 -(string)144 561.6 Q F0 .292(is double-quoted to a)2.792 F -.2(vo)-.2 G +(Users should tak)6.428 F 3.928(ec)-.1 G 1.428(are if)-3.928 F F1 +(string)144 633.6 Q F0 .292(is double-quoted to a)2.791 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .292(id unw).2 F .292 -(anted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting,)-.1 F .053 -(since backslash has special meaning within double quotes.)144 573.6 R --.15(Pa)5.053 G .054(ttern substitution performs the check).15 F .07 -(for unquoted)144 585.6 R F1(&)2.57 E F0 .07(after e)2.57 F(xpanding) --.15 E F2(string)2.569 E F0 2.569(;s)C .069 -(hell programmers should quote an)-2.569 F 2.569(yo)-.15 G .069 -(ccurrences of)-2.569 F F1(&)2.569 E F0(the)2.569 E(y)-.15 E -.1(wa)144 -597.6 S 1.112(nt to be tak).1 F 1.112 +(anted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting,)-.1 F .054 +(since backslash has special meaning within double quotes.)144 645.6 R +-.15(Pa)5.053 G .053(ttern substitution performs the check).15 F .069 +(for unquoted)144 657.6 R F2(&)2.569 E F0 .069(after e)2.569 F(xpanding) +-.15 E F1(string)2.569 E F0 2.569(;s)C .069 +(hell programmers should quote an)-2.569 F 2.57(yo)-.15 G .07 +(ccurrences of)-2.57 F F2(&)2.57 E F0(the)2.57 E(y)-.15 E -.1(wa)144 +669.6 S 1.113(nt to be tak).1 F 1.112 (en literally in the replacement and ensure an)-.1 F 3.612(yi)-.15 G -1.112(nstances of)-3.612 F F1(&)3.612 E F0(the)3.612 E 3.613(yw)-.15 G -1.113(ant to be re-)-3.713 F(placed are unquoted.)144 609.6 Q .687 -(If the)144 633.6 R F1(nocasematch)3.187 E F0 .687 +1.112(nstances of)-3.612 F F2(&)3.612 E F0(the)3.612 E 3.612(yw)-.15 G +1.112(ant to be re-)-3.712 F(placed are unquoted.)144 681.6 Q .686 +(If the)144 705.6 R F2(nocasematch)3.186 E F0 .687 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.187 F -.05 (ga)-.15 G .687(rd to the case of).05 F .736(alphabetic characters.)144 -645.6 R(If)5.736 E F2(par)4.486 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.966 E F1(@)3.236 -E F0(or)3.236 E F1(*)3.236 E F0 3.236(,t)C .736 -(he substitution operation is applied to each posi-)-3.236 F .655 -(tional parameter in turn, and the e)144 657.6 R .654 -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.654 E F2(par)4.404 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .654(is an array v)3.884 F(ariable)-.25 E .347 -(subscripted with)144 669.6 R F1(@)2.847 E F0(or)2.847 E F1(*)2.847 E F0 -2.847(,t)C .348(he substitution operation is applied to each member of \ -the array in turn,)-2.847 F(and the e)144 681.6 Q -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 698.4 Q F2(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F1(^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15) -148.175 E(25)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +717.6 R(If)5.736 E F1(par)4.486 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.966 E F2(@)3.236 +E F0(or)3.236 E F2(*)3.236 E F0 3.236(,t)C .736 +(he substitution operation is applied to each posi-)-3.236 F .654 +(tional parameter in turn, and the e)144 729.6 R .654 +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.655 E F1(par)4.405 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .655(is an array v)3.885 F(ariable)-.25 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(25)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 26 26 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(^^)A F1 -(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 96 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A F1(pattern)A -F0(})A(${)108 108 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A -F2 .438(Case modi\214cation)144 120 R F0 5.438(.T)C .438(his e)-5.438 F -.437(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F1 -(par)2.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.437(.T)C(he)-5.437 E F1(pattern)144 132 -Q F0 .373(is e)2.873 F .374 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .348 +(subscripted with)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(@)2.848 E F0(or)2.848 E +F1(*)2.848 E F0 2.848(,t)C .348(he substitution operation is applied to\ + each member of the array in turn,)-2.848 F(and the e)144 96 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 112.8 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 +124.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(^^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 136.8 +Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 148.8 Q F2 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,,)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A F1 .437 +(Case modi\214cation)144 160.8 R F0 5.437(.T)C .437(his e)-5.437 F .438 +(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F2(par) +2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F2(pattern)144 172.8 Q +F0 .374(is e)2.874 F .374 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 2.874 -(xpansion. Each)-.15 F .374(character in the e)2.874 F(x-)-.15 E .514 -(panded v)144 144 R .514(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.514(is tested ag)3.014 F(ainst)-.05 E F1(pattern)3.014 E F0 3.014(,a)C -.513(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is con-)-3.014 F -.15(ve) -144 156 S 2.822(rted. The).15 F .323 -(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.822 F -5.323(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.323 E F2(^)2.823 E F0 .323(operator con)2.823 F --.15(ve)-.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 168 Q .181(wercase letters matching)-.25 -F F1(pattern)2.681 E F0 .181(to uppercase; the)2.681 F F2(,)2.681 E F0 -.181(operator con)2.681 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .18 -(rts matching uppercase letters).15 F .085(to lo)144 180 R 2.585 -(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)2.585 E F0(and)2.585 E F2(,,)2.585 E F0 -.15 +(xpansion. Each)-.15 F .373(character in the e)2.873 F(x-)-.15 E .513 +(panded v)144 184.8 R .513(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 .513(is tested ag)3.013 F(ainst)-.05 E F2(pattern)3.013 E F0 3.013 +(,a)C .514(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is con-)-3.013 F -.15 +(ve)144 196.8 S 2.823(rted. The).15 F .323 +(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.823 F +5.322(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.322 E F1(^)2.822 E F0 .322(operator con)2.822 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 208.8 Q .18(wercase letters matching)-.25 +F F2(pattern)2.681 E F0 .181(to uppercase; the)2.681 F F1(,)2.681 E F0 +.181(operator con)2.681 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .181 +(rts matching uppercase letters).15 F .085(to lo)144 220.8 R 2.585 +(wercase. The)-.25 F F1(^^)2.585 E F0(and)2.585 E F1(,,)2.585 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.585 G .085(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .085 (rt each matched character in the e).15 F .085(xpanded v)-.15 F .085 -(alue; the)-.25 F F2(^)2.585 E F0(and)144 192 Q F2(,)3.591 E F0 -.15(ex) -3.591 G 1.091(pansions match and con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.091 -(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F 1.09(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.59 -(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)3.59 E F0(is)3.59 E 1.12 -(omitted, it is treated lik)144 204 R 3.62(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.62(,w)C -1.12(hich matches e)-3.62 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.121(ry character).15 F -6.121(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.121 E F1(par)4.871 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.351 E F2 -(@)3.621 E F0(or)3.621 E F2(*)3.621 E F0 3.621(,t)C 1.121(he case)-3.621 -F .339(modi\214cation operation is applied to each positional parameter\ - in turn, and the e)144 216 R .339(xpansion is the re-)-.15 F .249 -(sultant list.)144 228 R(If)5.249 E F1(par)3.999 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .249 -(is an array v)3.479 F .249(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.749 E -F0(or)2.75 E F2(*)2.75 E F0 2.75(,t)C .25(he case modi\214cation oper) --2.75 F(-)-.2 E -(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 240 -Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 256.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(@)A F1(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 268.8 S .86 -(rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F .86 -(xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 F -F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(or information about)144 280.8 R F1 -(par)2.653 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.653 F -.153(alue of)-.25 F F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.154(.E)C(ach)-5.154 -E F1(oper)2.654 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .154(is a sin-)2.654 F(gle letter:)144 -292.8 Q F2(U)144 316.8 Q F0 .143(The e)180 316.8 R .142 -(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .142(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) -2.642 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .142(with lo)2.642 F .142 -(wercase alphabetic charac-)-.25 F(ters con)180 328.8 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G -(rted to uppercase.).15 E F2(u)144 340.8 Q F0 .429(The e)180 340.8 R -.429(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .429(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(par)2.929 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .43(with the \214rst character con)2.93 F --.15(ve)-.4 G(rted).15 E(to uppercase, if it is alphabetic.)180 352.8 Q -F2(L)144 364.8 Q F0 .125(The e)180 364.8 R .124 -(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .124(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) -2.624 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .124(with uppercase alphabetic charac-)2.624 F -(ters con)180 376.8 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted to lo).15 E(wercase.)-.25 E F2 -(Q)144 388.8 Q F0 1.064(The e)180 388.8 R 1.064 -(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) -3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.065(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F -(reused as input.)180 400.8 Q F2(E)144 412.8 Q F0 .441(The e)180 412.8 R -.441(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(par)2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .44(with backslash escape sequences)2.94 F --.15(ex)180 424.8 S(panded as with the).15 E F2($\010...\010)2.5 E F0 -(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F2(P)144 436.8 Q F0 1.072(The e)180 436.8 R +(alue; the)-.25 F F1(^)2.585 E F0(and)144 232.8 Q F1(,)3.59 E F0 -.15 +(ex)3.59 G 1.09(pansions match and con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.091 +(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F 1.091(xpanded v)-.15 F +3.591(alue. If)-.25 F F2(pattern)3.591 E F0(is)3.591 E 1.121 +(omitted, it is treated lik)144 244.8 R 3.621(ea)-.1 G F1(?)A F0 3.621 +(,w)C 1.121(hich matches e)-3.621 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.121(ry character) +.15 F 6.12(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.12 E F2(par)4.87 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.35 E +F1(@)3.62 E F0(or)3.62 E F1(*)3.62 E F0 3.62(,t)C 1.12(he case)-3.62 F +.339(modi\214cation operation is applied to each positional parameter i\ +n turn, and the e)144 256.8 R .34(xpansion is the re-)-.15 F .25 +(sultant list.)144 268.8 R(If)5.25 E F2(par)4 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .25 +(is an array v)3.48 F .249(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.749 E +F0(or)2.749 E F1(*)2.749 E F0 2.749(,t)C .249 +(he case modi\214cation oper)-2.749 F(-)-.2 E +(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 +280.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 297.6 Q F2(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F1(@)A F2(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 309.6 S +.86(rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F +.86(xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 +F F2(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .154(or information about)144 321.6 R +F2(par)2.654 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.654 F +.153(alue of)-.25 F F2(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.153(.E)C(ach)-5.153 +E F2(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .153(is a sin-)2.653 F(gle letter:)144 +333.6 Q F1(U)144 357.6 Q F0 .142(The e)180 357.6 R .142 +(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .142(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) +2.642 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .142(with lo)2.642 F .143 +(wercase alphabetic charac-)-.25 F(ters con)180 369.6 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G +(rted to uppercase.).15 E F1(u)144 381.6 Q F0 .43(The e)180 381.6 R .43 +(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .429(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) +2.929 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .429(with the \214rst character con)2.929 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G(rted).15 E(to uppercase, if it is alphabetic.)180 393.6 Q +F1(L)144 405.6 Q F0 .124(The e)180 405.6 R .124 +(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .124(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) +2.624 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .125(with uppercase alphabetic charac-)2.625 F +(ters con)180 417.6 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted to lo).15 E(wercase.)-.25 E F1 +(Q)144 429.6 Q F0 1.065(The e)180 429.6 R 1.065 +(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) +3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.064(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F +(reused as input.)180 441.6 Q F1(E)144 453.6 Q F0 .44(The e)180 453.6 R +.441(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F2 +(par)2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .441(with backslash escape sequences)2.941 +F -.15(ex)180 465.6 S(panded as with the).15 E F1($\010...\010)2.5 E F0 +(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F1(P)144 477.6 Q F0 1.073(The e)180 477.6 R 1.073(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073 -(xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E -F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 448.8 Q F2(PR) -2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(A)144 460.8 Q F0 1.138 -(The e)180 460.8 R 1.138 +(xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 489.6 Q F1(PR) +2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(A)144 501.6 Q F0 1.137 +(The e)180 501.6 R 1.138 (xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F -F2(declar)3.637 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.637 E(that, if e)180 472.8 Q --.25(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(K)144 484.8 Q F0 -1.339(Produces a possibly-quoted v)180 484.8 R 1.339(ersion of the v) --.15 F 1.339(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.839 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.839(,e)C -1.34(xcept that it prints the)-3.989 F -.25(va)180 496.8 S .258 +F1(declar)3.638 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.638 E(that, if e)180 513.6 Q +-.25(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F1(K)144 525.6 Q F0 +1.34(Produces a possibly-quoted v)180 525.6 R 1.339(ersion of the v)-.15 +F 1.339(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.839 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.839(,e)C 1.339 +(xcept that it prints the)-3.989 F -.25(va)180 537.6 S .257 (lues of inde).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.757(da).15 G .257(nd associati) -2.757 F .557 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .257(rrays as a sequence of quoted k).15 -F -.15(ey)-.1 G(-v).15 E .257(alue pairs \(see)-.25 F F2(Ar)2.757 E(-) --.37 E(rays)180 508.8 Q F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(a)144 -520.8 Q F0(The e)180 520.8 Q +F -.15(ey)-.1 G(-v).15 E .257(alue pairs \(see)-.25 F F1(Ar)2.758 E(-) +-.37 E(rays)180 549.6 Q F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(a)144 +561.6 Q F0(The e)180 561.6 Q (xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E(alues representing) --.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a)D(ttrib).55 E(utes.) --.2 E F2(k)144 532.8 Q F0(Lik)180 532.8 Q 2.657(et)-.1 G .157 -(he K transformation, b)-2.657 F .157(ut e)-.2 F .157(xpands the k)-.15 +-.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a)D(ttrib).55 E(utes.) +-.2 E F1(k)144 573.6 Q F0(Lik)180 573.6 Q 2.658(et)-.1 G .157 +(he K transformation, b)-2.658 F .157(ut e)-.2 F .157(xpands the k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.657(sa).15 G .157(nd v)-2.657 F .157(alues of inde) --.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.657(da).15 G .158(nd associati)-2.657 F .458 --.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(rays to separate w)180 544.8 Q -(ords after w)-.1 E(ord splitting.)-.1 E(If)144 561.6 Q F1(par)4.403 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.883 E F2(@)3.153 E F0(or)3.153 E F2(*)3.153 E F0 +-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.657(da).15 G .157(nd associati)-2.657 F .457 +-.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(rays to separate w)180 585.6 Q +(ords after w)-.1 E(ord splitting.)-.1 E(If)144 602.4 Q F2(par)4.402 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.882 E F1(@)3.152 E F0(or)3.152 E F1(*)3.153 E F0 3.153(,t)C .653(he operation is applied to each positional parameter in\ turn, and the e)-3.153 F(x-)-.15 E .403(pansion is the resultant list.) -144 573.6 R(If)5.403 E F1(par)4.153 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .403 -(is an array v)3.633 F .403(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.903 E -F0(or)2.903 E F2(*)2.903 E F0 2.903(,t)C .403(he opera-)-2.903 F +144 614.4 R(If)5.403 E F2(par)4.153 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .403 +(is an array v)3.633 F .403(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.903 E +F0(or)2.903 E F1(*)2.903 E F0 2.903(,t)C .402(he opera-)-2.903 F (tion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 -585.6 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E .708(The result of the e) -144 609.6 R .708(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F .708 +626.4 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E .708(The result of the e) +144 650.4 R .708(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F .708 (ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .708(xpansion as described be-)-.15 -F(lo)144 621.6 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Command Substitution)87 638.4 Q F1 -.323(Command substitution)108 650.4 R F0(allo)2.823 E .324 -(ws the output of a command to replace the command itself.)-.25 F .324 -(There are tw)5.324 F 2.824(os)-.1 G(tan-)-2.824 E(dard forms:)108 662.4 -Q F2($\()144 679.2 Q F1(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or \(deprecated\))108 -691.2 Q F2<92>144 703.2 Q F1(command)A F2<92>A F0(.)A F2(Bash)108 720 Q -F0 .089(performs the e)2.589 F .089(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting).15 E F1(command)2.589 E F0 .088(in a subshell en)2.589 F .088 -(vironment and replacing the command)-.4 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 15)148.175 E(26)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +F(lo)144 662.4 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(Command Substitution)87 679.2 Q F2 +.324(Command substitution)108 691.2 R F0(allo)2.824 E .324 +(ws the output of a command to replace the command itself.)-.25 F .323 +(There are tw)5.323 F 2.823(os)-.1 G(tan-)-2.823 E(dard forms:)108 703.2 +Q F1($\()144 720 Q F2(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 June 16)148.175 E(26)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 27 27 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .41 -(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an)108 84 R -2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .41 -(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .192(lines are not deleted, b)108 96 R +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(or \(deprecated\)) +108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<92>144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(command)A F1<92>A F0(.)A F1(Bash)108 112.8 Q F0 .088(performs the e) +2.588 F .088(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2 +(command)2.588 E F0 .089(in a subshell en)2.589 F .089 +(vironment and replacing the command)-.4 F .41 +(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an)108 124.8 +R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .41 +(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .191(lines are not deleted, b)108 136.8 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.)-.1 F .192 -(The command substitution)5.192 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($\(cat)2.691 E -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)2.691 E F1(\))A F0 -(can be replaced by the equi)108 108 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b).25 E(ut f) --.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1(\))A F0(.)A -.4(Wi) -108 124.8 S 1.237(th the old-style backquote form of substitution, back\ -slash retains its literal meaning e).4 F 1.238(xcept when fol-)-.15 F -(lo)108 136.8 Q .528(wed by)-.25 F F1($)3.028 E F0(,)A F1<92>3.028 E F0 -3.028(,o)C(r)-3.028 E F1(\\)3.028 E F0 5.528(.T)C .527(he \214rst backq\ -uote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substitution.) --5.528 F .092(When using the $\()108 148.8 R F2(command).833 E F0 2.592 -(\)f)1.666 G .092(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-2.592 -F 2.592(eu)-.1 G 2.592(pt)-2.592 G .092(he command; none are)-2.592 F -(treated specially)108 160.8 Q(.)-.65 E -(There is an alternate form of command substitution:)108 177.6 Q F1(${) -144 194.4 Q F2 2.5(cc)C(ommand)-2.5 E F1 1.666(;})C F0 .64(which e)108 -211.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)3.14 E F0 .639 -(in the current e)3.14 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cution en).15 F .639 -(vironment and captures its output, ag)-.4 F .639(ain with trailing)-.05 -F(ne)108 223.2 Q(wlines remo)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .27 -(The character)108 240 R F2(c)2.771 E F0(follo)2.771 E .271 +(The command substitution)5.192 F F1($\(cat)2.692 E F2(\214le)2.692 E F1 +(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 148.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b) +.25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1(\))A F0(.) +A -.4(Wi)108 165.6 S 1.237(th the old-style backquote form of substitut\ +ion, backslash retains its literal meaning e).4 F 1.237(xcept when fol-) +-.15 F(lo)108 177.6 Q .527(wed by)-.25 F F1($)3.027 E F0(,)A F1<92>3.027 +E F0 3.027(,o)C(r)-3.027 E F1(\\)3.027 E F0 5.527(.T)C .528(he \214rst \ +backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substituti\ +on.)-5.527 F .092(When using the $\()108 189.6 R F2(command).833 E F0 +2.592(\)f)1.666 G .092(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak) +-2.592 F 2.592(eu)-.1 G 2.592(pt)-2.592 G .092(he command; none are) +-2.592 F(treated specially)108 201.6 Q(.)-.65 E +(There is an alternate form of command substitution:)108 218.4 Q F1(${) +144 235.2 Q F2 2.5(cc)C(ommand)-2.5 E F1 1.666(;})C F0 .639(which e)108 +252 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)3.139 E F0 .639 +(in the current e)3.139 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cution en).15 F .639 +(vironment and captures its output, ag)-.4 F .64(ain with trailing)-.05 +F(ne)108 264 Q(wlines remo)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .271 +(The character)108 280.8 R F2(c)2.771 E F0(follo)2.771 E .271 (wing the open brace must be a space, tab, ne)-.25 F .271(wline, or)-.25 F F1(|)2.771 E F0 2.771(,a)C .271(nd the close brace must be in)-2.771 F -2.822(ap)108 252 S .322(osition where a reserv)-2.822 F .321(ed w)-.15 F -.321(ord may appear \(i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as se\ -micolon\).)-.1 F F1(Bash)108 264 Q F0(allo)2.709 E .209 +2.821(ap)108 292.8 S .321(osition where a reserv)-2.821 F .321(ed w)-.15 +F .321(ord may appear \(i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as \ +semicolon\).)-.1 F F1(Bash)108 304.8 Q F0(allo)2.71 E .21 (ws the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in the w) --.25 F .21(ord without being follo)-.1 F .21(wed by)-.25 F 2.5(as)108 -276 S(hell metacharacter as a reserv)-2.5 E(ed w)-.15 E(ord w)-.1 E -(ould usually require.)-.1 E(An)108 292.8 Q 3.384(ys)-.15 G .884(ide ef) +-.25 F .209(ord without being follo)-.1 F .209(wed by)-.25 F 2.5(as)108 +316.8 S(hell metacharacter as a reserv)-2.5 E(ed w)-.15 E(ord w)-.1 E +(ould usually require.)-.1 E(An)108 333.6 Q 3.384(ys)-.15 G .884(ide ef) -3.384 F .884(fects of)-.25 F F2(command)3.384 E F0(tak)3.384 E 3.384 (ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.384 G .884(ect immediately in the current e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .884(cution en).15 F .884(vironment and persist in)-.4 F -(the current en)108 304.8 Q +(the current en)108 345.6 Q (vironment after the command completes \(e.g., the)-.4 E F1(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin will e).2 E(xit the shell\).)-.15 E .221 -(This type of command substitution super\214cially resembles e)108 321.6 +(This type of command substitution super\214cially resembles e)108 362.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .221(cuting an unnamed shell function: local v).15 F (ari-)-.25 E .172(ables are created as when a shell function is e)108 -333.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .172(cuting, and the).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.672 G -(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 -.2(bu)2.672 G .171(iltin forces).2 F F2(command) -2.671 E F0 .171(to complete;)2.671 F(ho)108 345.6 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.52 -.4(r, t).15 H 1.72(he rest of the e).4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +374.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .172(cuting, and the).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.672 G +(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 -.2(bu)2.672 G .172(iltin forces).2 F F2(command) +2.672 E F0 .172(to complete;)2.672 F(ho)108 386.4 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.521 -.4(r, t).15 H 1.721(he rest of the e).4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.721(cution en).15 F 1.721 (vironment, including the positional parameters, is shared with the)-.4 -F(caller)108 357.6 Q(.)-.55 E .392(If the \214rst character follo)108 -374.4 R .392(wing the open brace is a)-.25 F F1(|)2.892 E F0 2.892(,t)C +F(caller)108 398.4 Q(.)-.55 E .392(If the \214rst character follo)108 +415.2 R .392(wing the open brace is a)-.25 F F1(|)2.892 E F0 2.892(,t)C .392(he construct e)-2.892 F .392(xpands to the v)-.15 F .392 (alue of the)-.25 F F1(REPL)2.892 E(Y)-.92 E F0(shell)2.892 E -.25(va) -108 386.4 S .505(riable after).25 F F2(command)3.005 E F0 -.15(exe)3.005 +108 427.2 S .505(riable after).25 F F2(command)3.005 E F0 -.15(exe)3.005 G .505(cutes, without remo).15 F .505(ving an)-.15 F 3.005(yt)-.15 G .505(railing ne)-3.005 F .505(wlines, and the standard output of)-.25 F -F2(com-)3.005 E(mand)108 398.4 Q F0 1.208 -(remains the same as in the calling shell.)3.709 F F1(Bash)6.208 E F0 +F2(com-)3.005 E(mand)108 439.2 Q F0 1.208 +(remains the same as in the calling shell.)3.708 F F1(Bash)6.208 E F0 (creates)3.708 E F1(REPL)3.708 E(Y)-.92 E F0 1.208 -(as an initially-unset local v)3.708 F(ariable)-.25 E(when)108 410.4 Q +(as an initially-unset local v)3.708 F(ariable)-.25 E(when)108 451.2 Q F2(command)3.514 E F0 -.15(exe)3.514 G 1.014(cutes, and restores).15 F F1(REPL)3.514 E(Y)-.92 E F0 1.014(to the v)3.514 F 1.014 (alue it had before the command substitution after)-.25 F F2(command)108 -422.4 Q F0(completes, as with an)2.5 E 2.5(yl)-.15 G(ocal v)-2.5 E -(ariable.)-.25 E .894(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 439.2 R +463.2 Q F0(completes, as with an)2.5 E 2.5(yl)-.15 G(ocal v)-2.5 E +(ariable.)-.25 E .894(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 480 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H .894 (est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F -(quotes with backslashes.)108 451.2 Q .004 -(If the substitution appears within double quotes,)108 468 R F1(bash) +(quotes with backslashes.)108 492 Q .004 +(If the substitution appears within double quotes,)108 508.8 R F1(bash) 2.504 E F0 .004(does not perform w)2.504 F .004 (ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion on the results.) -108 480 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 496.8 Q F0 1.035(Arithmetic e)108 -508.8 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G -1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.034 +108 520.8 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 537.6 Q F0 1.034(Arithmetic e)108 +549.6 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G +1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.035 (xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F -(The format for arithmetic e)108 520.8 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() -144 537.6 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 554.4 -Q F2 -.2(ex)2.735 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(under)2.975 E .235 +(The format for arithmetic e)108 561.6 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() +144 578.4 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 595.2 +Q F2 -.2(ex)2.736 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(under)2.976 E .236 (goes the same e)-.18 F .236 -(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .236 -(ut double quote charac-)-.2 F .421(ters in)108 566.4 R F2 -.2(ex)2.921 -G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .421(are not treated specially and are remo) -2.921 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.921(d. All).15 F(tok)2.92 E .42(ens in the e) --.1 F .42(xpression under)-.15 F .42(go parame-)-.18 F 1.209(ter and v) -108 578.4 R 1.209(ariable e)-.25 F 1.209 +(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .235 +(ut double quote charac-)-.2 F .42(ters in)108 607.2 R F2 -.2(ex)2.92 G +(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .42(are not treated specially and are remo) +2.92 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.921(d. All).15 F(tok)2.921 E .421(ens in the e) +-.1 F .421(xpression under)-.15 F .421(go parame-)-.18 F 1.21(ter and v) +108 619.2 R 1.21(ariable e)-.25 F 1.209 (xpansion, command substitution, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G -3.709(l. The).25 F 1.21(result is treated as the arith-)3.709 F(metic e) -108 590.4 Q(xpression to be e)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5 +3.709(l. The).25 F 1.209(result is treated as the arith-)3.709 F +(metic e)108 631.2 Q(xpression to be e)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5 (luated. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E -1.379(The e)108 607.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 +1.378(The e)108 648 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 (luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu) -.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F (ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -(If)5.878 E F2 -.2(ex)108 619.2 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E +(If)5.879 E F2 -.2(ex)108 660 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f) -2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F1(Pr)87 636 Q -(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 648 Q .405(ocess substitution)-.45 -F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405 +2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F1(Pr)87 676.8 Q +(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 688.8 Q .405(ocess substitution) +-.45 F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405 (nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405 -(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 660 Q F1(<\()3.251 E F2 -(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0(or)3.251 E F1(>\()3.251 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E -F0 5.751(.T)C .751(he process)-5.751 F F2(list)3.251 E F0 .751 +(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 700.8 Q F1(<\()3.25 E F2 +(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0(or)3.25 E F1(>\()3.25 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E +F0 5.75(.T)C .751(he process)-5.75 F F2(list)3.251 E F0 .751 (is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751 -(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .147 -(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 672 R .148 -(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.648 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.648 E F1(>\()2.648 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E -F0 .56(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 684 R .56 +(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .148 +(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 712.8 R .148 +(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.647 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.647 E F1(>\()2.647 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E +F0 .559(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 724.8 R .559 (vide input for)-.15 F F2(list)3.059 E F0 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G -(he)-3.059 E F1(<\()3.059 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .559 -(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.059 F(ar)108 696 Q .308 -(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F2(list)2.808 E F0 -5.308(.P)C .309(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-) --5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 708 Q F2(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt) --2.5 G(he)-2.5 E F1(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 -(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .897(When a)108 724.8 R -.25(va) --.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\ -h parameter and v).25 F .896(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(27)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(he)-3.059 E F1(<\()3.06 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .56 +(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.06 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 June 16)148.175 E(27)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 28 28 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 84 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF -.75(Wo)87 100.8 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142 -(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 112.8 R 1.143 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143 -(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 124.8 Q -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.) -.22 E .063(The shell treats each character of)108 141.6 R/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 -G .063(nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063 -(xpansions into w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E -(using these characters as \214eld terminators.)108 153.6 Q(If)108 170.4 -Q F3(IFS)3.082 E F0 .582(is unset, or its v)2.832 F .582(alue is e)-.25 -F(xactly)-.15 E F1()3.082 E F0 3.082(,t)C .582 -(he def)-3.082 F .583(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F1(space)3.083 E F0 -(,)A F1(tab)3.083 E F0(,)A(and)108 182.4 Q F1(newline)3.627 E F0 1.126 -(at the be)3.627 F 1.126(ginning and end of the results of the pre)-.15 -F 1.126(vious e)-.25 F 1.126(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 3.626 -(ys)-.15 G(e-)-3.626 E .428(quence of)108 194.4 R F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(ar)108 84 Q .309 +(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)2.808 E F0 5.308(.P)C .308 +(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-)-5.308 F +(port named pipes \()108 96 Q F1(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he) +-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 +(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .896(When a)108 112.8 R -.25(va) +-.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\ +h parameter and v).25 F .897(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E +(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 124.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 +-.75(Wo)87 141.6 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143 +(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 153.6 R 1.142 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142 +(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 165.6 Q +F1(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 +(The shell treats each character of)108 182.4 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 +(nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) +-.15 F(ords)-.1 E(using these characters as \214eld terminators.)108 +194.4 Q(If)108 211.2 Q F3(IFS)3.083 E F0 .583(is unset, or its v)2.833 F +.582(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F2()3.082 E F0 +3.082(,t)C .582(he def)-3.082 F .582(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F2 +(space)3.082 E F0(,)A F2(tab)3.082 E F0(,)A(and)108 223.2 Q F2(newline) +3.626 E F0 1.126(at the be)3.626 F 1.126 +(ginning and end of the results of the pre)-.15 F 1.126(vious e)-.25 F +1.126(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 3.627(ys)-.15 G(e-)-3.627 E +.429(quence of)108 235.2 R F3(IFS)2.929 E F0 .428 (characters not at the be)2.678 F .428(ginning or end serv)-.15 F .428 (es to delimit w)-.15 F 2.928(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428 -(has a v)2.678 F .429(alue other than)-.25 F .582(the def)108 206.4 R -.582(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F1(space) -3.081 E F0(,)A F1(tab)3.081 E F0 3.081(,a)C(nd)-3.081 E F1(newline)3.081 -E F0 .581(are ignored at the be)3.081 F(gin-)-.15 E .007 -(ning and end of the w)108 218.4 R .007 +(has a v)2.678 F .428(alue other than)-.25 F .581(the def)108 247.2 R +.581(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F2(space) +3.081 E F0(,)A F2(tab)3.081 E F0 3.081(,a)C(nd)-3.081 E F2(newline)3.081 +E F0 .582(are ignored at the be)3.081 F(gin-)-.15 E .008 +(ning and end of the w)108 259.2 R .007 (ord, as long as the whitespace character is in the v)-.1 F .007 -(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.508 E F0(\(an)2.258 E F3(IFS)2.508 E F0 .008 -(whitespace char)2.258 F(-)-.2 E 2.815(acter\). An)108 230.4 R 2.815(yc) --.15 G .315(haracter in)-2.815 F F3(IFS)2.815 E F0 .315(that is not) +(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.507 E F0(\(an)2.257 E F3(IFS)2.507 E F0 .007 +(whitespace char)2.257 F(-)-.2 E 2.814(acter\). An)108 271.2 R 2.814(yc) +-.15 G .315(haracter in)-2.814 F F3(IFS)2.815 E F0 .315(that is not) 2.565 F F3(IFS)2.815 E F0 .315(whitespace, along with an)2.565 F 2.815 -(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.815 E F3(IFS)2.815 E F0 .314 -(whitespace characters,)2.564 F(delimits a \214eld.)108 242.4 Q 2.5(As)5 +(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.815 E F3(IFS)2.815 E F0 .315 +(whitespace characters,)2.565 F(delimits a \214eld.)108 283.2 Q 2.5(As)5 G(equence of)-2.5 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F0 (whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter)2.25 E(.)-.55 E -.161(If the v)108 259.2 R .161(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.661 E F0 .161 +.162(If the v)108 300 R .161(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.661 E F0 .161 (is null, no w)2.411 F .161(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 F(If)5.161 E F3 (IFS)2.661 E F0 .161(is unset, w)2.411 F .161(ord splitting beha)-.1 F --.15(ve)-.2 G 2.661(sa).15 G 2.661(si)-2.661 G 2.661(fi)-2.661 G 2.662 -(tc)-2.661 G(ontained)-2.662 E(the def)108 271.2 Q(ault v)-.1 E(alue of) --.25 E F1()2.5 E F0(.)A .783(Explicit null ar)108 -288 R .783(guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G F0(or)2.449 E F1 .833 +-.15(ve)-.2 G 2.661(sa).15 G 2.661(si)-2.661 G 2.661(fi)-2.661 G 2.661 +(tc)-2.661 G(ontained)-2.661 E(the def)108 312 Q(ault v)-.1 E(alue of) +-.25 E F2()2.5 E F0(.)A .782(Explicit null ar)108 +328.8 R .782(guments \()-.18 F F2 .833("").833 G F0(or)2.449 E F2 .833 <0808>4.115 G F0 3.282(\)a)C .782 -(re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-3.282 F .782 -(Unquoted im-)5.782 F .178(plicit null ar)108 300 R .179 +(re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-3.282 F .783 +(Unquoted im-)5.783 F .179(plicit null ar)108 340.8 R .179 (guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .179 (xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .479 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.679(ov).15 -G .179(alues, are remo)-2.929 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.679(d. If).15 F 2.679 -(ap)2.679 G(a-)-2.679 E .319(rameter with no v)108 312 R .319(alue is e) --.25 F .319(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F .319 -(gument results and is retained and passed)-.18 F -(to a command as an empty string.)108 324 Q(When a quoted null ar)5 E -.001(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 F .001(ord whose e)-.1 F -(xpansion)-.15 E .984(is non-null, the null ar)108 336 R .984 -(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.483(d. That).15 F .983 -(is, the w)3.483 F(ord)-.1 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF -5.1673.483 -F F0(becomes)3.483 E F43.483 E F0 .983(after w)3.483 F .983 -(ord splitting and)-.1 F(null ar)108 348 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va) --.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 364.8 Q -(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 381.6 S -(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 393.6 R .37 -(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F12.87 E F0 .37 -(option has been set,)2.87 F F1(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F -.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F1(?)2.871 E F0 -2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F1([)2.871 E F0(.)A .634 +G .179(alues, are remo)-2.929 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.678(d. If).15 F 2.678 +(ap)2.678 G(a-)-2.678 E .318(rameter with no v)108 352.8 R .319 +(alue is e)-.25 F .319(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F +.319(gument results and is retained and passed)-.18 F .001 +(to a command as an empty string.)108 364.8 R .001 +(When a quoted null ar)5.001 F(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 E +(ord whose e)-.1 E(xpansion)-.15 E .983(is non-null, the null ar)108 +376.8 R .983(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.483(d. That).15 F +.983(is, the w)3.483 F(ord)-.1 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF -5.167 +3.483 F F0(becomes)3.484 E F43.484 E F0 .984(after w)3.484 F .984 +(ord splitting and)-.1 F(null ar)108 388.8 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va) +-.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 405.6 Q +(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 422.4 S +(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .371(After w)108 434.4 R .371 +(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F22.871 E F0 .371 +(option has been set,)2.871 F F2(bash)2.871 E F0 .37(scans each w)2.87 F +.37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F2(*)2.87 E F0(,)A F2(?)2.87 E F0 2.87 +(,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F2([)2.87 E F0(.)A .633 (If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the w)108 -405.6 R .634(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .633(rded as a).05 F F2 -(pattern)4.383 E F0 3.133(,a).24 G .633(nd replaced)-3.133 F 1.34(with \ +446.4 R .634(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .634(rded as a).05 F F1 +(pattern)4.384 E F0 3.134(,a).24 G .634(nd replaced)-3.134 F 1.34(with \ an alphabetically sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see) -108 417.6 R F3 -.09(Pa)3.84 G(tter).09 E 3.59(nM)-.135 G(atching)-3.59 E -F0(belo)3.59 E 3.84(w\). If)-.25 F(no)3.84 E .534 -(matching \214lenames are found, and the shell option)108 429.6 R F1 +108 458.4 R F3 -.09(Pa)3.84 G(tter).09 E 3.59(nM)-.135 G(atching)-3.59 E +F0(belo)3.589 E 3.839(w\). If)-.25 F(no)3.839 E .534 +(matching \214lenames are found, and the shell option)108 470.4 R F2 (nullglob)3.034 E F0 .534(is not enabled, the w)3.034 F .534 -(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F(If)5.534 E(the)108 441.6 Q F1(nullglob) -3.284 E F0 .785(option is set, and no matches are found, the w)3.284 F -.785(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.285(d. If).15 F(the)3.285 E F1 -(failglob)3.285 E F0 .785(shell option is)3.285 F .754(set, and no matc\ +(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F(If)5.535 E(the)108 482.4 Q F2(nullglob) +3.285 E F0 .785(option is set, and no matches are found, the w)3.285 F +.785(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.285(d. If).15 F(the)3.284 E F2 +(failglob)3.284 E F0 .784(shell option is)3.284 F .754(set, and no matc\ hes are found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 -453.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.254(cuted. If).15 F .754(the shell)3.254 F -(option)108 465.6 Q F1(nocaseglob)3.263 E F0 .763 -(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.263 F -.05(ga)-.15 G -.764(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .039 -(When a pattern is used for pathname e)108 477.6 R .039 -(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.539 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 +494.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.255(cuted. If).15 F .755(the shell)3.255 F +(option)108 506.4 Q F2(nocaseglob)3.264 E F0 .763 +(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.264 F -.05(ga)-.15 G +.763(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .039 +(When a pattern is used for pathname e)108 518.4 R .039 +(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F2 -.63(``)2.539 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .039(at the start of a name or immediately fol-)5.039 F(lo)108 -489.6 Q .19(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.69 -(,u)-.65 G .19(nless the shell option)-2.69 F F1(dotglob)2.691 E F0 .191 -(is set.)2.691 F .191(In order to match the \214le-)5.191 F(names)108 -501.6 Q F1 -.63(``)3.645 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)6.145 E F1 -.63 -(``)3.645 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 3.645(,t).63 G 1.145 -(he pattern must be)-3.645 F 1.145(gin with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E 2.625 +530.4 Q .191(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E +2.691(,u)-.65 G .191(nless the shell option)-2.691 F F2(dotglob)2.69 E +F0 .19(is set.)2.69 F .19(In order to match the \214le-)5.19 F(names)108 +542.4 Q F2 -.63(``)3.644 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)6.144 E F2 -.63 +(``)3.644 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 3.644(,t).63 G 1.145 +(he pattern must be)-3.644 F 1.145(gin with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E 2.625 -.74('' \()-.7 H 1.145(for e).74 F 1.145(xample, `)-.15 F(`.?')-.74 E -1.145('\), e)-.74 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.645(ni).15 G(f)-3.645 E F1(dotglob) -3.644 E F0 1.144(is set.)3.644 F 1.144(If the)6.144 F F1(globskipdots) -108 513.6 Q F0 .153(shell option is enabled, the \214lenames)2.653 F F1 --.63(``)2.653 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.153 E F1 -.63(``)2.654 G -(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .154(are ne)5.784 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(rm) -.15 G .154(atched, e)-2.654 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(ni).15 G 2.654(ft) --2.654 G .154(he pattern be-)-2.654 F .12(gins with a)108 525.6 R F1 +1.145('\), e)-.74 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.645(ni).15 G(f)-3.645 E F2(dotglob) +3.645 E F0 1.145(is set.)3.645 F 1.145(If the)6.145 F F2(globskipdots) +108 554.4 Q F0 .154(shell option is enabled, the \214lenames)2.654 F F2 +-.63(``)2.654 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.154 E F2 -.63(``)2.654 G +(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .153(are ne)5.783 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.653(rm) +.15 G .153(atched, e)-2.653 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.653(ni).15 G 2.653(ft) +-2.653 G .153(he pattern be-)-2.653 F .12(gins with a)108 566.4 R F2 -.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 5.12(.W)C .12 -(hen not matching pathnames, the)-5.12 F F1 -.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G +(hen not matching pathnames, the)-5.12 F F2 -.63(``)2.62 G -.55(.').63 G (')-.08 E F0 .12(character is not treated specially)5.12 F 5.12(.W)-.65 -G .12(hen matching)-5.12 F 3.54(ap)108 537.6 S 1.04 -(athname, the slash character must al)-3.54 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.04 -(ys be matched e).1 F 1.041(xplicitly by a slash in the pattern, b)-.15 -F 1.041(ut in other)-.2 F .132(matching conte)108 549.6 R .132 +G .12(hen matching)-5.12 F 3.541(ap)108 578.4 S 1.041 +(athname, the slash character must al)-3.541 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.041 +(ys be matched e).1 F 1.04(xplicitly by a slash in the pattern, b)-.15 F +1.04(ut in other)-.2 F .131(matching conte)108 590.4 R .132 (xts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described belo) --.15 F 2.631(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.631 E F3 -.09(Pa)2.631 G(tter).09 E 2.381 -(nM)-.135 G(atch-)-2.381 E(ing)108 561.6 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -.605(See the description of)5.105 F F1(shopt)3.105 E F0(belo)3.105 E +-.15 F 2.632(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.632 E F3 -.09(Pa)2.632 G(tter).09 E 2.382 +(nM)-.135 G(atch-)-2.382 E(ing)108 602.4 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +.606(See the description of)5.106 F F2(shopt)3.106 E F0(belo)3.106 E 3.106(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.106 E F3 .606(SHELL B)3.106 F(UIL)-.09 E .606 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .606(for a description of the)2.856 F F1(no-) -3.106 E(caseglob)108 573.6 Q F0(,)A F1(nullglob)2.5 E F0(,)A F1 -(globskipdots)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1 -(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 590.4 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE) -2.562 E F0 .062(shell v)2.312 F .061 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .605(for a description of the)2.855 F F2(no-) +3.105 E(caseglob)108 614.4 Q F0(,)A F2(nullglob)2.5 E F0(,)A F2 +(globskipdots)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2 +(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 631.2 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE) +2.561 E F0 .061(shell v)2.311 F .061 (ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25 -F F2(pattern)3.811 E F0 5.061(.I).24 G(f)-5.061 E F3(GLO-)2.561 E -(BIGNORE)108 602.4 Q F0 1.096(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ -so matches one of the patterns in)3.346 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.597 E F0 1.097 -(is re-)3.347 F(mo)108 614.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.851(df).15 G .351 -(rom the list of matches.)-2.851 F .351(If the)5.351 F F1(nocaseglob) +F F1(pattern)3.812 E F0 5.062(.I).24 G(f)-5.062 E F3(GLO-)2.562 E +(BIGNORE)108 643.2 Q F0 1.096(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ +so matches one of the patterns in)3.347 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.596 E F0 1.096 +(is re-)3.346 F(mo)108 655.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.85(df).15 G .351 +(rom the list of matches.)-2.85 F .351(If the)5.351 F F2(nocaseglob) 2.851 E F0 .351(option is set, the matching ag)2.851 F .351 -(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F3(GLO-)2.85 E(BIGNORE)108 626.4 Q F0 1.48 -(is performed without re)3.73 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.48(rd to case.).05 F -1.48(The \214lenames)6.48 F F1 -.63(``)3.98 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 -(and)6.48 E F1 -.63(``)3.98 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 1.481(are al) -7.11 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.481(ys ignored when).1 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)108 638.4 Q -F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 .827 -(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of)-.25 F -.682(enabling the)108 650.4 R F1(dotglob)3.182 E F0 .682 -(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.182 F .682(ginning with a) --.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.) -5.682 F 2.283 -.8(To g)5.683 H .683(et the old).8 F(beha)108 662.4 Q -1.185(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.185(ginning with a)-.15 F -F1 -.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e) --.1 E F1 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.184 -(one of the patterns in)6.184 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.684 E F5(.)A F0(The)108 -674.4 Q F1(dotglob)3.131 E F0 .631(option is disabled when)3.131 F F3 -(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632(is unset.)2.882 F .632 -(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 F(the)108 686.4 Q F1 -(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E(The)108 703.2 Q F3(GLOBSOR)2.5 E -(T)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable controls ho).25 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G -(he results of pathname e)-2.5 E(xpansion are sorted, as described abo) --.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 720 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 -G(atching)-2.5 E F0(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(28) -197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F3(GLO-)2.851 E(BIGNORE)108 667.2 Q F0 +1.481(is performed without re)3.731 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.48(rd to case.) +.05 F 1.48(The \214lenames)6.48 F F2 -.63(``)3.98 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 +E F0(and)6.48 E F2 -.63(``)3.98 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 1.48 +(are al)7.11 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.48(ys ignored when).1 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)108 +679.2 Q F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 +.827(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of) +-.25 F .683(enabling the)108 691.2 R F2(dotglob)3.183 E F0 .682 +(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.183 F .682(ginning with a) +-.15 F F2 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.) +5.682 F 2.282 -.8(To g)5.682 H .682(et the old).8 F(beha)108 703.2 Q +1.184(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.184(ginning with a)-.15 F +F2 -.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e) +-.1 E F2 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.185 +(one of the patterns in)6.185 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.685 E F5(.)A F0(The)108 +715.2 Q F2(dotglob)3.132 E F0 .632(option is disabled when)3.132 F F3 +(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632(is unset.)2.882 F .631 +(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 F(the)108 727.2 Q F2 +(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 June 16)148.175 E(28)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 29 29 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(An)108 84 Q 3.138 -(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a pattern, other than the spec\ -ial pattern characters described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H -(atches).65 E 2.721(itself. The)108 96 R .221 -(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)2.721 F 2.721(Ab)5.221 G .221 -(ackslash escapes the follo)-2.721 F .222(wing character; the es-)-.25 F -.418(caping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 108 R .418 -(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.418 F 2.918(ya) --.15 G .418(re to)-2.918 F(be matched literally)108 120 Q(.)-.65 E -(The special pattern characters ha)108 136.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)144 153.6 -Q F0 .376(Matches an)180 153.6 R 2.876(ys)-.15 G .376 -(tring, including the null string.)-2.876 F .376(When the)5.376 F F1 -(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 165.6 -Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The)108 84 Q/F1 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBSOR)2.5 E(T)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G +(riable controls ho).25 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he results of pathname e)-2.5 E +(xpansion are sorted, as described abo)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1(Pa)108 100.8 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching) +-2.5 E F0(An)108 117.6 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in \ +a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described belo) +-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 2.722(itself. The)108 129.6 +R .221(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)2.722 F 2.721(Ab)5.221 +G .221(ackslash escapes the follo)-2.721 F .221(wing character; the es-) +-.25 F .418(caping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 141.6 R +.418(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.418 F 2.919 +(ya)-.15 G .419(re to)-2.919 F(be matched literally)108 153.6 Q(.)-.65 E +(The special pattern characters ha)108 170.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2(*)144 187.2 Q F0 .377 +(Matches an)180 187.2 R 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376 +(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 F .376(When the)5.376 F F2 +(globstar)2.876 E F0 .376(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 199.2 +Q F2(*)3.275 E F0 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775 (xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 -E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058 +E F2(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058 (will match all \214les and zero or more directories and subdirectories\ -.)180 177.6 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E -F0(,)A(tw)180 189.6 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C -(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 201.6 Q -F0(Matches an)180 201.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E -F1([...])144 213.6 Q F0 .579(Matches an)180 213.6 R 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579 -(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.079 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .578 -(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .684 -(denotes a)180 225.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.184 G(ng).15 E +.)180 211.2 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F2(/)3.558 E +F0(,)A(tw)180 223.2 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F2(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C +(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F2(?)144 235.2 Q +F0(Matches an)180 235.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E +F2([...])144 247.2 Q F0 .578(Matches an)180 247.2 R 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578 +(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.078 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .579 +(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .685 +(denotes a)180 259.2 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.185 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c) -3.184 H .684(haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F -3.185(oc)-.1 G .685(haracters, inclu-)-3.185 F(si)180 237.6 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.713(,u).15 G 1.213(sing the current locale')-3.713 F 3.712(sc) +3.184(oc)-.1 G .684(haracters, inclu-)-3.184 F(si)180 271.2 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.712(,u).15 G 1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc) -.55 G 1.212(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F -1.212(If the)6.212 F 1.123(\214rst character follo)180 249.6 R 1.123 -(wing the)-.25 F F1([)3.623 E F0 1.123(is a)3.623 F F1(!)3.623 E F0 -1.124(or a)6.123 F F1(^)3.624 E F0 1.124(then an)3.624 F 3.624(yc)-.15 G -1.124(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.624 F 1.045 -(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 261.6 R 1.044 +1.213(If the)6.213 F 1.124(\214rst character follo)180 283.2 R 1.124 +(wing the)-.25 F F2([)3.624 E F0 1.124(is a)3.624 F F2(!)3.624 E F0 +1.124(or a)6.124 F F2(^)3.623 E F0 1.123(then an)3.623 F 3.623(yc)-.15 G +1.123(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.623 F 1.044 +(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 295.2 R 1.045 (xpressions, and the characters included in the)-.15 F 2.34 -(range, are determined by the current locale and the v)180 273.6 R 2.341 -(alues of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LC_COLLA)4.841 E(TE)-.855 E F0 -(or)4.591 E F3(LC_ALL)180 285.6 Q F0 1.079(shell v)3.329 F 1.079 -(ariables, if set.)-.25 F 2.679 -.8(To o)6.079 H 1.079 -(btain the traditional interpretation of range e).8 F(xpres-)-.15 E .392 -(sions, where)180 297.6 R F1([a\255d])2.892 E F0 .392(is equi)2.892 F --.25(va)-.25 G .392(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.893 E F0 2.893(,s)C .393 -(et v)-2.893 F .393(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LC_ALL)2.893 E F0 .393 -(shell v)2.893 F .393(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.893 E F0(,)A .9 -(or enable the)180 309.6 R F1(globasciiranges)3.4 E F0 .9(shell option.) -3.4 F(A)5.899 E F13.399 E F0 .899 +(range, are determined by the current locale and the v)180 307.2 R 2.34 +(alues of the)-.25 F F1(LC_COLLA)4.84 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or)4.59 E F1 +(LC_ALL)180 319.2 Q F0 1.078(shell v)3.328 F 1.078(ariables, if set.) +-.25 F 2.679 -.8(To o)6.079 H 1.079 +(btain the traditional interpretation of range e).8 F(xpres-)-.15 E .393 +(sions, where)180 331.2 R F2([a\255d])2.893 E F0 .393(is equi)2.893 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .393(lent to).25 F F2([abcd])2.893 E F0 2.893(,s)C .393 +(et v)-2.893 F .393(alue of the)-.25 F F2(LC_ALL)2.892 E F0 .392 +(shell v)2.892 F .392(ariable to)-.25 F F2(C)2.892 E F0(,)A .899 +(or enable the)180 343.2 R F2(globasciiranges)3.399 E F0 .899 +(shell option.)3.399 F(A)5.899 E F23.399 E F0 .9 (may be matched by including it as the)3.399 F .405 -(\214rst or last character in the set.)180 321.6 R(A)5.405 E F1(])2.905 +(\214rst or last character in the set.)180 355.2 R(A)5.405 E F2(])2.905 E F0 .405(may be matched by including it as the \214rst character)2.905 -F(in the set.)180 333.6 Q -.4(Wi)180 351.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.071 E F0 -(and)3.071 E F1(])3.071 E F0(,)A F2 -.15(ch)3.071 G(ar).15 E .571 +F(in the set.)180 367.2 Q -.4(Wi)180 385.2 S(thin).4 E F2([)3.07 E F0 +(and)3.07 E F2(])3.07 E F0(,)A F3 -.15(ch)3.07 G(ar).15 E .571 (acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 -F F1([:)3.07 E F2(class)A F1(:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F2(class) -3.07 E F0(is one of the follo)180 363.6 Q -(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 5.889 -(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 375.6 R 5.889 -(wer print punct space up-)-.1 F 5(per w)180 387.6 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F -F0 4.29(Ac)180 399.6 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc) --.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1 --.1(wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E -(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 411.6 Q -.4(Wi) -180 429.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F1(])4.536 E F0 4.536 -(,a)C(n)-4.536 E F2 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.537 E F2(c)A F1(=]) -A F0 4.537(,w)C(hich)-4.537 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ - collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 441.6 R -(the character)180 453.6 Q F2(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 471.6 S(thin).4 -E F1([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.) -2.5 E F2(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F2 -(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .539(If the)108 488.4 R F1(extglob)3.039 E F0 .539 -(shell option is enabled using the)3.039 F F1(shopt)3.039 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.039 G .54(iltin, the shell recognizes se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .54 -(ral e).15 F .54(xtended pattern)-.15 F .038(matching operators.)108 -500.4 R .038(In the follo)5.038 F .038(wing description, a)-.25 F F2 -(pattern-list)2.538 E F0 .037 -(is a list of one or more patterns separated by)2.538 F(a)108 512.4 Q F1 +F F2([:)3.071 E F3(class)A F2(:])A F0 3.071(,w)C(here)-3.071 E F3(class) +3.071 E F0(is one of the follo)180 397.2 Q +(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F2 5.889 +(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 409.2 R 5.889 +(wer print punct space up-)-.1 F 5(per w)180 421.2 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F +F0 4.289(Ac)180 433.2 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.289 F 4.289 +(yc)-.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E +F2 -.1(wo)4.29 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.29 E +(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 445.2 Q -.4(Wi) +180 463.2 S(thin).4 E F2([)4.537 E F0(and)4.537 E F2(])4.537 E F0 4.537 +(,a)C(n)-4.537 E F3 2.037(equivalence class)4.537 F F0 2.036 +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F2([=)4.536 E F3(c)A F2(=]) +A F0 4.536(,w)C(hich)-4.536 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ + collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 475.2 R +(the character)180 487.2 Q F3(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 505.2 S(thin).4 +E F2([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F2([.) +2.5 E F3(symbol)A F2(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F3 +(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .54(If the)108 522 R F2(extglob)3.04 E F0 .54 +(shell option is enabled using the)3.04 F F2(shopt)3.039 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.039 G .539(iltin, the shell recognizes se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .539 +(ral e).15 F .539(xtended pattern)-.15 F .037(matching operators.)108 +534 R .037(In the follo)5.037 F .037(wing description, a)-.25 F F3 +(pattern-list)2.538 E F0 .038 +(is a list of one or more patterns separated by)2.538 F(a)108 546 Q F2 (|)2.5 E F0 5(.C)C (omposite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)-5 E -(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 536.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 -(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 548.4 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 560.4 Q F2 -(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 -(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 572.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 584.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 -(\)).833 E F0(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 596.4 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 608.4 Q F2 -(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 620.4 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 632.4 Q F2 -(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches an)180 644.4 Q(ything e) --.15 E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns) --2.5 E(The)108 661.2 Q F1(extglob)2.791 E F0 .291 -(option changes the beha)2.791 F .291(vior of the parser)-.2 F 2.791(,s) --.4 G .292(ince the parentheses are normally treated as opera-)-2.791 F -.105(tors with syntactic meaning.)108 673.2 R 1.705 -.8(To e)5.105 H -.105(nsure that e).8 F .105 -(xtended matching patterns are parsed correctly)-.15 F 2.604(,m)-.65 G -(ak)-2.604 E 2.604(es)-.1 G .104(ure that)-2.604 F F1(extglob)108 685.2 +(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F2(?\()144 570 Q F3(pattern-list).833 E F2 +(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 582 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(*\()144 594 Q F3(pattern-list) +.833 E F2(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 +606 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(+\()144 618 Q F3 +(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F0 +(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 630 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(@\()144 642 Q F3(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)) +.833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 654 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G +(atterns)-2.5 E F2(!\()144 666 Q F3(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F0 +(Matches an)180 678 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E(The)108 694.8 Q F2(extglob)2.792 +E F0 .292(option changes the beha)2.792 F .291(vior of the parser)-.2 F +2.791(,s)-.4 G .291(ince the parentheses are normally treated as opera-) +-2.791 F .104(tors with syntactic meaning.)108 706.8 R 1.704 -.8(To e) +5.104 H .105(nsure that e).8 F .105 +(xtended matching patterns are parsed correctly)-.15 F 2.605(,m)-.65 G +(ak)-2.605 E 2.605(es)-.1 G .105(ure that)-2.605 F F2(extglob)108 718.8 Q F0 1.355(is enabled before parsing constructs containing the patterns\ -, including shell functions and com-)3.854 F(mand substitutions.)108 -697.2 Q .988(When matching \214lenames, the)108 714 R F1(dotglob)3.488 E -F0 .988 -(shell option determines the set of \214lenames that are tested: when) -3.488 F F1(dotglob)108 726 Q F0 1.391 -(is enabled, the set of \214lenames includes all \214les be)3.891 F -1.392(ginning with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E -.74('')-.7 G 3.892(,b).74 G 1.392 -(ut `)-4.092 F(`.)-.74 E 2.872 -.74('' a)-.7 H 1.392(nd `).74 F(`..)-.74 -E 2.872 -.74('' m)-.7 H 1.392(ust be).74 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 15)148.175 E(29)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +, including shell functions and com-)3.855 F(mand substitutions.)108 +730.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(29)197.335 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 30 30 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .298 -(matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that be)108 84 R .298 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .988 +(When matching \214lenames, the)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dotglob) +3.488 E F0 .988 +(shell option determines the set of \214lenames that are tested: when) +3.488 F F1(dotglob)108 96 Q F0 1.392 +(is enabled, the set of \214lenames includes all \214les be)3.892 F +1.392(ginning with `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E -.74('')-.7 G 3.891(,b).74 G 1.391 +(ut `)-4.091 F(`.)-.74 E 2.871 -.74('' a)-.7 H 1.391(nd `).74 F(`..)-.74 +E 2.871 -.74('' m)-.7 H 1.391(ust be).74 F .298 +(matched by a pattern or sub-pattern that be)108 108 R .298 (gins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include an)-.15 -F(y)-.15 E .327(\214lenames be)108 96 R .327(ginning with `)-.15 F(`.) --.74 E 1.807 -.74('' u)-.7 H .327(nless the pattern or sub-pattern be) +F(y)-.15 E .328(\214lenames be)108 120 R .328(ginning with `)-.15 F(`.) +-.74 E 1.808 -.74('' u)-.7 H .327(nless the pattern or sub-pattern be) .74 F .327(gins with a `)-.15 F(`.)-.74 E -.74('')-.7 G 5.327(.A).74 G -2.827(sa)-5.327 G(bo)-2.827 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.828(,`).15 G(`.)-3.568 E -1.808 -.74('' o)-.7 H .328(nly has a).74 F -(special meaning when matching \214lenames.)108 108 Q .969 -(Complicated e)108 124.8 R .969(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F .969 -(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.268 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .968 -(specially when the patterns contain).65 F .09 -(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 136.8 R .091 -(Using separate matches ag)5.091 F .091(ainst shorter strings, or us-) +2.827(sa)-5.327 G(bo)-2.827 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.827(,`).15 G(`.)-3.567 E +1.807 -.74('' o)-.7 H .327(nly has a).74 F +(special meaning when matching \214lenames.)108 132 Q .968 +(Complicated e)108 148.8 R .968(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F .968 +(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.269 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .969 +(specially when the patterns contain).65 F .091 +(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 160.8 R .091 +(Using separate matches ag)5.091 F .09(ainst shorter strings, or us-) -.05 F(ing arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be f) -108 148.8 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Quote Remo)87 -165.6 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.113(After the preceding e)108 177.6 R -1.113(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1 -(\\)3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.612 E F0 3.612(,a)C(nd)-3.612 E F1(")4.445 E -F0 1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 189.6 Q .3 +108 172.8 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(Quote Remo)87 189.6 Q -.1(va)-.1 G +(l).1 E F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 201.6 R 1.112 +(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\) +3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.613 E F0 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F1(")4.446 E F0 +1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 213.6 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F2 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 206.4 Q F0 .545 -(Before a command is e)108 218.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 230.4 Q F0 .545 +(Before a command is e)108 242.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 (cuted, its input and output may be).15 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37 (re)3.045 G(dir).37 E(ected)-.37 E F0 .545 -(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .429(by the shell.)108 -230.4 R F3(Redir)5.428 E(ection)-.37 E F0(allo)2.928 E .428(ws commands\ +(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .428(by the shell.)108 +254.4 R F3(Redir)5.428 E(ection)-.37 E F0(allo)2.928 E .428(ws commands\ ' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to)-.25 -F(dif)108 242.4 Q 1.019(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les the \ -command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.02(Redirection may also be) -6.02 F .215(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 -254.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F +F(dif)108 266.4 Q 1.02(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les the c\ +ommand reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.019(Redirection may also be) +6.019 F .215(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 +278.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F (follo)2.715 E .215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .862 -(may precede or appear an)108 266.4 R .862(ywhere within a)-.15 F F3 +(may precede or appear an)108 290.4 R .862(ywhere within a)-.15 F F3 .862(simple command)3.702 F F0 .862(or may follo)4.132 F 3.362(wa)-.25 G F3(command).2 E F0 5.862(.R).77 G .862(edirections are)-5.862 F -(processed in the order the)108 278.4 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5 +(processed in the order the)108 302.4 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5 (,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Each redirection that may be p\ receded by a \214le descriptor number may instead be preceded by a w)108 -295.2 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .292(the form {)108 307.2 R F3(varname)A F0 +319.2 R .772(ord of)-.1 F .293(the form {)108 331.2 R F3(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F -.293(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.18<618c>108 -319.2 S .679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to) --3.18 F F3(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 -(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F3(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 331.2 Q -F0 .599(}, the v)B .599(alue of)-.25 F F3(varname)3.099 E F0 .599 -(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.099 F .6(If {)5.6 F F3 -(varname)A F0 3.1(}i)C 3.1(ss)-3.1 G .6(upplied, the redirection)-3.1 F -.794(persists be)108 343.2 R .794(yond the scope of the command, allo) --.15 F .793(wing the shell programmer to manage the \214le descriptor') --.25 F(s)-.55 E(lifetime manually)108 355.2 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(he)-5 E F1 -.1 -(va)2.5 G(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F0(shell option manages this beha) -2.5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .283(In the follo)108 372 R .284(wing descrip\ -tions, if the \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst char\ -acter of the redirect-)-.25 F .513(ion operator is)108 384 R F1(<)3.012 -E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 +.293(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.179<618c>108 +343.2 S .679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to) +-3.179 F F3(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 +(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F3(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 355.2 Q +F0 .6(}, the v)B .6(alue of)-.25 F F3(varname)3.1 E F0 .599 +(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.1 F .599(If {)5.599 F F3 +(varname)A F0 3.099(}i)C 3.099(ss)-3.099 G .599 +(upplied, the redirection)-3.099 F .793(persists be)108 367.2 R .793 +(yond the scope of the command, allo)-.15 F .794 +(wing the shell programmer to manage the \214le descriptor')-.25 F(s) +-.55 E(lifetime manually)108 379.2 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(he)-5 E F1 -.1(va)2.5 G +(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F0(shell option manages this beha)2.5 E(vior) +-.2 E(.)-.55 E .284(In the follo)108 396 R .283(wing descriptions, if t\ +he \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst character of th\ +e redirect-)-.25 F .512(ion operator is)108 408 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012 +(,t)C .512 (he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) -3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F -(redirection operator is)108 396 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C +(redirection operator is)108 420 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C (he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) --2.5 E .824(The w)108 412.8 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824 -(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825 -(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .463 -(jected to brace e)108 424.8 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462 -(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .462(ariable e)-.25 F .462 -(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .866(metic e)108 436.8 R -.866(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .866(l, pathname e).25 F +-2.5 E .825(The w)108 436.8 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824 +(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824 +(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .462 +(jected to brace e)108 448.8 R .462(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .463 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .463(ariable e)-.25 F .463 +(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .867(metic e)108 460.8 R +.867(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .867(l, pathname e).25 F .867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867 -F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 448.8 S(rd,).1 E F1 +F .866(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 472.8 S(rd,).1 E F1 (bash)2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E -(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 465.6 Q -.15 -(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 482.4 Q F1(>)2.5 +(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 489.6 Q -.15 +(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 506.4 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A -(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 499.2 -Q F3(dirlist)2.85 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 516 +(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 523.2 +Q F3(dirlist)2.85 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 540 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .505 -(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 532.8 R F3(dirlist)3.355 +(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 556.8 R F3(dirlist)3.355 E F0 3.005(,b).68 G .505(ecause the standard error w)-3.005 F .505 (as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F -(output before the standard output w)108 544.8 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E -F3(dirlist)2.85 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 561.6 Q F0 .598(handles se) -3.098 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F -3.099(ya)-.15 G .599(re used in redirections, as described in the follo) --3.099 F(wing)-.25 E 3.478(table. If)108 573.6 R .978 -(the operating system on which)3.478 F F1(bash)3.478 E F0 .978 -(is running pro)3.478 F .977 +(output before the standard output w)108 568.8 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E +F3(dirlist)2.85 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 585.6 Q F0 .599(handles se) +3.099 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F +3.099(ya)-.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo) +-3.099 F(wing)-.25 E 3.477(table. If)108 597.6 R .977 +(the operating system on which)3.477 F F1(bash)3.478 E F0 .978 +(is running pro)3.478 F .978 (vides these special \214les, bash will use them;)-.15 F -(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 585.6 Q -(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(/de)144 602.4 Q(v/fd/)-.15 -E F3(fd)A F0(If)180 614.4 Q F3(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E +(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 609.6 Q +(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(/de)144 626.4 Q(v/fd/)-.15 +E F3(fd)A F0(If)180 638.4 Q F3(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E (ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F3(fd)2.5 E F0 -(is duplicated.)2.5 E F1(/de)144 626.4 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0 -(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 638.4 Q F1(/de)144 650.4 Q -(v/stdout)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 662.4 Q F1(/de) -144 674.4 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 -686.4 Q F1(/de)144 698.4 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F3(host)A F1(/)A F3(port)A F0 -(If)180 710.4 Q F3(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 -(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F3(port)2.997 E F0 .497 -(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 722.4 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(30)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(is duplicated.)2.5 E F1(/de)144 650.4 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0 +(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 662.4 Q F1(/de)144 674.4 Q +(v/stdout)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 686.4 Q F1(/de) +144 698.4 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 +710.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(30)197.335 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 31 31 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2 +SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2 (port)A F0(If)180 96 Q F2(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 (alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496 (is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E (vice name,)180 108 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144 +120 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 132 Q F2(host) +2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 +(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497 +(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(vice name,)180 144 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 -124.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) --2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .045(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\ -an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 141.6 R 2.546(ym)-.15 G .046 -(ay con\215ict with \214le de-)-2.546 F -(scriptors the shell uses internally)108 153.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 -170.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 +160.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) +-2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .046(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\ +an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 177.6 R 2.545(ym)-.15 G .045 +(ay con\215ict with \214le de-)-2.545 F +(scriptors the shell uses internally)108 189.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 +206.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 (Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 182.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 -(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 194.4 Q F2 +108 218.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 +(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 230.4 Q F2 (n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G (he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 (is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E -(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 211.2 Q([)144 228 Q F2 -(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 244.8 Q(ecting Output) --.18 E F0 .174 +(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 247.2 Q([)144 264 Q F2 +(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 280.8 Q(ecting Output) +-.18 E F0 .175 (Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 256.8 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175 -(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .084(ing on \214le descriptor)108 268.8 -R F2(n)2.944 E F0 2.583(,o).24 G 2.583(rt)-2.583 G .083 +108 292.8 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174 +(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .083(ing on \214le descriptor)108 304.8 +R F2(n)2.943 E F0 2.583(,o).24 G 2.583(rt)-2.583 G .083 (he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.583 F F2(n)2.943 E F0 -.083(is not speci\214ed.)2.823 F .083(If the \214le does not e)5.083 F -(x-)-.15 E(ist it is created; if it does e)108 280.8 Q +.083(is not speci\214ed.)2.823 F .084(If the \214le does not e)5.083 F +(x-)-.15 E(ist it is created; if it does e)108 316.8 Q (xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E -(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 297.6 Q([)144 314.4 Q -F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154 -(If the redirection operator is)108 331.2 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C -.154(nd the)-2.654 F F1(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) -2.654 F F1(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155 -(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 343.2 R -.658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657 -(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-) -5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 355.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C +(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 333.6 Q([)144 350.4 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .155 +(If the redirection operator is)108 367.2 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C +.155(nd the)-2.655 F F1(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) +2.654 F F1(set)2.654 E F0 -.2(bu)2.654 G .154 +(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 379.2 R +.657(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658 +(ists and is a re).15 F .658(gular \214le.)-.15 F .658(If the redi-) +5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 391.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C 2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409 -(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409 +(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408 (iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 -367.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) +403.