From c3997d51f8ba359eeabb45b90b9cdae4fe599b5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chet Ramey Date: Fri, 7 Mar 2025 10:23:58 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] documentation updates for arithmetic expansion and array subscripts; update BASH_COMMAND for subshells; fix potential file descriptor leak in here document pipes --- CWRU/CWRU.chlog | 28 + builtins/ulimit.def | 17 +- doc/bash.0 | 2455 +++---- doc/bash.1 | 59 +- doc/bash.html | 94 +- doc/bash.info | 456 +- doc/bash.pdf | Bin 437184 -> 438925 bytes doc/bash.ps | 15772 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------------- doc/bashref.aux | 196 +- doc/bashref.bt | 122 +- doc/bashref.bts | 122 +- doc/bashref.cp | 144 +- doc/bashref.cps | 142 +- doc/bashref.dvi | Bin 889260 -> 894372 bytes doc/bashref.fn | 232 +- doc/bashref.fns | 232 +- doc/bashref.html | 129 +- doc/bashref.info | 456 +- doc/bashref.log | 91 +- doc/bashref.pdf | Bin 850992 -> 854783 bytes doc/bashref.ps | 12013 +++++++++++++++---------------- doc/bashref.texi | 52 +- doc/bashref.toc | 216 +- doc/bashref.vr | 322 +- doc/bashref.vrs | 322 +- doc/builtins.0 | 351 +- doc/builtins.pdf | Bin 143894 -> 143803 bytes doc/rbash.0 | 4 +- doc/version.texi | 4 +- execute_cmd.c | 8 + lib/malloc/malloc.c | 2 +- lib/malloc/memtest.c | 2 +- lib/malloc/table.h | 2 +- lib/sh/oslib.c | 2 + redir.c | 7 +- shell.c | 4 +- 36 files changed, 17327 insertions(+), 16731 deletions(-) diff --git a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog index 4fc6d7362..e0c7aa5fc 100644 --- a/CWRU/CWRU.chlog +++ b/CWRU/CWRU.chlog @@ -11018,3 +11018,31 @@ print_cmd.c ---- configure.ac - check for d_type member of struct dirent for future use + + 2/24 + ---- +doc/bash.1,doc/bashref.texi + - document the word expansions performed on indexed array subscripts + and assoc array keys + - document the possibility and effect of empty strings on arithmetic + evaluation for substring expansion, arithmetic expansion, operands + to the the [[ command's arithmetic operators, the expression in + the (( compound command, and indexed array subscripts + + 2/24 + ---- +execute_cmd.c + - execute_command_internal: if executing a (...) subshell, make sure + to update BASH_COMMAND before exiting on an error return from the + subshell with -e set + Report from Max Bowsher + + 3/3 + --- +redir.c + - here_document_to_fd: if we are trying to use a pipe for a here + document, but the F_GETPIPE_SZ fcntl returns a value shorter than + the here document length, make sure to close the pipe file descriptors + +builtins/ulimit.def + - pipesize: use pathconf and _PC_PIPE_BUF if available diff --git a/builtins/ulimit.def b/builtins/ulimit.def index a2e0f8c02..792045721 100644 --- a/builtins/ulimit.def +++ b/builtins/ulimit.def @@ -157,7 +157,9 @@ extern int errno; # define RLIMIT_FILESIZE 256 #endif -#define RLIMIT_PIPESIZE 257 +#ifndef RLIMIT_PIPESIZE +# define RLIMIT_PIPESIZE 257 +#endif #ifdef RLIMIT_NOFILE # define RLIMIT_OPENFILES RLIMIT_NOFILE @@ -673,9 +675,22 @@ filesize (RLIMTYPE *valuep) #endif } +/* The longtime problem here is that PIPE_BUF has atomicity restrictions, and + is not the true pipe capacity. Only a few systems can retrieve this at + runtime. */ static int pipesize (RLIMTYPE *valuep) { +#if defined (HAVE_PATHCONF) && defined (_PC_PIPE_BUF) + long r; + + r = pathconf (".", _PC_PIPE_BUF); + if (r >= 0) + { + *valuep = (RLIMTYPE) r; + return 0; + } +#endif #if defined (PIPE_BUF) /* This is defined on Posix systems. */ *valuep = (RLIMTYPE) PIPE_BUF; diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0 index 052c34605..c5e138660 100644 --- a/doc/bash.0 +++ b/doc/bash.0 @@ -381,74 +381,76 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1. The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same ex- - pansions as if it were within double quotes, but double quote - characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated specially and are re- - moved. + pansions as if it were within double quotes, but unescaped dou- + ble quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated specially and + are removed. Since this can potentially result in empty + strings, this command treats those as expressions that evaluate + to 0. [[[[ _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ]]]] Evaluate the conditional expression _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n and return a sta- - tus of zero (true) or non-zero (false). Expressions are com- + tus of zero (true) or non-zero (false). Expressions are com- posed of the primaries described below under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESS-- - SSIIOONNSS. The words between the [[[[ and ]]]] do not undergo word - splitting and pathname expansion. The shell performs tilde ex- + SSIIOONNSS. The words between the [[[[ and ]]]] do not undergo word + splitting and pathname expansion. The shell performs tilde ex- pansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal on - those words. Conditional operators such as --ff must be unquoted + those words. Conditional operators such as --ff must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries. - When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically + When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. - When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right + When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to the rules described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg, as if the eexxtt-- gglloobb shell option were enabled. The == operator is equivalent to - ====. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is - performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. - The return value is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not - match (!!==) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If any part of the - pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched as a string: + ====. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is + performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. + The return value is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not + match (!!==) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If any part of the + pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched as a string: every character in the quoted portion matches itself, instead of having any special pattern matching meaning. - An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with the same - precedence as ==== and !!==. When it is used, the string to the + An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with the same + precedence as ==== and !!==. When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular ex- - pression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX _r_e_g_c_o_m_p and - _r_e_g_e_x_e_c interfaces usually described in _r_e_g_e_x(3)). The return - value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. + pression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX _r_e_g_c_o_m_p and + _r_e_g_e_x_e_c interfaces usually described in _r_e_g_e_x(3)). The return + value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the condi- tional expression's return value is 2. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell - option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the + option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. - If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is - matched literally, as above. If the pattern is stored in a + If any part of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is + matched literally, as above. If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable expansion forces the entire - pattern to be matched literally. Treat bracket expressions in - regular expressions carefully, since normal quoting and pattern + pattern to be matched literally. Treat bracket expressions in + regular expressions carefully, since normal quoting and pattern characters lose their meanings between brackets. - The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the + The match succeeds if the pattern matches any part of the string. Anchor the pattern using the ^^ and $$ regular expression operators to force it to match the entire string. - The array variable BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH records which parts of the - string matched the pattern. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with - index 0 contains the portion of the string matching the entire - regular expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized subex- + The array variable BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH records which parts of the + string matched the pattern. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with + index 0 contains the portion of the string matching the entire + regular expression. Substrings matched by parenthesized subex- pressions within the regular expression are saved in the remain- - ing BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH indices. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with in- - dex _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthe- - sized subexpression. BBaasshh sets BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH in the global - scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to unexpected + ing BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH indices. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with in- + dex _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthe- + sized subexpression. BBaasshh sets BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH in the global + scope; declaring it as a local variable will lead to unexpected results. - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: (( _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. This may be used to + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. !! _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n True if _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is false. @@ -458,72 +460,72 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR True if either _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 or _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 is true. The &&&& and |||| operators do not evaluate _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 if the value - of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of + of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of the entire conditional expression. ffoorr _n_a_m_e [ [ iinn [ _w_o_r_d _._._. ] ] ; ] ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee - First, expand The list of words following iinn, generating a list - of items. Then, the variable _n_a_m_e is set to each element of - this list in turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn + First, expand The list of words following iinn, generating a list + of items. Then, the variable _n_a_m_e is set to each element of + this list in turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, the ffoorr command executes _l_i_s_t once for each po- - sitional parameter that is set (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). The re- - turn status is the exit status of the last command that exe- + sitional parameter that is set (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). The re- + turn status is the exit status of the last command that exe- cutes. If the expansion of the items following iinn results in an - empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is + empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. ffoorr (( _e_x_p_r_1 ; _e_x_p_r_2 ; _e_x_p_r_3 )) ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee First, evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_1 according to the - rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. Then, re- + rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. Then, re- peatedly evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_2 until it eval- - uates to zero. Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero value, - execute _l_i_s_t and evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_3. If - any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. - The return value is the exit status of the last command in _l_i_s_t - that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is in- + uates to zero. Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero value, + execute _l_i_s_t and evaluate the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_3. If + any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. + The return value is the exit status of the last command in _l_i_s_t + that is executed, or non-zero if any of the expressions is in- valid. - Use the bbrreeaakk and ccoonnttiinnuuee builtins (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + Use the bbrreeaakk and ccoonnttiinnuuee builtins (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) to control loop execution. sseelleecctt _n_a_m_e [ iinn _w_o_r_d ] ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee - First, expand the list of words following iinn, generating a list - of items, and print the set of expanded words the standard er- - ror, each preceded by a number. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, - print the positional parameters (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). sseelleecctt - then displays the PPSS33 prompt and reads a line from the standard + First, expand the list of words following iinn, generating a list + of items, and print the set of expanded words the standard er- + ror, each preceded by a number. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, + print the positional parameters (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). sseelleecctt + then displays the PPSS33 prompt and reads a line from the standard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of - the displayed words, then sseelleecctt sets the value of _n_a_m_e to that - word. If the line is empty, sseelleecctt displays the words and - prompt again. If EOF is read, sseelleecctt completes and returns 1. - Any other value sets _n_a_m_e to null. The line read is saved in - the variable RREEPPLLYY. The _l_i_s_t is executed after each selection + the displayed words, then sseelleecctt sets the value of _n_a_m_e to that + word. If the line is empty, sseelleecctt displays the words and + prompt again. If EOF is read, sseelleecctt completes and returns 1. + Any other value sets _n_a_m_e to null. The line read is saved in + the variable RREEPPLLYY. The _l_i_s_t is executed after each selection until a bbrreeaakk command is executed. The exit status of sseelleecctt is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t, or zero if no commands were executed. ccaassee _w_o_r_d iinn [ [(] _p_a_t_t_e_r_n [ || _p_a_t_t_e_r_n ] ... ) _l_i_s_t ;; ] ... eessaacc A ccaassee command first expands _w_o_r_d, and tries to match it against - each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the - matching rules described under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. A pat- - tern list is a set of one or more patterns separated by , and - the ) operator terminates the pattern list. The _w_o_r_d is ex- - panded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, proceeding from first to last, using the + matching rules described under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. A pat- + tern list is a set of one or more patterns separated by , and + the ) operator terminates the pattern list. The _w_o_r_d is ex- + panded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution - and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded using - tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic + and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded using + tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote - removal. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match - is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic charac- + removal. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match + is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic charac- ters. A _c_l_a_u_s_e is a pattern list and an associated _l_i_s_t. When a match is found, ccaassee executes the corresponding _l_i_s_t. If - the ;;;; operator terminates the case clause, the ccaassee command + the ;;;; operator terminates the case clause, the ccaassee command completes after the first match. Using ;;&& in place of ;;;; causes - execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with the next + execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with the next pattern list. Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the shell to test - the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any - associated _l_i_s_t if the match succeeds, continuing the case + the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any + associated _l_i_s_t if the match succeeds, continuing the case statement execution as if the pattern list had not matched. The exit status is zero if no pattern matches. @@ -531,19 +533,19 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR the last _l_i_s_t executed. iiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; [ eelliiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; ] ... [ eellssee _l_i_s_t; ] ffii - The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn - _l_i_s_t is executed. Otherwise, each eelliiff _l_i_s_t is executed in - turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn + The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn + _l_i_s_t is executed. Otherwise, each eelliiff _l_i_s_t is executed in + turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn _l_i_s_t is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the eellssee - _l_i_s_t is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta- + _l_i_s_t is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta- tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. wwhhiillee _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee uunnttiill _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee - The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long + The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long as the last command in the list _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns an exit status of - zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, ex- + zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, ex- cept that the test is negated: _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as long as the last command in _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status of the @@ -551,143 +553,143 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR CCoopprroocceesssseess A _c_o_p_r_o_c_e_s_s is a shell command preceded by the ccoopprroocc reserved word. A - coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command - had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe + coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command + had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe established between the executing shell and the coprocess. The syntax for a coprocess is: ccoopprroocc [_N_A_M_E] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n_s] - This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. _c_o_m_m_a_n_d may be either a simple - command or a compound command (see above). _N_A_M_E is a shell variable + This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. _c_o_m_m_a_n_d may be either a simple + command or a compound command (see above). _N_A_M_E is a shell variable name. If _N_A_M_E is not supplied, the default name is CCOOPPRROOCC. The recommended form to use for a coprocess is ccoopprroocc _N_A_M_E { _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n_s]; } - This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess - always being named CCOOPPRROOCC, and it is simpler to use and more complete + This form is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess + always being named CCOOPPRROOCC, and it is simpler to use and more complete than the other compound commands. - If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a compound command, _N_A_M_E is optional. The word following - ccoopprroocc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name: - it is interpreted as _N_A_M_E if it is not a reserved word that introduces - a compound command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a simple command, _N_A_M_E is not al- - lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _N_A_M_E and the first word of + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a compound command, _N_A_M_E is optional. The word following + ccoopprroocc determines whether that word is interpreted as a variable name: + it is interpreted as _N_A_M_E if it is not a reserved word that introduces + a compound command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a simple command, _N_A_M_E is not al- + lowed; this is to avoid confusion between _N_A_M_E and the first word of the simple command. - When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable - (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of the executing shell. - The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to a file de- - scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned + When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable + (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of the executing shell. + The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to a file de- + scriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[0]. The standard input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is as- - signed to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections + signed to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). The file descriptors - can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using - standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command - and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in + can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using + standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command + and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in subshells. - The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail- - able as the value of the variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin may be + The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is avail- + able as the value of the variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. - Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the ccoopprroocc - command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is + Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the ccoopprroocc + command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. SShheellll FFuunnccttiioonn DDeeffiinniittiioonnss - A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and - executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. + A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and + executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. Shell functions are declared as follows: _f_n_a_m_e () _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] ffuunnccttiioonn _f_n_a_m_e [()] _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] This defines a function named _f_n_a_m_e. The reserved word ffuunnccttiioonn - is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the - parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- - pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). - That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but + is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the + parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- + pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). + That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is used, but the parentheses are not sup- plied, the braces are recommended. _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed - whenever _f_n_a_m_e is specified as the name of a simple command. + whenever _f_n_a_m_e is specified as the name of a simple command. When in posix mode, _f_n_a_m_e must be a valid shell _n_a_m_e and may not - be the name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. In default - mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does + be the name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. In default + mode, a function name can be any unquoted shell word that does not contain $$. - Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) specified when a function is + Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) specified when a function is defined are performed when the function is executed. - The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error - occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When - executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last + The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error + occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When + executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last command executed in the body. (See FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below.) CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the iinntteerr-- - aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## introduces a comment. + aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## introduces a comment. A word begins at the beginning of a line, after unquoted whitespace, or - after an operator. The comment causes that word and all remaining - characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without - the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow comments. The + after an operator. The comment causes that word and all remaining + characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without + the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow comments. The iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option is enabled by default in interactive shells. QQUUOOTTIINNGG - _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or - words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment + _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or + words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. - Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special + Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. - When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- + When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- TTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below), the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, usually !!, must be quoted to prevent history expansion. There are four quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single quotes, double quotes, and dollar-single quotes. - A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the - literal value of the next character that follows, removing any special - meaning it has, with the exception of . If a \\ pair - appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\ is - treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input + A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the + literal value of the next character that follows, removing any special + meaning it has, with the exception of . If a \\ pair + appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\ is + treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). - Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of + Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. - Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of - all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, + Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of + all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, when history expansion is enabled, !!. When the shell is in posix mode, - the !! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history - expansion is enabled. The characters $$ and `` retain their special - meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean- - ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\, + the !! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history + expansion is enabled. The characters $$ and `` retain their special + meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean- + ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\, or <>. Backslashes preceding characters without a special mean- ing are left unmodified. - A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with + A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an - !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The back- + !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The back- slash preceding the !! is not removed. - The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double + The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double quotes (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). - Character sequences of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated as a special - variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _s_t_r_i_n_g, with back- - slash-escaped characters in _s_t_r_i_n_g replaced as specified by the ANSI C - standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol- + Character sequences of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated as a special + variant of single quotes. The sequence expands to _s_t_r_i_n_g, with back- + slash-escaped characters in _s_t_r_i_n_g replaced as specified by the ANSI C + standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as fol- lows: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -702,88 +704,88 @@ QQUUOOTTIINNGG \\'' single quote \\"" double quote \\?? question mark - \\_n_n_n The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\_n_n_n The eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three octal digits). - \\xx_H_H The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H The eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits). - \\uu_H_H_H_H The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits). \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + The Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits). \\cc_x A control-_x character. - The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not + The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present. TTrraannssllaattiinngg SSttrriinnggss A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($$"_s_t_r_i_n_g") causes the - string to be translated according to the current locale. The _g_e_t_t_e_x_t - infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the LLCC__MMEESS-- - SSAAGGEESS, TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINNDDIIRR, and TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINN shell variables. If the current + string to be translated according to the current locale. The _g_e_t_t_e_x_t + infrastructure performs the lookup and translation, using the LLCC__MMEESS-- + SSAAGGEESS, TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINNDDIIRR, and TTEEXXTTDDOOMMAAIINN shell variables. If the current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, if there are no translations available, or if the string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored, and the string is - treated as double-quoted as described above. This is a form of double + treated as double-quoted as described above. This is a form of double quoting, so the string remains double-quoted by default, whether or not - it is translated and replaced. If the nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn option is - enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, translated strings are single-quoted - instead of double-quoted. See the description of sshhoopptt below under + it is translated and replaced. If the nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn option is + enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, translated strings are single-quoted + instead of double-quoted. See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS. PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS - A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- - ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraa-- + A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- + ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraa-- mmeetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a - _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the - ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). + _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the + ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). The eexxppoorrtt and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins assign specific attributes. A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is - a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using + a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e may be assigned to by a statement of the form + A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is assigned to using a statement of the form _n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e] - If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All - _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- + If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All + _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- SSIIOONN below). If the variable has its iinntteeggeerr attribute set, then _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $$((((...)))) expansion is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting and path- - name expansion are not performed. Assignment statements may also ap- + name expansion are not performed. Assignment statements may also ap- pear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and - llooccaall builtin commands (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When in posix mode, - these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of + llooccaall builtin commands (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When in posix mode, + these builtins may appear in a command after one or more instances of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. - In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a - shell variable or array index, the "+=" operator appends to or adds to - the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n - commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements. When "+=" - is applied to a variable for which the iinntteeggeerr attribute has been set, + In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a + shell variable or array index, the "+=" operator appends to or adds to + the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n + commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements. When "+=" + is applied to a variable for which the iinntteeggeerr attribute has been set, the variable's current value and _v_a_l_u_e are each evaluated as arithmetic - expressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's + expressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the variable's value. The current value is usually an integer constant, but may be an - expression. When "+=" is applied to an array variable using compound + expression. When "+=" is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it is when using and new values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or added as - additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When applied to a - string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to the vari- + additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When applied to a + string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to the vari- able's value. A variable can be assigned the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute using the --nn option to - the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree - and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- - able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever - the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at- - tributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute - itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified - by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within + the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree + and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- + able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever + the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at- + tributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute + itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified + by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu- - ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a + ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first argument, running declare -n ref=$1 @@ -792,211 +794,211 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS the variable name passed as the first argument. References and assign- ments to rreeff, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was - passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref - attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a - name reference is established for each word in the list, in turn, when - the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the nnaammeerreeff at- - tribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and + passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref + attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a + name reference is established for each word in the list, in turn, when + the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the nnaammeerreeff at- + tribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the --nn option to the uunnsseett builtin. Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with the name of - a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the + a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable is unset. - When the shell starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell - variable from each environment variable that has a valid name, as de- + When the shell starts, it reads its environment and creates a shell + variable from each environment variable that has a valid name, as de- scribed below (see EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT). PPoossiittiioonnaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, + A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from - the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using - the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to - with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily + the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using + the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to + with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is + When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). Without braces, a digit following $ can only refer to one of the first nine po- - sitional parameters ($$11--$$99) or the special parameter $$00 (see the next + sitional parameters ($$11--$$99) or the special parameter $$00 (see the next section). SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may + The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. Special parame- ters are denoted by one of the following characters. - ** ($$**) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. - When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional - parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where word - expansions are performed, those words are subject to further - word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion oc- - curs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the - value of each parameter separated by the first character of the + ** ($$**) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. + When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional + parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where word + expansions are performed, those words are subject to further + word splitting and pathname expansion. When the expansion oc- + curs within double quotes, it expands to a single word with the + value of each parameter separated by the first character of the IIFFSS variable. That is, ""$$**"" is equivalent to ""$$11_c$$22_c......"", where - _c is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If + _c is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If IIFFSS is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. - @@ ($$@@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. + @@ ($$@@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each - positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double - quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts + positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double + quotes, these words are subject to word splitting. In contexts where word splitting is not performed, such as the value portion - of an assignment statement, this expands to a single word with + of an assignment statement, this expands to a single word with each positional parameter separated by a space. When the expan- - sion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is per- - formed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, + sion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is per- + formed, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, ""$$@@"" is equivalent to ""$$11"" ""$$22"" ...... If the double-quoted expan- - sion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter + sion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the expansion of the beginning part of the origi- nal word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the expansion of the last part of the original word. When there - are no positional parameters, ""$$@@"" and $$@@ expand to nothing + are no positional parameters, ""$$@@"" and $$@@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). ## ($$##) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. - ?? ($$??) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed + ?? ($$??) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed command. -- ($$--) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invo- - cation, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell + cation, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the --ii option). - $$ ($$$$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it + $$ ($$$$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a subshell, it expands to the process ID of the parent shell, not the subshell. - !! ($$!!)Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed + !! ($$!!)Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using the bbgg builtin (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). - 00 ($$00) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is - set at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of - commands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is + 00 ($$00) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is + set at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of + commands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument - after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, + after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argu- ment zero. SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess The shell sets following variables: - __ ($$__, an underscore) This has a number of meanings depending on + __ ($$__, an underscore) This has a number of meanings depending on context. At shell startup, __ is set to the pathname used to in- - voke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the - environment or argument list. Subsequently, it expands to the - last argument to the previous simple command executed in the - foreground, after expansion. It is also set to the full path- - name used to invoke each command executed and placed in the en- - vironment exported to that command. When checking mail, $$__ ex- + voke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the + environment or argument list. Subsequently, it expands to the + last argument to the previous simple command executed in the + foreground, after expansion. It is also set to the full path- + name used to invoke each command executed and placed in the en- + vironment exported to that command. When checking mail, $$__ ex- pands to the name of the mail file currently being checked. - BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of + BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of bbaasshh. BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the + appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup - files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable + files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable each option in the list. This variable is read-only. BBAASSHHPPIIDD - Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This - differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells - that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized. Assignments to - BBAASSHHPPIIDD have no effect. If BBAASSHHPPIIDD is unset, it loses its spe- + Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This + differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells + that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized. Assignments to + BBAASSHHPPIIDD have no effect. If BBAASSHHPPIIDD is unset, it loses its spe- cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS - An associative array variable whose members correspond to the - internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin. - Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, - unsetting array elements currently does not remove aliases from - the alias list. If BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS is unset, it loses its special + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin. + Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, + unsetting array elements currently does not remove aliases from + the alias list. If BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC - An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in + An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each frame of the current bbaasshh execution call stack. The number - of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or - script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack. - When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed + of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or + script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack. + When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC. The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg op- - tion to the sshhoopptt builtin below). Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the + tion to the sshhoopptt builtin below). Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the shell has started to execute a script, or referencing this vari- - able when eexxttddeebbuugg is not set, may result in inconsistent val- + able when eexxttddeebbuugg is not set, may result in inconsistent val- ues. Assignments to BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC have no effect, and it may not be unset. BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV - An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur- + An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur- rent bbaasshh execution call stack. The final parameter of the last - subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter + subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is exe- - cuted, the shell pushes the supplied parameters onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. - The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode + cuted, the shell pushes the supplied parameters onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. + The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below). Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the shell has started to execute a script, or referencing this variable when eexxttddeebbuugg is not set, - may result in inconsistent values. Assignments to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV + may result in inconsistent values. Assignments to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV have no effect, and it may not be unset. BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 - When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell + When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell script (identical to $$00; see the description of special - parameter 0 above). Assigning a value to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 sets $$00 to - the same value. If BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 is unset, it loses its special + parameter 0 above). Assigning a value to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 sets $$00 to + the same value. If BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS - An associative array variable whose members correspond to the - internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh builtin. Adding elements to this array makes them appear in the hash table; however, unsetting array elements currently does not - remove command names from the hash table. If BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS is un- + remove command names from the hash table. If BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS is un- set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD - Expands to the command currently being executed or about to be - executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result + Expands to the command currently being executed or about to be + executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command executing at the time - of the trap. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD is unset, it loses its special + of the trap. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN__SSTTRRIINNGG The command argument to the --cc invocation option. BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO - An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source - files where each corresponding member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE was invoked. + An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source + files where each corresponding member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE was invoked. $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}} is the line number in the source file ($${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}) where $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called (or - $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if referenced within another shell func- - tion). Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the current line number. Assign- + $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if referenced within another shell func- + tion). Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the current line number. Assign- ments to BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO have no effect, and it may not be unset. BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH - A colon-separated list of directories in which the eennaabbllee com- + A colon-separated list of directories in which the eennaabbllee com- mand looks for dynamically loadable builtins. BBAASSHH__MMOONNOOSSEECCOONNDDSS - Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value - returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available. - If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to EEPPOOCCHHSSEECC-- - OONNDDSS. If BBAASSHH__MMOONNOOSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special prop- + Each time this variable is referenced, it expands to the value + returned by the system's monotonic clock, if one is available. + If there is no monotonic clock, this is equivalent to EEPPOOCCHHSSEECC-- + OONNDDSS. If BBAASSHH__MMOONNOOSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special prop- erties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH - An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary - operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index - 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex- + An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary + operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index + 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex- pression. The element with index _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE - An array variable whose members are the source filenames where - the corresponding shell function names in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array + An array variable whose members are the source filenames where + the corresponding shell function names in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array variable are defined. The shell function $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} is de- - fined in the file $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}} and called from - $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}. Assignments to BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE have no ef- + fined in the file $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}} and called from + $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}. Assignments to BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE have no ef- fect, and it may not be unset. BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL - Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment - when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini- - tial value is 0. If BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL is unset, it loses its spe- + Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment + when the shell begins executing in that environment. The ini- + tial value is 0. If BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL is unset, it loses its spe- cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__TTRRAAPPSSIIGG - Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being - executed during its execution. See the description of ttrraapp un- - der SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below for information about signal + Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being + executed during its execution. See the description of ttrraapp un- + der SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below for information about signal numbers and trap execution. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO A readonly array variable whose members hold version information - for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array + for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array members are as follows: BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n). @@ -1005,149 +1007,149 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[4]] The release status (e.g., _b_e_t_a). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[5]] The value of MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIIOONN - Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of + Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of bbaasshh (e.g., 5.2.37(3)-release). CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD - An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current + An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func- - tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the cur- - rent completion function. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- + rent completion function. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE - The current command line. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- + The current command line. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT - The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- - ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is + The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- + ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is - equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- + equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE - Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of attempted - completion that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, - for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- - sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- - tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or - _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in - shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- + Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of attempted + completion that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, + for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- + sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- + tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or + _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the programma- ble completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word - separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS - is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word + separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- - ual words in the current command line. The line is split into - words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as de- - scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func- - tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- + ual words in the current command line. The line is split into + words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as de- + scribed above. This variable is available only in shell func- + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). - CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file - descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess + CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file + descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see CCoopprroocceesssseess above). DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing the current con- - tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack - in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning + tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack + in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo- - ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must - be used to add and remove directories. Assigning to this vari- - able does not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is un- + ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must + be used to add and remove directories. Assigning to this vari- + able does not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is un- set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)) as a floating- + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)) as a floating- point value with micro-second granularity. Assignments to - EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE is unset, it loses + EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)). Assignments to - EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)). Assignments to + EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. - EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- + EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE - An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot- - tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". - This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. - Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, - it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re- + tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". + This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. + Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re- set. - This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. - Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in + This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. + Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For in- - stance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file - $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The + stance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file + $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The ccaalllleerr builtin displays the current call stack using this infor- mation. - GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect. - If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it + If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. HHIISSTTCCMMDD The history number, or index in the history list, of the current - command. Assignments to HHIISSTTCCMMDD have no effect. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is - unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + command. Assignments to HHIISSTTCCMMDD have no effect. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is + unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE Automatically set to the name of the current host. HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type - of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- + Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type + of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- dependent. - LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a - decimal number representing the current sequential line number - (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a - script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to + LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a + decimal number representing the current sequential line number + (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a + script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful. If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper- ties, even if it is subsequently reset. MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system - type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- + Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system + type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- _p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format. The default is system-dependent. MMAAPPFFIILLEE - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text read by the mmaappffiillee builtin when no variable name is supplied. OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command. - OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- - tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- + OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- + tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- dent. PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit - status values from the commands in the most-recently-executed - foreground pipeline, which may consist of only a simple command + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit + status values from the commands in the most-recently-executed + foreground pipeline, which may consist of only a simple command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). BBaasshh sets PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS after executing - multi-element pipelines, timed and negated pipelines, simple - commands, subshells created with the ( operator, the [[[[ and (((( + multi-element pipelines, timed and negated pipelines, simple + commands, subshells created with the ( operator, the [[[[ and (((( compound commands, and after error conditions that result in the shell aborting command execution. - PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- + PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- only. PPWWDD The current working directory as set by the ccdd command. - RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random - integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM ini- - tializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the - random number generator with the same constant value produces - the same sequence of values. If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset, it loses its + RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random + integer between 0 and 32767. Assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM ini- + tializes (seeds) the sequence of random numbers. Seeding the + random number generator with the same constant value produces + the same sequence of values. If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__AARRGGUUMMEENNTT - Any numeric argument given to a rreeaaddlliinnee command that was de- + Any numeric argument given to a rreeaaddlliinnee command that was de- fined using "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) when it was invoked. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE @@ -1155,370 +1157,370 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RREEAADDLLIINNEE__MMAARRKK The position of the mark (saved insertion point) in the rreeaaddlliinnee - line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The characters between the insertion point and the mark are often called the _r_e_g_i_o_n. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT The position of the insertion point in the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when + RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when no arguments are supplied. SSEECCOONNDDSS Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number - of seconds since shell invocation. If a value is assigned to - SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the - number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. - The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time + of seconds since shell invocation. If a value is assigned to + SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the + number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. + The number of seconds at shell invocation and the current time are always determined by querying the system clock at one-second - resolution. If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special proper- + resolution. If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special proper- ties, even if it is subsequently reset. SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the + appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading any startup - files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable + files. If this variable is exported, child shells will enable each option in the list. This variable is read-only. SSHHLLVVLL Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started. SSRRAANNDDOOMM - Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit + Each time it is referenced, this variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number. The random number generator is not linear - on systems that support _/_d_e_v_/_u_r_a_n_d_o_m or _a_r_c_4_r_a_n_d_o_m(3), so each + on systems that support _/_d_e_v_/_u_r_a_n_d_o_m or _a_r_c_4_r_a_n_d_o_m(3), so each returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it. - The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to + The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments to this variable have no effect. If SSRRAANNDDOOMM is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. UUIIDD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. - The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, bbaasshh assigns a + The shell uses the following variables. In some cases, bbaasshh assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT - The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See - SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below for a description of the various + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See + SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below for a description of the various compatibility levels and their effects. The value may be a dec- - imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding - to the desired compatibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or - set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the - default for the current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a - value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the - shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level - to the default for the current version. A subset of the valid - values correspond to the compatibility levels described below - under SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are - valid values that correspond to the ccoommppaatt4422 sshhoopptt option and - set the compatibility level to 42. The current version is also + imal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding + to the desired compatibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or + set to the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the + default for the current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a + value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the + shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility level + to the default for the current version. A subset of the valid + values correspond to the compatibility levels described below + under SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE. For example, 4.2 and 42 are + valid values that correspond to the ccoommppaatt4422 sshhoopptt option and + set the compatibility level to 42. The current version is also a valid value. BBAASSHH__EENNVV - If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, - its expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing com- - mands to initialize the shell before it reads and executes com- - mands from the script. