libstdc++: Treat __int128 as a real integral type [PR96710]

libstdc++: Treat __int128 as a real integral type [PR96710]

Since LWG 3828 (included in C++23) implementations are allowed to have
extended integer types that are wider than intmax_t. This means we no
longer have to make is_integral_v<__int128> false for strict -std=c++23
mode, removing the confusing inconsistency with -std=gnu++23 (where
is_integral_v<__int128> is true).

This change makes __int128 a true integral type for all modes, treating
LWG 3828 as a DR for previous standards. Most of the change just
involves removing special cases where we wanted to treat __int128 and
unsigned __int128 as integral types even when is_integral_v was false.

There are still some preprocessor conditionals needed, because on some
targets the compiler defines the macro __GLIBCXX_TYPE_INT_N_0 as
__int128 in non-strict modes. Because we define explicit specializations
of templates such as is_integral for all the INT_N types, we already
have a specialization of is_integral<__int128> in non-strict modes, and
so to avoid a redefinition we only must only define
is_integral<__int128> for strict modes.

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

	PR libstdc++/96710
	* include/bits/cpp_type_traits.h (__is_integer): Define explicit
	specializations for __int128.
	(__memcpyable_integer): Remove explicit specializations for
	__int128.
	* include/bits/iterator_concepts.h (incrementable_traits):
	Likewise.
	(__is_signed_int128, __is_unsigned_int128, __is_int128): Remove.
	(__is_integer_like, __is_signed_integer_like): Remove check for
	__int128.
	* include/bits/max_size_type.h: Remove all uses of __is_int128
	in constraints.
	* include/bits/ranges_base.h (__to_unsigned_like): Remove
	overloads for __int128.
	(ranges::ssize): Remove special case for __int128.
	* include/bits/stl_algobase.h (__size_to_integer): Define
	__int128 overloads for strict modes.
	* include/ext/numeric_traits.h (__is_integer_nonstrict): Remove
	explicit specializations for __int128.
	* include/std/charconv (to_chars): Define overloads for
	__int128.
	* include/std/format (__format::make_unsigned_t): Remove.
	(__format::to_chars): Remove.
	* include/std/limits (numeric_limits): Define explicit
	specializations for __int128.
	* include/std/type_traits (__is_integral_helper): Likewise.
	(__make_unsigned, __make_signed): Likewise.

Reviewed-by: Patrick Palka <ppalka@redhat.com>