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) -2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 -384 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642 -(Redirection of output in this f)108 396 R .642 -(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .454 -(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 408 R F2(n)3.315 E F0 +420 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641 +(Redirection of output in this f)108 432 R .642 +(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F0 .642(to be)3.912 F .455 +(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 444 R F2(n)3.315 E F0 2.955(,o).24 G 2.955(rt)-2.955 G .455 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.955 F F2(n)3.315 E F0 -.455(is not speci\214ed.)3.195 F(If)5.455 E(the \214le does not e)108 -420 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E -(The general format for appending output is:)108 436.8 Q([)144 453.6 Q -F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 470.4 Q -(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249 -(This construct allo)108 482.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.955 F F2(n)3.314 E F0 +.454(is not speci\214ed.)3.194 F(If)5.454 E(the \214le does not e)108 +456 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E +(The general format for appending output is:)108 472.8 Q([)144 489.6 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 506.4 Q +(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 +(This construct allo)108 518.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ \214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) -.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 -494.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E -(There are tw)108 511.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +530.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(There are tw)108 547.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1 -(&>)144 528 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 540 Q F1(>&)144 552 Q F2(wor) -A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 568.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +(&>)144 564 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 576 Q F1(>&)144 588 Q F2(wor) +A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 604.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E --.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 585.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 -E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .114(When using the second form,)108 602.4 R F2(wor) +-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 621.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 +E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .115(When using the second form,)108 638.4 R F2(wor) 2.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or) --.15 F F12.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.615(td)-2.614 G -.115(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 614.4 Q +-.15 F F12.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.614(td)-2.614 G +.114(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F(apply \(see)108 650.4 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E -(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 631.2 S -(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249 -(This construct allo)108 643.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ +(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 667.2 S +(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 +(This construct allo)108 679.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ \214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) -.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 -655.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E -(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 672 -Q F1(&>>)144 688.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(This is semantically equi)108 -705.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>>)144 722.4 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E -F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E -(31)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +691.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 708 +Q F1(&>>)144 724.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 June 16)148.175 E(31)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 32 32 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(\(see)108 84 Q/F1 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E -(w\).)-.25 E F1(Her)87 100.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(Thi\ -s type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the curren\ -t source until a line containing only)108 112.8 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(delimiter)108.35 124.8 Q F0 .615 -(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.845 F .615 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(This is semantically equi)108 84 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(>>)144 100.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)A(d)-.37 E +F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108 117.6 Q F1 +(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(Her)87 +134.4 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redirection i\ +nstructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line c\ +ontaining only)108 146.4 R F2(delimiter)108.35 158.4 Q F0 .614 +(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615 (All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615 -F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 136.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E +F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 170.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E -(The format of here-documents is:)108 153.6 Q([)144 170.4 Q F2(n)A F0(]) -A F1(<<)A F0([)A F1A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 182.4 Q -(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 194.4 Q F0 .301(No parameter and v)108 -211.2 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .302 +(The format of here-documents is:)108 187.2 Q([)144 204 Q F2(n)A F0(])A +F1(<<)A F0([)A F1A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 216 Q +(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 228 Q F0 .302(No parameter and v)108 +244.8 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .301 (xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E(is performed on)108 -223.2 Q F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E .053(If an)108 240 R 2.553(yp) --.15 G .053(art of)-2.553 F F2(wor)2.893 E(d)-.37 E F0 .053 -(is quoted, the)3.323 F F2(delimiter)2.902 E F0 .052 +256.8 Q F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E .052(If an)108 273.6 R 2.552 +(yp)-.15 G .052(art of)-2.552 F F2(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F0 .052 +(is quoted, the)3.322 F F2(delimiter)2.902 E F0 .052 (is the result of quote remo)3.282 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.552(lo).25 G(n) --2.552 E F2(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.552(,a).77 G .052 -(nd the lines in the here-)-2.552 F .027(document are not e)108 252 R -2.527(xpanded. If)-.15 F F2(wor)2.527 E(d)-.37 E F0 .028 -(is unquoted, the)2.527 F F2(delimiter)2.878 E F0(is)3.258 E F2(wor) -2.528 E(d)-.37 E F0 .028(itself, all lines of the here-document)2.528 F -1.195(are subjected to parameter e)108 264 R 1.194 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.194 -(xpansion, the character se-)-.15 F(quence)108 276 Q F1(\\)2.5 -E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0 +-2.552 E F2(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.553(,a).77 G .053 +(nd the lines in the here-)-2.553 F .028(document are not e)108 285.6 R +2.528(xpanded. If)-.15 F F2(wor)2.528 E(d)-.37 E F0 .028 +(is unquoted, the)2.528 F F2(delimiter)2.878 E F0(is)3.258 E F2(wor) +2.528 E(d)-.37 E F0 .027(itself, all lines of the here-document)2.527 F +1.194(are subjected to parameter e)108 297.6 R 1.194 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.195 +(xpansion, the character se-)-.15 F(quence)108 309.6 Q F1(\\) +2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0 (must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5 -E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601 -(If the redirection operator is)108 292.8 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101 +E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602 +(If the redirection operator is)108 326.4 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101 (,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\ - and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 304.8 Q F2(delimiter)2.85 E F0 5 + and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 338.4 Q F2(delimiter)2.85 E F0 5 (.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E (ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) --.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 321.6 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 -2.5(Av)108 333.6 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([) -144 350.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<<<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 367.2 Q -F2(wor)3.292 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)3.292 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792 -(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792(ariable e)-.25 F .791 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 379.2 S -1.187(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.687(l. P).25 F +-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 355.2 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 +2.5(Av)108 367.2 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([) +144 384 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<<<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 400.8 Q F2 +(wor)3.291 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)3.291 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792(ariable e)-.25 F .792 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 412.8 S +1.188(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.687(l. P).25 F 1.187(athname e)-.15 F 1.187(xpansion and w)-.15 F 1.187 -(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.188(The result is)6.187 F .375 -(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 391.2 R .374(wline appended\ +(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.187(The result is)6.187 F .374 +(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 424.8 R .375(wline appended\ , to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F(tor) -108 403.2 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E -F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 420 Q F0(The redirection operator)108 -432 Q([)144 448.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126 -(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 465.6 R(If)5.127 E -F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127 +108 436.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E +F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 453.6 Q F0(The redirection operator) +108 465.6 Q([)144 482.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 +.127(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 499.2 R(If)5.127 +E F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .126 (pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 -477.6 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G -2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G -2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149 -(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 489.6 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor) -2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F12.649 E -F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.) -2.89 F(If)5.15 E F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F -(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 501.6 Q -(The operator)108 518.4 Q([)144 535.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A -(d)-.37 E F0 .444 -(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 552 R(If) -5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443 -(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F .565 -(tor 1\) is used.)108 564 R .565(If the digits in)5.565 F F2(wor)3.406 E -(d)-.37 E F0 .566(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output, a\ - redirection error oc-)3.836 F 3.204(curs. If)108 576 R F2(wor)3.544 E -(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.974 G .704(luates to).25 F F13.204 E F0 -3.204<2c8c>C .704(le descriptor)-3.204 F F2(n)3.563 E F0 .703 -(is closed.)3.443 F .703(As a special case, if)5.703 F F2(n)3.203 E F0 -.703(is omitted, and)3.203 F F2(wor)3.203 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)3.203 E -.965(not e)108 588 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1 -3.465 E F0 3.466(,t)C .966 +511.2 Q F2(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G +2.957(ft)-2.957 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.957 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G +2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F0 +.458(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.728 F .15 +(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 523.2 R(If)5.15 E F2(wor) +2.99 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F12.65 E F0 +2.649<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149 +(is closed.)2.889 F(If)5.149 E F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,) +2.889 F(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 535.2 Q +(The operator)108 552 Q([)144 568.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A(d) +-.37 E F0 .443 +(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 585.6 R +(If)5.443 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .444 +(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.184 F .566 +(tor 1\) is used.)108 597.6 R .566(If the digits in)5.566 F F2(wor)3.406 +E(d)-.37 E F0 .566(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output, \ +a redirection error oc-)3.836 F 3.203(curs. If)108 609.6 R F2(wor)3.543 +E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.973 G .703(luates to).25 F F13.203 E F0 +3.203<2c8c>C .703(le descriptor)-3.203 F F2(n)3.563 E F0 .703 +(is closed.)3.443 F .703(As a special case, if)5.703 F F2(n)3.204 E F0 +.704(is omitted, and)3.204 F F2(wor)3.204 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)3.204 E +.966(not e)108 621.6 R .966(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1 +3.466 E F0 3.466(,t)C .965 (he standard output and standard error are redirected as described) --3.466 F(pre)108 600 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 616.8 Q -(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 628.8 Q([) -144 645.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 662.4 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.018(st).15 G .518(he \214le descriptor)-3.018 F F2 -(digit)3.018 E F0 .518(to \214le descriptor)3.018 F F2(n)3.378 E F0 -3.018(,o).24 G 3.018(rt)-3.018 G .517 -(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.018 F F2(n)3.017 E F0 -.517(is not speci-)3.017 F(\214ed.)108 674.4 Q F2(digit)5 E F0 +-3.466 F(pre)108 633.6 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 650.4 Q +(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 662.4 Q([) +144 679.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 696 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.017(st).15 G .517(he \214le descriptor)-3.017 F F2 +(digit)3.017 E F0 .517(to \214le descriptor)3.017 F F2(n)3.377 E F0 +3.017(,o).24 G 3.017(rt)-3.017 G .518 +(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.017 F F2(n)3.018 E F0 +.518(is not speci-)3.018 F(\214ed.)108 708 Q F2(digit)5 E F0 (is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A(Similarly) -108 691.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 708 Q F2 -(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 724.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G -4.17(st).15 G 1.67(he \214le descriptor)-4.17 F F2(digit)4.17 E F0 1.67 -(to \214le descriptor)4.17 F F2(n)4.53 E F0 4.17(,o).24 G 4.17(rt)-4.17 -G 1.67(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-4.17 F F2(n)4.17 E -F0 1.67(is not)4.17 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(32) -197.335 E 0 Cg EP +108 724.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(32)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 33 33 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(speci\214ed.)108 -84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Opening File Descriptors f)87 100.8 Q -(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0(The redirection operator)108 112.8 Q -([)144 129.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)A F2(wor)A(d) --.37 E F0 .518(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 146.4 R .518 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.358 E(d)-.37 E F0 .518 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E([)144 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>&)A F1(digit)A F2 +A F0(mo)108 100.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.768(st).15 G .268 +(he \214le descriptor)-2.768 F F1(digit)2.768 E F0 .268 +(to \214le descriptor)2.768 F F1(n)3.128 E F0 2.768(,o).24 G 2.768(rt) +-2.768 G .267(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.768 F F1 +(n)2.767 E F0 .267(is not speci-)2.767 F(\214ed.)108 112.8 Q F2 +(Opening File Descriptors f)87 129.6 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 +(The redirection operator)108 141.6 Q([)144 158.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>) +A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .518(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 +175.2 R .518(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.358 E(d)-.37 E F0 .518 (to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le de-)3.788 F -(scriptor)108 158.4 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5 -<6e8c>-2.5 G(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 +(scriptor)108 187.2 Q F1(n)2.86 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5 +<6e8c>-2.5 G(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0 (is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E(If the \214le does not e)5 E -(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 175.2 Q -F2(Aliases)108 187.2 Q F0(allo)3.001 E 3.001(was)-.25 G .501 -(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.001 F .502 +(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 204 Q +F1(Aliases)108 216 Q F0(allo)3.002 E 3.002(was)-.25 G .502 +(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.002 F .502 (ord that is in a position in the input where it can be the \214rst)-.1 -F -.1(wo)108 199.2 S .556(rd of a simple command. Aliases ha).1 F .855 --.15(ve n)-.2 H .555(ames and corresponding v).15 F .555 -(alues that are set and unset using the)-.25 F F1(alias)108 211.2 Q F0 -(and)2.5 E F1(unalias)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin commands \(see).2 E/F4 +F -.1(wo)108 228 S .555(rd of a simple command. Aliases ha).1 F .855 +-.15(ve n)-.2 H .555(ames and corresponding v).15 F .556 +(alues that are set and unset using the)-.25 F F2(alias)108 240 Q F0 +(and)2.5 E F2(unalias)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin commands \(see).2 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.033(If the shell reads an unquoted w)108 228 R -1.033(ord in the right position, it checks the w)-.1 F 1.034 +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.034(If the shell reads an unquoted w)108 256.8 R +1.033(ord in the right position, it checks the w)-.1 F 1.033 (ord to see if it matches an alias)-.1 F .657 -(name. If it matches, the shell replaces the w)108 240 R .657 -(ord with the alias v)-.1 F .657(alue, and reads that v)-.25 F .657 -(alue as if it had been)-.25 F 1.081(read instead of the w)108 252 R +(name. If it matches, the shell replaces the w)108 268.8 R .657 +(ord with the alias v)-.1 F .657(alue, and reads that v)-.25 F .658 +(alue as if it had been)-.25 F 1.082(read instead of the w)108 280.8 R 3.582(ord. The)-.1 F 1.082(shell doesn')3.582 F 3.582(tl)-.18 G 1.082 (ook at an)-3.582 F 3.582(yc)-.15 G 1.082(haracters follo)-3.582 F 1.082 -(wing the w)-.25 F 1.082(ord before attempting)-.1 F -(alias substitution.)108 264 Q .265(The characters)108 280.8 R F1(/) -2.765 E F0(,)A F1($)2.765 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.765 E F0 2.764(,a)C(nd)-2.764 -E F1(=)2.764 E F0 .264(and an)2.764 F 2.764(yo)-.15 G 2.764(ft)-2.764 G -.264(he shell)-2.764 F F2(metac)2.764 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E -F0 .264(or quoting characters listed abo)2.764 F .564 -.15(ve m)-.15 H -.264(ay not).15 F .298(appear in an alias name.)108 292.8 R .298 +(wing the w)-.25 F 1.081(ord before attempting)-.1 F +(alias substitution.)108 292.8 Q .264(The characters)108 309.6 R F2(/) +2.764 E F0(,)A F2($)2.764 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.764 E F0 2.764(,a)C(nd)-2.764 +E F2(=)2.764 E F0 .264(and an)2.764 F 2.764(yo)-.15 G 2.764(ft)-2.764 G +.264(he shell)-2.764 F F1(metac)2.764 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E +F0 .264(or quoting characters listed abo)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve m)-.15 H +.265(ay not).15 F .299(appear in an alias name.)108 321.6 R .298 (The replacement te)5.298 F .298(xt may contain an)-.15 F 2.798(yv)-.15 -G .298(alid shell input, including shell metachar)-3.048 F(-)-.2 E 2.626 -(acters. The)108 304.8 R .126(\214rst w)2.626 F .126 +G .298(alid shell input, including shell metachar)-3.048 F(-)-.2 E 2.625 +(acters. The)108 333.6 R .125(\214rst w)2.625 F .125 (ord of the replacement te)-.1 F .125(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F -.125(ut a w)-.2 F .125(ord that is identical to an alias be-)-.1 F .666 -(ing e)108 316.8 R .666(xpanded is not e)-.15 F .666 +.125(ut a w)-.2 F .126(ord that is identical to an alias be-)-.1 F .666 +(ing e)108 345.6 R .666(xpanded is not e)-.15 F .666 (xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .666(This means that one may alias)5.666 -F F1(ls)3.166 E F0(to)3.166 E F1 .666(ls \255F)3.166 F F0 3.166(,f)C -.666(or instance, and)-3.166 F F1(bash)108 328.8 Q F0 +F F2(ls)3.166 E F0(to)3.166 E F2 .666(ls \255F)3.166 F F0 3.166(,f)C +.666(or instance, and)-3.166 F F2(bash)108 357.6 Q F0 (does not try to recursi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly e).15 E (xpand the replacement te)-.15 E(xt.)-.15 E .858 -(If the last character of the alias v)108 345.6 R .858(alue is a)-.25 F -F2(blank)3.628 E F0 3.358(,t).67 G .858(hen the ne)-3.358 F .858 +(If the last character of the alias v)108 374.4 R .858(alue is a)-.25 F +F1(blank)3.628 E F0 3.358(,t).67 G .858(hen the ne)-3.358 F .858 (xt command w)-.15 F .858(ord follo)-.1 F .858(wing the alias is also) --.25 F(check)108 357.6 Q(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E -(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 374.4 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 -(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1 -(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .741 -(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 391.2 R .741 +-.25 F(check)108 386.4 Q(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E +(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 403.2 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0 +(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F2 +(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .742 +(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 420 R .741 (guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 3.241(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)3.241 E -.742(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 403.2 Q -F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .283(Aliases are not e)108 -420 R .283(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.782(,u).15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F1(expand_aliases)2.782 E F0 .282 -(shell option is set us-)2.782 F(ing)108 432 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 +.741(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 432 Q F4 +(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .282(Aliases are not e)108 +448.8 R .282(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.782(,u).15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F2(expand_aliases)2.783 E F0 +.283(shell option is set us-)2.783 F(ing)108 460.8 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(\(see the description of)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 (SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 -E .435 +E .436 (The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 -448.8 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1 -(wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .67 -(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 460.8 R 3.17(eu) +477.6 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1 +(wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .67 +(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 489.6 R 3.17(eu) -.1 G 3.17(pac)-3.17 G .67(ompound command, before e)-3.17 F -.15(xe) -.15 G .67(cuting an).15 F 3.17(yo)-.15 G 3.17(ft)-3.17 G(he)-3.17 E -1.058(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 472.8 R 1.059 -(Aliases are e)6.059 F 1.059(xpanded when a command is read, not)-.15 F -.075(when it is e)108 484.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.575(cuted. Therefore,).15 +1.059(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 501.6 R 1.059 +(Aliases are e)6.059 F 1.058(xpanded when a command is read, not)-.15 F +.074(when it is e)108 513.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.574(cuted. Therefore,).15 F .075(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as another comm\ -and does not)2.575 F(tak)108 496.8 Q 2.837(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.837 G -.337(ect until the ne).25 F .337(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F .337 -(The commands follo)5.337 F .338 -(wing the alias de\214nition on that line are)-.25 F .552(not af)108 -508.8 R .551(fected by the ne)-.25 F 3.051(wa)-.25 G 3.051(lias. This) +and does not)2.574 F(tak)108 525.6 Q 2.838(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.838 G +.338(ect until the ne).25 F .338(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F .337 +(The commands follo)5.337 F .337 +(wing the alias de\214nition on that line are)-.25 F .551(not af)108 +537.6 R .551(fected by the ne)-.25 F 3.051(wa)-.25 G 3.051(lias. This) -3.051 F(beha)3.051 E .551(vior is also an issue when functions are e) --.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.051(cuted. Aliases).15 F .551(are e)3.051 F(x-) --.15 E .425(panded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the f\ -unction is e)108 520.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .426 -(cuted, because a function de\214nition).15 F .404(is itself a command.) -108 532.8 R .403 -(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not a)5.404 F --.25(va)-.2 G .403(ilable until after that func-).25 F .862(tion is e) -108 544.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.362(cuted. T).15 F 3.362(ob)-.8 G 3.362(es) +-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.051(cuted. Aliases).15 F .552(are e)3.052 F(x-) +-.15 E .426(panded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the f\ +unction is e)108 549.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .425 +(cuted, because a function de\214nition).15 F .403(is itself a command.) +108 561.6 R .403 +(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not a)5.403 F +-.25(va)-.2 G .404(ilable until after that func-).25 F .862(tion is e) +108 573.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.362(cuted. T).15 F 3.362(ob)-.8 G 3.362(es) -3.362 G .862(afe, al)-3.362 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .862 -(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 F F1 -(alias)3.362 E F0 .862(in com-)3.362 F(pound commands.)108 556.8 Q -.15 -(Fo)108 573.6 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 F F2 +(alias)3.362 E F0 .862(in com-)3.362 F(pound commands.)108 585.6 Q -.15 +(Fo)108 602.4 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3 -(FUNCTIONS)72 590.4 Q F0 3.468(As)108 602.4 S .968 -(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 +(FUNCTIONS)72 619.2 Q F0 3.467(As)108 631.2 S .967 +(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 614.4 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\ -ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.501 F .316 -(mands associated with that function name is e)108 626.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315 -(cuted in the conte).15 F .315(xt of the current)-.15 F .035 -(shell; no ne)108 638.4 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036 -(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.535 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .036(When a)5.036 -F .64(function is e)108 650.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F +.968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 643.2 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\ +ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315 +(mands associated with that function name is e)108 655.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316 +(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036 +(shell; no ne)108 667.2 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036 +(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035 +F .639(function is e)108 679.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F .639 (guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) --.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 662.4 -R F1(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .532 -(Special parameter)5.532 F F1(0)3.033 E F0 .533(is unchanged.)3.033 F -.533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F(ment of the)108 674.4 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E +-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 691.2 +R F2(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532 +(Special parameter)5.532 F F2(0)3.032 E F0 .532(is unchanged.)3.032 F +.532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F(ment of the)108 703.2 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E (AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108 -691.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 +720 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 (vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F -1.214(these e)108 703.2 R 1.214(xceptions: the)-.15 F F4(DEB)3.714 E(UG) --.09 E F0(and)3.464 E F1(RETURN)3.715 E F0 1.215 -(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F1(trap)3.715 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.715 G 1.215(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)3.715 E -.09(BU)108 715.2 S(IL) -.09 E .479(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.729 E .479 -(w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F1(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E -.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 727.2 R F4(declar) -2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) --.25 F F1 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 -(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F1(set)2.921 E F0 -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(33)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(33)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 34 34 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.2(bu)108 84 S -.072(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F1(RETURN)2.572 E -F0 .072(traps\), and the)2.572 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ERR)2.571 E F0 -.071(trap is not inher)2.321 F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 96 Q F1 -(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va) -108 112.8 S .368(riables local to the function may be declared with the) -1.11 F F1(local)2.868 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \().2 F/F3 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF .368(local variables)B F0 2.868(\). Ordinar)B(-)-.2 -E(ily)108 124.8 Q 2.88(,v)-.65 G .38(ariables and their v)-3.13 F .38 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.215(these e)108 +84 R 1.215(xceptions: the)-.15 F/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEB)3.715 E(UG) +-.09 E F0(and)3.465 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(RETURN)3.715 E F0 1.215 +(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F2(trap)3.714 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.714 G 1.214(iltin under).2 F F1(SHELL)3.714 E -.09(BU)108 96 S(IL).09 +E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479 +(w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F2(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E +.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 108 R F1(declar) +2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) +-.25 F F2 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 +(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F2(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 120 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F2 +(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F2(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 +(traps\), and the)2.572 F F1(ERR)2.572 E F0 .072(trap is not inher)2.322 +F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 132 Q F2(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 +(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 148.8 S .368 +(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F2(local) +2.868 E F0 -.2(bu)2.868 G .368(iltin command \().2 F/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF .368(local variables)B F0 2.868(\). Ordinar)B(-)-.2 E +(ily)108 160.8 Q 2.88(,v)-.65 G .38(ariables and their v)-3.13 F .38 (alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 F 5.38(.I) --.55 G 2.88(fav)-5.38 G .38(ariable is declared)-3.13 F F1(local)2.88 E -F0(,)A(the v)108 136.8 Q(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(isible scope is \ +-.55 G 2.88(fav)-5.38 G .38(ariable is declared)-3.13 F F2(local)2.88 E +F0(,)A(the v)108 172.8 Q(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G(isible scope is \ restricted to that function and its children \(including the functions \ -it calls\).)-2.5 E .726(In the follo)108 153.6 R .726 -(wing description, the)-.25 F F3(curr)3.226 E .726(ent scope)-.37 F F0 -.727(is a currently- e)3.226 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .727(cuting function.).15 -F(Pre)5.727 E .727(vious scopes consist)-.25 F 1.004(of that function') -108 165.6 R 3.504(sc)-.55 G 1.004 +it calls\).)-2.5 E .727(In the follo)108 189.6 R .727 +(wing description, the)-.25 F F3(curr)3.227 E .727(ent scope)-.37 F F0 +.726(is a currently- e)3.226 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .726(cuting function.).15 +F(Pre)5.726 E .726(vious scopes consist)-.25 F 1.003(of that function') +108 201.6 R 3.503(sc)-.55 G 1.004 (aller and so on, back to the "global" scope, where the shell is not e) --3.504 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.003(cuting an).15 F 3.503(ys)-.15 G(hell) --3.503 E 3.409(function. Consequently)108 177.6 R 3.409(,al)-.65 G .909 -(ocal v)-3.409 F .909(ariable at the current scope is a v)-.25 F .91 -(ariable declared using the)-.25 F F1(local)3.41 E F0(or)3.41 E F1(de-) -3.41 E(clar)108 189.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +-3.503 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.004(cuting an).15 F 3.504(ys)-.15 G(hell) +-3.504 E 3.41(function. Consequently)108 213.6 R 3.41(,al)-.65 G .91 +(ocal v)-3.41 F .909(ariable at the current scope is a v)-.25 F .909 +(ariable declared using the)-.25 F F2(local)3.409 E F0(or)3.409 E F2 +(de-)3.409 E(clar)108 225.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltins in the function that is currently e).2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.) -.15 E .636(Local v)108 206.4 R .636(ariables "shado)-.25 F .636(w" v) --.25 F .635(ariables with the same name declared at pre)-.25 F .635 -(vious scopes.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.635 G 3.135(ri).15 G .635 -(nstance, a local)-3.135 F -.25(va)108 218.4 S .58 -(riable declared in a function hides a global v).25 F .581 -(ariable of the same name: references and assignments refer)-.25 F .183 -(to the local v)108 230.4 R .183(ariable, lea)-.25 F .183 -(ving the global v)-.2 F .183(ariable unmodi\214ed.)-.25 F .182 +.15 E .635(Local v)108 242.4 R .635(ariables "shado)-.25 F .635(w" v) +-.25 F .635(ariables with the same name declared at pre)-.25 F .636 +(vious scopes.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.636 G 3.136(ri).15 G .636 +(nstance, a local)-3.136 F -.25(va)108 254.4 S .581 +(riable declared in a function hides a global v).25 F .58 +(ariable of the same name: references and assignments refer)-.25 F .182 +(to the local v)108 266.4 R .182(ariable, lea)-.25 F .183 +(ving the global v)-.2 F .183(ariable unmodi\214ed.)-.25 F .183 (When the function returns, the global v)5.183 F(ariable)-.25 E -(is once ag)108 242.4 Q(ain visible.)-.05 E .726(The shell uses)108 -259.2 R F3 .726(dynamic scoping)3.226 F F0 .726(to control a v)3.226 F -(ariable')-.25 E 3.227(sv)-.55 G .727(isibility within functions.)-3.227 -F -.4(Wi)5.727 G .727(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .008(visible v)108 271.2 -R .008(ariables and their v)-.25 F .007 +(is once ag)108 278.4 Q(ain visible.)-.05 E .727(The shell uses)108 +295.2 R F3 .727(dynamic scoping)3.227 F F0 .726(to control a v)3.227 F +(ariable')-.25 E 3.226(sv)-.55 G .726(isibility within functions.)-3.226 +F -.4(Wi)5.726 G .726(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .007(visible v)108 307.2 +R .007(ariables and their v)-.25 F .007 (alues are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused e)-.25 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .007(cution to reach).15 F .813(the current function.) -108 283.2 R .813(The v)5.813 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813 -(ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .814 -(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.314(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.314 E(an)108 295.2 Q -2.117 -.65(y, w)-.15 H .817 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .008(cution to reach).15 F .814(the current function.) +108 319.2 R .813(The v)5.814 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813 +(ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .813 +(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.313(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.313 E(an)108 331.2 Q +2.116 -.65(y, w)-.15 H .816 (hether that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function.).65 -F .816(This is also the v)5.816 F .816(alue that a local)-.25 F -.25(va) -108 307.2 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E -(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 324 -S 2.723(re).15 G .223(xample, if a v)-2.873 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(var) -2.723 E F0 .223(is declared as local in function)2.723 F F3(func1)2.723 -E F0 2.724(,a)C(nd)-2.724 E F3(func1)2.724 E F0 .224 -(calls another function)2.724 F F3(func2)2.724 E F0(,)A .464 -(references to)108 336 R F3(var)2.964 E F0 .464(made from within)2.964 F -F3(func2)2.964 E F0 .464(will resolv)2.964 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.963(ot) --2.964 G .463(he local v)-2.963 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(var)2.963 E F0(from) -2.963 E F3(func1)2.963 E F0 2.963(,s)C(hado)-2.963 E .463(wing an)-.25 F -(y)-.15 E(global v)108 348 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F3(var)2.5 E F0(.)A -(The)108 364.8 Q F1(unset)2.982 E F0 -.2(bu)2.982 G .482 -(iltin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a v).2 F .483 -(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F1(unset)2.983 E F0 .19 -(will unset it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 376.8 R .19 +F .817(This is also the v)5.816 F .817(alue that a local)-.25 F -.25(va) +108 343.2 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E +(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 360 +S 2.724(re).15 G .224(xample, if a v)-2.874 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(var) +2.724 E F0 .223(is declared as local in function)2.724 F F3(func1)2.723 +E F0 2.723(,a)C(nd)-2.723 E F3(func1)2.723 E F0 .223 +(calls another function)2.723 F F3(func2)2.723 E F0(,)A .463 +(references to)108 372 R F3(var)2.963 E F0 .463(made from within)2.963 F +F3(func2)2.963 E F0 .463(will resolv)2.963 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.964(ot) +-2.964 G .464(he local v)-2.964 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(var)2.964 E F0(from) +2.964 E F3(func1)2.964 E F0 2.964(,s)C(hado)-2.964 E .464(wing an)-.25 F +(y)-.15 E(global v)108 384 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F3(var)2.5 E F0(.)A +(The)108 400.8 Q F2(unset)2.983 E F0 -.2(bu)2.983 G .483 +(iltin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a v).2 F .482 +(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F2(unset)2.982 E F0 .19 +(will unset it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 412.8 R .19 (ariable found in an)-.25 F 2.69(yc)-.15 G .19 (alling scope as described abo)-2.69 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.19(.I).15 G(f) --5.19 E 3.324(av)108 388.8 S .824(ariable at the current local scope is\ +-5.19 E 3.325(av)108 424.8 S .824(ariable at the current local scope is\ unset, it will remain so \(appearing as unset\) until it is reset in t\ -hat)-3.574 F 1.142(scope or until the function returns.)108 400.8 R +hat)-3.575 F 1.141(scope or until the function returns.)108 436.8 R 1.141(Once the function returns, an)6.141 F 3.641(yi)-.15 G 1.141 -(nstance of the v)-3.641 F 1.141(ariable at a pre)-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.976(scope will become visible.)108 412.8 R .976 -(If the unset acts on a v)5.976 F .976(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .977 -(vious scope, an)-.25 F 3.477(yi)-.15 G .977(nstance of a v)-3.477 F -(ariable)-.25 E .008(with that name that had been shado)108 424.8 R .007 -(wed will become visible \(see belo)-.25 F 2.507(wh)-.25 G .507 -.25 -(ow t)-2.507 H(he).25 E F1(localv)2.507 E(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .007 -(shell option)2.507 F(changes this beha)108 436.8 Q(vior\).)-.2 E(The) -108 453.6 Q F1(FUNCNEST)3.528 E F0 -.25(va)3.528 G 1.028 +(nstance of the v)-3.641 F 1.142(ariable at a pre)-.25 F(vious)-.25 E +.977(scope will become visible.)108 448.8 R .976 +(If the unset acts on a v)5.977 F .976(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .976 +(vious scope, an)-.25 F 3.476(yi)-.15 G .976(nstance of a v)-3.476 F +(ariable)-.25 E .007(with that name that had been shado)108 460.8 R .008 +(wed will become visible \(see belo)-.25 F 2.508(wh)-.25 G .508 -.25 +(ow t)-2.508 H(he).25 E F2(localv)2.508 E(ar_unset)-.1 E F0 .008 +(shell option)2.508 F(changes this beha)108 472.8 Q(vior\).)-.2 E(The) +108 489.6 Q F2(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028 (riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108 -465.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +501.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G (cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.) --.15 E .044(If the b)108 482.4 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F1 -.18(re) +-.15 E .043(If the b)108 518.4 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F2 -.18(re) 2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 (cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.043(cution resumes with).15 F 1.011(the ne)108 494.4 R 1.011 +.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 530.4 R 1.012 (xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G -1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.512 E F0 1.012 -(trap is e)3.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .214(before e)108 506.4 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .214(cution resumes.).15 F .213 -(When a function completes, the v)5.214 F .213 +1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F2(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011 +(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 542.4 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213 +(When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214 (alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter) -108 518.4 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E +108 554.4 Q F2(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) --2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.358 -(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 535.2 R F1 -3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F1(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E -F0(or)3.859 E F1(typeset)3.859 E F0 -.2(bu)3.859 G 1.359(iltin com-).2 F -3.39(mands. The)108 547.2 R F13.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F1 -(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F1(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 +-2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.359 +(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 571.2 R F2 +3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F2(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E +F0(or)3.858 E F2(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F +3.39(mands. The)108 583.2 R F23.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F2 +(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F2(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 (will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F -.046(\214le and line number)108 559.2 R 2.546(,i)-.4 G 2.546(ft)-2.546 G -(he)-2.546 E F1(extdeb)2.546 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .046 +.047(\214le and line number)108 595.2 R 2.546(,i)-.4 G 2.546(ft)-2.546 G +(he)-2.546 E F2(extdeb)2.546 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .046 (shell option is enabled\).)2.546 F .046(Functions may be e)5.046 F .046 -(xported so that child shell)-.15 F .493 -(processes \(those created when e)108 571.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .492 +(xported so that child shell)-.15 F .492 +(processes \(those created when e)108 607.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .492 (cuting a separate shell in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .492 -(cation\) automatically ha).2 F .792 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .492 -(hem de\214ned with).15 F(the)108 583.2 Q F13.2 E F0 .7 -(option to the)3.2 F F1(export)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G 3.2(iltin. A).2 F -.701(function de\214nition may be deleted using the)3.2 F F13.201 -E F0 .701(option to the)3.201 F F1(unset)3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)108 595.2 S -(iltin.).2 E .372(Functions may be recursi)108 612 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -5.371(.T).15 G(he)-5.371 E F1(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 -(riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F .322 -(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 624 R -.2(vo)-.4 G +(cation\) automatically ha).2 F .793 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .493 +(hem de\214ned with).15 F(the)108 619.2 Q F23.201 E F0 .701 +(option to the)3.201 F F2(export)3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)3.201 G 3.201 +(iltin. A).2 F .7(function de\214nition may be deleted using the)3.201 F +F23.2 E F0 .7(option to the)3.2 F F2(unset)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)108 +631.2 S(iltin.).2 E .371(Functions may be recursi)108 648 R -.15(ve)-.25 +G 5.371(.T).15 G(he)-5.371 E F2(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 +(riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F .323 +(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 660 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 2.822(cations. By).2 F(def)2.822 E .322 -(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of re-)-.1 F(cursi)108 636 Q .3 +(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of re-)-.1 F(cursi)108 672 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 -652.8 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 1.089 -(The shell allo)108 664.8 R 1.089(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 1.089 +688.8 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 1.088 +(The shell allo)108 700.8 R 1.088(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 1.089 (xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.089 -(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)3.588 E F0 -(and)3.588 E F1(de-)3.588 E(clar)108 676.8 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.452 G -.952(iltin commands, the).2 F F1(\(\()3.452 E F0 .952 -(compound command, and)3.452 F F1 .952(Arithmetic Expansion)3.452 F F0 -3.453(\). Ev)B .953(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 688.8 Q 1.058 +(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F2(let)3.589 E F0 +(and)3.589 E F2(de-)3.589 E(clar)108 712.8 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.453 G +.953(iltin commands, the).2 F F2(\(\()3.453 E F0 .952 +(compound command, and)3.452 F F2 .952(Arithmetic Expansion)3.452 F F0 +3.452(\). Ev)B .952(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 724.8 Q 1.057 (ed-width inte)-.15 F 1.057(gers with no check for o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E 2.357 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 1.057(hough di).65 F 1.057 -(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .828 -(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 700.8 R(vity)-.25 E -3.329(,a)-.65 G .829(nd v)-3.329 F .829 -(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .829(The fol-)5.829 F -(lo)108 712.8 Q .44(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .439(The le) -5.439 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls are listed in order).15 F -(of decreasing precedence.)108 724.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 15)148.175 E(34)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(34)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 35 35 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(++)A F1(id)2.5 E F2 -A F0 -.25(va)144 96 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 -E F2 2.5108 108 S F0(unary minus and plus)144 108 Q F2(++)108 120 -Q F1(id)A F22.5 E F1(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 132 S -(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5(!~)108 144 S F0 -(logical and bitwise ne)144 144 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108 -156 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 156 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 168 S F0 -(multiplication, di)144 168 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad>108 -180 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 180 Q F2(<< >>)108 192 Q F0 -(left and right bitwise shifts)144 192 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 204 Q F0 -(comparison)144 216 Q F2(== !=)108 228 Q F0(equality and inequality)144 -228 Q F2(&)108 240 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 240 Q F2(^)108 252 Q F0 -(bitwise e)144 252 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2(|)108 -264 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 264 Q F2(&&)108 276 Q F0(logical AND)144 276 Q -F2(||)108 288 Q F0(logical OR)144 288 Q F1 -.2(ex)108 300 S(pr).2 E F2 -(?)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 -(conditional operator)144 312 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 324 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G 2.5 -(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G(<= >>= &= ^= |=) --2.5 E F0(assignment)144 336 Q F1 -.2(ex)108 348 S(pr1).2 E F2(,)2.5 E -F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 360 Q .68(Shell v)108 376.8 R .68 -(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .829 +(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 84 R(vity)-.25 E +3.329(,a)-.65 G .829(nd v)-3.329 F .829 +(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .828(The fol-)5.828 F +(lo)108 96 Q .439(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .44(The le)5.44 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G .44(ls are listed in order).15 F +(of decreasing precedence.)108 108 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 +124.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(++)A F1(id)2.5 E F2A F0 -.25(va)144 +136.8 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F2 2.5108 +148.8 S F0(unary minus and plus)144 148.8 Q F2(++)108 160.8 Q F1(id)A F2 +2.5 E F1(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 172.8 S +(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5(!~)108 184.8 S F0 +(logical and bitwise ne)144 184.8 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108 +196.8 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 196.8 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 208.8 S +F0(multiplication, di)144 208.8 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad> +108 220.8 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 220.8 Q F2(<< >>)108 232.8 Q F0 +(left and right bitwise shifts)144 232.8 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 244.8 Q F0 +(comparison)144 256.8 Q F2(== !=)108 268.8 Q F0(equality and inequality) +144 268.8 Q F2(&)108 280.8 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 280.8 Q F2(^)108 292.8 Q +F0(bitwise e)144 292.8 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2(|) +108 304.8 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 304.8 Q F2(&&)108 316.8 Q F0(logical AND) +144 316.8 Q F2(||)108 328.8 Q F0(logical OR)144 328.8 Q F1 -.2(ex)108 +340.8 S(pr).2 E F2(?)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 +(conditional operator)144 352.8 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 364.8 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G +2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G +(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 376.8 Q F1 -.2(ex)108 388.8 S +(pr1).2 E F2(,)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 400.8 Q .68 +(Shell v)108 417.6 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 +(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 (xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.508(ated. W)108 388.8 R 1.008(ithin an e)-.4 -F 1.008(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 +-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 429.6 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4 +F 1.007(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 (ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) --.25 F -.15(ex)108 400.8 S .165(pansion syntax.).15 F 2.665(As)5.165 G +-.25 F -.15(ex)108 441.6 S .165(pansion syntax.).15 F 2.665(As)5.165 G .165(hell v)-2.665 F .165(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25 (va)-.25 G .165(luates to 0 when referenced by name without us-).25 F -.421(ing the parameter e)108 412.8 R .421(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F .421 -(The v)5.421 F .421(alue of a v)-.25 F .421(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25(va) --.25 G .42(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .42(xpression when)-.15 F -.153(it is referenced, or when a v)108 424.8 R .154 +.42(ing the parameter e)108 453.6 R .42(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F .42 +(The v)5.42 F .421(alue of a v)-.25 F .421(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25(va) +-.25 G .421(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .421(xpression when)-.15 F +.154(it is referenced, or when a v)108 465.6 R .154 (ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.654(nt).15 G(he) --2.654 E F1(inte)2.654 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.654 E .154 -(ute using)-.2 F F2(declar)2.654 E 2.654<65ad>-.18 G(i)-2.654 E F0 .154 -(is assigned a)2.654 F -.25(va)108 436.8 S 2.857(lue. A).25 F .357 +-2.654 E F1(inte)2.654 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.654 E .153 +(ute using)-.2 F F2(declar)2.653 E 2.653<65ad>-.18 G(i)-2.653 E F0 .153 +(is assigned a)2.653 F -.25(va)108 477.6 S 2.857(lue. A).25 F .357 (null v)2.857 F .357(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .357(luates to 0.).25 F 2.857(As)5.357 G .357(hell v)-2.857 F .357(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .657 -.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F1(inte)2.857 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0 -(attrib)2.857 E .357(ute turned on to be used)-.2 F(in an e)108 448.8 Q -(xpression.)-.15 E(Inte)108 465.6 Q .517(ger constants follo)-.15 F -3.017(wt)-.25 G .518(he C language de\214nition, without suf)-3.017 F -<8c78>-.25 E .518(es or character constants.)-.15 F .518(Constants with) -5.518 F 3.283(al)108 477.6 S .783 -(eading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)-3.283 F 3.282(Al)5.783 G -.782(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.282 F 3.282(xadecimal. Otherwise,) --.15 F(num-)3.282 E .815(bers tak)108 489.6 R 3.315(et)-.1 G .815 -(he form [)-3.315 F F1(base#)A F0 .815(]n, where the optional)B F1(base) -3.315 E F0 .816(is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing)3.315 -F .35(the arithmetic base, and)108 501.6 R F1(n)2.85 E F0 .35 -(is a number in that base.)2.85 F(If)5.35 E F1(base#)2.849 E F0 .349 -(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)2.849 F .349(When speci-)5.349 F -(fying)108 513.6 Q F1(n)2.974 E F0 2.974(,i)C 2.974(fan)-2.974 G .474(o\ -n-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are represented by the l\ -o)-2.974 F .475(wercase letters, the up-)-.25 F .518 -(percase letters, @, and _, in that order)108 525.6 R 5.518(.I)-.55 G(f) +(attrib)2.857 E .357(ute turned on to be used)-.2 F(in an e)108 489.6 Q +(xpression.)-.15 E(Inte)108 506.4 Q .518(ger constants follo)-.15 F +3.018(wt)-.25 G .518(he C language de\214nition, without suf)-3.018 F +<8c78>-.25 E .517(es or character constants.)-.15 F .517(Constants with) +5.517 F 3.282(al)108 518.4 S .782 +(eading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)-3.282 F 3.283(Al)5.782 G +.783(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.283 F 3.283(xadecimal. Otherwise,) +-.15 F(num-)3.283 E .816(bers tak)108 530.4 R 3.316(et)-.1 G .816 +(he form [)-3.316 F F1(base#)A F0 .815(]n, where the optional)B F1(base) +3.315 E F0 .815(is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing)3.315 +F .349(the arithmetic base, and)108 542.4 R F1(n)2.849 E F0 .349 +(is a number in that base.)2.849 F(If)5.35 E F1(base#)2.85 E F0 .35 +(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)2.85 F .35(When speci-)5.35 F(fying) +108 554.4 Q F1(n)2.975 E F0 2.975(,i)C 2.975(fan)-2.975 G .474(on-digit\ + is required, the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-2.975 +F .474(wercase letters, the up-)-.25 F .518 +(percase letters, @, and _, in that order)108 566.4 R 5.518(.I)-.55 G(f) -5.518 E F1(base)3.018 E F0 .518(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.018 F .518(wercase and uppercase letters)-.25 F (may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 -537.6 Q .234(Operators are e)108 554.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .234 +578.4 Q .235(Operators are e)108 595.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G .235 (luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234 -(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .235 -(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 566.4 S +(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .234 +(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 607.2 S (rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 583.2 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .256 -(Conditional e)108 595.2 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[) +/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 624 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .255 +(Conditional e)108 636 R .255(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[) 2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F2(test)2.755 E F0(and) -2.755 E F2([)2.755 E F0 -.2(bu)2.755 G .255(iltin commands to test).2 F -.133(\214le attrib)108 607.2 R .133 +2.755 E F2([)2.756 E F0 -.2(bu)2.756 G .256(iltin commands to test).2 F +.134(\214le attrib)108 648 R .134 (utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F(The)5.133 E -F2(test)2.633 E F0(and)2.633 E F2([)2.634 E F0 .134 -(commands determine their be-)2.634 F(ha)108 619.2 Q .198 -(vior based on the number of ar)-.2 F .197 -(guments; see the descriptions of those commands for an)-.18 F 2.697(yo) --.15 G .197(ther command-)-2.697 F(speci\214c actions.)108 631.2 Q .234 -(Expressions are formed from the follo)108 648 R .234 -(wing unary or binary primaries.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.234 E F0 .235 -(handles se)2.735 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .235(ral \214lenames spe-).15 F .425 -(cially when the)108 660 R 2.925(ya)-.15 G .425(re used in e)-2.925 F +F2(test)2.633 E F0(and)2.633 E F2([)2.633 E F0 .133 +(commands determine their be-)2.633 F(ha)108 660 Q .197 +(vior based on the number of ar)-.2 F .198 +(guments; see the descriptions of those commands for an)-.18 F 2.698(yo) +-.15 G .198(ther command-)-2.698 F(speci\214c actions.)108 672 Q .235 +(Expressions are formed from the follo)108 688.8 R .234 +(wing unary or binary primaries.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.234 E F0 .234 +(handles se)2.734 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .234(ral \214lenames spe-).15 F .424 +(cially when the)108 700.8 R 2.924(ya)-.15 G .424(re used in e)-2.924 F 2.925(xpressions. If)-.15 F .425(the operating system on which)2.925 F -F2(bash)2.924 E F0 .424(is running pro)2.924 F .424(vides these)-.15 F -.344(special \214les, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate the\ -m internally with this beha)108 672 R .345(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E F1 -(\214le)2.845 E F0(ar)2.845 E(-)-.2 E .806 -(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)108 684 R F1(/de)3.306 E -(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.305(,t)C .805(hen \214le descriptor)-3.305 F F1(n) -3.305 E F0 .805(is check)3.305 F 3.305(ed. If)-.1 F(the)3.305 E F1 -(\214le)3.305 E F0(ar)3.305 E(gu-)-.18 E .029 -(ment to one of the primaries is one of)108 696 R F1(/de)2.529 E -(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(,)A F1(/de)2.529 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 2.53(,o)C(r) --2.53 E F1(/de)2.53 E(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.53<2c8c>C .03 -(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respec-)-2.53 F(ti)108 708 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ly).15 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .722 -(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) -108 724.8 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .721(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) --3.221 F(get)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(35) +F2(bash)2.925 E F0 .425(is running pro)2.925 F .425(vides these)-.15 F +.345(special \214les, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate the\ +m internally with this beha)108 712.8 R .344(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E +F1(\214le)2.844 E F0(ar)2.844 E(-)-.2 E 2.08 +(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)108 724.8 R F1(/de)4.581 +E(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 4.581(,t)C 2.081(hen \214le descriptor)-4.581 F F1(n) +4.581 E F0 2.081(is check)4.581 F 4.581(ed. If)-.1 F(the)4.581 E F1 +(\214le)4.581 E F0(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(35) 197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 36 36 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 84 Q 1.095 -(When used with)108 102 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)3.595 E F0 3.595(,t)C -(he)-3.595 E F1(<)3.595 E F0(and)3.595 E F1(>)3.595 E F0 1.095 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(ar)108 84 Q .039 +(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(/de)2.539 E(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(,)A F1(/de)2.539 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 +2.539(,o)C(r)-2.539 E F1(/de)2.539 E(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.539<2c8c>C +.039(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, re-)-2.539 F(specti)108 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G(ly).15 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .721 +(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) +108 112.8 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) +-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 124.8 +Q 1.096(When used with)108 142.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)3.596 E F0 +3.596(,t)C(he)-3.596 E F2(<)3.596 E F0(and)3.595 E F2(>)3.595 E F0 1.095 (operators sort le)3.595 F 1.095 -(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.096 E F1(test) -3.596 E F0(com-)3.596 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 114 Q F1 -108 138 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 138 -S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 -150 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 150 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F1108 -162 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 162 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F1 -108 174 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 174 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 -E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1108 -186 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 186 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 198 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)144 198 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F1108 210 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 210 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1108 222 Q F2(\214le) -2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 222 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 234 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 234 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.095 E F2(test) +3.595 E F0(com-)3.595 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 154.8 Q F2 +108 178.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 178.8 S(ue if).35 E F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 190.8 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 190.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F2108 202.8 Q +F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 202.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F2108 +214.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 214.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F2108 +226.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 226.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 238.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 238.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F2108 250.8 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 250.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F2108 262.8 Q F1(\214le) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 262.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 +G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 274.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)144 274.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.) --2.5 E F1108 246 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 246 S(ue if).35 -E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).) -.15 E F1108 258 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 258 S(ue if).35 E -F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F1108 -270 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 270 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F1 -108 282 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 282 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E -F2(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F1108 294 -Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 294 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F1 -108 306 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 306 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 -E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1108 318 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 318 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F1108 -330 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 330 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E -F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E -.3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F1108 342 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 342 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 354 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 354 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F1 -108 366 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 366 S(ue if).35 E F2 +-2.5 E F2108 286.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 286.8 S(ue if) +.35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 E F2108 298.8 Q F1(\214le) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 298.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 +G(ists and is readable.).15 E F2108 310.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 310.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F2108 322.8 Q F1(fd) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 322.8 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F1(fd)4.47 E +F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F2108 334.8 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 334.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F2108 +346.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 346.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F2108 358.8 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 358.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F2108 +370.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 370.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 +E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F2108 382.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)144 382.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 394.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)144 394.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F2 +108 406.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 406.8 S(ue if).35 E F1 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E -(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F1108 378 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 378 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2(\214le1)108 390 Q F1 -(\255ef)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 402 S(ue if).35 E F2 -(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 -E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F2(\214le1)108 414 Q F02.5 E F1(nt) -A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 426 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0 -(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F2 -(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2 -(\214le1)108 438 Q F02.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 -450 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 -E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and).15 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1108 462 Q F2 -(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 474 S .263(ue if the shell option).35 F F2 -(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 -(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F1 -2.762 E F0(option to the)144 486 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1108 498 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 510 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 -E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F1108 -522 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 534 S(ue if the shell v).35 E -(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 E F0(is set and is a name reference.) -2.68 E F1108 546 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 558 S -(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string) -108 570 Q F1108 582 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 594 S -(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.84 E F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2 -(string1)108 610.8 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 622.8 Q F1 -(=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 634.8 S .861 -(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F1(=)5.861 E F0 .861 -(should be used with the)3.361 F F1(test)3.361 E F0 .862 -(command for POSIX conformance.)3.362 F .447(When used with the)144 -646.8 R F1([[)2.946 E F0 .446 -(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .746 --.15(ve \()-.15 H F1(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 658.8 Q F0(\).)A F2 -(string1)108 675.6 Q F1(!=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 687.6 S -(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F2(string1)108 704.4 Q F1(<)2.5 -E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 716.4 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E -F0(sorts before)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 -E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(36)197.335 E 0 -Cg EP +(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F2108 418.8 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 418.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F1(\214le1)108 430.8 Q F2 +(\255ef)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 442.8 S(ue if).35 E F1 +(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 +E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F1(\214le1)108 454.8 Q F02.5 E F2 +(nt)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 466.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 +E F0(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F1 +(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1 +(\214le1)108 478.8 Q F02.5 E F2(ot)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +490.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F1(\214le2) +2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 +G(ists and).15 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2108 502.8 Q +F1(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 514.8 S .262(ue if the shell option).35 +F F1(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 +(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F2 +2.763 E F0(option to the)144 526.8 Q F2(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2108 538.8 Q F1(varname)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 550.8 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F1(varname) +2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F2 +108 562.8 Q F1(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 574.8 S(ue if the shell v) +.35 E(ariable)-.25 E F1(varname)2.79 E F0 +(is set and is a name reference.)2.68 E F2108 586.8 Q F1(string) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 598.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F1(string)2.5 E +F0(is zero.)2.5 E F1(string)108 610.8 Q F2108 622.8 Q F1(string) +2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 634.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F1(string)2.84 E +F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F1(string1)108 651.6 Q F2(==)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 +E(string1)108 663.6 Q F2(=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 675.6 S +.862(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F2(=)5.861 E F0 .861 +(should be used with the)3.361 F F2(test)3.361 E F0 .861 +(command for POSIX conformance.)3.361 F .446(When used with the)144 +687.6 R F2([[)2.946 E F0 .446 +(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .747 +-.15(ve \()-.15 H F2(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 699.6 Q F0(\).)A +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(36)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 37 37 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(string1)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>)2.5 E F1 -(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0 -(sorts after)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E -(.)-.65 E F1(ar)108.33 112.8 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 -E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OP)144 124.8 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F2 -(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A -F2(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2 -(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385(.T)C .385 -(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1(ar)2.885 E +/Times-Italic@0 SF(string1)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!=)2.5 E F1 +(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 +E F1(string1)108 112.8 Q F2(<)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +124.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts before)2.5 E F1(string2) +2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F1(string1)108 141.6 Q +F2(>)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 153.6 S(ue if).35 E F1 +(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E +(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F1(ar)108.33 170.4 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP) +2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OP)144 182.4 Q F0 .385 +(is one of)2.635 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F2 +(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255gt)2.885 E F0 +2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385(.T)C .385 +(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1(ar)2.884 E (g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or e\ -qual to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 136.8 R F1(ar)144 -148.8 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 3.589(,r)C(especti)-3.589 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E -(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)7.099 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.589 E F1(ar)3.919 E(g2)-.37 E -F0 1.089(may be positi)3.609 F 1.389 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 3.589(rn).15 G --2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.589 H(ti).15 E 1.389 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E 3.59 -(gers. When)-.15 F 1.09(used with the)3.59 F F2([[)3.59 E F0(command,) -144 160.8 Q F1(Ar)4.447 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.437 E F1(Ar)4.447 E(g2)-.37 -E F0 .937(are e)3.457 F -.25(va)-.25 G .937(luated as arithmetic e).25 F -.937(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 .937(ARITHMETIC EV)3.437 F(ALU)-1.215 E -(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 172.8 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 189.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 -.613(When a simple command is e)108 201.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 -(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614(wing e)-.25 F .614 +qual to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 194.4 R F1(ar)144 +206.4 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 3.59(,r)C(especti)-3.59 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)7.1 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.59 E F1(ar)3.92 E(g2)-.37 E F0 +1.089(may be positi)3.61 F 1.389 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 3.589(rn).15 G -2.25 +-.15(eg a)-3.589 H(ti).15 E 1.389 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E 3.589 +(gers. When)-.15 F 1.089(used with the)3.589 F F2([[)3.589 E F0 +(command,)144 218.4 Q F1(Ar)4.447 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.437 E F1(Ar)4.447 +E(g2)-.37 E F0 .937(are e)3.457 F -.25(va)-.25 G .937 +(luated as arithmetic e).25 F .937(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 .937 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.437 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 230.4 Q F0(abo) +2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF +(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 247.2 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .614 +(When a simple command is e)108 259.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 +(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .613(wing e)-.25 F .613 (xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F -(rections, from left to right, in the follo)108 213.6 Q(wing order)-.25 -E(.)-.55 E(1.)108 230.4 Q 1.849(The w)144 230.4 R 1.849 -(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848 +(rections, from left to right, in the follo)108 271.2 Q(wing order)-.25 +E(.)-.55 E(1.)108 288 Q 1.848(The w)144 288 R 1.848 +(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.849 (ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F -(name\) and redirections are sa)144 242.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G -(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 259.2 Q .179(The w)144 259.2 R .179 +(name\) and redirections are sa)144 300 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G +(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 316.8 Q .18(The w)144 316.8 R .18 (ords that are not v)-.1 F .179 -(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 2.68(xpanded. If)-.15 -F(an)2.68 E 2.68(yw)-.15 G .18(ords remain af-)-2.78 F .347(ter e)144 -271.2 R .347(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .347(ord is tak)-.1 F .347 -(en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F .346 -(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 283.2 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 300 Q -(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 300 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 -H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.)108 -316.8 Q .716(The te)144 316.8 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 E F0 -.717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 +(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 2.679(xpanded. If)-.15 +F(an)2.679 E 2.679(yw)-.15 G .179(ords remain af-)-2.779 F .346(ter e) +144 328.8 R .346(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .346(ord is tak)-.1 F +.347(en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F .347 +(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 340.8 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 357.6 Q +(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 357.6 Q .3 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.) +108 374.4 Q .717(The te)144 374.4 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 +E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 (goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -.34(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 328.8 R .339 +.339(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 386.4 R .339 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 -(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 340.8 Q -.586(If no command name results, the v)108 357.6 R .586 +(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 398.4 Q +.587(If no command name results, the v)108 415.2 R .586 (ariable assignments af)-.25 F .586(fect the current shell en)-.25 F -3.087(vironment. In)-.4 F .587(the case of)3.087 F .371(such a command \ +3.086(vironment. In)-.4 F .586(the case of)3.086 F .371(such a command \ \(one that consists only of assignment statements and redirections\), a\ -ssignment statements)108 369.6 R .835 -(are performed before redirections.)108 381.6 R .835(Otherwise, the v) +ssignment statements)108 427.2 R .835 +(are performed before redirections.)108 439.2 R .835(Otherwise, the v) 5.835 F .835(ariables are added to the en)-.25 F .835 -(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .839 -(command and do not af)108 393.6 R .838(fect the current shell en)-.25 F +(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .838 +(command and do not af)108 451.2 R .838(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 3.338(vironment. If)-.4 F(an)3.338 E 3.338(yo)-.15 G 3.338(ft)-3.338 G -.838(he assignments attempts to assign a)-3.338 F -.25(va)108 405.6 S +.839(he assignments attempts to assign a)-3.338 F -.25(va)108 463.2 S (lue to a readonly v).25 E(ariable, an error occurs, and the command e) --.25 E(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .149 -(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 422.4 R -.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .15(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.65 -(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 434.4 -Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 -(If there is a command name left after e)108 451.2 R 1.064(xpansion, e) +-.25 E(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15 +(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 480 R +.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649 +(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 492 Q +(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 +(If there is a command name left after e)108 508.8 R 1.064(xpansion, e) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F -4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .068(command e)108 -463.2 R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069 -(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .069 -(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 475.2 R .466 -(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .466 -(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 487.2 -Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 504 Q F0 -.546(After a command has been split into w)108 516 R .547 +4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .069(command e)108 +520.8 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069 +(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068 +(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 532.8 R .466 +(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467 +(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 544.8 +Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 561.6 Q F0 +.547(After a command has been split into w)108 573.6 R .546 (ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 -F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the shell performs the follo)108 528 Q +F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the shell performs the follo)108 585.6 Q (wing actions.)-.25 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the\ - shell attempts to locate it.)108 544.8 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 + shell attempts to locate it.)108 602.4 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 (xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) -108 556.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G +108 614.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G .246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS) 2.746 E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F -(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 568.8 Q 2.5 +(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 626.4 Q 2.5 (uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E -(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .31 -(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 585.6 R .309 -(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F2(bash)2.809 E F0 .309 -(searches each element of)2.809 F(the)108 597.6 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.162 G -(TH)-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.912 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F2(Bash)5.662 E F0 .663 -(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.915(the full pathnames of e)108 -609.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F2(hash)4.415 E -F0(under)4.415 E F3 1.915(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.914(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F0(belo)4.164 E 4.414(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.414 E .719 -(search of the directories in)108 621.6 R F3 -.666(PA)3.219 G(TH)-.189 E -F0 .72(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.) -2.969 F .72(If the)5.72 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell search\ -es for a de\214ned shell function named)108 633.6 R F2(command_not_f) -3.455 E(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 645.6 Q F0 6.005(.I)C 3.505(ft)-6.005 G -1.005(hat function e)-3.505 F 1.005(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G 3.506(di).1 G 3.506(nas)-3.506 G 1.006(eparate e)-3.506 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.006(cution en).15 F 1.006 -(vironment with the original command)-.4 F .256 -(and the original command')108 657.6 R 2.756(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.756 G -.256(uments as its ar).18 F .256(guments, and the function')-.18 F 2.755 -(se)-.55 G .255(xit status becomes the e)-2.905 F .255(xit sta-)-.15 F -.263(tus of that subshell.)108 669.6 R .263(If that function is not de\ -\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)5.263 F .263 -(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 681.6 Q 1.089(If the search is success\ -ful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e) -108 698.