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is subjected to + If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, + its expanded value is interpreted as a filename containing com- + mands to initialize the shell before it reads and executes com- + mands from the script. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expan- - sion before being interpreted as a filename. PPAATTHH is not used + sion before being interpreted as a filename. PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant filename. BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD - If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, - bbaasshh writes the trace output generated when "set -x" is enabled - to that file descriptor, instead of the standard error. The - file descriptor is closed when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or as- + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, + bbaasshh writes the trace output generated when "set -x" is enabled + to that file descriptor, instead of the standard error. The + file descriptor is closed when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or as- signed a new value. Unsetting BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the - empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard + empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD to 2 (the standard error - file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the stan- + file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the stan- dard error being closed. - CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated + CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated list of directories where the shell looks for directories speci- - fied as arguments to the ccdd command. A sample value is + fied as arguments to the ccdd command. A sample value is ".:~:/usr". CCHHIILLDD__MMAAXX - Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to - remember. BBaasshh will not allow this value to be decreased below - a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- - rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. BBaasshh will not allow this value to be decreased below + a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- + rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is system-dependent. CCOOLLUUMMNNSS - Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal - width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal + width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions - generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- - pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each ar- + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- + pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each ar- ray element contains one possible completion. - EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell - starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in + EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. - EENNVV Expanded and executed similarly to BBAASSHH__EENNVV (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN + EENNVV Expanded and executed similarly to BBAASSHH__EENNVV (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above) when an interactive shell is invoked in posix mode. EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) - defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search - using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- - terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of + A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) + defining the set of filenames to be ignored by command search + using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- + terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution via PPAATTHH lookup. This does not affect the behavior of the [[, tteesstt, and [[[[ commands. Full path- - names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. - Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the - executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern + names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. + Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the + executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command. FFIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing + A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). A filename whose suf- - fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the + fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~". FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT - If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum - function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this + If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum + function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level cause the current command to abort. GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file - names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name - matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the - patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file + names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name + matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the + patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell op- tion. GGLLOOBBSSOORRTT - Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The - value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or- - der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is - unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the - historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico- + Controls how the results of pathname expansion are sorted. The + value of this variable specifies the sort criteria and sort or- + der for the results of pathname expansion. If this variable is + unset or set to the null string, pathname expansion uses the + historical behavior of sorting by name, in ascending lexico- graphic order as determined by the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE shell variable. - If set, a valid value begins with an optional _+, which is ig- + If set, a valid value begins with an optional _+, which is ig- nored, or _-, which reverses the sort order from ascending to de- - scending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort speci- - fiers are _n_a_m_e, _n_u_m_e_r_i_c, _s_i_z_e, _m_t_i_m_e, _a_t_i_m_e, _c_t_i_m_e, and _b_l_o_c_k_s, + scending, followed by a sort specifier. The valid sort speci- + fiers are _n_a_m_e, _n_u_m_e_r_i_c, _s_i_z_e, _m_t_i_m_e, _a_t_i_m_e, _c_t_i_m_e, and _b_l_o_c_k_s, which sort the files on name, names in numeric rather than lexi- - cographic order, file size, modification time, access time, in- - ode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of - the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the + cographic order, file size, modification time, access time, in- + ode change time, and number of blocks, respectively. If any of + the non-name keys compare as equal (e.g., if two files are the same size), sorting uses the name as a secondary sort key. - For example, a value of _-_m_t_i_m_e sorts the results in descending + For example, a value of _-_m_t_i_m_e sorts the results in descending order by modification time (newest first). - The _n_u_m_e_r_i_c specifier treats names consisting solely of digits - as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" + The _n_u_m_e_r_i_c specifier treats names consisting solely of digits + as numbers and sorts them using their numeric value (so "2" sorts before "10", for example). When using _n_u_m_e_r_i_c, names con- - taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are + taining non-digits sort after all the all-digit names and are sorted by name using the traditional behavior. A sort specifier of _n_o_s_o_r_t disables sorting completely; bbaasshh re- - turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys- + turns the results in the order they are read from the file sys- tem, ignoring any leading _-. - If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _n_a_m_e, so a - value of _+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _- - sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores + If the sort specifier is missing, it defaults to _n_a_m_e, so a + value of _+ is equivalent to the null string, and a value of _- + sorts by name in descending order. Any invalid value restores the historical sorting behavior. HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL - A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are - saved on the history list. If the list of values includes - _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not - saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines + A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are + saved on the history list. If the list of values includes + _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not + saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines matching the previous history entry not to be saved. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_b_o_t_h is shorthand for _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e and _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s. A value of _e_r_a_s_e_d_u_p_s causes all previous lines matching the current line - to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. - Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is - unset, or does not include a valid value, bbaasshh saves all lines - read by the shell parser on the history list, subject to the + to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. + Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is + unset, or does not include a valid value, bbaasshh saves all lines + read by the shell parser on the history list, subject to the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. If the first line of a multi-line compound - command was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not - tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of - HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. If the first line was not saved, the second and + command was saved, the second and subsequent lines are not + tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of + HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of the command are not saved either. HHIISSTTFFIILLEE The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HHIISS-- - TTOORRYY below). BBaasshh assigns a default value of _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. - If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com- + TTOORRYY below). BBaasshh assigns a default value of _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. + If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset or null, the shell does not save the com- mand history when it exits. HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When - this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- - cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of - lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- + cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of + lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits or by - the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is - truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values - less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default + the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If the value is 0, the history file is + truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and numeric values + less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets the default value to the value of HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command - lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line - matches one of the patterns in the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE, it is - not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the - beginning of the line and must match the complete line (bbaasshh - does not implicitly append a "**"). Each pattern is tested - against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL are + A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command + lines should be saved on the history list. If a command line + matches one of the patterns in the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE, it is + not saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the + beginning of the line and must match the complete line (bbaasshh + does not implicitly append a "**"). Each pattern is tested + against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching char- - acters, "&&" matches the previous history line. A backslash es- - capes the "&&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a - match. If the first line of a multi-line compound command was - saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are - added to the history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. If + acters, "&&" matches the previous history line. A backslash es- + capes the "&&"; the backslash is removed before attempting a + match. If the first line of a multi-line compound command was + saved, the second and subsequent lines are not tested, and are + added to the history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. If the first line was not saved, the second and subsequent lines of - the command are not saved either. The pattern matching honors + the command are not saved either. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE subsumes some of the function of HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. A pat- - tern of "&" is identical to "ignoredups", and a pattern of "[ - ]*" is identical to "ignorespace". Combining these two pat- - terns, separating them with a colon, provides the functionality + tern of "&" is identical to "ignoredups", and a pattern of "[ + ]*" is identical to "ignorespace". Combining these two pat- + terns, separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of "ignoreboth". HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE - The number of commands to remember in the command history (see - HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in + The number of commands to remember in the command history (see + HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every - command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). - The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any + command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). + The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a + If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated - with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If - this variable is set, the shell writes time stamps to the his- - tory file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This - uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps + with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If + this variable is set, the shell writes time stamps to the his- + tory file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This + uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. HHOOMMEE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the ccdd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion. HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE - Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s + Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. - The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while - the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at- - tempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of - the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has - no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to - read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- + The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while + the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is at- + tempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of + the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has + no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to + read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- tions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, bbaasshh clears the hostname list. IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting af- - ter expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd + ter expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd builtin command. Word splitting is described below under EEXXPPAANN-- SSIIOONN. The default value is "". IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of - consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first - characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable - is set but does not have a numeric value, or the value is null, - the default value is 10. If it is unset, EEOOFF signifies the end + consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first + characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable + is set but does not have a numeric value, or the value is null, + the default value is 10. If it is unset, EEOOFF signifies the end of input to the shell. IINNPPUUTTRRCC - The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the de- + The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the de- fault of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). IINNSSIIDDEE__EEMMAACCSS - If this variable appears in the environment when the shell - starts, bbaasshh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell - buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of + If this variable appears in the environment when the shell + starts, bbaasshh assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell + buffer and may disable line editing, depending on the value of TTEERRMM. - LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not + LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__. - LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ + LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ variable specifying a locale category. LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE - This variable determines the collation order used when sorting - the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior - of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se- + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting + the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior + of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating se- quences within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE - This variable determines the interpretation of characters and - the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and + the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS - This variable determines the locale used to translate double- + This variable determines the locale used to translate double- quoted strings preceded by a $$. LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC - This variable determines the locale category used for number + This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. LLCC__TTIIMMEE - This variable determines the locale category used for data and + This variable determines the locale category used for data and time formatting. - LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column - length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column + length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. MMAAIILL If the value is set to a file or directory name and the MMAAIILLPPAATTHH - variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the arrival of + variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory. MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK - Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The de- - fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the - shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this - variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number + Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The de- + fault is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the + shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this + variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. MMAAIILLPPAATTHH A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may - be specified by separating the filename from the message with a - "?". When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the + be specified by separating the filename from the message with a + "?". When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the name of the current mailfile. For example: MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"' - BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- - able (there is no value by default), but the location of the + BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- + able (there is no value by default), but the location of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by - the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a + the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell script is executed. - PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of - directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD - EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the + PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of + directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD + EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory - name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or - trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is + name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or + trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is /usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT - If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the - shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if - the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set - while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables posix mode, as if the + If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the + shell enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if + the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set + while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables posix mode, as if the command "set -o posix" had been executed. When the shell enters posix mode, it sets this variable if it was not already set. PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD - If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set - element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary - prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is + If this variable is set, and is an array, the value of each set + element is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary + prompt. If this is set but not an array variable, its value is used as a command to execute instead. PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM - If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the + If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding - the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). + the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. - PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and + PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and before the command is executed. - PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is + PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is "\s-\v\$ ". - PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as + PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is "> ". PPSS33 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the sseelleecctt command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). - PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the + PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the value is printed before each command bbaasshh displays during an ex- ecution trace. The first character of the expanded value of PPSS44 is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is "+ ". - SSHHEELLLL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it - is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full + SSHHEELLLL This variable expands to the full pathname to the shell. If it + is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- - ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the - ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- - duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or - other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are + The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- + ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the + ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- + duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or + other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the brackets denote optional portions. %%%% A literal %%. %%[[_p]][[ll]]RR The elapsed time in seconds. @@ -1526,79 +1528,89 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS %%[[_p]][[ll]]SS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. %%PP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. - The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number + The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes - no decimal point or fraction to be output. ttiimmee prints at most - six digits after the decimal point; values of _p greater than 6 + no decimal point or fraction to be output. ttiimmee prints at most + six digits after the decimal point; values of _p greater than 6 are changed to 6. If _p is not specified, ttiimmee prints three dig- its after the decimal point. - The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of - the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not + The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of + the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not the fraction is included. - If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value - $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, - bbaasshh does not display any timing information. A trailing new- + If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value + $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, + bbaasshh does not display any timing information. A trailing new- line is added when the format string is displayed. - TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, the rreeaadd builtin uses the - value as its default timeout. The sseelleecctt command terminates if - input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is coming - from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter- - preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af- - ter issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting - for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not + TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, the rreeaadd builtin uses the + value as its default timeout. The sseelleecctt command terminates if + input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is coming + from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is inter- + preted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input af- + ter issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting + for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arrive. - TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which + TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which bbaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use. aauuttoo__rreessuummee This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and - job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist- - ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as - candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is - no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning - with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac- - cessed job. The _n_a_m_e of a stopped job, in this context, is the - command line used to start it, as displayed by jjoobbss. If set to - the value _e_x_a_c_t, the word must match the name of a stopped job - exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the word needs to match a sub- - string of the name of a stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value pro- + job control. If this variable is set, simple commands consist- + ing of only a single word, without redirections, are treated as + candidates for resumption of an existing stopped job. There is + no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning + with or containing the word, this selects the most recently ac- + cessed job. The _n_a_m_e of a stopped job, in this context, is the + command line used to start it, as displayed by jjoobbss. If set to + the value _e_x_a_c_t, the word must match the name of a stopped job + exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the word needs to match a sub- + string of the name of a stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value pro- vides functionality analogous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB - CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _p_r_e_f_i_x), the - word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides + CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set to any other value (e.g., _p_r_e_f_i_x), the + word must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the %%_s_t_r_i_n_g job identifier. hhiissttcchhaarrss - The two or three characters which control history expansion, - quick substitution, and tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN be- - low). The first character is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, - the character which begins a history expansion, normally "!!". - The second character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, nor- - mally "^^". When it appears as the first character on the line, + The two or three characters which control history expansion, + quick substitution, and tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN be- + low). The first character is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, + the character which begins a history expansion, normally "!!". + The second character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, nor- + mally "^^". When it appears as the first character on the line, history substitution repeats the previous command, replacing one - string with another. The optional third character is the _h_i_s_- - _t_o_r_y _c_o_m_m_e_n_t character, normally "##", which indicates that the - remainder of the line is a comment when it appears as the first - character of a word. The history comment character disables - history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It + string with another. The optional third character is the _h_i_s_- + _t_o_r_y _c_o_m_m_e_n_t character, normally "##", which indicates that the + remainder of the line is a comment when it appears as the first + character of a word. The history comment character disables + history substitution for the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. AArrrraayyss - BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. - Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin ex- - plicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of - an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- - tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions - that must expand to an integer (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below) and - are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary - strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non- + BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. + Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin ex- + plicitly declares an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of + an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- + tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using arithmetic expressions + that must expand to an integer (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below) and + are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary + strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non- negative integers. - An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned + The shell performs parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expan- + sion, command substitution, and quote removal on indexed array sub- + scripts. Since this can potentially result in empty strings, subscript + indexing treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0. + + The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on asso- + ciative array subscripts. Empty strings cannot be used as associative + array keys. + + BBaasshh automatically creates an indexed array if any variable is assigned to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e . The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate - to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an + to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). @@ -1613,103 +1625,103 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. Arrays are assigned using compound assignments of the form _n_a_m_e=((value_1 - ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e may be of the form [_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. - Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _s_t_r_i_n_g. Each - _v_a_l_u_e in the list is expanded using the shell expansions described be- + ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e may be of the form [_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. + Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _s_t_r_i_n_g. Each + _v_a_l_u_e in the list is expanded using the shell expansions described be- low under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN, but _v_a_l_u_es that are valid variable assignments in- - cluding the brackets and subscript do not undergo brace expansion and + cluding the brackets and subscript do not undergo brace expansion and word splitting, as with individual variable assignments. - When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and sub- - script are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of - the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement + When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and sub- + script are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of + the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assign- - ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is - required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al- - ternating keys and values: _n_a_m_e=(( _k_e_y_1 _v_a_l_u_e_1 _k_e_y_2 _v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). These - are treated identically to _n_a_m_e=(( [_k_e_y_1]=_v_a_l_u_e_1 [_k_e_y_2]=_v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). - The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in- - terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When - using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final + ment may be either assignment statements, for which the subscript is + required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence of al- + ternating keys and values: _n_a_m_e=(( _k_e_y_1 _v_a_l_u_e_1 _k_e_y_2 _v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). These + are treated identically to _n_a_m_e=(( [_k_e_y_1]=_v_a_l_u_e_1 [_k_e_y_2]=_v_a_l_u_e_2 ...)). + The first word in the list determines how the remaining words are in- + terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type. When + using key/value pairs, the keys may not be missing or empty; a final missing value is treated like the empty string. - This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array - elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax in- + This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array + elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax in- troduced above. - When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is subscripted by a nega- + When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is subscripted by a nega- tive number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater than - the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices count back from the end + the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. The "+=" operator appends to an array variable when assigning using the compound assignment syntax; see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS above. - An array element is referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces - are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t + An array element is referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces + are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e, unless noted in the - description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ - only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou- - ble-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each - array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special vari- - able, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a separate word. + description of a builtin or word expansion. These subscripts differ + only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is dou- + ble-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each + array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special vari- + able, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a separate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to nothing. If the - double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the - first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of - the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined - with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is - analogous to the expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppee-- + double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the + first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the expansion of + the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined + with the last part of the expansion of the original word. This is + analogous to the expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppee-- cciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss above). - ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If + ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of elements in the ar- ray. If the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of an indexed array eval- - uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one - greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count - back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last + uates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one + greater than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count + back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref- - erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable + erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is valid; bbaasshh creates an array if necessary. - An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. - It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the - values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in + It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the + values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in array variable _n_a_m_e. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the special parameters _@ and _* within double quotes. The uunnsseett builtin is used to destroy arrays. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] un- - sets the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t, for both indexed and asso- - ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted - as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable - does not unset the variable. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, re- - moves the entire array. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] behaves differently de- - pending on whether _n_a_m_e is an indexed or associative array when _s_u_b_- + sets the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t, for both indexed and asso- + ciative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted + as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable + does not unset the variable. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, re- + moves the entire array. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] behaves differently de- + pending on whether _n_a_m_e is an indexed or associative array when _s_u_b_- _s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an associative array, this unsets the el- - ement with subscript ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an indexed array, unset re- + ement with subscript ** or @@. If _n_a_m_e is an indexed array, unset re- moves all of the elements but does not remove the array itself. - When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com- - mand, such as with uunnsseett, without using the word expansion syntax de- - scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname - expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired + When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com- + mand, such as with uunnsseett, without using the word expansion syntax de- + scribed above, (e.g., unset a[4]), the argument is subject to pathname + expansion. Quote the argument if pathname expansion is not desired (e.g., unset 'a[4]'). - The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to - specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative ar- - ray. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd - builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the + The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to + specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative ar- + ray. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd + builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the standard input to an array. The sseett and ddeeccllaarree builtins display array - values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other - builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., mmaappffiillee); see the - descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro- + values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. Other + builtins accept array name arguments as well (e.g., mmaappffiillee); see the + descriptions of individual builtins below for details. The shell pro- vides a number of builtin array variables. EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN @@ -1719,64 +1731,64 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN _m_e_t_i_c _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g, _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, and _q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l. The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter - and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution - (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion; + and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution + (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; pathname expansion; and quote removal. On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail- - able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as - tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- + able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as + tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- stitution. - _Q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l is always performed last. It removes quote characters - present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other + _Q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l is always performed last. It removes quote characters + present in the original word, not ones resulting from one of the other expansions, unless they have been quoted themselves. - Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in- - crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a - single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex- + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can in- + crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a + single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the ex- pansions of ""$$@@"" and ""$${{_n_a_m_e[[@@]]}}"", and, in most cases, $$** and $${{_n_a_m_e[[**]]}} as explained above (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS). BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn - _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a + _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a common prefix and suffix, either of which can be empty. This mechanism - is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the filenames generated need not - exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _p_r_e_- - _a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se- - quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional - _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within - the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting + is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the filenames generated need not + exist. Patterns to be brace expanded are formed from an optional _p_r_e_- + _a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a se- + quence expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional + _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within + the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right. - Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string + Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string are not sorted; brace expansion preserves left to right order. For ex- ample, a{{d,c,b}}e expands into "ade ace abe". - A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y are - either integers or single letters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, is + A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y are + either integers or single letters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each - number between _x and _y, inclusive. If either _x or _y begins with a + number between _x and _y, inclusive. If either _x or _y begins with a zero, each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero- padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression ex- - pands to each character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive, - using the default C locale. Note that both _x and _y must be of the same - type (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used - as the difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 - as appropriate. + pands to each character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive, + using the C locale. Note that both _x and _y must be of the same type + (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the + difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as ap- + propriate. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char- - acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is - strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to + acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is + strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. - A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and + A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence ex- pression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. - A "{" or Q , may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being con- - sidered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter - expansion, the string "${" is not considered eligible for brace expan- + A "{" or Q , may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being con- + sidered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter + expansion, the string "${" is not considered eligible for brace expan- sion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing "}". This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of @@ -1786,67 +1798,67 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN or chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} - Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical - versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially - when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. - BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. + Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical + versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially + when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. + BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. For example, a word entered to sshh as "file{1,2}" appears identically in the output. BBaasshh outputs that word as "file1 file2" after brace expan- - sion. Start bbaasshh with the ++BB option or disable brace expansion with + sion. Start bbaasshh with the ++BB option or disable brace expansion with the ++BB option to the sseett command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) for strict sshh compatibility. TTiillddee EExxppaannssiioonn - If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~~"), all of the - characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if - there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of - the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the - tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. - If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the + If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ("~~"), all of the + characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if + there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of + the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the + tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. + If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the value of the shell parameter HHOOMMEE. If HHOOMMEE is unset, the tilde expands - to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead. Other- - wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated + to the home directory of the user executing the shell instead. Other- + wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated with the specified login name. - If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable PPWWDD re- + If the tilde-prefix is a "~+", the value of the shell variable PPWWDD re- places the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a "~-", the shell sub- - stitutes the value of the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set. If the - characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number - _N, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced + stitutes the value of the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set. If the + characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number + _N, optionally prefixed by a "+" or a "-", the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the ddiirrss builtin invoked with the characters following the - tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following + tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number without a leading "+" or "-", tilde expansion assumes "+". - The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so - the replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expan- + The results of tilde expansion are treated as if they were quoted, so + the replacement is not subject to word splitting and pathname expan- sion. - If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde- + If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the tilde- prefix is unchanged. - BBaasshh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme- - diately following a :: or the first ==, and performs tilde expansion in - these cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as- - signments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the ex- + BBaasshh checks each variable assignment for unquoted tilde-prefixes imme- + diately following a :: or the first ==, and performs tilde expansion in + these cases. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as- + signments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the ex- panded value. - BBaasshh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions + BBaasshh also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of variable assignments (as described above under PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) when they - appear as arguments to simple commands. BBaasshh does not do this, except + appear as arguments to simple commands. BBaasshh does not do this, except for the _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands listed above, when in posix mode. PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn The "$$" character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, - or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded - may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the - variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which + or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded + may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the + variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name. - When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}}" not + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first "}}" not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an em- - bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan- + bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expan- sion. The basic form of parameter expansion is @@ -1854,67 +1866,70 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} which substitutes the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The braces are required when - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as - part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell parameter as described + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as + part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference (AArrrraayyss). - If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and + If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of indirection. BBaasshh uses the value formed by expanding the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the new _p_a_- - _r_a_m_e_t_e_r; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in - the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The value is subject - to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and - arithmetic expansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the + _r_a_m_e_t_e_r; this new parameter is then expanded and that value is used in + the rest of the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The value is subject + to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and + arithmetic expansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the parameter referenced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete indirect expansion, for compatibility. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The - exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to + exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented be- - low (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. + low (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::--_w_o_r_d} - UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- + sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::==_w_o_r_d} - AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the ex- - pansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, and the expansion is + AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the ex- + pansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, and the expansion is the final value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned in this way. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::??_w_o_r_d} - DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, + DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, the shell writes the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that ef- fect if _w_o_r_d is not present) to the standard error and, if it is - not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. An interactive + not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. An interactive shell does not exit, but does not execute the command associated - with the expansion. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is sub- + with the expansion. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is sub- stituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::++_w_o_r_d} - UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is - substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. + UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is + substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not used. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h} - SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the - value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- - _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, an indexed array subscripted by @@ - or **, or an associative array name, the results differ as de- - scribed below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring - of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by - _o_f_f_s_e_t and extending to the end of the value. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t - are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). + SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- + _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, an indexed array subscripted by @@ + or **, or an associative array name, the results differ as de- + scribed below. If ::_l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted (the first form above), + this expands to the substring of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting + at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t and extending to the end of + the value. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is omitted, it is treated as 0. If _l_e_n_g_t_h + is omitted, but the colon after _o_f_f_s_e_t is present, it is treated + as 0. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHH-- + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of _p_a_- @@ -2201,11 +2216,13 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)))) The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n undergoes the same expansions as if it were within dou- - ble quotes, but double quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not treated - specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo para- - meter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. - The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. - Arithmetic expansions may be nested. + ble quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n are not + treated specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression un- + dergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote + removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be + evaluated. Since the way Bash handles double quotes can potentially + result in empty strings, arithmetic expansion treats those as expres- + sions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message @@ -3014,108 +3031,111 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _a_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _a_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC - EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). + EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). Since the expansions the [[[[ command performs + on _a_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 can potentially result in empty strings, arith- + metic expression evaluation treats those as expressions that + evaluate to 0. SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following ex- - pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the + pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right, in the following order. - 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments - (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments + (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. - 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are - expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word - is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word + is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. 3. Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN. 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- able. If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current - shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists - only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements - are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added - to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur- + shell environment. In the case of such a command (one that consists + only of assignment statements and redirections), assignment statements + are performed before redirections. Otherwise, the variables are added + to the environment of the executed command and do not affect the cur- rent shell environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a - value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits + value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. - If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af- - fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not af- + fect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. - If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as - described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- - sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command - is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as + described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- + sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command + is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a zero sta- tus. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN - After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple - command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol- + After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple + command and an optional list of arguments, the shell performs the fol- lowing actions. - If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate - it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is - invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a - function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If + If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate + it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is + invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a + function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. - If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no - slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- + If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no + slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to re- - member the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Bash performs a full search of the directo- - ries in PPAATTHH only if the command is not found in the hash table. If - the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell - function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it - is invoked in a separate execution environment with the original com- - mand and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the - function's exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If + member the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Bash performs a full search of the directo- + ries in PPAATTHH only if the command is not found in the hash table. If + the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell + function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it + is invoked in a separate execution environment with the original com- + mand and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the + function's exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and re- turns an exit status of 127. - If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain- ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. - If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, - and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a + If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, + and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a file containing shell commands, and the shell creates a new instance of - itself to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a - text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be + itself to execute it. Bash tries to determine whether the file is a + text file or a binary, and will not execute files it determines to be binaries. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as - if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep- - tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh + if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the excep- + tion that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS are retained by the child. - If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first - line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the + If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first + line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe- cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of - a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first - line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by + a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first + line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command arguments, if any. