From 63f1ccd838a19e4a0923221b2f90e4e014cabf74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Bruce Momjian Date: Tue, 4 Sep 2012 12:38:33 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] Remove src/tool/backend, now that the content is on the web site and wiki. --- src/tools/backend/README | 4 - src/tools/backend/backend_dirs.html | 349 ---------------------------- src/tools/backend/flow.fig | 143 ------------ src/tools/backend/flow.gif | Bin 501221 -> 0 bytes src/tools/backend/index.html | 155 ------------ 5 files changed, 651 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 src/tools/backend/README delete mode 100644 src/tools/backend/backend_dirs.html delete mode 100644 src/tools/backend/flow.fig delete mode 100644 src/tools/backend/flow.gif delete mode 100644 src/tools/backend/index.html diff --git a/src/tools/backend/README b/src/tools/backend/README deleted file mode 100644 index 2b8692d3939..00000000000 --- a/src/tools/backend/README +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -src/tools/backend/README - -Just point your browser at the index.html file, and click on the -flowchart to see the description and source code. diff --git a/src/tools/backend/backend_dirs.html b/src/tools/backend/backend_dirs.html deleted file mode 100644 index 16bd894582e..00000000000 --- a/src/tools/backend/backend_dirs.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,349 +0,0 @@ - - - - -PostgreSQL Backend Directories - - -

PostgreSQL Backend Directories

- -

by Bruce Momjian

- -

Click on any of the section headings to see the source code -for that section.

- -

bootstrap - creates initial -template database via initdb

- -

Because PostgreSQL requires access to system tables for almost -every operation, getting those system tables in place is a problem. -You can't just create the tables and insert data into them in the -normal way, because table creation and insertion requires the -tables to already exist. This code jams the data directly -into tables using a special syntax used only by the bootstrap -procedure.

- -

main - passes control to postmaster -or postgres

- -

This checks the process name(argv[0]) and various flags, and -passes control to the postmaster or postgres backend code.

- -

postmaster - controls postgres -server startup/termination

- -

This creates shared memory, and then goes into a loop waiting -for connection requests. When a connection request arrives, a -postgres backend is started, and the connection is passed to -it.

- -

libpq - backend libpq library -routines

- -

This handles communication to the client processes.

- -

tcop - traffic cop, dispatches -request to proper module

- -

This contains the postgres backend main handler, as well -as the code that makes calls to the parser, optimizer, executor, -and /commands functions.

- -

parser - converts SQL query to -query tree

- -

This converts SQL queries coming from libpq into -command-specific structures to be used the optimizer/executor, -or /commands routines. The SQL is lexically analyzed into -keywords, identifiers, and constants, and passed to the parser. The -parser creates command-specific structures to hold the elements of -the query. The command-specific structures are then broken apart, -checked, and passed to /commands processing routines, or -converted into Lists of Nodes to be handled by the -optimizer and executor.

- -

rewrite - rule and views -support

- -

optimizer - creates path and -plan

- -

This uses the parser output to generate an optimal plan for the -executor.

- -

optimizer/path - creates -path from parser output

- -

This takes the parser query output, and generates all possible -methods of executing the request. It examines table join order, -where clause restrictions, and optimizer table statistics to -evaluate each possible execution method, and assigns a cost to -each.

- -

optimizer/geqo - genetic -query optimizer

- -

optimizer/path evaluates all possible ways to join the -requested tables. When the number of tables becomes great, the -number of tests made becomes great too. The Genetic Query Optimizer -considers each table separately, then figures the most optimal -order to perform the join. For a few tables, this method takes -longer, but for a large number of tables, it is faster. There is an -option to control when this feature is used.

- -

optimizer/plan - optimizes -path output

- -

This takes the optimizer/path output, chooses the path -with the least cost, and creates a plan for the executor.

- -

optimizer/prep - handle -special plan cases

- -

This does special plan processing.

- -

optimizer/util - optimizer -support routines

- -

This contains support routines used by other parts of the -optimizer.

- -

executor - executes complex node -plans from optimizer

- -

This handles select, insert, update, and delete -statements. The operations required to handle these statement types -include heap scans, index scans, sorting, joining tables, grouping, -aggregates, and uniqueness.