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197 -(named program in a separate e)108 710.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197 -(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. 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Changes)-.4 F 3.159(made to the subshell)5.659 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(38)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 39 39 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .197 -(is the empty \214le)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/de)2.697 E -(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.197(.O)C .197(therwise, the in)-5.197 F -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G 2.697(dc).1 G .198 -(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell)-2.697 F -(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 96 Q/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENVIR) -72 112.8 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.344(When a program is in)108 124.8 R -.2 -(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.843(di).1 G 4.843(ti)-4.843 G 4.843(sg)-4.843 G --2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.843 H 4.843(na).25 G 4.843(na)-4.843 G 2.343 -(rray of strings called the)-4.843 F F1(en)5.033 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 -E F0 7.343(.T).68 G 2.343(his is a list of)-7.343 F F1(name)108 136.8 Q -F0A F1(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F1(name)2.86 E F0(=)A F1 -(value)A F0(.).18 E .438(The shell pro)108 153.6 R .438(vides se)-.15 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(en)108 84 Q +(vironment cannot af)-.4 E(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) +-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.377(Subshells spa)108 100.8 R +1.377(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 +(cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F +/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.876 E F0 1.376(option from the parent) +3.876 F 2.5(shell. 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Exit)108 376.8 R .347(statuses f)2.847 F .347 +(passed to that command in its en)108 393.6 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F3 +(EXIT ST)72 410.4 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .15(The e)108 422.4 R +.15(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .15(cuted command is the v) +.15 F .151(alue returned by the)-.25 F F2(waitpid)2.651 E F0 .151 +(system call or equi)2.651 F -.25(va)-.25 G .151(lent func-).25 F 2.848 +(tion. 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When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .048(ommand terminates on a f) --2.549 F .048(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 441.6 Q F1(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F3(bash) -2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F1(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E -(xit status.)-.15 E .404 -(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 458.4 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .405 -(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 470.4 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 487.2 +(Under)5.507 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 +458.4 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15 +(Fo)108 475.2 S 3.373(rt).15 G .873(he shell')-3.373 F 3.373(sp)-.55 G +.873(urposes, a command which e)-3.373 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F +.873(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .872(An e)5.872 F .872 +(xit status of)-.15 F .048(zero indicates success.)108 487.2 R 2.548(An) +5.048 G .049(on-zero e)-2.548 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 +(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .049(ommand terminates on a f) +-2.549 F .049(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 499.2 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash) +2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E +(xit status.)-.15 E .405 +(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 516 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .404 +(If a command is)5.404 F(found b)108 528 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 544.8 Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E (xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.) --.15 E .081(Shell b)108 504 R .081 -(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F1(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C -2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F1(false)A F0 -2.58(\)i)C 2.58(fa)-2.58 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G .08(rror occurs while)-2.58 F -(the)108 516 Q 2.967(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.117 G 2.967(cute. All).15 F --.2(bu)2.967 G .467(iltins return an e).2 F .468 +-.15 E .08(Shell b)108 561.6 R .08 +(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F2(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C +2.581(fs)-2.581 G .081(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F2(false)A F0 +2.581(\)i)C 2.581(fa)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G .081(rror occurs while) +-2.581 F(the)108 573.6 Q 2.968(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.118 G 2.968 +(cute. All).15 F -.2(bu)2.968 G .468(iltins return an e).2 F .468 (xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.4 G .468(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 528 Q(guments.)-.18 E -(The e)108 544.8 Q(xit status of the last command is a)-.15 E -.25(va) --.2 G(ilable in the special parameter $?.).25 E F3(Bash)108 561.6 Q F0 -.202(itself returns the e)2.702 F .202(xit status of the last command e) --.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .201 -(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 573.6 -Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F3 -(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2 -(SIGN)72 590.4 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 602.4 Q F3(bash)2.502 E F0 .002 +(va)-.4 G .467(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 585.6 Q(guments.)-.18 +E(The e)108 602.4 Q(xit status of the last command is a)-.15 E -.25(va) +-.2 G(ilable in the special parameter $?.).25 E F1(Bash)108 619.2 Q F0 +.201(itself returns the e)2.701 F .202(xit status of the last command e) +-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .202 +(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 631.2 +Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F1 +(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F3 +(SIGN)72 648 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 660 Q F1(bash)2.503 E F0 .002 (is interacti)2.502 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.502(,i).15 G 2.502(nt)-2.502 G .002(he absence of an)-2.502 F 2.502(yt)-.15 G .002(raps, it ignores) --2.502 F F4(SIGTERM)2.502 E F0 .002(\(so that)2.252 F F3 .002(kill 0) -2.502 F F0 .002(does not kill an in-)2.502 F(teracti)108 614.4 Q 1.216 --.15(ve s)-.25 H .916(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)3.416 E F0 .915 -(is caught and handled \(so that the)3.166 F F3(wait)3.415 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.415 G .915(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .915(In all cases,)5.915 F -F3(bash)108 626.4 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E F5(.)A F0 -(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 +-2.502 F F4(SIGTERM)2.502 E F0 .002(\(so that)2.252 F F1 .002(kill 0) +2.502 F F0 .002(does not kill an in-)2.502 F(teracti)108 672 Q 1.215 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .915(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)3.415 E F0 .915 +(is caught and handled \(so that the)3.165 F F1(wait)3.415 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.416 G .916(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .916(In all cases,)5.916 F +F1(bash)108 684 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E F5(.)A F0 +(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 -E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0(Non-b)108 643.2 Q 1.064 -(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F3(bash)3.564 E F0(ha)3.564 E 1.365 -.15 -(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.065 -(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.248(parent. When)108 -655.2 R .748(job control is not in ef)3.248 F .747 -(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.247 E F0(and) -2.997 E F4(SIGQ)3.247 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .747(in addi-)2.997 F .652 -(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 667.2 R .653 -(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.652 F --.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 679.2 Q F4 -(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4 -(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 2.046(The shell e)108 696 R 2.046(xits by def) --.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F4(SIGHUP)4.545 E F5(.)A F0 -2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.345 -.15 -(ve s)-.25 H 2.045(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 708 Q F0 1.004 -(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.254 F 1.004(Stopped jobs are sent) -6.004 F F4(SIGCONT)3.505 E F0 1.005(to ensure that the)3.255 F 3.505(yr) --.15 G(ecei)-3.505 E 1.305 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4(SIGHUP)108 720 Q -F5(.)A F0 2.53 -.8(To p)5.43 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell \ -from sending the signal to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.429(df).15 G .929(rom the)-3.429 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 -Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(39)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0(Non-b)108 700.8 Q 1.065 +(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F1(bash)3.565 E F0(ha)3.565 E 1.365 -.15 +(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.064 +(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.247(parent. When)108 +712.8 R .747(job control is not in ef)3.247 F .747 +(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.248 E F0(and) +2.998 E F4(SIGQ)3.248 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .748(in addi-)2.998 F .653 +(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 724.8 R .653 +(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.653 F +-.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E +(39)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 40 40 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.356 -(jobs table with the)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(diso)3.856 E(wn)-.1 -E F0 -.2(bu)3.856 G 1.356(iltin \(see).2 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.356 -(SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.607 E -1.357(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.357(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2 -(SIGHUP)108 96 Q F0(using)2.25 E F1(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A -.166(If the)108 112.8 R F1(huponexit)2.666 E 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braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 628.8 Q F0 +(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 628.8 Q F1(\\h)144 640.8 Q F0 +(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 640.8 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 652.8 +Q F0(the hostname)180 652.8 Q F1(\\j)144 664.8 Q F0 +(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 664.8 Q F1(\\l) +144 676.8 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 676.8 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G +(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 688.8 Q F0(ne)180 688.8 Q +(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 700.8 Q F0(carriage return)180 700.8 Q F1(\\s) +144 712.8 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 712.8 Q F1($0) +2.5 E F0(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(41)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 42 42 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(\\v)144 84 Q F0(the v)180 84 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 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($HOME)2.619 E F0(abbre)2.369 E .119(viated with a tilde \(uses)-.25 F -(the v)180 120 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F2(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM) --.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 132 Q F0 -(the basename of)180 132 Q F1($PWD)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F2 -($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 144 Q -F0(the history number of this command)180 144 Q F1(\\#)144 156 Q F0 -(the command number of this command)180 156 Q F1(\\$)144 168 Q F0 -(if the ef)180 168 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E -F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 180 Q/F3 10 +(the v)180 180 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F2(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM) +-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 192 Q F0 +(the basename of)180 192 Q F1($PWD)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F2 +($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 204 Q +F0(the history number of this command)180 204 Q F1(\\#)144 216 Q F0 +(the command number of this command)180 216 Q F1(\\$)144 228 Q F0 +(if the ef)180 228 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E +F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 240 Q/F3 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 -(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 180 Q F3(nnn)2.5 E -F1(\\\\)144 192 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 192 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 204 Q -F0(be)180 204 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \ +(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 240 Q F3(nnn)2.5 E +F1(\\\\)144 252 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 252 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 264 Q +F0(be)180 264 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \ could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F -(control sequence into the prompt)180 216 Q F1(\\])144 228 Q F0 -(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 228 Q .12 -(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 244.8 R -.119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(positio\ -n in the history list, which may include commands restored from the his\ -tory \214le \(see)108 256.8 R F2(HIST)3.047 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 -(be-)2.797 E(lo)108 268.8 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the p\ -osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .354 -(cuted during the current).15 F .822(shell session.)108 280.8 R .822 -(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.822 F .822 -(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .823(xpansion, command substitution,) --.15 F .683(arithmetic e)108 292.8 R .683(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 -F -.25(va)-.15 G .683(l, subject to the v).25 F .682(alue of the)-.25 F -F1(pr)3.182 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .682(shell option \(see the de-) -3.182 F 1.197(scription of the)108 304.8 R F1(shopt)3.697 E F0 1.197 -(command under)3.697 F F2 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.448 E 3.698(w\). This)-.25 F 1.198 -(can ha)3.698 F 1.498 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(nw).15 E(anted)-.1 E .322(side ef) -108 316.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \ +(control sequence into the prompt)180 276 Q F1(\\])144 288 Q F0 +(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 288 Q .119 +(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 304.8 R +.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(position\ + in the history list, which may include commands restored from the hist\ +ory \214le \(see)108 316.8 R F2(HIST)3.046 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 +(be-)2.796 E(lo)108 328.8 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the p\ +osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .355 +(cuted during the current).15 F .823(shell session.)108 340.8 R .822 +(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.823 F .822 +(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .822(xpansion, command substitution,) +-.15 F .682(arithmetic e)108 352.8 R .682(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 +F -.25(va)-.15 G .682(l, subject to the v).25 F .683(alue of the)-.25 F +F1(pr)3.183 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .683(shell option \(see the de-) +3.183 F 1.198(scription of the)108 364.8 R F1(shopt)3.698 E F0 1.198 +(command under)3.698 F F2 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.447 E 3.697(w\). This)-.25 F 1.197 +(can ha)3.697 F 1.497 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(nw).15 E(anted)-.1 E .322(side ef) +108 376.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \ command substitution or contain characters spe-)-.25 F(cial to w)108 -328.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE) -72 345.6 Q F0 .15 +388.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE) +72 405.6 Q F0 .151 (This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) -108 357.6 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F1 -(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E .385(is gi)108 369.6 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.885(na).15 G 2.885(ts)-2.885 G .385(hell in)-2.885 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G 2.885(cation. Line).2 F .385 -(editing is also used when using the)2.885 F F12.884 E F0 .384 -(option to the)2.884 F F1 -.18(re)2.884 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.884 G -2.884(iltin. By).2 F(de-)2.884 E -.1(fa)108 381.6 S 1.406 +108 417.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1 +(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E .384(is gi)108 429.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.884(na).15 G 2.884(ts)-2.884 G .384(hell in)-2.884 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G 2.884(cation. Line).2 F .384 +(editing is also used when using the)2.884 F F12.885 E F0 .385 +(option to the)2.885 F F1 -.18(re)2.885 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.885 G +2.885(iltin. By).2 F(de-)2.885 E -.1(fa)108 441.6 S 1.407 (ult, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.).1 F -3.907(Av)6.407 G 1.407(i-style line editing interf)-3.907 F 1.407 -(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 393.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 +3.906(Av)6.406 G 1.406(i-style line editing interf)-3.906 F 1.406 +(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 453.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 (editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) -3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 .85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E -(\(see)108 405.6 Q F2 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) +(\(see)108 465.6 Q F2 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) -3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 -(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.263 E -(emacs)108 417.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 -(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 434.4 Q +(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E +(emacs)108 477.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 +(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 494.4 Q F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k) -108 446.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) +108 506.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) 2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A -1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 458.4 R(Similarly)6.152 E(,) --.65 E F3(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) --.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653(oM)-3.653 G 1.153 -(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)108 470.4 S .831 -(yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke)3.591 G 2.131 -.65 -(y, M)-.05 H.65 E F3(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F F3(x)3.331 E F0 -3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .83 -(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65(y. T)-.05 H .83 -(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 482.4 R F3 .599(meta pr)3.099 F -(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F3 -(x)A F0 .599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099 -(rp)-3.099 G .6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6 -(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 494.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H +1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 518.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,) +-.65 E F3(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) +-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152 +(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 530.4 S .83 +(yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65 +(y, M)-.05 H.65 E F3(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F3(x)3.33 E F0 3.33 +(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831 +(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H +.831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 542.4 R F3 .6(meta pr)3.1 F +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F3(x)A F0 +.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp) +-3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599 +(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 554.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H (hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) -.65 E .596(Readline commands may be gi)108 511.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.096 +.65 E .595(Readline commands may be gi)108 571.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.096 (nn).15 G(umeric)-3.096 E F3(ar)3.426 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.096(,w).27 G -.596(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.096 F(Sometimes,)5.595 E -(ho)108 523.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti) -.4 G 3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 +.596(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.096 F(Sometimes,)5.596 E +(ho)108 583.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti) +.4 G 3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 (gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne) .15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619 -(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 535.2 R 1.018 +(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 595.2 R 1.018 (ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C -1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018 -(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 547.2 Q +1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019 +(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 607.2 Q (vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) --.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 564 R F3 +-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 624 R F3 (killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 -(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812 -(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F3 -(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 576 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F +(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811 +(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F3 +(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 636 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3 .029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H .029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,) --.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 588 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 +-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 648 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 (Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 (xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) -108 600 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 616.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\ -tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 628.8 -R F3(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .091 -(name of this \214le)2.591 F .572(is tak)108 640.8 R .573(en from the v) +108 660 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 676.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\ +tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 688.8 +R F3(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .092 +(name of this \214le)2.591 F .573(is tak)108 700.8 R .573(en from the v) -.1 F .573(alue of the)-.25 F F2(INPUTRC)3.073 E F0 -.25(va)2.823 G 3.073(riable. If).25 F .573(that v)3.073 F .573 (ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .573(ault is)-.1 F F3(~/.inputr)2.573 -E(c)-.37 E F0 5.573(.I).31 G 3.073(ft)-5.573 G(hat)-3.073 E 3.062 -(\214le does)108 652.8 R .562(not e)3.062 F .562 +E(c)-.37 E F0 5.572(.I).31 G 3.072(ft)-5.572 G(hat)-3.072 E 3.061 +(\214le does)108 712.8 R .561(not e)3.061 F .562 (xist or cannot be read, the ultimate def)-.15 F .562(ault is)-.1 F F3 -(/etc/inputr)4.212 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.561(.W).31 G .561 -(hen a program which uses the)-5.561 F .174(readline library starts up,\ - the initialization \214le is read, and the k)108 664.8 R .475 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H .175(indings and v).15 F .175(ariables are set.)-.25 F .175 -(There are)5.175 F .239(only a fe)108 676.8 R 2.739(wb)-.25 G .239 -(asic constructs allo)-2.739 F .239 -(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F .238 -(Blank lines are ignored.)5.239 F .238(Lines be)5.238 F(gin-)-.15 E .553 -(ning with a)108 688.8 R F1(#)3.053 E F0 .554(are comments.)3.053 F .554 -(Lines be)5.554 F .554(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.054 E F0 .554 -(indicate conditional constructs.)3.054 F .554(Other lines denote)5.554 -F -.1(ke)108 700.8 S 2.5(yb)-.05 G(indings and v)-2.5 E -(ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 717.6 R .987(ault k)-.1 F --.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F3(inputr) -3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987 -(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 729.6 Q -(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15) -148.175 E(42)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(/etc/inputr)4.212 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.562(.W).31 G .562 +(hen a program which uses the)-5.562 F .175(readline library starts up,\ + the initialization \214le is read, and the k)108 724.8 R .474 -.15 +(ey b)-.1 H .174(indings and v).15 F .174(ariables are set.)-.25 F .174 +(There are)5.174 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(42) +197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 43 43 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(Fo)108 84 S -2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 100.8 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 112.8 Q -(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument) --.18 E(into the)108 136.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 -E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F1(univer)2.58 E(sal\255ar) --.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.01(The follo)108 153.6 R 1.011 -(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F1 -.4(RU)3.511 G -(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(DEL)4.091 E F0(,).53 E F1(ESC)4.021 E F0(,).72 -E F1(LFD)4.091 E F0(,).28 E F1(NEWLINE)4.211 E F0(,).73 E F1(RET)4.141 E -F0(,)1.27 E F1(RETURN)108.63 165.6 Q F0(,)1.1 E F1(SPC)2.83 E F0(,).72 E -F1(SP)2.83 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E F1 -.5(TA)2.5 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .238(only a fe)108 +84 R 2.738(wb)-.25 G .238(asic constructs allo)-2.738 F .239 +(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F .239 +(Blank lines are ignored.)5.239 F .239(Lines be)5.239 F(gin-)-.15 E .554 +(ning with a)108 96 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)3.054 E F0 .554 +(are comments.)3.054 F .554(Lines be)5.554 F .554(ginning with a)-.15 F +F1($)3.054 E F0 .554(indicate conditional constructs.)3.054 F .553 +(Other lines denote)5.553 F -.1(ke)108 108 S 2.5(yb)-.05 G +(indings and v)-2.5 E(ariable settings.)-.25 E .986(The def)108 124.8 R +.986(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an) +.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487 +(\214le. 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F)108 288 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 -E(Control-u: uni)144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 324 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E -(Control-o: "> output")144 336 Q .698(In the abo)108 352.8 R .998 -.15 -(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F1(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698 -(is bound to the function)3.448 F F2(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G -(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F1(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 -(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 364.8 Q F2 -(backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F1 -(C\255o)2.599 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258 +-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 264 Q F2(macr)2.5 +E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F1(Readline K)87 280.8 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366 +(The syntax for controlling k)108 292.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 +(indings in the).15 F F2(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366 +(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the) +5.366 F .263(command or the te)108 304.8 R .264(xt of a macro and a k) +-.15 F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264(equence to which it should be bound.) +.15 F .264(The name may be speci-)5.264 F .139(\214ed in one of tw)108 +316.8 R 2.638(ow)-.1 G .138(ays: as a symbolic k)-2.738 F .438 -.15 +(ey n)-.1 H .138(ame, possibly with).15 F F2(Meta\255)2.638 E F0(or) +2.638 E F2(Contr)2.638 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)2.638 E .138 +(es, or as a k)-.15 F .438 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(e-).15 E(quence.)108 328.8 Q +.16(When using the form)108 345.6 R F1 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A +F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.66 E F2(macr)2.66 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A +F2 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname)-.2 E F0 .161(is the name of a k)2.84 F .461 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .161(pelled out in Eng-).15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 357.6 R(or e) +-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni)144 381.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 393.6 Q +(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E(Control-o: "> output")144 405.6 Q .699 +(In the abo)108 422.4 R .998 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F2(C\255u) +3.038 E F0 .698(is bound to the function)3.448 F F1(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve) +-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F2(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 +(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 434.4 Q F1 +(backward\255kill\255w)2.758 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.758(,a)C(nd)-2.758 E F2 +(C\255o)2.598 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.938 F .259 (xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108 -376.8 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 -(into the line\).)2.5 E .055(In the second form,)108 393.6 R F2("k)2.555 -E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.555 E F1(macr) -2.555 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.556 E .056 -(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15 -(ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284 -(denoting an entire k)108 405.6 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ +446.4 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 +(into the line\).)2.5 E .056(In the second form,)108 463.2 R F1("k)2.556 +E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.556 E F2(macr) +2.556 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.555 E .055 +(fers from)-.25 F F1 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.555 E .355 -.15 +(ve i)-.15 H 2.555(nt).15 G .055(hat strings)-2.555 F 1.284 +(denoting an entire k)108 475.2 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F -(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 417.6 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H -.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .386 -(xample, b)-.15 F .386(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F -(are not recognized.)108 429.6 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 453.6 Q -.15(ve) +(Some)6.284 E .386(GNU Emacs style k)108 487.2 R .686 -.15(ey e)-.1 H +.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .385 +(xample, b)-.15 F .385(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F +(are not recognized.)108 499.2 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 523.2 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 465.6 Q -("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 477.6 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .315 -(In this e)108 494.4 R(xample,)-.15 E F1(C\255u)2.655 E F0 .315(is ag) -3.065 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F2(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 -G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 -.314(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 506.4 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G -.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1 -(ESC [ 1 1 ~)3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3 -(Function Key 1)2.5 E F0(.)A -(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 523.2 Q F2 -<5c43ad>144 535.2 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 535.2 Q F2<5c4dad>144 547.2 -Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 547.2 Q F2(\\e)144 559.2 Q F0 -(an escape character)180 559.2 Q F2(\\\\)144 571.2 Q F0(backslash)180 -571.2 Q F2(\\")144 583.2 Q F0(literal ")180 583.2 Q F2<5c08>144 595.2 Q -F0(literal \010)180 595.2 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape s\ -equences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 612 Q -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 624 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 624 Q F2(\\b)144 -636 Q F0(backspace)180 636 Q F2(\\d)144 648 Q F0(delete)180 648 Q F2 -(\\f)144 660 Q F0(form feed)180 660 Q F2(\\n)144 672 Q F0(ne)180 672 Q -(wline)-.25 E F2(\\r)144 684 Q F0(carriage return)180 684 Q F2(\\t)144 -696 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 696 Q F2(\\v)144 708 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 708 S -(rtical tab).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(43) -197.335 E 0 Cg EP +("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 535.2 Q +("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 547.2 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .314 +(In this e)108 564 R(xample,)-.15 E F2(C\255u)2.654 E F0 .314(is ag) +3.064 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F1(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 +G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F2 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 +.315(is bound to the func-)3.545 F(tion)108 576 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G +.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2(ESC [ 1 1 ~) +3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3(Function Key 1) +2.5 E F0(.)A(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 +592.8 Q F1<5c43ad>144 604.8 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 604.8 Q F1<5c4dad> +144 616.8 Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 616.8 Q F1(\\e)144 628.8 Q F0 +(an escape character)180 628.8 Q F1(\\\\)144 640.8 Q F0(backslash)180 +640.8 Q F1(\\")144 652.8 Q F0(literal ")180 652.8 Q F1<5c08>144 664.8 Q +F0(literal \010)180 664.8 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape s\ +equences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 681.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 +G(ilable:).25 E F1(\\a)144 693.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 693.6 Q F1(\\b) +144 705.6 Q F0(backspace)180 705.6 Q F1(\\d)144 717.6 Q F0(delete)180 +717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(43)197.335 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 44 44 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(\\)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 84 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E -(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 96 -Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 96 Q(alue is the he) --.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E -2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141 -(When entering the te)108 112.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ - quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09 -(Unquoted te)108 124.8 R .09(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F -.089(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089 -(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 -136.8 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G +SF(\\f)144 84 Q F0(form feed)180 84 Q F1(\\n)144 96 Q F0(ne)180 96 Q +(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 108 Q F0(carriage return)180 108 Q F1(\\t)144 +120 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 120 Q F1(\\v)144 132 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 132 S +(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 144 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)180 144 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E +(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 +156 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 156 Q +(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 +(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.142 +(When entering the te)108 172.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ + quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .089 +(Unquoted te)108 184.8 R .089(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 +F .09(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.59(,t)-.65 G .09 +(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.59 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 +196.8 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G (ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E -F1(Bash)108 153.6 Q F0(allo)2.929 E .429(ws the current readline k)-.25 -F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 -(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.93 E F0 --.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046 -(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 165.6 R .346 -.15 -(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F12.545 E F0 .045 -(option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045 -(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 177.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E +F1(Bash)108 213.6 Q F0(allo)2.93 E .43(ws the current readline k)-.25 F +.73 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the) +.15 F F1(bind)2.929 E F0 -.2(bu)2.929 G .429(iltin command.).2 F .045 +(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 225.6 R .345 -.15 +(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F12.546 E F0 .046 +(option to the)2.546 F F1(set)2.546 E F0 -.2(bu)2.546 G .046 +(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 237.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E (UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -(Readline V)87 194.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 206.4 +(Readline V)87 254.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .044(Readline has v)108 266.4 R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F (vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 -(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 218.4 Q(c)-.37 E -F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 235.2 Q F2 -(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0(or using the)108 247.2 Q F1(bind)2.5 E +(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.553 E(tr)108 278.4 Q(c)-.37 E +F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 295.2 Q F2 +(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0(or using the)108 307.2 Q F1(bind)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .79 -(Except where noted, readline v)108 264 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F +(Except where noted, readline v)108 324 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues)-.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1 (Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).) -.05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .448(nized v)108 276 R .448 +.05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .449(nized v)108 336 R .448 (ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v) --.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449 -(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468 +-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .448 +(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 348 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .467 (\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On) 2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 -F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467 -(he v)-5.468 F .467(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 -300 S(lues are:).25 E F1(acti)108 316.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E -(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 2.729(As)144 328.8 S .229(tring v) --2.729 F .229(ariable that controls the te)-.25 F .229 -(xt color and background when displaying the te)-.15 F .23 -(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 340.8 Q 1.527 +F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .468 +(he v)-5.468 F .468(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 +360 S(lues are:).25 E F1(acti)108 376.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E +(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 2.73(As)144 388.8 S .23(tring v)-2.73 +F .23(ariable that controls the te)-.25 F .229 +(xt color and background when displaying the te)-.15 F .229 +(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 400.8 Q 1.526 (gion \(see the description of)-.15 F F1(enable\255acti)4.026 E -.1(ve) -.1 G.1 E(egion)-.18 E F0(belo)4.026 E 4.026(w\). This)-.25 F -1.526(string must not tak)4.026 F 4.026(eu)-.1 G 4.026(pa)-4.026 G -.15 -(ny)-4.026 G(ph)144 352.8 Q .283 -(ysical character positions on the display)-.05 F 2.783(,s)-.65 G 2.784 -(oi)-2.783 G 2.784(ts)-2.784 G .284 +1.526(string must not tak)4.026 F 4.027(eu)-.1 G 4.027(pa)-4.027 G -.15 +(ny)-4.027 G(ph)144 412.8 Q .284 +(ysical character positions on the display)-.05 F 2.784(,s)-.65 G 2.784 +(oi)-2.784 G 2.784(ts)-2.784 G .283 (hould consist only of terminal escape sequences.)-2.784 F .45 -(It is output to the terminal before displaying the te)144 364.8 R .45 +(It is output to the terminal before displaying the te)144 424.8 R .45 (xt in the acti)-.15 F .75 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.95 -(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.95 G .45(riable is reset to).25 F .378 -(the def)144 376.8 R .378(ault v)-.1 F .378(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.878(rt).15 G .379(he terminal type changes.)-2.878 F .379 -(The def)5.379 F .379(ault v)-.1 F .379 -(alue is the string that puts the)-.25 F .655 -(terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal')144 388.8 R -3.154(st)-.55 G .654(erminfo description.)-3.154 F 3.154(As)5.654 G .654 -(ample v)-3.154 F(alue)-.25 E(might be)144 400.8 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF -("\\e[01;33m")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(acti)108 412.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E -(egion\255end\255color)-.18 E F0 3.908(As)144 424.8 S 1.408(tring v) --3.908 F 1.408(ariable that "undoes" the ef)-.25 F 1.408(fects of)-.25 F +(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.95 G .45(riable is reset to).25 F .379 +(the def)144 436.8 R .379(ault v)-.1 F .379(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.879(rt).15 G .379(he terminal type changes.)-2.879 F .379 +(The def)5.379 F .379(ault v)-.1 F .378 +(alue is the string that puts the)-.25 F .654 +(terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal')144 448.8 R +3.155(st)-.55 G .655(erminfo description.)-3.155 F 3.155(As)5.655 G .655 +(ample v)-3.155 F(alue)-.25 E(might be)144 460.8 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF +("\\e[01;33m")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(acti)108 472.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E +(egion\255end\255color)-.18 E F0 3.909(As)144 484.8 S 1.409(tring v) +-3.909 F 1.408(ariable that "undoes" the ef)-.25 F 1.408(fects of)-.25 F F1(acti)3.908 E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 -1.409(and restores "normal")3.908 F .216 -(terminal display appearance after displaying te)144 436.8 R .216 +1.408(and restores "normal")3.908 F .216 +(terminal display appearance after displaying te)144 496.8 R .216 (xt in the acti)-.15 F .516 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.716 (ion. This).15 F .216(string must not tak)2.716 F 2.716(eu)-.1 G(p) --2.716 E(an)144 448.8 Q 3.737(yp)-.15 G -.05(hy)-3.737 G 1.237 +-2.716 E(an)144 508.8 Q 3.738(yp)-.15 G -.05(hy)-3.738 G 1.238 (sical character positions on the display).05 F 3.737(,s)-.65 G 3.737 -(oi)-3.737 G 3.737(ts)-3.737 G 1.238 -(hould consist only of terminal escape se-)-3.737 F 2.928(quences. It) -144 460.8 R .428(is output to the terminal after displaying the te)2.928 -F .427(xt in the acti)-.15 F .727 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.927 -(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.927 G .427(riable is).25 F .518 -(reset to the def)144 472.8 R .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue whene)-.25 F +(oi)-3.737 G 3.737(ts)-3.737 G 1.237 +(hould consist only of terminal escape se-)-3.737 F 2.927(quences. It) +144 520.8 R .427(is output to the terminal after displaying the te)2.927 +F .428(xt in the acti)-.15 F .728 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.928 +(ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.928 G .428(riable is).25 F .519 +(reset to the def)144 532.8 R .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.018(rt).15 G .518(he terminal type changes.)-3.018 F .518(The def)5.518 F .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue is the string that)-.25 -F .252(restores the terminal from standout mode, as obtained from the t\ -erminal')144 484.8 R 2.751(st)-.55 G .251(erminfo description.)-2.751 F -(A)5.251 E(sample v)144 496.8 Q(alue might be)-.25 E F4("\\e[0m")2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 508.8 Q F0 .01 -(Controls what happens when readline w)144 520.8 R .011 -(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none) -2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E -.94(rings the bell.)144 532.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E -F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25 -(va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0 -(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 544.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G -(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 556.8 Q F0 -.055(If set to)144 568.8 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\ -empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F -(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 580.8 Q -.15 +F .251(restores the terminal from standout mode, as obtained from the t\ +erminal')144 544.8 R 2.752(st)-.55 G .252(erminfo description.)-2.752 F +(A)5.252 E(sample v)144 556.8 Q(alue might be)-.25 E F4("\\e[0m")2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 568.8 Q F0 .011 +(Controls what happens when readline w)144 580.8 R .011 +(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .01(If set to)5.01 F F1(none)2.51 +E F0 2.51(,r)C .01(eadline ne)-2.51 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .94 +(rings the bell.)144 592.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0 +3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va) +-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0(,)A +(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 604.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.) +-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 616.8 Q F0 .056 +(If set to)144 628.8 R F1(On)2.556 E F0 2.556(,r)C .056(eadline attempt\ +s to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.556 F +(ernel')-.1 E 2.555(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.555 E(nal dri)144 640.8 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va) --.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(blink\255matching\255par)108 592.8 Q(en \(Off\)) --.18 E F0 .21(If set to)144 604.8 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21 +-.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(blink\255matching\255par)108 652.8 Q(en \(Off\)) +-.18 E F0 .21(If set to)144 664.8 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21 (eadline attempts to brie\215y mo)-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21 (he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F -(parenthesis is inserted.)144 616.8 Q F1(color)108 628.8 Q +(parenthesis is inserted.)144 676.8 Q F1(color)108 688.8 Q (ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to) -144 640.8 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, r\ +144 700.8 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, r\ eadline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F -2.936(completions using a dif)144 652.8 R 2.936(ferent color)-.25 F -7.936(.T)-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.935 -(en from the v)-.1 F 2.935(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 664.8 Q -F0(en)3.076 E .577(vironment v)-.4 F 3.077(ariable. If)-.25 F .577 -(there is a color de\214nition in)3.077 F F1($LS_COLORS)3.077 E F0 .577 -(for the cus-)3.077 F .135(tom suf)144 676.8 R .135(\214x "readline-col\ -ored-completion-pre\214x", readline uses this color for the common pre\ -\214x in-)-.25 F(stead of its def)144 688.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(color)108 -700.8 Q(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.579(If set to)144 712.8 R F1(On) -4.079 E F0 4.079(,r)C 1.579 -(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.079 F 1.58 -(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 724.8 R -(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)-.25 -E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(44)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +2.935(completions using a dif)144 712.8 R 2.935(ferent color)-.25 F +7.936(.T)-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.936 +(en from the v)-.1 F 2.936(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 724.8 Q +F0(en)4.722 E 2.222(vironment v)-.4 F 4.722(ariable. If)-.25 F 2.222 +(there is a color de\214nition in)4.722 F F1($LS_COLORS)4.721 E F0 2.221 +(for the)4.721 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(44)197.335 +E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 45 45 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(comment\255begin \(`)108 84 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .885 -(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 96 R F1 -(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 108 Q F1 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .176(custom suf) +144 84 R .176(\214x "readline-colored-completion-pre\214x", readline us\ +es this color for the common pre\214x)-.25 F(instead of its def)144 96 Q +(ault.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(color)108 108 Q(ed\255stats \(Off\)) +-.18 E F0 1.58(If set to)144 120 R F1(On)4.08 E F0 4.08(,r)C 1.579 +(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.08 F 1.579 +(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 132 R +(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)-.25 +E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 +(comment\255begin \(`)108 144 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .884 +(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 156 R F1 +(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .885(command is e)3.385 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.385(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.385 E(mand is bound to)144 168 Q F1 (M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 (in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255display\255width \(\2551\)) -108 120 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possibl\ -e matches when performing completion.)144 132 R .194(The v)144 144 R +108 180 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possibl\ +e matches when performing completion.)144 192 R .193(The v)144 204 R .193(alue is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal \ -screen width.)-.25 F 2.693(Av)5.193 G .193(alue of 0 will)-2.943 F -(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 156 Q(The def)5 E -(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 168 Q -(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 180 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C +screen width.)-.25 F 2.694(Av)5.194 G .194(alue of 0 will)-2.944 F +(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 216 Q(The def)5 E +(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 228 Q +(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 240 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C (eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255insen\ siti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1 -(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 192 Q F0 .093(If set to)144 204 R +(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 252 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 264 R F1(On)2.593 E F0 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F1(completion\255ignor)2.593 E (e\255case)-.18 E F0 .093(is enabled, readline treats h)2.593 F .093 -(yphens \()-.05 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SFA F0 2.593(\)a)C .094 -(nd underscores)-2.593 F(\()144 216 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G +(yphens \()-.05 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SFA F0 2.593(\)a)C .093 +(nd underscores)-2.593 F(\()144 276 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G (qui)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E .3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 H(lename matching and completion.).15 E F1 -(completion\255pr)108 228 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 +(completion\255pr)108 288 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possi\ -ble completions that is displayed)144 240 R 1.274 -(without modi\214cation.)144 252 R 1.274(When set to a v)6.274 F 1.274 -(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.275 -(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 264 S(lue are replaced with an \ +ble completions that is displayed)144 300 R 1.275 +(without modi\214cation.)144 312 R 1.275(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274 +(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.274 +(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 324 S(lue are replaced with an \ ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1 -(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 276 Q F0 .53 -(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 288 R .529 -(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .56(erated by the) -144 300 R F1(possible\255completions)3.06 E F0 3.06(command. It)3.06 F -.561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.061(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.061 E .561(ger v) --.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 312 R +(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 336 Q F0 .529 +(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 348 R .53 +(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the) +144 360 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)3.061 +F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56(ger v) +-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 372 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \ -the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 324 S .367 +the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 384 S .368 (riable, readline will ask whether or not the user wishes to vie).25 F -2.868(wt)-.25 G .368(hem; otherwise the)-2.868 F 2.868(ya)-.15 G .368 -(re simply)-2.868 F .673(listed on the terminal.)144 336 R 3.173(Az) -5.673 G .673(ero v)-3.173 F .673(alue means readline should ne)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.172(ra).15 G .672(sk; ne)-3.172 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 -E .972 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .672(alues are treated)-.1 F(as zero.)144 348 Q -F1(con)108 360 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to) -144 372 R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F +2.867(wt)-.25 G .367(hem; otherwise the)-2.867 F 2.867(ya)-.15 G .367 +(re simply)-2.867 F .672(listed on the terminal.)144 396 R 3.172(Az) +5.672 G .673(ero v)-3.172 F .673(alue means readline should ne)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.173(ra).15 G .673(sk; ne)-3.173 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 +E .973 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .673(alues are treated)-.1 F(as zero.)144 408 Q +F1(con)108 420 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .613(If set to) +144 432 R F1(On)3.113 E F0 3.113(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.113 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k) -.15 F .913 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541 +.15 F .912 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .612(equence by).15 F .541 (stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) -144 384 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041 F -(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 396 Q F0 3.75(\). The)B(def)3.75 E 1.25(ault is)-.1 -F F2(On)3.75 E F0 3.75(,b)C 1.251(ut readline will set it to)-3.95 F F2 -(Of)3.751 E(f)-.18 E F0 1.251 -(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)3.751 F 1.142(This v)144 -408 R 1.142(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1(LC_CTYPE)3.641 E F0 -1.141(locale cate)3.641 F(gory)-.15 E 3.641(,a)-.65 G 1.141 -(nd may change if the locale is)-3.641 F(changed.)144 420 Q F1 -(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 432 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 444 R F1 +144 444 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .542(meta pr)3.042 F +(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 456 Q F0 3.751(\). The)B(def)3.751 E 1.251(ault is) +-.1 F F2(On)3.751 E F0 3.751(,b)C 1.251(ut readline will set it to) +-3.951 F F2(Of)3.75 E(f)-.18 E F0 1.25 +(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)3.75 F 1.141(This v)144 +468 R 1.141(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1(LC_CTYPE)3.641 E F0 +1.141(locale cate)3.641 F(gory)-.15 E 3.641(,a)-.65 G 1.142 +(nd may change if the locale is)-3.641 F(changed.)144 480 Q F1 +(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 492 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 504 R F1 (On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038 (ord completion.)-.1 F .038 (Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) -144 456 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 -(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 468 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.211 -(When set to)144 480 R F1(On)3.711 E F0 3.711(,o)C 3.711(no)-3.711 G -1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.711 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.21 +144 516 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 +(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 528 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.21 +(When set to)144 540 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G 1.211 +(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211 (upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F -(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 492 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 504 Q F0 .141 -(Controls whether readline be)144 516 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F -.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.642 E F0 -(or)2.642 E F2(vi)2.642 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.142 E F0 -(can be set to either)144 528 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 540 Q F0 .518(If the)144 552 -R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G -.517(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) +(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 552 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 564 Q F0 .142 +(Controls whether readline be)144 576 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F +.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.641 E F0 +(or)2.641 E F2(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.141 E F0 +(can be set to either)144 588 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 600 Q F0 .517(If the)144 612 +R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.017 G +.518(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) .25 F .622 -(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)144 564 -R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.622(.T).15 G .622(he v)-5.622 F .622(alue is e)-.25 F -.622(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.122(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 576 S 3.34(yb)-.05 G -.839(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x)-3.34 F -.839(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 588 S 2.798 +(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)144 624 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.622(.T).15 G .622(he v)-5.622 F .621(alue is e)-.25 F +.621(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.121(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 636 S 3.339(yb)-.05 G +.839(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x)-3.339 F +.84(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 648 S 2.798 (ailable. Use)-.05 F .298(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.798 F .298 (gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which)-.15 F (can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.) -144 600 Q F1(enable\255acti)108 612 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E -(egion \(On\))-.18 E F0(The)144 624 Q F2(point)3.246 E F0 .746 -(is the current cursor position, and)3.246 F F2(mark)3.246 E F0 .746 +144 660 Q F1(enable\255acti)108 672 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E +(egion \(On\))-.18 E F0(The)144 684 Q F2(point)3.245 E F0 .746 +(is the current cursor position, and)3.245 F F2(mark)3.246 E F0 .746 (refers to a sa)3.246 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.246(dc).15 G .746 -(ursor position.)-3.246 F .745(The te)5.746 F .745(xt be-)-.15 F .344 -(tween the point and mark is referred to as the)144 636 R F2 -.37(re) +(ursor position.)-3.246 F .746(The te)5.746 F .746(xt be-)-.15 F .344 +(tween the point and mark is referred to as the)144 696 R F2 -.37(re) 2.844 G(gion)-.03 E F0 5.344(.W)C .344(hen this v)-5.344 F .344 -(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(On)2.845 E F0 2.845(,r)C .345(eadline al-) --2.845 F(lo)144 648 Q .098(ws certain commands to designate the re)-.25 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(On)2.844 E F0 2.844(,r)C .344(eadline al-) +-2.844 F(lo)144 708 Q .098(ws certain commands to designate the re)-.25 F .098(gion as)-.15 F F2(active)2.598 E F0 5.098(.W)C .098(hen the re) -5.098 F .098(gion is acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.598(,r).15 G .098 -(eadline high-)-2.598 F .97(lights the te)144 660 R .97(xt in the re) --.15 F .971(gion using the v)-.15 F .971(alue of the)-.25 F F1(acti) -3.471 E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 3.471 -(,w)C .971(hich def)-3.471 F .971(aults to)-.1 F .485 -(the string that enables the terminal')144 672 R 2.985(ss)-.55 G .485 -(tandout mode.)-2.985 F .485(The acti)5.485 F .785 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15 -(eg).15 G .484(ion sho).15 F .484(ws the te)-.25 F .484(xt inserted by) --.15 F(brack)144 684 Q(eted-paste and an)-.1 E 2.5(ym)-.15 G(atching te) --2.5 E(xt found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.) --.15 E F1(enable\255brack)108 696 Q(eted\255paste \(On\))-.1 E F0 .84 -(When set to)144 708 R F1(On)3.34 E F0 3.34(,r)C .841(eadline con\214gu\ -res the terminal to insert each paste into the editing b)-3.34 F(uf)-.2 -E .841(fer as a)-.25 F 2.101(single string of characters, instead of tr\ -eating each character as if it had been read from the)144 720 R -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(45)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(eadline high-)-2.598 F .971(lights the te)144 720 R .971(xt in the re) +-.15 F .971(gion using the v)-.15 F .971(alue of the)-.25 F F1(acti)3.47 +E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F0 3.47(,w)C .97 +(hich def)-3.47 F .97(aults to)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16) +148.175 E(45)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 46 46 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.1(ke)144 84 S -3.303(yboard. This)-.05 F(pre)3.303 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .803 -(nts readline from e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .803(cuting an).15 F 3.303(ye) --.15 G .804(diting commands bound to k)-3.303 F 1.104 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -(equences).15 E(appearing in the pasted te)144 96 Q(xt.)-.15 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(enable\255k)108 108 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893 -(When set to)144 120 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .484 +(the string that enables the terminal')144 84 R 2.985(ss)-.55 G .485 +(tandout mode.)-2.985 F .485(The acti)5.485 F .785 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15 +(eg).15 G .485(ion sho).15 F .485(ws the te)-.25 F .485(xt inserted by) +-.15 F(brack)144 96 Q(eted-paste and an)-.1 E 2.5(ym)-.15 G(atching te) +-2.5 E(xt found by incremental and non-incremental history searches.) +-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(enable\255brack)108 108 Q +(eted\255paste \(On\))-.1 E F0 .841(When set to)144 120 R F1(On)3.341 E +F0 3.341(,r)C .841(eadline con\214gures the terminal to insert each pas\ +te into the editing b)-3.341 F(uf)-.2 E .84(fer as a)-.25 F .799(single\ + string of characters, instead of treating each character as if it had \ +been read from the k)144 132 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(-).15 E 3.159(board. This) +144 144 R(pre)3.159 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .659(nts readline from e).15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .659(cuting an).15 F 3.158(ye)-.15 G .658 +(diting commands bound to k)-3.158 F .958 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .658 +(equences ap-).15 F(pearing in the pasted te)144 156 Q(xt.)-.15 E F1 +(enable\255k)108 168 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892(When set to)144 180 R +F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 (eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F -(tems need this to enable the arro)144 132 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 -G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 144 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 -(When set to)144 156 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 +.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .893(Some sys-)5.893 F +(tems need this to enable the arro)144 192 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 +G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 204 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 +(When set to)144 216 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 (eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64 (eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64 -(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 168 Q +(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 228 Q (On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1 -(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 180 Q F0(If set to)144 192 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 +(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 240 Q F0(If set to)144 252 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w) --.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 204 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 -(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 .553(If set to)144 216 R F1(On)3.052 +-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 264 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 +(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 .552(If set to)144 276 R F1(On)3.052 E F0 3.052(,t)C .552(he history code attempts to place point at the sam\ -e location on each history line re-)-3.052 F(trie)144 228 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +e location on each history line re-)-3.052 F(trie)144 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(history\255size \(unset\)) -108 240 Q F0 .948(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 252 R +108 300 Q F0 .949(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 312 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.) --3.448 F .949(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.449(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.599 -E .483(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 264 R 2.983(we)-.25 G -.483(ntries are sa)-2.983 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .482 -(set to a v)2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .277 -(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 276 R .277(By def)5.277 F -.278(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .278 -(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 288 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.411 E F0 .911(shell v)3.411 -F 3.411(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.411 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(history\255size)3.41 E F0 .91(to a non-numeric v)3.41 -F(alue,)-.25 E -(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 300 Q F1 -(horizontal\255scr)108 312 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448 -(When set to)144 324 R F1(On)2.948 E F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448 -(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .449 +-3.448 F .948(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.448(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.598 +E .482(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 324 R 2.982(we)-.25 G +.483(ntries are sa)-2.982 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .483 +(set to a v)2.983 F .483(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .278 +(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 336 R .277(By def)5.278 F +.277(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .277 +(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 348 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.41 E F0 .91(shell v)3.41 F +3.41(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.41 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(history\255size)3.411 E F0 .911(to a non-numeric v) +3.411 F(alue,)-.25 E +(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 360 Q F1 +(horizontal\255scr)108 372 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449 +(When set to)144 384 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448 +(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448 (crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\ when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\ - ne)144 336 R(w)-.25 E 2.5(line. This)144 348 R + ne)144 396 R(w)-.25 E 2.5(line. This)144 408 R (setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.)2.5 E F1 -(input\255meta \(Off\))108 360 Q F0 1.061(If set to)144 372 R F1(On) -3.561 E F0 3.561(,r)C 1.062(eadline will enable eight-bit input \(that \ -is, it will not strip the eighth bit from the)-3.561 F .336 -(characters it reads\), re)144 384 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .335 -(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .335(The name) -5.335 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.835 E F0(is)2.835 E 2.864(as)144 396 S(ynon) --2.864 E .364(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The)-.25 F(def)2.864 E +(input\255meta \(Off\))108 420 Q F0 1.062(If set to)144 432 R F1(On) +3.562 E F0 3.562(,r)C 1.061(eadline will enable eight-bit input \(that \ +is, it will not strip the eighth bit from the)-3.562 F .335 +(characters it reads\), re)144 444 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .335 +(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .336(The name) +5.336 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.836 E F0(is)2.836 E 2.865(as)144 456 S(ynon) +-2.865 E .365(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The)-.25 F(def)2.864 E .364(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)2.864 E(f)-.18 E F0 2.864(,b)C .364 -(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .365 -(if the locale contains)2.865 F 1.867(eight-bit characters.)144 408 R -1.867(This v)6.867 F 1.867(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1 -(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F0 1.866(locale cate)4.366 F(gory)-.15 E 4.366(,a)-.65 -G 1.866(nd may)-4.366 F(change if the locale is changed.)144 420 Q F1 -(isear)108 432 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\)) +(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .364 +(if the locale contains)2.864 F 1.866(eight-bit characters.)144 468 R +1.866(This v)6.866 F 1.867(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1 +(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F0 1.867(locale cate)4.367 F(gory)-.15 E 4.367(,a)-.65 +G 1.867(nd may)-4.367 F(change if the locale is changed.)144 480 Q F1 +(isear)108 492 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\)) -.63 E F0 .439(The string of characters that should terminate an increm\ -ental search without subsequently e)144 444 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E -.935(ing the character as a command.)144 456 R .935(If this v)5.935 F -.935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15 G .934 -(alue, the characters)-3.684 F F2(ESC)3.434 E F0(and)144 468 Q F2 +ental search without subsequently e)144 504 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E +.934(ing the character as a command.)144 516 R .935(If this v)5.935 F +.935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935 +(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 528 Q F2 (C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke) -108 480 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02(Set the current readline k)144 492 -R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 -(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.021 -(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.521 F(d,)-.37 E .042 -(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 504 R F0 2.542(,a)C +108 540 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144 +552 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 +(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.02 +(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .041 +(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 564 R F0 2.542(,a)C (nd)-2.542 E F2(vi\255insert)2.832 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.042 E F0 .042 (is equi)2.542 F -.25(va)-.25 G .042(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) -2.541 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.541 E F0 .448(is equi)144 516 R -.25(va)-.25 G -.448(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)2.948 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.448(.T)C -.448(he def)-5.448 F .448(ault v)-.1 F .449(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) -3.139 E F0 2.949(;t).27 G .449(he v)-2.949 F .449(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(editing\255mode)2.949 E F0 .449(also af-)2.949 F(fects the def)144 528 -Q(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 540 S -(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .368(Speci\214es the duration)144 552 R +2.542 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.542 E F0 .449(is equi)144 576 R -.25(va)-.25 G +.449(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)2.949 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.449(.T)C +.449(he def)-5.449 F .449(ault v)-.1 F .449(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) +3.139 E F0 2.948(;t).27 G .448(he v)-2.948 F .448(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(editing\255mode)2.948 E F0 .448(also af-)2.948 F(fects the def)144 588 +Q(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 600 S +(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .367(Speci\214es the duration)144 612 R F2 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 -(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .667 -.15(ey s) --.1 H(equence).15 E .524(\(one that can form a complete k)144 564 R .824 +(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .668 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H(equence).15 E .525(\(one that can form a complete k)144 624 R .825 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .524(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar)-.1 E -3.025(,o)-.4 G 3.025(rc)-3.025 G .525(an tak)-3.025 F 3.025(ea)-.1 G -.525(dditional in-)-3.025 F .807(put to complete a longer k)144 576 R +3.024(,o)-.4 G 3.024(rc)-3.024 G .524(an tak)-3.024 F 3.024(ea)-.1 G +.524(dditional in-)-3.024 F .806(put to complete a longer k)144 636 R 1.106 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.306(equence\). If).15 F .806(no input is recei) -3.306 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.306(dw).15 G .806(ithin the timeout,)-3.306 F -F2 -.37(re)3.306 G(adline).37 E F0(will)3.306 E .906(use the shorter b) -144 588 R .907(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407 +3.306 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.306(dw).15 G .807(ithin the timeout,)-3.306 F +F2 -.37(re)3.307 G(adline).37 E F0(will)3.307 E .907(use the shorter b) +144 648 R .907(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407 (equence. The).15 F -.25(va)3.407 G .907 -(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .907(alue of)-.25 F -.05(1000 means that)144 600 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline).37 E F0 .05 +(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .906(alue of)-.25 F +.05(1000 means that)144 660 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline).37 E F0 .05 (will w)2.55 F .05(ait one second for additional input.)-.1 F .05 (If this v)5.05 F .05(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051 -(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 612 R(alue,)-.25 +(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 672 R(alue,)-.25 E F2 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051 -(ait until another k)-.1 F .352 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.552(sp).15 G(ressed) --2.552 E(to decide which k)144 624 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 636 Q(ectories \(On\)) --.18 E F0(If set to)144 648 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C +(ait until another k)-.1 F .351 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.551(sp).15 G(ressed) +-2.551 E(to decide which k)144 684 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 696 Q(ectories \(On\)) +-.18 E F0(If set to)144 708 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C (ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) -.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 660 Q F0(If set to)144 -672 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) --.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1 -(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 684 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E -(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 696 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 -2.675(,c)C .175 -(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 --.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 708 -Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(46)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(46)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 47 47 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 84 Q F0 .192(This v)144 96 R -.192(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.692 E F0 2.692(,c)C .192 -(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.692 F .193 -(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.693('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.693 E .457 -(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 108 R .456 +SF(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 84 Q F0(If set to)144 96 Q F1 +(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1(*)A +F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 108 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories \(Off\)) +-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 120 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 2.675(,c)C .175 +(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 +-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 132 +Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1 +(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 144 Q F0 .193(This v)144 156 R +.193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192 +(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192 +(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E .456 +(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 168 R .456 (If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.) --2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .456(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F -(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 120 Q F1 -(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 132 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 -1.585(If set to)144 144 R F1(On)4.085 E F0 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ +-2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .457(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F +(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 180 Q F1 +(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 192 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 +1.586(If set to)144 204 R F1(On)4.086 E F0 4.086(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions) --4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 156 Q -(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 168 Q F0 -.507(If set to)144 180 R F1(On)3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will \ +-4.086 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 216 Q +(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 228 Q F0 +.506(If set to)144 240 R F1(On)3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will \ display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\ -ta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 192 Q .884(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 +ta-)-3.006 F(pre\214x)144 252 Q .885(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 (The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Of)3.384 E (f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C .884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F2(On) -3.384 E F0 .885(if the locale contains)3.384 F 1.867 -(eight-bit characters.)144 204 R 1.867(This v)6.867 F 1.867 -(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F0 1.866 -(locale cate)4.366 F(gory)-.15 E 4.366(,a)-.65 G 1.866(nd may)-4.366 F -(change if the locale is changed.)144 216 Q F1 -(page\255completions \(On\))108 228 Q F0 .808(If set to)144 240 R F1(On) +3.384 E F0 .884(if the locale contains)3.384 F 1.866 +(eight-bit characters.)144 264 R 1.866(This v)6.866 F 1.867 +(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F1(LC_CTYPE)4.367 E F0 1.867 +(locale cate)4.367 F(gory)-.15 E 4.367(,a)-.65 G 1.867(nd may)-4.367 F +(change if the locale is changed.)144 276 Q F1 +(page\255completions \(On\))108 288 Q F0 .809(If set to)144 300 R F1(On) 3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2(mor) 3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 (ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F -(tions at a time.)144 252 Q F1 -(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 264 Q F0 .228 -(If set to)144 276 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .227(eadline will disp\ +(tions at a time.)144 312 Q F1 +(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 324 Q F0 .227 +(If set to)144 336 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .227(eadline will disp\ lay completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical or) --2.727 F(-)-.2 E(der)144 288 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E -(wn the screen.)-.25 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 300 T -(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E F0 .698(If set to)144 312 R -F1(On)3.198 E F0 3.198(,r)C .699 +-2.727 F(-)-.2 E(der)144 348 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E +(wn the screen.)