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- + The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- ing: - +o Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + +o Open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin. - +o The current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or + +o The current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or inherited by the shell at invocation. - +o The file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from + +o The file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from the shell's parent. +o Current traps set by ttrraapp. @@ -3123,135 +3143,135 @@ CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENN +o Shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment. - +o Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + +o Shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment. - +o Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- + +o Options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- mand-line arguments) or by sseett. +o Options enabled by sshhoopptt. +o Shell aliases defined with aalliiaass. - +o Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the + +o Various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD. - When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be - executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- - sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be + executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- + sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- ited from the shell. - +o The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + +o The shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified by redirections to the command. +o The current working directory. +o The file creation mode mask. - +o Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + +o Shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables exported for the command, passed in the environment. +o Traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored. - A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. A _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l is a copy of the shell process. - Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are re- - set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- - tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except - possibly in the last element depending on the value of the llaassttppiippee - shell option, are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes - made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution + set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- + tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline, except + possibly in the last element depending on the value of the llaassttppiippee + shell option, are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes + made to the subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. - When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command - substitutions inherit the value of the --ee option from their parent - shell. When not in posix mode, bbaasshh clears the --ee option in such sub- - shells. See the description of the iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt shell option below + When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spawned to execute command + substitutions inherit the value of the --ee option from their parent + shell. When not in posix mode, bbaasshh clears the --ee option in such sub- + shells. See the description of the iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt shell option below for how to control this behavior when not in posix mode. - If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the de- + If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the de- fault standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. Oth- - erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call- + erwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call- ing shell as modified by redirections. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT - When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the + When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e. - The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in- - vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter - for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child + The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On in- + vocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter + for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt, ddee-- - ccllaarree --xx, and uunnsseett commands modify the environment by adding and - deleting parameters and functions. If the value of a parameter in the - environment is modified, the new value automatically becomes part of - the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any - executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose - values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunn-- - sseett or eexxppoorrtt --nn commands, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddee-- + ccllaarree --xx, and uunnsseett commands modify the environment by adding and + deleting parameters and functions. If the value of a parameter in the + environment is modified, the new value automatically becomes part of + the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any + executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose + values may be modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunn-- + sseett or eexxppoorrtt --nn commands, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddee-- ccllaarree --xx commands. - If any parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS, appear + If any parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS, appear before a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, the variable assignments are part of that com- mand's environment for as long as it executes. These assignment state- - ments affect only the environment seen by that command. If these as- - signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables are local + ments affect only the environment seen by that command. If these as- + signments precede a call to a shell function, the variables are local to the function and exported to that function's children. - If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l - parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not + If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l + parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the + When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its environ- ment. EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS - The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the + The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the _w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between - 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above + 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status - has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a + has succeeded. So while an exit status of zero indicates success, a non-zero exit status indicates failure. - When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of + When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status. - If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re- - turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re- + turns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. - Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and - non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins - return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in- + Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and + non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins + return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in- valid options or missing arguments. The exit status of the last command is available in the special parame- ter $?. - BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un- - less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero + BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, un- + less a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero value. See also the eexxiitt builtin command below. SSIIGGNNAALLSS - When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores - SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and + When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores + SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and catches and handles SSIIGGIINNTT (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). - When bbaasshh receives SSIIGGIINNTT, it breaks out of any executing loops. In + When bbaasshh receives SSIIGGIINNTT, it breaks out of any executing loops. In all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh ig- nores SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. @@ -3260,45 +3280,45 @@ SSIIGGNNAALLSS Non-builtin commands bbaasshh executes have signal handlers set to the val- ues inherited by the shell from its parent, unless ttrraapp sets them to be - ignored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well. - When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT + ignored, in which case the child process will ignore them as well. + When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a - result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con- + result of command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job con- trol signals SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. - The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, - an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or - stopped. The shell sends SSIIGGCCOONNTT to stopped jobs to ensure that they - receive the SSIIGGHHUUPP (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more information about - running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the sig- - nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn - builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or mark it not to receive + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, + an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or + stopped. The shell sends SSIIGGCCOONNTT to stopped jobs to ensure that they + receive the SSIIGGHHUUPP (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more information about + running and stopped jobs). To prevent the shell from sending the sig- + nal to a particular job, remove it from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn + builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or mark it not to receive SSIIGGHHUUPP using ddiissoowwnn --hh. - If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set using sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a + If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set using sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. - If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for - which a trap has been set, it will not execute the trap until the com- + If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for + which a trap has been set, it will not execute the trap until the com- mand completes. If bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via the - wwaaiitt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set, - the wwaaiitt builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater + wwaaiitt builtin, and it receives a signal for which a trap has been set, + the wwaaiitt builtin will return immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after which the shell executes the trap. - When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground + When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground command to complete, the shell receives keyboard-generated signals such - as SSIIGGIINNTT (usually generated by ^^CC) that users commonly intend to send + as SSIIGGIINNTT (usually generated by ^^CC) that users commonly intend to send to that command. This happens because the shell and the command are in - the same process group as the terminal, and ^^CC sends SSIIGGIINNTT to all - processes in that process group. Since bbaasshh does not enable job con- - trol by default when the shell is not interactive, this scenario is + the same process group as the terminal, and ^^CC sends SSIIGGIINNTT to all + processes in that process group. Since bbaasshh does not enable job con- + trol by default when the shell is not interactive, this scenario is most common in non-interactive shells. - When job control is enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground com- - mand to complete, the shell does not receive keyboard-generated sig- - nals, because it is not in the same process group as the terminal. + When job control is enabled, and bbaasshh is waiting for a foreground com- + mand to complete, the shell does not receive keyboard-generated sig- + nals, because it is not in the same process group as the terminal. This scenario is most common in interactive shells, where bbaasshh attempts - to enable job control by default. See JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more in- + to enable job control by default. See JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below for more in- formation about process groups. When job control is not enabled, and bbaasshh receives SSIIGGIINNTT while waiting @@ -3308,62 +3328,64 @@ SSIIGGNNAALLSS 1. If the command terminates due to the SSIIGGIINNTT, bbaasshh concludes that the user meant to send the SSIIGGIINNTT to the shell as well, and acts on the SSIIGGIINNTT (e.g., by running a SSIIGGIINNTT trap, exiting a non-in- - teractive shell, or returning to the top level to read a new + teractive shell, or returning to the top level to read a new command). - 2. If the command does not terminate due to SSIIGGIINNTT, the program - handled the SSIIGGIINNTT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig- - nal. In that case, bbaasshh does not treat SSIIGGIINNTT as a fatal sig- - nal, either, instead assuming that the SSIIGGIINNTT was used as part - of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort + 2. If the command does not terminate due to SSIIGGIINNTT, the program + handled the SSIIGGIINNTT itself and did not treat it as a fatal sig- + nal. In that case, bbaasshh does not treat SSIIGGIINNTT as a fatal sig- + nal, either, instead assuming that the SSIIGGIINNTT was used as part + of the program's normal operation (e.g., emacs uses it to abort editing commands) or deliberately discarded. However, bbaasshh will - run any trap set on SSIIGGIINNTT, as it does with any other trapped - signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com- + run any trap set on SSIIGGIINNTT, as it does with any other trapped + signal it receives while it is waiting for the foreground com- mand to complete, for compatibility. - When job control is enabled, bbaasshh does not receive keyboard-generated - signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT while it is waiting for a foreground command. - An interactive shell does not pay attention to the SSIIGGIINNTT, even if the - foreground command terminates as a result, other than noting its exit - status. If the shell is not interactive, and the foreground command - terminates due to the SSIIGGIINNTT, bbaasshh pretends it received the SSIIGGIINNTT it- + When job control is enabled, bbaasshh does not receive keyboard-generated + signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT while it is waiting for a foreground command. + An interactive shell does not pay attention to the SSIIGGIINNTT, even if the + foreground command terminates as a result, other than noting its exit + status. If the shell is not interactive, and the foreground command + terminates due to the SSIIGGIINNTT, bbaasshh pretends it received the SSIIGGIINNTT it- self (scenario 1 above), for compatibility. JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the ex- - ecution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later - point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in- + ecution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later + point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive in- terface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal dri- ver and bbaasshh. - The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of - currently executing jobs, which the jjoobbss command will display. Each - job has a _j_o_b _n_u_m_b_e_r, which jjoobbss displays between brackets. Job num- - bers start at 1. When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_- + The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of + currently executing jobs, which the jjoobbss command will display. Each + job has a _j_o_b _n_u_m_b_e_r, which jjoobbss displays between brackets. Job num- + bers start at 1. When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_- _g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a line that looks like: [1] 25647 indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of - the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh + the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh uses the _j_o_b abstraction as the basis for job control. - To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, each process has a _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D, and the operating system maintains - the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. Processes that have - the same process group ID are said to be part of the same _p_r_o_c_e_s_s - _g_r_o_u_p. Members of the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d process group (processes whose - process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) re- - ceive keyboard-generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. Processes in the - foreground process group are said to be _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d processes. _B_a_c_k_- - _g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID differs from the ter- - minal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. Only - foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the user so speci- - fies with "stty tostop", write to the terminal. Background processes - which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop" is in effect) the - terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal by the kernel's terminal - driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. + the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. This terminal + process group ID is associated with the _c_o_n_t_r_o_l_l_i_n_g _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l. + + Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of + the same _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p. Members of the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d process group + (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal + process group ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. + Processes in the foreground process group are said to be _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d + processes. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID dif- + fers from the controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to key- + board-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read + from or, if the user so specifies with "stty tostop", write to the con- + trolling terminal. The system sends a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal to + background processes which attempt to read from (write to when "tostop" + is in effect) the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the process. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, bbaasshh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ- @@ -4149,8 +4171,8 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE at the top of the screen. cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the cur- - rent line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh - the current line without clearing the screen. + rent line at the top of the screen. With a numeric argument, + refresh the current line without clearing the screen. rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee Refresh the current line. @@ -6365,44 +6387,44 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee - or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or - eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a - &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& - or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last (subject - to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or if the - command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a - compound command other than a subshell returns a non- - zero status because a command failed while --ee was being - ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if - set, is executed before the shell exits. This option + or uunnttiill reserved word, part of the test following the + iiff or eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed + in a &&&& or |||| list except the command following the fi- + nal &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last + (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or + if the command's return value is being inverted with !!. + If a compound command other than a subshell returns a + non-zero status because a command failed while --ee was + being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, + if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- - ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. - If a compound command or shell function executes in a - context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands - executed within the compound command or function body - will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set - and a command returns a failure status. If a compound - command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a - context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have - any effect until the compound command or the command + If a compound command or shell function executes in a + context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands + executed within the compound command or function body + will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set + and a command returns a failure status. If a compound + command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a + context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have + any effect until the compound command or the command containing the function call completes. --ff Disable pathname expansion. - --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up + --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. - --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are - placed in the environment for a command, not just those + --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are + placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is - on by default for interactive shells on systems that - support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run + --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is + on by default for interactive shells on systems that + support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run in a separate process group. When a background job com- pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta- tus. --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used - to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig- + to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ig- nored by interactive shells. --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following: @@ -6410,10 +6432,10 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Same as --aa. bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd Same as --BB. - eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- + eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- face. This is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started with - the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the + the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee. eerrrrttrraaccee @@ -6427,7 +6449,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS HHIISSTTOORRYY. This option is on by default in inter- active shells. iiggnnoorreeeeooff - The effect is as if the shell command + The effect is as if the shell command "IGNOREEOF=10" had been executed (see SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess above). kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. @@ -6443,184 +6465,184 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS pphhyyssiiccaall Same as --PP. ppiippeeffaaiill - If set, the return value of a pipeline is the - value of the last (rightmost) command to exit - with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands - in the pipeline exit successfully. This option + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the + value of the last (rightmost) command to exit + with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands + in the pipeline exit successfully. This option is disabled by default. - ppoossiixx Enable posix mode; change the behavior of bbaasshh - where the default operation differs from the - POSIX standard to match the standard. See SSEEEE - AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that + ppoossiixx Enable posix mode; change the behavior of bbaasshh + where the default operation differs from the + POSIX standard to match the standard. See SSEEEE + AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects bash's behavior. pprriivviilleeggeedd Same as --pp. vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. - vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. + vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. xxttrraaccee Same as --xx. - If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, sseett prints the - current shell option settings. If ++oo is supplied with - no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, sseett prints a series of sseett commands to - recreate the current option settings on the standard + If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, sseett prints the + current shell option settings. If ++oo is supplied with + no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, sseett prints a series of sseett commands to + recreate the current option settings on the standard output. - --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the shell does - not read the $$EENNVV and $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files, shell functions - are not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELL-- - LLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if - they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the - shell is started with the effective user (group) id not - equal to the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is - not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective + --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the shell does + not read the $$EENNVV and $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files, shell functions + are not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELL-- + LLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if + they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the + shell is started with the effective user (group) id not + equal to the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is + not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. - Turning this option off causes the effective user and + Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. --rr Enable restricted shell mode. This option cannot be un- set once it has been set. --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. --uu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe- - cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub- - scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing - parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an - unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error - message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero + cial parameters "@" and "*", or array variables sub- + scripted with "@" or "*", as an error when performing + parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an + unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error + message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. - --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee + --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- - play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command - and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to + play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command + and its expanded arguments or associated word list, to the standard error. - --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). This is on by default. - --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with - the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. Using the - redirection operator >>|| instead of >> will override this + --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with + the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. Using the + redirection operator >>|| instead of >> will override this and force the creation of an output file. --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, - command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- - shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- + command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- + shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- ited in such cases. --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. - --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when - executing commands such as ccdd that change the current + --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when + executing commands such as ccdd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical directory structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical - chain of directories when performing commands which + chain of directories when performing commands which change the current directory. - --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by + --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex- - ecuted in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + ecuted in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. ---- If no arguments follow this option, unset the positional parameters. Otherwise, set the positional parameters to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin with a --. -- Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining _a_r_gs to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv options are - turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the positional para- + turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the positional para- meters remain unchanged. - The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + - rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op- + The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The op- tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the - shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The re- - turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun- + shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The re- + turn status is always zero unless an invalid option is encoun- tered. sshhiifftt [_n] Rename positional parameters from _n+1 ... to $$11 ........ Parameters - represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are unset. _n must - be a non-negative number less than or equal to $$##. If _n is 0, - no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, it is assumed to - be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional parameters are - not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _n is + represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are unset. _n must + be a non-negative number less than or equal to $$##. If _n is 0, + no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, it is assumed to + be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional parameters are + not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] - Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- - ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- + ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett builtin command. - With no options, or with the --pp option, display a list of all - settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is - set; if any _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output is restricted to + With no options, or with the --pp option, display a list of all + settable options, with an indication of whether or not each is + set; if any _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The --pp option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. - --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status + --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- - ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are supplied with --qq, the return + ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are supplied with --qq, the return status is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero oth- erwise. - --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for + --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt - shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. - Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) by default. - The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s - are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op- - tions, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a + The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s + are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting op- + tions, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a valid shell option. The list of sshhoopptt options is: aarrrraayy__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee - If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as- + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of as- sociative and indexed array subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing builtins that can - perform variable assignments, and while executing + perform variable assignments, and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing. aassssoocc__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee Deprecated; a synonym for aarrrraayy__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee. - aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory - is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- + aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory + is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. bbaasshh__ssoouurrccee__ffuullllppaatthh - If set, filenames added to the BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE array vari- - able are converted to full pathnames (see SShheellll VVaarrii-- + If set, filenames added to the BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE array vari- + able are converted to full pathnames (see SShheellll VVaarrii-- aabblleess above). ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss - If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is - not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is + not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. - ccddssppeellll If set, the ccdd command attempts to correct minor errors - in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors - include transposed characters, a missing character, and + ccddssppeellll If set, the ccdd command attempts to correct minor errors + in the spelling of a directory component. Minor errors + include transposed characters, a missing character, and one extra character. If ccdd corrects the directory name, - it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro- + it prints the corrected filename, and the command pro- ceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. cchheecckkhhaasshh If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- - ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed - command no longer exists, bbaasshh performs a normal path + ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, bbaasshh performs a normal path search. cchheecckkjjoobbss If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running - jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs + jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, bbaasshh defers the exit until a second exit is - attempted without an intervening command (see JJOOBB CCOONN-- - TTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any + attempted without an intervening command (see JJOOBB CCOONN-- + TTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee - If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external - (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the - values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS, using the file descriptor - associated with the standard error if it is a terminal. + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the + values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS, using the file descriptor + associated with the standard error if it is a terminal. This option is enabled by default. - ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- - line command in the same history entry. This allows - easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is - enabled by default, but only has an effect if command + ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- + line command in the same history entry. This allows + easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is + enabled by default, but only has an effect if command history is enabled, as described above under HHIISSTTOORRYY. ccoommppaatt3311 ccoommppaatt3322 @@ -6629,143 +6651,143 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ccoommppaatt4422 ccoommppaatt4433 ccoommppaatt4444 - These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode + These control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode (see SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE below). ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee - If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- - names and directory names when performing completion. + If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- + names and directory names when performing completion. If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol- - lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted - in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear - in shell variable references in words to be completed. - This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex- - pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any - dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, - either. This is active only when bash is using back- - slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is - set by default, which is the default bash behavior in + lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted + in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear + in shell variable references in words to be completed. + This means that dollar signs in variable names that ex- + pand to directories will not be quoted; however, any + dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, + either. This is active only when bash is using back- + slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default bash behavior in versions through 4.2. ddiirreexxppaanndd - If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results - of word expansion when performing filename completion. + If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results + of word expansion when performing filename completion. This changes the contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee editing - buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the + buffer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the user typed. ddiirrssppeellll - If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory - names during word completion if the directory name ini- + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. - ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a "." in - the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _. and + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a "." in + the results of pathname expansion. The filenames _. and _._. must always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- - not execute the file specified as an argument to the - eexxeecc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess - If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg - If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, + If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup file, arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell - starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- - ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers + starts, identical to the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set af- + ter invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- - routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- - cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell simulates a call to rreettuurrnn. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above). - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, - shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. - eexxttgglloobb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features + eexxttgglloobb If set, enable the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn. eexxttqquuoottee - If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed - within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb - If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree - If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell - variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- - ble completions. See SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess above for a de- - scription of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- + ble completions. See SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess above for a de- + scription of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by de- fault. gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess - If set, range expressions used in pattern matching - bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave - as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- - parisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the - current locale's collating sequence into account, so bb - will not collate between AA and BB, and upper-case and + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave + as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- + parisons. That is, pattern matching does not take the + current locale's collating sequence into account, so bb + will not collate between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. gglloobbsskkiippddoottss - If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- - names _. and _._., even if the pattern begins with a ".". + If set, pathname expansion will never match the file- + names _. and _._., even if the pattern begins with a ".". This option is enabled by default. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- - text will match all files and zero or more directories - and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only directories and subdirectories match. ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd - If set, the history list is appended to the file named + If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell ex- its, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the user is given - the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu- + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the user is given + the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitu- tion. hhiissttvveerriiffyy - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- - tory substitution are not immediately passed to the - shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to - perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ - is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- active login shell exits. iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt - If set, command substitution inherits the value of the - eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell - environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when posix mode is enabled. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss - In an interactive shell, a word beginning with ## causes - that word and all remaining characters on that line to - be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS + In an interactive shell, a word beginning with ## causes + that word and all remaining characters on that line to + be ignored, as in a non-interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This option is enabled by default. llaassttppiippee - If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- ground in the current shell environment. - lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. llooccaallvvaarr__iinnhheerriitt @@ -6774,37 +6796,37 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref at- tribute is not inherited. llooccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett - If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous - function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find + If set, calling uunnsseett on local variables in previous + function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function returns. This is identi- - cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the + cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the current function scope. llooggiinn__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started as a login - shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be changed. mmaaiillwwaarrnn - If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has - been accessed since the last time it was checked, bbaasshh - displays the message "The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, bbaasshh + displays the message "The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read". nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh does not search - PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is at- + PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is at- tempted on an empty line. nnooccaasseegglloobb - If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above). nnooccaasseemmaattcchh - If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi- - tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- + tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- pletions as part of programmable completion. nnooeexxppaanndd__ttrraannssllaattiioonn - If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $$""..."" - quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If + If set, bbaasshh encloses the translated results of $$""..."" + quoting in single quotes instead of double quotes. If the string is not translated, this has no effect. nnuullllgglloobb If set, pathname expansion patterns which match no files @@ -6812,73 +6834,73 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS removed, rather than expanding to themselves. ppaattssuubb__rreeppllaacceemmeenntt If set, bbaasshh expands occurrences of && in the replacement - string of pattern substitution to the text matched by - the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn + string of pattern substitution to the text matched by + the pattern, as described under PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn above. This option is enabled by default. pprrooggccoommpp - If set, enable the programmable completion facilities + If set, enable the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn above). This option is en- abled by default. pprrooggccoommpp__aalliiaass - If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh - treats a command name that doesn't have any completions + If set, and programmable completion is enabled, bbaasshh + treats a command name that doesn't have any completions as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it - has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- + has an alias, bbaasshh attempts programmable completion us- ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias. pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- - moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote re- + moval after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG above. This option is enabled by default. rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started in re- - stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value - may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup - files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + The shell sets this option if it is started in re- + stricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- cover whether or not a shell is restricted. sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee - If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the .. (ssoouurrccee) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to - find the directory containing the file supplied as an - argument when the --pp option is not supplied. This op- + find the directory containing the file supplied as an + argument when the --pp option is not supplied. This op- tion is enabled by default. vvaarrrreeddiirr__cclloossee - If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors - assigned using the _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_} redirection syntax (see + If set, the shell automatically closes file descriptors + assigned using the _{_v_a_r_n_a_m_e_} redirection syntax (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN above) instead of leaving them open when the command completes. xxppgg__eecchhoo - If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- - quences by default. If the ppoossiixx shell option is also + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape se- + quences by default. If the ppoossiixx shell option is also enabled, eecchhoo does not interpret any options. ssuussppeenndd [--ff] - Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT - signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, - cannot be suspended; the --ff option will override this and force - the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a - login shell or job control is not enabled and --ff is not sup- + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + signal. A login shell, or a shell without job control enabled, + cannot be suspended; the --ff option will override this and force + the suspension. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a + login shell or job control is not enabled and --ff is not sup- plied. tteesstt _e_x_p_r [[ _e_x_p_r ]] Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu- - ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and - operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed - of the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. - tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore + ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and + operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed + of the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, - listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de- + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation de- pends on the number of arguments; see below. tteesstt uses operator precedence when there are five or more arguments. !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. (( _e_x_p_r )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override normal operator precedence. _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. @@ -6895,104 +6917,105 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS null. 2 arguments If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and - only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- - ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed - above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed + above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. - If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the binary test - using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa - and --oo operators are considered binary operators when - there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, - the value is the negation of the two-argument test using + using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa + and --oo operators are considered binary operators when + there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, + the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result - is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- + is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- wise, the expression is false. 4 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of - the three-argument expression composed of the remaining - arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the fourth argument is exactly )), the result is the two-argu- - ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise, - the expression is parsed and evaluated according to + ment test of the second and third arguments. Otherwise, + the expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments - The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. When the shell is in posix mode, or if the expression is part of the [[[[ command, the << and >> operators sort using the current lo- - cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the tteesstt and [[ com- + cale. If the shell is not in posix mode, the tteesstt and [[ com- mands sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering. - The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu- - ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that - look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the --aa - and --oo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses. - Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to - restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace + The historical operator-precedence parsing with 4 or more argu- + ments can lead to ambiguities when it encounters strings that + look like primaries. The POSIX standard has deprecated the --aa + and --oo primaries and enclosing expressions within parentheses. + Scripts should no longer use them. It's much more reliable to + restrict test invocations to a single primary, and to replace uses of --aa and --oo with the shell's &&&& and |||| list operators. - ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. ttrraapp [--llppPP] [[_a_c_t_i_o_n] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] The _a_c_t_i_o_n is a command that is read and executed when the shell - receives any of the signals _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is absent (and + receives any of the signals _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is absent (and there is a single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is reset - to the value it had when the shell was started. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is - the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored + to the value it had when the shell was started. If _a_c_t_i_o_n is + the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. - If no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions associ- + If no arguments are supplied, ttrraapp displays the actions associ- ated with each trapped signal as a set of ttrraapp commands that can - be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi- - tions. If --pp is given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is not present, then ttrraapp - displays the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or, if none + be reused as shell input to restore the current signal disposi- + tions. If --pp is given, and _a_c_t_i_o_n is not present, then ttrraapp + displays the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or, if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of ttrraapp commands - that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal - dispositions. The --PP option behaves similarly, but displays - only the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. --PP re- - quires at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. The --PP or --pp options may - be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution) - and, as long as they are used before ttrraapp is used to change a + that can be reused as shell input to restore the current signal + dispositions. The --PP option behaves similarly, but displays + only the actions associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. --PP re- + quires at least one _s_i_g_s_p_e_c argument. The --PP or --pp options may + be used in a subshell environment (e.g., command substitution) + and, as long as they are used before ttrraapp is used to change a signal's handling, will display the state of its parent's traps. - The --ll option prints a list of signal names and their corre- - sponding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined + The --ll option prints a list of signal names and their corre- + sponding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insen- - sitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. If --ll is supplied with + sitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. If --ll is supplied with no _s_i_g_s_p_e_c arguments, it prints a list of valid signal names. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0), _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on exit from the - shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed before every - _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, _s_e_l_e_c_t command, (( - arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _f_o_r com- - mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function - (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). Refer to the description of the - eexxttddeebbuugg shell option (see sshhoopptt above) for details of its ef- - fect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, _a_c_t_i_o_n is exe- + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0), _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed on exit from the + shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed before every + _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, _s_e_l_e_c_t command, (( + arithmetic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic _f_o_r com- + mand, and before the first command executes in a shell function + (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). Refer to the description of the + eexxttddeebbuugg shell option (see sshhoopptt above) for details of its ef- + fect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, _a_c_t_i_o_n is exe- cuted each time a shell function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins finishes executing. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed whenever a pipeline - (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a - compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the - following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, _a_c_t_i_o_n is executed whenever a pipeline + (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a + compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the + following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following - a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, - part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command - following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the - last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or if - the command's return value is being inverted using !!. These are - the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) option. + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill reserved word, part of the test in an _i_f state- + ment, part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the + command following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline + but the last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell op- + tion), or if the command's return value is being inverted using + !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) op- + tion. When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit @@ -7470,4 +7493,4 @@ BBUUGGSS Array variables may not (yet) be exported. -GNU Bash 5.3 2025 January 8 _B_A_S_H(1) +GNU Bash 5.3 2025 February 24 _B_A_S_H(1) diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1 index c20f07341..5c8e36038 100644 --- a/doc/bash.1 +++ b/doc/bash.1 @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet.ramey@case.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Wed Jan 8 09:27:11 EST 2025 +.\" Last Change: Mon Feb 24 16:09:49 EST 2025 .\" .\" For bash_builtins, strip all but "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" section .\" For rbash, strip all but "RESTRICTED SHELL" section @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ .ds zY \" empty .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -.TH BASH 1 "2025 January 8" "GNU Bash 5.3" +.TH BASH 1 "2025 February 24" "GNU Bash 5.3" .\" .ie \n(.g \{\ .ds ' \(aq @@ -774,6 +774,8 @@ as if it were within double quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in \fIexpression\fP are not treated specially and are removed. +Since this can potentially result in empty strings, this command treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. .TP \fB[[\fP \fIexpression\fP \fB]]\fP .PD @@ -3132,8 +3134,24 @@ and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. .PP -An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to -using the syntax +The shell performs +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal +on indexed array subscripts. +Since this +can potentially result in empty strings, +subscript indexing treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. +.PP +The shell performs +tilde expansion, +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal +on associative array subscripts. +Empty strings cannot be used as associative array keys. +.PP +\fBBash\fP automatically creates an indexed array +if any variable is assigned to using the syntax .RS \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP \&. @@ -4177,6 +4195,10 @@ specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. +Since the way Bash handles double quotes +can potentially result in empty strings, +arithmetic expansion treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. .PP The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under @@ -5601,6 +5623,13 @@ are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see .SM .B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" above). +Since the expansions the \fB[[\fP command performs on +.I arg1 +and +.I arg2 +can potentially result in empty strings, +arithmetic expression evaluation treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. .PD .SH "SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION" When the shell executes a simple command, it performs the following @@ -6145,6 +6174,9 @@ To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, each process has a \fIprocess group ID\fP, and the operating system maintains the notion of a \fIcurrent terminal process group ID\fP. +This terminal process group ID is associated with the +\fIcontrolling terminal\fP. +.PP Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of the same \fIprocess group\fP. Members of the \fIforeground\fP process group (processes whose @@ -6156,18 +6188,21 @@ Processes in the foreground process group are said to be .I foreground processes. .I Background -processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; +processes are those whose process group ID differs from the +controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. -Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the -user so specifies with +Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, +if the user so specifies with .Q "stty tostop" , -write to the terminal. -Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when -.Q tostop -is in effect) the terminal are sent a +write to the controlling terminal. +The system sends a .SM .B "SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU)" -signal by the kernel's terminal driver, +signal to background processes which attempt to +read from (write to when +.Q tostop +is in effect) +the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the process. .PP If the operating system on which diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html index e4635097b..493ee3bf0 100644 --- a/doc/bash.html +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ -
BASH(1)2025 January 8BASH(1) +BASH(1)2025 February 24BASH(1)

Index @@ -1010,8 +1010,11 @@ otherwise the return status is 1. The expression undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double quotes, -but double quote characters in expression are not treated +but unescaped double quote characters +in expression are not treated specially and are removed. +Since this can potentially result in empty strings, this command treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0.
[[ expression ]]
Evaluate the conditional expression expression @@ -1753,7 +1756,7 @@ below). A variable -may be assigned to by a statement of the form +is assigned to using a statement of the form

@@ -3933,8 +3936,26 @@ associative arrays are referenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.

-An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to -using the syntax +The shell performs +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal +on indexed array subscripts. +Since this +can potentially result in empty strings, +subscript indexing treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. +

+ +The shell performs +tilde expansion, +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal +on associative array subscripts. +Empty strings cannot be used as associative array keys. +

+ +Bash automatically creates an indexed array +if any variable is assigned to using the syntax

name[subscript]=value . @@ -4283,7 +4304,7 @@ each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexicographically between x and y, inclusive, -using the default C locale. +using the C locale. Note that both x and y must be of the same type (integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between @@ -4619,9 +4640,15 @@ starting at the character specified by offset. If parameter is @ or *, an indexed array subscripted by @ or *, or an associative array name, the results differ as described below. -If length is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of +If :length is omitted (the first form above), this +expands to the substring of the value of parameter starting at the character specified by offset and extending to the end of the value. +If offset is omitted, +it is treated as 0. +If length is omitted, +but the colon after offset is present, +it is treated as 0. length and offset are arithmetic expressions (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION @@ -5178,11 +5205,16 @@ The undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double quotes, -but double quote characters in expression are not treated specially -and are removed. +but unescaped double quote characters +in expression are not treated +specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. +Since the way Bash handles double quotes +can potentially result in empty strings, +arithmetic expansion treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested.

@@ -7032,6 +7064,15 @@ are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see above). +Since the expansions the [[ command performs on +arg1 + +and +arg2 + +can potentially result in empty strings, +arithmetic expression evaluation treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0.

  @@ -7721,6 +7762,10 @@ To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, each process has a process group ID, and the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal process group ID. +This terminal process group ID is associated with the +controlling terminal. +

+ Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of the same process group. Members of the foreground process group (processes whose @@ -7735,19 +7780,22 @@ Processes in the foreground process group are said to be processes. Background -processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; +processes are those whose process group ID differs from the +controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. -Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the -user so specifies with - -write to the terminal. -Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when +Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, +if the user so specifies with -is in effect) the terminal are sent a +write to the controlling terminal. +The system sends a SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) -signal by the kernel's terminal driver, +signal to background processes which attempt to +read from (write to when + +is in effect) +the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the process.

@@ -9451,7 +9499,7 @@ leaving the current line at the top of the screen. Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top of the screen. -With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the +With a numeric argument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen.

redraw-current-line @@ -14133,7 +14181,7 @@ command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a or until -keyword, +reserved word, part of the test following the if @@ -15648,7 +15696,7 @@ command is part of the command list immediately following a or until -keyword, +reserved word, part of the test in an if @@ -16765,7 +16813,7 @@ Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
-
GNU Bash 5.32025 January 8BASH(1) +GNU Bash 5.32025 February 24BASH(1)
@@ -16874,7 +16922,7 @@ Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
BUGS
-This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20250122/doc/bash.1.
-Time: 28 January 2025 09:45:18 EST +This document was created by man2html from /usr/local/src/bash/bash-20250224/doc/bash.1.