- -

commands - commands that do not -require the executor

- -

These process SQL commands that do not require complex handling. -It includes vacuum, copy, alter, create table, create type, -and many others. The code is called with the structures generated -by the parser. Most of the routines do some processing, then call -lower-level functions in the catalog directory to do the actual -work.

- -

catalog - system catalog -manipulation

- -

This contains functions that manipulate the system tables or -catalogs. Table, index, procedure, operator, type, and aggregate -creation and manipulation routines are here. These are low-level -routines, and are usually called by upper routines that pre-format -user requests into a predefined format.

- -

storage - manages various storage -systems

- -

These allow uniform resource access by the backend.
-
- storage/buffer - shared -buffer pool manager
- storage/file - file -manager
- storage/freespace - free -space map
- storage/ipc - semaphores and -shared memory
- storage/large_object -- large objects
- storage/lmgr - lock -manager
- storage/page - page -manager
- storage/smgr - storage/disk -manager
-
-

- -

access - various data access -methods

- -

These control the way data is accessed in heap, indexes, and -transactions.
-
- access/common - common -access routines
- access/gist - easy-to-define -access method system
- access/hash - hash
- access/heap - heap is use to -store data rows
- access/index - used by all -index types
- access/nbtree - Lehman and -Yao's btree management algorithm
- access/transam - -transaction manager (BEGIN/ABORT/COMMIT)
-
-

- -

nodes - creation/manipulation of -nodes and lists

- -

PostgreSQL stores information about SQL queries in structures -called nodes. Nodes are generic containers that have a -type field and then a type-specific data section. Nodes are -usually placed in Lists. A List is container with an -elem element, and a next field that points to the -next List. These List structures are chained together -in a forward linked list. In this way, a chain of List s can -contain an unlimited number of Node elements, and each -Node can contain any data type. These are used extensively -in the parser, optimizer, and executor to store requests and -data.

- -

utils - support routines

- -

utils/adt - built-in data type -routines

- -

This contains all the PostgreSQL builtin data types.

- -

utils/cache - -system/relation/function cache routines

- -

PostgreSQL supports arbitrary data types, so no data types are -hard-coded into the core backend routines. When the backend needs -to find out about a type, is does a lookup of a system table. -Because these system tables are referred to often, a cache is -maintained that speeds lookups. There is a system relation cache, a -function/operator cache, and a relation information cache. This -last cache maintains information about all recently-accessed -tables, not just system ones.

- -

utils/error - error reporting -routines

- -

Reports backend errors to the front end.

- -

utils/fmgr - function -manager

- -

This handles the calling of dynamically-loaded functions, and -the calling of functions defined in the system tables.

- -

utils/hash - hash routines for -internal algorithms

- -

These hash routines are used by the cache and memory-manager -routines to do quick lookups of dynamic data storage structures -maintained by the backend.

- -

utils/init - various -initialization stuff

- -

utils/mb - single and multibyte -encoding

- -

utils/misc - miscellaneous -stuff

- -

utils/mmgr - memory -manager(process-local memory)

- -

When PostgreSQL allocates memory, it does so in an explicit -context. Contexts can be statement-specific, transaction-specific, -or persistent/global. By doing this, the backend can easily free -memory once a statement or transaction completes.

- -

utils/resowner - resource -owner tracking

- -

utils/sort - sort routines for -internal algorithms

- -

When statement output must be sorted as part of a backend -operation, this code sorts the tuples, either in memory or using -disk files.

- -

utils/time - transaction time -qualification routines

- -

These routines do checking of tuple internal columns to -determine if the current row is still valid, or is part of a -non-committed transaction or superseded by a new row.

- -

include - include files

- -

There are include directories for each subsystem.

- -

lib -- support library

- -

This houses several generic routines.

- -

regex - regular expression -library

- -

This is used for regular expression handling in the backend, -i.e. '~'.