-.25 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 360 T +(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E F0 .699(If set to)144 372 R +F1(On)3.199 E F0 3.199(,r)C .699 (eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) --3.198 F F1(accept\255line)3.199 E F0(is)3.199 E -.15(exe)144 324 S +-3.199 F F1(accept\255line)3.198 E F0(is)3.198 E -.15(exe)144 384 S 2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186 (ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186 -(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 336 S(adline) -.18 E F0(.)A F1(sear)108 348 Q(ch\255ignor)-.18 E(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 -E F0 .289(If set to)144 360 R F1(On)2.789 E F0 2.789(,r)C .289(eadline \ -performs incremental and non-incremental history list searches in a cas\ -e\255in-)-2.789 F(sensiti)144 372 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1 -(sho)108 384 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .304 -(This alters the def)144 396 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304 +(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 396 S(adline) +.18 E F0(.)A F1(sear)108 408 Q(ch\255ignor)-.18 E(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 +E F0 .29(If set to)144 420 R F1(On)2.79 E F0 2.79(,r)C .289(eadline per\ +forms incremental and non-incremental history list searches in a case\ +\255in-)-2.79 F(sensiti)144 432 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1 +(sho)108 444 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .303 +(This alters the def)144 456 R .303(ault beha)-.1 F .304 (vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On) -2.804 E F0 2.803(,w)C .303(ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H +2.804 E F0 2.804(,w)C .304(ords which ha)-2.904 F .604 -.15(ve m)-.2 H (ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\ -isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 408 R(bell.)144 420 Q F1 -(sho)108 432 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.346 -(This alters the def)144 444 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 -(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to) --.1 F F1(sho)144 456 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.69(.I)C -4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 +isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 468 R(bell.)144 480 Q F1 +(sho)108 492 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345 +(This alters the def)144 504 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 +(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.346(ashion similar to) +-.1 F F1(sho)144 516 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.691(.I)C +4.191(fs)-6.691 G 1.691(et to)-4.191 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 (ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691 -(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 468 R 3.54 +(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.039(without an)144 528 R 3.539 (yp)-.15 G 1.039 -(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F -3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the match\ -es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 480 Q F1 -(sho)108 492 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.021 -(If set to)144 504 R F1(On)3.521 E F0 3.521(,a)C 1.022 -(dd a string to the be)-3.521 F 1.022 +(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.539 F +3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.04(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the matche\ +s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 540 Q F1 +(sho)108 552 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.022 +(If set to)144 564 R F1(On)3.522 E F0 3.522(,a)C 1.022 +(dd a string to the be)-3.522 F 1.021 (ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi)-.15 F -(command, or vi insertion.)144 516 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E +(command, or vi insertion.)144 576 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E (-settable \(e.g.,)-.2 E F2(emacs\255mode\255string)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 528 Q F0 .095(If set to)144 540 R -F1(On)2.595 E F0 2.595(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.595 F .095 -(ault completion beha)-.1 F .094 -(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 552 Q -2.545(so)-.55 G .045(nly acti)-2.545 F .345 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 -(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.546(ord. If)-.1 -F .046(enabled, readline does not)2.546 F 1.394(insert characters from \ -the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 564 R -1.394(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 576 Q +(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 588 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 600 R +F1(On)2.594 E F0 2.594(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.594 F .095 +(ault completion beha)-.1 F .095 +(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 612 Q +2.546(so)-.55 G .046(nly acti)-2.546 F .346 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 +(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.545(ord. If)-.1 +F .045(enabled, readline does not)2.545 F 1.394(insert characters from \ +the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 624 R +1.395(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 636 Q (ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1 -(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 588 Q F0 .517(If the)144 -600 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.017 G -.518(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) +(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 648 Q F0 .518(If the)144 +660 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G +.517(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) .25 F .475(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti) -144 612 R .775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .475(nd in command mode.).15 F .475 -(The v)5.475 F(alue)-.25 E .33(is e)144 624 R .33(xpanded lik)-.15 F +144 672 R .775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .476(nd in command mode.).15 F .476 +(The v)5.476 F(alue)-.25 E .33(is e)144 684 R .33(xpanded lik)-.15 F 2.83(eak)-.1 G .63 -.15(ey b)-2.93 H .33 (inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F .33 -(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .245(cape sequences is a)144 636 R -.25(va) --.2 G 2.745(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.745 F -.244(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\ - be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 -648 Q F1(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 660 Q F0 .517 -(If the)144 672 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 --.25(va)3.017 G .518 -(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the).25 -F .186(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti)144 -684 R .486 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .186(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .186(The v) -5.186 F .186(alue is)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 696 S .923(panded lik).15 F -3.423(eak)-.1 G 1.223 -.15(ey b)-3.523 H .924 -(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F .924 -(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .245(cape sequences is a)144 708 R -.25(va) --.2 G 2.745(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.745 F -.244(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\ +(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .244(cape sequences is a)144 696 R -.25(va) +-.2 G 2.744(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.744 F +.245(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\ be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 -720 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(47)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +708 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(47)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 48 48 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 84 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 96 R F1(On) -3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346 -(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(stat)3.346 E F0 .846(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B -(when listing possible completions.)144 108 Q F1 -(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 124.8 Q F0 .05 -(Readline implements a f)108 136.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ -he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .096 -(which allo)108 148.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 +SF(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 84 Q F0 .518(If the)144 +96 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 +E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G .517 +(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the).25 +F .186(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti)144 +108 R .486 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .186(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .187(The v) +5.186 F .187(alue is)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 120 S .924(panded lik).15 F +3.424(eak)-.1 G 1.224 -.15(ey b)-3.524 H .924 +(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F .923 +(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .244(cape sequences is a)144 132 R -.25(va) +-.2 G 2.744(ilable. Use).25 F .244(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.744 F +.245(gin and end sequences of non-printing)-.15 F(characters, which can\ + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 +144 Q F1(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 156 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 168 R +F1(On)3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F +3.346(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846 +(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B +(when listing possible completions.)144 180 Q F1 +(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 196.8 Q F0 .05 +(Readline implements a f)108 208.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ +he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .097 +(which allo)108 220.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 (indings and v).15 F .096 -(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097 -(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 160.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 177.6 Q F0(The)144 177.6 Q F1($if)2.963 -E F0 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on t\ +(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .096 +(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 249.6 Q F0(The)144 249.6 Q F1($if)2.962 +E F0 .462(construct allo)2.962 F .463(ws bindings to be made based on t\ he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F -(or the application using readline.)144 189.6 Q(The te)5 E +(or the application using readline.)144 261.6 Q(The te)5 E (xt of the test, after an)-.15 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(omparison operator)-2.5 E -(,)-.4 E -.15(ex)146.5 201.6 S(tends to the end of the line; unless oth\ +(,)-.4 E -.15(ex)146.5 273.6 S(tends to the end of the line; unless oth\ erwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.).15 E F1(mode) -144 218.4 Q F0(The)180 218.4 Q F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the) -3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711 +144 290.4 Q F0(The)180 290.4 Q F1(mode=)3.712 E F0 1.212(form of the) +3.712 F F1($if)3.711 E F0(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711 (su).15 G 1.211(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F -3.065(mode. This)180 230.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the) +3.065(mode. This)180 302.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the) 3.065 F F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565 -(command, for instance, to)3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 242.4 R +(command, for instance, to)3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 314.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx) 3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F -(out in emacs mode.)180 254.4 Q F1(term)144 271.2 Q F0(The)180 271.2 Q -F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696 -(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.197 F .996 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 283.2 R +(out in emacs mode.)180 326.4 Q F1(term)144 343.2 Q F0(The)180 343.2 Q +F1(term=)3.196 E F0 .696 +(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.196 F .996 -.15 +(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 355.2 R .954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154 (sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1 -(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 295.2 Q F1(=)3.232 -E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\ +(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 367.2 Q F1(=)3.231 +E F0 .731(is tested ag)3.231 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\ minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180 -307.2 Q F12.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 +379.2 Q F12.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 (to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.84 E -F0 2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1 -.1(ve)144 324 S(rsion).1 E F0 -(The)180 336 Q F1 -.1(ve)3.108 G(rsion).1 E F0 .608 -(test may be used to perform comparisons ag)3.108 F .609 -(ainst speci\214c readline v)-.05 F(ersions.)-.15 E(The)180 348 Q F1 -.1 -(ve)2.772 G(rsion).1 E F0 -.15(ex)2.772 G .272 -(pands to the current readline v).15 F 2.771(ersion. 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The)-.15 F .272 +(set of comparison operators in-)2.772 F(cludes)180 432 Q F1(=)3.064 E +F0 3.064(,\()C(and)-3.064 E F1(==)3.064 E F0(\),)A F1(!=)3.064 E F0(,)A +F1(<=)3.064 E F0(,)A F1(>=)3.064 E F0(,)A F1(<)3.064 E F0 3.064(,a)C(nd) +-3.064 E F1(>)3.064 E F0 5.563(.T)C .563(he v)-5.563 F .563 (ersion number supplied on the right side)-.15 F .318 -(of the operator consists of a major v)180 372 R .318(ersion number)-.15 +(of the operator consists of a major v)180 444 R .318(ersion number)-.15 F 2.818(,a)-.4 G 2.818(no)-2.818 G .318 -(ptional decimal point, and an op-)-2.818 F .1(tional minor v)180 384 R -.1(ersion \(e.g.,)-.15 F F1(7.1)2.6 E F0 .1(\). If the minor v)B .101 -(ersion is omitted, it is assumed to be)-.15 F F1(0)2.601 E F0 5.101(.T) -C(he)-5.101 E .06(operator may be separated from the string)180 396 R F1 +(ptional decimal point, and an op-)-2.818 F .101(tional minor v)180 456 +R .101(ersion \(e.g.,)-.15 F F1(7.1)2.601 E F0 .101(\). If the minor v)B +.1(ersion is omitted, it is assumed to be)-.15 F F1(0)2.6 E F0 5.1(.T)C +(he)-5.1 E .06(operator may be separated from the string)180 468 R F1 -.1(ve)2.56 G(rsion).1 E F0 .06(and from the v)2.56 F .06 -(ersion number ar)-.15 F(gument)-.18 E(by whitespace.)180 408 Q F1 -(application)144 424.8 Q F0(The)180 436.8 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 +(ersion number ar)-.15 F(gument)-.18 E(by whitespace.)180 480 Q F1 +(application)144 496.8 Q F0(The)180 508.8 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F .503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 -448.8 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 -(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .5(particular v)180 -460.8 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .501(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397 -(ci\214c program.)180 472.8 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 +520.8 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 +(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .501(particular v) +180 532.8 R 3.001(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3.001 F +.801 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .5(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F +.396(ci\214c program.)180 544.8 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 (nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 484.8 -Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 508.8 Q F0 -(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 520.8 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w) --.25 E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 532.8 Q F1($endif)180 -544.8 Q F2(variable)144 561.6 Q F0(The)180 573.6 Q F2(variable)3.776 E -F0 1.276(construct pro)3.776 F 1.276 -(vides simple equality tests for readline v)-.15 F 1.277(ariables and v) --.25 F(alues.)-.25 E .08(The permitted comparison operators are)180 -585.6 R F2(=)2.579 E F0(,)A F2(==)2.579 E F0 2.579(,a)C(nd)-2.579 E F2 -(!=)2.579 E F0 5.079(.T)C .079(he v)-5.079 F .079 +(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 556.8 +Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 580.8 Q F0 +(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 592.8 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w) +-.25 E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 604.8 Q F1($endif)180 +616.8 Q F2(variable)144 633.6 Q F0(The)180 645.6 Q F2(variable)3.777 E +F0 1.277(construct pro)3.777 F 1.276 +(vides simple equality tests for readline v)-.15 F 1.276(ariables and v) +-.25 F(alues.)-.25 E .079(The permitted comparison operators are)180 +657.6 R F2(=)2.579 E F0(,)A F2(==)2.579 E F0 2.579(,a)C(nd)-2.579 E F2 +(!=)2.579 E F0 5.079(.T)C .079(he v)-5.079 F .08 (ariable name must be sepa-)-.25 F .98(rated from the comparison operat\ -or by whitespace; the operator may be separated from)180 597.6 R .13 -(the v)180 609.6 R .13(alue on the right hand side by whitespace.)-.25 F -.129(Both string and boolean v)5.129 F .129(ariables may be)-.25 F -(tested. Boolean v)180 621.6 Q(ariables must be tested ag)-.25 E +or by whitespace; the operator may be separated from)180 669.6 R .129 +(the v)180 681.6 R .129(alue on the right hand side by whitespace.)-.25 +F .13(Both string and boolean v)5.129 F .13(ariables may be)-.25 F +(tested. Boolean v)180 693.6 Q(ariables must be tested ag)-.25 E (ainst the v)-.05 E(alues)-.25 E F2(on)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(of)2.5 E(f) --.18 E F0(.)A F1($endif)108 638.4 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre) -144 638.4 Q(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0 -(command.)2.5 E F1($else)108 655.2 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the) -144 655.2 Q F1($if)2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 672 -Q F0 .356(This directi)144 684 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356 -(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357 -(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) -144 696 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 --.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1 -($include)144 720 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F0(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(48)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +-.18 E F0(.)A F1($endif)108 710.4 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre) +144 710.4 Q(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0 +(command.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(48)197.335 +E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 49 49 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(Sear)87 84 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 96 R .835 +SF($else)108 84 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)144 84 Q F1($if)2.5 +E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 100.8 Q F0 .357 +(This directi)144 112.8 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .357 +(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .356 +(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) +144 124.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 +-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/inputr)2.5 +E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1($include)144 148.8 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 +E F1(Sear)87 165.6 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .834(Readline pro)108 177.6 R .834 (vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F -/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E -.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 108 Q -(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(incr)2.51 E(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F3(non-incr)2.86 E(emental) --.37 E F0(.).51 E .697(Incremental searches be)108 124.8 R .697 +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.335 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.085 E +.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 189.6 Q +(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E +(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.86 E(emental)-.37 E 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.224 (riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66 -(If that v)108 172.8 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 +(If that v)108 254.4 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 (alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25 -F .097(mental search.)108 184.8 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ -tal search and restore the original line.)5.097 F .096 -(When the search is)5.096 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\ -e search string becomes the current line.)108 196.8 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214) -108 213.6 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\ -ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675 -(search backw)108 225.6 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675 -(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .674 -(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.674 -(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 237.6 R .474 -.15(ey s)-.1 +F .096(mental search.)108 266.4 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ +tal search and restore the original line.)5.096 F .097 +(When the search is)5.097 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\ +e search string becomes the current line.)108 278.4 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214) +108 295.2 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\ +ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674 +(search backw)108 307.2 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674 +(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .675 +(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.675 +(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 319.2 R .475 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .174 (equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E -.541(instance, a)108 249.6 R F3(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 -(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.041 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 261.6 -Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 278.4 -R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an) --3.153 F 3.153(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.153 E(en-)-.15 E -(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 290.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .174(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.174 G(r).15 E +.54(instance, a)108 331.2 R F2(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 +(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.04 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .541(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 +343.2 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 +360 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653 +(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)-3.153 F 3.152(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.152 E +(en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 372 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G (earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.) -2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\ -re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 307.2 R(The searc\ +re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 388.8 R(The searc\ h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\ -rent line.)108 319.2 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 336 Q F0 1.391 -(The follo)108 348 R 1.391 +rent line.)108 400.8 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 417.6 Q F0 1.392 +(The follo)108 429.6 R 1.391 (wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 (ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F -3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 360 R .122 -(names without an accompan)2.622 F .122(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 -H .121(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.621(ault. In)-.1 F .121 -(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 372 Q F3(point)3.41 E -F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F3(mark)3.411 E -F0 .911(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.411(db) -.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 384 Q F0 2.5 +3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 441.6 R .121 +(names without an accompan)2.621 F .121(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 +H .122(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.622(ault. In)-.1 F .122 +(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 453.6 Q F2(point)3.411 +E F0 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F2(mark) +3.411 E F0 .91(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.41 +(db).15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F1(set\255mark)108 465.6 Q F0 2.5 (command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E -(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F3 -.37(re) -2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 400.8 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 -E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 412.8 Q F0(Mo)144 424.8 Q .3 +(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re) +2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 482.4 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 +E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 494.4 Q F0(Mo)144 506.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1 -(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 436.8 Q F0(Mo)144 448.8 Q .3 -.15 +(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 518.4 Q F0(Mo)144 530.4 Q .3 -.15 (ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 -460.8 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 472.8 Q .3 -.15(ve f) +542.4 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 554.4 Q .3 -.15(ve f) -.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 484.8 Q F0(Mo)144 496.8 Q .3 -.15(ve b) --.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 508.8 S(rward\255w) -.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 520.8 Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) -.15 E .523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W) --.1 F .522(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F -(ters and digits\).)144 532.8 Q F1(backward\255w)108 544.8 Q -(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 556.8 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 +(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 566.4 Q F0(Mo)144 578.4 Q .3 -.15(ve b) +-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 590.4 S(rward\255w) +.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 602.4 Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) +.15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W) +-.1 F .523(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F +(ters and digits\).)144 614.4 Q F1(backward\255w)108 626.4 Q +(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 638.4 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 (ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F -(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 568.8 Q F1(shell\255f)108 580.8 -Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 592.8 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 650.4 Q F1(shell\255f)108 662.4 +Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 674.4 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H (orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984 (ord. W)-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-) --.8 F(ters.)144 604.8 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 616.8 Q(ord)-.1 E -F0(Mo)144 628.8 Q .908 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609 +-.8 F(ters.)144 686.4 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 698.4 Q(ord)-.1 E +F0(Mo)144 710.4 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609 (ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109 -(ord. W)-.1 F .609(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F -(metacharacters.)144 640.8 Q F1(pr)108 652.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G -(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F0 .891(Attempt to mo)144 664.8 R -1.191 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .891(oint to the same ph).15 F .891 -(ysical screen column on the pre)-.05 F .89(vious ph)-.25 F .89 -(ysical screen line.)-.05 F 1.055(This will not ha)144 676.8 R 1.355 --.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.055(he desired ef).15 F 1.056 -(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 3.556(eu)-.1 G -3.556(pm)-3.556 G 1.056(ore than one)-3.556 F(ph)144 688.8 Q(ysical lin\ -e or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the scr\ -een width.)-.05 E F1(next\255scr)108 700.8 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F0 .638 -(Attempt to mo)144 712.8 R .938 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .638 -(oint to the same ph).15 F .637(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F -.637(xt ph)-.15 F .637(ysical screen line. This)-.05 F .194(will not ha) -144 724.8 R .494 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .194(he desired ef).15 F .194 -(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 2.695(eu)-.1 G -2.695(pm)-2.695 G .195(ore than one ph)-2.695 F(ysical)-.05 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(49)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(ord. W)-.1 F .608(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F +(metacharacters.)144 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 +E(49)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 50 50 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .164(line or if t\ -he length of the current readline line is not greater than the length o\ -f the prompt plus the)144 84 R(screen width.)144 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(clear\255display \(M\255C\255l\))108 108 Q F0 1.498 -(Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal')144 120 R 3.999(ss) --.55 G 1.499(crollback b)-3.999 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 3.999(,t)-.4 G -1.499(hen redra)-3.999 F 3.999(wt)-.15 G 1.499(he current line,)-3.999 F -(lea)144 132 Q(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 E F1 -(clear\255scr)108 144 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 1.36 -(Clear the screen, then redra)144 156 R 3.86(wt)-.15 G 1.36 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(pr)108 84 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F0 +.89(Attempt to mo)144 96 R 1.19 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .89 +(oint to the same ph).15 F .891(ysical screen column on the pre)-.05 F +.891(vious ph)-.25 F .891(ysical screen line.)-.05 F 1.056 +(This will not ha)144 108 R 1.356 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.056(he desired ef) +.15 F 1.056(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 3.555 +(eu)-.1 G 3.555(pm)-3.555 G 1.055(ore than one)-3.555 F(ph)144 120 Q(ys\ +ical line or if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus\ + the screen width.)-.05 E F1(next\255scr)108 132 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F0 +.637(Attempt to mo)144 144 R .937 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .637 +(oint to the same ph).15 F .638(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F +.638(xt ph)-.15 F .638(ysical screen line. This)-.05 F .195(will not ha) +144 156 R .495 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .195(he desired ef).15 F .194 +(fect if the current readline line does not tak)-.25 F 2.694(eu)-.1 G +2.694(pm)-2.694 G .194(ore than one ph)-2.694 F(ysical)-.05 E .164(line\ + or if the length of the current readline line is not greater than the \ +length of the prompt plus the)144 168 R(screen width.)144 180 Q F1 +(clear\255display \(M\255C\255l\))108 192 Q F0 1.499 +(Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal')144 204 R 3.999(ss) +-.55 G 1.498(crollback b)-3.999 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 3.998(,t)-.4 G +1.498(hen redra)-3.998 F 3.998(wt)-.15 G 1.498(he current line,)-3.998 F +(lea)144 216 Q(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 E F1 +(clear\255scr)108 228 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 1.36 +(Clear the screen, then redra)144 240 R 3.86(wt)-.15 G 1.36 (he current line, lea)-3.86 F 1.36 -(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)144 168 S +(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)144 252 S (th an ar).4 E (gument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen.)-.18 E F1 --.18(re)108 180 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0 -(Refresh the current line.)144 192 Q F1(Commands f)87 208.8 Q +-.18(re)108 264 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0 +(Refresh the current line.)144 276 Q F1(Commands f)87 292.8 Q (or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 -220.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .158(Accept the line re)144 232.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G -.158(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158 -(If this line is non-empty)5.158 F 2.659(,a)-.65 G .159 -(dd it to the history list)-2.659 F .699(according to the state of the) -144 244.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va) +304.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159(Accept the line re)144 316.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G +.159(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158 +(If this line is non-empty)5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158 +(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699(according to the state of the) +144 328.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va) 2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699 (the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F -(restore the history line to its original state.)144 256.8 Q F1(pr)108 -268.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 -(Fetch the pre)144 280.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 -E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 292.8 -Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 304.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 +(restore the history line to its original state.)144 340.8 Q F1(pr)108 +352.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 +(Fetch the pre)144 364.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 +E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 376.8 +Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 388.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 -(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 316.8 Q F0(Mo)144 328.8 Q .3 +(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 400.8 Q F0(Mo)144 412.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.) --.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 340.8 Q F0(Mo)144 352.8 Q +-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 424.8 Q F0(Mo)144 436.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5 (,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 364.8 Q F0 .947 -(Accept the current line for e)144 376.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 -(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.248 -.15 -(ve t)-.25 H 3.448(ot).15 G .948(he current line from the)-3.448 F .73 -(history for editing.)144 388.8 R 3.23(An)5.73 G .73(umeric ar)-3.23 F -.729 +(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 448.8 Q F0 .948 +(Accept the current line for e)144 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 +(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.247 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H 3.447(ot).15 G .947(he current line from the)-3.447 F .729 +(history for editing.)144 472.8 R 3.229(An)5.729 G .729(umeric ar)-3.229 +F .729 (gument, if supplied, speci\214es the history entry to use instead of) --.18 F(the current line.)144 400.8 Q F1(fetch\255history)108 412.8 Q F0 --.4(Wi)144 424.8 S .256(th a numeric ar).4 F .256 -(gument, fetch that entry from the history list and mak)-.18 F 2.757(ei) --.1 G 2.757(tt)-2.757 G .257(he current line.)-2.757 F -.4(Wi)5.257 G -(th-).4 E(out an ar)144 436.8 Q(gument, mo)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H +-.18 F(the current line.)144 484.8 Q F1(fetch\255history)108 496.8 Q F0 +-.4(Wi)144 508.8 S .257(th a numeric ar).4 F .257 +(gument, fetch that entry from the history list and mak)-.18 F 2.756(ei) +-.1 G 2.756(tt)-2.756 G .256(he current line.)-2.756 F -.4(Wi)5.256 G +(th-).4 E(out an ar)144 520.8 Q(gument, mo)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H (ack to the \214rst entry in the history list.).15 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v) -108 448.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.471 -(Search backw)144 460.8 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo) --.1 F 1.47(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E -(This is an incremental search.)144 472.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 484.8 S -(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.131 -(Search forw)144 496.8 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo) --.1 F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary) --.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 508.8 Q F1 -(non\255incr)108 520.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H -(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .165(Search backw) -144 532.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ -sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 544.8 S -(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 556.8 Q +108 532.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.47 +(Search backw)144 544.8 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo) +-.1 F 1.471(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E +(This is an incremental search.)144 556.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 568.8 S +(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.132 +(Search forw)144 580.8 R 1.132(ard starting at the current line and mo) +-.1 F 1.131(ving `do)-.15 F 1.131(wn' through the history as necessary) +-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 592.8 Q F1 +(non\255incr)108 604.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H +(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .164(Search backw) +144 616.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ +sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 628.8 S +(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 640.8 Q (emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 -E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 568.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ +E F0 1.354(Search forw)144 652.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 -580.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 592.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward) --.25 E F0 .249(Search forw)144 604.8 R .249(ard through the history for\ +664.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 676.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward) +-.25 E F0 .248(Search forw)144 688.8 R .249(ard through the history for\ the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F -(and the point.)144 616.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1 -(history\255sear)108 628.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw) -144 640.8 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters b\ -etween the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 652.8 Q -(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255substring\255sear) -108 664.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw)144 676.8 R .951 -(ard through the history for the string of characters between the start\ - of the current)-.1 F .007(line and the current cursor position \(the) -144 688.8 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)2.507 E F0 2.507(\). The)B -.007(search string may match an)2.507 F .007(ywhere in a history)-.15 F -2.5(line. This)144 700.8 R(is a non-incremental search.)2.5 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(50)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(and the point.)144 700.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(50)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 51 51 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(history\255substring\255sear)108 84 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 -.249(Search forw)144 96 R .249(ard through the history for the string o\ -f characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .318 -(and the point.)144 108 R .319(The search string may match an)5.318 F -.319(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 F .319(This is a non-incremental) -5.319 F(search.)144 120 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 132 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G -<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 144 R .622 +SF(history\255sear)108 84 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw) +144 96 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters betw\ +een the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 108 Q +(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255substring\255sear) +108 120 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)144 132 R .951(ard \ +through the history for the string of characters between the start of t\ +he current)-.1 F .007(line and the current cursor position \(the)144 144 +R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)2.507 E F0 2.507(\). The)B .007 +(search string may match an)2.507 F .006(ywhere in a history)-.15 F 2.5 +(line. This)144 156 R(is a non-incremental search.)2.5 E F1 +(history\255substring\255sear)108 168 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 +.248(Search forw)144 180 R .249(ard through the history for the string \ +of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .319 +(and the point.)144 192 R .319(The search string may match an)5.319 F +.319(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 F .318(This is a non-incremental) +5.318 F(search.)144 204 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 216 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G +<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 228 R .622 (gument to the pre)-.18 F .622(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 -F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622(vious line\))-.25 F .772(at point.)144 -156 R -.4(Wi)5.773 G .773(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.633 E F0 3.273(,i).24 G .773(nsert the)-3.273 F -F2(n)3.273 E F0 .773(th w)B .773(ord from the pre)-.1 F .773 -(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .773(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 168 Q .292 -(vious command be)-.25 F .292(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F -2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H --.18(rg).15 G .291(ument inserts the).18 F F2(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B -.291(ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 180 R .281 -(vious command.)-.25 F .281(Once the ar)5.281 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)2.781 -E F0 .281(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .282 -(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F2(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 192 Q -(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 204 Q -2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.308 -(Insert the last ar)144 216 R 1.308(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 -(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.307(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.307 -(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 228 S .203(th a numeric ar).4 -F .203(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e) --.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.204(.S)C(uccessi)-5.204 -E .504 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .204(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.704 E -(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 240 Q .807 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 +F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622(vious line\))-.25 F .773(at point.)144 +240 R -.4(Wi)5.773 G .773(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)3.633 E F0 +3.273(,i).24 G .773(nsert the)-3.273 F F2(n)3.273 E F0 .773(th w)B .773 +(ord from the pre)-.1 F .773(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .773 +(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 252 Q .291(vious command be)-.25 F .291 +(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a) +-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291 +(ument inserts the).18 F F2(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .292 +(ord from the end of)-.1 F .282(the pre)144 264 R .282(vious command.) +-.25 F .282(Once the ar)5.282 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)2.781 E F0 .281 +(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .281 +(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F2(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 276 Q +(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 288 Q +2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.307 +(Insert the last ar)144 300 R 1.307(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 +(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.308(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.308 +(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 312 S .204(th a numeric ar).4 +F .204(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e) +-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.203(.S)C(uccessi)-5.203 +E .503 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .203(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.703 E +(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 324 Q .806 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 (ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 (ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E -.416(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 252 R(An)5.416 E +.416(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 336 R(An)5.416 E 2.916(yn)-.15 G .416(umeric ar)-2.916 F .416 -(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F .716 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .416 -(alls de-).15 F 1.218(termines the direction to mo)144 264 R 1.518 -.15 +(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F .715 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .415 +(alls de-).15 F 1.217(termines the direction to mo)144 348 R 1.518 -.15 (ve t)-.15 H 1.218(hrough the history).15 F 6.218(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.517 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.217 +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.518 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.218 (ument switches the direction).18 F .494 -(through the history \(back or forw)144 276 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F +(through the history \(back or forw)144 360 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F .494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 (acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 -288 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) --.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 300 Q F0 .368 -(Expand the line by performing shell w)144 312 R .368(ord e)-.1 F 2.868 -(xpansions. This)-.15 F .367(performs alias and history e)2.868 F -(xpansion,)-.15 E F1($)144 324 Q F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 3.357<0861>C(nd) --3.357 E F1($)3.357 E F0(")A F2(string)A F0 3.357("q)C .857 -(uoting, tilde e)-3.357 F .857(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .858 -(ariable e)-.25 F .858(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .882 -(pansion, w)144 336 R .882(ord splitting, and quote remo)-.1 F -.25(va) +372 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) +-.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 384 Q F0 .367 +(Expand the line by performing shell w)144 396 R .368(ord e)-.1 F 2.868 +(xpansions. This)-.15 F .368(performs alias and history e)2.868 F +(xpansion,)-.15 E F1($)144 408 Q F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 3.358<0861>C(nd) +-3.358 E F1($)3.358 E F0(")A F2(string)A F0 3.358("q)C .857 +(uoting, tilde e)-3.358 F .857(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .857 +(ariable e)-.25 F .857(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .882 +(pansion, w)144 420 R .882(ord splitting, and quote remo)-.1 F -.25(va) -.15 G 3.382(l. See).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.382 E(OR)-.162 E 3.132(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.132 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.132 E 3.382(wf) --.25 G .882(or a description)-3.382 F(of history e)144 348 Q(xpansion.) --.15 E F1(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 360 Q F0 .938 -(Perform history e)144 372 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +-.25 G .882(or a description)-3.382 F(of history e)144 432 Q(xpansion.) +-.15 E F1(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 444 Q F0 .939 +(Perform history e)144 456 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F (See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E -(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-) --3.439 F(tion of history e)144 384 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) -108 396 Q F0 .438(Perform history e)144 408 R .438 -(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)5.437 E F3 -(HIST)2.937 E(OR)-.162 E 2.687(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.687 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 -(be-)2.687 E(lo)144 420 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e) --2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 432 Q F0 .394 -(Perform alias e)144 444 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F -(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 456 Q F1 -(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 468 Q F0 -(Perform history and alias e)144 480 Q(xpansion on the current line.) --.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 492 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) -.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 504 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.438(wf)-.25 G .938(or a descrip-) +-3.438 F(tion of history e)144 468 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) +108 480 Q F0 .437(Perform history e)144 492 R .437 +(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)5.438 E F3 +(HIST)2.938 E(OR)-.162 E 2.688(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.688 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 +(be-)2.688 E(lo)144 504 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e) +-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 516 Q F0 .395 +(Perform alias e)144 528 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .694 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +.394(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 540 Q F1 +(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 552 Q F0 +(Perform history and alias e)144 564 Q(xpansion on the current line.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 576 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) +.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 588 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) -.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 516 Q F0(In)144 -528 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .347 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.647(ne).1 G .146 -(ditor on the current command line, and e)-2.647 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 -(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)5.146 E F0(at-)2.646 E -(tempts to in)144 540 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54 +(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 600 Q F0(In)144 +612 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .346 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.646(ne).1 G .146 +(ditor on the current command line, and e)-2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 +(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)5.147 E F0(at-)2.647 E +(tempts to in)144 624 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F4(,)A F0(and) 2.25 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G -(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 556.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E -(ext)-.92 E F2(end\255of\255\214le)108 568.8 Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 -E F0 .798(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 580.8 +(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 640.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E +(ext)-.92 E F2(end\255of\255\214le)108 652.8 Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 +E F0 .799(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 664.8 R .799(xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C -3.299(ft)-5.799 G .799(his character is read when)-3.299 F .167 -(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 592.8 R +3.298(ft)-5.799 G .798(his character is read when)-3.298 F .167 +(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 676.8 R .167(ginning of the line, readline interprets it as)-.15 F -(the end of input and returns)144 604.8 Q F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F1 -(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 616.8 Q F0 .441 -(Delete the character at point.)144 628.8 R .442 -(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F1 -(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 640.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) +(the end of input and returns)144 688.8 Q F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F1 +(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 700.8 Q F0 .442 +(Delete the character at point.)144 712.8 R .442 +(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.442 F F1 +(EOF)2.941 E F0(char)2.941 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 724.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) -2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\)) -108 652.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 664.8 R -5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553 -(umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552 -(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 676.8 Q F1 --.25(fo)108 688.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473 -(Delete the character under the cursor)144 700.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474 -(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F -(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 -Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(51)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16) +148.175 E(51)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 52 52 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 84 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144 -96 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279(erbatim. This) +SF(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 84 Q F0 .552 +(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 96 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553 +(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553(umeric ar)-3.053 F +.553(gument, sa)-.18 F .853 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .553(he deleted te).15 F +.553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 108 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 120 S +(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .474 +(Delete the character under the cursor)144 132 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474 +(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F +(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 144 Q F1 +(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 156 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144 +168 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279(erbatim. This) -.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779 -(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278(,f)C -(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 108 S(ample.).15 E F1(tab\255insert \(C\255v T) -108 120 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0(Insert a tab character)144 132 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 144 Q F0 -(Insert the character typed.)144 156 Q F1(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\)) -108 168 Q F0 .321(Drag the character before point forw)144 180 R .321 +(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.279 E F0 3.279(,f)C +(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 180 S(ample.).15 E F1(tab\255insert \(C\255v T) +108 192 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0(Insert a tab character)144 204 Q(.)-.55 E F1 +(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 216 Q F0 +(Insert the character typed.)144 228 Q F1(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\)) +108 240 Q F0 .322(Drag the character before point forw)144 252 R .321 (ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321 -(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322(ving point forw)-.15 F .322 +(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321(ving point forw)-.15 F .321 (ard as well.)-.1 F .372 -(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 192 -R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .372(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.372 E -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .672 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha)144 -204 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 -(transpose\255w)108 216 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144 -228 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) --.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w) --2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F -(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 240 Q 2.5 -(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 252 Q -(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 264 +(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 264 +R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .373(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.373 E -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .673 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha)144 +276 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 +(transpose\255w)108 288 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .024(Drag the w)144 +300 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) +-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w) +-2.523 F .023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023(If point)5.023 F +(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 312 Q 2.5 +(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 324 Q +(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 336 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698 -(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 276 S(rd, b).1 E -(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 288 Q -(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 300 Q 1.647 -(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147 -(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15 -(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre) --.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 312 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 324 Q -(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 336 +-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699 +(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 348 S(rd, b).1 E +(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 360 Q +(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 372 Q 1.648 +(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.648(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.148 +(ord. W)-.1 F 1.647(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.947 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre) +-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 384 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 396 Q +(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 408 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974 -(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 348 S(rd, b).1 -E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 360 -S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 372 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437 -(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438 -(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 -(Wi)144 384 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 --.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781 -(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F -(fects)-.25 E(only)144 396 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi) -4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 -F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895 -(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 408 R -.15(ove)3.969 G -1.469(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E -F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F -.957(pushing the te)144 420 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958 -(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0 -.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 432 Q -(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 -448.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 460.8 Q F0 -(Kill the te)144 472.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 484.8 Q F0(Kill backw) -144 496.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 508.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 520.8 +-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975 +(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 420 S(rd, b).1 +E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 432 +S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 444 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438 +(xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437 +(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 +(Wi)144 456 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15 +(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.) +-.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 468 Q F1 +(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi)4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395 +F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G +1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.394 G +(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968(mode. In)144 +480 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1 +(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469 +(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958(pushing the te)144 492 R .958 +(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957(Characters bound to)5.958 F F1 +(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 .957(replace the character)3.457 +F(before point with a space.)144 504 Q(By def)5 E +(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 520.8 Q +(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 532.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144 +544.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 556.8 Q F0(Kill backw) +144 568.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 580.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 592.8 Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E (The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) --2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 532.8 Q F0 +-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 604.8 Q F0 (Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 -544.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 556.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 568.8 R .728 -(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 580.8 S +616.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 628.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 640.8 R .729 +(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729 +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 652.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G -(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 592.8 Q -(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 604.8 Q(ord behind point.) +(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 664.8 Q +(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 676.8 Q(ord behind point.) -.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 616.8 Q -(ord)-.1 E F0 .728(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 628.8 -R .729(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F -.729(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 640.8 S +(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 688.8 Q +(ord)-.1 E F0 .729(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 700.8 +R .728(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F +.728(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 712.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E -(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) -108 652.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 664.8 R 3.025 -(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 -(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) -5.525 E(ward\255w)144 676.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 688.8 Q -(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 700.8 R .364 -(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1 -F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144 -712.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(52)197.335 E 0 Cg -EP +(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16) +148.175 E(52)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 53 53 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 84 Q F0 .167(Kill the w)144 96 R -.166 +SF(shell\255backward\255kill\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025 +(Kill the w)144 96 R 3.025(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 +(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) +5.525 E(ward\255w)144 108 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 120 Q +(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 132 R .365 +(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1 +F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144 +144 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 156 Q F0 .166(Kill the w)144 +168 R .166 (ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) --.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 108 Q +-.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 180 Q (xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) --2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 120 Q F0 -(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 132 Q F1(kill\255r)108 144 -Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 156 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E -(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 168 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop) -144 180 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E +-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 192 Q F0 +(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 204 Q F1(kill\255r)108 216 +Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 228 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E +(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 240 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop) +144 252 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E (gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(copy\255backward\255w)108 192 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 204 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G -2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) --.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301 -(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 216 -Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 228 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E -F0(Cop)144 240 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008(ord follo)-.1 -F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T) --.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 --.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 252 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(yank \(C\255y\))108 264 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 276 S +(copy\255backward\255w)108 264 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 276 Q 4.801(yt)-.1 +G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 +E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3 +(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 288 Q +(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 300 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0 +(Cop)144 312 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F +2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008(.T)-.55 +G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25 +(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 324 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 +(yank \(C\255y\))108 336 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 348 S (nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25 -E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 288 Q F0 -(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 300 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 +E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 360 Q F0 +(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 372 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 (op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E -F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 316.8 Q -(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 328.8 Q +F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 388.8 Q +(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 400.8 Q (gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367 -(Add this digit to the ar)144 340.8 R .367 +(Add this digit to the ar)144 412.8 R .367 (gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18 -(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 352.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G -(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 364.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 -E F0 .779(This is another w)144 376.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F -3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778 +(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .366(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 424.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G +(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 436.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 +E F0 .778(This is another w)144 448.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F +3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779 (wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 (optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 -388.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 -400.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) +460.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 +472.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) 3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17 (ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) --.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 412.8 R .898 -(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898 +-.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 484.8 R .898 +(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898 (wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23 -(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 424.8 R 1.23 +(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 496.8 R 1.23 (gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four) --.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 436.8 R .822 +-.15 F(.)-.55 E .823(The ar)144 508.8 R .823 (gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823 -(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F -(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 448.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 +(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .822(es the ar)-.1 F +(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 520.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing) -87 465.6 Q(complete \(T)108 477.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 -(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 489.6 R 1.137 +87 537.6 Q(complete \(T)108 549.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 +(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 561.6 R 1.137 (xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 -(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 501.6 Q .532(xt as a v) --.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) --.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F -.533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) -144 513.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701 -(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701 +(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 573.6 Q .533(xt as a v) +-.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) +-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F +.532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) +144 585.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701 +(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702 (If none of these pro-)5.701 F -(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 525.6 Q F1 -(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 537.6 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 549.6 Q(xt before point.) --.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 561.6 Q F0 .783 -(Insert all completions of the te)144 573.6 R .783 +(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 597.6 Q F1 +(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 609.6 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 621.6 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 633.6 Q F0 .783 +(Insert all completions of the te)144 645.6 R .783 (xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144 -585.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 597.6 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144 -609.6 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629 +.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144 +657.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 669.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144 +681.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628 F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F -1.193(possible completions.)144 621.6 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194 -(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829 -(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 633.6 R .828 +1.194(possible completions.)144 693.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193 +(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828 +(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 705.6 R .828 (At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 -(\(subject to the setting of)144 645.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 +(\(subject to the setting of)144 717.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 -E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73 -(positions forw)144 657.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F +E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73 +(positions forw)144 729.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73 (ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 -E(through the list.)144 669.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to) -5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E -(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 681.6 Q F0 .82 -(Identical to)144 693.6 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82 -(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 -(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 -(menu\255complete)144 705.6 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg) -.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(53)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(53)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 54 54 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 84 Q F0 .234 -(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 96 R .234 -(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.734 -E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 108 R -.15(ve)-.2 G +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(through the list.) +144 84 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)-.1 +E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 96 Q F0 .82(Identical to)144 108 R +F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 +(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 +(menu\255complete)144 120 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan) +.15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G +2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 +(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 132 Q F0 .234 +(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 144 R .234 +(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.735 +E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 156 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1(possible\255completions) 2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 -120 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 132 Q F0 -(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 144 Q(xt before point.)-.15 -E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 156 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q +168 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 180 Q F0 +(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 192 Q(xt before point.)-.15 +E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 204 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 216 Q (xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255user)108 180 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 192 Q +(complete\255user)108 228 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 240 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user) -108 204 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 216 Q +108 252 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 264 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 -228 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 240 Q +276 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 288 Q (xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(possible\255v)108 252 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 264 Q +(possible\255v)108 300 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 312 Q (xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 276 Q F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 288 Q +(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 324 Q F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 336 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 300 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 312 Q +(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 348 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 360 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 324 Q F0 .581 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 336 R .581 -(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58 -(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 348 R +(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 372 Q F0 .58 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 384 R .581 +(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .581 +(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 396 R .715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F .715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F -(\214nally e)144 360 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(\214nally e)144 408 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 372 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 384 Q +(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 420 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 432 Q (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1 -(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 396 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 408 R .425 -(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424 +(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 444 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 456 R .425 +(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .425 (ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F -(for possible completion matches.)144 420 Q F1(dab)108 432 Q(br)-.1 E --.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61 -(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 444 R .611 -(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611 +(for possible completion matches.)144 468 Q F1(dab)108 480 Q(br)-.1 E +-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .611 +(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 492 R .611 +(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .61(xt ag)-.15 F .61 (ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F -(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 456 Q F1 -(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 468 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ +(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 504 Q F1 +(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 516 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\ -in braces so)144 480 R(the list is a)144 492 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +in braces so)144 528 R(the list is a)144 540 Q -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 508.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 -E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 520.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) -.833 E F0(Be)144 532.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 556.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 +E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 568.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) +.833 E F0(Be)144 580.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 544.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G -(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 556.8 Q +(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 592.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G +(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 604.8 Q (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1 -(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 568.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 -E F0(Re-e)144 580.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey) --.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\ - appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 592.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 -E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 604.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E -F0(Print the last k)144 616.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 616.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 +E F0(Re-e)144 628.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 +G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\ +ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 640.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1 +(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 652.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E F0 +(Print the last k)144 664.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1 -(Miscellaneous)87 633.6 Q -.18(re)108 645.6 S.18 E -(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777 -(Read in the contents of the)144 657.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0 -1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776 -(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144 -669.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 681.6 Q F0 3.248 -(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 693.6 R -5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1 -(bell\255style)144 705.6 Q F0(\).)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15) -148.175 E(54)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(Miscellaneous)87 681.6 Q -.18(re)108 693.6 S.18 E +(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.776 +(Read in the contents of the)144 705.6 R F2(inputr)4.276 E(c)-.37 E F0 +1.777(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.277(yb)-.15 G 1.777 +(indings or v)-4.277 F 1.777(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144 +717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(54)197.335 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 55 55 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(do\255lo)108 84 Q(wer)-.1 E(case\255v)-.18 E -(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1 2.5 -(,.)C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.739(If the meta\214ed character)144 96 R F2(x) -4.239 E F0 1.739 -(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.239 -F(meta\214ed lo)144 108 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G(he beha) +SF(abort \(C\255g\))108 84 Q F0 3.249 +(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 96 R 5.748 +(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1 +(bell\255style)144 108 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255lo)108 120 Q(wer)-.1 E +(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1 2.5(,.)C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.738 +(If the meta\214ed character)144 132 R F2(x)4.238 E F0 1.739 +(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.238 +F(meta\214ed lo)144 144 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G(he beha) -5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F2(x)2.5 E F0(is already lo)2.5 E -(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 120 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0 -(Metafy the ne)144 132 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 156 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0 +(Metafy the ne)144 168 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF (ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 144 Q F0 -(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 156 Q F1 --2.29 -.18(re v)108 168 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 .23 -(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 180 R .231(This is lik)5.23 F -2.731(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-2.881 G .231(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)2.731 E F0 -.231(command enough times to re-)2.731 F -(turn the line to its initial state.)144 192 Q F1 -(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 204 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 216 Q +(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 180 Q F0 +(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 192 Q F1 +-2.29 -.18(re v)108 204 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 .231 +(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 216 R .231(This is lik)5.231 F +2.731(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-2.881 G .23(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)2.73 E F0 +.23(command enough times to re-)2.73 F +(turn the line to its initial state.)144 228 Q F1 +(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 240 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 252 Q (xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1 -(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 228 Q F0 -(Set the mark to the point.)144 240 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E +(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 264 Q F0 +(Set the mark to the point.)144 276 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E (gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1 -(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 252 Q F0(Sw)144 -264 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 +(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 288 Q F0(Sw)144 +300 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 (The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa) -144 276 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 -(character\255sear)108 288 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.111(Ac)144 300 S -.611(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.111 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.112(dt) +2.783(dp).15 G .283(osition, and the old)-2.783 F(cursor position is sa) +144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 +(character\255sear)108 324 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.112(Ac)144 336 S +.612(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.112(dt) .15 G 3.112(ot)-3.112 G .612(he ne)-3.112 F .612 -(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.612(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .912 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(u-).18 E -(ment searches for pre)144 312 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1 -(character\255sear)108 324 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 -2.695(Ac)144 336 S .194(haracter is read and point is mo)-2.695 F -.15 +(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.611(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .911 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(u-).18 E +(ment searches for pre)144 348 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1 +(character\255sear)108 360 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 +2.694(Ac)144 372 S .194(haracter is read and point is mo)-2.694 F -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.694(dt).15 G 2.694(ot)-2.694 G .194(he pre)-2.694 F .194 -(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 5.194(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .494 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G -(gument searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 348 Q F1 -(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 360 Q F0 1.826 -(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 372 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) --.