+Time: 28 February 2025 11:12:41 EST diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info index 0d43c0f6f..5a0bcd600 100644 --- a/doc/bash.info +++ b/doc/bash.info @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.1 from bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 8 January 2025). +Bash shell (version 5.3, 24 February 2025). - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 8 January 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 24 February 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. Copyright © 1988-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 5.3, 8 January 2025). The Bash home page is +Bash shell (version 5.3, 24 February 2025). The Bash home page is . - This is Edition 5.3, last updated 8 January 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash + This is Edition 5.3, last updated 24 February 2025, of ‘The GNU Bash Reference Manual’, for ‘Bash’, Version 5.3. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some @@ -992,8 +992,10 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The EXPRESSION undergoes the same expansions as if it were within double quotes, - but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated specially - and are removed. If the value of the expression is non-zero, the + but unescaped double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated + specially and are removed. Since this can potentially result in + empty strings, this command treats those as expressions that + evaluate to 0. If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1. ‘[[...]]’ @@ -1489,7 +1491,7 @@ attributes. is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the ‘unset’ builtin command. - A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form + A variable is assigned to using a statement of the form NAME=[VALUE] If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, @@ -1728,11 +1730,10 @@ integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between X and Y, inclusive. If either X or Y begins with a zero, each generated term will contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary. When letters are supplied, the expression expands to -each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the -default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type -(integer or letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the -difference between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as -appropriate. +each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the C +locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type (integer or +letter). When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference +between each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It @@ -1915,10 +1916,18 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ : ${var=DEFAULT} $ echo $var DEFAULT + $ var= + $ : ${var=DEFAULT} + $ echo $var + $ var= $ : ${var:=DEFAULT} $ echo $var DEFAULT + $ unset var + $ : ${var:=DEFAULT} + $ echo $var + DEFAULT ‘${PARAMETER:?WORD}’ If PARAMETER is null or unset, the shell writes the expansion of @@ -1931,6 +1940,16 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ var= $ : ${var:?var is unset or null} bash: var: var is unset or null + $ echo ${var?var is unset} + + $ unset var + $ : ${var?var is unset} + bash: var: var is unset + $ : ${var:?var is unset or null} + bash: var: var is unset or null + $ var=123 + $ echo ${var:?var is unset or null} + 123 ‘${PARAMETER:+WORD}’ If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise @@ -1940,9 +1959,18 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ var=123 $ echo ${var:+var is set and not null} var is set and not null + $ echo ${var+var is set} + var is set $ var= $ echo ${var:+var is set and not null} + $ echo ${var+var is set} + var is set + $ unset var + $ echo ${var+var is set} + + $ echo ${var:+var is set and not null} + $ ‘${PARAMETER:OFFSET}’ @@ -1951,11 +1979,13 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. LENGTH characters of the value of PARAMETER starting at the character specified by OFFSET. If PARAMETER is ‘@’ or ‘*’, an indexed array subscripted by ‘@’ or ‘*’, or an associative array - name, the results differ as described below. If LENGTH is omitted, - it expands to the substring of the value of PARAMETER starting at - the character specified by OFFSET and extending to the end of the - value. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell - Arithmetic::). + name, the results differ as described below. If :LENGTH is omitted + (the first form above), this expands to the substring of the value + of PARAMETER starting at the character specified by OFFSET and + extending to the end of the value. If OFFSET is omitted, it is + treated as 0. If LENGTH is omitted, but the colon after OFFSET is + present, it is treated as 0. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic + expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::). If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER. @@ -2398,11 +2428,13 @@ the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: $(( EXPRESSION )) The EXPRESSION undergoes the same expansions as if it were within -double quotes, but double quote characters in EXPRESSION are not treated -specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo -parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote -removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be -evaluated. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. +double quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in EXPRESSION are +not treated specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression +undergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and +quote removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be +evaluated. Since the way Bash handles double quotes can potentially +result in empty strings, arithmetic expansion treats those as +expressions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a @@ -3897,11 +3929,11 @@ standard. compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The ‘ERR’ trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following an - ‘until’ or ‘while’ keyword, part of the test following the ‘if’ or - ‘elif’ reserved words, part of a command executed in a ‘&&’ or ‘||’ - list except the command following the final ‘&&’ or ‘||’, any - command in a pipeline but the last, (subject to the state of the - ‘pipefail’ shell option), or if the command's return status is + ‘until’ or ‘while’ reserved word, part of the test following the + ‘if’ or ‘elif’ reserved words, part of a command executed in a ‘&&’ + or ‘||’ list except the command following the final ‘&&’ or ‘||’, + any command in a pipeline but the last, (subject to the state of + the ‘pipefail’ shell option), or if the command's return status is being inverted using ‘!’. These are the same conditions obeyed by the ‘errexit’ (‘-e’) option. @@ -4856,9 +4888,9 @@ parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. a list (*note Lists::), or a compound command (*note Compound Commands::) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list - immediately following a ‘while’ or ‘until’ keyword, part of - the test in an ‘if’ statement, part of any command executed in - a ‘&&’ or ‘||’ list except the command following the final + immediately following a ‘while’ or ‘until’ reserved word, part + of the test in an ‘if’ statement, part of any command executed + in a ‘&&’ or ‘||’ list except the command following the final ‘&&’ or ‘||’, any command in a pipeline but the last (subject to the state of the ‘pipefail’ shell option), or if the command's return status is being inverted with ‘!’. If a @@ -7001,7 +7033,10 @@ link itself. greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be positive or negative integers. When used with the ‘[[’ command, ARG1 and ARG2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (*note Shell - Arithmetic::). + Arithmetic::). Since the expansions the ‘[[’ command performs on + ARG1 and ARG2 can potentially result in empty strings, arithmetic + expression evaluation treats those as expressions that evaluate to + 0.  File: bash.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions, Up: Bash Features @@ -7182,8 +7217,18 @@ expressions that must expand to an integer (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. - An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned -to using the syntax + The shell performs parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic +expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on indexed array +subscripts. Since this can potentially result in empty strings, +subscript indexing treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0. + + The shell performs tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +arithmetic expansion, command substitution, and quote removal on +associative array subscripts. Empty strings cannot be used as +associative array keys. + + Bash automatically creates an indexed array if any variable is +assigned to using the syntax NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate @@ -7758,7 +7803,7 @@ startup files. double-quoted string, even if the ‘histexpand’ option is enabled. 31. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by ‘type’), Bash - does not print the ‘function’ keyword unless necessary. + does not print the ‘function’ reserved word unless necessary. 32. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion results in an invalid expression. @@ -7867,72 +7912,77 @@ startup files. 58. The ‘kill’ builtin does not accept signal names with a ‘SIG’ prefix. - 59. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert + 59. The ‘kill’ builtin returns a failure status if any of the pid or + job arguments are invalid or if sending the specified signal to any + of them fails. In default mode, ‘kill’ returns success if the + signal was successfully sent to any of the specified processes. + + 60. The ‘printf’ builtin uses ‘double’ (via ‘strtod’) to convert arguments corresponding to floating point conversion specifiers, instead of ‘long double’ if it's available. The ‘L’ length modifier forces ‘printf’ to use ‘long double’ if it's available. - 60. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + 61. The ‘pwd’ builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the ‘-P’ option. - 61. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap + 62. The ‘read’ builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing ‘read’, the trap handler executes and ‘read’ returns an exit status greater than 128. - 62. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not + 63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it does not display shell function names and definitions. - 63. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays + 64. When the ‘set’ builtin is invoked without options, it displays variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. - 64. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when + 65. The ‘test’ builtin compares strings using the current locale when evaluating the ‘<’ and ‘>’ binary operators. - 65. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. + 66. The ‘test’ builtin's ‘-t’ unary primary requires an argument. Historical versions of ‘test’ made the argument optional in certain cases, and Bash attempts to accommodate those for backwards compatibility. - 66. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading + 67. The ‘trap’ builtin displays signal names without the leading ‘SIG’. - 67. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + 68. The ‘trap’ builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should use ‘-’ as the first argument. - 68. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions + 69. ‘trap -p’ without arguments displays signals whose dispositions are set to SIG_DFL and those that were ignored when the shell started, not just trapped signals. - 69. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable + 70. The ‘type’ and ‘command’ builtins will not report a non-executable file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in ‘$PATH’. - 70. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ + 71. The ‘ulimit’ builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the ‘-c’ and ‘-f’ options. - 71. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal + 72. The ‘unset’ builtin with the ‘-v’ option specified returns a fatal error if it attempts to unset a ‘readonly’ or ‘non-unsettable’ variable, which causes a non-interactive shell to exit. - 72. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment + 73. When asked to unset a variable that appears in an assignment statement preceding the command, the ‘unset’ builtin attempts to unset a variable of the same name in the current or previous scope as well. This implements the required "if an assigned variable is further modified by the utility, the modifications made by the utility shall persist" behavior. - 73. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not + 74. The arrival of ‘SIGCHLD’ when a trap is set on ‘SIGCHLD’ does not interrupt the ‘wait’ builtin and cause it to return immediately. The trap command is run once for each child that exits. - 74. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list + 75. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such statuses after the ‘wait’ builtin returns it. There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default @@ -8158,19 +8208,22 @@ uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control. To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, each process has a “process group ID”, and the operating system -maintains the notion of a current terminal process group ID. Processes -that have the same process group ID are said to be part of the same -“process group”. Members of the foreground process group (processes -whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group -ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as ‘SIGINT’. Processes in -the foreground process group are said to be foreground processes. -Background processes are those whose process group ID differs from the -terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. -Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the user so -specifies with ‘stty tostop’, write to the terminal. Background -processes which attempt to read from (write to when ‘tostop’ is in -effect) the terminal are sent a ‘SIGTTIN’ (‘SIGTTOU’) signal by the -kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. +maintains the notion of a current terminal process group ID. This +terminal process group ID is associated with the “controlling terminal”. + + Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of +the same “process group”. Members of the foreground process group +(processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal +process group ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as ‘SIGINT’. +Processes in the foreground process group are said to be foreground +processes. Background processes are those whose process group ID +differs from the controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to +keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to +read from or, if the user so specifies with ‘stty tostop’, write to the +controlling terminal. The system sends a ‘SIGTTIN’ (‘SIGTTOU’) signal +to background processes which attempt to read from (write to when +‘tostop’ is in effect) the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the +process. If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the “suspend” @@ -9560,7 +9613,8 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: B ‘clear-screen (C-l)’ Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the current - line at the top of the screen. + line at the top of the screen. If given a numeric argument, this + refreshes the current line without clearing the screen. ‘redraw-current-line ()’ Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. @@ -11890,8 +11944,8 @@ historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference. • Bash implements command aliases and the ‘alias’ and ‘unalias’ builtins (*note Aliases::). - • Bash implements the ‘!’ keyword to negate the return value of a - pipeline (*note Pipelines::). This is very useful when an ‘if’ + • Bash implements the ‘!’ reserved word to negate the return value of + a pipeline (*note Pipelines::). This is very useful when an ‘if’ statement needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash ‘-o pipefail’ option to ‘set’ will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any command fails (*note The Set Builtin::). @@ -12876,9 +12930,9 @@ D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words * !: Pipelines. (line 9) * [[: Conditional Constructs. - (line 126) + (line 128) * ]]: Conditional Constructs. - (line 126) + (line 128) * {: Command Grouping. (line 21) * }: Command Grouping. (line 21) * case: Conditional Constructs. @@ -13321,7 +13375,7 @@ D.4 Function Index * quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 28) * re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 6) -* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 61) +* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 62) * reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. (line 29) * revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. @@ -13544,138 +13598,138 @@ D.5 Concept Index  Tag Table: -Node: Top897 -Node: Introduction2834 -Node: What is Bash?3047 -Node: What is a shell?4180 -Node: Definitions6790 -Node: Basic Shell Features10117 -Node: Shell Syntax11341 -Node: Shell Operation12368 -Node: Quoting13659 -Node: Escape Character14997 -Node: Single Quotes15532 -Node: Double Quotes15881 -Node: ANSI-C Quoting17226 -Node: Locale Translation18620 -Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts20023 -Node: Comments24221 -Node: Shell Commands24988 -Node: Reserved Words25927 -Node: Simple Commands26792 -Node: Pipelines27454 -Node: Lists30710 -Node: Compound Commands32582 -Node: Looping Constructs33591 -Node: Conditional Constructs36110 -Node: Command Grouping51046 -Node: Coprocesses52538 -Node: GNU Parallel55224 -Node: Shell Functions56142 -Node: Shell Parameters64590 -Node: Positional Parameters69492 -Node: Special Parameters70582 -Node: Shell Expansions74043 -Node: Brace Expansion76232 -Node: Tilde Expansion79578 -Node: Shell Parameter Expansion82533 -Node: Command Substitution102341 -Node: Arithmetic Expansion105870 -Node: Process Substitution106884 -Node: Word Splitting107992 -Node: Filename Expansion110436 -Node: Pattern Matching113660 -Node: Quote Removal119383 -Node: Redirections119687 -Node: Executing Commands129950 -Node: Simple Command Expansion130617 -Node: Command Search and Execution132725 -Node: Command Execution Environment135169 -Node: Environment138617 -Node: Exit Status140520 -Node: Signals142578 -Node: Shell Scripts147507 -Node: Shell Builtin Commands150805 -Node: Bourne Shell Builtins152916 -Node: Bash Builtins179480 -Node: Modifying Shell Behavior216404 -Node: The Set Builtin216746 -Node: The Shopt Builtin228734 -Node: Special Builtins245786 -Node: Shell Variables246775 -Node: Bourne Shell Variables247209 -Node: Bash Variables249717 -Node: Bash Features288622 -Node: Invoking Bash289636 -Node: Bash Startup Files296220 -Node: Interactive Shells301462 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?301870 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?302532 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior303356 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions307117 -Node: Shell Arithmetic312328 -Node: Aliases315657 -Node: Arrays318791 -Node: The Directory Stack325883 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins326680 -Node: Controlling the Prompt331125 -Node: The Restricted Shell334010 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode336892 -Node: Shell Compatibility Mode354953 -Node: Job Control363960 -Node: Job Control Basics364417 -Node: Job Control Builtins370695 -Node: Job Control Variables377377 -Node: Command Line Editing378608 -Node: Introduction and Notation380311 -Node: Readline Interaction382663 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials383851 -Node: Readline Movement Commands385659 -Node: Readline Killing Commands386655 -Node: Readline Arguments388678 -Node: Searching389735 -Node: Readline Init File391978 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax393281 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs420106 -Node: Sample Init File424491 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands427611 -Node: Commands For Moving429149 -Node: Commands For History431517 -Node: Commands For Text436907 -Node: Commands For Killing441032 -Node: Numeric Arguments443820 -Node: Commands For Completion444972 -Node: Keyboard Macros450668 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands451369 -Node: Readline vi Mode457936 -Node: Programmable Completion458913 -Node: Programmable Completion Builtins467650 -Node: A Programmable Completion Example479387 -Node: Using History Interactively484732 -Node: Bash History Facilities485413 -Node: Bash History Builtins489148 -Node: History Interaction495619 -Node: Event Designators500569 -Node: Word Designators502147 -Node: Modifiers504539 -Node: Installing Bash506476 -Node: Basic Installation507592 -Node: Compilers and Options511468 -Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures512218 -Node: Installation Names513971 -Node: Specifying the System Type516205 -Node: Sharing Defaults516951 -Node: Operation Controls517665 -Node: Optional Features518684 -Node: Reporting Bugs531064 -Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell532421 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License553841 -Node: Indexes579018 -Node: Builtin Index579469 -Node: Reserved Word Index586567 -Node: Variable Index589012 -Node: Function Index606425 -Node: Concept Index620420 +Node: Top901 +Node: Introduction2842 +Node: What is Bash?3055 +Node: What is a shell?4188 +Node: Definitions6798 +Node: Basic Shell Features10125 +Node: Shell Syntax11349 +Node: Shell Operation12376 +Node: Quoting13667 +Node: Escape Character15005 +Node: Single Quotes15540 +Node: Double Quotes15889 +Node: ANSI-C Quoting17234 +Node: Locale Translation18628 +Node: Creating Internationalized Scripts20031 +Node: Comments24229 +Node: Shell Commands24996 +Node: Reserved Words25935 +Node: Simple Commands26800 +Node: Pipelines27462 +Node: Lists30718 +Node: Compound Commands32590 +Node: Looping Constructs33599 +Node: Conditional Constructs36118 +Node: Command Grouping51188 +Node: Coprocesses52680 +Node: GNU Parallel55366 +Node: Shell Functions56284 +Node: Shell Parameters64732 +Node: Positional Parameters69633 +Node: Special Parameters70723 +Node: Shell Expansions74184 +Node: Brace Expansion76373 +Node: Tilde Expansion79711 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion82666 +Node: Command Substitution103309 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion106838 +Node: Process Substitution108014 +Node: Word Splitting109122 +Node: Filename Expansion111566 +Node: Pattern Matching114790 +Node: Quote Removal120513 +Node: Redirections120817 +Node: Executing Commands131080 +Node: Simple Command Expansion131747 +Node: Command Search and Execution133855 +Node: Command Execution Environment136299 +Node: Environment139747 +Node: Exit Status141650 +Node: Signals143708 +Node: Shell Scripts148637 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands151935 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins154046 +Node: Bash Builtins180616 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior217540 +Node: The Set Builtin217882 +Node: The Shopt Builtin229876 +Node: Special Builtins246928 +Node: Shell Variables247917 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables248351 +Node: Bash Variables250859 +Node: Bash Features289764 +Node: Invoking Bash290778 +Node: Bash Startup Files297362 +Node: Interactive Shells302604 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?303012 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?303674 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior304498 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions308259 +Node: Shell Arithmetic313676 +Node: Aliases317005 +Node: Arrays320139 +Node: The Directory Stack327727 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins328524 +Node: Controlling the Prompt332969 +Node: The Restricted Shell335854 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode338736 +Node: Shell Compatibility Mode357093 +Node: Job Control366100 +Node: Job Control Basics366557 +Node: Job Control Builtins372925 +Node: Job Control Variables379607 +Node: Command Line Editing380838 +Node: Introduction and Notation382541 +Node: Readline Interaction384893 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials386081 +Node: Readline Movement Commands387889 +Node: Readline Killing Commands388885 +Node: Readline Arguments390908 +Node: Searching391965 +Node: Readline Init File394208 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax395511 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs422336 +Node: Sample Init File426721 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands429841 +Node: Commands For Moving431379 +Node: Commands For History433843 +Node: Commands For Text439233 +Node: Commands For Killing443358 +Node: Numeric Arguments446146 +Node: Commands For Completion447298 +Node: Keyboard Macros452994 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands453695 +Node: Readline vi Mode460262 +Node: Programmable Completion461239 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins469976 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example481713 +Node: Using History Interactively487058 +Node: Bash History Facilities487739 +Node: Bash History Builtins491474 +Node: History Interaction497945 +Node: Event Designators502895 +Node: Word Designators504473 +Node: Modifiers506865 +Node: Installing Bash508802 +Node: Basic Installation509918 +Node: Compilers and Options513794 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures514544 +Node: Installation Names516297 +Node: Specifying the System Type518531 +Node: Sharing Defaults519277 +Node: Operation Controls519991 +Node: Optional Features521010 +Node: Reporting Bugs533390 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell534747 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License556173 +Node: Indexes581350 +Node: Builtin Index581801 +Node: Reserved Word Index588899 +Node: Variable Index591344 +Node: Function Index608757 +Node: Concept Index622752  End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/bash.pdf b/doc/bash.pdf index 565f728df02b8415c4dae98df73c995579a8c6c8..acc79968b963064fbdbfb36e6135ac77f98613e2 100644 GIT binary patch delta 368728 zc-mBYLvSUEqHS#3wr$(C?WE&$xMSN%$F^uSCt$vrT4y0cU<%gFqw6S$FmHLlgpbv-gluA1|;dmnLPqrkkBx&*_ z`Kqgui5(eb6f@=oDR}9aQEpL&I&a8bCtLuTP+;Qql?6Y03-Eqx=l%04{2M3okZNqHi&^%fw8O4FvQ zO9U5|(FnQIqUVdT&*a?vSPp(1?8H=_{cpV&@Uq-nEsrL+$rx$TJ58t*iy-eeIv>mVV5weE0?ssknNlxHMO+gMGBCo1J$a)F 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If)-.25 F F0(shopt_option)3.253 E F1 .753 (is present,)3.253 F F33.253 E F1 .753(sets the v)3.253 F .753 (alue of that option;)-.25 F F3(+O)3.252 E F1(unsets)3.252 E 3.456 -(it. If)158 537.6 R F0(shopt_option)3.456 E F1 .957(is not supplied,) +(it. 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If)B F2(bash)2.609 E F1 -.109(is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .256(in this f)108 -496.8 R(ashion,)-.1 E F2($0)2.756 E F1 .257(is set to the name of the \ -\214le, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining ar)2.756 -F(gu-)-.18 E(ments.)108 508.8 Q F2(Bash)5.2 E F1 .2(reads and e)2.7 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cutes commands from this \214le, then e).15 F(xits.) --.15 E F2(Bash)5.199 E F1 1.299 -.55('s e)D .199(xit status is the e).4 -F .199(xit status of)-.15 F .732(the last command e)108 520.8 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .732(cuted in the script.).15 F .733(If no commands are e)5.732 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .733(cuted, the e).15 F .733(xit status is 0.)-.15 F .733 -(Bash \214rst at-)5.733 F .087 -(tempts to open the \214le in the current directory)108 532.8 R 2.587 -(,a)-.65 G .086 -(nd, if no \214le is found, then searches the directories in)-2.587 F F3 --.666(PA)2.586 G(TH)-.189 E F1(for the script.)108 544.8 Q F4(INV)72 -561.6 Q(OCA)-.493 E(TION)-1.04 E F1(A)108 573.6 Q F0(lo)2.5 E(gin shell) --.1 E F1(is one whose \214rst character of ar)2.5 E(gument zero is a) --.18 E F22.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ro)-2.5 G(ne started with the)-2.5 E -F2(\255\255login)2.5 E F1(option.)2.5 E(An)108 590.4 Q F0(inter)2.733 E -(active)-.15 E F1 .234(shell is one started without non-option ar)2.733 -F .234(guments \(unless)-.18 F F22.734 E F1 .234 -(is speci\214ed\) and without the)2.734 F F22.734 E F1 2.787(opti\ -on, whose standard input and standard error are both connected to termi\ -nals \(as determined by)108 602.4 R F0(isatty)108.01 614.4 Q F1 .375 -(\(3\)\), or one started with the).32 F F22.875 E F1(option.)2.875 -E F2(Bash)5.375 E F1(sets)2.875 E F3(PS1)2.876 E F1(and)2.626 E F2<24ad> -2.876 E F1(includes)2.876 E F2(i)2.876 E F1 .376 -(if the shell is interacti)2.876 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.876(,s).15 G 2.876 -(oa)-2.876 G(shell script or a startup \214le can test this state.)108 -626.4 Q .033(The follo)108 643.2 R .033(wing paragraphs describe ho)-.25 -F(w)-.25 E F2(bash)2.532 E F1 -.15(exe)2.532 G .032 +(option has been supplied, the \214rst)2.516 F(ar)108 501.6 Q .193(gume\ +nt is treated as the name of a \214le containing shell commands \(a)-.18 +F F0 .194(shell script)2.694 F F1 2.694(\). When)B F2(bash)2.694 E F1 +.194(is in)2.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .257(in this f)108 +513.6 R(ashion,)-.1 E F2($0)2.757 E F1 .257(is set to the name of the \ +\214le, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining ar)2.757 +F(gu-)-.18 E(ments.)108 525.6 Q F2(Bash)5.199 E F1 .199(reads and e) +2.699 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cutes commands from this \214le, then e).15 +F(xits.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.2 E F1 1.3 -.55('s e)D .2(xit status is the e) +.4 F .2(xit status of)-.15 F .674(the last command e)108 537.6 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .674(cuted in the script.).15 F .674(If no commands are e) +5.674 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .674(cuted, the e).15 F .673(xit status is 0.) +-.15 F F2(Bash)5.673 E F1 .673(\214rst at-)3.173 F .377 +(tempts to open the \214le in the current directory)108 549.6 R 2.877 +(,a)-.65 G .377(nd, if no \214le is found, searches the directories in) +-2.877 F F3 -.666(PA)2.877 G(TH)-.189 E F1(for)2.627 E(the script.)108 +561.6 Q F5(INV)72 578.4 Q(OCA)-.493 E(TION)-1.04 E F1(A)108 590.4 Q F0 +(lo)2.5 E(gin shell)-.1 E F1(is one whose \214rst character of ar)2.5 E +(gument zero is a)-.18 E F22.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ro)-2.5 G +(ne started with the)-2.5 E F2(\255\255login)2.5 E F1(option.)2.5 E(An) +108 607.2 Q F0(inter)2.734 E .234(active shell)-.15 F F1 .234 +(is one started without non-option ar)2.734 F .234(guments \(unless)-.18 +F F22.734 E F1 .233(is speci\214ed\) and without the)2.734 F F2 +2.733 E F1 1.472(option, and whose standard input and standard er\ +ror are both connected to terminals \(as determined by)108 619.2 R F0 +(isatty)108.01 631.2 Q F1 .376(\(3\)\), or one started with the).32 F F2 +2.876 E F1(option.)2.876 E F2(Bash)5.376 E F1(sets)2.876 E F3(PS1) +2.876 E F1(and)2.626 E F2<24ad>2.876 E F1(includes)2.875 E F2(i)2.875 E +F1 .375(if the shell is interacti)2.875 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.875(,s).15 G +2.875(oa)-2.875 G(shell script or a startup \214le can test this state.) +108 643.2 Q .032(The follo)108 660 R .032(wing paragraphs describe ho) +-.25 F(w)-.25 E F2(bash)2.532 E F1 -.15(exe)2.532 G .032 (cutes its startup \214les.).15 F .032(If an)5.032 F 2.532(yo)-.15 G -2.532(ft)-2.532 G .032(he \214les e)-2.532 F .032(xist b)-.15 F .032 -(ut cannot be)-.2 F(read,)108 655.2 Q F2(bash)2.599 E F1 .099 -(reports an error)2.599 F 5.099(.T)-.55 G .099(ildes are e)-5.449 F .099 -(xpanded in \214lenames as described belo)-.15 F 2.6(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.6 -E F2 -.18(Ti)2.6 G .1(lde Expansion).18 F F1(in)2.6 E(the)108 667.2 Q F3 -(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1(section.)2.25 E(When)108 684 Q F2(bash) -2.896 E F1 .396(is in)2.896 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.896(da).1 G -2.896(sa)-2.896 G 2.896(ni)-2.896 G(nteracti)-2.896 E .696 -.15(ve l) --.25 H .396(ogin shell, or as a non-interacti).15 F .695 -.15(ve s)-.25 -H .395(hell with the).15 F F2(\255\255login)2.895 E F1 .395(option, it) -2.895 F 1.137(\214rst reads and e)108 696 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.137 -(cutes commands from the \214le).15 F F0(/etc/pr)5.303 E(o\214le)-.45 E -F1 3.638(,i)1.666 G 3.638(ft)-3.638 G 1.138(hat \214le e)-3.638 F 3.638 -(xists. 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After)-.15 F 1.137(reading that \214le, it)3.637 F .706 +(looks for)108 724.8 R F0(\001/.bash_pr)4.872 E(o\214le)-.45 E F1(,) +1.666 E F0(\001/.bash_lo)4.872 E(gin)-.1 E F1 3.206(,a)1.666 G(nd)-3.206 +E F0(\001/.pr)4.872 E(o\214le)-.45 E F1 3.206(,i)1.666 G 3.206(nt)-3.206 +G .707(hat order)-3.206 F 3.207(,a)-.4 G .707(nd reads and e)-3.207 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .707(cutes commands).15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(2)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 3 3 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(to inhibit this beha)108 84 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E -1.104(When an interacti)108 100.8 R 1.404 -.15(ve l)-.25 H 1.104 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .183(from the \214rst one that e)108 84 R .183 +(xists and is readable.)-.15 F(The)5.183 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(\255\255nopr)2.683 E(o\214le)-.18 E F1 .182 +(option may be used when the shell is started)2.683 F +(to inhibit this beha)108 96 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E 1.104 +(When an interacti)108 112.8 R 1.404 -.15(ve l)-.25 H 1.104 (ogin shell e).15 F 1.104(xits, or a non-interacti)-.15 F 1.404 -.15 (ve l)-.25 H 1.104(ogin shell e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.104(cutes the).15 -F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(exit)3.604 E F1 -.2(bu)3.604 G 1.104 -(iltin command,).2 F F2(bash)108 112.8 Q F1(reads and e)2.5 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cutes commands from the \214le).15 E F0(\001/.bash_lo)4.166 E -(gout)-.1 E F1 2.5(,i)1.666 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(te)-2.5 G(xists.)-2.65 E -1.697(When an interacti)108 129.6 R 1.997 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.698 -(hell that is not a login shell is started,).15 F F2(bash)4.198 E F1 -1.698(reads and e)4.198 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.698(cutes commands from).15 F -F0(\001/.bashr)109.666 141.6 Q(c)-.37 E F1 3.956(,i)1.666 G 3.956(ft) --3.956 G 1.456(hat \214le e)-3.956 F 3.955(xists. 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"$BASH_ENV"; fi)144 223.2 Q F1 -.2(bu) +108 240 S 2.5(td).2 G(oes not use the v)-2.5 E(alue of the)-.25 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F1 -.25(va)2.25 G -(riable to search for the \214lename.).25 E(If)108 244.8 Q F2(bash)3.417 +(riable to search for the \214lename.).25 E(If)108 256.8 Q F2(bash)3.417 E F1 .917(is in)3.417 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.417(dw).1 G .917 (ith the name)-3.417 F F2(sh)3.417 E F1 3.417(,i)C 3.417(tt)-3.417 G .917(ries to mimic the startup beha)-3.417 F .917(vior of historical v) --.2 F .917(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.417 E F1(as)3.417 E .145 -(closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.) -108 256.8 R .145(When in)5.145 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.645(da).1 G -2.645(sa)-2.645 G 2.645(ni)-2.645 G(nteracti)-2.645 E .445 -.15(ve l) --.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.263(shell, or a non-interacti)108 268.8 R 1.563 -.15 -(ve s)-.25 H 1.264(hell with the).15 F F2(\255\255login)3.764 E F1 1.264 -(option, it \214rst attempts to read and e)3.764 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.264 -(cute commands).15 F(from)108 280.8 Q F0(/etc/pr)5.383 E(o\214le)-.45 E -F1(and)5.383 E F0(\001/.pr)5.383 E(o\214le)-.45 E F1 3.717(,i)1.666 G +-.2 F .917(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.417 E F1(as)3.417 E .341 +(closely as possible, while conforming to the)108 268.8 R/F5 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSIX)2.841 E F1 .341(standard as well.)2.591 F .341 +(When in)5.341 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.841(da).1 G 2.842(sa)-2.841 +G 2.842(ni)-2.842 G(nteracti)-2.842 E .642 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin).15 E +1.264(shell, or a non-interacti)108 280.8 R 1.564 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.264 +(hell with the).15 F F2(\255\255login)3.764 E F1 1.264 +(option, it \214rst attempts to read and e)3.764 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.263 +(cute commands).15 F(from)108 292.8 Q F0(/etc/pr)5.382 E(o\214le)-.45 E +F1(and)5.382 E F0(\001/.pr)5.383 E(o\214le)-.45 E F1 3.717(,i)1.666 G 3.717(nt)-3.717 G 1.217(hat order)-3.717 F 6.217(.T)-.55 G(he)-6.217 E F2(\255\255nopr)3.717 E(o\214le)-.18 E F1 1.217 -(option inhibits this beha)3.717 F(vior)-.2 E 6.216(.W)-.55 G 1.216 -(hen in-)-6.216 F -.2(vo)108 292.8 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.508(da).1 G 2.508(sa) --2.508 G 2.508(ni)-2.508 G(nteracti)-2.508 E .308 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .008 +(option inhibits this beha)3.717 F(vior)-.2 E 6.217(.W)-.55 G 1.217 +(hen in-)-6.217 F -.2(vo)108 304.8 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.509(da).1 G 2.509(sa) +-2.509 G 2.509(ni)-2.509 G(nteracti)-2.509 E .308 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .008 (hell with the name).15 F F2(sh)2.508 E F1(,)A F2(bash)2.508 E F1 .008 -(looks for the v)2.508 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(ENV)2.508 E/F5 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 -.15(ex)2.258 G .008(pands its v).15 F .009 -(alue if it is de-)-.25 F .775(\214ned, and uses the e)108 304.8 R .775 -(xpanded v)-.15 F .774(alue as the name of a \214le to read and e)-.25 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.274(cute. Since).15 F 3.274(as)3.274 G .774(hell in) --3.274 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.274(da).1 G(s)-3.274 E F2(sh)3.274 E -F1 .396(does not attempt to read and e)108 316.