- -

port - compatibility routines

- -
- -

-Maintainer: Bruce Momjian ( pgman@candle.pha.pa.us -)
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z)G{TRfyqCp7lXP-T|my8ZEZV9F6JJRN;@jM2R8WOe^5_of?{2w(~~3h?efaS7ki0v zyCmI(qD9zRrK#F$m*Q=@NuaAN3Rt!k4zTNL-(E+|a1zN6x#_5rRk=M`q)T7OJ3sfo zEbJZ*>I8)dR$L=ww|hw!w>vvFZcz;BQ%Vpsb*otomy7>K{9`f;s61^7-m@qSwmg^W z7WOwvO6#kXYDy8y>Z^Rft>|*la4$6*#Wsb;{!Rrfo7D%GqzlPQ+R=97 z_oDVr?q^h1+25AgV0VGM)Ha2VxaUTr1W^?Yk|uphgF!;U!5Rpe4&>i+Q{sYRPPj83 z+NX{nlR-kUP*)&ZvM<{55c#k&<*?273`@vU@%s4<$vlIj0k)W@OkPfD+z^qh0P93^ z3lO#V4M{hI2s?FQ0YTa|mS$3I6JY;6;=ew%wr_?M|8{&>Am36!UN&3b{ZrH(f)G=q z1PggORf1b=@>`9P$v?NehEzLEd1~j(gKXY+!S8k64gPX^1OGmy-6+W0&PxCN!qj!l LYEPR+EKdFZHE - - - - -How PostgreSQL Processes a Query - - -

How PostgreSQL Processes a Query

- -

by Bruce Momjian

- - -

Click on an item to see more detail or look at the full -index.

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flowchart - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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A query comes to the backend via data packets arriving through -TCP/IP or Unix Domain sockets. It is loaded into a string, and -passed to the parser, where the -lexical scanner, scan.l, -breaks the query up into tokens(words). The parser uses gram.y and the tokens to -identify the query type, and load the proper query-specific -structure, like CreateStmt or SelectStmt.

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The statement is then identified as complex (SELECT / INSERT / -UPDATE / DELETE) or a simple, e.g CREATE USER, ANALYZE, , -etc. Simple utility commands are processed by statement-specific -functions in backend/commands. -Complex statements require more handling.

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The parser takes a complex query, and creates a Query structure that -contains all the elements used by complex queries. Query.qual holds -the WHERE clause qualification, which is filled in by transformWhereClause(). -Each table referenced in the query is represented by a RangeTableEntry, and -they are linked together to form the range table of the -query, which is generated by transformFromClause(). -Query.rtable holds the query's range table.

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Certain queries, like SELECT, return columns of data. -Other queries, like INSERT and UPDATE, specify the -columns modified by the query. These column references are -converted to TargetEntry entries, -which are linked together to make up the target list of the -query. The target list is stored in Query.targetList, which is -generated by transformTargetList().

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Other query elements, like aggregates(SUM()), GROUP -BY, and ORDER BY are also stored in their own Query -fields.

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The next step is for the Query to be modified by any -VIEWS or RULES that may apply to the query. This is -performed by the rewrite -system.

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The optimizer takes the -Query structure and generates an optimal Plan, which contains the -operations to be performed to execute the query. The path module determines the -best table join order and join type of each table in the -RangeTable, using Query.qual(WHERE clause) to consider -optimal index usage.

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The Plan is then passed to the executor for execution, and the -result returned to the client. The Plan is actually as set of nodes, -arranged in a tree structure with a top-level node, and various -sub-nodes as children.

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There are many other modules that support this basic -functionality. They can be accessed by clicking on the -flowchart.

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Another area of interest is the shared memory area, which -contains data accessible to all backends. It has recently used -data/index blocks, locks, backend process information, and lookup -tables for these structures:

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ShmemIndex - lookup shared memory addresses using structure -names
Buffer -Descriptor - control header for buffer cache block
Buffer -Block - data/index buffer cache block
Shared Buffer Lookup Table - lookup of buffer cache block -addresses using table name and block number( BufferTag)
Lock Manager Tables (lock hash) - the LOCK structure, looked up -using a LOCKTAG. -A LOCK structure exists for each lockable object that is currently -locked by any backend. Also, there is a subsidiary PROCLOCK structure for each -backend currently interested in a given LOCK
PGPROC Structures - -information about each backend, including locks held/waiting

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Each data structure is created by calling ShmemInitStruct(), and -the lookups are created by ShmemInitHash().

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-Maintainer: Bruce Momjian (pgman@candle.pha.pa.us)
- -Last updated: Fri May 6 14:22:27 EDT 2005 - - -- 2.39.5