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 384 R .791 -(Such sequences be)5.791 F .791 +(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 5.194(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.499 E +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G +(gument searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 384 Q F1 +(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 396 Q F0 1.827 +(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 408 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H 1.826(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G +4.326(sl).15 G(ik)-4.326 E(e)-.1 E .79(Home and End.)144 420 R .791 +(Such sequences be)5.79 F .791 (gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F -.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 396 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 -(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15(ve n) --.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-) +.332(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 432 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 +(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .631 -.15(ve n) +-.2 H 2.831(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.831 G .331(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-) -.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\ -y characters into the editing b)144 408 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) --.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 420 Q(ault, b)-.1 E +y characters into the editing b)144 444 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) +-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 456 Q(ault, b)-.1 E (ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 -432 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 444 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v) --.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 --.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 456 Q .245 -(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.245 F .244 -(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .321 -(the characters at the be)144 468 R .321 +468 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 480 S .481(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481 +(gument, the v)-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1 +(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)2.981 G .48 +(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 492 Q .244 +(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.244 F .245 +(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .322 +(the characters at the be)144 504 R .321 (ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is) --.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 480 R F1 -(comment\255begin)3.332 E F0 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831 -(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468 -(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 492 R 1.468 -(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F -1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 504 Q F0 .84 -(causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 -(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F -(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 516 Q -.15 +(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.821(,t)C .321(he v)-2.821 F .321(alue is) +-.25 F .831(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 516 R F1 +(comment\255begin)3.331 E F0 .832(are deleted from the be)3.331 F .832 +(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.469 +(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 528 R 1.468 +(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.468(The def)6.468 F 1.468(ault v)-.1 F +1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 540 Q F0 .839 +(causes this command to mak)3.339 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 +(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .84(If a numeric ar)5.84 F +(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 552 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(spell\255corr)108 528 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E -(ord \(C\255x s\))-.1 E F0 .42 -(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 540 R .421 +(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(spell\255corr)108 564 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E +(ord \(C\255x s\))-.1 E F0 .421 +(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 576 R .42 (ord, treating it as a directory or \214lename, in the same)-.1 F -.1 -(wa)144 552 S 4.718(ya).1 G 4.718(st)-4.718 G(he)-4.718 E F1(cdspell) -4.718 E F0 2.218(shell option.)4.718 F -.8(Wo)7.217 G 2.217 -(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255f)4.717 E -(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 564 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(glob\255complete\255w)108 576 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 -588 R .791(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F -.792(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 -600 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for po\ -ssible completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 612 Q -(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 624 R .176 +(wa)144 588 S 4.717(ya).1 G 4.717(st)-4.717 G(he)-4.717 E F1(cdspell) +4.717 E F0 2.217(shell option.)4.717 F -.8(Wo)7.217 G 2.217 +(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255f)4.718 E +(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 600 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 +(glob\255complete\255w)108 612 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 +624 R .791(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F +.791(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 +636 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for po\ +ssible completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 648 Q +(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .175(The w)144 660 R .176 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176 (xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516 -(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 636 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 +(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 672 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 (an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e) -144 648 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) -108 660 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 672 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F +144 684 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) +108 696 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 708 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F .923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1 (glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F -.872(the line is redra)144 684 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G +.872(the line is redra)144 720 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G .872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 -(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15 -(ex)144 696 S(pansion.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 -E(55)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(55)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 56 56 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(dump\255functions)108 84 Q F0 .627 -(Print all of the functions and their k)144 96 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H -.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar) -5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 108 Q +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)144 84 S +(pansion.).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dump\255functions)108 96 Q F0 .626 +(Print all of the functions and their k)144 108 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +.627(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .627(If a numeric ar) +5.627 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 120 Q (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) -2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 120 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 -.762(Print all of the settable readline v)144 132 R .762 -(ariables and their v)-.25 F .763(alues to the readline output stream.) --.25 F .763(If a nu-)5.763 F .109(meric ar)144 144 R .109 -(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .108 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(in-)2.608 E(putr)144 156 Q -(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 168 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592 -(Print all of the readline k)144 180 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 -(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G -3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 192 Q +2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 132 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 +.763(Print all of the settable readline v)144 144 R .762 +(ariables and their v)-.25 F .762(alues to the readline output stream.) +-.25 F .762(If a nu-)5.762 F .108(meric ar)144 156 R .108 +(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .109 +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(in-)2.609 E(putr)144 168 Q +(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 180 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .593 +(Print all of the readline k)144 192 R .893 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 +(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.092(yo)-.15 G +3.092(utput. If)-3.092 F 3.092(an)3.092 G(umeric)-3.092 E(ar)144 204 Q .528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le.)144 204 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 216 Q -(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 228 Q +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.028 E(c)-.37 E F0 +(\214le.)144 216 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 228 Q +(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 240 Q (ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 244.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108 -256.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 +F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 256.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108 +268.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 (gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F -F2(compspec)108 268.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329 -(as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) +F2(compspec)108 280.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329 +(as been de\214ned using the)-3.828 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 -F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the) --.25 F(programmable completion f)108 280.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 -(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497 -(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 297.6 R .497 -(If the command w)5.497 F .498 -(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108 -309.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 +F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.329(w\), the) +-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 292.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 +(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .498 +(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 309.6 R .498 +(If the command w)5.498 F .497 +(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .233(the be)108 +321.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 (ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F12.733 E F0 .233(option to) -2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .233(If a comp-) -5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ -used to generate the list of possible completions)108 321.6 R .823 -(for the w)108 333.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F -.822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ -ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 345.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\ +2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .234(If a comp-) +5.234 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ +used to generate the list of possible completions)108 333.6 R .822 +(for the w)108 345.6 R 3.322(ord. If)-.1 F .822(the command w)3.322 F +.823(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ +ed for)-.1 F 2.867(\214rst. If)108 357.6 R .366(no compspec is found fo\ r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\ -rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 357.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 -(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15 -G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F12.798 E F0 .056 -(option to)108 369.6 R F1(complete)2.556 E F0 .056(is used as the def) +rtion)2.867 F(follo)108 369.6 Q .298(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 +(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.298 F 2.799(yc)-.15 +G .299(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.799 F F12.799 E F0 .057 +(option to)108 381.6 R F1(complete)2.557 E F0 .056(is used as the def) 2.556 F 2.556(ault. If)-.1 F .056(there is no def)2.556 F .056 (ault compspec,)-.1 F F1(bash)2.556 E F0 .056(attempts alias e)2.556 F -.057(xpansion on)-.15 F .333(the command w)108 381.6 R .332(ord as a \ +.056(xpansion on)-.15 F .332(the command w)108 393.6 R .332(ord as a \ \214nal resort, and attempts to \214nd a compspec for the command w)-.1 -F .332(ord from an)-.1 F 2.832(ys)-.15 G(uc-)-2.832 E(cessful e)108 -393.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\ -d to generate the list of matching w)108 410.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F -3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 422.4 Q +F .332(ord from an)-.1 F 2.833(ys)-.15 G(uc-)-2.833 E(cessful e)108 +405.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is use\ +d to generate the list of matching w)108 422.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F +3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 434.4 Q (ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464 -(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 439.2 R -.463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F -.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 451.2 R .595 -(When the)5.595 F F13.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F13.095 E F0 .596 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .463 +(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 451.2 R +.464(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .464(ed by the w)-.15 F +.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 463.2 R .596 +(When the)5.596 F F13.096 E F0(or)3.095 E F13.095 E F0 .595 (option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F -(shell v)108 463.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 480 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G +(shell v)108 475.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 +(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 492 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 (xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F14.084 E F0 1.584 -(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 492 S -.554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555 -(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555 -(shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E -(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 504 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 -(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 520.8 Q -.321(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 -F F12.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32 -(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108 -532.8 R F3(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412 +(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 504 S +.555(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .554 +(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.554 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.054 E F0 .554 +(shell v)2.804 F(ari-)-.25 E +(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 516 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 +(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 532.8 Q +.32(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .32(gument to the)-.18 F +F12.82 E F0 .321(option is considered.)2.821 F .321 +(The string is \214rst split using the)5.321 F .413(characters in the) +108 544.8 R F3(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412 (ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F -.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092 -(using brace e)108 544.8 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 -(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108 -556.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H +.412(Each w)5.412 F .412(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .091 +(using brace e)108 556.8 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .092 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.397(metic e)108 +568.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H (nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 -568.8 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21 -(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209 -(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209 -(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 580.8 Q -(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E .233 -(After these matches ha)108 597.6 R .533 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .233 -(een generated, an).15 F 2.733(ys)-.15 G .234 -(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.733 F F12.734 E -F0(and)2.734 E F12.734 E F0(op-)2.734 E 4.209(tions is in)108 -609.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 6.709(d. When).1 F 4.208 -(the command or function is in)6.709 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.208 -(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)6.708 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)6.458 E F4(,)A F3 -(COMP_KEY)108 621.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25 -(va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 -(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .158 -(Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108 -633.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +580.8 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209 +(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.209(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.209 F .209 +(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .21(ainst the w)-.05 F .21 +(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 592.8 Q +(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E .234 +(After these matches ha)108 609.6 R .534 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .234 +(een generated, an).15 F 2.734(ys)-.15 G .233 +(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.734 F F12.733 E +F0(and)2.733 E F12.733 E F0(op-)2.733 E 4.208(tions is in)108 +621.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 6.708(d. When).1 F 4.209 +(the command or function is in)6.708 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.209 +(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)6.709 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)6.459 E F4(,)A F3 +(COMP_KEY)108 633.6 Q F4(,)A F0(and)2.408 E F3(COMP_TYPE)2.658 E F0 -.25 +(va)2.408 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 +(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .157 +(Shell V)2.657 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.157(.I)C(f)-5.157 E 3.485(as)108 +645.6 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.485 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .986(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F3 (COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986 -(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .346 -(the function or command is in)108 645.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346 -(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.847(\)i)C -2.847(st)-2.847 G .347(he name of the command whose ar)-2.847 F(guments) --.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 657.6 R .264 -(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.764(\)i)C 2.764(st)-2.764 G .264(he w) --2.764 F .263(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .263 -(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 669.6 -R .628(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629 -(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .629 -(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .715(completions ag)108 681.6 R -.715(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\ +(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.986 E .347 +(the function or command is in)108 657.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .347 +(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.846(\)i)C +2.846(st)-2.846 G .346(he name of the command whose ar)-2.846 F(guments) +-.18 E .263(are being completed, the second ar)108 669.6 R .263 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.763(\)i)C 2.763(st)-2.763 G .264(he w) +-2.763 F .264(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .264 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.764(\)i)C(s)-2.764 E .629(the w)108 681.6 +R .629(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629 +(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .628 +(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .714(completions ag)108 693.6 R +.714(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\ tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.) -108 693.6 Q(An)108 710.4 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437 -(unction speci\214ed with)-2.937 F F12.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F +108 705.6 Q(An)108 722.4 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437 +(unction speci\214ed with)-2.938 F F12.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437 (function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437 -(he shell f)-2.937 F .438(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 722.4 Q F1 -(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 --.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456 -(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 -Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(56)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(he shell f)-2.937 F .437(acilities, including)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 +Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(56)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 57 57 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(COMPREPL)108 84 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E -(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne)108 100.8 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F -2.58(yc)-.15 G .08(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF2.58 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.581(na)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv) --2.581 G .081(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .081 -(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108 112.8 R .359(should\ - print a list of completions, one per line, to the standard output.) -2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 124.8 Q -(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376 -(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 141.6 R -2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F22.877 -E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 153.6 R -.682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681 -(xpansion; a)-.15 F F2(&)3.181 E F0 .681 -(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522 -(the w)108 165.6 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G -(iteral)-3.022 E F2(&)3.022 E F0 .523 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2(bu)2.956 G .456 +(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456 +(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457 +(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(COMPREPL)108 96 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E +(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne)108 112.8 Q .081(xt, an)-.15 +F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F F1 +2.581 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di) +.1 G 2.58(na)-2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08(ironment equi) +.4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.858(stitution. It) +108 124.8 R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to t\ +he standard output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used)5.359 F +(to escape a ne)108 136.8 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .377 +(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 153.6 R +2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F12.876 +E F0 .376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 165.6 R +.681(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.181 F .681 +(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .682 +(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.182 F .682(xt of)-.15 F .523 +(the w)108 177.6 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.023(Al)5.523 G +(iteral)-3.023 E F1(&)3.023 E F0 .522 (may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 177.6 R -(An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849 -(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading) --3.349 E F2(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 189.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 +-.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 189.6 +R(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849 +(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.349 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.35(df).15 G .85(rom the list.)-3.35 F 3.35(Al)5.85 G(eading)-3.35 E F1 +(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 201.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 (tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764 (ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.265 E F2(nocase-)3.265 E(match)108 201.6 Q F0 +3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.264 E F1(nocase-)3.264 E(match)108 213.6 Q F0 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05 (ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108 -218.4 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H .587(re\214x and suf).15 -F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F23.087 E F0(and)3.087 E -F23.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-) +230.4 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H .586(re\214x and suf).15 +F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F13.087 E F0(and)3.087 E +F13.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-) 3.087 F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline comple\ -tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 230.4 Q .246 -(If the pre)108 247.2 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an) --.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F2 .247(\255o dir) -2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F -F2(complete)108 259.2 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E -(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .462 -(If the)108 276 R F2 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w)2.962 -F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 +tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 242.4 Q .247 +(If the pre)108 259.2 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an) +-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir) +2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F +F1(complete)108 271.2 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E +(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .461 +(If the)108 288 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w)2.962 +F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 (when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1 -F(pletion is attempted and an)108 288 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G -(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559 -(By def)108 304.8 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56 -(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F -.632(of possible completions.)108 316.8 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1 -E F2(bash)3.132 E F0 .631 -(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631 -(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 328.8 R -.558(If the)5.558 F F2 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) -3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.059 E F0 .559 -(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 340.8 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672 -(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F2(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671 +F(pletion is attempted and an)108 300 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G +(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .56 +(By def)108 316.8 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.06(ri).15 G 3.06(tg)-3.06 G .559 +(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.06 F +.631(of possible completions.)108 328.8 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1 +E F1(bash)3.131 E F0 .631 +(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632 +(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 340.8 R +.559(If the)5.559 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) +3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.058 E F0 .558 +(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 352.8 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671 +(e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F1(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671 (ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.) --.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F23.171 E(default)108 352.8 Q F0 1.207 -(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.707 E F0 +-.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F13.172 E(default)108 364.8 Q F0 1.207 +(option w)3.707 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0 1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F -3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F +3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.206(ault completion)-.1 F (will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 -364.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) +376.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) 2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \ -desired, the programmable completion func-)108 381.6 R .632(tions force\ +desired, the programmable completion func-)108 393.6 R .633(tions force\ readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\ - to directories, subject)108 393.6 R 2.762(to the v)108 405.6 R 2.762 -(alue of the)-.25 F F2(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 -(readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761 -(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F2(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 417.6 + to directories, subject)108 405.6 R 2.761(to the v)108 417.6 R 2.761 +(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 +(readline v)5.261 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.762 +(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 429.6 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E -.19(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 -434.4 R .191(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.172 -(tion with a def)108 446.4 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 -F F2 1.172(complete \255D)3.672 F F0 6.172(.I)C(t')-6.172 E 3.672(sp) +.191(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 +446.4 R .19(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.172 +(tion with a def)108 458.4 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 +F F1 1.172(complete \255D)3.672 F F0 6.172(.I)C(t')-6.172 E 3.672(sp) -.55 G 1.172(ossible for shell functions e)-3.672 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.172 (cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion sho\ -uld be retried by returning an e)108 458.4 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 +uld be retried by returning an e)108 470.4 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 F .93(If a)5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compsp\ -ec associated with the command on which completion is)108 470.4 R .665 -(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 482.4 R .666 -(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .666 -(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .084(restarts from the be)108 -494.4 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc) --.25 G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .083(This allo)5.083 F -.083(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 506.4 Q(uilt dynamicall\ +ec associated with the command on which completion is)108 482.4 R .666 +(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 494.4 R .665 +(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .665 +(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .083(restarts from the be)108 +506.4 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc) +-.25 G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .084(This allo)5.084 F +.084(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 518.4 Q(uilt dynamicall\ y as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 -E -.15(Fo)108 523.2 S 2.636(ri).15 G .137 -(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.636 F +E -.15(Fo)108 535.2 S 2.637(ri).15 G .137 +(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.637 F .137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F -(the command, the follo)108 535.2 Q(wing def)-.25 E +(the command, the follo)108 547.2 Q(wing def)-.25 E (ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 -E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 552 Q({)108 564 Q 6(.") -144 576 S(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 -E(})108 588 Q -(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 600 Q -/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 628.8 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .372 -(When the)108 640.8 R F2 .372(\255o history)2.872 F F0 .372 -(option to the)2.872 F F2(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 -(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .371(vides access to the)-.15 F/F5 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF .371(command history)2.871 F F0(,)A .304 -(the list of commands pre)108 652.8 R .304(viously typed.)-.25 F .304 -(The v)5.304 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F F1(HISTSIZE)2.804 E F0 -.25(va) -2.554 G .305(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .43(mands to sa) -108 664.8 R .73 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.93(nah).15 G .43(istory list.)-2.93 F -.43(The te)5.43 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F1(HISTSIZE)2.929 E F0 .429 -(commands \(def)2.679 F .429(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.929 -(d. The).15 F(shell)2.929 E .287 +E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 564 Q({)108 576 Q 6(.") +144 588 S(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 +E(})108 600 Q +(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 612 Q +/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 640.8 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .371 +(When the)108 652.8 R F1 .371(\255o history)2.871 F F0 .371 +(option to the)2.871 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 +(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .372(vides access to the)-.15 F/F5 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF .372(command history)2.872 F F0(,)A .305 +(the list of commands pre)108 664.8 R .305(viously typed.)-.25 F .305 +(The v)5.305 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.804 E F0 -.25(va) +2.554 G .304(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .429 +(mands to sa)108 676.8 R .729 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.929(nah).15 G .429 +(istory list.)-2.929 F .429(The te)5.429 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F2 +(HISTSIZE)2.93 E F0 .43(commands \(def)2.68 F .43(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G 2.93(d. The).15 F(shell)2.93 E .287 (stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108 -676.8 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1(EXP)2.787 E -(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 688.8 -S 4.066(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.066 F 1.565 +688.8 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F2(EXP)2.787 E +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 700.8 +S 4.065(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.065 F 1.565 (xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565 -(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F1(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0 -(and)3.815 E F1(HISTCONTR)108 700.8 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F2(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0 +(and)3.816 E F2(HISTCONTR)108 712.8 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) A F0 .082 (On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v) -108 717.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(HISTFILE)2.583 E F0(\(def)2.333 E(ault)-.1 -E F5(~/.bash_history)2.583 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108 -729.6 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F1(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315 -(is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G -.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 15)148.175 E(57)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +108 729.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(HISTFILE)2.582 E F0(\(def)2.332 E(ault)-.1 +E F5(~/.bash_history)2.582 E F0(\).)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 June 16)148.175 E(57)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 58 58 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .658 -(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 84 R .658(alue of)-.25 F/F1 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If) -5.158 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0 .659 -(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 96 S .142 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .315 +(The \214le named by the v)108 84 R .315(alue of)-.25 F/F1 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315(is truncated, if necessary) +2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G .315 +(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .659 +(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 96 R .659(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)5.158 E/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0 .658 +(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 108 S .142 (lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142 (alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142 -(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 108 Q 1.604 +(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 120 Q 1.605 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604 -(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .151 -(stamps for the follo)108 120 R .151(wing history line.)-.25 F .151 +(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .15 +(stamps for the follo)108 132 R .15(wing history line.)-.25 F .151 (These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.151 F -.15(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 132 Q F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.558 E(T)-.855 E F0 +.151(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 144 Q F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.559 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059 (hell with history enabled e)-3.559 F 1.059(xits, the last)-.15 F F1 -($HISTSIZE)3.559 E F0 1.059(lines are)3.309 F .159 -(copied from the history list to)108 144 R F1($HISTFILE)2.659 E F2(.)A -F0 .159(If the)4.659 F F3(histappend)2.658 E F0 .158 -(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.658 F F3(shopt)108 -156 Q F0(under)2.581 E F1 .081(SHELL B)2.581 F(UIL)-.09 E .081 +($HISTSIZE)3.559 E F0 1.058(lines are)3.309 F .158 +(copied from the history list to)108 156 R F1($HISTFILE)2.658 E F2(.)A +F0 .158(If the)4.658 F F3(histappend)2.658 E F0 .159 +(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.659 F F3(shopt)108 +168 Q F0(under)2.582 E F1 .082(SHELL B)2.582 F(UIL)-.09 E .082 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.332 E .082 (w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, otherwise the)-.25 F -.197(history \214le is o)108 168 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(rwritten. If).15 -F F1(HISTFILE)2.697 E F0 .196(is unset, or if the history \214le is unw\ -ritable, the history is not sa)2.447 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .583 -(If the)108 180 R F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.083 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 G +.196(history \214le is o)108 180 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(rwritten. If).15 +F F1(HISTFILE)2.696 E F0 .197(is unset, or if the history \214le is unw\ +ritable, the history is not sa)2.446 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .584 +(If the)108 192 R F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.084 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 G .584(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark) -.25 F .584(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.148(tory comment character)108 192 R -3.648(,s)-.4 G 3.648(ot)-3.648 G(he)-3.648 E 3.648(ym)-.15 G 1.147 -(ay be preserv)-3.648 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.147 -(This uses the history comment)6.147 F 1.376 -(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 204 R -1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.877(,t)-.65 G -1.377(he history \214le is)-3.877 F .757 -(truncated to contain no more than)108 216 R F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 +.25 F .583(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.147(tory comment character)108 204 R +3.647(,s)-.4 G 3.647(ot)-3.647 G(he)-3.647 E 3.647(ym)-.15 G 1.147 +(ay be preserv)-3.647 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.148 +(This uses the history comment)6.148 F 1.377 +(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 216 R +1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.876(,t)-.65 G +1.376(he history \214le is)-3.876 F .756 +(truncated to contain no more than)108 228 R F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 .757 -(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 228 Q +(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 240 Q (alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E -(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .298 -(The b)108 244.8 R .298(uiltin command)-.2 F F3(fc)2.798 E F0(\(see) -2.798 E F1 .298(SHELL B)2.798 F(UIL)-.09 E .298(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 -(belo)2.549 E .299(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .472(cute a portion of the history list.)108 256.8 R -(The)5.472 E F3(history)2.972 E F0 -.2(bu)2.972 G .471 -(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .001 -(manipulate the history \214le.)108 268.8 R .001 -(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.001 F -.25(va) --.2 G .002(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 280.8 Q -(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.486(The shell allo)108 297.6 -R 1.486(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 +(alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .299 +(The b)108 256.8 R .299(uiltin command)-.2 F F3(fc)2.799 E F0(\(see) +2.799 E F1 .299(SHELL B)2.799 F(UIL)-.09 E .299(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 +(belo)2.549 E .298(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .471(cute a portion of the history list.)108 268.8 R +(The)5.471 E F3(history)2.971 E F0 -.2(bu)2.971 G .472 +(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .002 +(manipulate the history \214le.)108 280.8 R .001 +(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.002 F -.25(va) +-.2 G .001(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 292.8 Q +(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.485(The shell allo)108 309.6 +R 1.485(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 (hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) --3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.485 E F1(HISTCONTR)3.985 -E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.735 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 309.6 Q F0 -.25(va)2.707 G -.457(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .758 -.15(ve o) --.2 H .458(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.458 E F3 -(cmdhist)108 321.6 Q F0 .75 +-3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.486 E F1(HISTCONTR)3.986 +E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.736 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 321.6 Q F0 -.25(va)2.708 G +.458(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .757 -.15(ve o) +-.2 H .457(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.457 E F3 +(cmdhist)108 333.6 Q F0 .75 (shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077 -(the same history entry)108 333.6 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 +(the same history entry)108 345.6 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 (dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G -1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F3(lithist)3.577 E F0 -.374(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 345.6 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 -H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .373 -(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .373(See the)5.373 F .318 -(description of the)108 357.6 R F3(shopt)2.818 E F0 -.2(bu)2.818 G .318 +1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F3(lithist)3.576 E F0 +.373(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 357.6 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 +H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .374 +(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .374(See the)5.374 F .319 +(description of the)108 369.6 R F3(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318 (iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F1 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F -(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .319 +(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .318 (for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 -369.6 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 386.4 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE) --.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .611 -(The shell supports a history e)108 398.4 R .611 -(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .61 -(xpansion in)-.15 F F3(csh)3.11 E F0 5.61(.T)C .61(his section)-5.61 F -.87(describes what syntax features are a)108 410.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 -(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .871 -(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.171 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .871(hells, and).15 F -.95(can be disabled using the)108 422.4 R F3(+H)3.449 E F0 .949 +381.6 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 398.4 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE) +-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .61(The shell supports a history e) +108 410.4 R .611(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 +F .611(xpansion in)-.15 F F3(csh)3.111 E F0 5.611(.T)C .611(his section) +-5.611 F .871(describes what syntax features are a)108 422.4 R -.25(va) +-.2 G 3.371(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F +.87(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.17 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .87(hells, and).15 F +.949(can be disabled using the)108 434.4 R F3(+H)3.449 E F0 .949 (option to the)3.449 F F3(set)3.449 E F0 -.2(bu)3.449 G .949 -(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 .949(SHELL B)3.449 F(UIL)-.09 E .949 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(be-)3.199 E(lo)108 434.4 Q 2.5 +(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 .949(SHELL B)3.449 F(UIL)-.09 E .95 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(be-)3.2 E(lo)108 446.4 Q 2.5 (w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H (hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E -1.305(History e)108 451.2 R 1.305(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(or\ +1.306(History e)108 463.2 R 1.306(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(or\ ds from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repea\ -t)-.1 F .21(commands, insert the ar)108 463.2 R .21(guments to a pre) --.18 F .209 +t)-.1 F .209(commands, insert the ar)108 475.2 R .209(guments to a pre) +-.18 F .21 (vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25 -F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 475.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.163(History e)108 -492 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line is \ -read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 504 S .252 +F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 487.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108 +504 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line is \ +read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 516 S .251 (rds, and is performed on each line indi).1 F .251 -(vidually without taking quoting on pre)-.25 F .251 -(vious lines into account.)-.25 F(It)5.251 E(tak)108 516 Q .145 -(es place in tw)-.1 F 2.645(op)-.1 G 2.646(arts. The)-2.645 F .146(\214\ +(vidually without taking quoting on pre)-.25 F .252 +(vious lines into account.)-.25 F(It)5.252 E(tak)108 528 Q .146 +(es place in tw)-.1 F 2.646(op)-.1 G 2.646(arts. The)-2.646 F .146(\214\ rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during subs\ titution.)2.646 F .766(The second is to select portions of that line fo\ -r inclusion into the current one.)108 528 R .766 -(The line selected from the)5.766 F .253(history is the)108 540 R/F5 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)2.753 G(ent).15 E F0 2.753(,a)C .253 +r inclusion into the current one.)108 540 R .767 +(The line selected from the)5.767 F .254(history is the)108 552 R/F5 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)2.754 G(ent).15 E F0 2.753(,a)C .253 (nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-2.753 F F5(wor) -2.753 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.253(.V)C(arious)-6.363 E F5(modi\214er)2.754 E(s) --.1 E F0 .254(are a)2.754 F -.25(va)-.2 G(il-).25 E .539 -(able to manipulate the selected w)108 552 R 3.039(ords. The)-.1 F .538 -(line is brok)3.038 F .538(en into w)-.1 F .538(ords in the same f)-.1 F -.538(ashion as when reading)-.1 F .572(input, so that se)108 564 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F5(metac)3.072 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .572 +2.753 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.253(.V)C(arious)-6.363 E F5(modi\214er)2.753 E(s) +-.1 E F0 .253(are a)2.753 F -.25(va)-.2 G(il-).25 E .538 +(able to manipulate the selected w)108 564 R 3.038(ords. The)-.1 F .538 +(line is brok)3.038 F .538(en into w)-.1 F .539(ords in the same f)-.1 F +.539(ashion as when reading)-.1 F .573(input, so that se)108 576 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F5(metac)3.073 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .572 (-separated w)B .572(ords surrounded by quotes are considered one w)-.1 -F 3.073(ord. His-)-.1 F .356(tory e)108 576 R .355 +F 3.072(ord. His-)-.1 F .355(tory e)108 588 R .355 (xpansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e)-.15 F .355 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.855(,w)-.4 G .355(hich is)-2.855 F F3(!) -3.688 E F0 .355(by def)3.688 F(ault.)-.1 E .79(Only backslash \()108 588 -R F3(\\).833 E F0 3.29(\)a).833 G .79 -(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.29 F .79 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.291(,b)-.4 G .791(ut the history e)-3.491 F +(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.855(,w)-.4 G .356(hich is)-2.855 F F3(!) +3.689 E F0 .356(by def)3.689 F(ault.)-.1 E .791(Only backslash \()108 +600 R F3(\\).833 E F0 3.291(\)a).833 G .79 +(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.291 F .79 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.29(,b)-.4 G .79(ut the history e)-3.49 F (xpansion)-.15 E .789(character is also treated as quoted if it immedia\ -tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 600 R -(string.)108 612 Q(Se)108 628.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 +tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 612 R +(string.)108 624 Q(Se)108 640.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 (ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 (xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 -F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 640.8 T -3.163(ni).25 G 3.163(fi)-3.163 G 3.162(ti)-3.163 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G +F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 652.8 T +3.162(ni).25 G 3.162(fi)-3.162 G 3.162(ti)-3.162 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G .662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and) -.25 F F3(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F3 -(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F3(\()3.162 E -F0(will also inhibit e)108 652.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 669.6 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F3(shopt)2.609 -E F0 -.2(bu)2.609 G .11(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .11 -(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E .232(If the)108 681.6 R F3 -(histv)2.732 E(erify)-.1 E F0 .231 +(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F3(\()3.163 E +F0(will also inhibit e)108 664.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 681.6 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .11(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F3(shopt)2.61 E +F0 -.2(bu)2.61 G .109(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .109 +(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E .231(If the)108 693.6 R F3 +(histv)2.731 E(erify)-.1 E F0 .231 (shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)2.731 F F3(shopt) 2.731 E F0 -.2(bu)2.731 G .231(iltin belo).2 F .231(w\), and)-.25 F F3 --.18(re)2.731 G(adline).18 E F0 .231(is be-)2.731 F .449(ing used, hist\ +-.18(re)2.731 G(adline).18 E F0 .232(is be-)2.732 F .449(ing used, hist\ ory substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 -693.6 R 5.449(.I)-.55 G .449(nstead, the e)-5.449 F .449 -(xpanded line is)-.15 F 2.228(reloaded into the)108 705.6 R F3 -.18(re) +705.6 R 5.449(.I)-.55 G .448(nstead, the e)-5.449 F .448 +(xpanded line is)-.15 F 2.228(reloaded into the)108 717.6 R F3 -.18(re) 4.728 G(adline).18 E F0 2.228(editing b)4.728 F(uf)-.2 E 2.228 (fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)7.228 E F3 -.18(re)4.728 G -(adline).18 E F0 2.228(is being used, and the)4.728 F F3(histr)108 717.6 +(adline).18 E F0 2.228(is being used, and the)4.728 F F3(histr)108 729.6 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 (ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F3 -.18(re) -3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 729.6 S -.25(ff).2 G -1.161(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.161 E F33.661 E F0 1.161 -(option to the)3.661 F F3(history)3.661 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.16 -(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(58)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 June 16)148.175 E(58)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 59 59 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(ex)108 84 S -.055(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.055 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF2.555 E F0 .055(option to the)2.555 F F1(history) -2.556 E F0 -.2(bu)2.556 G .056(iltin may be used to add commands to the) -.2 F(end of the history list without actually e)108 96 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.2(bu)108 84 S +-.25(ff).2 G .303(er for correction.).25 F(The)5.303 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF2.803 E F0 .303(option to the)2.803 F F1(history) +2.804 E F0 -.2(bu)2.804 G .304 +(iltin command may be used to see what a history e).2 F(x-)-.15 E .52 +(pansion will do before using it.)108 96 R(The)5.52 E F13.02 E F0 +.52(option to the)3.02 F F1(history)3.02 E F0 -.2(bu)3.02 G .52 +(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F +(end of the history list without actually e)108 108 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 1.109(The shell allo)108 112.8 R +(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 1.108(The shell allo)108 124.8 R 1.108(ws control of the v)-.25 F 1.108 (arious characters used by the history e)-.25 F 1.108 -(xpansion mechanism \(see the de-)-.15 F .162(scription of)108 124.8 R -F1(histchars)2.662 E F0(abo)2.662 E .462 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.163(Shell V)2.662 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 2.663(\). The)B .163 +(xpansion mechanism \(see the de-)-.15 F .163(scription of)108 136.8 R +F1(histchars)2.663 E F0(abo)2.663 E .463 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 +.163(Shell V)2.663 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 2.663(\). The)B .162 (shell uses the history comment character to mark)2.663 F -(history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 136.8 Q F1(Ev) -87 153.6 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 165.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 148.8 Q F1(Ev) +87 165.6 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .204(An e)108 177.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the histor\ -y list.).15 F .204(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e)108 -177.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5(ot) -.15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F1(!)108 194.4 Q -F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)144 194.4 R 1.607 +y list.).15 F .205(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e)108 +189.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5(ot) +.15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F1(!)108 206.4 Q +F0 1.608(Start a history substitution, e)144 206.4 R 1.608 (xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F1(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107 -(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F -(\(when the)144 206.4 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0 +(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.607(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F +(\(when the)144 218.4 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0 (shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin\).).2 E F1(!)108 218.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 -(Refer to command line)144 218.4 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1<21ad>108 -230.4 Q F2(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)144 230.4 Q F2(n) -2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1(!!)108 242.4 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 242.4 Q +(iltin\).).2 E F1(!)108 230.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 +(Refer to command line)144 230.4 Q F2(n)2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1<21ad>108 +242.4 Q F2(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)144 242.4 Q F2(n) +2.86 E F0(.).24 E F1(!!)108 254.4 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 254.4 Q (vious command.)-.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F1(!) -108 254.4 Q F2(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preced\ -ing the current position in the history list starting with)144 254.4 R -F2(string)144.34 266.4 Q F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 278.4 Q F2(string)A F1 +108 266.4 Q F2(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preced\ +ing the current position in the history list starting with)144 266.4 R +F2(string)144.34 278.4 Q F0(.).22 E F1(!?)108 290.4 Q F2(string)A F1 ([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current \ -position in the history list containing)144 290.4 R F2(string)144.34 -302.4 Q F0 5.497(.T).22 G .497(he trailing)-5.497 F F1(?)2.997 E F0 .497 -(may be omitted if)2.997 F F2(string)3.337 E F0 .496(is follo)3.216 F -.496(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 F 2.996(wline. If)-.25 F F2(string) -2.996 E F0(is)2.996 E .39(missing, the string from the most recent sear\ -ch is used; it is an error if there is no pre)144 314.4 R .391 -(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 326.4 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108 -343.4 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .753 -(Quick substitution.)144 350.4 R .753(Repeat the pre)5.753 F .753 +position in the history list containing)144 302.4 R F2(string)144.34 +314.4 Q F0 5.496(.T).22 G .496(he trailing)-5.496 F F1(?)2.996 E F0 .496 +(may be omitted if)2.996 F F2(string)3.336 E F0 .497(is follo)3.216 F +.497(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 F 2.997(wline. If)-.25 F F2(string) +2.997 E F0(is)2.997 E .391(missing, the string from the most recent sea\ +rch is used; it is an error if there is no pre)144 326.4 R .39 +(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 338.4 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108 +355.4 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .752 +(Quick substitution.)144 362.4 R .752(Repeat the pre)5.752 F .753 (vious command, replacing)-.25 F F2(string1)3.593 E F0(with)3.253 E F2 -(string2)3.592 E F0 5.752(.E).02 G(qui)-5.752 E -.25(va)-.25 G .752 -(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 362.4 S(!!:s).74 E/F4 12/Times-Roman@0 SF(^)5 +(string2)3.593 E F0 5.753(.E).02 G(qui)-5.753 E -.25(va)-.25 G .753 +(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 374.4 S(!!:s).74 E/F4 12/Times-Roman@0 SF(^)5 I F2(string1)-5 I F4(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F4(^)5 I F0 1.48 -.74('' \() -5 L(see).74 E F1(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108 -374.4 Q F0(The entire command line typed so f)144 374.4 Q(ar)-.1 E(.) --.55 E F1 -.75(Wo)87 391.2 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 403.2 S -1.313(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314 +386.4 Q F0(The entire command line typed so f)144 386.4 Q(ar)-.1 E(.) +-.55 E F1 -.75(Wo)87 403.2 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 415.2 S +1.314(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314 (ords from the e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0 -1.314(separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation) -.15 F .53(from the w)108 415.2 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 -G 3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 +1.313(separates the e)3.813 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.313(nt speci\214cation) +.15 F .529(from the w)108 427.2 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I) +-.55 G 3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 (ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1 ($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F13.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) --3.029 E F1(%)3.029 E F0 5.529(.W)C(ords)-6.329 E .515 -(are numbered from the be)108 427.2 R .516 +-3.029 E F1(%)3.029 E F0 5.53(.W)C(ords)-6.33 E .516 +(are numbered from the be)108 439.2 R .516 (ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F .516 -(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)5.516 G .516(rds are in-) -.8 F(serted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 439.2 -Q F1 2.5(0\()108 456 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 468 Q +(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)5.515 G .515(rds are in-) +.8 F(serted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 451.2 +Q F1 2.5(0\()108 468 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 480 Q 2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E -F2(n)108.36 480 Q F0(The)144 480 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^) -108 492 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 492 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 -E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 504 Q F0 .064(The last w)144 504 R 2.564 -(ord. This)-.1 F .064(is usually the last ar)2.564 F .064(gument, b)-.18 -F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .063 -(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 516 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%) -108 528 Q F0 1.419(The \214rst w)144 528 R 1.419 -(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 F F2(string)A F0 1.42 -(?' search, if the search string be)B 1.42(gins with a)-.15 F -(character that is part of a w)144 540 Q(ord.)-.1 E F2(x)108.77 552 Q F1 -A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 552 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2 +F2(n)108.36 492 Q F0(The)144 492 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^) +108 504 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 504 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 +E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 516 Q F0 .063(The last w)144 516 R 2.563 +(ord. This)-.1 F .063(is usually the last ar)2.563 F .064(gument, b)-.18 +F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .064 +(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 528 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%) +108 540 Q F0 1.42(The \214rst w)144 540 R 1.42 +(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 F F2(string)A F0 1.419 +(?' search, if the search string be)B 1.419(gins with a)-.15 F +(character that is part of a w)144 552 Q(ord.)-.1 E F2(x)108.77 564 Q F1 +A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 564 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2 (y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*) -108 564 Q F0 .316(All of the w)144 564 R .316(ords b)-.1 F .316 +108 576 Q F0 .315(All of the w)144 576 R .315(ords b)-.1 F .315 (ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*) -2.815 E F0 .315(if there is)2.815 F(just one w)144 576 Q(ord in the e) +2.816 E F0 .316(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 588 Q(ord in the e) -.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 -E F1(x*)108 588 Q F0(Abbre)144 588 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.) -A F1<78ad>108 600 Q F0(Abbre)144 600 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0 +E F1(x*)108 600 Q F0(Abbre)144 600 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.) +A F1<78ad>108 612 Q F0(Abbre)144 612 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0 (lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E 2.5(ord. If)-.1 F F1(x)2.5 E F0(is missing, it def)2.5 E(aults to 0.)-.1 -E(If a w)108 616.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15 +E(If a w)108 628.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E (vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1 -(Modi\214ers)87 633.6 Q F0 .183(After the optional w)108 645.6 R .183 -(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4 G .184 -(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.683 F .184 -(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 657.6 Q +(Modi\214ers)87 645.6 Q F0 .184(After the optional w)108 657.6 R .184 +(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 G .183 +(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F .183 +(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 669.6 Q (These modify)5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G 2.5(re)-2.5 G(dit, the w)-2.5 E (ord or w)-.1 E(ords selected from the history e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt.).15 E F1(h)108 674.4 Q F0(Remo)144 674.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H +(nt.).15 E F1(h)108 686.4 Q F0(Remo)144 686.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H (railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t) -108 686.4 Q F0(Remo)144 686.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +108 698.4 Q F0(Remo)144 698.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H (ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) -108 698.4 Q F0(Remo)144 698.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E +108 710.4 Q F0(Remo)144 710.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E (\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E -(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 710.4 Q F0(Remo)144 710.4 Q .3 -.15 -(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(59)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(ving the basename.)-.2 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E +(59)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 60 60 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(p)108 84 Q F0(Print the ne)144 84 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E -(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 96 Q F0 -(Quote the substituted w)144 96 Q(ords, escaping further substitutions.) --.1 E F1(x)108 108 Q F0 .386(Quote the substituted w)144 108 R .386 -(ords as with)-.1 F F1(q)2.886 E F0 2.886(,b)C .386(ut break into w) --3.086 F .385(ords at)-.1 F F1(blanks)2.885 E F0 .385(and ne)2.885 F -2.885(wlines. The)-.25 F F1(q)2.885 E F0(and)2.885 E F1(x)2.885 E F0 -(modi\214ers are mutually e)144 120 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(;t).15 G(he last one supplied is used.)-2.5 E F1(s/)108 132 Q/F2 10 +SF(e)108 84 Q F0(Remo)144 84 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E +(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 96 Q F0(Print the ne) +144 96 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 108 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)144 108 Q +(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 120 Q F0 .385 +(Quote the substituted w)144 120 R .385(ords as with)-.1 F F1(q)2.885 E +F0 2.885(,b)C .386(ut break into w)-3.085 F .386(ords at)-.1 F F1 +(blanks)2.886 E F0 .386(and ne)2.886 F 2.886(wlines. The)-.25 F F1(q) +2.886 E F0(and)2.886 E F1(x)2.886 E F0(modi\214ers are mutually e)144 +132 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;t).15 G +(he last one supplied is used.)-2.5 E F1(s/)108 144 Q/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute) -144 144 Q F2(ne)3.328 E(w)-.15 E F0 .469(for the \214rst occurrence of) -3.278 F F2(old)3.199 E F0 .469(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469 +144 156 Q F2(ne)3.329 E(w)-.15 E F0 .469(for the \214rst occurrence of) +3.279 F F2(old)3.199 E F0 .469(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469 (nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E 2.969(yc)-.15 G .469 -(haracter may be used as the)-2.969 F .954(delimiter in place of /.)144 -156 R .953 +(haracter may be used as the)-2.969 F .953(delimiter in place of /.)144 +168 R .953 (The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) -5.953 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .953(nt line.).15 F .131 -(The delimiter may be quoted in)144 168 R F2(old)2.861 E F0(and)3.401 E +5.953 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .954(nt line.).15 F .131 +(The delimiter may be quoted in)144 180 R F2(old)2.861 E F0(and)3.401 E F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 .131(with a single backslash.)2.941 F .131 (If & appears in)5.131 F F2(ne)2.991 E(w)-.15 E F0 2.631(,i).31 G 2.631 -(ti)-2.631 G 2.631(sr)-2.631 G(e-)-2.631 E .62(placed by)144 180 R F2 +(ti)-2.631 G 2.631(sr)-2.631 G(e-)-2.631 E .619(placed by)144 192 R F2 (old)3.349 E F0 5.619(.A).77 G .619(single backslash will quote the &.) -2.5 F(If)5.619 E F2(old)3.349 E F0 .619(is null, it is set to the last) -3.889 F F2(old)3.349 E F0(substi-)3.889 E .486(tuted, or)144 192 R 2.986 -(,i)-.4 G 2.986(fn)-2.986 G 2.986(op)-2.986 G(re)-2.986 E .486 +3.889 F F2(old)3.349 E F0(substi-)3.89 E .487(tuted, or)144 204 R 2.987 +(,i)-.4 G 2.987(fn)-2.987 G 2.987(op)-2.987 G(re)-2.987 E .486 (vious history substitutions took place, the last)-.25 F F2(string)3.326 -E F0 .487(in a)3.206 F F1(!?)2.987 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0 2.987 -(search. If)5.487 F F2(ne)144.36 204 Q(w)-.15 E F0 +E F0 .486(in a)3.206 F F1(!?)2.986 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0 2.986 +(search. If)5.486 F F2(ne)144.36 216 Q(w)-.15 E F0 (is null, each matching)2.81 E F2(old)2.73 E F0(is deleted.)3.27 E F1(&) -108 216 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 216 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g) -108 228 Q F0 .398(Cause changes to be applied o)144 228 R -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.898(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.) -.15 F .397(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.897 -('\()C(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 240 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w) --.15 E F1(/)A F0 .35('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 2.85('. If)B .35(used with `) -2.85 F F1(:s)A F0 .35(', an)B 2.85(yd)-.15 G .351 -(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal de-)-2.85 F -(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 252 Q -.15 +108 228 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 228 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g) +108 240 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)144 240 R -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.) +.15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898 +('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 252 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w) +-.15 E F1(/)A F0 .351('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 2.851('. If)B .351 +(used with `)2.851 F F1(:s)A F0 .351(', an)B 2.851(yd)-.15 G .35 +(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal de-)-2.851 F +(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 264 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F1(a)2.5 E F0(may be used as a synon) -2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F1(g)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(G)108 264 Q F0(Apply the follo) -144 264 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5('o)C 2.5(r`)-2.5 G F1(&)-2.5 E F0 +2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F1(g)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(G)108 276 Q F0(Apply the follo) +144 276 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5('o)C 2.5(r`)-2.5 G F1(&)-2.5 E F0 2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 280.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 292.8 +G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 292.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 304.8 R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ -receded by)-.2 F F1108 304.8 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F13.077 E F0 +receded by)-.2 F F1108 316.8 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F13.077 E F0 .577(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F1(:)3.077 E F0(,)A F1(true)3.077 E F0(,)A F1(false)3.077 E F0 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E F1(test)3.077 E F0(/)A F1([)A F0 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577 -(iltins do not accept options).2 F .462(and do not treat)108 316.8 R F1 +(iltins do not accept options).2 F .461(and do not treat)108 328.8 R F1 2.961 E F0(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F1(exit) 2.961 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.961 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n) -.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.961 E F0(,)A F1(let)2.961 E F0 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F1(shift)2.961 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.961 G .461(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 328.8 R .26 -(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F F12.76 E F0 .261 -(without requiring)2.76 F F12.761 E F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b) --5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261(guments b)-.18 F .261 +2.962 G .462(iltins accept and).2 F .261(process ar)108 340.8 R .261 +(guments be)-.18 F .261(ginning with)-.15 F F12.761 E F0 .261 +(without requiring)2.761 F F12.761 E F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b) +-5.261 F .26(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .26(guments b)-.18 F .26 (ut are not)-.2 F 1.154(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar) -108 340.8 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F1 +108 352.8 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F1 3.654 E F0 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154 (lid options and require).25 F F13.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 -352.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 370.8 Q F0 -([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 382.8 R .451 +364.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 382.8 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 394.8 R .452 (fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding) --.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an)3.222 F -2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 394.8 R -(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 411.6 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E -F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 423.6 Q(ce)-.18 E +-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an)3.221 F +2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 406.8 R +(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 423.6 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E +F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 435.6 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02 -(Read and e)144 435.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2 +(Read and e)144 447.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2 (\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 -(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.33 -(status of the last command e)144 447.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.331 +(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.331 +(status of the last command e)144 459.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.331 (cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)5.741 E F0 6.331(.I).18 G(f)-6.331 E F2 -(\214lename)5.741 E F0 1.331(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.011 F -.023(names in)144 459.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.523 G(TH)-.189 -E F0 .022(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.273 F F2 +(\214lename)5.741 E F0 1.33(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.011 F +.022(names in)144 471.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.522 G(TH)-.189 +E F0 .022(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.272 F F2 (\214lename)4.432 E F0 2.522(,b).18 G(ut)-2.722 E F2(\214lename)2.522 E -F0 .022(does not need to be)2.522 F -.15(exe)144 471.6 S 3.86 -(cutable. The).15 F 1.36(\214le searched for in)3.86 F F4 -.666(PA)3.86 -G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.361(need not be e)3.61 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.861 -(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.861 E F0 1.361(is not in)3.861 F F2 -(posix)3.861 E(mode)144 483.6 Q F0 2.772(,i)C 2.772(ts)-2.772 G .272 -(earches the current directory if no \214le is found in)-2.772 F F4 --.666(PA)2.771 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .271(If the) -4.771 F F1(sour)2.771 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .271(option to the)2.771 F F1 -(shopt)144 495.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.659 G 1.159(iltin command is turned of).2 -F 1.159(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)3.659 G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.159 -(is not searched.)3.409 F 1.16(If an)6.159 F(y)-.15 E F2(ar)3.66 E -(guments)-.37 E F0 1.16(are supplied,)3.66 F(the)144 507.6 Q 3.692(yb) --.15 G 1.192(ecome the positional parameters when)-3.692 F F2 -(\214lename)3.692 E F0 1.192(is e)3.692 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.691 -(cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.191(the positional pa-)3.691 F .82 -(rameters are unchanged.)144 519.6 R .82(If the)5.82 F F13.32 E F0 +F0 .023(does not need to be)2.523 F -.15(exe)144 483.6 S 3.861 +(cutable. The).15 F 1.361(\214le searched for in)3.861 F F4 -.666(PA) +3.861 G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.361(need not be e)3.611 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.86 +(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.86 E F0 1.36(is not in)3.86 F F2(posix) +3.86 E(mode)144 495.6 Q F0 2.771(,i)C 2.771(ts)-2.771 G .271 +(earches the current directory if no \214le is found in)-2.771 F F4 +-.666(PA)2.772 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .272(If the) +4.772 F F1(sour)2.772 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .272(option to the)2.772 F F1 +(shopt)144 507.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.66 G 1.16(iltin command is turned of).2 F +1.159(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)3.659 G(TH)-.189 E F0 1.159 +(is not searched.)3.409 F 1.159(If an)6.159 F(y)-.15 E F2(ar)3.659 E +(guments)-.37 E F0 1.159(are supplied,)3.659 F(the)144 519.6 Q 3.691(yb) +-.15 G 1.191(ecome the positional parameters when)-3.691 F F2 +(\214lename)3.692 E F0 1.192(is e)3.692 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.692 +(cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.192(the positional pa-)3.692 F .82 +(rameters are unchanged.)144 531.6 R .82(If the)5.82 F F13.32 E F0 .82(option is enabled,)3.32 F F1(.)3.32 E F0 .82(inherits an)3.32 F 3.32 (yt)-.15 G .82(rap on)-3.32 F F1(DEB)3.32 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.32(;i)C 3.32 -(fi)-3.32 G 3.32(ti)-3.32 G 3.32(sn)-3.32 G(ot,)-3.32 E(an)144 531.6 Q -(y)-.15 E F1(DEB)3.323 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .823(trap string is sa)3.323 F -.15 +(fi)-3.32 G 3.32(ti)-3.32 G 3.32(sn)-3.32 G(ot,)-3.32 E(an)144 543.6 Q +(y)-.15 E F1(DEB)3.322 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .822(trap string is sa)3.322 F -.15 (ve)-.2 G 3.322(da).15 G .822(nd restored around the call to)-3.322 F F1 -(.)3.322 E F0 3.322(,a)C(nd)-3.322 E F1(.)3.322 E F0 .822(unsets the) -3.322 F F1(DEB)3.322 E(UG)-.1 E F0(trap)3.322 E .226(while it e)144 -543.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.726(cutes. If).15 F F12.727 E F0 .227 +(.)3.322 E F0 3.322(,a)C(nd)-3.322 E F1(.)3.322 E F0 .823(unsets the) +3.323 F F1(DEB)3.323 E(UG)-.1 E F0(trap)3.323 E .227(while it e)144 +555.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.727(cutes. If).15 F F12.727 E F0 .227 (is not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)2.727 F F1(DEB)2.727 E -(UG)-.1 E F0 .227(trap, the ne)2.727 F 2.727(wv)-.25 G .227(alue is) --2.977 F .891(retained when)144 555.6 R F1(.)3.391 E F0 3.391 -(completes. The)3.391 F .891 -(return status is the status of the last command e)3.391 F .89 -(xited within the)-.15 F(script \(0 if no commands are e)144 567.6 Q +(UG)-.1 E F0 .227(trap, the ne)2.727 F 2.726(wv)-.25 G .226(alue is) +-2.976 F .89(retained when)144 567.6 R F1(.)3.39 E F0 3.39 +(completes. The)3.39 F .891 +(return status is the status of the last command e)3.39 F .891 +(xited within the)-.15 F(script \(0 if no commands are e)144 579.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F2(\214lename)4.41 E -F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 584.4 Q F0([)2.5 +F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 596.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 596.4 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724 +(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 608.4 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724 (guments or with the)-.18 F F15.224 E F0 2.724 -(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.225 E -F2(name)144 608.4 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F +(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.224 E +F2(name)144 620.4 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F .58(When ar)5.58 F .58 (guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name) -3.08 E F0(whose)144 620.4 Q F2(value)2.508 E F0 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15 +3.08 E F0(whose)144 632.4 Q F2(value)2.509 E F0 .009(is gi)2.509 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F2(value) 2.509 E F0 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009 -(ord to be check)-.1 F .009(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579 -(tution when the alias is e)144 632.4 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579 +(ord to be check)-.1 F .008(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579 +(tution when the alias is e)144 644.4 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579 (or each)-.15 F F2(name)3.079 E F0 .579(in the ar)3.079 F .579 -(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)3.079 E F0 .578(is sup-)3.078 -F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 644.4 R 1.314 +(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)3.079 E F0 .579(is sup-)3.079 +F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 656.4 R 1.314 (alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 -(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E -(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 656.4 Q F1(bg)108 673.2 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .745(Resume each suspended job)144 -685.2 R F2(jobspec)3.245 E F0 .745 -(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F1(&)3.244 E -F0 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F2(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 697.2 Q F0 .671 -(is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) --3.171 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1 -(bg)5.672 E F2(jobspec)4.912 E F0 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419 -(when job control is disabled or)144 709.2 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 -(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G -(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F2(jobspec)2.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G -(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 721.2 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 -E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(60)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.313(is gi)3.814 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.813(nf).15 G(or)-3.813 E +(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 668.4 Q F1(bg)108 685.2 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .744(Resume each suspended job)144 +697.2 R F2(jobspec)3.244 E F0 .745 +(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.244 F F1(&)3.245 E +F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 709.2 Q F0 .672 +(is not present, the shell')3.482 F 3.172(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) +-3.172 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1 +(bg)5.671 E F2(jobspec)4.911 E F0 .671(returns 0 unless run)3.481 F .418 +(when job control is disabled or)144 721.2 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 +(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.919(ys)-.15 G +(peci\214ed)-2.919 E F2(jobspec)2.919 E F0 -.1(wa)2.919 G 2.919(sn).1 G +(ot)-2.919 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(60)197.335 E 0 +Cg EP %%Page: 61 61 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(bind)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1(ke)2.5 -G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 96 Q -F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 -E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 108 Q -F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 -(\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 120 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G -(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 132 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 -G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 144 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 -G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -.37(re)C -(adline\255command).37 E F1(bind)108 156 Q F2 -.37(re)2.5 G -(adline-command-line).37 E F0 .238(Display current)144 168 R F1 -.18(re) -2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239 -(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239 -(equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 .239(function or) -2.739 F .04(macro, or set a)144 180 R F1 -.18(re)2.54 G(adline).18 E F0 --.25(va)2.54 G 2.54(riable. Each).25 F .039(non-option ar)2.54 F .039 -(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .039(ould appear in a)-.1 F F1 -.18 -(re)144 192 S(adline).18 E F0 .182(initialization \214le such as)2.681 F -F2(.inputr)2.912 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.682(,b).31 G .182 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(found or w)144 84 +Q(as started without job control.