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .396 +(looks for the v)2.508 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(ENV)2.508 E F5(,)A F1 -.15 +(ex)2.258 G .008(pands its v).15 F .008(alue if it is de-)-.25 F .774 +(\214ned, and uses the e)108 316.8 R .774(xpanded v)-.15 F .774 +(alue as the name of a \214le to read and e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.275 +(cute. Since).15 F 3.275(as)3.275 G .775(hell in)-3.275 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G 3.275(da).1 G(s)-3.275 E F2(sh)3.275 E F1 .396 +(does not attempt to read and e)108 328.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .396 (cute commands from an).15 F 2.896(yo)-.15 G .396 (ther startup \214les, the)-2.896 F F22.896 E(c\214le)-.18 E F1 -.397(option has no ef-)2.896 F 3.871(fect. A)108 328.8 R(non-interacti) -3.871 E 1.671 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.371(hell in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) -.2 G 3.871(dw).1 G 1.371(ith the name)-3.871 F F2(sh)3.871 E F1 1.37 -(does not attempt to read an)3.871 F 3.87(yo)-.15 G 1.37 -(ther startup \214les.)-3.87 F(When in)108 340.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) -.2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F1(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -(enters posix mode after reading the startup \214les.)2.5 E(When)108 -357.6 Q F2(bash)2.793 E F1 .294(is started in posix mode, as with the) -2.793 F F2(\255\255posix)2.794 E F1 .294(command line option, it follo) -2.794 F .294(ws the POSIX stan-)-.25 F .621(dard for startup \214les.) -108 369.6 R .621(In this mode, interacti)5.621 F .921 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -.621(hells e).15 F .621(xpand the)-.15 F F3(ENV)3.121 E F1 -.25(va)2.87 -G .62(riable and read and e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .62(cute com-).15 F -(mands from the \214le whose name is the e)108 381.6 Q(xpanded v)-.15 E +.396(option has no ef-)2.896 F 2.5(fect. A)108 340.8 R(non-interacti)2.5 +E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G +(ith the name)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F1(does not attempt to read an)2.5 E +2.5(yo)-.15 G(ther startup \214les.)-2.5 E(When in)108 357.6 Q -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F1(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E +F1(enters posix mode after reading the startup \214les.)2.5 E(When)108 +374.4 Q F2(bash)2.968 E F1 .468(is started in posix mode, as with the) +2.968 F F2(\255\255posix)2.968 E F1 .468(command line option, it follo) +2.968 F .469(ws the)-.25 F F5(POSIX)2.969 E F1(stan-)2.719 E .621 +(dard for startup \214les.)108 386.4 R .621(In this mode, interacti) +5.621 F .921 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .621(hells e).15 F .621(xpand the)-.15 F +F3(ENV)3.121 E F1 -.25(va)2.87 G .62(riable and read and e).25 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .62(cute com-).15 F +(mands from the \214le whose name is the e)108 398.4 Q(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.)2.5 E F2(Bash)108 -398.4 Q F1 .224(attempts to determine when it is being run with its sta\ +415.2 Q F1 .224(attempts to determine when it is being run with its sta\ ndard input connected to a netw)2.723 F .224(ork connection,)-.1 F .85 -(as when e)108 410.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .85 +(as when e)108 427.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .85 (cuted by the historical and rarely-seen remote shell daemon, usually) .15 F F0 -.1(rs)3.35 G(hd).1 E F1 3.35(,o)C 3.35(rt)-3.35 G .85 -(he secure shell)-3.35 F(daemon)108 422.4 Q F0(sshd)3.875 E F1 6.375(.I) +(he secure shell)-3.35 F(daemon)108 439.2 Q F0(sshd)3.875 E F1 6.375(.I) C(f)-6.375 E F2(bash)3.875 E F1 1.376 (determines it is being run non-interacti)3.875 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.376 (ly in this f).15 F 1.376(ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cutes).15 E .384(commands from)108 434.4 R F0(\001/.bashr)4.549 E(c) +(cutes).15 E .384(commands from)108 451.2 R F0(\001/.bashr)4.549 E(c) -.37 E F1 2.883(,i)1.666 G 2.883(ft)-2.883 G .383(hat \214le e)-2.883 F .383(xists and is readable.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.383 E F1 .383 (does not read this \214le if in)2.883 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.883 -(da).1 G(s)-2.883 E F2(sh)2.883 E F1(.)A(The)108 446.4 Q F2 +(da).1 G(s)-2.883 E F2(sh)2.883 E F1(.)A(The)108 463.2 Q F2 2.76 E(c)-.18 E F1 .26(option inhibits this beha)2.76 F(vior)-.2 E 2.76 (,a)-.4 G .26(nd the)-2.76 F F22.761 E(c\214le)-.18 E F1 .261 (option mak)2.761 F(es)-.1 E F2(bash)2.761 E F1 .261(use a dif)2.761 F -.261(ferent \214le instead of)-.25 F F0(\001/.bashr)109.666 458.4 Q(c) +.261(ferent \214le instead of)-.25 F F0(\001/.bashr)109.666 475.2 Q(c) -.37 E F1 2.65(,b)1.666 G .15(ut neither)-2.85 F F0 -.1(rs)2.65 G(hd).1 E F1(nor)2.65 E F0(sshd)2.65 E F1 .149(generally in)2.65 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .349 -.1(ke t).2 H .149(he shell with those options or allo).1 F 2.649 -(wt)-.25 G .149(hem to be spec-)-2.649 F(i\214ed.)108 470.4 Q .433 -(If the shell is started with the ef)108 487.2 R(fecti)-.25 E .733 -.15 +(wt)-.25 G .149(hem to be spec-)-2.649 F(i\214ed.)108 487.2 Q .433 +(If the shell is started with the ef)108 504 R(fecti)-.25 E .733 -.15 (ve u)-.25 H .433 (ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F F22.934 E F1(op-)2.934 E 1.124(tion is not supplied, no startup \ -\214les are read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 -499.2 R 1.124(vironment, the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)108 511.2 Q F5(,)A F3 --.27(BA)2.959 G(SHOPTS).27 E F5(,)A F3(CDP)2.959 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) -.855 E F5(,)A F1(and)2.959 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.209 E F1 -.25(va)2.959 G -.709(riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .71(ppear in the en)-3.209 F -.71(vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 523.2 R(fecti)-.25 -E 1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F +\214les are read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 516 +R 1.124(vironment, the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)108 528 Q F5(,)A F3 -.27(BA) +2.959 G(SHOPTS).27 E F5(,)A F3(CDP)2.959 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F5 +(,)A F1(and)2.959 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.209 E F1 -.25(va)2.959 G .709 +(riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .71(ppear in the en)-3.209 F .71 +(vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 540 R(fecti)-.25 E +1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .904(If the)5.904 F F23.404 E F1 .904(option is supplied at in) -3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 535.2 Q +3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 552 Q (vior is the same, b)-.2 E(ut the ef)-.2 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u) -.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F6 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS) -72 552 Q F1(The follo)108 564 Q +72 568.8 Q F1(The follo)108 580.8 Q (wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25 -E F2(blank)108 576 Q F1 2.5(As)144 576 S(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F2 -(whitespace)108 588 Q F1 2.587(Ac)144 600 S .087 +E F2(blank)108 592.8 Q F1 2.5(As)144 592.8 S(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E +F2(whitespace)108 604.8 Q F1 2.587(Ac)144 616.8 S .087 (haracter belonging to the)-2.587 F F2(space)2.587 E F1 .088 (character class in the current locale, or for which)2.587 F F0(isspace) -2.588 E F1 .088(\(3\) re-)B(turns true.)144 612 Q F2 -.1(wo)108 624 S -(rd).1 E F1 2.5(As)144 624 S +2.588 E F1 .088(\(3\) re-)B(turns true.)144 628.8 Q F2 -.1(wo)108 640.8 +S(rd).1 E F1 2.5(As)144 640.8 S (equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E (Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(name)108 -636 Q F1(A)144 636 Q F0(wor)3.006 E(d)-.37 E F1 .165 +652.8 Q F1(A)144 652.8 Q F0(wor)3.006 E(d)-.37 E F1 .165 (consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be) 3.436 F .165(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F -(betic character or an underscore.)144 648 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E -F2(identi\214er)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(metacharacter)108 660 Q F1 2.5(Ac)144 -672 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. One)-.1 -F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 684 S 2.5 -(pace tab newline)-5 F(contr)108 696 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F1(A)144 708 Q -F0(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F1(that performs a control function.)2.5 E -(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F2 2.5 -(|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& \( \) | |&)144 720 R()10 E F1 -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(3)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +(betic character or an underscore.)144 664.8 Q(Also referred to as an)5 +E F2(identi\214er)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(metacharacter)108 676.8 Q F1 2.5(Ac) +144 688.8 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5 +(ords. One)-.1 F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 +700.8 S 2.5(pace tab newline)-5 F F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(3)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 4 4 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESER)72 84 Q(VED W)-.602 -E(ORDS)-.11 E F0 .306(Reserved wor)108 96 R(ds)-.37 E F1 .306(are w) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(contr)108 84 Q(ol operator) +-.18 E F1(A)144 96 Q F0(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F1 +(that performs a control function.)2.5 E(It is one of the follo)5 E +(wing symbols:)-.25 E F2 2.5(|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& \( \) | |&)144 108 R +()10 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESER)72 124.8 Q(VED W)-.602 E +(ORDS)-.11 E F0 .306(Reserved wor)108 136.8 R(ds)-.37 E F1 .306(are w) 2.806 F .306(ords that ha)-.1 F .606 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .306 (pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .307(The follo)5.307 F .307(wing w) --.25 F .307(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 108 Q .314 +-.25 F .307(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 148.8 Q .314 (ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .314 -(ord of a command \(see)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .313(SHELL GRAMMAR) -2.813 F F1(belo)2.563 E .313(w\), the third)-.25 F -.1(wo)108 120 S .643 -(rd of a).1 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(case)3.143 E F1(or)3.143 E F4 -(select)3.143 E F1 .643(command \(only)3.143 F F4(in)3.143 E F1 .643 -(is v)3.143 F .643(alid\), or the third w)-.25 F .643(ord of a)-.1 F F4 --.25(fo)3.143 G(r).25 E F1 .644(command \(only)3.143 F F4(in)3.144 E F1 -(and)3.144 E F4(do)3.144 E F1(are v)108 132 Q(alid\):)-.25 E F4 11.295 -(!c)144 148.8 S 8.795(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795 -(oc do done elif else esac \214 f)-.18 F 8.795 -(or function if in select then)-.25 F 7.5(until while { } time [[ ]])144 -160.8 R F2(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 177.6 Q F1 -(This section describes the syntax of the v)108 189.6 Q -(arious forms of shell commands.)-.25 E F4(Simple Commands)87 206.4 Q F1 -(A)108 218.4 Q F0 .388(simple command)2.888 F F1 .388 +(ord of a command \(see)-.1 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .313(SHELL GRAMMAR) +2.813 F F1(belo)2.563 E .313(w\), the third)-.25 F -.1(wo)108 160.8 S +.643(rd of a).1 F F2(case)3.143 E F1(or)3.143 E F2(select)3.143 E F1 +.643(command \(only)3.143 F F2(in)3.143 E F1 .643(is v)3.143 F .643 +(alid\), or the third w)-.25 F .643(ord of a)-.1 F F2 -.25(fo)3.143 G(r) +.25 E F1 .644(command \(only)3.143 F F2(in)3.144 E F1(and)3.144 E F2(do) +3.144 E F1(are v)108 172.8 Q(alid\):)-.25 E F2 11.295(!c)144 189.6 S +8.795(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795(oc do done elif else esac \214 f)-.18 F +8.795(or function if in select then)-.25 F 7.5 +(until while { } time [[ ]])144 201.6 R F3(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 218.4 Q F1 +(This section describes the syntax of the v)108 230.4 Q +(arious forms of shell commands.)-.25 E F2(Simple Commands)87 247.2 Q F1 +(A)108 259.2 Q F0 .388(simple command)2.888 F F1 .388 (is a sequence of optional v)2.888 F .389(ariable assignments follo)-.25 -F .389(wed by)-.25 F F4(blank)2.889 E F1 .389(-separated w)B .389 -(ords and)-.1 F .816(redirections, and terminated by a)108 230.4 R F0 +F .389(wed by)-.25 F F2(blank)2.889 E F1 .389(-separated w)B .389 +(ords and)-.1 F .816(redirections, and terminated by a)108 271.2 R F0 (contr)3.316 E .815(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F1 5.815(.T)C .815 (he \214rst w)-5.815 F .815(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(and is passed as ar)108 242.4 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(and is passed as ar)108 283.2 Q (gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E (guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.) --2.5 E(The return v)108 259.2 Q(alue of a)-.25 E F0(simple command)2.5 E +-2.5 E(The return v)108 300 Q(alue of a)-.25 E F0(simple command)2.5 E F1(is its e)2.5 E(xit status, or 128+)-.15 E F0(n)A F1 (if the command is terminated by signal)3.333 E F0(n)2.86 E F1(.).24 E -F4(Pipelines)87 276 Q F1(A)108 288 Q F0(pipeline)2.996 E F1 .496(is a s\ -equence of one or more commands separated by one of the control operato\ -rs)2.996 F F4(|)2.996 E F1(or)2.996 E F4(|&)2.996 E F1 5.496(.T)C(he) --5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 300 Q([)144 316.8 Q F4(time)A F1 -([)2.5 E F4A F1(]] [ ! ])A F0(command1)2.5 E F1 2.5([[)2.5 G F4(|) --2.5 E/F5 10/Symbol SFA F4(|&)A F1(])A F0(command2)2.5 E F1 -3.332 -1.666(... ])2.5 H .8(The standard output of)108 333.6 R F0(command1)3.5 -E F1 .799(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.3 F F0 -(command2)3.499 E F1 5.799(.T).02 G .799(his con-)-5.799 F .214 -(nection is performed before an)108 345.6 R 2.714(yr)-.15 G .214 +F2(Pipelines)87 316.8 Q F1(A)108 328.8 Q F0(pipeline)2.996 E F1 .496(is\ + a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of the control ope\ +rators)2.996 F F2(|)2.996 E F1(or)2.996 E F2(|&)2.996 E F1 5.496(.T)C +(he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 340.8 Q([)144 357.6 Q F2 +(time)A F1([)2.5 E F2A F1(]] [ ! ])A F0(command1)2.5 E F1 2.5([[) +2.5 G F2(|)-2.5 E/F5 10/Symbol SFA F2(|&)A F1(])A F0(command2)2.5 E +F1 -3.332 1.666(... ])2.5 H .8(The standard output of)108 374.4 R F0 +(command1)3.5 E F1 .799 +(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.3 F F0(command2) +3.499 E F1 5.799(.T).02 G .799(his con-)-5.799 F .214 +(nection is performed before an)108 386.4 R 2.714(yr)-.15 G .214 (edirections speci\214ed by the)-2.714 F F0(command1)2.915 E F1(\(see)A -F3(REDIRECTION)2.715 E F1(belo)2.465 E 2.715(w\). If)-.25 F F4(|&)2.715 -E F1 .3(is the pipeline operator)108 357.6 R(,)-.4 E F0(command1)2.8 E +F4(REDIRECTION)2.715 E F1(belo)2.465 E 2.715(w\). If)-.25 F F2(|&)2.715 +E F1 .3(is the pipeline operator)108 398.4 R(,)-.4 E F0(command1)2.8 E F1 1.4 -.55('s s)D .3(tandard error).55 F 2.8(,i)-.4 G 2.8(na)-2.8 G .3 (ddition to its standard output, is connected to)-2.8 F F0(com-)2.8 E -(mand2)108 369.6 Q F1 1.751 -.55('s s)D .651 -(tandard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for).55 F F4 .651 +(mand2)108 410.4 Q F1 1.751 -.55('s s)D .651 +(tandard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for).55 F F2 .651 (2>&1 |)3.151 F F1 5.651(.T)C .652 (his implicit redirection of the stan-)-5.651 F -(dard error to the standard output is performed after an)108 381.6 Q 2.5 +(dard error to the standard output is performed after an)108 422.4 Q 2.5 (yr)-.15 G(edirections speci\214ed by)-2.5 E F0(command1)2.5 E F1(.)A -.48(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 398.4 R .48 -(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F4(pipefail)2.98 E F1 -.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 410.4 Q F4(pipefail)2.686 E F1 .186 +.48(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 439.2 R .48 +(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F2(pipefail)2.98 E F1 +.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 451.2 Q F2(pipefail)2.686 E F1 .186 (is enabled, the pipeline')2.686 F 2.686(sr)-.55 G .186 (eturn status is the v)-2.686 F .187 (alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .187(xit with a)-.15 -F .611(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 422.4 R .611 +F .611(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 463.2 R .611 (xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .61 -(he reserv)-3.111 F .61(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F4(!)3.11 E F1 .61 -(precedes a pipeline, the)5.61 F -.15(ex)108 434.4 S .408 +(he reserv)-3.111 F .61(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2(!)3.11 E F1 .61 +(precedes a pipeline, the)5.61 F -.15(ex)108 475.2 S .408 (it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .408 (tion of the e).05 F .408(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve) -.15 G 5.408(.I).15 G 2.908(fap)-5.408 G .408(ipeline is e)-2.908 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted synchronously)108 446.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G +(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted synchronously)108 487.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G (he shell w)-2.5 E(aits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate b\ -efore returning a v)-.1 E(alue.)-.25 E .358(If the)108 463.2 R F4(time) +efore returning a v)-.1 E(alue.)-.25 E .358(If the)108 504 R F2(time) 2.858 E F1(reserv)2.858 E .358(ed w)-.15 F .358(ord precedes a pipeline\ , the shell reports the elapsed as well as user and system time)-.1 F -.553(consumed by its e)108 475.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .554 -(cution when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.554 E F43.054 E -F1 .554(option changes the output format to that)3.054 F .352 -(speci\214ed by POSIX.)108 487.2 R .352 -(When the shell is in posix mode, it does not recognize)5.352 F F4(time) -2.852 E F1 .352(as a reserv)2.852 F .352(ed w)-.15 F .352(ord if the)-.1 -F(ne)108 499.2 Q .043(xt tok)-.15 F .043(en be)-.1 F .043 +.553(consumed by its e)108 516 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .554 +(cution when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.554 E F23.054 E +F1 .554(option changes the output format to that)3.054 F .497 +(speci\214ed by)108 528 R/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSIX)2.997 E F1 5.497 +(.W)C .497(hen the shell is in posix mode, it does not recognize)-5.497 +F F2(time)2.996 E F1 .496(as a reserv)2.996 F .496(ed w)-.15 F .496 +(ord if the)-.1 F(ne)108 540 Q .043(xt tok)-.15 F .043(en be)-.1 F .043 (gins with a \231\255\232.)-.15 F .044(The v)5.043 F .044(alue of the) --.25 F F3(TIMEFORMA)2.544 E(T)-.855 E F1 -.25(va)2.294 G .044 +-.25 F F4(TIMEFORMA)2.544 E(T)-.855 E F1 -.25(va)2.294 G .044 (riable is a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F(w)-.25 E .26 (the timing information should be displayed; see the description of)108 -511.2 R F3(TIMEFORMA)2.76 E(T)-.855 E F1(belo)2.509 E 2.759(wu)-.25 G -(nder)-2.759 E F4 .259(Shell V)2.759 F(ari-)-.92 E(ables)108 523.2 Q F1 -(.)A .287(When the shell is in posix mode,)108 540 R F4(time)2.787 E F1 +552 R F4(TIMEFORMA)2.76 E(T)-.855 E F1(belo)2.509 E 2.759(wu)-.25 G +(nder)-2.759 E F2 .259(Shell V)2.759 F(ari-)-.92 E(ables)108 564 Q F1(.) +A .287(When the shell is in posix mode,)108 580.8 R F2(time)2.787 E F1 .287(may appear by itself as the only w)2.787 F .287 (ord in a simple command.)-.1 F .288(In this)5.288 F .604(case, the she\ ll displays the total user and system time consumed by the shell and it\ -s children.)108 552 R(The)5.603 E F3(TIME-)3.103 E(FORMA)108 564 Q(T) --.855 E F1 -.25(va)2.25 G +s children.)108 592.8 R(The)5.603 E F4(TIME-)3.103 E(FORMA)108 604.8 Q +(T)-.855 E F1 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable speci\214es the format of the time information.).25 E .303(Each\ command in a multi-command pipeline, where pipes are created, is e)108 -580.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .304(cuted in a).15 F F0(subshell)2.804 E F1 -2.804(,w)C .304(hich is a)-2.804 F .208(separate process.)108 592.8 R -(See)5.208 E F3 .208(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.708 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F1 +621.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .304(cuted in a).15 F F0(subshell)2.804 E F1 +2.804(,w)C .304(hich is a)-2.804 F .208(separate process.)108 633.6 R +(See)5.208 E F4 .208(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.708 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F1 .208(for a description of subshells and a sub-)2.458 F .926(shell en)108 -604.8 R 3.426(vironment. If)-.4 F(the)3.427 E F4(lastpipe)3.427 E F1 -.927(option is enabled using the)3.427 F F4(shopt)3.427 E F1 -.2(bu) -3.427 G .927(iltin \(see the description of).2 F F4(shopt)3.427 E F1 -(belo)108 616.8 Q(w\), and job control is not acti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +645.6 R 3.426(vironment. If)-.4 F(the)3.427 E F2(lastpipe)3.427 E F1 +.927(option is enabled using the)3.427 F F2(shopt)3.427 E F1 -.2(bu) +3.427 G .927(iltin \(see the description of).2 F F2(shopt)3.427 E F1 +(belo)108 657.6 Q(w\), and job control is not acti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,t).15 G (he last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process.)-2.5 E -F4(Lists)87 633.6 Q F1(A)108 645.6 Q F0(list)2.85 E F1 .35(is a sequenc\ -e of one or more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.85 F F4 -(;)2.849 E F1(,)A F4(&)2.849 E F1(,)A F4(&&)2.849 E F1 2.849(,o)C(r) --2.849 E F4(||)2.849 E F1 2.849(,a)C .349(nd option-)-2.849 F -(ally terminated by one of)108 657.6 Q F4(;)2.5 E F1(,)A F4(&)2.5 E F1 -2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F4()2.5 E F1(.)A .96 -(Of these list operators,)108 674.4 R F4(&&)3.46 E F1(and)3.46 E F4(||) +F2(Lists)87 674.4 Q F1(A)108 686.4 Q F0(list)2.85 E F1 .35(is a sequenc\ +e of one or more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.85 F F2 +(;)2.849 E F1(,)A F2(&)2.849 E F1(,)A F2(&&)2.849 E F1 2.849(,o)C(r) +-2.849 E F2(||)2.849 E F1 2.849(,a)C .349(nd option-)-2.849 F +(ally terminated by one of)108 698.4 Q F2(;)2.5 E F1(,)A F2(&)2.5 E F1 +2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2()2.5 E F1(.)A .96 +(Of these list operators,)108 715.2 R F2(&&)3.46 E F1(and)3.46 E F2(||) 3.46 E F1(ha)3.46 E 1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual precedence, follo).15 -F .961(wed by)-.25 F F4(;)3.461 E F1(and)3.461 E F4(&)3.461 E F1 3.461 +F .961(wed by)-.25 F F2(;)3.461 E F1(and)3.461 E F2(&)3.461 E F1 3.461 (,w)C .961(hich ha)-3.461 F 1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual prece-).15 F -(dence.)108 686.4 Q 2.5(As)108 703.2 S(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E -(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F0(list)2.5 E F1 -(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029 -(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 720 R F4(&)2.529 -E F1 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029 -(cutes the command in the).15 F F0(bac)2.528 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F1 -(in)2.528 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(4)190.955 E -0 Cg EP +(dence.)108 727.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(4) +193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 5 5 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 2.678(as)108 84 S 2.678(ubshell. The)-2.678 F .178 -(shell does not w)2.678 F .178 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 2.5(As)108 84 S(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E +(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F0(list)2.5 E F1 +(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029 +(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 100.8 R/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(&)2.529 E F1 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .029(cutes the command in the).15 F F0(bac)2.528 E(kgr)-.2 E +(ound)-.45 E F1(in)2.528 E 2.678(as)108 112.8 S 2.678(ubshell. The) +-2.678 F .178(shell does not w)2.678 F .178 (ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .178 -(These are referred)5.178 F .779(to as)108 96 R F0(async)3.279 E(hr)-.15 -E(onous)-.45 E F1 3.279(commands. Commands)3.279 F .779(separated by a) -3.279 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(;)3.279 E F1 .779(are e)3.279 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .778(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F .778(aits for)-.1 F -(each command to terminate in turn.)108 108 Q +(These are referred)5.178 F .779(to as)108 124.8 R F0(async)3.279 E(hr) +-.15 E(onous)-.45 E F1 3.279(commands. Commands)3.279 F .779 +(separated by a)3.279 F F2(;)3.279 E F1 .779(are e)3.279 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .778(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F .778(aits for)-.1 F +(each command to terminate in turn.)108 136.8 Q (The return status is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .171(AND and OR lists are sequences of one \ -or more pipelines separated by the)108 124.8 R F2(&&)2.672 E F1(and) +or more pipelines separated by the)108 153.6 R F2(&&)2.672 E F1(and) 2.672 E F2(||)2.672 E F1 .172(control operators, re-)2.672 F(specti)108 -136.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E +165.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G -2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F0(command1)144 153.6 Q F2(&&) -2.5 E F0(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 170.4 Q F1(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe) +2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F0(command1)144 182.4 Q F2(&&) +2.5 E F0(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 199.2 Q F1(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F0(command1)2.7 E F1(returns an e) 2.5 E(xit status of zero \(success\).)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 -187.2 Q F0(command1)144 204 Q F2(||)2.5 E F0(command2)2.5 E(command2) -108.2 220.8 Q F1 .435(is e)2.955 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .435 +216 Q F0(command1)144 232.8 Q F2(||)2.5 E F0(command2)2.5 E(command2) +108.2 249.6 Q F1 .435(is e)2.955 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .435 (cuted if, and only if,).15 F F0(command1)3.135 E F1 .435 (returns a non-zero e)2.935 F .435(xit status.)-.15 F .434 -(The return status of AND)5.434 F(and OR lists is the e)108 232.8 Q +(The return status of AND)5.434 F(and OR lists is the e)108 261.6 Q (xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted in the list.).15 E F2(Compound Commands)87 249.6 Q F1(A)108 261.6 +(cuted in the list.).15 E F2(Compound Commands)87 278.4 Q F1(A)108 290.4 Q F0 1.053(compound command)3.553 F F1 1.053(is one of the follo)3.553 F 3.553(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)3.553 F F0(list)3.553 E F1 1.054(in a command')3.554 F 3.554(sd)-.55 G 1.054(escription may be) -3.554 F 1.027(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne) -108 273.6 R 1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.026(wed by a ne)-.25 -F 1.026(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 285.6 Q(\()108 302.4 Q -F0(list)A F1(\))A F0(list)144 302.4 Q F1 .214(is e)2.714 F -.15(xe)-.15 +108 302.4 R 1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.026(wed by a ne)-.25 +F 1.026(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 314.4 Q(\()108 331.2 Q +F0(list)A F1(\))A F0(list)144 331.2 Q F1 .214(is e)2.714 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .215(cuted in a subshell \(see).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .215 (COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.715 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F1(belo)2.465 E 2.715(wf) --.25 G .215(or a descrip-)-2.715 F .21(tion of a subshell en)144 314.4 R +-.25 G .215(or a descrip-)-2.715 F .21(tion of a subshell en)144 343.2 R 2.709(vironment\). V)-.4 F .209(ariable assignments and b)-1.11 F .209 (uiltin commands that af)-.2 F .209(fect the shell')-.25 F(s)-.55 E(en) -144 326.4 Q 1.068(vironment do not remain in ef)-.4 F 1.069 +144 355.2 Q 1.068(vironment do not remain in ef)-.4 F 1.069 (fect after the command completes.)-.25 F 1.069 -(The return status is the e)6.069 F(xit)-.15 E(status of)144 338.4 Q F0 -(list)2.5 E F1(.)A({)108 355.2 Q F0(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;})C F0(list)144 -355.2 Q F1 .715(is e)3.215 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .715 +(The return status is the e)6.069 F(xit)-.15 E(status of)144 367.2 Q F0 +(list)2.5 E F1(.)A({)108 384 Q F0(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;})C F0(list)144 384 +Q F1 .715(is e)3.215 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .715 (cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F0(list)5.714 E F1 .714(must be terminated with a ne)3.214 F .714(wline or semi-)-.25 F 2.5 -(colon. This)144 367.2 R(is kno)2.5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F0(gr)2.5 E +(colon. This)144 396 R(is kno)2.5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F0(gr)2.5 E (oup command)-.45 E F1 5(.T)C(he return status is the e)-5 E -(xit status of)-.15 E F0(list)2.5 E F1(.)A .243(Note that unlik)144 384 -R 2.743(et)-.1 G .243(he metacharacters)-2.743 F F2(\()2.743 E F1(and) -2.743 E F2(\))2.744 E F1(,)A F2({)2.744 E F1(and)2.744 E F2(})2.744 E F1 -(are)2.744 E F0 -.37(re)2.744 G .244(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F1 .244 -(and must occur where a re-)2.744 F(serv)144 396 Q .952(ed w)-.15 F .951 -(ord is permitted to be recognized.)-.1 F .951(Since the)5.951 F 3.451 -(yd)-.15 G 3.451(on)-3.451 G .951(ot cause a w)-3.451 F .951 +(xit status of)-.15 E F0(list)2.5 E F1(.)A .243(Note that unlik)144 +412.8 R 2.743(et)-.1 G .243(he metacharacters)-2.743 F F2(\()2.743 E F1 +(and)2.743 E F2(\))2.744 E F1(,)A F2({)2.744 E F1(and)2.744 E F2(})2.744 +E F1(are)2.744 E F0 -.37(re)2.744 G .244(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F1 +.244(and must occur where a re-)2.744 F(serv)144 424.8 Q .952(ed w)-.15 +F .951(ord is permitted to be recognized.)-.1 F .951(Since the)5.951 F +3.451(yd)-.15 G 3.451(on)-3.451 G .951(ot cause a w)-3.451 F .951 (ord break, the)-.1 F 3.451(ym)-.15 G .951(ust be)-3.451 F -(separated from)144 408 Q F0(list)2.5 E F1 +(separated from)144 436.8 Q F0(list)2.5 E F1 (by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(\(\()108 -424.8 Q F0 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A 2.213 -(The arithmetic)144 436.8 R F0 -.2(ex)4.713 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 +453.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A 2.213 +(The arithmetic)144 465.6 R F0 -.2(ex)4.713 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 2.213(is e)4.713 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.213 (luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 4.714(wu)-.25 G -(nder)-4.714 E F3(ARITH-)4.714 E .349(METIC EV)144 448.8 R(ALU)-1.215 E +(nder)-4.714 E F3(ARITH-)4.714 E .349(METIC EV)144 477.6 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .349(If the v) 4.849 F .349(alue of the e)-.25 F .348 (xpression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise)-.15 F .781 -(the return status is 1.)144 460.8 R(The)5.782 E F0 -.2(ex)3.282 G(pr).2 +(the return status is 1.)144 489.6 R(The)5.782 E F0 -.2(ex)3.282 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(under)3.282 E .782(goes the same e)-.18 F .782 -(xpansions as if it were within double)-.15 F(quotes, b)144 472.8 Q -(ut double quote characters in)-.2 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 -E F1(are not treated specially and are remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 -E F2([[)108 489.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(]])2.5 E F1 -(Ev)144 501.6 Q 2.274(aluate the conditional e)-.25 F(xpression)-.15 E +(xpansions as if it were within double)-.15 F .908(quotes, b)144 501.6 R +.908(ut unescaped double quote characters in)-.2 F F0 -.2(ex)3.408 G(pr) +.2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 .908(are not treated specially and are re-)3.408 F +(mo)144 513.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.505(d. Since).15 F .006(this can poten\ +tially result in empty strings, this command treats those as e)2.505 F +(xpressions)-.15 E(that e)144 525.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(luate to 0.).25 E +F2([[)108 542.4 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(]])2.5 E F1 +(Ev)144 554.4 Q 2.274(aluate the conditional e)-.25 F(xpression)-.15 E F0 -.2(ex)4.774 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 2.274 -(and return a status of zero \(true\) or non-zero)4.774 F(\(f)144 513.6 +(and return a status of zero \(true\) or non-zero)4.774 F(\(f)144 566.4 Q 3.663(alse\). Expressions)-.1 F 1.164 (are composed of the primaries described belo)3.663 F 3.664(wu)-.25 G (nder)-3.664 E F3(CONDITION)3.664 E 1.164(AL EX-)-.18 F(PRESSIONS)144 -525.6 Q F4(.)A F1 .138(The w)4.638 F .137(ords between the)-.1 F F2([[) +578.4 Q F4(.)A F1 .138(The w)4.638 F .137(ords between the)-.1 F F2([[) 2.637 E F1(and)2.637 E F2(]])2.637 E F1 .137(do not under)2.637 F .137 (go w)-.18 F .137(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-)-.15 E 2.761 -(sion. The)144 537.6 R .262(shell performs tilde e)2.761 F .262 +(sion. The)144 590.4 R .262(shell performs tilde e)2.761 F .262 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .262(ariable e)-.25 F .262 (xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .282 -(command substitution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 549.6 R +(command substitution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 602.4 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.782(lo).25 G 2.782(nt)-2.782 G .282(hose w)-2.782 F 2.781(ords. Conditional)-.1 F(oper)2.781 E(-)-.2 E(ators such as)144 -561.6 Q F22.5 E F1 +614.4 Q F22.5 E F1 (must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)2.5 E(When used with) -144 578.4 Q F2([[)2.5 E F1 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F2(<)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F2 +144 631.2 Q F2([[)2.5 E F1 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F2(<)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F2 (>)2.5 E F1(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .502(When the)144 -595.2 R F2(==)3.002 E F1(and)3.002 E F2(!=)3.002 E F1 .502(operators ar\ -e used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-) -3.002 F .81(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 -607.2 R 3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F2 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM) --.15 G(atching)-3.31 E F1 3.31(,a)C 3.31(si)-3.31 G 3.31(ft)-3.31 G(he) --3.31 E F2(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 619.2 Q F1 .313 -(shell option were enabled.)2.813 F(The)5.313 E F2(=)2.813 E F1 .313 -(operator is equi)2.813 F -.25(va)-.25 G .313(lent to).25 F F2(==)2.813 -E F1 5.313(.I)C 2.813(ft)-5.313 G(he)-2.813 E F2(nocasematch)2.813 E F1 -.314(shell op-)2.814 F .03 -(tion is enabled, the match is performed without re)144 631.2 R -.05(ga) +(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .502(When the)144 648 +R F2(==)3.002 E F1(and)3.002 E F2(!=)3.002 E F1 .502(operators are used\ +, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-)3.002 F +.81(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 660 R +3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F2 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM)-.15 G +(atching)-3.31 E F1 3.31(,a)C 3.31(si)-3.31 G 3.31(ft)-3.31 G(he)-3.31 E +F2(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 672 Q F1 .313(shell option were enabled.)2.813 F +(The)5.313 E F2(=)2.813 E F1 .313(operator is equi)2.813 F -.25(va)-.25 +G .313(lent to).25 F F2(==)2.813 E F1 5.313(.I)C 2.813(ft)-5.313 G(he) +-2.813 E F2(nocasematch)2.813 E F1 .314(shell op-)2.814 F .03 +(tion is enabled, the match is performed without re)144 684 R -.05(ga) -.15 G .029(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .029(The re-) -5.029 F .806(turn v)144 643.2 R .807(alue is 0 if the string matches \() +5.029 F .806(turn v)144 696 R .807(alue is 0 if the string matches \() -.25 F F2(==)A F1 3.307(\)o)C 3.307(rd)-3.307 G .807(oes not match \() -3.307 F F2(!=)A F1 3.307(\)t)C .807(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-3.307 -F(If)5.807 E(an)144 655.2 Q 3.1(yp)-.15 G .6(art of the pattern is quot\ -ed, the quoted portion is matched as a string: e)-3.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +F(If)5.807 E(an)144 708 Q 3.1(yp)-.15 G .6(art of the pattern is quoted\ +, the quoted portion is matched as a string: e)-3.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ry character in the).15 F -(quoted portion matches itself, instead of ha)144 667.2 Q(ving an)-.2 E -2.5(ys)-.15 G(pecial pattern matching meaning.)-2.5 E .133 -(An additional binary operator)144 684 R(,)-.4 E F2<3d01>2.633 E F1 -2.633(,i)C 2.633(sa)-2.633 G -.25(va)-2.833 G .133 -(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F2(==)2.633 E F1(and)2.633 E -F2(!=)2.633 E F1 5.133(.W)C .133(hen it is)-5.133 F .182 -(used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a POSIX e) -144 696 R .182(xtended re)-.15 F .181(gular e)-.15 F .181(xpression and) --.15 F 2.623(matched accordingly \(using the POSIX)144 708 R F0 -.37(re) -5.124 G(gcomp)-.03 E F1(and)5.124 E F0 -.37(re)5.124 G -.1(ge)-.03 G -(xec)-.1 E F1(interf)5.124 E 2.624(aces usually described in)-.1 F F0 --.37(re)144 720 S -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F1 3.241(\(3\)\). The).53 F .741 -(return v)3.241 F .741 -(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-.25 F -.74(If the re)5.74 F(gular)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(5)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +(quoted portion matches itself, instead of ha)144 720 Q(ving an)-.2 E +2.5(ys)-.15 G(pecial pattern matching meaning.