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bind)108 +100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap) +-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 112.8 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E +F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 124.8 +Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E +F2(\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 136.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke) +2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A +F2(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1 +(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 +(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 160.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke) +2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -.37(re)C +(adline\255command).37 E F1(bind)108 172.8 Q F2 -.37(re)2.5 G +(adline-command-line).37 E F0 .239(Display current)144 184.8 R F1 -.18 +(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.739 G 2.739(ya)-.05 G .239 +(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.739 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .238 +(equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 .238(function or) +2.738 F .039(macro, or set a)144 196.8 R F1 -.18(re)2.539 G(adline).18 E +F0 -.25(va)2.539 G 2.539(riable. 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If).25 F 1.354 +(there w)3.854 F 1.354(as no ar)-.1 F 1.354(gument, that v)-.18 F 1.354 +(ariable is not set.)-.25 F 1.355(If the e)6.355 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted) +.15 E .344(command changes the v)180 580.8 R .344(alue of an)-.25 F +2.843(yo)-.15 G(f)-2.843 E F3(READLINE_LINE)2.843 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 +SF(,)A F3(READLINE_POINT)2.593 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.593 E F3(READ-)2.843 E +(LINE_MARK)180 592.8 Q F4(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G +(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1144 +604.8 Q F0 .829(List all k)180 604.8 R 1.129 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 (equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for) -.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 600 Q(The return v) -144 616.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 +.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 616.8 Q(The return v) +144 633.6 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 -E F1(br)108 633.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .054 -(Exit from within a)144 645.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 -(while)2.554 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1 +E F1(br)108 650.4 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .055 +(Exit from within a)144 662.4 R F1 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 +(while)2.555 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1 (select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055 (is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.415 E F0 .055(must be)2.795 F/F5 10/Symbol SF2.555 -E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 657.6 Q F2(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ - number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714 -(xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 -669.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 -(bu)108 686.4 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E -F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 698.4 Q .77 -(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .77(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2 +(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.414 E F0 .054(must be)2.794 F/F5 10/Symbol SF2.554 +E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 674.4 Q F2(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ + number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.954 F 2.715 +(xited. The)-.15 F .215(return v)2.715 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 +686.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 +(bu)108 703.2 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E +F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 715.2 Q .771 +(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .771(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2 (ar)3.601 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.271(,a).27 G .771(nd return its e)-3.271 -F .771(xit status.)-.15 F .771(This is useful)5.771 F .616 +F .77(xit status.)-.15 F .77(This is useful)5.77 F .615 (when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 -710.4 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 -722.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 --.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E -5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 15)148.175 E(61)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +727.2 R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F(GNU Bash 5.3) +72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(61)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 62 62 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(is f)144 84 Q -(alse if)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0 -(is not a shell b)2.74 E(uiltin command.)-.2 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(caller)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0(])A .254 -(Returns the conte)144 112.8 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti) --2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 -(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F2(sour)144 124.8 Q -(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F1 -.2 -(ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.824 E F0 .324 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .57(the b)144 84 R +.57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(cd)3.07 E F0 -.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 +F(ay)-.1 E 5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 96 Q +(alse if)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0 +(is not a shell b)2.74 E(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 112.8 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0(])A .253(Returns the conte)144 124.8 R +.254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +.254(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.754 E F0(or)2.754 E F1(sour)144 136.8 +Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G 2.825(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2 +(ex)2.825 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.825 E F0 .324 (displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F -.254(subroutine call.)144 136.8 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15 -G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 -F F1 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.753 E F0 .253 -(displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\ +.253(subroutine call.)144 148.8 R .253(If a non-ne)5.253 F -.05(ga)-.15 +G(ti).05 E .553 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 +F F2 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .254 +(displays the line number)2.754 F 2.754(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.754 E 1.327(rou\ tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ -ent e)144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001 -(This e)144 160.8 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001 -(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E -3.019(0. The)144 172.8 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519 -(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52 -(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F1 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52 -(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 184.8 Q -(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -A F0(|[)A F2A F0([)2.5 E F2A F0(]]] [\255@] [)A F1 -(dir)A F0(])A .322(Change the current directory to)144 213.6 R F1(dir) -2.822 E F0 5.322(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F1(dir)2.822 E F0 .321 -(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F .321(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.821 E F0 .321(shell v)2.571 F .321(ariable is) --.25 F .929(the def)144 225.6 R 3.429(ault. The)-.1 F -.25(va)3.429 G -(riable).25 E F3(CDP)3.429 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .93 -(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)3.179 F F1(dir) -3.78 E F0 3.43(:e).73 G(ach)-3.43 E .407(directory name in)144 237.6 R -F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .407(is searched for)2.657 F -F1(dir)2.907 E F0 5.407(.A)C(lternati)-5.407 E .707 -.15(ve d)-.25 H +ent e)144 160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e) +144 172.8 Q(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 E .001 +(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F .001(The current frame is frame) +5.001 F 3.02(0. The)144 184.8 R .52(return v)3.02 F .52 +(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .519 +(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.019 G(pr).2 E F0 .519 +(does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 196.8 Q +(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(cd)108 213.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +A F0(|[)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(]]] [\255@] [)A F2 +(dir)A F0(])A .321(Change the current directory to)144 225.6 R F2(dir) +2.821 E F0 5.321(.i)C(f)-5.321 E F2(dir)2.821 E F0 .322 +(is not supplied, the v)2.821 F .322(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.822 E F0 .322(shell v)2.572 F .322(ariable is) +-.25 F .93(the def)144 237.6 R 3.43(ault. The)-.1 F -.25(va)3.43 G +(riable).25 E F3(CDP)3.43 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .929 +(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)3.18 F F2(dir) +3.779 E F0 3.429(:e).73 G(ach)-3.429 E .406(directory name in)144 249.6 +R F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .407(is searched for)2.657 +F F2(dir)2.907 E F0 5.407(.A)C(lternati)-5.407 E .707 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .407(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)2.907 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.406(are sepa-)2.656 F .799(rated by a colon \(:\).)144 249.6 R 3.299 +.407(are sepa-)2.657 F .799(rated by a colon \(:\).)144 261.6 R 3.299 (An)5.799 G .799(ull directory name in)-3.299 F F3(CDP)3.299 E -.855(AT) -.666 G(H).855 E F0 .799(is the same as the current directory)3.049 F -3.3(,i)-.65 G(.e.,)-3.3 E -.74(``)144 261.6 S F2(.).74 E F0 -.74('')C -5.428(.I).74 G(f)-5.428 E F1(dir)3.278 E F0(be)3.658 E .428 +3.299(,i)-.65 G(.e.,)-3.299 E -.74(``)144 273.6 S F1(.).74 E F0 -.74('') +C 5.427(.I).74 G(f)-5.427 E F2(dir)3.277 E F0(be)3.657 E .427 (gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)2.928 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) -.855 E F0 .428(is not used.)2.678 F(The)5.428 E F22.927 E F0 .427 -(option causes)2.927 F F2(cd)2.927 E F0 .427(to use the)2.927 F(ph)144 -273.6 Q .167 +.855 E F0 .428(is not used.)2.678 F(The)5.428 E F12.928 E F0 .428 +(option causes)2.928 F F1(cd)2.928 E F0 .428(to use the)2.928 F(ph)144 +285.6 Q .168 (ysical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while tra)-.05 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F1(dir)2.668 E F0 .168(and before processing) -2.668 F 1.225(instances of)144 285.6 R F1(..)3.725 E F0(in)3.725 E F1 -(dir)3.725 E F0 1.225(\(see also the)3.725 F F23.725 E F0 1.225 -(option to the)3.725 F F2(set)3.725 E F0 -.2(bu)3.725 G 1.225 -(iltin command\); the).2 F F23.725 E F0 1.225(option forces)3.725 -F .411(symbolic links to be follo)144 297.6 R .411 -(wed by resolving the link after processing instances of)-.25 F F1(..) -2.911 E F0(in)2.911 E F1(dir)2.911 E F0 5.411(.I)C(f)-5.411 E F1(..) -2.912 E F0(ap-)2.912 E .341(pears in)144 309.6 R F1(dir)2.841 E F0 2.841 -(,i)C 2.841(ti)-2.841 G 2.841(sp)-2.841 G .341(rocessed by remo)-2.841 F -.341(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .34(vious pathname component from) --.25 F F1(dir)2.84 E F0(,)A .175(back to a slash or the be)144 321.6 R -.175(ginning of)-.15 F F1(dir)2.675 E F0 5.175(.I)C 2.675(ft)-5.175 G -(he)-2.675 E F22.676 E F0 .176(option is supplied with)2.676 F F2 -2.676 E F0 2.676(,a)C .176(nd the current w)-2.676 F(ork-)-.1 E +-.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F2(dir)2.667 E F0 .167(and before processing) +2.667 F 1.225(instances of)144 297.6 R F2(..)3.725 E F0(in)3.725 E F2 +(dir)3.725 E F0 1.225(\(see also the)3.725 F F13.725 E F0 1.225 +(option to the)3.725 F F1(set)3.725 E F0 -.2(bu)3.725 G 1.225 +(iltin command\); the).2 F F13.725 E F0 1.225(option forces)3.725 +F .412(symbolic links to be follo)144 309.6 R .411 +(wed by resolving the link after processing instances of)-.25 F F2(..) +2.911 E F0(in)2.911 E F2(dir)2.911 E F0 5.411(.I)C(f)-5.411 E F2(..) +2.911 E F0(ap-)2.911 E .34(pears in)144 321.6 R F2(dir)2.84 E F0 2.84 +(,i)C 2.84(ti)-2.84 G 2.841(sp)-2.84 G .341(rocessed by remo)-2.841 F +.341(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .341(vious pathname component from) +-.25 F F2(dir)2.841 E F0(,)A .176(back to a slash or the be)144 333.6 R +.176(ginning of)-.15 F F2(dir)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G +(he)-2.676 E F12.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied with)2.675 F F1 +2.675 E F0 2.675(,a)C .175(nd the current w)-2.675 F(ork-)-.1 E .341(ing directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful\ - directory change,)144 333.6 R F2(cd)2.84 E F0 .34(will return)2.84 F -.356(an unsuccessful status.)144 345.6 R .356 -(On systems that support it, the)5.356 F F22.857 E F0 .357 -(option presents the e)2.857 F .357(xtended attrib)-.15 F(utes)-.2 E .07 -(associated with a \214le as a directory)144 357.6 R 5.07(.A)-.65 G -2.569(na)-5.07 G -.18(rg)-2.569 G .069(ument of).18 F F22.569 E F0 -.069(is con)2.569 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .069(rted to).15 F F3($OLDPWD)2.569 E -F0 .069(before the direc-)2.319 F .306(tory change is attempted.)144 -369.6 R .306(If a non-empty directory name from)5.306 F F3(CDP)2.806 E --.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .306(is used, or if)2.556 F F22.807 E -F0 .307(is the \214rst)2.807 F(ar)144 381.6 Q .116(gument, and the dire\ -ctory change is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)-.18 F 2.615 -(ww)-.25 G .115(orking direc-)-2.715 F .15 -(tory is written to the standard output.)144 393.6 R .15 -(If the directory change is successful,)5.15 F F2(cd)2.65 E F0 .15 -(sets the v)2.65 F .15(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PWD)144 405.6 Q F0(en)2.958 -E .458(vironment v)-.4 F .458(ariable to the ne)-.25 F 2.958(wd)-.25 G -.458(irectory name, and sets the)-2.958 F F2(OLDPWD)2.957 E F0(en)2.957 -E .457(vironment v)-.4 F(ari-)-.25 E .125(able to the v)144 417.6 R .125 + directory change,)144 345.6 R F1(cd)2.841 E F0 .341(will return)2.841 F +.357(an unsuccessful status.)144 357.6 R .357 +(On systems that support it, the)5.357 F F12.856 E F0 .356 +(option presents the e)2.856 F .356(xtended attrib)-.15 F(utes)-.2 E +.069(associated with a \214le as a directory)144 369.6 R 5.069(.A)-.65 G +2.569(na)-5.069 G -.18(rg)-2.569 G .069(ument of).18 F F12.569 E F0 +.07(is con)2.57 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .07(rted to).15 F F3($OLDPWD)2.57 E F0 +.07(before the direc-)2.32 F .307(tory change is attempted.)144 381.6 R +.306(If a non-empty directory name from)5.307 F F3(CDP)2.806 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .306(is used, or if)2.556 F F12.806 E F0 .306 +(is the \214rst)2.806 F(ar)144 393.6 Q .116(gument, and the directory c\ +hange is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)-.18 F 2.616(ww) +-.25 G .116(orking direc-)-2.716 F .15 +(tory is written to the standard output.)144 405.6 R .15 +(If the directory change is successful,)5.15 F F1(cd)2.65 E F0 .15 +(sets the v)2.65 F .15(alue of the)-.25 F F1(PWD)144 417.6 Q F0(en)2.957 +E .457(vironment v)-.4 F .457(ariable to the ne)-.25 F 2.958(wd)-.25 G +.458(irectory name, and sets the)-2.958 F F1(OLDPWD)2.958 E F0(en)2.958 +E .458(vironment v)-.4 F(ari-)-.25 E .126(able to the v)144 429.6 R .126 (alue of the current w)-.25 F .126(orking directory before the change.) --.1 F .126(The return v)5.126 F .126(alue is true if the)-.25 F -(directory w)144 429.6 Q(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E -(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108 446.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F0 -(])A F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 -458.4 Q F1(command)2.765 E F0(with)3.335 E F1(ar)2.895 E(gs)-.37 E F0 -.065(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.835 F .064(Only b) -5.064 F .064(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 -470.4 R F3 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F23.002 E F0 .502 -(option is gi)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F1 -(command)3.202 E F0(is)3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 482.4 R .4 -(ault v)-.1 F .4(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .399 -(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) -5.399 E .174(either the)144 494.4 R F22.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F2 -2.674 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F1 -(command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F22.675 E -F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.318(as)144 506.4 S .818(ingle w)-3.318 F +-.1 F .125(The return v)5.125 F .125(alue is true if the)-.25 F +(directory w)144 441.6 Q(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E +(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1(command)108 458.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0 +(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 +470.4 Q F2(command)2.764 E F0(with)3.334 E F2(ar)2.894 E(gs)-.37 E F0 +.065(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.834 F .065(Only b) +5.065 F .065(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 +482.4 R F3 -.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F13.002 E F0 .502 +(option is gi)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F2 +(command)3.201 E F0(is)3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 494.4 R +.399(ault v)-.1 F .399(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 +.4(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F +(If)5.4 E .175(either the)144 506.4 R F12.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1 +2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F2 +(command)2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F12.674 E +F0 .174(option causes)2.674 F 3.317(as)144 518.4 S .817(ingle w)-3.317 F .817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F1(command)3.617 E F0 .817(to be displayed; the)4.087 -F F2144 518.4 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249 -(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F22.749 E F0(or) -2.749 E F22.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25 -(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 530.4 R F1(command)3.705 E F0 -.1 -(wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004 -(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F1 -(command)144.2 542.4 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599 -(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599 -(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 554.4 S -(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F1(command)2.7 E F0(.).77 E F2 -(compgen)108 571.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2A F1(varname)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F1(option)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(wor)-2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(])A .013 -(Generate possible completion matches for)144 583.2 R F1(wor)2.513 E(d) --.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F1(option)2.513 E F0 .013 -(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E 1.216 -(accepted by the)144 595.2 R F2(complete)3.716 E F0 -.2(bu)3.716 G 1.216 -(iltin with the e).2 F 1.216(xceptions of)-.15 F F23.716 E F0(,)A -F23.717 E F0(,)A F23.717 E F0(,)A F23.717 E F0 3.717 -(,a)C(nd)-3.717 E F23.717 E F0 3.717(,a)C 1.217(nd write the) --3.717 F .505(matches to the standard output.)144 607.2 R .505(If the) -5.505 F F23.005 E F0 .505(option is supplied,)3.005 F F2(compgen) -3.004 E F0 .504(stores the generated com-)3.004 F 1.086 -(pletions into the inde)144 619.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.586(da).15 G 1.086 -(rray v)-3.586 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(varname)3.586 E F0 1.087 -(instead of writing them to the standard output.)3.586 F .195 -(When using the)144 631.2 R F22.695 E F0(or)2.695 E F22.695 -E F0 .195(options, the v)2.695 F .195(arious shell v)-.25 F .194 -(ariables set by the programmable completion)-.25 F -.1(fa)144 643.2 S +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.618 E F0 .818(to be displayed; the)4.088 +F F1144 530.4 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 +(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F12.749 E F0(or) +2.749 E F12.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249 +(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 542.4 R F2(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 +(wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005 +(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F2 +(command)144.2 554.4 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 +(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598 +(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 566.4 S +(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(.).77 E F1 +(compgen)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(varname)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F2(option)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(])A .012 +(Generate possible completion matches for)144 595.2 R F2(wor)2.513 E(d) +-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513 E F0 .013 +(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E 1.217 +(accepted by the)144 607.2 R F1(complete)3.717 E F0 -.2(bu)3.717 G 1.217 +(iltin with the e).2 F 1.217(xceptions of)-.15 F F13.716 E F0(,)A +F13.716 E F0(,)A F13.716 E F0(,)A F13.716 E F0 3.716 +(,a)C(nd)-3.716 E F13.716 E F0 3.716(,a)C 1.216(nd write the) +-3.716 F .504(matches to the standard output.)144 619.2 R .505(If the) +5.504 F F13.005 E F0 .505(option is supplied,)3.005 F F1(compgen) +3.005 E F0 .505(stores the generated com-)3.005 F 1.087 +(pletions into the inde)144 631.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.587(da).15 G 1.087 +(rray v)-3.587 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)3.587 E F0 1.086 +(instead of writing them to the standard output.)3.586 F .194 +(When using the)144 643.2 R F12.694 E F0(or)2.694 E F12.694 +E F0 .195(options, the v)2.695 F .195(arious shell v)-.25 F .195 +(ariables set by the programmable completion)-.25 F -.1(fa)144 655.2 S (cilities, while a).1 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15 (ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 E .352 -(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 667.2 R .352 +(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 679.2 R .352 (ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 -679.2 R(If)5.02 E F1(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) -2.52 F(those completions matching)144 691.2 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 715.2 Q +691.2 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) +2.52 F(those completions matching)144 703.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 727.2 Q (alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G (lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(62)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(62)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 63 63 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -7686,20 +7705,20 @@ F1-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 108 Q F1A F2 (\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108 120 Q F0([)2.5 E -F1(\255DEI)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .633(Specify ho) -144 132 R 3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633(uments to each).18 F F2 -(name)3.133 E F0 .633(should be completed.)3.133 F .634(If the)5.634 F -F13.134 E F0 .634(option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .14 +F1(\255DEI)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .634(Specify ho) +144 132 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634(uments to each).18 F F2 +(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134 F .633(If the)5.634 F +F13.133 E F0 .633(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139 (options are supplied, e)144 144 R .139 -(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F .139 -(ay that allo)-.1 F .139(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)144 +(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F .14 +(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)144 156 R(The)5.31 E F12.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name) 2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2 -(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.208 -(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 168 R(The)6.208 E F1 -3.708 E F0 1.207(option indicates that other supplied options) -3.707 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 180 R(`def)-.74 E +(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.207 +(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 168 R(The)6.207 E F1 +3.707 E F0 1.208(option indicates that other supplied options) +3.708 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 180 R(`def)-.74 E (ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5 (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144 192 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 @@ -7707,49 +7726,49 @@ F13.134 E F0 .634(option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .14 (option indicates that)3.455 F .876 (other supplied options and actions should apply to `)144 204 R(`empty') -.74 E 3.376('c)-.74 G .876(ommand completion; that is, com-)-3.376 F -.448(pletion attempted on a blank line.)144 216 R(The)5.447 E F1 -2.947 E F0 .447 +.447(pletion attempted on a blank line.)144 216 R(The)5.447 E F1 +2.947 E F0 .448 (option indicates that other supplied options and actions)2.947 F .123 (should apply to completion on the initial non-assignment w)144 228 R -.123(ord on the line, or after a command de-)-.1 F 1.021 -(limiter such as)144 240 R F1(;)3.521 E F0(or)3.521 E F1(|)3.521 E F0 -3.521(,w)C 1.021(hich is usually command name completion.)-3.521 F 1.02 -(If multiple options are sup-)6.02 F .707(plied, the)144 252 R F1 -3.207 E F0 .707(option tak)3.207 F .707(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15(ve) +.123(ord on the line, or after a command de-)-.1 F 1.02(limiter such as) +144 240 R F1(;)3.52 E F0(or)3.52 E F1(|)3.52 E F0 3.52(,w)C 1.021 +(hich is usually command name completion.)-3.52 F 1.021 +(If multiple options are sup-)6.021 F .708(plied, the)144 252 R F1 +3.208 E F0 .708(option tak)3.208 F .708(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15(ve) -.15 G(r).15 E F13.208 E F0 3.208(,a)C .708(nd both tak)-3.208 F -3.208(ep)-.1 G .708(recedence o)-3.208 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F1 -3.208 E F0 5.708(.I)C 3.208(fa)-5.708 G 1.008 -.15(ny o)-3.208 H(f).15 E -F13.208 E F0(,)A F1144 264 Q F0 2.604(,o)C(r)-2.604 E F1 -2.604 E F0 .103(are supplied, an)2.603 F 2.603(yo)-.15 G(ther) +3.208(ep)-.1 G .707(recedence o)-3.208 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F1 +3.207 E F0 5.707(.I)C 3.207(fa)-5.707 G 1.007 -.15(ny o)-3.207 H(f).15 E +F13.207 E F0(,)A F1144 264 Q F0 2.603(,o)C(r)-2.603 E F1 +2.603 E F0 .103(are supplied, an)2.603 F 2.603(yo)-.15 G(ther) -2.603 E F2(name)2.603 E F0(ar)2.603 E .103 (guments are ignored; these completions only apply to the)-.18 F -(case speci\214ed by the option.)144 276 Q .152 +(case speci\214ed by the option.)144 276 Q .153 (The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 -300 R .153(ord completion is attempted is de-)-.1 F(scribed abo)144 312 +300 R .152(ord completion is attempted is de-)-.1 F(scribed abo)144 312 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 -E F0(.)A .556(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 336 R .856 -.15 +E F0(.)A .555(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 336 R .855 -.15 (ve t)-.2 H .555(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar) -5.555 F .555(guments to the)-.18 F F13.055 E F0(,)A F13.055 -E F0 3.055(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F13.055 E F0 .722 -(options \(and, if necessary)144 348 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F1 -3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E F13.222 E F0 .723 -(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E +5.555 F .555(guments to the)-.18 F F13.056 E F0(,)A F13.056 +E F0 3.056(,a)C(nd)-3.056 E F13.056 E F0 .723 +(options \(and, if necessary)144 348 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F1 +3.223 E F0(and)3.223 E F13.223 E F0 .722 +(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E (sion before the)144 360 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1144 384 Q F2 -(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 396 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291 +(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 396 Q F2(comp-option)2.79 E F0 .291 (controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') .15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 (yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 408 Q F2 (comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 420 Q F0 .281(Perform the rest of the def)224 432 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 444 Q -F1(default)184 456 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')224 456 R 5.376(sd)-.55 G -(ef)-5.376 E 2.875 +F1(default)184 456 Q F0 2.875(Use readline')224 456 R 5.375(sd)-.55 G +(ef)-5.375 E 2.876 (ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) 224 468 Q F1(dir)184 480 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name compl\ etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 492 Q F1(\214lenames)184 504 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 516 S .137(ll readline that the compspec generates \ -\214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.637 E +\214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.636<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.636 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 528 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134 (dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F .45 (cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 540 R .45 @@ -7759,7 +7778,7 @@ etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 492 Q F1(\214lenames)184 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G (re not \214lenames.)-2.5 E F1(noquote)184 588 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 588 S .814(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 -F 3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F +F 3.314(ya)-.15 G .815(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F (\214lenames is the def)224 600 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 612 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 612 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible completio\ ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 624 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 624 S @@ -7767,13 +7786,13 @@ ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 624 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 624 S F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 636 Q F1 (plusdirs)184 648 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 648 R 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 (atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F -.583(completion is attempted and an)224 660 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 +.584(completion is attempted and an)224 660 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 (atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 672 Q F1144 684 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 696 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0 (may be one of the follo)2.5 E (wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 708 Q F0(Alias names.)224 708 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 -2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(63)197.335 E 0 +2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(63)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 64 64 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -7818,49 +7837,49 @@ E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 444 S (riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 444 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F (also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 456 Q/F3 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 468 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 468 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 (vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F 2.5 (completions. Ar)184 480 R(guments are passed as with the)-.18 E F1 -2.5 E F0(option.)2.5 E F1144 492 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 .113 +2.5 E F0(option.)2.5 E F1144 492 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 .114 (The shell function)184 504 R F3(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 -(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 516 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F1 -($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816 +(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 516 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .816(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .816(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .817 (he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 (are being completed, the second ar)184 528 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 ($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 -(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 540 R .104 -(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w) --2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103 -(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 552 R -.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the) +(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 540 R .103 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.603(\)i)C 2.603(st)-2.603 G .103(he w) +-2.603 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .104 +(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .102(mand line.)184 552 R +.102(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.102 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.601(df).15 G .101(rom the v)-2.601 F .101(alue of the) -.25 F F2(COMPREPL)184 564 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F1144 576 Q F3(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008(The pathname e)184 588 R -1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F -1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 600 Q +F1144 576 Q F3(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007(The pathname e)184 588 R +1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F +1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 600 Q F1144 612 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 624 Q(e\214x)-.37 E -F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 +F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534 (ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 636 Q F1144 648 Q F3(suf)2.5 E <8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 648 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 (is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 660 Q F3(wor)2.5 E -(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 672 Q F3(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 -(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F2(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139 -(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .98 -(each resultant w)184 684 R .98(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell)-.15 -F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F3(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 -3.481(,i)C 3.481(no)-3.481 G .981(rder to)-3.481 F(pro)184 696 Q .766 -(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .765 +(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 672 Q F3(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 +(is split using the characters in the)3.639 F F2(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14 +(special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .981 +(each resultant w)184 684 R .981(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell) +-.15 F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F3(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37 +E F0 3.48(,i)C 3.48(no)-3.48 G .98(rder to)-3.48 F(pro)184 696 Q .765 +(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .766 (ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25 -(va)184 708 S 1.964(lue of).25 F F2(IFS)4.464 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +(va)184 708 S 1.965(lue of).25 F F2(IFS)4.465 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) A F0 1.964 (The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which) -6.464 F(match the w)184 720 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(64)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +6.465 F(match the w)184 720 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(64)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 65 65 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -7868,119 +7887,119 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat) -184 96 Q F0 .456(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956 -(xpansion. It)-.15 F .455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F +184 96 Q F0 .455(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956 +(xpansion. It)-.15 F .456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 108 R 1.596(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 120 Q F2 -(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 -G .704(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!) -3.204 E F0(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 -G .704(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 132 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 +G .704(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!) +3.204 E F0(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 +G .705(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 132 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G (ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .46(The return v)144 148.8 R .46 -(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .461 -(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.961 E F0 -(,)A F12.961 E F0(,)A F12.961 E F0(,)A F12.961 E F0(,) -A(or)144 160.8 Q F12.986 E F0 .486(is supplied without a)2.986 F -F2(name)2.986 E F0(ar)2.986 E .486(gument, an attempt is made to remo) --.18 F .785 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H .485(ompletion speci\214ca-).15 F .163 -(tion for a)144 172.8 R F2(name)2.663 E F0 .164 -(for which no speci\214cation e)2.663 F .164 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .461(The return v)144 148.8 R .461 +(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .46 +(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.96 E F0(,) +A F12.96 E F0(,)A F12.96 E F0(,)A F12.96 E F0(,)A(or) +144 160.8 Q F12.985 E F0 .485(is supplied without a)2.985 F F2 +(name)2.985 E F0(ar)2.986 E .486(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 +F .786 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H .486(ompletion speci\214ca-).15 F .164 +(tion for a)144 172.8 R F2(name)2.664 E F0 .164 +(for which no speci\214cation e)2.664 F .164 (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214ca-)-.15 F (tion.)144 184.8 Q F1(compopt)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 (option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DEI)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2 (option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447 (Modify completion options for each)144 213.6 R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447 (according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 .447 -(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .725 -(completion if no)144 225.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725 -(re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) -C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726 +(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726 +(completion if no)144 225.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 +(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) +C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 (n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 237.6 Q F2(name) -3.224 E F0 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v) +3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) 5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 -F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 249.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) -2.677 G .177(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.178(.T).15 G(he) +F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 249.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +2.678 G .178(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.178(.T).15 G(he) -5.178 E F12.678 E F0 .178 (option indicates that other supplied options should apply to)2.678 F -1.228(the `)144 261.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +1.227(the `)144 261.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ -no)-3.728 F 2.038(completion has pre)144 273.6 R 2.038 -(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.038 E F14.538 E F0 2.039 -(option indicates that other supplied options)4.538 F 1.539 -(should apply to `)144 285.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.039('c)-.74 G 1.538 +no)-3.727 F 2.039(completion has pre)144 273.6 R 2.039 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.038 E F14.538 E F0 2.038 +(option indicates that other supplied options)4.538 F 1.538 +(should apply to `)144 285.6 R(`empty')-.74 E 4.038('c)-.74 G 1.539 (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.) --4.039 F(The)144 297.6 Q F13.02 E F0 .52(option indicates that ot\ +-4.038 F(The)144 297.6 Q F13.02 E F0 .52(option indicates that ot\ her supplied options should apply to completion on the initial non-)3.02 -F .868(assignment w)144 309.6 R .868 +F .867(assignment w)144 309.6 R .868 (ord on the line, or after a command delimiter such as)-.1 F F1(;)3.368 -E F0(or)3.368 E F1(|)3.368 E F0 3.367(,w)C .867(hich is usually com-) --3.367 F(mand name completion.)144 321.6 Q .431(The return v)144 345.6 R +E F0(or)3.368 E F1(|)3.368 E F0 3.368(,w)C .868(hich is usually com-) +-3.368 F(mand name completion.)144 321.6 Q .432(The return v)144 345.6 R .431(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .431 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the op-).25 F (tions for a)144 357.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 374.4 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .851(Resume the ne)144 386.4 R .851 -(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)3.351 G(r).25 E F0(,)A +2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .85(Resume the ne)144 386.4 R .85 +(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)3.35 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)3.351 E F0(,)A F1(until)3.351 E F0 3.351(,o)C(r)-3.351 E F1 -(select)3.35 E F0 3.35(loop. If)3.35 F F2(n)3.71 E F0 .85 -(is speci\214ed, re-)3.59 F .203(sume at the)144 398.4 R F2(n)2.703 E F0 -.203(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)5.563 E F0 .203(must be)2.943 F/F3 10 -/Symbol SF2.703 E F0 2.704(1. If)2.703 F F2(n)3.064 E F0 .204 -(is greater than the number of enclosing loops,)2.944 F 1.184 +(select)3.351 E F0 3.351(loop. If)3.351 F F2(n)3.711 E F0 .851 +(is speci\214ed, re-)3.591 F .204(sume at the)144 398.4 R F2(n)2.704 E +F0 .204(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)5.564 E F0 .204(must be)2.944 F/F3 10 +/Symbol SF2.704 E F0 2.703(1. If)2.704 F F2(n)3.063 E F0 .203 +(is greater than the number of enclosing loops,)2.943 F 1.183 (the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 410.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G(l').15 E 3.684('l)-.74 G 1.184(oop\) is resumed.)-3.684 F 1.183 -(The return v)6.184 F 1.183(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.683 E F0 -1.183(is not)3.683 F(greater than or equal to 1.)144 422.4 Q F1(declar) +G(l').15 E 3.683('l)-.74 G 1.183(oop\) is resumed.)-3.683 F 1.184 +(The return v)6.184 F 1.184(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 +1.184(is not)3.684 F(greater than or equal to 1.)144 422.4 Q F1(declar) 108 439.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C (..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108 451.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 -2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 463.2 R 1.264 -(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F +2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.265(Declare v)144 463.2 R 1.265 +(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.565 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265 -(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v) --3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 475.2 S 3.46(riables. The).25 +(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.764(nt).15 G 1.264(hen display the v) +-3.764 F 1.264(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 475.2 S 3.46(riables. The).25 F F13.46 E F0 .96(option will display the attrib)3.46 F .96 (utes and v)-.2 F .96(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.82 E F0 5.96(.W).18 G(hen)-5.96 E F13.46 E F0 .96(is used)3.46 F(with)144 487.2 Q F2 -(name)2.774 E F0(ar)2.774 E .274 +(name)2.775 E F0(ar)2.775 E .275 (guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F12.775 E F0(and) -2.775 E F12.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When) -5.275 E F12.775 E F0 .275(is supplied)2.775 F(without)144 499.2 Q -F2(name)3.79 E F0(ar)3.79 E 1.29(guments, it will display the attrib) --.18 F 1.289(utes and v)-.2 F 1.289(alues of all v)-.25 F 1.289 -(ariables ha)-.25 F 1.289(ving the at-)-.2 F(trib)144 511.2 Q .38 +2.775 E F12.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .274(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When) +5.274 E F12.774 E F0 .274(is supplied)2.774 F(without)144 499.2 Q +F2(name)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289(guments, it will display the attrib) +-.18 F 1.289(utes and v)-.2 F 1.29(alues of all v)-.25 F 1.29 +(ariables ha)-.25 F 1.29(ving the at-)-.2 F(trib)144 511.2 Q .38 (utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 F .38 (If no other options are supplied with)5.38 F F12.88 E F0(,)A F1 -(declar)2.88 E(e)-.18 E F0(will)2.88 E 1.107(display the attrib)144 -523.2 R 1.107(utes and v)-.2 F 1.106(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.606 -(ariables. The)-.25 F F13.606 E F0 1.106 -(option will restrict the display to)3.606 F .299(shell functions.)144 -535.2 R(The)5.299 E F12.799 E F0 .299(option inhibits the display\ - of function de\214nitions; only the function name)2.799 F 1.54 -(and attrib)144 547.2 R 1.54(utes are printed.)-.2 F 1.54(If the)6.54 F -F1(extdeb)4.04 E(ug)-.2 E F0 1.54(shell option is enabled using)4.04 F -F1(shopt)4.04 E F0 4.04(,t)C 1.54(he source \214le)-4.04 F .648 +(declar)2.88 E(e)-.18 E F0(will)2.88 E 1.106(display the attrib)144 +523.2 R 1.106(utes and v)-.2 F 1.106(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.606 +(ariables. The)-.25 F F13.606 E F0 1.107 +(option will restrict the display to)3.606 F .3(shell functions.)144 +535.2 R(The)5.3 E F12.8 E F0 .299(option inhibits the display of \ +function de\214nitions; only the function name)2.8 F 1.54(and attrib)144 +547.2 R 1.54(utes are printed.)-.2 F 1.54(If the)6.54 F F1(extdeb)4.04 E +(ug)-.2 E F0 1.54(shell option is enabled using)4.04 F F1(shopt)4.04 E +F0 4.04(,t)C 1.54(he source \214le)-4.04 F .648 (name and line number where each)144 559.2 R F2(name)3.148 E F0 .648 (is de\214ned are displayed as well.)3.148 F(The)5.648 E F13.148 E -F0 .649(option implies)3.149 F F1144 571.2 Q F0 5.837(.T)C(he) --5.837 E F13.337 E F0 .837(option forces v)3.337 F .836 +F0 .648(option implies)3.148 F F1144 571.2 Q F0 5.836(.T)C(he) +-5.836 E F13.336 E F0 .836(option forces v)3.336 F .837 (ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.336(nw).15 G(hen)-3.336 E F1(de-)3.336 E(clar)144 583.2 Q -(e)-.18 E F0 .818(is e)3.318 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .818 +(ve)-.25 G 3.337(nw).15 G(hen)-3.337 E F1(de-)3.337 E(clar)144 583.2 Q +(e)-.18 E F0 .819(is e)3.319 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .819 (cuted in a shell function.).15 F .818 -(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.818 F(The)5.819 E F13.319 E -F0 .819(option causes local)3.319 F -.25(va)144 595.2 S .694 -(riables to inherit the attrib).25 F .694(utes \(e)-.2 F .694(xcept the) --.15 F F2(namer)3.194 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.194 E .693(ute\) and v)-.2 -F .693(alue of an)-.25 F 3.193(ye)-.15 G .693(xisting v)-3.343 F +(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.818 F(The)5.818 E F13.318 E +F0 .818(option causes local)3.318 F -.25(va)144 595.2 S .693 +(riables to inherit the attrib).25 F .693(utes \(e)-.2 F .693(xcept the) +-.15 F F2(namer)3.194 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.194 E .694(ute\) and v)-.2 +F .694(alue of an)-.25 F 3.194(ye)-.15 G .694(xisting v)-3.344 F (ariable)-.25 E .82(with the same)144 607.2 R F2(name)3.32 E F0 .82 (at a surrounding scope.)3.32 F .82(If there is no e)5.82 F .82 (xisting v)-.15 F .82(ariable, the local v)-.25 F .82(ariable is)-.25 F -.38(initially unset.)144 619.2 R .38(The follo)5.38 F .379 -(wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .379 +.379(initially unset.)144 619.2 R .379(The follo)5.379 F .379 +(wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .38 (ariables with the speci\214ed)-.25 F(attrib)144 631.2 Q(ute or to gi) -.2 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F1144 643.2 Q F0(Each)180 643.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe) @@ -7989,164 +8008,164 @@ F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 655.2 Q F0(Each)180 655.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H (rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve) -.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 667.2 Q F0(Use function names only)180 -667.2 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 679.2 Q F0 .557(The v)180 679.2 R .558 +667.2 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 679.2 Q F0 .558(The v)180 679.2 R .558 (ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558 +(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .557 (ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 691.2 Q F0(abo) 2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v) -2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 703.2 Q -F0 .91(When the v)180 703.2 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +F0 .909(When the v)180 703.2 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 (alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 715.2 R +G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 715.2 R (upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(65)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(65)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 66 66 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF144 84 Q F0(Gi)180 84 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.819 E F0(the)3.819 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 -E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319(ute, making it a name reference to another v) --.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E .478(That other v)180 96 R .478 +SF144 84 Q F0(Gi)180 84 Q 1.62 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.82 E F0(the)3.82 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E +F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319(ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 +F(ariable.)-.25 E .477(That other v)180 96 R .478 (ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F .478(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)2.978 E F0 5.478(.A)C .478(ll references, assignments, and at-)-5.478 F(trib) -180 108 Q .781(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)3.281 E F0 3.281(,e) -C .782(xcept those using or changing the)-3.431 F F13.282 E F0 -(attrib)3.282 E .782(ute itself, are)-.2 F .809(performed on the v)180 -120 R .809(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55 -('s v)D 3.308(alue. The).3 F .808(nameref attrib)3.308 F .808 +180 108 Q .782(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)3.282 E F0 3.282(,e) +C .782(xcept those using or changing the)-3.432 F F13.281 E F0 +(attrib)3.281 E .781(ute itself, are)-.2 F .808(performed on the v)180 +120 R .808(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55 +('s v)D 3.308(alue. The).3 F .809(nameref attrib)3.309 F .809 (ute cannot be)-.2 F(applied to array v)180 132 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F1 -144 144 Q F0(Mak)180 144 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)3.654 E F0 3.654(sr)C -(eadonly)-3.654 E 6.154(.T)-.65 G 1.154 -(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-6.154 F 1.155 +144 144 Q F0(Mak)180 144 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)3.655 E F0 3.655(sr)C +(eadonly)-3.655 E 6.154(.T)-.65 G 1.154 +(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-6.154 F 1.154 (alues by subsequent as-)-.25 F(signment statements or unset.)180 156 Q -F1144 168 Q F0(Gi)180 168 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2 -(name)2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E +F1144 168 Q F0(Gi)180 168 Q .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2 +(name)2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 -E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0 +E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F1(RETURN)2.93 E F0 (traps from the calling shell.)180 180 Q(The trace attrib)5 E (ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 192 -Q F0 .909(When the v)180 192 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +Q F0 .91(When the v)180 192 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 (alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 204 R(lo)2.5 -E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 216 Q -F0(Mark)180 216 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E -(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .144 +(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 204 R(lo) +2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 +216 Q F0(Mark)180 216 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E +(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .143 (Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 232.8 R 2.643(ft)-.25 G .143 -(he attrib)-2.643 F .143(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .143 -(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.643 E F0(and)2.643 E F1(+A)2.643 E F0 -.143(may not)2.643 F .578(be used to destro)144 244.8 R 3.079(ya)-.1 G +(he attrib)-2.643 F .143(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .144 +(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.644 E F0(and)2.644 E F1(+A)2.644 E F0 +.144(may not)2.644 F .579(be used to destro)144 244.8 R 3.079(ya)-.1 G .579(rray v)-3.079 F .579(ariables and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.079 E F0 .579 (will not remo)3.079 F .879 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .579(he readonly attrib).15 -F 3.079(ute. When)-.2 F .579(used in a)3.079 F(function,)144 256.8 Q F1 -(declar)3.544 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.544 E F1(typeset)3.544 E F0(mak)3.544 -E 3.544(ee)-.1 G(ach)-3.544 E F2(name)3.543 E F0 1.043 -(local, as with the)3.543 F F1(local)3.543 E F0 1.043 -(command, unless the)3.543 F F13.543 E F0 1.205 +F 3.079(ute. When)-.2 F .578(used in a)3.078 F(function,)144 256.8 Q F1 +(declar)3.543 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.543 E F1(typeset)3.543 E F0(mak)3.543 +E 3.543(ee)-.1 G(ach)-3.543 E F2(name)3.543 E F0 1.043 +(local, as with the)3.543 F F1(local)3.544 E F0 1.044 +(command, unless the)3.544 F F13.544 E F0 1.205 (option is supplied.)144 268.8 R 1.205(If a v)6.205 F 1.205 (ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.205(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.705 (,t)C 1.205(he v)-3.705 F 1.205(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.205 -(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)144 280.8 Q F0 5.218(.W)C .218 -(hen using)-5.218 F F12.718 E F0(or)2.718 E F12.718 E F0 -.217(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)2.717 F .217 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)144 280.8 Q F0 5.217(.W)C .217 +(hen using)-5.217 F F12.717 E F0(or)2.717 E F12.717 E F0 +.217(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)2.717 F .218 (ariables, addi-)-.25 F .882(tional attrib)144 292.8 R .882 (utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.382(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.382 G .882 (ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .882(The return v)5.882 F .882 -(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 304.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .366(lid optio\ +(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 304.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .365(lid optio\ n is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using).25 F -/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .365(\255f foo=bar)2.865 F F0 2.865(,a)C 2.865(na) --2.865 G(t-)-2.865 E .548(tempt is made to assign a v)144 316.8 R .548 -(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .549 -(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .549(alue to an)-.25 F -1.749(array v)144 328.8 R 1.749 +/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .366(\255f foo=bar)2.866 F F0 2.866(,a)C 2.866(na) +-2.866 G(t-)-2.866 E .549(tempt is made to assign a v)144 316.8 R .549 +(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .548 +(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .548(alue to an)-.25 F +1.748(array v)144 328.8 R 1.748 (ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F F1 -(Arrays)4.248 E F0(abo)4.248 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.748(\), one of the).15 F -F2(names)144 340.8 Q F0 .359(is not a v)2.858 F .359(alid shell v)-.25 F +(Arrays)4.249 E F0(abo)4.249 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.749(\), one of the).15 F +F2(names)144 340.8 Q F0 .359(is not a v)2.859 F .359(alid shell v)-.25 F .359(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.859(fr)-.25 G -.359(eadonly status for a read-)-2.859 F 1.213(only v)144 352.8 R 1.213 +.359(eadonly status for a read-)-2.859 F 1.212(only v)144 352.8 R 1.213 (ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 3.713(fa)-.25 G 1.213 -(rray status for an array v)-3.713 F 1.212(ariable, or an attempt is) +(rray status for an array v)-3.713 F 1.213(ariable, or an attempt is) -.25 F(made to display a non-e)144 364.8 Q(xistent function with)-.15 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 381.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][) -C-2.5 E F2(n)A F1(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 393.6 S .328 +C-2.5 E F2(n)A F1(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 393.6 S .329 (thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) -.4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 +.4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 (single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 405.6 R 1.238 (Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 417.6 Q -F0 .927(command; the)3.427 F F1(popd)3.428 E F0 .928(command remo)3.428 +F0 .928(command; the)3.428 F F1(popd)3.428 E F0 .928(command remo)3.428 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.428(se).15 G .928(ntries from the list.)-3.428 F .928 (The current directory is al-)5.928 F -.1(wa)144 429.6 S (ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F1144 441.6 Q F0 (Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 441.6 Q -F1144 453.6 Q F0 .882 -(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 453.6 R .881 +F1144 453.6 Q F0 .881 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 453.6 R .882 (ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 465.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 477.6 Q F0 (Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 477.6 Q F1 -144 489.6 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ -pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 489.6 R 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773 -(nt)-2.773 G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 501.6 Q F1(+)144 513.6 Q F2(n)A F0 -1.565(Displays the)180 513.6 R F2(n)4.065 E F0 1.565 -(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F1 -(dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +144 489.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ +pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 489.6 R 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772 +(nt)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 501.6 Q F1(+)144 513.6 Q F2(n)A F0 +1.564(Displays the)180 513.6 R F2(n)4.064 E F0 1.565 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F1 +(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E (without options, starting with zero.)180 525.6 Q F1144 537.6 Q F2 (n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 537.6 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 (th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 549.6 Q .258(The return v)144 +(without options, starting with zero.)180 549.6 Q .257(The return v)144 566.4 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 (lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) -.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) .15 F(tory stack.)144 578.4 Q F1(diso)108 595.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 (\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 -(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 607.2 S .121 +(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 607.2 S .122 (thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec) 4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H -2.622(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(is not present, and)2.932 +2.622(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .121(is not present, and)2.932 F .096(neither the)144 619.2 R F12.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F F12.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E .096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1 2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) -.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 631.2 Q F0 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G 3.085(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.085 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F -.585(ed so that)-.1 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .586 +.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 631.2 Q F0 .586(is not remo)3.396 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G 3.086(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.086 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F +.585(ed so that)-.1 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .585 (is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 643.2 R -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F4(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 (If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1 3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 -H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 655.2 R F1 -3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F2(jobspec)5.598 E F0 -(ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F -1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 667.2 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 +H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.359(jobs; the)144 655.2 R F1 +3.859 E F0 1.359(option without a)3.859 F F2(jobspec)5.599 E F0 +(ar)4.169 E 1.358(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F +1.358(The return)6.358 F -.25(va)144 667.2 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 (jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E F1(echo)108 684 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 696 R F2(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E F0 +-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .424(Output the)144 696 R F2(ar)2.924 E(g)-.37 E F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 -(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307 -(error occurs.)144 708 R(If)5.307 E F12.807 E F0 .307 -(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 -F .308(If the)5.308 F F12.808 E F0 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .308(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.349(pretation of the follo)144 +(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .308 +(error occurs.)144 708 R(If)5.308 E F12.808 E F0 .308 +(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.808 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 +F .307(If the)5.308 F F12.807 E F0 .307(option is gi)2.807 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .307(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.348(pretation of the follo)144 720 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) -6.348 E F13.848 E F0 1.348(option disables the)3.848 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(66)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +6.348 E F13.849 E F0 1.349(option disables the)3.849 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(66)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 67 67 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.054 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.055 (interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 84 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.555 -(ya)-.15 G 1.055(re interpreted by def)-3.555 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 96 Q -/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(xpg_echo)3.459 E F0 .959 -(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.459 -F F1(echo)3.458 E F0 -.15(ex)3.458 G(pands).15 E .715 -(these escape characters by def)144 108 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.715 E F0 -.716(does not interpret)3.215 F F13.216 E F0 .716 -(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.716 E F0 +3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.554 +(ya)-.15 G 1.054(re interpreted by def)-3.554 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 96 Q +/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(xpg_echo)3.458 E F0 .959 +(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.458 +F F1(echo)3.459 E F0 -.15(ex)3.459 G(pands).15 E .716 +(these escape characters by def)144 108 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.716 E F0 +.716(does not interpret)3.216 F F13.216 E F0 .715 +(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.715 E F0 (interprets the follo)144 120 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 132 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 132 Q F1(\\b)144 144 Q F0(backspace)180 144 Q F1(\\c)144 156 Q F0(suppress further output)180 156 Q F1(\\e)144 168 Q @@ -8161,104 +8180,104 @@ Q F1(\\c)144 156 Q F0(suppress further output)180 156 Q F1(\\e)144 168 Q (the eight-bit character whose v)180 276 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E (xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) -.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 288 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 -1.507(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 300 R 1.506 -(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) -4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 312 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 -(\\U)144 324 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 +1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 300 R 1.507 +(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) +4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 312 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 324 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 (the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 336 R .547 -(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) -3.048 E(HHH)180 348 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) +(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) +3.047 E(HHH)180 348 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) -2.5 E F1(enable)108 364.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1 (\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 376.8 R +(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277(Enable and disable b)144 376.8 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 -(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833 +(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834 (the same name as a shell b)144 388.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99 +(ve)-.25 G 3.333(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989 (the shell normally searches for b)144 400.8 R .989 -(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 .989 -(is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F .648 +(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 .99 +(is used, each)3.49 F F2(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F .649 (abled; otherwise,)144 412.8 R F2(names)3.148 E F0 .648(are enabled.) 3.148 F -.15(Fo)5.648 G 3.148(re).15 G .648(xample, to use the)-3.298 F F1(test)3.148 E F0 .648(binary found via the)3.148 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(TH)-.189 E F0(in-)2.899 E .539(stead of the shell b) +SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(TH)-.189 E F0(in-)2.898 E .538(stead of the shell b) 144 424.8 R .538(uiltin v)-.2 F .538(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .538(enable -n test)3.038 F F0 5.538(.T)C(he)-5.538 E F13.038 E -F0 .538(option means to load the ne)3.038 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 436.8 S +F0 .539(option means to load the ne)3.038 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 436.8 S 1.365(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.225 E F0 1.365(from shared object) 4.045 F F2(\214lename)5.775 E F0 3.865(,o).18 G 3.865(ns)-3.865 G 1.365 -(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-3.865 F .607(Bash will use the v) +(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-3.865 F .606(Bash will use the v) 144 448.8 R .606(alue of the)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)3.106 G(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 -.25(va)3.106 G .606 -(riable as a colon-separated list of).25 F .548 -(directories in which to search for)144 460.8 R F2(\214lename)3.048 E F0 -5.549(.T)C .549(he def)-5.549 F .549(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 F -(The)5.549 E F13.049 E F0 .549(option will)3.049 F .547 -(delete a b)144 472.8 R .547(uiltin pre)-.2 F .547(viously loaded with) --.25 F F13.047 E F0 5.547(.I)C 3.047(fn)-5.547 G(o)-3.047 E F2 +(riable as a colon-separated list of).25 F .549 +(directories in which to search for)144 460.8 R F2(\214lename)3.049 E F0 +5.549(.T)C .549(he def)-5.549 F .548(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 F +(The)5.548 E F13.048 E F0 .548(option will)3.048 F .546 +(delete a b)144 472.8 R .546(uiltin pre)-.2 F .546(viously loaded with) +-.25 F F13.046 E F0 5.547(.I)C 3.047(fn)-5.547 G(o)-3.047 E F2 (name)3.047 E F0(ar)3.047 E .547(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.546(n, or if the).15 F F13.046 E F0 .546(option is)3.046 F .545 +.547(n, or if the).15 F F13.047 E F0 .547(option is)3.047 F .546 (supplied, a list of shell b)144 484.8 R .545(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F --.4(Wi)5.545 G .545(th no other option ar).4 F .546 +-.4(Wi)5.545 G .545(th no other option ar).4 F .545 (guments, the list consists of all)-.18 F .695(enabled shell b)144 496.8 R 3.195(uiltins. If)-.2 F F13.195 E F0 .695 (is supplied, only disabled b)3.195 F .695(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F -(If)5.695 E F13.195 E F0 .695(is supplied, the)3.195 F .261 +(If)5.695 E F13.195 E F0 .695(is supplied, the)3.195 F .262 (list printed includes all b)144 508.8 R .261 (uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled.)-.2 F -(If)5.261 E F12.761 E F0 .262(is sup-)2.762 F .269 +(If)5.261 E F12.761 E F0 .261(is sup-)2.761 F .268 (plied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)144 520.8 R F2(special) -2.768 E F0 -.2(bu)2.768 G 2.768(iltins. If).2 F .268 -(no options are supplied and a)2.768 F F2(name)2.768 E F0 .284 +2.768 E F0 -.2(bu)2.768 G 2.768(iltins. If).2 F .269 +(no options are supplied and a)2.768 F F2(name)2.769 E F0 .285 (is not a shell b)144 532.8 R(uiltin,)-.2 E F1(enable)2.784 E F0 .284 (will attempt to load)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 .284 -(from a shared object named)2.784 F F2(name)2.785 E F0 2.785(,a)C 2.785 -(si)-2.785 G 2.785(ft)-2.785 G(he)-2.785 E 1.41(command were)144 544.8 R +(from a shared object named)2.784 F F2(name)2.784 E F0 2.784(,a)C 2.784 +(si)-2.784 G 2.784(ft)-2.784 G(he)-2.784 E 1.41(command were)144 544.8 R F4 1.41(enable \255f)3.91 F F2 1.41(name name)3.91 F F0 6.41(.T)3.91 G 1.41(he return v)-6.41 F 1.41(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 F F2(name)4.27 E F0 1.41(is not a shell)4.09 F -.2(bu)144 556.8 S (iltin or there is an error loading a ne).2 E 2.5(wb)-.25 G (uiltin from a shared object.)-2.7 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 573.6 T(l).15 -E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 585.6 Q F2(ar)3.17 E -(g)-.37 E F0 3.17(sa)C .671 -(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.17 F .671 -(This command is then read)5.671 F .479(and e)144 597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.479(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .479 -(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .478(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 -(ev a)2.978 H(l).15 E F0 5.478(.I)C 2.978(ft)-5.478 G .478(here are no) --2.978 F F2(ar)3.308 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 609.6 Q +E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 585.6 Q F2(ar)3.171 +E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671 +(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67 +(This command is then read)5.67 F .478(and e)144 597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.478(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .478 +(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .479(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 +(ev a)2.979 H(l).15 E F0 5.479(.I)C 2.979(ft)-5.479 G .479(here are no) +-2.979 F F2(ar)3.309 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 609.6 Q (guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 (exec)108 626.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 (name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 638.4 Q F2(command)3.005 E F0 .305 -(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.575 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 -(wp)-.25 G .306(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.306 E F2(ar)3.136 E -(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.076 E .177(the ar)144 650.4 R .177 +-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 638.4 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 +(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 +(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E +(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 650.4 R .176 (guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G (he)-2.676 E F12.676 E F0 .176 -(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .176 +(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 (ginning of)-.15 F .48(the zeroth ar)144 662.4 R .48(gument passed to) -.18 F F2(command)3.18 E F0 5.48(.T).77 G .48(his is what)-5.48 F F2(lo) 3.07 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .48(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.48 E F12.98 E F0 -.48(option causes)2.98 F F2(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 674.4 Q F0 .639 -(to be e)3.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 +.48(option causes)2.98 F F2(com-)3.18 E(mand)144 674.4 Q F0 .638 +(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 (vironment. If)-.4 F F13.138 E F0 .638 -(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.498 E F0 .638(as the) -3.318 F 1.077(zeroth ar)144 686.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 +(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) +3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 686.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) -.15 F(non-interacti)144 698.4 Q .877 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .577(hell e).15 F -.577(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.077 E F0 .577 -(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .576(In that case, it returns f)5.577 +.15 F(non-interacti)144 698.4 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F +.576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577 +(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 710.4 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s) -.25 H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82 -(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .288(tionally if)144 722.4 R F1(exec)2.788 E F0 --.1(fa)2.788 G 2.788(ils. If).1 F F2(command)2.988 E F0 .288 -(is not speci\214ed, an)3.558 F 2.787(yr)-.15 G .287(edirections tak) --2.787 F 2.787(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.787 G .287(ect in the current shell,) -.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(67)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 722.4 R F1(exec)2.787 E F0 +-.1(fa)2.787 G 2.787(ils. If).1 F F2(command)2.987 E F0 .287 +(is not speci\214ed, an)3.557 F 2.788(yr)-.15 G .288(edirections tak) +-2.788 F 2.788(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.788 G .288(ect in the current shell,) +.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(67)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 68 68 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -8267,49 +8286,49 @@ BP (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E (and the return status is 0.)144 84 Q(If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(exit) -108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .095 -(Cause the shell to e)144 100.8 R .095(xit with a status of)-.15 F F2(n) -2.595 E F0 5.095(.I)C(f)-5.095 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .096(is omitted, the e) -2.835 F .096(xit status is that of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 +108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .096 +(Cause the shell to e)144 100.8 R .096(xit with a status of)-.15 F F2(n) +2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095(is omitted, the e) +2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 112.8 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 129.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name) -2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 141.6 Q -F0 .257(The supplied)144 153.6 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 +F0 .256(The supplied)144 153.6 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 -(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.626 -(commands. If)144 165.6 R(the)2.626 E F12.626 E F0 .127 +(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627 +(commands. If)144 165.6 R(the)2.627 E F12.627 E F0 .127 (option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E -F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, or if the).15 F F1 -144 177.6 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.548 F +F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the).15 F F1 +144 177.6 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F .048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1 -2.547 E F0 .047(option causes the)2.547 F -.15(ex)144 189.6 S -1.446(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 +2.548 E F0 .048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 189.6 S +1.447(port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 (rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G 1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d) --.37 E F0 3.947(,t)C(he)-3.947 E -.25(va)144 201.6 S .742(lue of the v) -.25 F .742(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.242 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 -(export)5.742 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .741 -(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .741(lid option is) -.25 F .031(encountered, one of the)144 213.6 R F2(names)2.531 E F0 .031 -(is not a v)2.531 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 -F F12.532 E F0 .032(is supplied with a)2.532 F F2(name)2.892 E F0 -(that)2.712 E(is not a function.)144 225.6 Q F1(false)108 242.4 Q F0 +-.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 201.6 S .741(lue of the v) +.25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 +(export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742 +(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is) +.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 213.6 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 +(is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 +F F12.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0 +(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 225.6 Q F1(false)108 242.4 Q F0 (Does nothing, returns a non-zero status.)144 242.4 Q F1(fc)108 259.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5 (][)C F2<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1 (fc \255s)108 271.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 -2.5(][)C F2(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .432 +2.5(][)C F2(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431 (The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 283.2 R F2<8c72> -4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .431 -(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .141(edits and re-e)144 -295.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .141(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432 +(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 +295.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) .45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141 (may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) -144 307.2 Q .311(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde) --.15 F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .31(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .61 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .071 +144 307.2 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 +F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .071 (is used as an of)144 319.2 R .071 (fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F .071(When listing, a) 5.071 F F2<8c72>2.571 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)2.571 E F2(last)2.571 E F0 .071 @@ -8320,10 +8339,10 @@ F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5 (lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.742(lid. If).25 F F2(last)2.832 E F0 .242 (is not speci\214ed, it is set to the current command for list-)3.422 F -.093(ing \(so that)144 355.2 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .093(fc \255l \25510) -2.593 F F0 .093(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)2.593 F F2<8c72> -4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.592(otherwise. If)3.272 F F2<8c72>4.502 E(st)-.1 E -F0 .092(is not speci-)3.272 F(\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 367.2 Q +.092(ing \(so that)144 355.2 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .092(fc \255l \25510) +2.592 F F0 .093(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)2.592 F F2<8c72> +4.503 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.593(otherwise. If)3.273 F F2<8c72>4.503 E(st)-.1 E +F0 .093(is not speci-)3.273 F(\214ed, it is set to the pre)144 367.2 Q (vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 391.2 Q F12.522 E F0 .022 (option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E @@ -8331,71 +8350,71 @@ F12.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 (rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 403.2 R .438(If the) 5.438 F F12.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 (n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E -.334(the editor gi)144 415.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.834(nb).15 G(y)-2.834 E -F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .335(is in)3.014 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 +.335(the editor gi)144 415.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E +F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 (do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 -F(If)5.335 E F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n,).15 E .631(the v)144 427.2 R .631(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.131 -E F0 -.25(va)2.881 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of) --.25 F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 .63 -(is not set.)2.88 F .63(If nei-)5.63 F .005(ther v)144 439.2 R .005 +F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 427.2 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E +F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 +F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631 +(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .006(ther v)144 439.2 R .006 (ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)4.171 E F0 .005(is used.)4.171 F .005 (When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and e)5.005 F -(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 451.2 Q .789(In the second form,)144 475.2 R F2 +(x-)-.15 E(ecuted.)144 451.2 Q .788(In the second form,)144 475.2 R F2 (command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 (cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 -(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.288 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.788 -E(mand)144 487.2 Q F0 .171(is interpreted the same as)2.671 F F2<8c72> -2.671 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.671 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.171(.A).15 G .172 -(useful alias to use with this is)-2.499 F F4 .172(r='fc \255s')2.672 F -F0 2.672(,s)C 2.672(ot)-2.672 G(hat)-2.672 E(typing)144 499.2 Q F4 7.166 -(rc)3.666 G(c)-7.166 E F0 1.166(runs the last command be)3.666 F 1.166 -(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.165(and typing)3.666 F F4(r) -3.665 E F0(re-e)3.665 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165(cutes the last com-).15 F +(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789 +E(mand)144 487.2 Q F0 .172(is interpreted the same as)2.672 F F2<8c72> +2.672 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.672 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.172(.A).15 G .171 +(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .171(r='fc \255s')2.671 F F0 +2.671(,s)C 2.671(ot)-2.671 G(hat)-2.671 E(typing)144 499.2 Q F4 7.165 +(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166 +(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F4(r) +3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F (mand.)144 511.2 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 535.2 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 (lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 -E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 547.2 +E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 547.2 R .454(If the)5.454 F F12.954 E F0 .454 -(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .454(alue is the v)-.25 F .454 -(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 559.