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(5)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 6 6 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E -.15(ex)144 84 S .508 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .133(An additional binary operator)144 84 R(,)-.4 E +/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<3d01>2.633 E F1 2.633(,i)C 2.633(sa)-2.633 G -.25 +(va)-2.833 G .133(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F2(==)2.633 +E F1(and)2.633 E F2(!=)2.633 E F1 5.133(.W)C .133(hen it is)-5.133 F +.378(used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a)144 +96 R/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSIX)2.878 E F1 -.15(ex)2.628 G .378 +(tended re).15 F .378(gular e)-.15 F .378(xpression and)-.15 F 2.909 +(matched accordingly \(using the)144 108 R F3(POSIX)5.409 E F0 -.37(re) +5.159 G(gcomp)-.03 E F1(and)5.409 E F0 -.37(re)5.409 G -.1(ge)-.03 G +(xec)-.1 E F1(interf)5.409 E 2.909(aces usually described in)-.1 F F0 +-.37(re)144 120 S -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F1 3.241(\(3\)\). The).53 F .741 +(return v)3.241 F .741 +(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-.25 F +.74(If the re)5.74 F(gular)-.15 E -.15(ex)144 132 S .508 (pression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e).15 F (xpression')-.15 E 3.008(sr)-.55 G .509(eturn v)-3.008 F .509 -(alue is 2.)-.25 F .509(If the)5.509 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(nocase-) -3.009 E(match)144 96 Q F1 1.307 -(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.807 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G 1.306(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F(characters.)144 108 -Q .243(If an)144 124.8 R 2.743(yp)-.15 G .244 +(alue is 2.)-.25 F .509(If the)5.509 F F2(nocase-)3.009 E(match)144 144 +Q F1 1.307(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re) +3.807 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.306(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F +(characters.)144 156 Q .243(If an)144 172.8 R 2.743(yp)-.15 G .244 (art of the pattern is quoted, the quoted portion is matched literally) -2.743 F 2.744(,a)-.65 G 2.744(sa)-2.744 G(bo)-2.744 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.244(.I).15 G 2.744(ft)-5.244 G .244(he pattern)-2.744 F .368 -(is stored in a shell v)144 136.8 R .368(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F +(is stored in a shell v)144 184.8 R .368(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F .368(ariable e)-.25 F .368 (xpansion forces the entire pattern to be matched)-.15 F(literally)144 -148.8 Q 5.389(.T)-.65 G .389(reat brack)-5.739 F .389(et e)-.1 F .389 +196.8 Q 5.389(.T)-.65 G .389(reat brack)-5.739 F .389(et e)-.1 F .389 (xpressions in re)-.15 F .389(gular e)-.15 F .389(xpressions carefully) -.15 F 2.889(,s)-.65 G .389(ince normal quoting and pat-)-2.889 F -(tern characters lose their meanings between brack)144 160.8 Q(ets.)-.1 -E .662(The match succeeds if the pattern matches an)144 177.6 R 3.162 +(tern characters lose their meanings between brack)144 208.8 Q(ets.)-.1 +E .662(The match succeeds if the pattern matches an)144 225.6 R 3.162 (yp)-.15 G .662(art of the string.)-3.162 F .661 -(Anchor the pattern using the)5.662 F F2<00>3.161 E F1(and)144 189.6 Q +(Anchor the pattern using the)5.662 F F2<00>3.161 E F1(and)144 237.6 Q F2($)2.5 E F1(re)2.5 E(gular e)-.15 E (xpression operators to force it to match the entire string.)-.15 E .75 -(The array v)144 206.4 R(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA) +(The array v)144 254.4 R(ariable)-.25 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA) 3.25 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F1 .751 (records which parts of the string matched the pattern.)3.001 F(The) -5.751 E .825(element of)144 218.4 R F3 -.27(BA)3.325 G(SH_REMA).27 E +5.751 E .825(element of)144 266.4 R F4 -.27(BA)3.325 G(SH_REMA).27 E (TCH)-.855 E F1 .825(with inde)3.075 F 3.325(x0c)-.15 G .825 (ontains the portion of the string matching the entire)-3.325 F(re)144 -230.4 Q 1.515(gular e)-.15 F 4.015(xpression. Substrings)-.15 F 1.515 +278.4 Q 1.515(gular e)-.15 F 4.015(xpression. Substrings)-.15 F 1.515 (matched by parenthesized sube)4.015 F 1.515(xpressions within the re) --.15 F 1.515(gular e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .147(pression are sa)144 242.4 R +-.15 F 1.515(gular e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .147(pression are sa)144 290.4 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.647(di).15 G 2.647(nt)-2.647 G .146(he remaining)-2.647 -F F3 -.27(BA)2.646 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F1 2.646(indices. The) -2.396 F .146(element of)2.646 F F3 -.27(BA)2.646 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH) --.855 E F1 .514(with inde)144 254.4 R(x)-.15 E F0(n)3.014 E F1 .514 +F F4 -.27(BA)2.646 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F1 2.646(indices. The) +2.396 F .146(element of)2.646 F F4 -.27(BA)2.646 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH) +-.855 E F1 .514(with inde)144 302.4 R(x)-.15 E F0(n)3.014 E F1 .514 (is the portion of the string matching the)3.014 F F0(n)3.014 E F1 .514 (th parenthesized sube)B(xpression.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.514 E F1(sets)3.014 -E F3 -.27(BA)144 266.4 S(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F1 .659 +E F4 -.27(BA)144 314.4 S(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F1 .659 (in the global scope; declaring it as a local v)2.91 F .659 (ariable will lead to une)-.25 F .659(xpected re-)-.15 F(sults.)144 -278.4 Q .785(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 295.2 R +326.4 Q .785(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 343.2 R .786(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:) -144 307.2 Q F2(\()144 324 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(\)) -2.5 E F1 .523(Returns the v)180 336 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F0 -.2(ex) +144 355.2 Q F2(\()144 372 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(\)) +2.5 E F1 .523(Returns the v)180 384 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F0 -.2(ex) 3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o) -5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F -(operators.)180 348 Q F2(!)144 360 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 -E F1 -.35(Tr)180 372 S(ue if).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E -F1(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F0 -.2(ex)144 384 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F2 -(&&)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 396 S +(operators.)180 396 Q F2(!)144 408 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 +E F1 -.35(Tr)180 420 S(ue if).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E +F1(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F0 -.2(ex)144 432 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F2 +(&&)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 444 S (ue if both).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F1(and)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F1(are true.)2.52 E F0 -.2(ex)144 -408 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F2(||)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -(ession2)-.37 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 420 S(ue if either).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G +456 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F2(||)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +(ession2)-.37 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 468 S(ue if either).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G (pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F1(or)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 -E F1(is true.)2.52 E(The)144 436.8 Q F2(&&)2.675 E F1(and)2.675 E F2(||) +E F1(is true.)2.52 E(The)144 484.8 Q F2(&&)2.675 E F1(and)2.675 E F2(||) 2.675 E F1 .175(operators do not e)2.675 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E F0 -.2(ex)2.675 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F1 .175(if the v)2.675 F .175 (alue of)-.25 F F0 -.2(ex)2.676 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F1 .176(is suf) -2.676 F .176(\214cient to de-)-.25 F(termine the return v)144 448.8 Q +2.676 F .176(\214cient to de-)-.25 F(termine the return v)144 496.8 Q (alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E(xpression.)-.15 E F2 -.25(fo) -108 465.6 S(r).25 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 2.5([[)2.5 G F2(in)A F1([)2.5 E F0 +108 513.6 S(r).25 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 2.5([[)2.5 G F2(in)A F1([)2.5 E F0 (wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G 1.666(..)-.834 G F1 2.5(]];]).834 G F2(do)A F0 -(list)2.5 E F1(;)2.5 E F2(done)2.5 E F1 .269(First, e)144 477.6 R .269 +(list)2.5 E F1(;)2.5 E F2(done)2.5 E F1 .269(First, e)144 525.6 R .269 (xpand The list of w)-.15 F .268(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F2(in) 2.768 E F1 2.768(,g)C .268(enerating a list of items.)-2.768 F .268 (Then, the v)5.268 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(name)2.768 E F1(is)2.768 E .199 -(set to each element of this list in turn, and)144 489.6 R F0(list)2.699 +(set to each element of this list in turn, and)144 537.6 R F0(list)2.699 E F1 .2(is e)2.7 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted each time.).15 F .2(If the) 5.2 F F2(in)2.7 E F0(wor)2.7 E(d)-.37 E F1 .2(is omitted, the)2.7 F F2 --.25(fo)144 501.6 S(r).25 E F1 .762(command e)3.262 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +-.25(fo)144 549.6 S(r).25 E F1 .762(command e)3.262 F -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutes).15 E F0(list)3.261 E F1 .761 -(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.261 F F3 -.666 -(PA)3.261 G(RAMETERS).666 E F1(be-)3.011 E(lo)144 513.6 Q 2.575 +(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.261 F F4 -.666 +(PA)3.261 G(RAMETERS).666 E F1(be-)3.011 E(lo)144 561.6 Q 2.575 (w\). The)-.25 F .075(return status is the e)2.575 F .075 (xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.575 (cutes. If).15 F .075(the e)2.575 F .075(xpansion of the)-.15 F -(items follo)144 525.6 Q(wing)-.25 E F2(in)2.5 E F1 +(items follo)144 573.6 Q(wing)-.25 E F2(in)2.5 E F1 (results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F2 -.25(fo)108 542.4 S(r).25 E +(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F2 -.25(fo)108 590.4 S(r).25 E F1(\(\()2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F1(;)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1(;)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F1(\)\) ;)2.5 E F2(do)2.5 E F0 -(list)2.5 E F1(;)2.5 E F2(done)2.5 E F1 2.52(First, e)144 554.4 R -.25 +(list)2.5 E F1(;)2.5 E F2(done)2.5 E F1 2.52(First, e)144 602.4 R -.25 (va)-.25 G 2.519(luate the arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F0 -.2 (ex)5.019 G(pr1).2 E F1 2.519(according to the rules described belo) -5.019 F 5.019(wu)-.25 G(nder)-5.019 E F3 .922(ARITHMETIC EV)144 566.4 R -(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 -.922(Then, repeatedly e)5.422 F -.25(va)-.25 G .923 -(luate the arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F0 -.2(ex)3.423 G(pr2).2 -E F1 .923(until it)3.423 F -.25(eva)144 578.4 S 1.409(luates to zero.) -.25 F 1.409(Each time)6.409 F F0 -.2(ex)3.909 G(pr2).2 E F1 -.25(eva) -3.909 G 1.409(luates to a non-zero v).25 F 1.408(alue, e)-.25 F -.15(xe) --.15 G(cute).15 E F0(list)3.908 E F1 1.408(and e)3.908 F -.25(va)-.25 G -1.408(luate the).25 F .052(arithmetic e)144 590.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F0 --.2(ex)2.553 G(pr3).2 E F1 5.053(.I)C 2.553(fa)-5.053 G .353 -.15(ny ex) +5.019 F 5.019(wu)-.25 G(nder)-5.019 E F4 .922(ARITHMETIC EV)144 614.4 R +(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F3(.)A F1 .922 +(Then, repeatedly e)5.422 F -.25(va)-.25 G .923(luate the arithmetic e) +.25 F(xpression)-.15 E F0 -.2(ex)3.423 G(pr2).2 E F1 .923(until it)3.423 +F -.25(eva)144 626.4 S 1.409(luates to zero.).25 F 1.409(Each time)6.409 +F F0 -.2(ex)3.909 G(pr2).2 E F1 -.25(eva)3.909 G 1.409 +(luates to a non-zero v).25 F 1.408(alue, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute) +.15 E F0(list)3.908 E F1 1.408(and e)3.908 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.408 +(luate the).25 F .052(arithmetic e)144 638.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F0 -.2 +(ex)2.553 G(pr3).2 E F1 5.053(.I)C 2.553(fa)-5.053 G .353 -.15(ny ex) -2.553 H .053(pression is omitted, it beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.553(sa) .15 G 2.553(si)-2.553 G 2.553(fi)-2.553 G 2.553(te)-2.553 G -.25(va) -2.803 G .053(luates to 1.).25 F .053(The re-)5.053 F .692(turn v)144 -602.4 R .692(alue is the e)-.25 F .692 +650.4 R .692(alue is the e)-.25 F .692 (xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F0(list)3.192 E F1 .692 (that is e)3.192 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .692(cuted, or non-zero if an).15 F -3.192(yo)-.15 G 3.192(ft)-3.192 G(he)-3.192 E -.15(ex)144 614.4 S -(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E .856(Use the)144 631.2 R +3.192(yo)-.15 G 3.192(ft)-3.192 G(he)-3.192 E -.15(ex)144 662.4 S +(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E .856(Use the)144 679.2 R F2(br)3.356 E(eak)-.18 E F1(and)3.356 E F2(continue)3.356 E F1 -.2(bu) -3.356 G .857(iltins \(see).2 F F3 .857(SHELL B)3.357 F(UIL)-.09 E .857 +3.356 G .857(iltins \(see).2 F F4 .857(SHELL B)3.357 F(UIL)-.09 E .857 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.107 E .857(w\) to control loop)-.25 F --.15(exe)144 643.2 S(cution.).15 E F2(select)108 660 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1 -([)2.5 E F2(in)2.5 E F0(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1 2.5(];)2.5 G F2(do)A F0 -(list)2.5 E F1(;)2.5 E F2(done)2.5 E F1 .017(First, e)144 672 R .016 +-.15(exe)144 691.2 S(cution.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(6)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 7 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(select)108 84 Q F0(name)2.5 E +F1([)2.5 E F2(in)2.5 E F0(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1 2.5(];)2.5 G F2(do)A F0 +(list)2.5 E F1(;)2.5 E F2(done)2.5 E F1 .017(First, e)144 96 R .016 (xpand the list of w)-.15 F .016(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F2(in) 2.516 E F1 2.516(,g)C .016 (enerating a list of items, and print the set of e)-2.516 F(xpanded)-.15 -E -.1(wo)144 684 S 1.143(rds the standard error).1 F 3.643(,e)-.4 G +E -.1(wo)144 108 S 1.143(rds the standard error).1 F 3.643(,e)-.4 G 1.143(ach preceded by a number)-3.643 F 6.143(.I)-.55 G 3.643(ft)-6.143 G(he)-3.643 E F2(in)3.643 E F0(wor)3.643 E(d)-.37 E F1 1.143 (is omitted, print the posi-)3.643 F 1.307(tional parameters \(see)144 -696 R F3 -.666(PA)3.807 G(RAMETERS).666 E F1(belo)3.557 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -(select)6.307 E F1 1.306(then displays the)3.806 F F3(PS3)3.806 E F1 -1.306(prompt and reads a)3.556 F .013(line from the standard input.)144 -708 R .013 +120 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.807 G(RAMETERS).666 E F1(belo) +3.557 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(select)6.307 E F1 1.306(then displays the)3.806 F +F3(PS3)3.806 E F1 1.306(prompt and reads a)3.556 F .013 +(line from the standard input.)144 132 R .013 (If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed) -5.013 F -.1(wo)144 720 S 1.14(rds, then).1 F F2(select)3.64 E F1 1.14 +5.013 F -.1(wo)144 144 S 1.14(rds, then).1 F F2(select)3.64 E F1 1.14 (sets the v)3.64 F 1.14(alue of)-.25 F F0(name)4 E F1 1.139(to that w) 3.82 F 3.639(ord. If)-.1 F 1.139(the line is empty)3.639 F(,)-.65 E F2 -(select)3.639 E F1 1.139(displays the)3.639 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(6)190.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 7 7 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E -.1(wo)144 84 S 1.23(rds and prompt ag).1 F 3.73 -(ain. If)-.05 F 1.23(EOF is read,)3.73 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(select) -3.73 E F1 1.23(completes and returns 1.)3.73 F(An)6.23 E 3.73(yo)-.15 G -1.23(ther v)-3.73 F 1.23(alue sets)-.25 F F0(name)144.36 96 Q F1 .406 -(to null.)3.086 F .406(The line read is sa)5.406 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.906 -(di).15 G 2.906(nt)-2.906 G .406(he v)-2.906 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.906 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 -(The)4.906 E F0(list)2.996 E F1 .406(is e)3.586 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .406 -(cuted after each selec-).15 F .139(tion until a)144 108 R F2(br)2.639 E +(select)3.639 E F1 1.139(displays the)3.639 F -.1(wo)144 156 S 1.23 +(rds and prompt ag).1 F 3.73(ain. If)-.05 F 1.23(EOF is read,)3.73 F F2 +(select)3.73 E F1 1.23(completes and returns 1.)3.73 F(An)6.23 E 3.73 +(yo)-.15 G 1.23(ther v)-3.73 F 1.23(alue sets)-.25 F F0(name)144.36 168 +Q F1 .406(to null.)3.086 F .406(The line read is sa)5.406 F -.15(ve)-.2 +G 2.906(di).15 G 2.906(nt)-2.906 G .406(he v)-2.906 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 +(REPL)2.906 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(The)4.906 E F0 +(list)2.996 E F1 .406(is e)3.586 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .406 +(cuted after each selec-).15 F .139(tion until a)144 180 R F2(br)2.639 E (eak)-.18 E F1 .139(command is e)2.639 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.639 (cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.639 G .139(it status of).15 F F2(select)2.64 E F1 .14(is the e)2.64 F .14(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F(mand e) -144 120 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F0(list)2.59 E F1 2.5(,o).68 G +144 192 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F0(list)2.59 E F1 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 -E F2(case)108 136.8 Q F0(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F2(in)2.5 E F1 2.5([[)2.5 G +E F2(case)108 208.8 Q F0(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F2(in)2.5 E F1 2.5([[)2.5 G (\(])-2.5 E F0(pattern)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F2(|)2.5 E F0(pattern)2.5 E F1 2.5(].)2.5 G -3.332 1.666(.. \))-.834 H F0(list).834 E F1(;; ] .)2.5 E -1.666(..)1.666 G F2(esac).834 E F1(A)144 148.8 Q F2(case)2.81 E F1 .31 +1.666(..)1.666 G F2(esac).834 E F1(A)144 220.8 Q F2(case)2.81 E F1 .31 (command \214rst e)2.81 F(xpands)-.15 E F0(wor)2.81 E(d)-.37 E F1 2.81 (,a)C .309(nd tries to match it ag)-2.81 F .309(ainst each)-.05 F F0 (pattern)2.809 E F1 .309(in turn, proceeding)2.809 F .971 (from \214rst to last, using the matching rules described under)144 -160.8 R F2 -.1(Pa)3.471 G(tter).1 E 3.471(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.471 E F1 +232.8 R F2 -.1(Pa)3.471 G(tter).1 E 3.471(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.471 E F1 (belo)3.471 E 4.771 -.65(w. A)-.25 H(pattern)4.121 E 1.007 -(list is a set of one or more patterns separated by)144 172.8 R 3.506 +(list is a set of one or more patterns separated by)144 244.8 R 3.506 (,a)5.172 G 1.006(nd the \) operator terminates the pattern list.)-3.506 -F(The)144 184.8 Q F0(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F1 .515(is e)3.015 F .515 +F(The)144 256.8 Q F0(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F1 .515(is e)3.015 F .515 (xpanded using tilde e)-.15 F .515(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .515 (ariable e)-.25 F .515(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E .051 (sion, command substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 -196.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.551(l. Each).25 F F0(pattern)2.551 E F1 -.15 +268.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.551(l. Each).25 F F0(pattern)2.551 E F1 -.15 (ex)2.551 G .05(amined is e).15 F(x-)-.15 E .76(panded using tilde e)144 -208.8 R .76(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .76(ariable e)-.25 F .76 +280.8 R .76(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .76(ariable e)-.25 F .76 (xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .76(xpansion, command)-.15 F .419 -(substitution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 220.8 R -.25(va) +(substitution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 292.8 R -.25(va) -.15 G 2.919(l. If).25 F(the)2.919 E F2(nocasematch)2.919 E F1 .419 (shell option is enabled,)2.919 F .706 -(the match is performed without re)144 232.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .706 +(the match is performed without re)144 304.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .706 (rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F(A)5.706 E F0(clause) -3.207 E F1 .707(is a pattern)3.207 F(list and an associated)144 244.8 Q -F0(list)2.5 E F1(.)A .14(When a match is found,)144 261.6 R F2(case)2.64 +3.207 E F1 .707(is a pattern)3.207 F(list and an associated)144 316.8 Q +F0(list)2.5 E F1(.)A .14(When a match is found,)144 333.6 R F2(case)2.64 E F1 -.15(exe)2.64 G .139(cutes the corresponding).15 F F0(list)2.639 E F1 5.139(.I)C 2.639(ft)-5.139 G(he)-2.639 E F2(;;)2.639 E F1 .139 -(operator terminates the case)2.639 F .695(clause, the)144 273.6 R F2 +(operator terminates the case)2.639 F .695(clause, the)144 345.6 R F2 (case)3.195 E F1 .695(command completes after the \214rst match.)3.195 F (Using)5.695 E F2(;&)3.195 E F1 .695(in place of)3.195 F F2(;;)3.195 E F1 .695(causes e)3.195 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cu-).15 E .499 -(tion to continue with the)144 285.6 R F0(list)2.999 E F1 .498 +(tion to continue with the)144 357.6 R F0(list)2.999 E F1 .498 (associated with the ne)2.999 F .498(xt pattern list.)-.15 F(Using)5.498 E F2(;;&)2.998 E F1 .498(in place of)2.998 F F2(;;)2.998 E F1(causes) -2.998 E .669(the shell to test the ne)144 297.6 R .669 +2.998 E .669(the shell to test the ne)144 369.6 R .669 (xt pattern list in the statement, if an)-.15 F 1.97 -.65(y, a)-.15 H .67(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .67(cute an).15 F 3.17(ya)-.15 G -(ssociated)-3.17 E F0(list)3.17 E F1 .67(if the)3.17 F 1.189 -(match succeeds.)144 309.6 R 1.189(continuing the case statement e)6.189 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.188(cution as if the pattern list had not matched.) -.15 F(The e)144 321.6 Q(xit status is zero if no pattern matches.)-.15 E -(Otherwise, it is the e)144 338.4 Q(xit status of the last command e) +(ssociated)-3.17 E F0(list)3.17 E F1 .67(if the)3.17 F 1.367 +(match succeeds, continuing the case statement e)144 381.6 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 1.367(cution as if the pattern list had not matched.).15 F(The e) +144 393.6 Q(xit status is zero if no pattern matches.)-.15 E +(Otherwise, it is the e)144 410.4 Q(xit status of the last command e) -.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in the last).15 E F0(list)2.5 E F1 -.15(exe) -2.5 G(cuted.).15 E F2(if)108 355.2 Q F0(list)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(then)2.5 E +2.5 G(cuted.).15 E F2(if)108 427.2 Q F0(list)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(then)2.5 E F0(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;[)C F2(elif)A F0(list)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(then)2.5 E F0(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;].)C -3.332 1.666(.. [)-.834 H F2(else).834 E F0 -(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;])C F2<8c>A F1(The)144 367.2 Q F2(if)2.977 E F0 +(list)2.5 E F1 2.5(;])C F2<8c>A F1(The)144 439.2 Q F2(if)2.977 E F0 (list)3.067 E F1 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F2(then)2.978 E F0(list)2.978 E F1 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978 (cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F2(elif)2.978 E F0(list)2.978 E F1 -1.088(is e)144 379.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted in turn, and if its e) +1.088(is e)144 451.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted in turn, and if its e) .15 F 1.087(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F2(then)3.587 E F0(list)3.587 E F1 1.087(is e)3.587 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087 -(cuted and the).15 F .103(command completes.)144 391.2 R .103 +(cuted and the).15 F .103(command completes.)144 463.2 R .103 (Otherwise, the)5.103 F F2(else)2.603 E F0(list)2.603 E F1 .103(is e) 2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103(cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e)-.15 F .104(xit sta-)-.15 F -(tus of the last command e)144 403.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F2(while)108 420 Q F0 +(tus of the last command e)144 475.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F2(while)108 492 Q F0 (list-1)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F0(list-2)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(done)2.5 E -(until)108 432 Q F0(list-1)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F0(list-2)2.5 E F1 -(;)A F2(done)2.5 E F1(The)144 444 Q F2(while)3.45 E F1 .95 +(until)108 504 Q F0(list-1)2.5 E F1(;)A F2(do)2.5 E F0(list-2)2.5 E F1 +(;)A F2(done)2.5 E F1(The)144 516 Q F2(while)3.45 E F1 .95 (command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15 F F0(list-2)3.45 E F1 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F -F0(list-1)144 456 Q F1 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 +F0(list-1)144 528 Q F1 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 (xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F2(until)2.705 E F1 .205 (command is identical to the)2.705 F F2(while)2.705 E F1 .205 -(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .6(that the test is ne)144 468 R -.05 +(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .6(that the test is ne)144 540 R -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F0(list-2)3.19 E F1 .6(is e)3.12 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .599(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F0(list-1)3.189 E F1 -.599(returns a non-zero)3.099 F -.15(ex)144 480 S .204(it status.).15 F +.599(returns a non-zero)3.099 F -.15(ex)144 552 S .204(it status.).15 F .204(The e)5.204 F .204(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(while)2.704 E F1 (and)2.704 E F2(until)2.704 E F1 .205(commands is the e)2.704 F .205 -(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 492 S(cuted in).15 E +(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 564 S(cuted in).15 E F0(list-2)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e)-.1 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(Copr)87 508.8 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F1(A)108 -520.8 Q F0(copr)2.602 E(ocess)-.45 E F1 .102 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(Copr)87 580.8 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F1(A)108 +592.8 Q F0(copr)2.602 E(ocess)-.45 E F1 .102 (is a shell command preceded by the)2.602 F F2(copr)2.602 E(oc)-.18 E F1 (reserv)2.602 E .102(ed w)-.15 F 2.602(ord. A)-.1 F .102(coprocess is e) 2.602 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .101(cuted asynchro-).15 F .641 (nously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the) -108 532.8 R F2(&)3.142 E F1 .642(control operator)3.142 F 3.142(,w)-.4 G +108 604.8 R F2(&)3.142 E F1 .642(control operator)3.142 F 3.142(,w)-.4 G .642(ith a tw)-3.142 F(o-w)-.1 E(ay)-.1 E -(pipe established between the e)108 544.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(pipe established between the e)108 616.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The syntax for a coprocess is:) -108 561.6 Q F2(copr)144 578.4 Q(oc)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 +108 633.6 Q F2(copr)144 650.4 Q(oc)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E F1(])A F0(command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 -E F1(])A .599(This creates a coprocess named)108 595.2 R F0 -.27(NA) +E F1(])A .599(This creates a coprocess named)108 667.2 R F0 -.27(NA) 3.099 G(ME).27 E F1(.)A F0(command)5.599 E F1 .599 (may be either a simple command or a compound com-)3.099 F 1.4 -(mand \(see abo)108 607.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F0 -.27(NA)6.4 G +(mand \(see abo)108 679.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F0 -.27(NA)6.4 G (ME).27 E F1 1.4(is a shell v)3.9 F 1.4(ariable name.)-.25 F(If)6.4 E F0 -.27(NA)3.9 G(ME).27 E F1 1.4(is not supplied, the def)3.9 F 1.4 -(ault name is)-.1 F F2(CO-)3.9 E(PR)108 619.2 Q(OC)-.3 E F1(.)A -(The recommended form to use for a coprocess is)108 636 Q F2(copr)144 -652.8 Q(oc)-.18 E F0 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F1({)2.5 E F0(command)2.5 E -F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E F1(]; })A .799(This fo\ -rm is preferred because simple commands result in the coprocess al)108 -669.6 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .799(ys being named).1 F F2(COPR)3.299 E(OC)-.3 E -F1(,)A(and it is simpler to use and more complete than the other compou\ -nd commands.)108 681.6 Q(If)108 698.4 Q F0(command)3.061 E F1 .561 -(is a compound command,)3.061 F F0 -.27(NA)3.061 G(ME).27 E F1 .562 -(is optional. The w)3.061 F .562(ord follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F2(copr) -3.062 E(oc)-.18 E F1 .562(determines whether)3.062 F .339(that w)108 -710.4 R .339(ord is interpreted as a v)-.1 F .339 -(ariable name: it is interpreted as)-.25 F F0 -.27(NA)2.839 G(ME).27 E -F1 .338(if it is not a reserv)2.838 F .338(ed w)-.15 F .338 -(ord that intro-)-.1 F 1.121(duces a compound command.)108 722.4 R(If) -6.121 E F0(command)3.621 E F1 1.121(is a simple command,)3.621 F F0 -.27 -(NA)3.621 G(ME).27 E F1 1.121(is not allo)3.621 F 1.122 -(wed; this is to a)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(7)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +(ault name is)-.1 F F2(CO-)3.9 E(PR)108 691.2 Q(OC)-.3 E F1(.)A +(The recommended form to use for a coprocess is)108 708 Q F2(copr)144 +724.8 Q(oc)-.18 E F0 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F1({)2.5 E F0(command)2.5 E +F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E F1(]; })A(GNU Bash 5.3) +72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(7)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 8 8 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(confusion between)108 84 Q F0 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 -E F1(and the \214rst w)2.5 E(ord of the simple command.)-.1 E .09 -(When the coprocess is e)108 100.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .09 -(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F .09(ariable \(see)-.25 F/F2 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Arrays)2.59 E F1(belo)2.59 E .09(w\) named)-.25 F F0 --.27(NA)2.59 G(ME).27 E F1 .09(in the)2.59 F(conte)108 112.8 Q .302 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .799(This form is preferred because simple command\ +s result in the coprocess al)108 84 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .799(ys being named) +.1 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(COPR)3.299 E(OC)-.3 E F1(,)A(and it is simpl\ +er to use and more complete than the other compound commands.)108 96 Q +(If)108 112.8 Q F0(command)3.061 E F1 .561(is a compound command,)3.061 +F F0 -.27(NA)3.061 G(ME).27 E F1 .562(is optional. The w)3.061 F .562 +(ord follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F2(copr)3.062 E(oc)-.18 E F1 .562 +(determines whether)3.062 F .339(that w)108 124.8 R .339 +(ord is interpreted as a v)-.1 F .339 +(ariable name: it is interpreted as)-.25 F F0 -.27(NA)2.839 G(ME).27 E +F1 .338(if it is not a reserv)2.838 F .338(ed w)-.15 F .338 +(ord that intro-)-.1 F 1.121(duces a compound command.)108 136.8 R(If) +6.121 E F0(command)3.621 E F1 1.121(is a simple command,)3.621 F F0 -.27 +(NA)3.621 G(ME).27 E F1 1.121(is not allo)3.621 F 1.122 +(wed; this is to a)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E(confusion between)108 +148.8 Q F0 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F1(and the \214rst w)2.5 E +(ord of the simple command.)-.1 E .09(When the coprocess is e)108 165.6 +R -.15(xe)-.15 G .09(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F .09 +(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.59 E F1(belo)2.59 E .09(w\) named)-.25 +F F0 -.27(NA)2.59 G(ME).27 E F1 .09(in the)2.59 F(conte)108 177.6 Q .302 (xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .302(cuting shell.).15 F .302 (The standard output of)5.302 F F0(command)3.002 E F1 .302 (is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor)3.572 F .588(in the e) -108 124.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .587 +108 189.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .587 (cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F0 -.27 (NA)3.087 G(ME).27 E F1 3.087([0]. The)B .587(standard input of)3.087 F F0(command)3.287 E F1(is)3.857 E 2.029 -(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 136.8 R -.15 +(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 201.6 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.029 (cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F0 -.27 -(NA)108 148.8 S(ME).27 E F1 2.879([1]. This)B .379 +(NA)108 213.6 S(ME).27 E F1 2.879([1]. This)B .379 (pipe is established before an)2.879 F 2.879(yr)-.15 G .379 (edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-2.879 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(REDIRECTION)2.879 E F1(belo)108 160.8 Q 3.425(w\). The)-.25 F .925 +SF(REDIRECTION)2.879 E F1(belo)108 225.6 Q 3.425(w\). The)-.25 F .925 (\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.425 F .926 (guments to shell commands and redirections using stan-)-.18 F .286 -(dard w)108 172.8 R .286(ord e)-.1 F 2.786(xpansions. Other)-.15 F .286 +(dard w)108 237.6 R .286(ord e)-.1 F 2.786(xpansions. Other)-.15 F .286 (than those created to e)2.786 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286 (cute command and process substitutions, the \214le de-).15 F -(scriptors are not a)108 184.8 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable in subshells.).25 -E 1.676(The process ID of the shell spa)108 201.6 R 1.676(wned to e)-.15 +(scriptors are not a)108 249.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable in subshells.).25 +E 1.676(The process ID of the shell spa)108 266.4 R 1.676(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.676(cute the coprocess is a).15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.676 (ilable as the v).25 F 1.677(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F0 -.27 -(NA)108 213.6 S(ME).27 E F1 2.5(_PID. The)B F2(wait)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 +(NA)108 278.4 S(ME).27 E F1 2.5(_PID. The)B F2(wait)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin may be used to w).2 E(ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E .336(Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108 -230.4 R F2(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F1 .335(command al)2.835 F -.1(wa)-.1 +295.2 R F2(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F1 .335(command al)2.835 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .335(ys returns success.).1 F -(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 242.4 Q(xit status of) --.15 E F0(command)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 259.2 -Q F1 2.697(As)108 271.2 S .198 +(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 307.2 Q(xit status of) +-.15 E F0(command)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 324 Q +F1 2.697(As)108 336 S .198 (hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G .198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198 -(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 283.2 S .5 -.25(ew s) --2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E -(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F0(fname)108 300 Q -F1(\(\))2.5 E F0(compound\255command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(dir) -.37 E(ection)-.37 E F1(])A F2(function)108 312 Q F0(fname)2.5 E F1 -([\(\)])2.5 E F0(compound\255command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(dir) -.37 E(ection)-.37 E F1(])A .217(This de\214nes a function named)144 324 -R F0(fname)2.717 E F1 5.217(.T)C .217(he reserv)-5.217 F .217(ed w)-.15 -F(ord)-.1 E F2(function)2.717 E F1 .216(is optional.)2.717 F .216 -(If the)5.216 F F2(function)2.716 E F1(re-)2.716 E(serv)144 336 Q .68 -(ed w)-.15 F .68(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F +(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 348 S .5 -.25(ew s)-2.5 +H(et of positional parameters.).25 E +(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F0(fname)108 364.8 +Q F1(\(\))2.5 E F0(compound\255command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C +(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F1(])A F2(function)108 376.8 Q F0(fname)2.5 E +F1([\(\)])2.5 E F0(compound\255command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C +(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F1(])A .217(This de\214nes a function named)144 +388.8 R F0(fname)2.717 E F1 5.217(.T)C .217(he reserv)-5.217 F .217 +(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2(function)2.717 E F1 .216(is optional.)2.717 F +.216(If the)5.216 F F2(function)2.716 E F1(re-)2.716 E(serv)144 400.8 Q +.68(ed w)-.15 F .68(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F (The)5.68 E F0(body)3.18 E F1 .68(of the function is the compound)3.18 F -(command)144 348 Q F0(compound\255command)2.784 E F1(\(see)3.354 E F2 +(command)144 412.8 Q F0(compound\255command)2.784 E F1(\(see)3.354 E F2 .084(Compound Commands)2.584 F F1(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.584 -(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F0(list)144 360 Q F1 +(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F0(list)144 424.8 Q F1 .044(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F 2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F2 .044 -(Compound Commands)2.544 F F1(abo)144 372 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.532(.I).15 -G 3.032(ft)-5.532 G(he)-3.032 E F2(function)3.032 E F1(reserv)3.032 E -.532(ed w)-.15 F .532(ord is used, b)-.1 F .532 +(Compound Commands)2.544 F F1(abo)144 436.