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787 -(cuted or f).15 F .788 +(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 +(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 559.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +(cuted or f).15 F .787 (ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F -.788(If the)5.788 F 1.136 +.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 (second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 -571.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135 -(does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 583.2 Q +571.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 +(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 583.2 Q (alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E (ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 600 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)144 -612 Q F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413 +612 Q F2(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 (ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 (he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 -1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 624 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G .617 -(otion of the)-3.117 F F2(curr)3.117 E .617(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 -(is used.)3.117 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .616 -(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 636 Q .362 -(ground, or f)-.15 F .362(ailure if run when job control is disabled or) --.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F +1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 624 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G .616 +(otion of the)-3.116 F F2(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 +(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 636 Q .363 +(ground, or f)-.15 F .363(ailure if run when job control is disabled or) +-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 648 Q F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E (as started without job control.)-.1 E F1(getopts)108 664.8 Q F2 (optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 676.8 Q F0 .793 -(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F2 -(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .149 -(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 688.8 R .15 -(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .15(xpected to ha)-.15 F .45 --.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 700.8 Q .579 -(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .578 +(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2 +(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 688.8 R .149 +(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 700.8 Q .578 +(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 (The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E .636 (acters may not be used as option characters.)144 712.8 R .636 (Each time it is in)5.636 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) -3.136 E F0 .636(places the ne)3.136 F .636(xt op-)-.15 F 1.333 +3.136 E F0 .636(places the ne)3.136 F .635(xt op-)-.15 F 1.332 (tion in the shell v)144 724.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)4.192 E F0 3.832 (,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.832 E F2(name)4.192 E F0 1.332 -(if it does not e)4.012 F 1.332(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.832(xo)-.15 -G 3.832(ft)-3.832 G 1.332(he ne)-3.832 F(xt)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2023 June 15)148.175 E(68)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(if it does not e)4.012 F 1.332(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.833(xo)-.15 +G 3.833(ft)-3.833 G 1.333(he ne)-3.833 F(xt)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2023 June 16)148.175 E(68)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 69 69 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -8404,18 +8423,18 @@ BP (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(ar)144 84 Q .085 (gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F1 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(OPTIND) -4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .846 +4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845 (or a shell script is in)144 96 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 (d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E/F3 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)3.345 E F0 .845(places that ar)3.345 F(gument) --.18 E .803(into the v)144 108 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(OPT)3.303 E(ARG)-.81 -E F2(.)A F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.303 F F1(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 -.804(automatically; it must be manually)3.054 F .294 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument) +-.18 E .804(into the v)144 108 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 +E F2(.)A F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F1(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 +.803(automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293 (reset between multiple calls to)144 120 R F3(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 (within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F -2.793(ws)-.25 G .293(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 132 Q -2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 156 R F3(getopts)4.543 -E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.044 +2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 132 Q +2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 156 R F3(getopts)4.543 +E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 (alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F1(OPTIND)144 168 Q F0 (is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G (he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 @@ -8426,32 +8445,32 @@ SF(name)2.5 E F0(is set to ?.)2.5 E F3(getopts)144 192 Q F0 .485 (parses those instead.)2.5 E F3(getopts)144 228 Q F0 .345 (can report errors in tw)2.845 F 2.845(ow)-.1 G 2.845(ays. If)-2.945 F .345(the \214rst character of)2.845 F F4(optstring)3.075 E F0 .345 -(is a colon,)3.065 F F4(silent)3.185 E F0 .345(error re-)3.525 F 1.669 +(is a colon,)3.065 F F4(silent)3.185 E F0 .345(error re-)3.525 F 1.668 (porting is used.)144 240 R 1.668 -(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.669 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.668(lid options or).25 F .393(missing option ar)144 252 -R .393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) +(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.668 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.669(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 252 +R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) -.25 E F1(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F (will be displayed, e)144 264 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F4(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.) -2.72 E .667(If an in)144 288 R -.25(va)-.4 G .667(lid option is seen,) -.25 F F3(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F4(name)3.527 E -F0 .666(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .399 -(and unsets)144 300 R F1(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F2(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F3 +2.72 E .666(If an in)144 288 R -.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,) +.25 F F3(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F4(name)3.527 E +F0 .667(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4 +(and unsets)144 300 R F1(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F2(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F3 (getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 (is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F1(OPT)2.899 -E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 312 -Q 1.242(If a required ar)144 336 R 1.242(gument is not found, and)-.18 F -F3(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F3 -(?).833 E F0 3.741(\)i).833 G 3.741(sp)-3.741 G 1.241(laced in)-3.741 F -F4(name)144.36 348 Q F0(,).18 E F1(OPT)2.713 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .213 -(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.463 F(If)5.213 E F3 -(getopts)2.713 E F0 .213(is silent, then a colon \()2.713 F F3(:).833 E -F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 360 Q F4(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F1(OPT) -2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F3 -(getopts)144 384 Q F0 .902 +E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 +312 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 336 R 1.241(gument is not found, and) +-.18 F F3(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \() +3.741 F F3(?).833 E F0 3.742(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242 +(laced in)-3.742 F F4(name)144.36 348 Q F0(,).18 E F1(OPT)2.714 E(ARG) +-.81 E F0 .213(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.463 F +(If)5.213 E F3(getopts)2.713 E F0 .213(is silent, then a colon \()2.713 +F F3(:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 360 Q F4(name)2.86 E F0(and) +2.68 E F1(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.) +2.25 E F3(getopts)144 384 Q F0 .902 (returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) -3.402 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .901(alse if the end of)-.1 F +3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F (options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 396 Q F3(hash)108 412.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F4(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F4(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858 @@ -8460,23 +8479,23 @@ G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F4(name) 3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 (the directories in)144 436.8 R F3($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 -(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 448.8 -R F32.742 E F0 .243 -(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.742 F F4 -(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .243(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F .615 +(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 448.8 +R F32.743 E F0 .243 +(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F4 +(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F .615 (of the command.)144 460.8 R(The)5.615 E F33.115 E F0 .615 (option causes the shell to for)3.115 F .615 (get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)5.615 E F33.115 E F0 -(op-)3.115 E .293(tion causes the shell to for)144 472.8 R .293 -(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F4(name)2.794 E F0 5.294(.I) -C 2.794(ft)-5.294 G(he)-2.794 E F32.794 E F0 .294 -(option is supplied,)2.794 F .028(the full pathname to which each)144 +(op-)3.115 E .294(tion causes the shell to for)144 472.8 R .294 +(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F4(name)2.793 E F0 5.293(.I) +C 2.793(ft)-5.293 G(he)-2.793 E F32.793 E F0 .293 +(option is supplied,)2.793 F .028(the full pathname to which each)144 484.8 R F4(name)2.528 E F0 .028(corresponds is printed.)2.528 F .028 (If multiple)5.028 F F4(name)2.528 E F0(ar)2.528 E .028 -(guments are sup-)-.18 F .175(plied with)144 496.8 R F32.675 E F0 -2.675(,t)C(he)-2.675 E F4(name)2.675 E F0 .175 -(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)2.675 F(The)5.175 E F3 -2.676 E F0 .176(option causes output to)2.676 F .783 +(guments are sup-)-.18 F .176(plied with)144 496.8 R F32.676 E F0 +2.676(,t)C(he)-2.676 E F4(name)2.676 E F0 .175 +(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)2.676 F(The)5.175 E F3 +2.675 E F0 .175(option causes output to)2.675 F .783 (be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 508.8 R .783 (If no ar)5.783 F .783(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .783 (n, or if only).15 F F33.283 E F0(is)3.283 E .807 @@ -8484,12 +8503,12 @@ C 2.794(ft)-5.294 G(he)-2.794 E F32.794 E F0 .294 .807(The return status is true unless a)5.807 F F4(name)144.36 532.8 Q F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) .25 E F3(help)108 549.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F4 -(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .867(Display helpful information about b)144 +(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144 561.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F4(pattern)4.617 E F0 -.866(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F3(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .223(help on all commands matching)144 -573.6 R F4(pattern)3.973 E F0 2.723(;o).24 G .223 -(therwise help for all the b)-2.723 F .224 +.867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F3(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .224(help on all commands matching)144 +573.6 R F4(pattern)3.974 E F0 2.723(;o).24 G .223 +(therwise help for all the b)-2.723 F .223 (uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 585.6 Q F3 144 597.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 597.6 Q F4 (pattern)2.5 E F3144 609.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) @@ -8501,7 +8520,7 @@ E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 638.4 Q F4 (history \255c)108 667.2 Q(history \255d)108 679.2 Q F4(of)2.5 E(fset) -.18 E F3(history \255d)108 691.2 Q F4(start)2.5 E F0(-)A F4(end)A F3 (history \255anrw)108 703.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\214lename)A F0(])A -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(69)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(69)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 70 70 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -8513,13 +8532,13 @@ SF(history \255p)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 108 S .752 (th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F -.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.251 E F0(ha)3.251 E -.15(ve)-.2 -G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 120 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F +.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 120 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 (lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.881 E(MA)144 132 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 -(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.515 F F2 -(strftime)2.764 E F0 .264(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.019 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.88 E(MA)144 132 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .264 +(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.514 F F2 +(strftime)2.765 E F0 .265(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.02 (ciated with each displayed history entry)144 144 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G 3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 (ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 @@ -8530,13 +8549,13 @@ F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E (wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 180 Q F0 (Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 180 Q F1 -144 192 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389 +144 192 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .39 (Delete the history entry at position)180 204 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne)2.889 -F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.89(,i).15 G 2.89(ti)-2.89 G -2.89(si)-2.89 G .39(nterpreted as relati)-2.89 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599 -(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 216 R -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .598 +F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i).15 G 2.889(ti)-2.889 +G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati)-2.889 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.598(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 216 R -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599 (ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 228 Q 2.5(,a) -.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G (efers to the current)-2.5 E F1(history -d)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 @@ -8546,47 +8565,47 @@ F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.89(,i).15 G 2.89(ti)-2.89 G -.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180 264 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F2(start) 2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(end)2.5 E F0(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 -E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1144 276 Q F0 .565(Append the `)180 276 -R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.065('h)-.74 G .564 -(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.065 F .564 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1144 276 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 276 +R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.064('h)-.74 G .564 +(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.064 F .565 (These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 288 Q (ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E (ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1144 300 Q F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\ - into the current history list.)180 300 R .773 + into the current history list.)180 300 R .772 (These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 312 R -.772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E +.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E (sion.)180 324 Q F1144 336 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \ \214le and append them to the current history list.)180 336 Q F1 144 348 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 348 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G -(ontents.)-2.5 E F1144 360 Q F0 .625 +(ontents.)-2.5 E F1144 360 Q F0 .626 (Perform history substitution on the follo)180 360 R(wing)-.25 E F2(ar) -3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F +3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 372 R .475 (not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar) 2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F -(normal history e)180 384 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1144 396 Q F0 .362 -(Store the)180 396 R F2(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 -(in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363 +(normal history e)180 384 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1144 396 Q F0 .363 +(Store the)180 396 R F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 +(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 (he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 408 Q -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 -(are added.)2.77 E .146(If the)144 424.8 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) +(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 424.8 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) -.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 (riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) -.25 F .668(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 436.8 R .669 -(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.669(.W)-.55 G .669 -(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 448.8 R .956 -(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .955 -(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .832 -(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 460.8 R .832 -(wing history entry)-.25 F 5.833(.T)-.65 G .833(he return v)-5.833 F -.833(alue is 0 unless an in-)-.25 F -.25(va)144 472.8 S .168(lid option\ +.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 436.8 R .669 +(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 +(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 448.8 R .956 +(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 +(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .833 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 460.8 R .833 +(wing history entry)-.25 F 5.832(.T)-.65 G .832(he return v)-5.832 F +.832(alue is 0 unless an in-)-.25 F -.25(va)144 472.8 S .168(lid option\ is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \ -\214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.668 E(f-)-.18 E(set) -144 484.8 Q F0 .34(or range is supplied as an ar)2.84 F .34(gument to) --.18 F F12.841 E F0 2.841(,o)C 2.841(rt)-2.841 G .341 -(he history e)-2.841 F .341(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F .341 +\214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.669 E(f-)-.18 E(set) +144 484.8 Q F0 .341(or range is supplied as an ar)2.841 F .341 +(gument to)-.18 F F12.841 E F0 2.841(,o)C 2.84(rt)-2.841 G .34 +(he history e)-2.84 F .34(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F .34 (gument to)-.18 F F1144 496.8 Q F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs) 108 513.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ]) 2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 525.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E @@ -8594,21 +8613,21 @@ F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\ -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H (he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 549.6 Q F0 (List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 549.6 Q F1 -144 561.6 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha) -180 561.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 -F .193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 573.6 Q F1 +144 561.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) +180 561.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 +F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 573.6 Q F1 144 585.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 585.6 Q 2.5(sp) -.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 597.6 Q F0 (Display only running jobs.)180 597.6 Q F1144 609.6 Q F0 -(Display only stopped jobs.)180 609.6 Q(If)144 626.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.553 -E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 -(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T) --.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 638.4 Q -.25 +(Display only stopped jobs.)180 609.6 Q(If)144 626.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.554 +E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 +(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T) +-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 638.4 Q -.25 (va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 -E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 655.2 R F1 -2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 +E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 655.2 R F1 +2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 .394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) -3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394 +3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395 (with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 667.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) 2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 @@ -8619,11 +8638,11 @@ E F1(kill)108 684 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .017(Send the signal named by) 144 708 R F2(sigspec)2.857 E F0(or)2.827 E F2(signum)2.857 E F0 .017 (to the processes named by)2.837 F F2(pid)3.767 E F0(or)3.287 E F2 -(jobspec)4.257 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.357 E F0(is)2.828 E .319 -(either a case-insensiti)144 720 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319 -(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318 -(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318 -(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15) +(jobspec)4.257 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.357 E F0(is)2.827 E .318 +(either a case-insensiti)144 720 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318 +(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319 +(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16) 148.175 E(70)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 71 71 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -8631,63 +8650,63 @@ BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(number;)144 84 Q -/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(signum)3.267 E F0 .427(is a signal number)3.247 +/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(signum)3.268 E F0 .427(is a signal number)3.247 F 5.427(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.427 E F1(sigspec)3.267 E F0 .427 (is not present, then)3.237 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGTERM)2.927 E F0 -.427(is assumed.)2.677 F .428(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .314(gument of)144 -96 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.814 E F0 .314(lists the signal names.) +.427(is assumed.)2.677 F .427(An ar)5.427 F(-)-.2 E .313(gument of)144 +96 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.813 E F0 .314(lists the signal names.) 2.814 F .314(If an)5.314 F 2.814(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.814 G .314 (uments are supplied when).18 F F32.814 E F0 .314(is gi)2.814 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .313(n, the names of).15 F .119 +-.15(ve)-.25 G .314(n, the names of).15 F .12 (the signals corresponding to the ar)144 108 R .119 -(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.12 E F1 --.2(ex)2.62 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)2.62 E(-)-.2 E .8(gument to)144 120 R -F33.3 E F0 .8 -(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.3 F .799 -(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .962(nated by a signal.)144 132 R +(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.119 E F1 +-.2(ex)2.619 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)2.619 E(-)-.2 E .799(gument to)144 +120 R F33.299 E F0 .799 +(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.299 F .8 +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 132 R (The)5.962 E F33.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25 G .962(lent to).25 F F33.462 E F0(.)A F3(kill)5.962 E F0 .962 (returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E (successfully sent, or f)144 144 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F3(let)108 160.8 Q F1 (ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 -172.8 Q F1(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197 -(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .196(luated \(see).25 F F2 .196 -(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo) -2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F(the last)144 184.8 Q F1(ar) +172.8 Q F1(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197 +(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F F2 .197 +(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo) +2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 184.8 Q F1(ar) 2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F3(let)2.5 E F0 (returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F3(local)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 213.6 S 2.541(re).15 G .041(ach ar) --2.541 F .042(gument, a local v)-.18 F .042(ariable named)-.25 F F1 +(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 213.6 S 2.542(re).15 G .042(ach ar) +-2.542 F .042(gument, a local v)-.18 F .042(ariable named)-.25 F F1 (name)2.902 E F0 .042(is created, and assigned)2.722 F F1(value)2.832 E -F0 5.042(.T).18 G(he)-5.042 E F1(option)2.542 E F0 .042(can be)2.542 F -(an)144 225.6 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653 -(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F3(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W) -C(hen)-5.652 E F3(local)3.152 E F0 .652 +F0 5.042(.T).18 G(he)-5.042 E F1(option)2.542 E F0 .041(can be)2.541 F +(an)144 225.6 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652 +(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F3(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W) +C(hen)-5.652 E F3(local)3.152 E F0 .653 (is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 -237.6 Q F1(name)3.281 E F0 .421(to ha)3.101 F .721 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H +237.6 Q F1(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -(If)5.422 E F1(name)2.922 E F0 .422(is \255, the set)2.922 F .51 +(If)5.421 E F1(name)2.921 E F0 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F .509 (of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 249.6 R F3 -(local)3.009 E F0 .509(is in)3.009 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .509 -(d: shell options changed us-).1 F 1.281(ing the)144 261.6 R F3(set) -3.781 E F0 -.2(bu)3.781 G 1.281 +(local)3.01 E F0 .51(is in)3.01 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .51 +(d: shell options changed us-).1 F 1.282(ing the)144 261.6 R F3(set) +3.782 E F0 -.2(bu)3.782 G 1.281 (iltin inside the function after the call to).2 F F3(local)3.781 E F0 -1.282(are restored to their original v)3.781 F(alues)-.25 E .278 -(when the function returns.)144 273.6 R .278(The restore is ef)5.278 F -.278(fected as if a series of)-.25 F F3(set)2.777 E F0 .277 -(commands were e)2.777 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .277(cuted to).15 F .69 +1.281(are restored to their original v)3.781 F(alues)-.25 E .277 +(when the function returns.)144 273.6 R .277(The restore is ef)5.277 F +.278(fected as if a series of)-.25 F F3(set)2.778 E F0 .278 +(commands were e)2.778 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .278(cuted to).15 F .69 (restore the v)144 285.6 R .69 (alues that were in place before the function.)-.25 F -.4(Wi)5.69 G .69 (th no operands,).4 F F3(local)3.19 E F0 .69(writes a list of)3.19 F -.567(local v)144 297.6 R .566(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F +.566(local v)144 297.6 R .566(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F .566(It is an error to use)5.566 F F3(local)3.066 E F0 .566 -(when not within a function.)3.066 F(The)5.566 E .425 -(return status is 0 unless)144 309.6 R F3(local)2.925 E F0 .425 +(when not within a function.)3.066 F(The)5.567 E .426 +(return status is 0 unless)144 309.6 R F3(local)2.926 E F0 .425 (is used outside a function, an in)2.925 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1 -(name)3.285 E F0 .426(is supplied, or)3.105 F F1(name)2.926 E F0 .426 -(is a)2.926 F(readonly v)144 321.6 Q(ariable.)-.25 E F3(logout)108 338.4 +(name)3.285 E F0 .425(is supplied, or)3.105 F F1(name)2.925 E F0 .425 +(is a)2.925 F(readonly v)144 321.6 Q(ariable.)-.25 E F3(logout)108 338.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 338.4 Q F3(map\214le)108 355.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F3A F1(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F1 @@ -8699,18 +8718,18 @@ C F3-2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3 -2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F1 -(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .159 +(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .158 (Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 379.2 R -.15(xe) -.15 G 2.659(da).15 G .159(rray v)-2.659 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(arr)2.989 E -(ay)-.15 E F0 2.659(,o).32 G 2.658(rf)-2.659 G .158 -(rom \214le descriptor)-2.658 F F1(fd)4.628 E F0 1.248(if the)144 391.2 -R F33.748 E F0 1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 +(ay)-.15 E F0 2.659(,o).32 G 2.659(rf)-2.659 G .159 +(rom \214le descriptor)-2.659 F F1(fd)4.629 E F0 1.249(if the)144 391.2 +R F33.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 -E F1(arr)3.749 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,) --6.249 F(ha)144 403.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3144 415.2 Q F0 .911 -(The \214rst character of)180 415.2 R F1(delim)3.411 E F0 .911 -(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.411 F 3.41 +E F1(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C 1.248(ptions, if supplied,) +-6.248 F(ha)144 403.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3144 415.2 Q F0 .91 +(The \214rst character of)180 415.2 R F1(delim)3.41 E F0 .911 +(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.41 F 3.411 (wline. If)-.25 F F1(delim)180 427.2 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F3 (map\214le)2.5 E F0(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character) 2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3144 439.2 Q F0(Cop)180 439.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 @@ -8729,32 +8748,32 @@ E F1(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E (quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F32.5 E F0 (option speci\214es)2.5 E F1(quantum)2.75 E F0(.).32 E F3144 511.2 Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 511.2 Q -F1(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 528 Q F32.967 E F0 .467 +F1(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 528 Q F32.968 E F0 .467 (is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F32.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 (he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F1 (callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 -(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 540 R 2.762(xo)-.15 G -2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be assig\ -ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274 -(as additional ar)144 552 R(guments.)-.18 E F1(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E -F0 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 -(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 540 R 2.761(xo)-.15 G +2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be assig\ +ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 +(as additional ar)144 552 R(guments.)-.18 E F1(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E +F0 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 +(luated after the line is read b).25 F .274 (ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 564 Q (If not supplied with an e)144 580.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F3 (map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (before assigning to it.)2.5 E F3(map\214le)144 597.6 Q F0 .797 -(returns successfully unless an in)3.298 F -.25(va)-.4 G .797 +(returns successfully unless an in)3.297 F -.25(va)-.4 G .797 (lid option or option ar).25 F .797(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F1(arr) -3.297 E(ay)-.15 E F0 .797(is in-)3.297 F -.25(va)144 609.6 S +3.297 E(ay)-.15 E F0 .798(is in-)3.298 F -.25(va)144 609.6 S (lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E F3(popd)108 626.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F3(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 -2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 638.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.091 -(se).15 G .591(ntries from the directory stack.)-3.091 F .592 -(The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the \214rst)5.591 F .665 -(directory listed by)144 650.4 R F3(dirs)3.165 E F0 5.665(.W)C .665 -(ith no ar)-6.065 F(guments,)-.18 E F3(popd)3.165 E F0(remo)3.165 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.165(st).15 G .664(he top directory from the stack, and) +2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 638.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.092 +(se).15 G .592(ntries from the directory stack.)-3.092 F .591 +(The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the \214rst)5.591 F .664 +(directory listed by)144 650.4 R F3(dirs)3.164 E F0 5.664(.W)C .664 +(ith no ar)-6.064 F(guments,)-.18 E F3(popd)3.165 E F0(remo)3.165 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.165(st).15 G .665(he top directory from the stack, and) -3.165 F(changes to the ne)144 662.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G(op directory)-2.5 E 5(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-5 G(uments, if supplied, ha).18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3144 674.4 Q F0 .551 @@ -8763,12 +8782,12 @@ H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3144 674.4 Q F0 .551 (that only the stack is manipulated.)180 686.4 Q F3(+)144 698.4 Q F1(n)A F0(Remo)180 698.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F1(n)2.64 E F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 -F F3(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero,)-2.64 F .779 -(from the stack.)180 710.4 R -.15(Fo)5.779 G 3.279(re).15 G(xample:) --3.429 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .779(popd +0)3.279 F F0(remo)3.279 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.279(st).15 G .779(he \214rst directory)-3.279 F(,)-.65 E F4 -.78(popd +1)3.28 F F0 .78(the sec-)3.28 F(ond.)180 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.3) -72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(71)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +F F3(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero,)-2.64 F .78 +(from the stack.)180 710.4 R -.15(Fo)5.78 G 3.28(re).15 G(xample:)-3.43 +E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .779(popd +0)3.279 F F0(remo)3.279 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.279(st).15 G .779(he \214rst directory)-3.279 F(,)-.65 E F4 .779 +(popd +1)3.279 F F0 .779(the sec-)3.279 F(ond.)180 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.3) +72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(71)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 72 72 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -8776,110 +8795,110 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(Remo)180 84 Q -.15(ve)-.15 -G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 E F0 1.259 -(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by)-.25 F -F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5(zero. F) -180 96 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd -0)2.5 E F0 -(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 -E F3(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .093 +G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F2(n)3.759 E F0 1.259 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by)-.25 F F1 +(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5(zero. F)180 96 R +(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F3 +(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .094 (If the top element of the directory stack is modi\214ed, and the)144 -112.8 R F2(-n)2.593 E F0 .094(option w)2.594 F .094(as not supplied,)-.1 -F F1(popd)2.594 E F0(uses)2.594 E(the)144 124.8 Q F1(cd)2.697 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.697 G .196 +112.8 R F2(-n)2.593 E F0 .093(option w)2.593 F .093(as not supplied,)-.1 +F F1(popd)2.593 E F0(uses)2.593 E(the)144 124.8 Q F1(cd)2.696 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.696 G .196 (iltin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.).2 F .196 -(If the)5.196 F F1(cd)2.696 E F0 -.1(fa)2.696 G(ils,).1 E F1(popd)2.696 -E F0 .196(returns a non-)2.696 F(zero v)144 136.8 Q(alue.)-.25 E -(Otherwise,)144 153.6 Q F1(popd)2.67 E F0 .17(returns f)2.67 F .17 +(If the)5.196 F F1(cd)2.696 E F0 -.1(fa)2.696 G(ils,).1 E F1(popd)2.697 +E F0 .197(returns a non-)2.697 F(zero v)144 136.8 Q(alue.)-.25 E +(Otherwise,)144 153.6 Q F1(popd)2.671 E F0 .171(returns f)2.671 F .171 (alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .171 -(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.671(,o) --.65 G 2.671(ra)-2.671 G(non-e)144 165.6 Q -(xistent directory stack entry is speci\214ed.)-.15 E 1.556(If the)144 -182.4 R F1(popd)4.056 E F0 1.556(command is successful, bash runs)4.056 -F F1(dirs)4.056 E F0 1.556(to sho)4.056 F 4.055(wt)-.25 G 1.555 -(he \214nal contents of the directory)-4.055 F +(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.67(,o) +-.65 G 2.67(ra)-2.67 G(non-e)144 165.6 Q +(xistent directory stack entry is speci\214ed.)-.15 E 1.555(If the)144 +182.4 R F1(popd)4.055 E F0 1.555(command is successful, bash runs)4.055 +F F1(dirs)4.056 E F0 1.556(to sho)4.056 F 4.056(wt)-.25 G 1.556 +(he \214nal contents of the directory)-4.056 F (stack, and the return status is 0.)144 194.4 Q F1(printf)108 211.2 Q F0 ([)2.5 E F1A F2(var)2.5 E F0(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar) -A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .357(Write the formatted)144 223.2 R F2(ar)2.857 -E(guments)-.37 E F0 .357 -(to the standard output under the control of the)2.857 F F2(format)2.858 -E F0 5.358(.T)C(he)-5.358 E F12.858 E F0(op-)2.858 E .714 +A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .358(Write the formatted)144 223.2 R F2(ar)2.858 +E(guments)-.37 E F0 .358 +(to the standard output under the control of the)2.858 F F2(format)2.857 +E F0 5.357(.T)C(he)-5.357 E F12.857 E F0(op-)2.857 E .714 (tion causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 235.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(var)3.214 E F0 .714(rather than being printed to the standard)3.214 -F(output.)144 247.2 Q(The)144 271.2 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(is a ch\ +F(output.)144 247.2 Q(The)144 271.2 Q F2(format)3.018 E F0 .517(is a ch\ aracter string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,\ - 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This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F F1(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 487.2 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .946(The %b, %\ q, and %T format speci\214ers all use the \214eld width and precision a\ -r)144 504 R .945(guments from the)-.18 F .338 +r)144 504 R .946(guments from the)-.18 F .339 (format speci\214cation and write that man)144 516 R 2.838(yb)-.15 G -.338(ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.838 F .339 +.338(ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.838 F .338 (xpanded ar)-.15 F(-)-.2 E (gument, which usually contains more characters than the original.)144 528 Q(The %n format speci\214er accepts a corresponding ar)144 544.8 Q -(gument that is treated as a shell v)-.18 E(ariable name.)-.25 E .394 +(gument that is treated as a shell v)-.18 E(ariable name.)-.25 E .393 (The %s and %c format speci\214ers accept an l \(long\) modi\214er)144 -561.6 R 2.893(,w)-.4 G .393(hich forces them to con)-2.893 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .393(rt the ar).15 F(-)-.2 E .32 +561.6 R 2.894(,w)-.4 G .394(hich forces them to con)-2.894 F -.15(ve)-.4 +G .394(rt the ar).15 F(-)-.2 E .321 (gument string to a wide-character string and apply an)144 573.6 R 2.821 -(ys)-.15 G .321(upplied \214eld width and precision in terms)-2.821 F -(of characters, not bytes.)144 585.6 Q(Ar)144 602.4 Q .464(guments to n\ -on-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .463 -(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258(minus sign is allo)144 614.4 +(ys)-.15 G .32(upplied \214eld width and precision in terms)-2.821 F +(of characters, not bytes.)144 585.6 Q(Ar)144 602.4 Q .463(guments to n\ +on-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .464 +(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.259(minus sign is allo)144 614.4 R 1.259 (wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) --.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 626.4 Q(alue of the follo) --.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 643.2 Q F2(format)2.515 E -F0 .015(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.515 F F2(ar)2.515 -E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.015(.I)C 2.514(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.514 E F2(format) -2.514 E F0 .014(requires more)2.514 F F2(ar)2.514 E(-)-.2 E(guments)144 -655.2 Q F0 .565(than are supplied, the e)3.065 F .566 +-.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 626.4 Q(alue of the follo) +-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 643.2 Q F2(format)2.514 E +F0 .015(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.514 F F2(ar)2.515 +E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.015(.I)C 2.515(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.515 E F2(format) +2.515 E F0 .015(requires more)2.515 F F2(ar)2.515 E(-)-.2 E(guments)144 +655.2 Q F0 .566(than are supplied, the e)3.066 F .566 (xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .866 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.066(si) -.15 G 3.066(faz)-3.066 G .566(ero v)-3.066 F .566(alue or null string,) --.25 F .542(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 667.2 R .541 +.15 G 3.065(faz)-3.066 G .565(ero v)-3.065 F .565(alue or null string,) +-.25 F .541(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 667.2 R .541 (The return v)5.541 F .541(alue is zero on success, non-zero if an in) --.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .541(lid op-).25 F +-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .542(lid op-).25 F (tion is supplied or a write or assignment error occurs.)144 679.2 Q F1 (pushd)108 696 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5 -(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 +(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(72)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 73 73 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -8888,122 +8907,122 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pushd)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of the directory \ -stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 96 R 3.14(wt)-.25 G .64 -(op of the)-3.14 F .089(stack the current w)144 108 R .089 -(orking directory)-.1 F 5.089(.W)-.65 G .089(ith no ar)-5.489 F -(guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.589 E F0 -.15(ex)2.588 G .088 -(changes the top tw).15 F 2.588(oe)-.1 G .088(lements of)-2.588 F +SF(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the directory s\ +tack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 96 R 3.139(wt)-.25 G .639 +(op of the)-3.139 F .088(stack the current w)144 108 R .088 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.088(.W)-.65 G .088(ith no ar)-5.488 F +(guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.589 E F0 -.15(ex)2.589 G .089 +(changes the top tw).15 F 2.589(oe)-.1 G .089(lements of)-2.589 F (the directory stack.)144 120 Q(Ar)5 E(guments, if supplied, ha)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 132 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or a\ dding directories to the)180 132 R (stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 144 Q F1(+)144 156 Q -F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 156 R F2(n)3.768 E F0 -1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.267 +F2(n)A F0 1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)180 156 R F2(n)3.767 E F0 +1.268(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.268 (wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 168 Q F0 2.5(,s)C (tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1144 180 Q F2(n)A F0 .92 (Rotates the stack so that the)180 180 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 (th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 192 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 204 Q F0(Adds)180 204 Q F2(dir)2.85 E F0 -(to the directory stack at the top)3.23 E .435 -(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 220.8 R F12.935 E -F0 .434(option w)2.934 F .434(as not supplied,)-.1 F F1(pushd)2.934 E F0 -.434(uses the)2.934 F F1(cd)2.934 E F0 -.2(bu)2.934 G .434(iltin to).2 F +(to the directory stack at the top)3.23 E .434 +(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 220.8 R F12.934 E +F0 .434(option w)2.934 F .435(as not supplied,)-.1 F F1(pushd)2.935 E F0 +.435(uses the)2.935 F F1(cd)2.935 E F0 -.2(bu)2.935 G .435(iltin to).2 F (change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 232.8 Q(If the)5 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils,).1 E F1(pushd)2.5 E F0 (returns a non-zero v)2.5 E(alue.)-.25 E 1.78(Otherwise, if no ar)144 249.6 R 1.78(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F1(pushd)4.28 E F0 1.78 -(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty)4.28 F(.)-.65 E .093 -(When rotating the directory stack,)144 261.6 R F1(pushd)2.593 E F0 .092 -(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a non-e)2.593 F(x-) --.15 E(istent directory stack element is speci\214ed.)144 273.6 Q 1.277 -(If the)144 290.4 R F1(pushd)3.777 E F0 1.277 -(command is successful, bash runs)3.777 F F1(dirs)3.777 E F0 1.278 -(to sho)3.778 F 3.778(wt)-.25 G 1.278 -(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.778 F(stack.)144 302.4 Q F1 -(pwd)108 319.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845 +(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty)4.28 F(.)-.65 E .092 +(When rotating the directory stack,)144 261.6 R F1(pushd)2.592 E F0 .093 +(returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty or a non-e)2.592 F(x-) +-.15 E(istent directory stack element is speci\214ed.)144 273.6 Q 1.278 +(If the)144 290.4 R F1(pushd)3.778 E F0 1.278 +(command is successful, bash runs)3.778 F F1(dirs)3.778 E F0 1.277 +(to sho)3.777 F 3.777(wt)-.25 G 1.277 +(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.777 F(stack.)144 302.4 Q F1 +(pwd)108 319.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844 (Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 331.2 R .845 -(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 -(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845 +(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144 343.2 R F12.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1 -(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264 -(enabled. If)144 355.2 R(the)3.264 E F13.264 E F0 .763 -(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 -F .763(The return)5.763 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ +(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263 +(enabled. If)144 355.2 R(the)3.263 E F13.263 E F0 .763 +(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263 +F .764(The return)5.764 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 367.2 R -.25(va) -.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 379.2 Q F1 -.18(re)108 -396 S(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E -F2(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(delim)3.817 E F0 -3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F1 --3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1 --3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E -F2(pr)3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(timeout) -3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 408 Q +396 S(ad).18 E F0([)3.816 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E +F2(aname)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(delim)3.816 E F0 +3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.816(][)C F1 +-3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1 +-3.817 E F2(nc)3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E +F2(pr)3.817 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(timeout) +3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(fd)3.817 E F0(])A([)108 408 Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, \ or from the \214le descriptor)144 420 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516 -(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 432 Q F1 -2.936 E F0 .436(option, split into w)2.936 F .435(ords as described abo) +(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 432 Q F1 +2.935 E F0 .435(option, split into w)2.935 F .435(ords as described abo) -.1 F .735 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.935 G .435 -(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.935(,a)C .435(nd the \214rst w)-2.935 F .435 -(ord is as-)-.1 F .375(signed to the \214rst)144 444 R F2(name)3.235 E +(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.935(,a)C .436(nd the \214rst w)-2.935 F .436 +(ord is as-)-.1 F .376(signed to the \214rst)144 444 R F2(name)3.236 E F0 2.876(,t).18 G .376(he second w)-2.876 F .376(ord to the second)-.1 F -F2(name)3.236 E F0 2.876(,a).18 G .376(nd so on.)-2.876 F .376 -(If there are more w)5.376 F(ords)-.1 E .237 +F2(name)3.236 E F0 2.876(,a).18 G .376(nd so on.)-2.876 F .375 +(If there are more w)5.376 F(ords)-.1 E .236 (than names, the remaining w)144 456 R .237(ords and their interv)-.1 F -.237(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)3.096 E F0 -5.236(.I).18 G(f)-5.236 E .874(there are fe)144 468 R .874(wer w)-.25 F +.237(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)3.097 E F0 +5.237(.I).18 G(f)-5.237 E .875(there are fe)144 468 R .875(wer w)-.25 F .875(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names ar\ -e assigned)-.1 F .518(empty v)144 480 R 3.018(alues. The)-.25 F .518 -(characters in)3.018 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.018 E F0 .518 -(are used to split the line into w)2.768 F .517 -(ords using the same rules the)-.1 F .026(shell uses for e)144 492 R +e assigned)-.1 F .517(empty v)144 480 R 3.017(alues. The)-.25 F .517 +(characters in)3.017 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.017 E F0 .518 +(are used to split the line into w)2.767 F .518 +(ords using the same rules the)-.1 F .027(shell uses for e)144 492 R .026(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .326 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.526 G .026(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.526(\). The)B .026 -(backslash character \()2.526 F F1(\\)A F0 2.527(\)m)C(ay)-2.527 E .489 +(backslash character \()2.526 F F1(\\)A F0 2.526(\)m)C(ay)-2.526 E .488 (be used to remo)144 504 R .788 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .788 -.15(ny s).15 H .488(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .488 -(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Op-)5.488 E +(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Op-)5.489 E (tions, if supplied, ha)144 516 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 528 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.025(The w) +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 528 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.026(The w) 180 540 R 1.026(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v) --.1 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(aname)3.856 E F0 3.526(,s).18 G 1.026 -(tarting at 0.)-3.526 F F2(aname)180.33 552 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 +-.1 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(aname)3.855 E F0 3.525(,s).18 G 1.025 +(tarting at 0.)-3.525 F F2(aname)180.33 552 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1144 564 Q -F2(delim)2.5 E F0 .281(The \214rst character of)180 576 R F2(delim)2.781 -E F0 .281(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.781 F -2.78(wline. If)-.25 F F2(de-)2.78 E(lim)180 588 Q F0 -(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 +F2(delim)2.5 E F0 .28(The \214rst character of)180 576 R F2(delim)2.78 E +F0 .281(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.78 F 2.781 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(de-)2.781 E(lim)180 588 Q F0(is the empty string,) +2.5 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 (will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 -144 600 Q F0 .372 +144 600 Q F0 .373 (If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 600 R F1 -.18(re) -2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218 +2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.872 E F0(abo)2.622 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G(sed)-2.872 E .218 (to obtain the line.)180 612 R .218(Readline uses the current \(or def) 5.218 F .218(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F (viously)-.25 E(acti)180 624 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G (diting settings, b)-2.5 E(ut uses readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F1144 636 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 -E F0(If)180 636 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 -(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 -(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-) +E F0(If)180 636 Q F1 -.18(re)2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 +(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 +(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-) -.25 F(ing be)180 648 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1144 660 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har) --.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 672 S(ad).18 E F0 .323 -(returns after reading)2.823 F F2(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .323 +-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 672 S(ad).18 E F0 .322 +(returns after reading)2.822 F F2(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .323 (characters rather than w)2.823 F .323 (aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F(put, b)180 684 Q (ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 144 696 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 708 S(ad) -.18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 -E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27 +.18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 +E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.269 (aiting for a complete)-.1 F 3.19 (line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 720 R F1 -.18(re)5.69 G (ad).18 E F0 3.19(times out.)5.69 F 3.19(Delimiter characters)8.19 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(73)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(73)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 74 74 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -9011,87 +9030,87 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.109 (encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 -84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)3.609 G(ad).18 E F0 1.109 -(to return until)3.609 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nc)180 96 Q(har)-.15 E -(s)-.1 E F0 .819(characters are read.)3.319 F .818 +84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)3.608 G(ad).18 E F0 1.108 +(to return until)3.608 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nc)180 96 Q(har)-.15 E +(s)-.1 E F0 .818(characters are read.)3.318 F .818 (The result is not split on the characters in)5.818 F F1(IFS)3.318 E F0 -3.318(;t)C .818(he intent is)-3.318 F .497(that the v)180 108 R .497 +3.318(;t)C .819(he intent is)-3.318 F .498(that the v)180 108 R .498 (ariable is assigned e)-.25 F .498 -(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .498 +(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .497 (xception of backslash;)-.15 F(see the)180 120 Q F12.5 E F0 (option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1144 132 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E -F0(Display)180 144 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161 -(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) +F0(Display)180 144 Q F2(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161 +(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) -3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 156 Q 2.5 (yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F (prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 -144 168 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) -180 168 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of) --5.543 F .493(the line.)180 180 R .493(In particular)5.493 F 2.993(,ab) --.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.993 E .493 +144 168 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +180 168 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of) +-5.543 F .492(the line.)180 180 R .492(In particular)5.492 F 2.992(,ab) +-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.992 E .493 (wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.)180 192 Q F1144 204 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 204 Q (If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1 -144 216 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 228 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928 G -(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428 -(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .561 +144 216 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 228 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929 G +(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428 +(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56 (ber of characters\) is not read within)180 240 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0 -(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number) +(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number) 3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 252 Q (wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 -264 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 276 R .589 -(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 -(times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve) --.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59 +264 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 276 R .59 +(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 +(times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589 (artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 288 S(riable) .25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27 (is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G -(ata.)-2.77 E .227(The e)180 300 R .228(xit status is 0 if input is a) +(ata.)-2.77 E .228(The e)180 300 R .228(xit status is 0 if input is a) -.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .228(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor) -.25 F 2.728(,o)-.4 G 2.728(rt)-2.728 G .228(he read will re-)-2.728 F -1.225(turn EOF)180 312 R 3.725(,n)-.8 G 1.225(on-zero otherwise.)-3.725 -F 1.225(The e)6.225 F 1.225 +.25 F 2.728(,o)-.4 G 2.727(rt)-2.728 G .227(he read will re-)-2.727 F +1.224(turn EOF)180 312 R 3.724(,n)-.8 G 1.224(on-zero otherwise.)-3.724 +F 1.224(The e)6.224 F 1.225 (xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E (ceeded.)180 324 Q F1144 336 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 (Read input from \214le descriptor)180 336 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .522 (If no)144 352.8 R F2(names)3.382 E F0 .522 (are supplied, the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.292 F -.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.187(assigned to the v)144 +.522(ut otherwise unmodi\214ed, is)-.2 F 1.186(assigned to the v)144 364.8 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)3.686 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.186(The e)5.686 F 1.186 (xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F1 -.18 -(re)3.686 G(ad).18 E F0 .96 +(re)3.687 G(ad).18 E F0 .961 (times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a v)144 -376.8 R .961(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .707 +376.8 R .96(ariable assignment error \(such as as-)-.25 F .706 (signing to a readonly v)144 388.8 R .706(ariable\) occurs, or an in) -.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .706(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar) -.25 F .706(gument to)-.18 F F1144 400.8 Q F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 +.25 F .707(gument to)-.18 F F1144 400.8 Q F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 417.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..]) -2.5 E .77(The gi)144 429.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 -F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097 -(quent assignment.)144 441.6 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F13.597 E F0 -1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2 -(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 453.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) +F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096 +(quent assignment.)144 441.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F13.596 E F0 +1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2 +(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 453.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) -.1 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 (ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) -3.334 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) --.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 465.6 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277 -(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.277 F F13.277 E -F0(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F2(name) -3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 477.6 R -.15(ve) +-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 465.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 +(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F13.277 E +F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name) +3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 477.6 R -.15(ve) -.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F13.021 E F0 .521 (option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F -.522(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ -to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 489.6 R(The)5.295 E F1 -2.795 E F0(option)2.795 E .786 +.521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ +to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 489.6 R(The)5.296 E F1 +2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786 (causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) -144 501.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 -513.6 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) +144 501.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 +513.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) -3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) 3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) -5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) @@ -9099,42 +9118,42 @@ to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 489.6 R(The)5.295 E F1 -.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.76 E F0 .26 (is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 537.6 Q F0 (that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 554.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 566.4 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 -(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02 -(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(is omitted,)2.76 F .596 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 566.4 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 +(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F +5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597 (the return status is that of the last command e)144 578.4 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E -F1 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15 +-.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E +F1 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .267(by a trap handler)144 590.4 R 2.767(,t)-.4 G .267 (he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) --2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .267(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler) +-2.767 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .268(cuted be-).15 F .02(fore the trap handler) 144 602.4 R 5.02(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F1 -.18(re)2.52 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .02(is e)2.52 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)2.52 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .02(trap, the last command used to deter)2.52 F(-)-.2 E -.886(mine the status is the last command e)144 614.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)3.385 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)3.385 G 3.385(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.385 H -.1(ke) -.4 G 3.385(d. If).1 F F1 -.18(re)144 626.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .627 -(is used outside a function, b)3.127 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.128 E F0(\()5.628 E -F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.128(\)c)C .628(ommand, it)-3.128 F .589 -(causes the shell to stop e)144 638.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589 -(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .588 -(or the e)3.328 F .588(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .325(mand e) -144 650.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F -.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .326 -(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .326(alue is)-.25 F .445 +.885(mine the status is the last command e)144 614.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.886(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)3.386 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)3.386 G 3.386(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.386 H -.1(ke) +.4 G 3.386(d. If).1 F F1 -.18(re)144 626.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .628 +(is used outside a function, b)3.128 F .628(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .628(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.127 E F0(\()5.627 E +F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.127(\)c)C .627(ommand, it)-3.127 F .588 +(causes the shell to stop e)144 638.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588 +(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .589 +(or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .326(mand e) +144 650.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326(cuted within the script as the e).15 F +.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325 +(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .325(alue is)-.25 F .444 (its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 662.4 R .444 -(The return status is non-zero if)5.445 F F1 -.18(re)2.944 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F0 .444(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.944 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 +(The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F1 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 (ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 674.4 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E -F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.381(.A)C .681 -.15(ny c)-5.381 H(om-).15 -E .75(mand associated with the)144 686.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 +F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E +.749(mand associated with the)144 686.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 (trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 698.4 Q -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(74)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 698.4 Q +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(74)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 75 75 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -9147,97 +9166,97 @@ SF(set)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 96 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E --.4(Wi)144 108 S .573(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .573 -(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .574 +-.4(Wi)144 108 S .574(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .574 +(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .573 (ariable in a format that can be reused)-.25 F .113 (as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 120 R 2.613 (ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.613 G .113 -(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.112 E F2 1.032(posix mode)144 132 R +(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.113 E F2 1.032(posix mode)144 132 R F0 3.532(,o)C 1.032(nly shell v)-3.532 F 1.032(ariables are listed.)-.25 F 1.032(The output is sorted according to the current locale.)6.032 F -.581(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 144 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G .581 -(et or unset shell attrib)-3.081 F 3.081(utes. An)-.2 F 3.08(ya)-.15 G --.18(rg)-3.08 G .58(uments remaining after op-).18 F .16 +.58(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 144 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G .581 +(et or unset shell attrib)-3.081 F 3.081(utes. 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This) --.1 F .209(also af)2.709 F .21(fects the editing in-)-.25 F(terf)224 480 -Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(xtrace) -184 492 Q F0(Same as)224 492 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 510 Q F1 -3.053 E F0 .553(is supplied with no)3.053 F F5(option\255name) -3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .552 -(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.552 E F1(+o)184 -522 Q F0 1.071(is supplied with no)3.571 F F5(option\255name)3.571 E F0 -3.571(,as)C 1.071(eries of)-3.571 F F1(set)3.572 E F0 1.072 -(commands to recreate the current)3.572 F +-.1 F .209(also af)2.709 F .209(fects the editing in-)-.25 F(terf)224 +480 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1 +(xtrace)184 492 Q F0(Same as)224 492 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 510 Q +F13.052 E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F5(option\255name) +3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553 +(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 +522 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F5(option\255name)3.572 E F0 +3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set)3.571 E F0 1.071 +(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F (option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 534 Q F1 -144 546 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 546 S 1.072(rn on).45 F F5(privile)4.822 E -.1 -(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.342 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F -F2($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F2($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.071 -(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.5 -(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 558 R 1.501 -(vironment, and the)-.4 F F2(SHELLOPTS)4.001 E F3(,)A F2 -.27(BA)184 570 -S(SHOPTS).27 E F3(,)A F2(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F3(,)A F0 -(and)2.775 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.025 E F0 -.25(va)2.775 G .524 -(riables, if the).25 F 3.024(ya)-.15 G .524(ppear in the en)-3.024 F -(vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 582 R .379 -(If the shell is started with the ef)5.379 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15 -(ve u)-.25 H .38(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .462 +144 546 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 546 S 1.071(rn on).45 F F5(privile)4.821 E -.1 +(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F +F2($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F2($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.072 +(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501 +(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 558 R 1.5 +(vironment, and the)-.4 F F2(SHELLOPTS)4 E F3(,)A F2 -.27(BA)184 570 S +(SHOPTS).27 E F3(,)A F2(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F3(,)A F0 +(and)2.774 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G .524 +(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F +(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 582 R .38 +(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u) +-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461 (user \(group\) id, and the)184 594 R F12.961 E F0 .461 -(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .461 -(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 606 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394 +(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462 +(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 606 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 (ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1 -2.895 E F0 .395(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 618 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G -.387(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .386(auses the ef)-2.886 -F(fecti)-.25 E .686 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .386(ser and group ids to be).15 F +2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 618 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G +.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886 +F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F (set to the real user and group ids.)184 630 Q F1144 642 Q F0 (Enable restricted shell mode.)184 642 Q (This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F1144 654 Q F0(Exit after reading and e)184 654 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting one command.).15 E F1144 666 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 666 S .773 +(cuting one command.).15 E F1144 666 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 666 S .774 (eat unset v).35 F .773(ariables and parameters other than the special \ -parameters "@" and "*", or)-.25 F .46(array v)184 678 R .459(ariables s\ -ubscripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing parameter e)-.25 -F(x-)-.15 E 2.89(pansion. If)184 690 R -.15(ex)2.89 G .391 +parameters "@" and "*", or)-.25 F .459(array v)184 678 R .459(ariables \ +subscripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing parameter e) +-.25 F(x-)-.15 E 2.891(pansion. If)184 690 R -.15(ex)2.891 G .391 (pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F .391(ariable or parameter)-.25 -F 2.891(,t)-.4 G .391(he shell prints an)-2.891 F +F 2.89(,t)-.4 G .39(he shell prints an)-2.89 F (error message, and, if not interacti)184 702 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e) .15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F1144 714 Q F0 (Print shell input lines as the)184 714 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(76)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(76)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 77 77 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -9351,39 +9370,39 @@ BP SF144 84 Q F0 .315(After e)184 84 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1 -(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 96 R F1 -.25 +(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 96 R F1 -.25 (fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236 (xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS4)3.736 E /F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F (mand and its e)184 108 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 -E(ord list, to standard error)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1144 120 Q F0 1.206 -(The shell performs brace e)184 120 R 1.206(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 -1.205(Brace Expansion)3.705 F F0(abo)3.705 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.705 -(\). This).15 F 1.205(is on by de-)3.705 F -.1(fa)184 132 S(ult.).1 E F1 -144 144 Q F0 .213(If set,)184 144 R F1(bash)2.713 E F0 .213 -(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 +E(ord list, to standard error)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1144 120 Q F0 1.205 +(The shell performs brace e)184 120 R 1.205(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 +1.205(Brace Expansion)3.705 F F0(abo)3.705 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.706 +(\). This).15 F 1.206(is on by de-)3.706 F -.1(fa)184 132 S(ult.).1 E F1 +144 144 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 144 R F1(bash)2.714 E F0 .214 +(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 (xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 -2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F -3.054(tors. This)184 156 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F +3.053(tors. This)184 156 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 (rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) .15 F(tor)184 168 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -144 180 Q F0 .103(If set, an)184 180 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103 -(rap on)-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104 -(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603 -F .839(mands e)184 192 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15 -F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838 -(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 204 Q F1 -144 216 Q F0(Enable)184 216 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531 -(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531 -F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 228 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 240 Q F0 .96 +144 180 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 180 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104 +(rap on)-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103 +(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 +F .838(mands e)184 192 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 204 Q F1 +144 216 Q F0(Enable)184 216 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 +(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 228 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 240 Q F0 .959 (If set, the shell does not resolv)184 240 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 -(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959 -(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.459 E F0 1.452 -(that change the current w)184 252 R 1.452(orking directory)-.1 F 6.452 -(.I)-.65 G 3.953(tu)-6.452 G 1.453(ses the ph)-3.953 F 1.453 -(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.335(stead. By)184 264 R(def) -3.335 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.334 E F0(follo)3.334 E .834 +(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96 +(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 1.453 +(that change the current w)184 252 R 1.453(orking directory)-.1 F 6.453 +(.I)-.65 G 3.952(tu)-6.453 G 1.452(ses the ph)-3.952 F 1.452 +(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.334(stead. By)184 264 R(def) +3.334 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.334 E F0(follo)3.334 E .834 (ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F (mands which change the current directory)184 276 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 288 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 288 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 @@ -9393,51 +9412,51 @@ F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 228 Q -.15 (cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E (UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 312 Q F0 (traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1144 324 Q -F0 .4(If no ar)184 324 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 -(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F -(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 336 Q -F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G +F0 .401(If no ar)184 324 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G +.401(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F +(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 336 Q F2 +(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G (ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 -348 Q F0 .797(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 348 R -F2(ar)3.297 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.297(st)C 3.297(ob)-3.297 G 3.296(ea)-3.297 G -.796(ssigned to the positional pa-)-3.296 F 3.021(rameters. The)184 360 -R F13.021 E F0(and)3.022 E F13.022 E F0 .522 +348 Q F0 .796(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 348 R +F2(ar)3.297 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.297(st)C 3.297(ob)-3.297 G 3.297(ea)-3.297 G +.797(ssigned to the positional pa-)-3.297 F 3.022(rameters. The)184 360 +R F13.022 E F0(and)3.022 E F13.022 E F0 .522 (options are turned of)3.022 F 3.022(f. If)-.25 F .522(there are no) -3.022 F F2(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F0 .522(s, the positional pa-)B +3.022 F F2(ar)3.022 E(g)-.37 E F0 .521(s, the positional pa-)B (rameters remain unchanged.)184 372 Q .425(The options are of)144 388.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 (ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 -(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177 -(to be turned of)144 400.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 400.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 (options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) --.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066 +-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 (current set of options may be found in)144 412.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 -(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F +(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F (is encountered.)144 424.8 Q F1(shift)108 441.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 453.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0 -.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G -.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 465.6 Q F1($#)2.583 -E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .083 -(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to) -.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06 +(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 453.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 +.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G +.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 465.6 Q F1($#)2.582 +E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .082 +(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to) +.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06 (is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 477.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F (If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 -(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 489.6 R -.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0 -.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0 +(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 489.6 R +.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 +.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 (or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 501.6 Q F1(shopt)108 518.4 Q F0([) 2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) --2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 530.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639 +-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 530.4 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639 (alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E -5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375 -(listed belo)144 542.4 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H -2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F12.875 E F0 .375 +5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374 +(listed belo)144 542.4 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H +2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F12.874 E F0 .375 (option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 -F F12.875 E F0 .374(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.874 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 2.565(mand. W)144 554.4 R .065 +F F12.875 E F0 .375(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 2.566(mand. W)144 554.4 R .066 (ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F12.566 E F0 .066 (option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an in-)2.566 F .074(dication of whether or not each is set; if)144 566.4 R F2 @@ -9450,24 +9469,24 @@ E(options ha)144 590.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E 602.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 614.4 Q F0 (Disable \(unset\) each)180 614.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 626.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ -tus indicates whether the)180 626.4 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E -.255(set or unset.)180 638.4 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 -E F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G -(ith)-2.756 E F12.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256 -(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 650.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E +tus indicates whether the)180 626.4 R F2(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E +.256(set or unset.)180 638.4 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 +E F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G +(ith)-2.756 E F12.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255 +(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 650.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1144 662.4 Q F0 (Restricts the v)180 662.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 (to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 -E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 679.2 R F1 -3.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F13.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) +E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 679.2 R F1 +3.124 E F0(or)3.124 E F13.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) 3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 -E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .983 -(set or unset, respecti)144 691.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.983(.U) --.65 G .983(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.983 F F1(shopt)3.484 E F0 .984 -(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.484 F -.1(fa)144 703.2 S(ult.) +E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .984 +(set or unset, respecti)144 691.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.984(.U) +-.65 G .984(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.984 F F1(shopt)3.484 E F0 .983 +(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.483 F -.1(fa)144 703.2 S(ult.) .1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 720 -R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.044 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(77)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.045 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(77)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 78 78 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -9476,68 +9495,68 @@ BP (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .696 (When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) 144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v) -3.196 F .696(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 96 Q(The list of)144 112.8 Q +3.196 F .695(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 96 Q(The list of)144 112.8 Q /F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt)2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F2 -(array_expand_once)144 130.8 Q F0 1.832 +(array_expand_once)144 130.8 Q F0 1.831 (If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 142.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G -1.832(luation of associati).25 F 2.131 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.831(nd inde) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.331(da).15 G 1.831(rray sub-)-4.331 F .025 +1.832(luation of associati).25 F 2.132 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.832(nd inde) +.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.332(da).15 G 1.832(rray sub-)-4.332 F .025 (scripts during arithmetic e)184 154.8 R .025(xpression e)-.15 F -.25 (va)-.25 G .025(luation, while e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .025(cuting b).15 F .025(uiltins that can perform)-.2 F -.25(va)184 166.8 S (riable assignments, and while e).25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting b).15 E (uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E F2(assoc_expand_once) 144 178.8 Q F0(Deprecated; a synon)184 190.8 Q(ym for)-.15 E F2 -(array_expand_once)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(autocd)144 202.8 Q F0 .2 +(array_expand_once)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(autocd)144 202.8 Q F0 .199 (If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 202.8 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E (ment to the)184 214.8 Q F2(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F (option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F2(cdable_v)144 226.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 238.8 R .155 -(gument to the)-.18 F F2(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156 +F2(cdable_v)144 226.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 238.8 R .156 +(gument to the)-.18 F F2(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 (iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F (name of a v)184 250.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E (alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F2(cdspell)144 262.8 Q F0 1.055 (If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184 -262.8 R F2(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987 -(corrected. The)184 274.8 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 -(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a) --.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 286.8 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) +262.8 R F2(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 +(corrected. The)184 274.8 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 +(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a) +-.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 286.8 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) -.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 (orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F (the command proceeds.)184 298.8 Q (This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F2(checkhash)144 310.8 Q F0 .736(If set,)184 322.8 R F2(bash)3.236 -E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.236 F .737 +.15 E F2(checkhash)144 310.8 Q F0 .737(If set,)184 322.8 R F2(bash)3.237 +E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736 (xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 334.8 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E (xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F2(checkjobs)144 346.8 -Q F0 .449(If set,)184 358.8 R F2(bash)2.949 E F0 .449 -(lists the status of an)2.949 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448 -(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.661(shell. If)184 370.8 R(an)2.661 E 2.661(yj)-.15 G +Q F0 .448(If set,)184 358.8 R F2(bash)2.948 E F0 .448 +(lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449 +(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.662(shell. If)184 370.8 R(an)2.662 E 2.661(yj)-.15 G .161(obs are running, this causes the e)-2.661 F .161 -(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .162(xit is at-)-.15 F 1.473 +(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .161(xit is at-)-.15 F 1.472 (tempted without an interv)184 382.8 R 1.473(ening command \(see)-.15 F /F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.473(JOB CONTR)3.973 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)3.723 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.973(\). The).15 F 1.472(shell al-)3.972 F -.1(wa)184 +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.973(\). The).15 F 1.473(shell al-)3.973 F -.1(wa)184 394.8 S(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G (obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F2(checkwinsize)144 406.8 Q F0 1.09(If set,)184 418.8 R F2(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09(ize after each e)-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09 -(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 430.8 Q 3.351(,u)-.65 G -.851(pdates the v)-3.351 F .85(alues of)-.25 F F3(LINES)3.35 E F0(and) -3.1 E F3(COLUMNS)3.35 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .85 +(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 430.8 Q 3.35(,u)-.65 G .85 +(pdates the v)-3.35 F .85(alues of)-.25 F F3(LINES)3.35 E F0(and)3.1 E +F3(COLUMNS)3.35 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .85 (This option is enabled by de-)5.35 F -.1(fa)184 442.8 S(ult.).1 E F2 -(cmdhist)144 454.8 Q F0 .172(If set,)184 454.8 R F2(bash)2.672 E F0 .172 -(attempts to sa)2.672 F .472 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .173 +(cmdhist)144 454.8 Q F0 .173(If set,)184 454.8 R F2(bash)2.673 E F0 .173 +(attempts to sa)2.673 F .473 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .172 (ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history en-).15 F(try) -184 466.8 Q 5.597(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.597 F .597 +184 466.8 Q 5.596(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.596 F .597 (ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F .597 -(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 478.8 S 1.287(ult, b) +(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 478.8 S 1.288(ult, b) .1 F 1.288(ut only has an ef)-.2 F 1.288 -(fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F 1.588 -.15 +(fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F 1.587 -.15 (ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(HIST)184 490.8 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F4(.)A F2(compat31)144 502.8 Q(compat32)144 514.8 Q(compat40)144 526.8 Q (compat41)144 538.8 Q(compat42)144 550.8 Q(compat43)144 562.8 Q @@ -9545,24 +9564,24 @@ F2(compat31)144 502.8 Q(compat32)144 514.8 Q(compat40)144 526.8 Q (These control aspects of the shell')184 598.8 R 3.389(sc)-.55 G .889 (ompatibility mode \(see)-3.389 F F3 .889(SHELL COMP)3.389 F -.855(AT) -.666 G(IBILITY).855 E(MODE)184 610.8 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -(complete_fullquote)144 627.6 Q F0 .653(If set,)184 639.6 R F2(bash) +(complete_fullquote)144 627.6 Q F0 .654(If set,)184 639.6 R F2(bash) 3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lenames and dire\ -ctory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.525(forming completion.)184 651.6 -R 1.524(If not set,)6.525 F F2(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 +ctory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.524(forming completion.)184 651.6 +R 1.524(If not set,)6.524 F F2(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of characters that will be quoted in completed \214l\ -enames when these)184 663.6 R .029(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 -675.6 R .028(ariable references in w)-.25 F .028(ords to be completed.) --.1 F .028(This means)5.028 F 1.072(that dollar signs in v)184 687.6 R +enames when these)184 663.6 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 +675.6 R .028(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.) +-.1 F .029(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 687.6 R 1.073(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 (xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 -(ev e)184 699.6 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 +(ev e)184 699.6 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 (ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F -6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.122(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 +6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 (only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 711.6 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 723.6 Q (ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E -(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(78)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 79 79 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -9570,16 +9589,16 @@ BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(dir)144 84 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .487(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)2.987 E +SF(dir)144 84 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .486(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486(replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486 -(ord e)-.1 F .486(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .179 +(ord e)-.1 F .487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .18 (ing \214lename completion.)184 108 R .179 -(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.179 F(uf)-.2 E -(fer)-.25 E 5.18(.I)-.55 G 2.68(fn)-5.18 G(ot)-2.68 E(set,)184 120 Q F1 -(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G -(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 136.8 Q F0 .859(If set,)184 -136.8 R F1(bash)3.359 E F0 .858 -(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858 +(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F(uf)-.2 E +(fer)-.25 E 5.179(.I)-.55 G 2.679(fn)-5.179 G(ot)-2.679 E(set,)184 120 Q +F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G +(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 136.8 Q F0 .858(If set,)184 +136.8 R F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 +(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 (ord completion if)-.1 F (the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 148.8 Q(xist.)-.15 E F1(dotglob)144 165.6 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 165.6 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0 @@ -9589,41 +9608,41 @@ E F1(dotglob)144 165.6 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 165.6 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 (must al)5.63 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be matched e).1 E(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.5 (,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0 -(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 194.4 Q F0 .517(If set, a non-interacti) -184 194.4 R .817 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .517(hell will not e).15 F .516 -(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .516 +(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 194.4 Q F0 .516(If set, a non-interacti) +184 194.4 R .816 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .516(hell will not e).15 F .516 +(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .517 (cute the \214le speci\214ed as an ar).15 F(-)-.2 E(gument to the)184 206.4 Q F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E -F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 223.2 Q F0 .716 +F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 223.2 Q F0 .717 (If set, aliases are e)184 235.2 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E -/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .717(This option is enabled)5.217 F +/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .716(This option is enabled)5.217 F (by def)184 247.2 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) .15 E F1(extdeb)144 264 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .17(If set at shell in)184 276 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .17(cation, or in a shell startup \214le, arrange to e).2 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .17(cute the deb).15 F .17(ugger pro\214le)-.2 F 1.081 +-.15(xe)-.15 G .17(cute the deb).15 F .17(ugger pro\214le)-.2 F 1.082 (before the shell starts, identical to the)184 288 R F13.582 -E(ugger)-.2 E F0 3.582(option. If)3.582 F 1.082(set after in)3.582 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G 1.082(cation, be-).2 F(ha)184 300 Q +E(ugger)-.2 E F0 3.581(option. 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3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02(ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F -F1(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .957(collate between)184 712.8 R F1 -(A)3.457 E F0(and)3.457 E F1(B)3.457 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper) --3.457 F .957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .956 +F1(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 712.8 R F1 +(A)3.456 E F0(and)3.456 E F1(B)3.456 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper) +-3.457 F .957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .957 (-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 724.8 Q(.)-.55 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(79)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(79)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 80 80 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(globskipdots)144 84 Q F0 .284(If set, pathname e)184 96 R .284 +SF(globskipdots)144 84 Q F0 .285(If set, pathname e)184 96 R .285 (xpansion will ne)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.785(rm).15 G .285 (atch the \214lenames)-2.785 F F1 -.63(``)2.785 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E -F0(and)5.285 E F1 -.63(``)2.785 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 2.785(,e) -.63 G -.15(ve)-3.035 G 2.785(ni).15 G 2.785(ft)-2.785 G .285(he pat-) --2.785 F(tern be)184 108 Q(gins with a)-.15 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.') +F0(and)5.285 E F1 -.63(``)2.784 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 2.784(,e) +.63 G -.15(ve)-3.034 G 2.784(ni).15 G 2.784(ft)-2.784 G .284(he pat-) +-2.784 F(tern be)184 108 Q(gins with a)-.15 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.') .63 G(')-.08 E F0 5(.T)C(his option is enabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E -F1(globstar)144 124.8 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)184 124.8 R F1(**) -3.019 E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F -.518(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 +F1(globstar)144 124.8 Q F0 .518(If set, the pattern)184 124.8 R F1(**) +3.018 E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F +.519(xt will 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F0 .575(If set, and)184 247.2 R F1 -.18 -(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 -F .576(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 259.2 Q F1(histv)144 276 -Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403(If set, and)184 288 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline) +(histr)144 235.2 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 .576(If set, and)184 247.2 R F1 -.18 +(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .575(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 +F .575(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 259.2 Q F1(histv)144 276 +Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .402(If set, and)184 288 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline) .18 E F0 .403 (is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) -2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 300 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 -(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162 -G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 312 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 300 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 +(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161 +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 312 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 -(hostcomplete)144 328.8 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 340.8 R F1 -.18(re) -3.682 G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 -1.181(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w) -184 352.8 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 -(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E -F2(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 364.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). 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This is identical to \ the beha)184 638.4 R(v-)-.2 E(ior of unsetting local v)184 650.4 Q (ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F1(login_shell)144 667.2 Q F0 .486 (The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 -679.2 R F2(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 691.2 S(lue may not be changed.) -.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(80)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +679.2 R F2(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 691.2 S(lue may not be changed.) +.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(80)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 81 81 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(mailwar)144 84 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815(If set, and a \214le that)184 96 R -F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814 -(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F +SF(mailwar)144 84 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184 96 R +F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 +(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F -.1(wa)184 108 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E (`The mail in)-.74 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mail\214le)2.5 E F0 (has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1 -(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 124.8 Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 136.8 R F1 --.18(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324(is being used,)2.824 F F1(bash) +(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 124.8 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 136.8 R F1 +-.18(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash) 2.824 E F0 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)2.825 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .325(for possible)2.575 F +SF -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F (completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 148.8 Q -F1(nocaseglob)144 165.6 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 177.6 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 -.436(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.937 F .736 -.15(ve f) --.25 H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 189.6 S +F1(nocaseglob)144 165.6 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 177.6 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 +.436(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f) +-.25 H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 189.6 S (pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 206.4 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184 -218.4 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194 -(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.693 F 1.494 -.15(ve f)-.25 H -1.194(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 230.4 R +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 206.4 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184 +218.4 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H +1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 230.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0(or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E F0 .551(conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 -F -.1(wo)184 242.4 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering\ +F -.1(wo)184 242.4 S .623(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering\ possible completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 -254.4 Q F1(noexpand_translation)144 271.2 Q F0 1.118(If set,)184 283.2 R -F1(bash)3.618 E F0 1.117(encloses the translated results of $"..." quot\ +254.4 Q F1(noexpand_translation)144 271.2 Q F0 1.117(If set,)184 283.2 R +F1(bash)3.617 E F0 1.117(encloses the translated results of $"..." quot\ ing in single quotes instead of)3.617 F(double quotes.)184 295.2 Q (If the string is not translated, this has no ef)5 E(fect.)-.25 E F1 -(nullglob)144 312 Q F0 .854(If set,)184 324 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo) -3.354 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa) -3.355 G .855(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355 -(\)t).15 G(o)-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 336 S +(nullglob)144 312 Q F0 .855(If set,)184 324 R F1(bash)3.355 E F0(allo) +3.355 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa) +3.354 G .854(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.354 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.354 +(\)t).15 G(o)-3.354 E -.15(ex)184 336 S (pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E F1 -(patsub_r)144 352.8 Q(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .106(If set,)184 364.8 R F1 -(bash)2.606 E F0 -.15(ex)2.606 G .106(pands occurrences of).15 F F1(&) -2.606 E F0 .105(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to) -2.606 F .527(the te)184 376.8 R .527 -(xt matched by the pattern, as described under)-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.028 G -.528(rameter Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.028 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.528(.T).15 G -(his)-5.528 E(option is enabled by def)184 388.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 -405.6 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677(If set, the programmable completion f)184 -417.6 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676 -(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E +(patsub_r)144 352.8 Q(eplacement)-.18 E F0 .105(If set,)184 364.8 R F1 +(bash)2.605 E F0 -.15(ex)2.605 G .105(pands occurrences of).15 F F1(&) +2.606 E F0 .106(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to) +2.606 F .528(the te)184 376.8 R .528 +(xt matched by the pattern, as described under)-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.027 G +.527(rameter Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.027 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.527(.T).15 G +(his)-5.527 E(option is enabled by def)184 388.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 +405.6 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .676(If set, the programmable completion f)184 +417.6 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.177 E .677 +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.177 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E (are enabled.)184 429.6 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 446.4 Q(ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F0 2.124 (If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 458.4 R F1(bash) 4.624 E F0 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 470.4 Q -3.289(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.289 H(an)3.489 E 3.289(yc)-.15 G .789 -(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.289 F .788 +3.288(th)-.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.288 H(an)3.488 E 3.288(yc)-.15 G .789 +(ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.288 F .789 (xpansion. If it has)-.15 F 1.473(an alias,)184 482.4 R F1(bash)3.973 E F0 1.473(attempts programmable completion using the command w)3.973 F 1.473(ord resulting)-.1 F(from the e)184 494.4 Q(xpanded alias.)-.15 E -F1(pr)144 511.2 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.448 +F1(pr)144 511.2 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447 (If set, prompt strings under)184 523.2 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F -1.447(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 -535.2 S .17(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G -.17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F F3(PR)2.671 -E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.421 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E +1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 +535.2 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G +.17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F F3(PR)2.67 E +(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E (This option is enabled by def)184 547.2 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 564 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 (The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) @@ -9825,22 +9844,22 @@ E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.421 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E (This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G (-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 600 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E -F1(shift_v)144 616.8 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .502(If set, the)184 628.8 R F1 -(shift)3.002 E F0 -.2(bu)3.002 G .501 -(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .501 +F1(shift_v)144 616.8 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 628.8 R F1 +(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 +(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 (xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 640.8 Q F1(sour) -144 657.6 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .77(If set, the)184 669.6 R F1(.)3.27 E F0 -(\()3.27 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.27(\)b)C .77(uiltin uses the v)-3.47 -F .771(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.271 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .771 -(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.021 F -(\214le supplied as an ar)184 681.6 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F -(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.1(va)144 698.4 S(rr).1 -E(edir_close)-.18 E F0 .74(If set, the shell automatically closes \214l\ -e descriptors assigned using the)184 710.4 R F2({varname})3.24 E F0 -(redi-)3.24 E 2.557(rection syntax \(see)184 722.4 R F3(REDIRECTION) -5.058 E F0(abo)4.808 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.058(\)i).15 G 2.558 -(nstead of lea)-5.058 F 2.558(ving them open when the)-.2 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(81)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +144 657.6 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 669.6 R F1(.)3.271 E +F0(\()3.271 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) +-3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77 +(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar) +184 681.6 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E +(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.1(va)144 698.4 S(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F0 .74(If \ +set, the shell automatically closes \214le descriptors assigned using t\ +he)184 710.4 R F2({varname})3.24 E F0(redi-)3.24 E 2.558 +(rection syntax \(see)184 722.4 R F3(REDIRECTION)5.058 E F0(abo)4.808 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.058(\)i).15 G 2.558(nstead of lea)-5.058 F 2.558 +(ving them open when the)-.2 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16) +148.175 E(81)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 82 82 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -9850,33 +9869,33 @@ BP (command completes.)184 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(xpg_echo)144 100.8 Q F0(If set, the)184 112.8 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E (xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend) -108 129.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A .91(Suspend the e)144 141.6 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .91(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.41(sa).15 G/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCONT)-.001 E F0 3.409 -(signal. A)3.159 F .909(login shell, or a shell)3.409 F .752 +108 129.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A .909(Suspend the e)144 141.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .909(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.41(sa).15 G/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCONT)A F0 3.41(signal. A) +3.16 F .91(login shell, or a shell)3.41 F .753 (without job control enabled, cannot be suspended; the)144 153.6 R F1 -3.252 E F0 .753(option can be used to o)3.253 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -.753(rride this and).15 F .107(force the suspension.)144 165.6 R .107(T\ +3.253 E F0 .752(option can be used to o)3.252 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +.752(rride this and).15 F .107(force the suspension.)144 165.6 R .107(T\ he return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or job control \ is not en-)5.107 F(abled and)144 177.6 Q F12.5 E F0 (is not supplied.)2.5 E F1(test)108 194.4 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2 (ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 206.4 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 -.877(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 206.4 R .878 -(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878 +.878(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 206.4 R .877 +(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .877 (luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 218.4 S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 (ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 -(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.36 -(primaries described abo)144 230.4 R 1.66 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -(CONDITION)3.86 E 1.36(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A -F1(test)5.86 E F0 1.361(does not accept an)3.86 F 3.861(yo)-.15 G(p-) --3.861 E(tions, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 242.4 Q +(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.361 +(primaries described abo)144 230.4 R 1.661 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E +F2(CONDITION)3.861 E 1.36(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +A F1(test)5.86 E F0 1.36(does not accept an)3.86 F 3.86(yo)-.15 G(p-) +-3.86 E(tions, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 242.4 Q (gument of)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 -E .786(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 260.4 R .785 -(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411 -(dence. The)144 272.4 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911 -(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F -4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F +E .785(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 260.4 R .786 +(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.412 +(dence. The)144 272.4 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912 +(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .911(guments; see belo)-.18 F +4.711 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .911(perator precedence is).65 F (used when there are \214v)144 284.4 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G (ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 296.4 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 296.4 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 @@ -9899,9 +9918,9 @@ F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E E 2.5(2a)144 451.2 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) 180 463.2 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 -(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 475.2 R .38 -(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 487.2 Q .552 +(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 475.2 R .38 +(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 487.2 Q .553 (AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552 (xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552 (If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 499.2 Q @@ -9912,41 +9931,41 @@ F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 (If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 (the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 535.2 R 1.155 -.15 (ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F -F4(,)A F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 547.2 R .578(xpression i\ +F4(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578(result of the e)180 547.2 R .578(xpression i\ s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F -(guments)-.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 559.2 R(The)6.332 E F13.832 -E F0(and)3.832 E F13.832 E F0 1.333 +(guments)-.18 E 1.333(as operands.)180 559.2 R(The)6.333 E F13.833 +E F0(and)3.833 E F13.832 E F0 1.332 (operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 (three ar)180 571.2 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F .558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F -(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180 -583.2 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521 -(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third) -3.021 F(ar)180 595.2 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 -E F0 2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 +(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180 +583.2 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .52 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.02 E F0 .52(and the third)3.02 +F(ar)180 595.2 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 E F0 +2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 (gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E (wise, the e)180 607.2 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 -619.2 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .429(The follo)180 631.2 R .429 -(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .43 -(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .43(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.93 E F0 2.93(,t)C -.43(he re-)-2.93 F 1.315(sult is the ne)180 643.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.314 -(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F 1.314 -(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.744 -(ments. the)180 655.2 R(tw)2.744 E(o-ar)-.1 E .245 -(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 2.745(guments. If)-.18 -F .245(the \214rst ar)2.745 F(gument)-.18 E .31(is e)180 667.2 R(xactly) --.15 E F1(\()2.81 E F0 .31(and the fourth ar)2.81 F .31(gument is e)-.18 -F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.809 E F0 2.809(,t)C .309(he result is the tw) --2.809 F(o-ar)-.1 E .309(gument test of the)-.18 F .183 -(second and third ar)180 679.2 R 2.683(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F .184 -(the e)2.684 F .184(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .184 -(luated according).25 F(to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 +619.2 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .43(The follo)180 631.2 R .43 +(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .429 +(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .429(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.929 E F0 2.929 +(,t)C .429(he re-)-2.929 F 1.314(sult is the ne)180 643.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 +G 1.314(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F 1.314 +(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.745 +(ments. the)180 655.2 R(tw)2.745 E(o-ar)-.1 E .245 +(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 2.744(guments. If)-.18 +F .244(the \214rst ar)2.744 F(gument)-.18 E .309(is e)180 667.2 R +(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()2.809 E F0 .309(and the fourth ar)2.809 F .309 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.809 E F0 2.809(,t)C .31 +(he result is the tw)-2.809 F(o-ar)-.1 E .31(gument test of the)-.18 F +.184(second and third ar)180 679.2 R 2.684(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F +.184(the e)2.684 F .183(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.183(luated according).25 F(to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 691.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 703.2 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) -2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 715.2 R 1.635 (xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 (luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 -727.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15) +727.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16) 148.175 E(82)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 83 83 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -9961,13 +9980,13 @@ BP processes run from the shell.)144 100.8 R(The return status is 0.)144 112.8 Q F1(trap)108 129.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E /F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(action)A F0(])A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -(The)144 141.6 Q F2(action)3.734 E F0 .903 -(is a command that is read and e)3.644 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .903 +(The)144 141.6 Q F2(action)3.733 E F0 .903 +(is a command that is read and e)3.643 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .903 (cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.403(ss).15 G -(ignal\(s\))-3.403 E F2(sigspec)3.743 E F0 5.903(.I).31 G(f)-5.903 E F2 -(action)144.33 153.6 Q F0 .105(is absent \(and there is a single)2.845 F +(ignal\(s\))-3.403 E F2(sigspec)3.744 E F0 5.904(.I).31 G(f)-5.904 E F2 +(action)144.33 153.6 Q F0 .106(is absent \(and there is a single)2.846 F F2(sigspec)2.605 E F0 2.605(\)o)C(r)-2.605 E F12.605 E F0 2.605(,e)C -.106(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original dis-)-2.605 F .627 +.105(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original dis-)-2.605 F .626 (position \(the v)144 165.6 R .626 (alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)-.25 F(If)5.626 E F2(action) 3.456 E F0 .626(is the null string the signal speci-)3.366 F @@ -9976,174 +9995,175 @@ F2(sigspec)2.605 E F0 2.605(\)o)C(r)-2.605 E F12.605 E F0 2.605(,e)C -.1(ke).2 G(s.).1 E .165(If no ar)144 195.6 R .165 (guments are supplied,)-.18 F F1(trap)2.665 E F0 .165 (displays the actions associated with each trapped signal as a set)2.665 -F(of)144 207.6 Q F1(trap)2.57 E F0 .069(commands that can be reused as \ -shell input to restore the current signal dispositions.)2.57 F(If)5.069 -E F12.569 E F0 .473(is gi)144 219.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .473(n, and) +F(of)144 207.6 Q F1(trap)2.569 E F0 .069(commands that can be reused as\ + shell input to restore the current signal dispositions.)2.569 F(If)5.07 +E F12.57 E F0 .474(is gi)144 219.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .474(n, and) .15 F F2(action)3.303 E F0 .473(is not present, then)3.213 F F1(trap) 2.973 E F0 .473(displays the actions associated with each)2.973 F F2 -(sigspec)3.314 E F0(or)3.284 E(,)-.4 E .364 +(sigspec)3.313 E F0(or)3.283 E(,)-.4 E .363 (if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of)144 231.6 R -F1(trap)2.864 E F0 .363(commands that can be reused as shell)2.864 F +F1(trap)2.864 E F0 .364(commands that can be reused as shell)2.864 F .207(input to restore the current signal dispositions.)144 243.6 R(The) 5.207 E F12.707 E F0 .207(option beha)2.707 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.707 -(ss).15 G(imilarly)-2.707 E 2.707(,b)-.65 G .208(ut displays only)-2.907 -F 1.553(the actions associated with each)144 255.6 R F2(sigspec)4.052 E -F0(ar)4.052 E(gument.)-.18 E F16.552 E F0 1.552 -(requires at least one)4.052 F F2(sigspec)4.052 E F0(ar)4.052 E(gument.) --.18 E(The)144 267.6 Q F12.726 E F0(or)2.726 E F12.727 E F0 +(ss).15 G(imilarly)-2.707 E 2.707(,b)-.65 G .207(ut displays only)-2.907 +F 1.552(the actions associated with each)144 255.6 R F2(sigspec)4.052 E +F0(ar)4.052 E(gument.)-.18 E F16.552 E F0 1.553 +(requires at least one)4.052 F F2(sigspec)4.053 E F0(ar)4.053 E(gument.) +-.18 E(The)144 267.6 Q F12.727 E F0(or)2.727 E F12.727 E F0 .227(options to)2.727 F F1(trap)2.727 E F0 .227 -(may be used in a subshell en)2.727 F .227 -(vironment \(e.g., command substitution\))-.4 F .993 +(may be used in a subshell en)2.727 F .226 +(vironment \(e.g., command substitution\))-.4 F .992 (and, as long as the)144 279.6 R 3.493(ya)-.15 G .993(re used before) -3.493 F F1(trap)3.493 E F0 .993(is used to change a signal')3.493 F -3.492(sh)-.55 G .992(andling, will display the)-3.492 F +3.493(sh)-.55 G .993(andling, will display the)-3.493 F (state of its parent')144 291.6 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(raps.)-2.5 E(The)144 -309.6 Q F13.216 E F0 .716(option causes)3.216 F F1(trap)3.216 E F0 +309.6 Q F13.217 E F0 .717(option causes)3.217 F F1(trap)3.217 E F0 .716(to print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers.) -3.216 F(Each)5.717 E F2(sigspec)144.34 321.6 Q F0 .709 -(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)3.519 F F2(signal.h)A F0 .709 -(>, or a signal number)B 5.708(.S)-.55 G .708(ignal names are case) --5.708 F(insensiti)144 333.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E .091(If a)144 -351.6 R F2(sigspec)2.931 E F0(is)2.901 E F3(EXIT)2.591 E F0 .091 -(\(0\) the command)2.341 F F2(action)2.921 E F0 .091(is e)2.831 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .091(cuted on e).15 F .092(xit from the shell.)-.15 F .092 -(If a)5.092 F F2(sigspec)2.932 E F0(is)2.902 E F3(DE-)2.592 E -.09(BU) -144 363.6 S(G).09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.245(the command)3.495 -F F2(action)4.075 E F0 1.245(is e)3.985 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.244 -(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F2 1.244(simple command) -3.744 F F0(,)A F2(for)3.744 E F0(command,)3.744 E F2(case)3.744 E F0 -(com-)3.744 E(mand,)144 375.6 Q F2(select)2.696 E F0 .196 +3.216 F(Each)5.716 E F2(sigspec)144.34 321.6 Q F0 .709 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)3.518 F F2(signal.h)A F0 .709 +(>, or a signal number)B 5.709(.S)-.55 G .709(ignal names are case) +-5.709 F(insensiti)144 333.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E .092(If a)144 +351.6 R F2(sigspec)2.932 E F0(is)2.902 E F3(EXIT)2.592 E F0 .092 +(\(0\) the command)2.342 F F2(action)2.921 E F0 .091(is e)2.831 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .091(cuted on e).15 F .091(xit from the shell.)-.15 F .091 +(If a)5.091 F F2(sigspec)2.931 E F0(is)2.901 E F3(DE-)2.591 E -.09(BU) +144 363.6 S(G).09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.244(the command)3.494 +F F2(action)4.074 E F0 1.244(is e)3.984 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.244 +(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F2 1.245(simple command) +3.744 F F0(,)A F2(for)3.745 E F0(command,)3.745 E F2(case)3.745 E F0 +(com-)3.745 E(mand,)144 375.6 Q F2(select)2.697 E F0 .196 (command, \(\( arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic) -2.696 F F2(for)2.697 E F0(command,)2.697 E .394 -(and before the \214rst command e)144 387.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .393 -(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F3 .393(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.893 F F0 -(abo)2.643 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.893(\). Refer).15 F .833 -(to the description of the)144 399.6 R F1(extdeb)3.333 E(ug)-.2 E F0 -.833(option to the)3.333 F F1(shopt)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .834 -(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .834(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DE-)3.334 E --.1(BU)144 411.6 S(G).1 E F0 2.694(trap. If)2.694 F(a)2.694 E F2 -(sigspec)3.034 E F0(is)3.004 E F3(RETURN)2.694 E F4(,)A F0 .194 +2.697 F F2(for)2.696 E F0(command,)2.696 E .393 +(and before the \214rst command e)144 387.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .394 +(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F3 .394(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.894 F F0 +(abo)2.644 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.894(\). Refer).15 F .834 +(to the description of the)144 399.6 R F1(extdeb)3.334 E(ug)-.2 E F0 +.833(option to the)3.334 F F1(shopt)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833 +(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .833(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DE-)3.333 E +-.1(BU)144 411.6 S(G).1 E F0 2.693(trap. If)2.693 F(a)2.693 E F2 +(sigspec)3.033 E F0(is)3.003 E F3(RETURN)2.693 E F4(,)A F0 .194 (the command)2.444 F F2(action)3.024 E F0 .194(is e)2.934 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .193(cuted each time a shell function or).15 F 2.5(as)144 423.6 S +G .194(cuted each time a shell function or).15 F 2.5(as)144 423.6 S (cript e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with the).15 E F1(.)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(sour)2.5 E(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins \214nishes e).2 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .284(If a)144 441.6 R F2(sigspec)3.124 E F0(is) -3.094 E F3(ERR)2.784 E F4(,)A F0 .284(the command)2.534 F F2(action) +(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .285(If a)144 441.6 R F2(sigspec)3.125 E F0(is) +3.095 E F3(ERR)2.784 E F4(,)A F0 .284(the command)2.534 F F2(action) 3.114 E F0 .284(is e)3.024 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .284(cuted whene).15 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.784(rap).15 G .285(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-2.784 +(ve)-.25 G 2.784(rap).15 G .284(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-2.784 F .185(single simple command\), a list, or a compound command returns a\ - non\255zero e)144 453.6 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451 -(the follo)144 465.6 R .451(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F3(ERR) -2.951 E F0 .451(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451 -(cuted if the f).15 F .452(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388 -(mand list immediately follo)144 477.6 R .388(wing a)-.25 F F1(while) -2.888 E F0(or)2.888 E F1(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 -(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F2(if)2.897 E F0 .387 -(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 489.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G + non\255zero e)144 453.6 R .185(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .452 +(the follo)144 465.6 R .452(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.452 E F3(ERR) +2.952 E F0 .451(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451 +(cuted if the f).15 F .451(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .387 +(mand list immediately follo)144 477.6 R .387(wing a)-.25 F F1(while) +2.887 E F0(or)2.887 E F1(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 +(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F2(if)2.898 E F0 .388 +(statement, part)4.848 F .778(of a command e)144 489.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .778(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 .778 (list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 -(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 -3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 501.6 R +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.277 E F0 +3.277(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.277 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 501.6 R 1.28(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v) -3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F F1(!)3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 513.6 Q (yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F1A F0 2.5 -(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E .069(When the shell is not interacti)144 531.6 R --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.569(,s).15 G .07 +(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E .07(When the shell is not interacti)144 531.6 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.57(,s).15 G .069 (ignals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.) --2.569 F(Interacti)144 543.6 Q .952 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .652 +-2.57 F(Interacti)144 543.6 Q .951 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .651 (hells permit trapping signals ignored on entry).15 F 5.651(.T)-.65 G -.651(rapped signals that are not being ig-)-6.001 F .576 +.652(rapped signals that are not being ig-)-6.001 F .577 (nored are reset to their original v)144 555.6 R .576 -(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .577 +(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .576 (vironment when one is created.)-.4 F(The return status is f)144 567.6 Q (alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1(true)108 584.4 Q F0(Does nothing, returns a 0 status.)144 584.4 Q F1(type)108 601.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 613.2 S .174 -(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F2(name) -3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173 -(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F +(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 613.2 S .173 +(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F2(name) +3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 +(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F F1144 625.2 Q F0 .715(option is used,)3.215 F F1(type)3.215 E F0 .715(prints a string which is one of)3.215 F F2(alias)3.545 E F0(,).27 E F2 -.1(ke)3.215 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)5.185 E F0 (,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.215 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.215(,o).24 G(r)-3.215 E F2 -(\214le)5.125 E F0(if)3.395 E F2(name)144.36 637.2 Q F0 .378 -(is an alias, shell reserv)3.058 F .377(ed w)-.15 F .377 -(ord, function, b)-.1 F .377(uiltin, or e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .377 -(cutable disk \214le, respecti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.377(.I) --.65 G 2.877(ft)-5.377 G(he)-2.877 E F2(name)144.36 649.2 Q F0 .645 -(is not found, then nothing is printed, and)3.325 F F1(type)3.146 E F0 -.646(returns a non-zero e)3.146 F .646(xit status.)-.15 F .646(If the) -5.646 F F13.146 E F0(op-)3.146 E .642(tion is used,)144 661.2 R F1 -(type)3.142 E F0 .642(either returns the name of the e)3.142 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .642(cutable \214le that w).15 F .641(ould be found by searching) --.1 F F1($P)144 673.2 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(if)2.615 E F2(name) -2.975 E F0 .116(were speci\214ed as a command name, or nothing if)2.796 -F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .116(type -t name)2.616 F F0 -.1(wo)2.616 G .116 -(uld not re-).1 F(turn)144 685.2 Q F2(\214le)4.5 E F0 5.09(.T).18 G(he) --5.09 E F12.59 E F0 .09(option forces a)2.59 F F3 -.666(PA)2.59 G -(TH)-.189 E F0 .089(search for each)2.339 F F2(name)2.589 E F0 2.589(,e) -C -.15(ve)-2.839 G 2.589(ni).15 G(f)-2.589 E F5 .089(type -t name)2.589 -F F0 -.1(wo)2.589 G .089(uld not).1 F(return)144 697.2 Q F2(\214le)5.245 -E F0 5.835(.I).18 G 3.336(fac)-5.835 G .836(ommand is hashed,)-3.336 F -F13.336 E F0(and)3.336 E F13.336 E F0 .836 -(print the hashed v)3.336 F .836(alue, which is not necessarily)-.25 F -.033(the \214le that appears \214rst in)144 709.2 R F3 -.666(PA)2.533 G -(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .033(If the)4.533 F F12.533 E F0 .033 +(\214le)5.125 E F0(if)3.395 E F2(name)144.36 637.2 Q F0 .377 +(is an alias, shell reserv)3.057 F .377(ed w)-.15 F .377 +(ord, function, b)-.1 F .377(uiltin, or e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378 +(cutable disk \214le, respecti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.378(.I) +-.65 G 2.878(ft)-5.378 G(he)-2.878 E F2(name)144.36 649.2 Q F0 .646 +(is not found, then nothing is printed, and)3.326 F F1(type)3.146 E F0 +.645(returns a non-zero e)3.146 F .645(xit status.)-.15 F .645(If the) +5.645 F F13.145 E F0(op-)3.145 E .641(tion is used,)144 661.2 R F1 +(type)3.141 E F0 .642(either returns the name of the e)3.141 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .642(cutable \214le that w).15 F .642(ould be found by searching) +-.1 F F1($P)144 673.2 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(if)2.616 E F2(name) +2.976 E F0 .116(were speci\214ed as a command name, or nothing if)2.796 +F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .116(type -t name)2.616 F F0 -.1(wo)2.616 G .115 +(uld not re-).1 F(turn)144 685.2 Q F2(\214le)4.499 E F0 5.089(.T).18 G +(he)-5.089 E F12.589 E F0 .089(option forces a)2.589 F F3 -.666 +(PA)2.589 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .089(search for each)2.339 F F2(name)2.589 E +F0 2.59(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.84 G 2.59(ni).15 G(f)-2.59 E F5 .09 +(type -t name)2.59 F F0 -.1(wo)2.59 G .09(uld not).1 F(return)144 697.2 +Q F2(\214le)5.246 E F0 5.836(.I).18 G 3.336(fac)-5.836 G .836 +(ommand is hashed,)-3.336 F F13.336 E F0(and)3.336 E F13.336 +E F0 .836(print the hashed v)3.336 F .836 +(alue, which is not necessarily)-.25 F .033 +(the \214le that appears \214rst in)144 709.2 R F3 -.666(PA)2.533 G(TH) +-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .033(If the)4.533 F F12.533 E F0 .033 (option is used,)2.533 F F1(type)2.533 E F0 .033 -(prints all of the places that contain)2.533 F 3.55(ac)144 721.2 S 1.05 -(ommand named)-3.55 F F2(name)3.91 E F0 6.051(.T).18 G 1.051 +(prints all of the places that contain)2.533 F 3.551(ac)144 721.2 S +1.051(ommand named)-3.551 F F2(name)3.911 E F0 6.051(.T).18 G 1.051 (his includes aliases, reserv)-6.051 F 1.051(ed w)-.15 F 1.051 -(ords, functions, and b)-.1 F 1.051(uiltins, b)-.2 F 1.051(ut the)-.2 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(83)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(ords, functions, and b)-.1 F 1.05(uiltins, b)-.2 F 1.05(ut the)-.2 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(83)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 84 84 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.178 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.177 (path search options \()144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SFA F0(and) -3.678 E F13.678 E F0 3.678(\)c)C 1.177 -(an be supplied to restrict the output to e)-3.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.177(cutable \214les.).15 F F1(type)6.177 E F0 .035 +3.677 E F13.677 E F0 3.677(\)c)C 1.178 +(an be supplied to restrict the output to e)-3.677 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +1.178(cutable \214les.).15 F F1(type)6.178 E F0 .035 (does not consult the table of hashed commands when using)144 96 R F1 -2.535 E F0(with)2.535 E F12.535 E F0 2.535(,a)C .036 -(nd only performs a)-2.535 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.536 G(TH) --.189 E F0 .912(search for)144 108 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.412 -E F0 5.912(.T)C(he)-5.912 E F13.412 E F0 .911 -(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.412 F F1 -(command)3.411 E F0 -.2(bu)3.411 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type)144 120 Q F0 +2.535 E F0(with)2.535 E F12.535 E F0 2.535(,a)C .035 +(nd only performs a)-2.535 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.535 G(TH) +-.189 E F0 .911(search for)144 108 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.411 +E F0 5.911(.T)C(he)-5.911 E F13.411 E F0 .912 +(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.411 F F1 +(command)3.412 E F0 -.2(bu)3.412 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type)144 120 Q F0 (returns true if all of the ar)2.5 E(guments are found, f)-.18 E (alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F1(ulimit)108 136.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HS)A F0(])A F12.5 E(ulimit)108 148.8 Q F0([) 2.5 E F1(\255HS)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255bcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPR)-2.5 E(T)-.4 -E F0([)2.5 E F3(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 160.8 Q .243(vides control o) --.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25 +E F0([)2.5 E F3(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 160.8 Q .244(vides control o) +-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25 (va)-.2 G .244 (ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F -.944(that allo)144 172.8 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F -(The)5.944 E F13.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F13.444 E F0 .943 +.943(that allo)144 172.8 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F +(The)5.943 E F13.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F13.444 E F0 .944 (options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) -144 184.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208 +144 184.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 (hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ -ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 196.8 R .426 -(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F12.925 E -F0(nor)2.925 E F12.925 E F0 .425 -(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 +ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 196.8 R .425 +(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F12.926 E +F0(nor)2.926 E F12.926 E F0 .426 +(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 208.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F3(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 (can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F -.742(of the special v)144 220.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F1 +.741(of the special v)144 220.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1 (soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) -C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .023 +C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .024 (soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 232.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.023(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.023 E F3(limit)2.613 E F0 .023 (is omitted, the current v)3.203 F .023 -(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .985 -(source is printed, unless the)144 244.8 R F13.485 E F0 .984 -(option is gi)3.485 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .984 +(alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .984 +(source is printed, unless the)144 244.8 R F13.484 E F0 .984 +(option is gi)3.484 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.484(n. When).15 F .985 (more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)3.484 F .7 (limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 256.8 R 3.2(alue. Other)-.25 F .7(options are interpreted as)3.2 F(follo)144 @@ -10165,7 +10185,7 @@ Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 316.8 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) (The maximum resident set size \(man)180 388.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G (ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1144 400.8 Q F0 .791(Th\ e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) -180 400.8 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F +180 400.8 R 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F (be set\))180 412.8 Q F1144 424.8 Q F0 (The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 424.8 Q F1 144 436.8 Q F0 @@ -10185,20 +10205,20 @@ Q F1144 460.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 460.8 Q F1144 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F1 2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 F F3(limit)2.968 E F0 .468 (is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 -(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044 -(no option is gi)144 585.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1 -2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 -(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1 -2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F .67(in seconds;)144 +(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .045 +(no option is gi)144 585.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F1 +2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F1 +2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F .67(in seconds;)144 597.6 R F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in microseconds;)-3.17 F F13.17 E F0 3.17(,w)C .67(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;) -3.17 F F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,)A F13.17 E F0(,) -A F1144 609.6 Q F0(,)A F13.736 E F0 3.736(,a)C(nd)-3.736 E +A F1144 609.6 Q F0(,)A F13.737 E F0 3.737(,a)C(nd)-3.737 E F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are unscaled v)-3.736 F 1.236 (alues; and, when in posix mode,)-.25 F F13.736 E F0(and)3.736 E -F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.237(hich are in)-3.736 F .239 +F13.736 E F0 3.736(,w)C 1.236(hich are in)-3.736 F .238 (512-byte increments.)144 621.6 R .238 -(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.239 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238 +(The return status is 0 unless an in)5.238 F -.25(va)-.4 G .238 (lid option or ar).25 F .238(gument is supplied, or an)-.18 F (error occurs while setting a ne)144 633.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 650.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 @@ -10208,18 +10228,18 @@ F1(umask)108 650.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 (gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ pted by)144 674.4 R F3 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -686.4 Q F3(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 +686.4 Q F3(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382 (alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F12.882 E F0 .382 (option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 (printed in symbolic form; the def)144 698.4 R .547 (ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G (he)-3.047 E F13.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F3 -(mode)144.38 710.4 Q F0 .551 -(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 -F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 722.4 Q +(mode)144.38 710.4 Q F0 .552 +(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232 +F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 722.4 Q (as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F3(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E (gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(84)197.335 E 0 Cg EP +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(84)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 85 85 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -10227,76 +10247,76 @@ BP /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(unalias)108 84 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 96 Q 1.058 -.15 -(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.258 E F0 .758 -(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.258 F(If)5.758 E F13.258 E -F0 .757(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-)3.258 F(mo)144 108 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 96 Q 1.057 -.15 +(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.257 E F0 .757 +(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)3.257 F(If)5.758 E F13.258 E +F0 .758(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are re-)3.258 F(mo)144 108 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E (alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 (is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 124.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 (fv)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...]) -2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 136.8 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F2(name)4.163 E F0 -3.803(,r).18 G(emo)-3.803 E 1.603 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.303 +2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 136.8 S 3.804(re).15 G(ach)-3.804 E F2(name)4.164 E F0 +3.804(,r).18 G(emo)-3.804 E 1.604 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.304 (he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303 -(If the)6.303 F F13.804 E F0 1.304(option is gi)3.804 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 148.8 Q F0 .465 -(refers to a shell v)3.145 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464 -(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.964(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) -2.964 G .464(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.768(set. If)144 160.8 R F1 -2.768 E F0 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.768 F F2(name)3.129 E F0 +(If the)6.303 F F13.803 E F0 1.303(option is gi)3.803 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.303(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 148.8 Q F0 .464 +(refers to a shell v)3.144 F .464(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .464 +(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.965(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) +2.965 G .465(riables may not be un-).25 F 2.769(set. If)144 160.8 R F1 +2.769 E F0 .269(is speci\214ed, each)2.769 F F2(name)3.129 E F0 .269(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo) -2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .404(If the)144 172.8 R F12.904 E +2.949 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .403(If the)144 172.8 R F12.903 E F0 .404(option is supplied, and)2.904 F F2(name)2.904 E F0 .404(is a v) 2.904 F .404(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.904 E(ef)-.37 E F0 -(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.904 E F0 .403(will be unset)2.904 F -.719(rather than the v)144 184.8 R .719(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1 -5.719 E F0 .719(has no ef)3.219 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F1 -3.22 E F0 .72(option is supplied.)3.22 F .72(If no options)5.72 F .737 -(are supplied, each)144 196.8 R F2(name)3.237 E F0 .737(refers to a v) -3.237 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .736 -(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.761(that name, if an)144 -208.8 R 3.061 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.261(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.261 F +(attrib)2.904 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.904 E F0 .404(will be unset)2.904 F +.72(rather than the v)144 184.8 R .72(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1 +5.72 E F0 .72(has no ef)3.22 F .719(fect if the)-.25 F F1 +3.219 E F0 .719(option is supplied.)3.219 F .719(If no options)5.719 F +.736(are supplied, each)144 196.8 R F2(name)3.236 E F0 .736 +(refers to a v)3.236 F .737(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .737 +(ariable by that name, a function with)-.25 F 1.762(that name, if an)144 +208.8 R 3.062 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 4.262(su).65 G 4.261(nset. Each)-4.262 F 1.761(unset v)4.261 F 1.761(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 4.262(df).15 G 1.762(rom the en)-4.262 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.172 +-.15 G 4.261(df).15 G 1.761(rom the en)-4.261 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.171 (passed to subsequent commands.)144 220.8 R 3.172(If an)8.172 F 5.672 (yo)-.15 G(f)-5.672 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)5.672 G(SH_ALIASES) -.27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A -F3 -.27(BA)5.421 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)144 232.8 S -(SH_COMMAND).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.481 G(SH_SUBSHELL).27 E F4(,)A F3 +.27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)5.422 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A +F3 -.27(BA)5.422 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)144 232.8 S +(SH_COMMAND).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.482 G(SH_SUBSHELL).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)11.482 G(SHPID).27 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_W)11.482 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E -F4(,)A F3(DIRST)11.482 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL) +F4(,)A F3(DIRST)11.481 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL) 144 244.8 Q(TIME)-.828 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) 2.67 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)2.67 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(RANDOM)2.67 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)144 -256.8 Q F4(,)A F0(or)4.029 E F3(SRANDOM)4.279 E F0 1.779(are unset, the) -4.029 F 4.279(yl)-.15 G 1.779(ose their special properties, e)-4.279 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 4.279(ni).15 G 4.28(ft)-4.279 G(he)-4.28 E 4.28(ya)-.15 G -1.78(re subse-)-4.28 F(quently reset.)144 268.8 Q(The e)5 E +256.8 Q F4(,)A F0(or)4.03 E F3(SRANDOM)4.28 E F0 1.779(are unset, the) +4.03 F 4.279(yl)-.15 G 1.779(ose their special properties, e)-4.279 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 4.279(ni).15 G 4.279(ft)-4.279 G(he)-4.279 E 4.279(ya) +-.15 G 1.779(re subse-)-4.279 F(quently reset.)144 268.8 Q(The e)5 E (xit status is true unless a)-.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 (is readonly or may not be unset.)2.68 E F1(wait)108 285.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(varname)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 (id ...)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 297.6 S .659(it for each speci\214ed c\ hild process and return its termination status.).8 F(Each)5.659 E F2(id) -3.169 E F0 .658(may be a process)3.928 F .008 +3.169 E F0 .659(may be a process)3.929 F .009 (ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 309.6 R -.15(ve) --.25 G .009(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.509(sp)-.55 G .009 -(ipeline are w)-2.509 F .009(aited for)-.1 F 5.009(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.009 E -F2(id)144.01 321.6 Q F0 .442(is not gi)3.712 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E -F1(wait)2.942 E F0 -.1(wa)2.942 G .441 +-.25 G .008(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.508(sp)-.55 G .008 +(ipeline are w)-2.508 F .008(aited for)-.1 F 5.008(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.008 E +F2(id)144.01 321.6 Q F0 .441(is not gi)3.711 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E +F1(wait)2.941 E F0 -.1(wa)2.941 G .441 (its for all running background jobs and the last-e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.441(cuted process substitu-).15 F .597 +.442(cuted process substitu-).15 F .598 (tion, if its process id is the same as)144 333.6 R F1($!)3.098 E F0 -3.098(,a)C .598(nd the return status is zero.)-3.098 F .598(If the)5.598 -F F13.098 E F0 .598(option is supplied,)3.098 F F1(wait)144 345.6 -Q F0 -.1(wa)3.083 G .583(its for a single job from the list of).1 F F2 +3.098(,a)C .598(nd the return status is zero.)-3.098 F .597(If the)5.597 +F F13.097 E F0 .597(option is supplied,)3.097 F F1(wait)144 345.6 +Q F0 -.1(wa)3.082 G .583(its for a single job from the list of).1 F F2 (id)3.083 E F0 3.083(so)C 1.383 -.4(r, i)-3.083 H 3.083(fn).4 G(o)-3.083 E F2(id)3.083 E F0 3.083(sa)C .583(re supplied, an)-3.083 F 3.083(yj) --.15 G .582(ob, to complete and)-3.083 F .403(returns its e)144 357.6 R -.403(xit status.)-.15 F .403(If none of the supplied ar)5.403 F .403 -(guments is a child of the shell, or if no ar)-.18 F(guments)-.18 E .573 +-.15 G .583(ob, to complete and)-3.083 F .404(returns its e)144 357.6 R +.404(xit status.)-.15 F .403(If none of the supplied ar)5.403 F .403 +(guments is a child of the shell, or if no ar)-.18 F(guments)-.18 E .572 (are supplied and the shell has no unw)144 369.6 R .573 -(aited-for children, the e)-.1 F .573(xit status is 127.)-.15 F .572 -(If the)5.573 F F13.072 E F0 .572(option is)3.072 F .39 +(aited-for children, the e)-.1 F .573(xit status is 127.)-.15 F .573 +(If the)5.573 F F13.073 E F0 .573(option is)3.073 F .39 (supplied, the process or job identi\214er of the job for which the e) 144 381.6 R .39(xit status is returned is assigned to)-.15 F .905(the v) 144 393.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)3.405 E F0 .905 @@ -10305,75 +10325,74 @@ E F2(id)3.083 E F0 3.083(sa)C .583(re supplied, an)-3.083 F 3.083(yj) (an)144 405.6 Q 3.89(ya)-.15 G 3.89(ssignment. This)-3.89 F 1.39 (is useful only when the)3.89 F F13.89 E F0 1.39 (option is supplied.)3.89 F 1.39(Supplying the)6.39 F F13.89 E F0 -(option,)3.89 E .575(when job control is enabled, forces)144 417.6 R F1 +(option,)3.89 E .574(when job control is enabled, forces)144 417.6 R F1 (wait)3.075 E F0 .575(to w)3.075 F .575(ait for)-.1 F F2(id)3.075 E F0 -.574(to terminate before returning its status, in-)3.075 F .635 +.575(to terminate before returning its status, in-)3.075 F .635 (stead of returning when it changes status.)144 429.6 R(If)5.635 E F2 (id)3.145 E F0 .635(speci\214es a non-e)3.905 F .635 -(xistent process or job, the return)-.15 F .802(status is 127.)144 441.6 +(xistent process or job, the return)-.15 F .801(status is 127.)144 441.6 R(If)5.801 E F1(wait)3.301 E F0 .801(is interrupted by a signal, the re\ -turn status will be greater than 128, as de-)3.301 F .019(scribed under) -144 453.6 R F1(SIGN)2.519 E(ALS)-.2 E F0(abo)2.519 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -5.019(.O).15 G .019(therwise, the return status is the e)-5.019 F .02 +turn status will be greater than 128, as de-)3.301 F .02(scribed under) +144 453.6 R F1(SIGN)2.52 E(ALS)-.2 E F0(abo)2.52 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.02 +(.O).15 G .019(therwise, the return status is the e)-5.02 F .019 (xit status of the last process or)-.15 F(job w)144 465.6 Q(aited for) -.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL COMP)72 482.4 Q -1.04(AT) --.81 G(IBILITY MODE)1.04 E F0 1.355 +-.81 G(IBILITY MODE)1.04 E F0 1.354 (Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a)108 494.4 R F2 1.355 -(shell compatibility le)3.855 F(vel)-.15 E F0 3.855(,s)C 1.354 +(shell compatibility le)3.855 F(vel)-.15 E F0 3.855(,s)C 1.355 (peci\214ed as a set of options to the shopt)-3.855 F -.2(bu)108 506.4 S -.398(iltin \().2 F F1(compat31)2.898 E F0(,)A F1(compat32)2.898 E F0(,)A -F1(compat40)2.898 E F0(,)A F1(compat41)2.898 E F0 2.898(,a)C .399 -(nd so on\).)-2.898 F .399(There is only one current compatibility)5.399 -F(le)108 518.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.254(l-).15 G 3.254(-e)-3.254 G .754 -(ach option is mutually e)-3.254 F(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.754 -(.T).15 G .754(he compatibility le)-5.754 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.253(li).15 -G 3.253(si)-3.253 G .753(ntended to allo)-3.253 F 3.253(wu)-.25 G .753 -(sers to select be-)-3.253 F(ha)108 530.4 Q 1.083(vior from pre)-.2 F -1.083(vious v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions that is incompatible with ne)-.15 F -1.083(wer v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions while the)-.15 F 3.584(ym)-.15 G 1.084 -(igrate scripts to use)-3.584 F(current features and beha)108 542.4 Q +.399(iltin \().2 F F1(compat31)2.899 E F0(,)A F1(compat32)2.899 E F0(,)A +F1(compat40)2.899 E F0(,)A F1(compat41)2.899 E F0 2.899(,a)C .399 +(nd so on\).)-2.899 F .398(There is only one current compatibility)5.398 +F(le)108 518.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.253(l-).15 G 3.253(-e)-3.253 G .753 +(ach option is mutually e)-3.253 F(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.753 +(.T).15 G .753(he compatibility le)-5.753 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.254(li).15 +G 3.254(si)-3.254 G .754(ntended to allo)-3.254 F 3.254(wu)-.25 G .754 +(sers to select be-)-3.254 F(ha)108 530.4 Q 1.084(vior from pre)-.2 F +1.084(vious v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions that is incompatible with ne)-.15 F +1.083(wer v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions while the)-.15 F 3.583(ym)-.15 G 1.083 +(igrate scripts to use)-3.583 F(current features and beha)108 542.4 Q (vior)-.2 E 2.5(.I)-.55 G(t')-2.5 E 2.5(si)-.55 G -(ntended to be a temporary solution.)-2.5 E 1.457 +(ntended to be a temporary solution.)-2.5 E 1.456 (This section does not mention beha)108 559.2 R 1.457 -(vior that is standard for a particular v)-.2 F 1.456 -(ersion \(e.g., setting)-.15 F F1(compat32)3.956 E F0 .886 +(vior that is standard for a particular v)-.2 F 1.457 +(ersion \(e.g., setting)-.15 F F1(compat32)3.957 E F0 .887 (means that quoting the rhs of the re)108 571.2 R(ge)-.15 E .886 -(xp matching operator quotes special re)-.15 F(ge)-.15 E .887 +(xp matching operator quotes special re)-.15 F(ge)-.15 E .886 (xp characters in the w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E(which is def)108 583.2 Q (ault beha)-.1 E(vior in bash-3.2 and subsequent v)-.2 E(ersions\).)-.15 -E .523(If a user enables, say)108 600 R(,)-.65 E F1(compat32)3.023 E F0 +E .522(If a user enables, say)108 600 R(,)-.65 E F1(compat32)3.023 E F0 3.023(,i)C 3.023(tm)-3.023 G .523(ay af)-3.023 F .523(fect the beha)-.25 -F .523(vior of other compatibility le)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .522 -(ls up to and includ-).15 F .259(ing the current compatibility le)108 -612 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.759(l. The).15 F .259 -(idea is that each compatibility le)2.759 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.76(lc).15 G -.26(ontrols beha)-2.76 F .26(vior that changed)-.2 F 1.646(in that v)108 -624 R 1.646(ersion of)-.15 F F1(bash)4.146 E F0 4.146(,b)C 1.646 -(ut that beha)-4.346 F 1.646(vior may ha)-.2 F 1.946 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -1.646(een present in earlier v).15 F 4.146(ersions. F)-.15 F 1.645 -(or instance, the)-.15 F .76 +F .523(vior of other compatibility le)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523 +(ls up to and includ-).15 F .26(ing the current compatibility le)108 612 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.76(l. The).15 F .259 +(idea is that each compatibility le)2.759 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.759(lc).15 +G .259(ontrols beha)-2.759 F .259(vior that changed)-.2 F 1.645 +(in that v)108 624 R 1.646(ersion of)-.15 F F1(bash)4.146 E F0 4.146(,b) +C 1.646(ut that beha)-4.346 F 1.646(vior may ha)-.2 F 1.946 -.15(ve b) +-.2 H 1.646(een present in earlier v).15 F 4.146(ersions. F)-.15 F 1.646 +(or instance, the)-.15 F .761 (change to use locale-based comparisons with the)108 636 R F1([[)3.261 E -F0 .761(command came in bash-4.1, and earlier v)3.261 F .761 -(ersions used)-.15 F 1.905(ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling)108 648 -R F1(compat32)4.405 E F0 1.904 -(will enable ASCII-based comparisons as well.)4.405 F(That)6.904 E .295 -(granularity may not be suf)108 660 R .296 +F0 .76(command came in bash-4.1, and earlier v)3.261 F .76(ersions used) +-.15 F 1.904(ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling)108 648 R F1(compat32) +4.404 E F0 1.905(will enable ASCII-based comparisons as well.)4.404 F +(That)6.905 E .296(granularity may not be suf)108 660 R .296 (\214cient for all uses, and as a result users should emplo)-.25 F 2.796 -(yc)-.1 G .296(ompatibility le)-2.796 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .296(ls care-).15 +(yc)-.1 G .295(ompatibility le)-2.796 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .295(ls care-).15 F(fully)108 672 Q 5(.R)-.65 G(ead the documentation for a particular fe\ -ature to \214nd out the current beha)-5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .532 -(Bash-4.3 introduced a ne)108 688.8 R 3.032(ws)-.25 G .531(hell v)-3.032 +ature to \214nd out the current beha)-5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .531 +(Bash-4.3 introduced a ne)108 688.8 R 3.031(ws)-.25 G .531(hell v)-3.031 F(ariable:)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)3.031 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F4 -(.).855 E F0 .531(The v)5.031 F .531(alue assigned to this v)-.25 F .531 -(ariable \(a decimal)-.25 F -.15(ve)108 700.8 S .107(rsion number lik) -.15 F 2.607(e4)-.1 G .107(.2, or an inte)-2.607 F .107 -(ger corresponding to the)-.15 F F1(compat)2.608 E F2(NN)A F0 .108 -(option, lik)2.608 F 2.608(e4)-.1 G .108(2\) determines the com-)-2.608 -F(patibility le)108 712.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E .388 +(.).855 E F0 .531(The v)5.031 F .531(alue assigned to this v)-.25 F .532 +(ariable \(a decimal)-.25 F -.15(ve)108 700.8 S .108(rsion number lik) +.15 F 2.608(e4)-.1 G .108(.2, or an inte)-2.608 F .108 +(ger corresponding to the)-.15 F F1(compat)2.607 E F2(NN)A F0 .107 +(option, lik)2.607 F 2.607(e4)-.1 G .107(2\) determines the com-)-2.607 +F(patibility le)108 712.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E .387 (Starting with bash-4.4, Bash has be)108 729.6 R .388 -(gun deprecating older compatibility le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.887 -(ls. Ev).15 F(entually)-.15 E 2.887(,t)-.65 G .387(he options will) --2.887 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E(85)197.335 E 0 Cg +(gun deprecating older compatibility le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.888 +(ls. Ev).15 F(entually)-.15 E 2.888(,t)-.65 G .388(he options will) +-2.888 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E(85)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 86 86 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -10383,21 +10402,21 @@ BP (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(be remo)108 84 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(nf)-2.5 G -.2(avo)-2.6 G 2.5(ro).2 G(f) -2.5 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G -/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.).855 E F0 1.163(Bash-5.0 is the \214nal v)108 -100.8 R 1.163(ersion for which there will be an indi)-.15 F 1.164 -(vidual shopt option for the pre)-.25 F 1.164(vious v)-.25 F(ersion.) +/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.).855 E F0 1.164(Bash-5.0 is the \214nal v)108 +100.8 R 1.164(ersion for which there will be an indi)-.15 F 1.163 +(vidual shopt option for the pre)-.25 F 1.163(vious v)-.25 F(ersion.) -.15 E(Users should use)108 112.8 Q F1 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855 -(AT)-.666 G F0(on bash-5.0 and later v)3.105 E(ersions.)-.15 E 1.614 +(AT)-.666 G F0(on bash-5.0 and later v)3.105 E(ersions.)-.15 E 1.613 (The follo)108 129.6 R 1.613(wing table describes the beha)-.25 F 1.613 (vior changes controlled by each compatibility le)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -4.113(ls).15 G 4.113(etting. The)-4.113 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(compat) +4.113(ls).15 G 4.114(etting. The)-4.113 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(compat) 108 141.6 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(NN)A F0 1.186 -(tag is used as shorthand for setting the compatibility le)3.685 F -.15 +(tag is used as shorthand for setting the compatibility le)3.686 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.686(lt).15 G(o)-3.686 E F4(NN)3.686 E F0 1.186 -(using one of the follo)3.686 F(wing)-.25 E 3.807(mechanisms. F)108 -153.6 R 1.307(or v)-.15 F 1.307 +(using one of the follo)3.686 F(wing)-.25 E 3.806(mechanisms. 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to)108 403.2 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F0 (or posted to the Usenet ne)2.5 E(wsgroup)-.25 E F2(gnu.bash.b)2.5 E(ug) -.2 E F0(.)A(ALL b)108 420 Q(ug reports should include:)-.2 E(The v)108 @@ -10630,24 +10649,24 @@ E F0(and)2.5 E F1(http://git.savannah.gnu.or)2.5 E 518.4 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2 E F1 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et.r).15 E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F0(.) .25 E F3 -.11(BU)72 535.2 S(GS).11 E F0(It')108 547.2 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G -(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.869 -(There are some subtle dif)108 564 R 1.869(ferences between)-.25 F F2 +(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.868 +(There are some subtle dif)108 564 R 1.868(ferences between)-.25 F F2 (bash)4.369 E F0 1.869(and traditional v)4.369 F 1.869(ersions of)-.15 F -F2(sh)4.368 E F0 4.368(,m)C 1.868(ostly because of the)-4.368 F/F4 9 +F2(sh)4.369 E F0 4.369(,m)C 1.869(ostly because of the)-4.369 F/F4 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 576 Q F0(speci\214cation.)2.25 E (Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 592.8 Q(Shell b)108 609.6 Q (uiltin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.)-.2 E 1.315(Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' a\ -re not handled gracefully when)108 626.4 R .39 +re not handled gracefully when)108 626.4 R .389 (process suspension is attempted.)108 638.4 R .389 -(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .389(cutes the ne).15 F .389(xt com-)-.15 F .192 -(mand in the sequence.)108 650.4 R .192(It suf)5.192 F .192(\214ces to \ -place the sequence of commands between parentheses to force it into a) --.25 F(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 662.4 Q(Array v)108 -679.2 Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E +(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.389 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .39(cutes the ne).15 F .39(xt com-)-.15 F .193(mand in the sequence.) +108 650.4 R .192(It suf)5.193 F .192(\214ces to place the sequence of c\ +ommands between parentheses to force it into a)-.25 F +(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 662.4 Q(Array v)108 679.2 +Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E (There may be only one acti)108 696 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H -(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 15)148.175 E +(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2023 June 16)148.175 E (88)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Trailer end diff --git a/doc/bashref.dvi b/doc/bashref.dvi index 567a385c8..5bd67ff89 100644 Binary files a/doc/bashref.dvi and b/doc/bashref.dvi differ diff --git a/doc/bashref.html b/doc/bashref.html index 32d2777b7..efab99e53 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.html +++ b/doc/bashref.html @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@