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.532(.I) +.15 G 3.032(ft)-5.532 G(he)-3.032 E F2(function)3.032 E F1(reserv)3.032 +E .532(ed w)-.15 F .532(ord is used, b)-.1 F .532 (ut the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are)-.2 F(recommended.) -144 384 Q F0(compound\255command)6.253 E F1 1.253(is e)3.753 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 1.253(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F0(fname)3.753 E -F1 1.254(is speci\214ed as the name of a)3.753 F 1.187(simple command.) -144 396 R 1.187(When in posix mode,)6.187 F F0(fname)3.687 E F1 1.186 -(must be a v)3.687 F 1.186(alid shell)-.25 F F0(name)3.686 E F1 1.186 -(and may not be the)3.686 F .088(name of one of the POSIX)144 408 R F0 -.089(special b)2.589 F(uiltins)-.2 E F1 5.089(.I)C 2.589(nd)-5.089 G(ef) --2.589 E .089(ault mode, a function name can be an)-.1 F 2.589(yu)-.15 G -(nquoted)-2.589 E(shell w)144 420 Q(ord that does not contain)-.1 E F2 -($)2.5 E F1(.)A(An)108 436.8 Q 2.93(yr)-.15 G .43(edirections \(see) --2.93 F F3(REDIRECTION)2.93 E F1(belo)2.68 E .43 +144 448.8 Q F0(compound\255command)6.253 E F1 1.253(is e)3.753 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.253(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F0(fname)3.753 +E F1 1.254(is speci\214ed as the name of a)3.753 F 1.187 +(simple command.)144 460.8 R 1.187(When in posix mode,)6.187 F F0(fname) +3.687 E F1 1.186(must be a v)3.687 F 1.186(alid shell)-.25 F F0(name) +3.686 E F1 1.186(and may not be the)3.686 F .273(name of one of the)144 +472.8 R/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSIX)2.773 E F0 .273(special b)2.523 F +(uiltins)-.2 E F1 5.273(.I)C 2.773(nd)-5.273 G(ef)-2.773 E .274 +(ault mode, a function name can be an)-.1 F 2.774(yu)-.15 G(nquoted) +-2.774 E(shell w)144 484.8 Q(ord that does not contain)-.1 E F2($)2.5 E +F1(.)A(An)108 501.6 Q 2.93(yr)-.15 G .43(edirections \(see)-2.93 F F3 +(REDIRECTION)2.93 E F1(belo)2.68 E .43 (w\) speci\214ed when a function is de\214ned are performed when the) --.25 F(function is e)108 448.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .57(The e) -108 465.6 R .57(xit status of a function de\214nition is zero unless a \ +-.25 F(function is e)108 513.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .57(The e) +108 530.4 R .57(xit status of a function de\214nition is zero unless a \ syntax error occurs or a readonly function with the)-.15 F .85 -(same name already e)108 477.6 R 3.35(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)3.35 G +(same name already e)108 542.4 R 3.35(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)3.35 G .85(cuted, the e).15 F .85(xit status of a function is the e)-.15 F .85 -(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F(mand e)108 489.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F(mand e)108 554.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted in the body).15 E 5(.\()-.65 G(See)-5 E F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F1 -(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS) -72 506.4 Q F1 .982(In a non-interacti)108 518.4 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS) +72 571.2 Q F1 .982(In a non-interacti)108 583.2 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982 (hell in which the).15 F F2(interacti)3.482 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 -E F1 .982(option to the)3.482 F F2(shopt)3.482 E F1 -.2(bu)108 530.4 S +E F1 .982(option to the)3.482 F F2(shopt)3.482 E F1 -.2(bu)108 595.2 S .612(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .612(SHELL B)3.112 F(UIL)-.09 E .612 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.862 E .612(w\), a w)-.25 F .612(ord be) -.1 F .612(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#)3.111 E F1 .611(introduces a com-) -3.111 F 2.854(ment. A)108 542.4 R -.1(wo)2.854 G .354(rd be).1 F .354 +3.111 F 2.854(ment. A)108 607.2 R -.1(wo)2.854 G .354(rd be).1 F .354 (gins at the be)-.15 F .355 (ginning of a line, after unquoted whitespace, or after an operator)-.15 F 5.355(.T)-.55 G .355(he com-)-5.355 F .364(ment causes that w)108 -554.4 R .364 +619.2 R .364 (ord and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)-.1 F .363 (An interacti)5.363 F .663 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .363(hell without).15 F(the) -108 566.4 Q F2(interacti)2.62 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F1 .121 +108 631.2 Q F2(interacti)2.62 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F1 .121 (option enabled does not allo)2.621 F 2.621(wc)-.25 G 2.621 (omments. The)-2.621 F F2(interacti)2.621 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E -F1 .121(option is)2.621 F(enabled by def)108 578.4 Q(ault in interacti) --.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 595.2 S -.438(OT) -.11 G(ING).438 E F0(Quoting)108 607.2 Q F1 .478(is used to remo)2.978 F -.777 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .477 -(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 F .477 -(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .477(Quoting can be)5.477 F .184 +F1 .121(option is)2.621 F(enabled by def)108 643.2 Q(ault in interacti) +-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F5 -.11(QU)72 660 S -.438(OT).11 +G(ING).438 E F0(Quoting)108 672 Q F1 .478(is used to remo)2.978 F .777 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H .477(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 +F .477(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .477(Quoting can be)5.477 F .184 (used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108 -619.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .185(ed w)-.15 F .185 -(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 631.2 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .289(Each of the)108 -648 R F0(metac)2.789 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 .288 -(listed abo)2.789 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS) -2.788 E F1 .288(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F -(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 660 Q 1.344 -(When the command history e)108 676.8 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344 -(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594 -(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1(belo)3.595 E 1.345(w\), the) --.25 F F0(history e)108 688.8 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F1(character)2.5 E 2.5 -(,u)-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E F2(!)2.5 E F1 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .768 -(There are four quoting mechanisms: the)108 705.6 R F0 .768(escape c) -3.458 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F1 3.268(,s).73 G .767 -(ingle quotes, double quotes, and dollar)-3.268 F(-single)-.2 E(quotes.) -108 717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(8)190.955 E -0 Cg EP +684 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .185(ed w)-.15 F .185 +(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 696 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .289(Each of the)108 712.8 +R F0(metac)2.789 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 .288(listed abo) +2.789 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS)2.788 E F1 .288 +(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F +(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 724.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(8)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 9 9 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 2.962(An)108 84 S .463(on-quoted backslash \() --2.962 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\)A F1 2.963(\)i)C 2.963(st)-2.963 G(he) --2.963 E F0 .463(escape c)3.153 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F1 5.463(.I) -.73 G 2.963(tp)-5.463 G(reserv)-2.963 E .463(es the literal v)-.15 F -.463(alue of the ne)-.25 F .463(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 96 Q -.878(ws, remo)-.25 F .878(ving an)-.15 F 3.378(ys)-.15 G .878 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 1.344(When the command history e)108 84 R 1.344 +(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E +(ANSION)-.666 E F1(belo)3.595 E 1.345(w\), the)-.25 F F0(history e)108 +96 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F1(character)2.5 E 2.5(,u)-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.5 E F1 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .768 +(There are four quoting mechanisms: the)108 112.8 R F0 .768(escape c) +3.458 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F1 3.268(,s).73 G .767 +(ingle quotes, double quotes, and dollar)-3.268 F(-single)-.2 E(quotes.) +108 124.8 Q 2.962(An)108 141.6 S .463(on-quoted backslash \()-2.962 F F3 +(\\)A F1 2.963(\)i)C 2.963(st)-2.963 G(he)-2.963 E F0 .463(escape c) +3.153 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F1 5.463(.I).73 G 2.963(tp)-5.463 G +(reserv)-2.963 E .463(es the literal v)-.15 F .463(alue of the ne)-.25 F +.463(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 153.6 Q .878(ws, remo)-.25 F +.878(ving an)-.15 F 3.378(ys)-.15 G .878 (pecial meaning it has, with the e)-3.378 F .877(xception of . If)-.25 F(a)3.377 E F2(\\)3.377 E F1(. If)-.25 F(a)3.377 E F3(\\)3.377 E F1( pair ap-)-.25 F .176 -(pears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the)108 108 R F2(\\) +(pears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the)108 165.6 R F3(\\) 2.676 E F1( is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is re-)-.25 F -(mo)108 120 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom the input stream and ef) +(mo)108 177.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom the input stream and ef) -2.5 E(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 -(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 136.8 R .295 +(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 194.4 R .295 (es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.) -.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E -(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 148.8 Q -.15(ve) +(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 206.4 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033 -(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 165.6 R .034 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F2(TEXTDOMAINDIR) -2.761 E F1 2.761(,a)C(nd)-2.761 E F2(TEXTDOMAIN)2.761 E F1 .261(shell v) -2.761 F 2.761(ariables. If)-.25 F .261(the current locale is)2.761 F F2 -(C)2.76 E F1(or)2.76 E F2(POSIX)2.76 E F1(,)A 1.213 -(if there are no translations a)108 669.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.214(ilable,\ +F3(LC_MES-)4.136 E(SA)108 715.2 Q(GES)-.55 E F1(,)A F3(TEXTDOMAINDIR) +2.761 E F1 2.761(,a)C(nd)-2.761 E F3(TEXTDOMAIN)2.761 E F1 .261(shell v) +2.761 F 2.761(ariables. If)-.25 F .261(the current locale is)2.761 F F3 +(C)2.76 E F1(or)2.76 E F3(POSIX)2.76 E F1(,)A 1.213 +(if there are no translations a)108 727.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.214(ilable,\ or if the string is not translated, the dollar sign is ignored, and th\ -e).25 F .949(string is treated as double-quoted as described abo)108 -681.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.949(.T).15 G .949 -(his is a form of double quoting, so the string re-)-5.949 F .371 -(mains double-quoted by def)108 693.6 R .371 -(ault, whether or not it is translated and replaced.)-.1 F .372(If the) -5.372 F F2(noexpand_translation)2.872 E F1 .14 -(option is enabled using the)108 705.6 R F2(shopt)2.639 E F1 -.2(bu) -2.639 G .139 -(iltin, translated strings are single-quoted instead of double-quoted.) -.2 F(See)5.139 E(the description of)108 717.6 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F1(belo) -2.5 E 2.5(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(9)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +e).25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(9)193.45 E 0 Cg +EP %%Page: 10 10 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 84 S(RAMETERS) -.81 E F1(A)108 96 Q F0(par)4.574 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .824 -(is an entity that stores v)4.054 F 3.324(alues. It)-.25 F .824 -(can be a)3.324 F F0(name)3.685 E F1 3.325(,an).18 G(umber)-3.325 E -3.325(,o)-.4 G 3.325(ro)-3.325 G .825(ne of the special characters) --3.325 F .802(listed belo)108 108 R 3.302(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.302 E/F3 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF .802(Special P)3.302 F(arameters)-.1 E F1 5.802(.A)C F0 -(variable)-2.21 E F1 .802(is a parameter denoted by a)3.482 F F0(name) -3.662 E F1 5.801(.A).18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .801(riable has a).25 F F0 -(value)108 120 Q F1 .368(and zero or more)2.868 F F0(attrib)2.868 E -(utes)-.2 E F1 5.369(.A)C(ttrib)-5.369 E .369 -(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F3(declar)2.869 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu) -2.869 G .369(iltin command \(see).2 F F3(declar)2.869 E(e)-.18 E F1 -(belo)108 132 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 -E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1(The)4.5 -E F3(export)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adonly).18 E F1 -.2(bu) -2.5 G(iltins assign speci\214c attrib).2 E(utes.)-.2 E 2.755(Ap)108 -148.8 S .255(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.755 F 2.754 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .949 +(string is treated as double-quoted as described abo)108 84 R -.15(ve) +-.15 G 5.949(.T).15 G .949 +(his is a form of double quoting, so the string re-)-5.949 F .371 +(mains double-quoted by def)108 96 R .371 +(ault, whether or not it is translated and replaced.)-.1 F .372(If the) +5.372 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(noexpand_translation)2.872 E F1 .14 +(option is enabled using the)108 108 R F2(shopt)2.639 E F1 -.2(bu)2.639 +G .139 +(iltin, translated strings are single-quoted instead of double-quoted.) +.2 F(See)5.139 E(the description of)108 120 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 +E 2.5(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 +E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.81(PA)72 136.8 S(RAMETERS).81 E F1(A)108 148.8 Q F0(par)4.574 E +(ameter)-.15 E F1 .824(is an entity that stores v)4.054 F 3.324 +(alues. It)-.25 F .824(can be a)3.324 F F0(name)3.685 E F1 3.325(,an).18 +G(umber)-3.325 E 3.325(,o)-.4 G 3.325(ro)-3.325 G .825 +(ne of the special characters)-3.325 F .802(listed belo)108 160.8 R +3.302(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.302 E F2 .802(Special P)3.302 F(arameters)-.1 E +F1 5.802(.A)C F0(variable)-2.21 E F1 .802(is a parameter denoted by a) +3.482 F F0(name)3.662 E F1 5.801(.A).18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .801 +(riable has a).25 F F0(value)108 172.8 Q F1 .368(and zero or more)2.868 +F F0(attrib)2.868 E(utes)-.2 E F1 5.369(.A)C(ttrib)-5.369 E .369 +(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F2(declar)2.869 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu) +2.869 G .369(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(declar)2.869 E(e)-.18 E F1 +(belo)108 184.8 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F4(\).)A F1(The)4.5 E F2(export)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E +F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adonly).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltins assign speci\214c attrib).2 E(utes.)-.2 E 2.755(Ap)108 201.6 S +.255(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.755 F 2.754 (alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .254(alid v)-.25 F 2.754(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.754(av)2.754 G .254(ariable is set, it)-3.004 -F(may be unset only by using the)108 160.8 Q F3(unset)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu) -2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F4(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 177.6 Q F0(variable)2.79 E F1 -(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F0(name)144 194.4 -Q F1(=[)A F0(value)A F1(])A(If)108 211.2 Q F0(value)3.022 E F1 .232 +F(may be unset only by using the)108 213.6 Q F2(unset)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu) +2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 230.4 Q F0(variable)2.79 E F1 +(is assigned to using a statement of the form)2.68 E F0(name)144 247.2 Q +F1(=[)A F0(value)A F1(])A(If)108 264 Q F0(value)3.022 E F1 .232 (is not gi)2.912 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .232(n, the v).15 F .232 (ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.233 E F0(values)3.023 E F1(under)3.003 E .233(go tilde e)-.18 F .233(xpansion, parameter)-.15 -F .515(and v)108 223.2 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 +F .515(and v)108 276 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see) --3.015 E F4(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1(belo)108 235.2 Q 2.698 -(w\). If)-.25 F .198(the v)2.698 F .198(ariable has its)-.25 F F3 -(integer)2.698 E F1(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)-.2 F F0(value) -2.988 E F1 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .199 -(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .199(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n).15 E .524(if the)108 247.2 R F3($\(\()3.024 E F1 1.666(...)C F3 -(\)\))-1.666 E F1 -.15(ex)3.024 G .523(pansion is not used \(see).15 F -F3 .523(Arithmetic Expansion)3.023 F F1(belo)3.023 E 3.023(w\). W)-.25 F -.523(ord splitting and pathname e)-.8 F(x-)-.15 E 1.363 -(pansion are not performed.)108 259.2 R 1.364 +-3.015 E F3(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1(belo)108 288 Q 2.698(w\). If) +-.25 F .198(the v)2.698 F .198(ariable has its)-.25 F F2(integer)2.698 E +F1(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)-.2 F F0(value)2.988 E F1 .198 +(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .199(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .199 +(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E .524(if the)108 300 R F2 +($\(\()3.024 E F1 1.666(...)C F2(\)\))-1.666 E F1 -.15(ex)3.024 G .523 +(pansion is not used \(see).15 F F2 .523(Arithmetic Expansion)3.023 F F1 +(belo)3.023 E 3.023(w\). W)-.25 F .523(ord splitting and pathname e)-.8 +F(x-)-.15 E 1.363(pansion are not performed.)108 312 R 1.364 (Assignment statements may also appear as ar)6.363 F 1.364 -(guments to the)-.18 F F3(alias)3.864 E F1(,)A F3(declar)3.864 E(e)-.18 -E F1(,)A F3(typeset)108 271.2 Q F1(,)A F3(export)3.871 E F1(,)A F3 -.18 -(re)3.871 G(adonly).18 E F1 3.871(,a)C(nd)-3.871 E F3(local)3.871 E F1 +(guments to the)-.18 F F2(alias)3.864 E F1(,)A F2(declar)3.864 E(e)-.18 +E F1(,)A F2(typeset)108 324 Q F1(,)A F2(export)3.871 E F1(,)A F2 -.18 +(re)3.871 G(adonly).18 E F1 3.871(,a)C(nd)-3.871 E F2(local)3.871 E F1 -.2(bu)3.871 G 1.371(iltin commands \().2 F F0(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F1 3.871(commands\). When)3.871 F 1.37(in posix mode,)3.871 F 1.141 -(these b)108 283.2 R 1.142 +(these b)108 336 R 1.142 (uiltins may appear in a command after one or more instances of the)-.2 -F F3(command)3.642 E F1 -.2(bu)3.642 G 1.142(iltin and retain).2 F -(these assignment statement properties.)108 295.2 Q .377(In the conte) -108 312 R .377(xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F -.376(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .376(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .376 -(x, the +=)-.15 F .524(operator appends to or adds to the v)108 324 R -(ariable')-.25 E 3.024(sp)-.55 G(re)-3.024 E .524(vious v)-.25 F 3.024 -(alue. This)-.25 F .524(includes ar)3.024 F .524(guments to)-.18 F F0 -(declar)3.024 E(ation)-.15 E F1(com-)3.024 E .546(mands such as)108 336 -R F3(declar)3.046 E(e)-.18 E F1 .546(that accept assignment statements.) -3.046 F .546(When += is applied to a v)5.546 F .545 -(ariable for which the)-.25 F F3(integer)108 348 Q F1(attrib)3.533 E -1.033(ute has been set, the v)-.2 F(ariable')-.25 E 3.533(sc)-.55 G -1.033(urrent v)-3.533 F 1.033(alue and)-.25 F F0(value)3.533 E F1 1.033 -(are each e)3.533 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luated as arithmetic e).25 F -(x-)-.15 E .353 -(pressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the v)108 360 R -(ariable')-.25 E 2.853(sv)-.55 G 2.852(alue. The)-3.103 F .352 -(current v)2.852 F .352(alue is usually an in-)-.25 F(te)108 372 Q .254 -(ger constant, b)-.15 F .254(ut may be an e)-.2 F 2.754(xpression. When) --.15 F .254(+= is applied to an array v)2.754 F .255 -(ariable using compound assign-)-.25 F .663(ment \(see)108 384 R F3 -(Arrays)3.163 E F1(belo)3.163 E .663(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E -3.163(sv)-.55 G .662 -(alue is not unset \(as it is when using =\), and ne)-3.413 F 3.162(wv) --.25 G .662(alues are ap-)-3.412 F .306(pended to the array be)108 396 R -.306(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.807(sm)-.55 G .307 -(aximum inde)-2.807 F 2.807(x\()-.15 G .307(for inde)-2.807 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.807(da).15 G .307(rrays\) or added)-2.807 F .246 -(as additional k)108 408 R -.15(ey)-.1 G.15 E .246 -(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F .546 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E -5.246(.W)-.65 G .246(hen applied to a string-v)-5.246 F .245(alued v) --.25 F(ariable,)-.25 E F0(value)2.745 E F1 .245(is e)2.745 F(x-)-.15 E -(panded and appended to the v)108 420 Q(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G -(alue.)-2.75 E 3.382(Av)108 436.8 S .882(ariable can be assigned the) +F F2(command)3.642 E F1 -.2(bu)3.642 G 1.142(iltin and retain).2 F +(these assignment statement properties.)108 348 Q 1.163(In the conte)108 +364.8 R 1.163(xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F +1.163(alue to a shell v)-.25 F 1.162(ariable or array inde)-.25 F 1.162 +(x, the)-.15 F .55(\231+=\232 operator appends to or adds to the v)108 +376.8 R(ariable')-.25 E 3.05(sp)-.55 G(re)-3.05 E .55(vious v)-.25 F +3.05(alue. This)-.25 F .55(includes ar)3.05 F .55(guments to)-.18 F F0 +(declar)3.05 E(ation)-.15 E F1 1.656(commands such as)108 388.8 R F2 +(declar)4.156 E(e)-.18 E F1 1.656(that accept assignment statements.) +4.156 F 1.656(When \231+=\232 is applied to a v)6.656 F 1.656 +(ariable for)-.25 F .522(which the)108 400.8 R F2(integer)3.022 E F1 +(attrib)3.022 E .522(ute has been set, the v)-.2 F(ariable')-.25 E 3.022 +(sc)-.55 G .522(urrent v)-3.022 F .522(alue and)-.25 F F0(value)3.023 E +F1 .523(are each e)3.023 F -.25(va)-.25 G .523(luated as arith-).25 F +.551(metic e)108 412.8 R .551 +(xpressions, and the sum of the results is assigned as the v)-.15 F +(ariable')-.25 E 3.05(sv)-.55 G 3.05(alue. The)-3.3 F .55(current v)3.05 +F .55(alue is usu-)-.25 F .595(ally an inte)108 424.8 R .595 +(ger constant, b)-.15 F .595(ut may be an e)-.2 F 3.096(xpression. When) +-.15 F .596(\231+=\232 is applied to an array v)3.096 F .596 +(ariable using com-)-.25 F .262(pound assignment \(see)108 436.8 R F2 +(Arrays)2.761 E F1(belo)2.761 E .261(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E +2.761(sv)-.55 G .261(alue is not unset \(as it is when using and ne) +-3.011 F 2.761(wv)-.25 G(alues)-3.011 E .437 +(are appended to the array be)108 448.8 R .438 +(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.938(sm)-.55 G .438 +(aximum inde)-2.938 F 2.938(x\()-.15 G .438(for inde)-2.938 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.938(da).15 G .438(rrays\) or)-2.938 F .123 +(added as additional k)108 460.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G.15 E .123 +(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F .423 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E +5.123(.W)-.65 G .122(hen applied to a string-v)-5.123 F .122(alued v) +-.25 F(ariable,)-.25 E F0(value)2.622 E F1(is e)108 472.8 Q +(xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G +(alue.)-2.75 E 3.382(Av)108 489.6 S .882(ariable can be assigned the) -3.632 F F0(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F1(attrib)3.382 E .882 -(ute using the)-.2 F F33.382 E F1 .882(option to the)3.382 F F3 -(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F1(or)3.383 E F3(local)3.383 E F1 -.2(bu)3.383 -G .883(iltin com-).2 F .316(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 448.8 R -F3(declar)2.816 E(e)-.18 E F1(and)2.816 E F3(local)2.816 E F1(belo)2.816 +(ute using the)-.2 F F23.382 E F1 .882(option to the)3.382 F F2 +(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F1(or)3.383 E F2(local)3.383 E F1 -.2(bu)3.383 +G .883(iltin com-).2 F .316(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 501.6 R +F2(declar)2.816 E(e)-.18 E F1(and)2.816 E F2(local)2.816 E F1(belo)2.816 E .316(w\) to create a)-.25 F F0(namer)2.815 E(ef)-.37 E F1 2.815(,o)C 2.815(rar)-2.815 G .315(eference to another v)-2.815 F(ari-)-.25 E 2.918 -(able. This)108 460.8 R(allo)2.918 E .418(ws v)-.25 F .418 +(able. This)108 513.6 R(allo)2.918 E .418(ws v)-.25 F .418 (ariables to be manipulated indirectly)-.25 F 5.419(.W)-.65 G(hene) -5.419 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.919(rt).15 G .419(he nameref v)-2.919 F .419 (ariable is referenced, as-)-.25 F .133 -(signed to, unset, or has its attrib)108 472.8 R .132 +(signed to, unset, or has its attrib)108 525.6 R .132 (utes modi\214ed \(other than using or changing the)-.2 F F0(namer)2.632 E(ef)-.37 E F1(attrib)2.632 E .132(ute itself\), the)-.2 F 1.356 -(operation is actually performed on the v)108 484.8 R 1.357 +(operation is actually performed on the v)108 537.6 R 1.357 (ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 3.857(sv) -.55 G 3.857(alue. A)-4.107 F 1.357(nameref is)3.857 F .972 -(commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 496.8 R .971 +(commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 549.6 R .971 (ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F .971(gument to the)-.18 F -2.5(function. F)108 508.8 R(or instance, if a v)-.15 E +2.5(function. F)108 561.6 R(or instance, if a v)-.15 E (ariable name is passed to a shell function as its \214rst ar)-.25 E (gument, running)-.18 E/F6 10/Courier@0 SF(declare \255n ref=$1)144 -525.6 Q F1 .385(inside the function creates a local nameref v)108 542.4 -R(ariable)-.25 E F3 -.18(re)2.885 G(f).18 E F1 .385(whose v)2.885 F .385 +578.4 Q F1 .385(inside the function creates a local nameref v)108 595.2 +R(ariable)-.25 E F2 -.18(re)2.885 G(f).18 E F1 .385(whose v)2.885 F .385 (alue is the v)-.25 F .385(ariable name passed as the \214rst)-.25 F(ar) -108 554.4 Q 3.531(gument. References)-.18 F 1.031(and assignments to) -3.531 F F3 -.18(re)3.531 G(f).18 E F1 3.531(,a)C 1.031 +108 607.2 Q 3.531(gument. References)-.18 F 1.031(and assignments to) +3.531 F F2 -.18(re)3.531 G(f).18 E F1 3.531(,a)C 1.031 (nd changes to its attrib)-3.531 F 1.03 (utes, are treated as references, as-)-.2 F .196(signments, and attrib) -108 566.4 R .196(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F .196 -(ariable whose name w)-.25 F .196(as passed as)-.1 F F3($1)2.696 E F1 +108 619.2 R .196(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F .196 +(ariable whose name w)-.25 F .196(as passed as)-.1 F F2($1)2.696 E F1 5.197(.I)C 2.697(ft)-5.197 G .197(he control v)-2.697 F(ariable)-.25 E -.006(in a)108 578.4 R F3 -.25(fo)2.506 G(r).25 E F1 .006 +.006(in a)108 631.2 R F2 -.25(fo)2.506 G(r).25 E F1 .006 (loop has the nameref attrib)2.506 F .006(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .006 (ords can be a list of shell v)-.1 F .006 (ariables, and a name reference)-.25 F .325(is established for each w) -108 590.4 R .325(ord in the list, in turn, when the loop is e)-.1 F -.15 +108 643.2 R .325(ord in the list, in turn, when the loop is e)-.1 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.826(cuted. Array).15 F -.25(va)2.826 G .326 -(riables cannot be gi).25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(the)108 602.4 Q F3 +(riables cannot be gi).25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(the)108 655.2 Q F2 (namer)2.536 E(ef)-.18 E F1(attrib)2.536 E 2.536(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .836 -.4(r, n).15 H .036(ameref v).4 F .035 (ariables can reference array v)-.25 F .035 (ariables and subscripted array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E 2.586 -(ables. Namerefs)108 614.4 R .086(can be unset using the)2.586 F F3 -2.587 E F1 .087(option to the)2.587 F F3(unset)2.587 E F1 -.2(bu) -2.587 G 2.587(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F(if)2.587 E F3(unset)2.587 E F1 .087 +(ables. Namerefs)108 667.2 R .086(can be unset using the)2.586 F F2 +2.587 E F1 .087(option to the)2.587 F F2(unset)2.587 E F1 -.2(bu) +2.587 G 2.587(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F(if)2.587 E F2(unset)2.587 E F1 .087 (is e)2.587 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .087(cuted with).15 F -(the name of a nameref v)108 626.4 Q(ariable as an ar)-.25 E +(the name of a nameref v)108 679.2 Q(ariable as an ar)-.25 E (gument, the v)-.18 E(ariable referenced by the nameref v)-.25 E -(ariable is unset.)-.25 E F3 -.2(Po)87 643.2 S(sitional P).2 E -(arameters)-.1 E F1(A)108 655.2 Q F0 .706(positional par)4.456 F(ameter) --.15 E F1 .706(is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than\ - the single digit 0.)3.936 F(Posi-)5.705 E .444 -(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 667.2 R 2.944(sa) --.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G .445(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 679.2 Q F3 -(set)3.334 E F1 -.2(bu)3.334 G .834(iltin command.).2 F .833(Positional\ - parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.834 F -(The)5.833 E(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shel\ -l function is e)108 691.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E F4 -(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.403(When a positional par\ -ameter consisting of more than a single digit is e)108 708 R 1.404 -(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F .436(braces \(see)108 720 R F4 -(EXP)2.936 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1(belo)2.686 E 2.936(w\). W)-.25 F .435 -(ithout braces, a digit follo)-.4 F .435 -(wing $ can only refer to one of the \214rst nine)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(10)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +(ariable is unset.)-.25 E .612(When the shell starts, it reads its en) +108 696 R .611(vironment and creates a shell v)-.4 F .611 +(ariable from each en)-.25 F .611(vironment v)-.4 F(ariable)-.25 E +(that has a v)108 708 Q(alid name, as described belo)-.25 E 2.5(w\()-.25 +G(see)-2.5 E F3(ENVIR)2.5 E(ONMENT)-.27 E F4(\).)A F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(10)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 11 11 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(positional parameters \()108 84 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF($1\255$9)A F1 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G -(he special parameter)-2.5 E F2($0)2.5 E F1(\(see the ne)2.5 E -(xt section\).)-.15 E F2(Special P)87 100.8 Q(arameters)-.1 E F1 1.674 -(The shell treats se)108 112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.674 -(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.675 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.2(Po)87 84 S(sitional P).2 +E(arameters)-.1 E F1(A)108 96 Q F0 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter) +-.15 E F1 .706(is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than\ + the single digit 0.)3.935 F(Posi-)5.706 E .445 +(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 108 R 2.944(sa)-.55 +G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) +.2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 120 Q F2(set)3.333 +E F1 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional parameters\ + may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F(The)5.834 E +(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function i\ +s e)108 132 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.404(When a positional par\ +ameter consisting of more than a single digit is e)108 148.8 R 1.403 +(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F .435(braces \(see)108 160.8 R F3 +(EXP)2.935 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1(belo)2.685 E 2.935(w\). W)-.25 F .435 +(ithout braces, a digit follo)-.4 F .435 +(wing $ can only refer to one of the \214rst nine)-.25 F +(positional parameters \()108 172.8 Q F2($1\255$9)A F1 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt) +-2.5 G(he special parameter)-2.5 E F2($0)2.5 E F1(\(see the ne)2.5 E +(xt section\).)-.15 E F2(Special P)87 189.6 Q(arameters)-.1 E F1 1.675 +(The shell treats se)108 201.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.675 +(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.674 (hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)-6.675 F -(them is not allo)108 124.8 Q 2.5(wed. Special)-.25 F +(them is not allo)108 213.6 Q 2.5(wed. Special)-.25 F (parameters are denoted by one of the follo)2.5 E(wing characters.)-.25 -E F2(*)108 141.6 Q F1(\()144 141.6 Q F2($*)A F1 3.478(\)E)C .978 -(xpands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)-3.478 F .978 -(When the e)5.978 F .977(xpansion is not within)-.15 F .383 -(double quotes, each positional parameter e)144 153.6 R .383 +E F2(*)108 230.4 Q F1(\()144 230.4 Q F2($*)A F1 3.477(\)E)C .978 +(xpands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)-3.477 F .978 +(When the e)5.978 F .978(xpansion is not within)-.15 F .383 +(double quotes, each positional parameter e)144 242.4 R .383 (xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 2.883(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)2.883 E .383 -(xts where w)-.15 F .383(ord e)-.1 F(x-)-.15 E .131 -(pansions are performed, those w)144 165.6 R .131 -(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F .13(ord splitting and pathname e) --.1 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.095(When the e)144 177.6 R 1.095 +(xts where w)-.15 F .382(ord e)-.1 F(x-)-.15 E .13 +(pansions are performed, those w)144 254.4 R .131 +(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F .131(ord splitting and pathname e) +-.1 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.096(When the e)144 266.4 R 1.096 (xpansion occurs within double quotes, it e)-.15 F 1.096 -(xpands to a single w)-.15 F 1.096(ord with the v)-.1 F 1.096(alue of) +(xpands to a single w)-.15 F 1.095(ord with the v)-.1 F 1.095(alue of) -.25 F .628(each parameter separated by the \214rst character of the)144 -189.6 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.128 E F1 -.25(va)2.878 G 3.128 -(riable. That).25 F(is,)3.128 E F2("$*")3.128 E F1 .627(is equi)3.128 F --.25(va)-.25 G .627(lent to).25 F F2("$1)144 201.6 Q F0(c)A F2($2)A F0 -(c)A F2 1.666(...)C(")-1.666 E F1 2.805(,w)C(here)-2.805 E F0(c)3.005 E -F1 .306(is the \214rst character of the v)3.115 F .306(alue of the)-.25 -F F3(IFS)2.806 E F1 -.25(va)2.556 G 2.806(riable. If).25 F F3(IFS)2.806 -E F1 .306(is unset, the pa-)2.556 F .129 -(rameters are separated by spaces.)144 213.6 R(If)5.129 E F3(IFS)2.629 E -F1 .129(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)2.379 F .129 -(ening sep-)-.15 F(arators.)144 225.6 Q F2(@)108 237.6 Q F1(\()144 237.6 -Q F2($@)A F1 2.86(\)E)C .361 -(xpands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)-2.86 F .361 -(In conte)5.361 F .361(xts where w)-.15 F .361(ord splitting is)-.1 F -.253(performed, this e)144 249.6 R .253 +278.4 R F3(IFS)3.128 E F1 -.25(va)2.878 G 3.128(riable. That).25 F(is,) +3.128 E F2("$*")3.128 E F1 .628(is equi)3.128 F -.25(va)-.25 G .628 +(lent to).25 F F2("$1)144 290.4 Q F0(c)A F2($2)A F0(c)A F2 1.666(...)C +(")-1.666 E F1 2.806(,w)C(here)-2.806 E F0(c)3.006 E F1 .306 +(is the \214rst character of the v)3.116 F .306(alue of the)-.25 F F3 +(IFS)2.806 E F1 -.25(va)2.556 G 2.806(riable. If).25 F F3(IFS)2.806 E F1 +.305(is unset, the pa-)2.555 F .129(rameters are separated by spaces.) +144 302.4 R(If)5.129 E F3(IFS)2.629 E F1 .129 +(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)2.379 F .13 +(ening sep-)-.15 F(arators.)144 314.4 Q F2(@)108 326.4 Q F1(\()144 326.4 +Q F2($@)A F1 2.861(\)E)C .361 +(xpands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)-2.861 F .361 +(In conte)5.361 F .36(xts where w)-.15 F .36(ord splitting is)-.1 F .252 +(performed, this e)144 338.4 R .253 (xpands each positional parameter to a separate w)-.15 F .253 -(ord; if not within double quotes,)-.1 F .396(these w)144 261.6 R .396 +(ord; if not within double quotes,)-.1 F .396(these w)144 350.4 R .396 (ords are subject to w)-.1 F .396(ord splitting.)-.1 F .396(In conte) 5.396 F .396(xts where w)-.15 F .396 -(ord splitting is not performed, such)-.1 F .149(as the v)144 273.6 R +(ord splitting is not performed, such)-.1 F .148(as the v)144 362.4 R .148(alue portion of an assignment statement, this e)-.25 F .148 -(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .148(ord with each positional)-.1 F .155 -(parameter separated by a space.)144 285.6 R .155(When the e)5.155 F +(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .149(ord with each positional)-.1 F .155 +(parameter separated by a space.)144 374.4 R .155(When the e)5.155 F .155(xpansion occurs within double quotes, and w)-.15 F .155(ord split-) --.1 F 1.484(ting is performed, each parameter e)144 297.6 R 1.484 +-.1 F 1.484(ting is performed, each parameter e)144 386.4 R 1.484 (xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.984(ord. That)-.1 F(is,)3.984 E F2 ("$@")3.984 E F1 1.484(is equi)3.984 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.484(lent to).25 -F F2("$1" "$2" .)144 309.6 Q 1.666(..)1.666 G F1 .205 -(If the double-quoted e)3.538 F .205(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F -.205(ord, the e)-.1 F .205(xpansion of the \214rst pa-)-.15 F .361 -(rameter is joined with the e)144 321.6 R .361(xpansion of the be)-.15 F -.36(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .36(ord, and the e)-.1 F -(xpansion)-.15 E .196(of the last parameter is joined with the e)144 -333.6 R .197(xpansion of the last part of the original w)-.15 F 2.697 -(ord. When)-.1 F(there)2.697 E(are no positional parameters,)144 345.6 Q +F F2("$1" "$2" .)144 398.4 Q 1.666(..)1.666 G F1 .205 +(If the double-quoted e)3.539 F .205(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F +.205(ord, the e)-.1 F .205(xpansion of the \214rst pa-)-.15 F .36 +(rameter is joined with the e)144 410.4 R .361(xpansion of the be)-.15 F +.361(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .361(ord, and the e)-.1 F +(xpansion)-.15 E .197(of the last parameter is joined with the e)144 +422.4 R .197(xpansion of the last part of the original w)-.15 F 2.696 +(ord. When)-.1 F(there)2.696 E(are no positional parameters,)144 434.4 Q F2("$@")2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F2($@)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G (pand to nothing \(i.e., the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(d\).).15 E F2(#)108 357.6 Q F1(\()144 357.6 Q F2($#)A F1 2.5(\)E) +-.15 G(d\).).15 E F2(#)108 446.4 Q F1(\()144 446.4 Q F2($#)A F1 2.5(\)E) C(xpands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)-2.5 E F2(?) -108 369.6 Q F1(\()144 369.6 Q F2($?)A F1 2.5(\)E)C(xpands to the e)-2.5 +108 458.4 Q F1(\()144 458.4 Q F2($?)A F1 2.5(\)E)C(xpands to the e)-2.5 E(xit status of the most recently e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted command.).15 E F2108 381.6 Q F1(\()144 381.6 Q F2<24ad>A F1 -2.78(\)E)C .279 -(xpands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)-2.78 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G .279(cation, by the).2 F F2(set)2.779 E F1 -.2(bu)2.779 G .279 +(cuted command.).15 E F2108 470.4 Q F1(\()144 470.4 Q F2<24ad>A F1 +2.779(\)E)C .279 +(xpands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)-2.779 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G .28(cation, by the).2 F F2(set)2.78 E F1 -.2(bu)2.78 G .28 (iltin command,).2 F(or those set by the shell itself \(such as the)144 -393.6 Q F22.5 E F1(option\).)2.5 E F2($)108 405.6 Q F1(\()144 -405.6 Q F2($$)A F1 2.835(\)E)C .335 +482.4 Q F22.5 E F1(option\).)2.5 E F2($)108 494.4 Q F1(\()144 +494.4 Q F2($$)A F1 2.835(\)E)C .335 (xpands to the process ID of the shell.)-2.835 F .335 (In a subshell, it e)5.335 F .335(xpands to the process ID of the par) --.15 F(-)-.2 E(ent shell, not the subshell.)144 417.6 Q F2(!)108 429.6 Q -F1(\()144 429.6 Q F2($!)A F1 .722(\)Expands to the process ID of the jo\ +-.15 F(-)-.2 E(ent shell, not the subshell.)144 506.4 Q F2(!)108 518.4 Q +F1(\()144 518.4 Q F2($!)A F1 .722(\)Expands to the process ID of the jo\ b most recently placed into the background, whether e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G -(-).15 E(cuted as an asynchronous command or using the)144 441.6 Q F2 +(-).15 E(cuted as an asynchronous command or using the)144 530.4 Q F2 (bg)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E F3(JOB CONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E -F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(0)108 453.6 Q F1(\()144 453.6 Q F2($0)A F1 -3.094(\)E)C .594(xpands to the name of the shell or shell script.)-3.094 -F .594(This is set at shell initialization.)5.594 F(If)5.595 E F2(bash) -3.095 E F1(is)3.095 E(in)144 465.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(dw) -.1 G .578(ith a \214le of commands,)-3.078 F F2($0)3.078 E F1 .578 -(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.078 F(If)5.577 E F2(bash)3.077 E -F1 .577(is started with the)3.077 F F23.077 E F1 .368 -(option, then)144 477.6 R F2($0)2.869 E F1 .369 +F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(0)108 542.4 Q F1(\()144 542.4 Q F2($0)A F1 +3.095(\)E)C .594(xpands to the name of the shell or shell script.)-3.095 +F .594(This is set at shell initialization.)5.594 F(If)5.594 E F2(bash) +3.094 E F1(is)3.094 E(in)144 554.4 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.077(dw) +.1 G .577(ith a \214le of commands,)-3.077 F F2($0)3.077 E F1 .578 +(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.077 F(If)5.578 E F2(bash)3.078 E +F1 .578(is started with the)3.078 F F23.078 E F1 .369 +(option, then)144 566.4 R F2($0)2.869 E F1 .369 (is set to the \214rst ar)2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e) --.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.369 E -(-)-.2 E(wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 489.6 Q -.2 +-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.368 E +(-)-.2 E(wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 578.4 Q -.2 (vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(bash)2.6 E F1 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25 (iv e)-2.5 H 2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E -F2(Shell V)87 506.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F1(The shell sets follo)108 518.4 -Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables:)-.25 E F2(_)108 535.2 Q F1(\()144 535.2 Q F2 -($_)A F1 2.555(,a)C 2.555(nu)-2.555 G .055 -(nderscore\) This has a number of meanings depending on conte)-2.555 F -2.555(xt. At)-.15 F .054(shell startup,)2.554 F F2(_)2.554 E F1 .054 -(is set)2.554 F .912(to the pathname used to in)144 547.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -1.112 -.1(ke t).2 H .912(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .913(cuted as passed in the en).15 F(viron-)-.4 E .57(ment or ar) -144 559.2 R .57(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.57 E 3.07(,i)-.65 G -3.069(te)-3.07 G .569(xpands to the last ar)-3.219 F .569 -(gument to the pre)-.18 F .569(vious simple com-)-.25 F .008(mand e)144 -571.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .008(cuted in the fore).15 F .008 +F2(Shell V)87 595.2 Q(ariables)-.92 E F1(The shell sets follo)108 607.2 +Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables:)-.25 E F2(_)108 624 Q F1(\()144 624 Q F2($_)A +F1 2.554(,a)C 2.554(nu)-2.554 G .055 +(nderscore\) This has a number of meanings depending on conte)-2.554 F +2.555(xt. At)-.15 F .055(shell startup,)2.555 F F2(_)2.555 E F1 .055 +(is set)2.555 F .913(to the pathname used to in)144 636 R -.2(vo)-.4 G +1.113 -.1(ke t).2 H .912(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .912(cuted as passed in the en).15 F(viron-)-.4 E .569 +(ment or ar)144 648 R .569(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.569 E +3.069(,i)-.65 G 3.069(te)-3.069 G .569(xpands to the last ar)-3.219 F +.57(gument to the pre)-.18 F .57(vious simple com-)-.25 F .009(mand e) +144 660 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .009(cuted in the fore).15 F .008 (ground, after e)-.15 F 2.508(xpansion. It)-.15 F .008 (is also set to the full pathname used to in)2.508 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G .556(each command e)144 583.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .556 -(cuted and placed in the en).15 F .555(vironment e)-.4 F .555 -(xported to that command.)-.15 F .555(When check-)5.555 F(ing mail,)144 -595.2 Q F2($_)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ke).2 G .555(each command e)144 672 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .555 +(cuted and placed in the en).15 F .555(vironment e)-.4 F .556 +(xported to that command.)-.15 F .556(When check-)5.556 F(ing mail,)144 +684 Q F2($_)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G (pands to the name of the mail \214le currently being check).15 E(ed.) --.1 E F2 -.3(BA)108 607.2 S(SH).3 E F1 -(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)144 607.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 --.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.3(BA)108 -619.2 S(SHOPTS).3 E F1 2.548(Ac)144 631.2 S .049 -(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.548 F .049(Each w) -5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049 -(gument for the)-.18 F F22.549 E F1 .116(option to the)144 643.2 R -F2(shopt)2.616 E F1 -.2(bu)2.616 G .116(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 .116 -(SHELL B)2.616 F(UIL)-.09 E .116(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.366 E -2.616(w\). The)-.25 F .115(options ap-)2.615 F 1.066(pearing in)144 -655.2 R F3 -.27(BA)3.566 G(SHOPTS).27 E F1 1.066(are those reported as) -3.316 F F0(on)3.796 E F1(by)3.807 E F2(shopt)3.567 E F1 6.067(.I)C 3.567 -(ft)-6.067 G 1.067(his v)-3.567 F 1.067(ariable is in the en)-.25 F -(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 667.2 Q F2(bash)2.766 E F1 .266 -(starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading an) -2.766 F 2.766(ys)-.15 G .265(tartup \214les.)-2.766 F(This)5.265 E -.25 -(va)144 679.2 S(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.3(BA)108 691.2 S -(SHPID).3 E F1 .187(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 703.2 R -F2(bash)2.687 E F1 2.688(process. This)2.688 F(dif)2.688 E .188 -(fers from)-.25 F F2($$)2.688 E F1 .188(under certain circum-)2.688 F -.548(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 715.2 R F2(bash) -3.048 E F1 .548(to be re-initialized.)3.048 F .548(Assignments to)5.548 -F F3 -.27(BA)3.048 G(SHPID).27 E F1(ha)144 727.2 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H -2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G 2.5(ect. If).25 F F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SHPID).27 -E F1(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G -(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12) -136.795 E(11)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +-.1 E F2 -.3(BA)108 696 S(SH).3 E F1 +(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)144 696 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1 +(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 +Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(11)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 12 12 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SH_ALIASES).3 -E F1 1.195(An associati)144 96 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v).15 -F 1.195(ariable whose members correspond to the internal list of aliase\ -s as main-)-.25 F .16(tained by the)144 108 R F2(alias)2.66 E F1 -.2(bu) -2.66 G 2.66(iltin. Elements).2 F .16 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SHOPTS).3 E +F1 2.549(Ac)144 96 S .049(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.) +-2.549 F .049(Each w)5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049 +(alid ar)-.25 F .049(gument for the)-.18 F F22.548 E F1 .115 +(option to the)144 108 R F2(shopt)2.616 E F1 -.2(bu)2.616 G .116 +(iltin command \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .116(SHELL B)2.616 F(UIL) +-.09 E .116(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.366 E 2.616(w\). The)-.25 F +.116(options ap-)2.616 F 1.067(pearing in)144 120 R F3 -.27(BA)3.567 G +(SHOPTS).27 E F1 1.067(are those reported as)3.317 F F0(on)3.797 E F1 +(by)3.807 E F2(shopt)3.567 E F1 6.066(.I)C 3.566(ft)-6.066 G 1.066 +(his v)-3.566 F 1.066(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when) +144 132 Q F2(bash)3.42 E F1 .92 +(starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading an) +3.42 F 3.42(ys)-.15 G .92(tartup \214les.)-3.42 F(If)5.92 E(this v)144 +144 Q(ariable is e)-.25 E +(xported, child shells will enable each option in the list.)-.15 E +(This v)5 E(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.3(BA)108 156 S +(SHPID).3 E F1 .188(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 168 R +F2(bash)2.688 E F1 2.687(process. This)2.687 F(dif)2.687 E .187 +(fers from)-.25 F F2($$)2.687 E F1 .187(under certain circum-)2.687 F +.548(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 180 R F2(bash) +3.048 E F1 .548(to be re-initialized.)3.048 F .549(Assignments to)5.549 +F F3 -.27(BA)3.049 G(SHPID).27 E F1(ha)144 192 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5 +(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G 2.5(ect. If).25 F F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SHPID).27 E +F1(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 204 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F1 1.195 +(An associati)144 216 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v).15 F 1.195 +(ariable whose members correspond to the internal list of aliases as ma\ +in-)-.25 F .16(tained by the)144 228 R F2(alias)2.66 E F1 -.2(bu)2.66 G +2.66(iltin. Elements).2 F .16 (added to this array appear in the alias list; ho)2.66 F(we)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G .96 -.4(r, u).15 H(nsetting).4 E .142 -(array elements currently does not remo)144 120 R .442 -.15(ve a)-.15 H -.142(liases from the alias list.).15 F(If)5.142 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF --.27(BA)2.642 G(SH_ALIASES).27 E F1 .143(is unset, it)2.392 F -(loses its special properties, e)144 132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G +(array elements currently does not remo)144 240 R .442 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +.142(liases from the alias list.).15 F(If)5.142 E F3 -.27(BA)2.642 G +(SH_ALIASES).27 E F1 .142(is unset, it)2.392 F +(loses its special properties, e)144 252 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2 --.3(BA)108 144 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F1 .935(An array v)144 156 R .935 +-.3(BA)108 264 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F1 .934(An array v)144 276 R .934 (ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 (alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F -F2(bash)3.434 E F1 -.15(exe)144 168 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F .535 +F2(bash)3.435 E F1 -.15(exe)144 288 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F .535 (The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell function or\ - script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 180 S .142(cuted with).15 F F2(.)2.642 E F1 -(or)2.642 E F2(sour)2.642 E(ce)-.18 E F1 2.642(\)i)C 2.642(sa)-2.642 G -2.642(tt)-2.642 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.642 F .141 -(When a subroutine is e)5.141 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .141 + script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 300 S .141(cuted with).15 F F2(.)2.641 E F1 +(or)2.641 E F2(sour)2.641 E(ce)-.18 E F1 2.641(\)i)C 2.641(sa)-2.641 G +2.641(tt)-2.641 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.641 F .142 +(When a subroutine is e)5.142 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .142 (cuted, the number of).15 F 1.265(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 -192 R F3 -.27(BA)3.765 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 +312 R F3 -.27(BA)3.765 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 1.265(The shell sets)5.765 F F3 -.27(BA)3.765 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F1 1.265 -(only when in e)3.515 F(x-)-.15 E .948(tended deb)144 204 R .947 +(only when in e)3.515 F(x-)-.15 E .947(tended deb)144 324 R .947 (ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 F F2(extdeb)3.447 E(ug)-.2 -E F1 .947(option to the)3.447 F F2(shopt)3.447 E F1 -.2(bu)3.447 G .947 -(iltin belo).2 F(w\).)-.25 E(Setting)144 216 Q F2(extdeb)3.362 E(ug)-.2 -E F1 .862(after the shell has started to e)3.362 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .863 -(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .863(ariable when)-.25 F F2 -(extdeb)144 228 Q(ug)-.2 E F1 .706 -(is not set, may result in inconsistent v)3.207 F 3.206 +E F1 .947(option to the)3.447 F F2(shopt)3.447 E F1 -.2(bu)3.448 G .948 +(iltin belo).2 F(w\).)-.25 E(Setting)144 336 Q F2(extdeb)3.363 E(ug)-.2 +E F1 .863(after the shell has started to e)3.363 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .862 +(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .862(ariable when)-.25 F F2 +(extdeb)144 348 Q(ug)-.2 E F1 .706 +(is not set, may result in inconsistent v)3.206 F 3.206 (alues. Assignments)-.25 F(to)3.206 E F3 -.27(BA)3.206 G(SH_ARGC).27 E -F1(ha)2.956 E 1.006 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.206(oe).15 G(f-)-3.206 E -(fect, and it may not be unset.)144 240 Q F2 -.3(BA)108 252 S(SH_ARGV).3 -E F1 .206(An array v)144 264 R .206 +F1(ha)2.957 E 1.007 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.207(oe).15 G(f-)-3.207 E +(fect, and it may not be unset.)144 360 Q F2 -.3(BA)108 372 S(SH_ARGV).3 +E F1 .207(An array v)144 384 R .206 (ariable containing all of the parameters in the current)-.25 F F2(bash) -2.706 E F1 -.15(exe)2.706 G .207(cution call stack.).15 F .207 -(The \214-)5.207 F .567(nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at\ - the top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 276 R -.066(call is at the bottom.)144 288 R .067(When a subroutine is e)5.067 +2.706 E F1 -.15(exe)2.706 G .206(cution call stack.).15 F .206 +(The \214-)5.206 F .567(nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at\ + the top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 396 R +.067(call is at the bottom.)144 408 R .067(When a subroutine is e)5.067 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .067 (cuted, the shell pushes the supplied parameters onto).15 F F3 -.27(BA) -144 300 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F4(.)A F1 .854(The shell sets)5.354 F F3 -.27 -(BA)3.354 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1 .853(only when in e)3.104 F .853 -(xtended deb)-.15 F .853(ugging mode \(see the de-)-.2 F .475 -(scription of the)144 312 R F2(extdeb)2.975 E(ug)-.2 E F1 .475 -(option to the)2.975 F F2(shopt)2.975 E F1 -.2(bu)2.975 G .475 -(iltin belo).2 F 2.975(w\). Setting)-.25 F F2(extdeb)2.976 E(ug)-.2 E F1 -.476(after the shell has)2.976 F .45(started to e)144 324 R -.15(xe)-.15 +144 420 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F4(.)A F1 .853(The shell sets)5.353 F F3 -.27 +(BA)3.353 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1 .853(only when in e)3.103 F .854 +(xtended deb)-.15 F .854(ugging mode \(see the de-)-.2 F .476 +(scription of the)144 432 R F2(extdeb)2.976 E(ug)-.2 E F1 .476 +(option to the)2.976 F F2(shopt)2.975 E F1 -.2(bu)2.975 G .475 +(iltin belo).2 F 2.975(w\). Setting)-.25 F F2(extdeb)2.975 E(ug)-.2 E F1 +.475(after the shell has)2.975 F .45(started to e)144 444 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .45(cute a script, or referencing this v).15 F .45(ariable when)-.25 F F2(extdeb)2.95 E(ug)-.2 E F1 .45(is not set, may result in in-)2.95 F -(consistent v)144 336 Q 2.5(alues. Assignments)-.25 F(to)2.5 E F3 -.27 +(consistent v)144 456 Q 2.5(alues. Assignments)-.25 F(to)2.5 E F3 -.27 (BA)2.5 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1(ha)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G --.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect, and it may not be unset.).25 E F2 -.3(BA)108 348 S -(SH_ARGV0).3 E F1 .25(When referenced, this v)144 360 R .25(ariable e) +-.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect, and it may not be unset.).25 E F2 -.3(BA)108 468 S +(SH_ARGV0).3 E F1 .251(When referenced, this v)144 480 R .251(ariable e) -.25 F .251 (xpands to the name of the shell or shell script \(identical to)-.15 F -F2($0)2.751 E F1 2.751(;s)C(ee)-2.751 E .679 -(the description of special parameter 0 abo)144 372 R -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.179(\). Assigning).15 F 3.178(av)3.178 G .678(alue to)-3.428 F F3 -.27 -(BA)3.178 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F1(sets)2.928 E F2($0)3.178 E F1 .678(to the) -3.178 F .45(same v)144 384 R 2.95(alue. If)-.25 F F3 -.27(BA)2.95 G -(SH_ARGV0).27 E F1 .45(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.7 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.951(ni).15 G 2.951(fi)-2.951 G 2.951(ti)-2.951 G -2.951(ss)-2.951 G .451(ubsequently re-)-2.951 F(set.)144 396 Q F2 -.3 -(BA)108 408 S(SH_CMDS).3 E F1 .668(An associati)144 420 R .968 -.15 -(ve a)-.25 H .668(rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members correspond to\ - the internal hash table of commands)-.25 F .708(as maintained by the) -144 432 R F2(hash)3.208 E F1 -.2(bu)3.208 G 3.208(iltin. Adding).2 F -.708(elements to this array mak)3.208 F .708(es them appear in the hash) --.1 F .059(table; ho)144 444 R(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .859 -.4(r, u) -.15 H .059(nsetting array elements currently does not remo).4 F .358 --.15(ve c)-.15 H .058(ommand names from the hash).15 F 2.5(table. If)144 -456 R F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F1 +F2($0)2.75 E F1 2.75(;s)C(ee)-2.75 E .678 +(the description of special parameter 0 abo)144 492 R -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.178(\). Assigning).15 F 3.179(av)3.178 G .679(alue to)-3.429 F F3 -.27 +(BA)3.179 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F1(sets)2.929 E F2($0)3.179 E F1 .679(to the) +3.179 F .451(same v)144 504 R 2.951(alue. If)-.25 F F3 -.27(BA)2.951 G +(SH_ARGV0).27 E F1 .45(is unset, it loses its special properties, e) +2.701 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.95(ni).15 G 2.95(fi)-2.95 G 2.95(ti)-2.95 G +2.95(ss)-2.95 G .45(ubsequently re-)-2.95 F(set.)144 516 Q F2 -.3(BA)108 +528 S(SH_CMDS).3 E F1 .667(An associati)144 540 R .967 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +.667(rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members correspond to the internal\ + hash table of commands)-.25 F .709(as maintained by the)144 552 R F2 +(hash)3.208 E F1 -.2(bu)3.208 G 3.208(iltin. Adding).2 F .708 +(elements to this array mak)3.208 F .708(es them appear in the hash)-.1 +F .058(table; ho)144 564 R(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .858 -.4(r, u).15 H +.058(nsetting array elements currently does not remo).4 F .359 -.15 +(ve c)-.15 H .059(ommand names from the hash).15 F 2.5(table. If)144 576 +R F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F1 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 468 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F1 .21 -(Expands to the command currently being e)144 480 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .21 +-2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 588 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F1 .21 +(Expands to the command currently being e)144 600 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .21 (cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .21 (cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .304(cuting \ a command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e)144 -492 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .304(cuting at the time of).15 F .15(the trap.)144 -504 R(If)5.15 E F3 -.27(BA)2.65 G(SH_COMMAND).27 E F1 .15 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.4 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.651 -(ni).15 G 2.651(fi)-2.651 G 2.651(ti)-2.651 G 2.651(ss)-2.651 G .151 -(ubsequently re-)-2.651 F(set.)144 516 Q F2 -.3(BA)108 528 S -(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F1(The command ar)144 540 Q(gument to the)-.18 +612 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .304(cuting at the time of).15 F .151(the trap.)144 +624 R(If)5.151 E F3 -.27(BA)2.651 G(SH_COMMAND).27 E F1 .15 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.401 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.65(ni).15 G 2.65(fi)-2.65 G 2.65(ti)-2.65 G 2.65(ss)-2.65 G .15 +(ubsequently re-)-2.65 F(set.)144 636 Q F2 -.3(BA)108 648 S +(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F1(The command ar)144 660 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F22.5 E F1(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation option.).2 E F2 -.3(BA) -108 552 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F1 .693(An array v)144 564 R .692(ariable whos\ +108 672 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F1 .692(An array v)144 684 R .692(ariable whos\ e members are the line numbers in source \214les where each correspondi\ -ng)-.25 F .969(member of)144 576 R F3(FUNCN)3.469 E(AME)-.18 E F1 -.1 -(wa)3.219 G 3.469(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.469 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F2 -(${B)5.969 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F0($i)A F2(]})A F1 .97 -(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.672(\214le \()144 588 R F2 -(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0($i+1)A F2(]})A F1 17.172(\)w)C(here)-17.172 +ng)-.25 F .97(member of)144 696 R F3(FUNCN)3.47 E(AME)-.18 E F1 -.1(wa) +3.22 G 3.47(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-3.47 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F2(${B) +5.969 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F0($i)A F2(]})A F1 .969 +(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.671(\214le \()144 708 R F2 +(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0($i+1)A F2(]})A F1 17.171(\)w)C(here)-17.171 E F2(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F0($i)A F2(]})A F1 -.1(wa)17.172 G -17.171(sc).1 G 14.671(alled \(or)-17.171 F F2(${B)144 600 Q(ASH_LINENO[) --.3 E F0($i\2551)A F2(]})A F1 1.256 -(if referenced within another shell function\).)3.756 F(Use)6.257 E F3 -(LINENO)3.757 E F1 1.257(to obtain)3.507 F(the current line number)144 -612 Q 5(.A)-.55 G(ssignments to)-5 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_LINENO).27 E F1 -(ha)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G -(ect, and it may not be unset.).25 E F2 -.3(BA)108 624 S(SH_LO).3 E(AD) --.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 3.287(Ac)144 636 S .786 -(olon-separated list of directories in which the)-3.287 F F2(enable) -3.286 E F1 3.286(command. looks)3.286 F .786(for dynamically load-)3.286 -F(able b)144 648 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F2 -.3(BA)108 660 S(SH_MONOSECONDS).3 -E F1 .706(Each time this v)144 672 R .706(ariable is referenced, it e) --.25 F .707(xpands to the v)-.15 F .707(alue returned by the system') --.25 F 3.207(sm)-.55 G(onotonic)-3.207 E .058(clock, if one is a)144 684 -R -.25(va)-.2 G 2.558(ilable. If).25 F .057 -(there is no monotonic clock, this is equi)2.557 F -.25(va)-.25 G .057 -(lent to).25 F F2(EPOCHSECONDS)2.557 E F1(.)A(If)144 696 Q F3 -.27(BA) -2.5 G(SH_MONOSECONDS).27 E F1 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(12)185.955 E 0 -Cg EP +17.172(sc).1 G 14.672(alled \(or)-17.172 F F2(${B)144 720 Q(ASH_LINENO[) +-.3 E F0($i\2551)A F2(]})A F1 1.257 +(if referenced within another shell function\).)3.757 F(Use)6.256 E F3 +(LINENO)3.756 E F1 1.256(to obtain)3.506 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(12)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 13 13 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SH_REMA).3 E -(TCH)-.95 E F1 1.418(An array v)144 96 R 1.418 -(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F2<3d01>3.918 E F1 -1.418(binary operator to the)3.918 F F2([[)3.918 E F1(conditional)3.918 -E 3.462(command. The)144 108 R .962(element with inde)3.462 F 3.462(x0i) --.15 G 3.462(st)-3.462 G .962 -(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-3.462 F .961(gular e) --.15 F(x-)-.15 E 3.82(pression. The)144 120 R 1.32(element with inde) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(the current line number)144 84 Q 5(.A)-.55 G +(ssignments to)-5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_LINENO).27 E +F1(ha)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G +(ect, and it may not be unset.).25 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)108 96 +S(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 2.645(Ac) +144 108 S .145(olon-separated list of directories in which the)-2.645 F +F3(enable)2.645 E F1 .146(command looks for dynamically loadable)2.646 F +-.2(bu)144 120 S(iltins.).2 E F3 -.3(BA)108 132 S(SH_MONOSECONDS).3 E F1 +.707(Each time this v)144 144 R .707(ariable is referenced, it e)-.25 F +.707(xpands to the v)-.15 F .706(alue returned by the system')-.25 F +3.206(sm)-.55 G(onotonic)-3.206 E .057(clock, if one is a)144 156 R -.25 +(va)-.2 G 2.557(ilable. If).25 F .057 +(there is no monotonic clock, this is equi)2.557 F -.25(va)-.25 G .058 +(lent to).25 F F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.558 E F1(.)A(If)144 168 Q F2 -.27(BA) +2.5 G(SH_MONOSECONDS).27 E F1 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) +-2.5 E F3 -.3(BA)108 180 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F1 1.418(An array v) +144 192 R 1.418(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F3 +<3d01>3.918 E F1 1.418(binary operator to the)3.918 F F3([[)3.918 E F1 +(conditional)3.918 E 3.461(command. The)144 204 R .962 +(element with inde)3.461 F 3.462(x0i)-.15 G 3.462(st)-3.462 G .962 +(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-3.462 F .962(gular e) +-.15 F(x-)-.15 E 3.82(pression. The)144 216 R 1.32(element with inde) 3.82 F(x)-.15 E F0(n)3.82 E F1 1.32 (is the portion of the string matching the)3.82 F F0(n)3.82 E F1 1.32 -(th parenthesized)B(sube)144 132 Q(xpression.)-.15 E F2 -.3(BA)108 144 S -(SH_SOURCE).3 E F1 .126(An array v)144 156 R .125(ariable whose members\ +(th parenthesized)B(sube)144 228 Q(xpression.)-.15 E F3 -.3(BA)108 240 S +(SH_SOURCE).3 E F1 .125(An array v)144 252 R .125(ariable whose members\ are the source \214lenames where the corresponding shell function)-.25 -F .78(names in the)144 168 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME)-.18 -E F1 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78 -(The shell function)5.78 F F2(${FUNCN)3.281 E(AME[)-.2 E F0($i)A F2(]})A -F1(is)3.281 E .425(de\214ned in the \214le)144 180 R F2(${B)2.925 E -(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0($i)A F2(]})A F1 .424(and called from)2.924 F F2 -(${B)2.924 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0($i+1)A F2(]})A F1 5.424(.A)C(ssign-) --5.424 E(ments to)144 192 Q F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_SOURCE).27 E F1(ha)2.25 -E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G -(ect, and it may not be unset.).25 E F2 -.3(BA)108 204 S(SH_SUBSHELL).3 -E F1 .296(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 216 -R .296(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .297(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuting).15 E .233(in that en)144 228 R 2.732(vironment. The)-.4 F .232 -(initial v)2.732 F .232(alue is 0.)-.25 F(If)5.232 E F3 -.27(BA)2.732 G +F .781(names in the)144 264 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME)-.18 E F1 .78(array v) +3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78(The shell function)5.78 F +F3(${FUNCN)3.28 E(AME[)-.2 E F0($i)A F3(]})A F1(is)3.28 E .424 +(de\214ned in the \214le)144 276 R F3(${B)2.924 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0 +($i)A F3(]})A F1 .425(and called from)2.924 F F3(${B)2.925 E +(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0($i+1)A F3(]})A F1 5.425(.A)C(ssign-)-5.425 E +(ments to)144 288 Q F2 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_SOURCE).27 E F1(ha)2.25 E .3 +-.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G +(ect, and it may not be unset.).25 E F3 -.3(BA)108 300 S(SH_SUBSHELL).3 +E F1 .296(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 312 +R .296(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .296(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cuting).15 E .232(in that en)144 324 R 2.732(vironment. The)-.4 F .232 +(initial v)2.732 F .232(alue is 0.)-.25 F(If)5.232 E F2 -.27(BA)2.732 G (SH_SUBSHELL).27 E F1 .232(is unset, it loses its special prop-)2.482 F -(erties, e)144 240 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti) --2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 252 S +(erties, e)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti) +-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F3 -.3(BA)108 348 S (SH_TRAPSIG).3 E F1 .203 (Set to the signal number corresponding to the trap action being e)144 -264 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .203(cuted during its e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.703 -(cution. See).15 F .783(the description of)144 276 R F2(trap)3.282 E F1 -(under)3.282 E F3 .782(SHELL B)3.282 F(UIL)-.09 E .782(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F1(belo)3.032 E 3.282(wf)-.25 G .782 -(or information about signal)-3.282 F(numbers and trap e)144 288 Q -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E F2 -.3(BA)108 300 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F1 2.644 -(Ar)144 312 S .144(eadonly array v)-2.644 F .144 +360 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .202(cuted during its e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.702 +(cution. See).15 F .782(the description of)144 372 R F3(trap)3.282 E F1 +(under)3.282 E F2 .782(SHELL B)3.282 F(UIL)-.09 E .782(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F1(belo)3.032 E 3.282(wf)-.25 G .783 +(or information about signal)-3.282 F(numbers and trap e)144 384 Q -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E F3 -.3(BA)108 396 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F1 2.645 +(Ar)144 408 S .145(eadonly array v)-2.645 F .144 (ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144 -(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F2(bash)2.645 E F1 5.145 -(.T)C(he)-5.145 E -.25(va)144 324 S -(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F2 -.3 -(BA)144 336 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(0)A F2(])A F1(The major v)264 336 Q -(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F0 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F1(\).)A F2 -.3 -(BA)144 348 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(1)A F2(])A F1(The minor v)264 348 Q -(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F0(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F1(\).)A F2 -.3(BA) -144 360 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(2)A F2(])A F1(The patch le)264 360 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F2 -.3(BA)144 372 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(3)A F2(])A -F1(The b)264 372 Q(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F2 -.3(BA)144 384 S -(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(4)A F2(])A F1(The release status \(e.g.,)264 384 Q -F0(beta)2.5 E F1(\).)A F2 -.3(BA)144 396 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(5)A F2 -(])A F1(The v)264 396 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F2 -.3(BA)108 408 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F1 -(Expands to a string describing the v)144 420 Q -(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -(\(e.g., 5.2.37\(3\)-release\).)2.5 E F2(COMP_CW)108 432 Q(ORD)-.1 E F1 -.397(An inde)144 444 R 2.897(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.897 E F2(${COMP_W)2.896 E +(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F3(bash)2.644 E F1 5.144 +(.T)C(he)-5.144 E -.25(va)144 420 S +(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F3 -.3 +(BA)144 432 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(0)A F3(])A F1(The major v)264 432 Q +(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F0 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F1(\).)A F3 -.3 +(BA)144 444 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(1)A F3(])A F1(The minor v)264 444 Q +(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F0(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F1(\).)A F3 -.3(BA) +144 456 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(2)A F3(])A F1(The patch le)264 456 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F3 -.3(BA)144 468 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(3)A F3(])A +F1(The b)264 468 Q(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F3 -.3(BA)144 480 S +(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(4)A F3(])A F1(The release status \(e.g.,)264 480 Q +F0(beta)2.5 E F1(\).)A F3 -.3(BA)144 492 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F1(5)A F3 +(])A F1(The v)264 492 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3 -.3(BA)108 504 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F1 +(Expands to a string describing the v)144 516 Q +(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F3(bash)2.5 E F1 +(\(e.g., 5.2.37\(3\)-release\).)2.5 E F3(COMP_CW)108 528 Q(ORD)-.1 E F1 +.396(An inde)144 540 R 2.896(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.896 E F3(${COMP_W)2.896 E (ORDS})-.1 E F1 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396 -(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .396(This v)5.396 F -(ari-)-.25 E 1.18(able is a)144 456 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 +(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .397(This v)5.397 F +(ari-)-.25 E 1.181(able is a)144 552 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 (ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681 -(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.181(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F -1.181(acilities \(see)-.1 F F2(Pr)144 468 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(COMP_KEY)108 480 Q F1 .017(The k)144 492 R -.317 -.15(ey \()-.1 H .017(or \214nal k).15 F .317 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.517 -(fak).15 G .317 -.15(ey s)-2.617 H .016(equence\) used to in).15 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G .216 -.1(ke t).2 H .016(he current completion function.).1 F -.016(This v)5.016 F(ari-)-.25 E 1.612(able is a)144 504 R -.25(va)-.2 G +(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.18(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F +1.18(acilities \(see)-.1 F F3(Pr)144 564 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(COMP_KEY)108 576 Q F1 .016(The k)144 588 R +.316 -.15(ey \()-.1 H .016(or \214nal k).15 F .316 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.516 +(fak).15 G .316 -.15(ey s)-2.616 H .017(equence\) used to in).15 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G .217 -.1(ke t).2 H .017(he current completion function.).1 F +.017(This v)5.017 F(ari-)-.25 E 1.613(able is a)144 600 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.612(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.612 -(xternal commands in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.113(db).1 G 4.113 -(yt)-4.113 G 1.613(he programmable)-4.113 F(completion f)144 516 Q -(acilities \(see)-.1 E F2(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F1(belo) -2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(COMP_LINE)108 528 Q F1 1.208 -(The current command line.)144 540 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 +(xternal commands in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.112(db).1 G 4.112 +(yt)-4.112 G 1.612(he programmable)-4.112 F(completion f)144 612 Q +(acilities \(see)-.1 E F3(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F1(belo) +2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(COMP_LINE)108 624 Q F1 1.207 +(The current command line.)144 636 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.207(xternal com-)-.15 F -1.037(mands in)144 552 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.537(db).1 G 3.537 +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.208(xternal com-)-.15 F +1.037(mands in)144 648 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.537(db).1 G 3.537 (yt)-3.537 G 1.037(he programmable completion f)-3.537 F 1.037 -(acilities \(see)-.1 F F2(Pr)3.537 E 1.037(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F -F1(be-)3.537 E(lo)144 564 Q(w\).)-.25 E F2(COMP_POINT)108 576 Q F1 .667 -(The inde)144 588 R 3.167(xo)-.15 G 3.167(ft)-3.167 G .666 -(he current cursor position relati)-3.167 F .966 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.166 +(acilities \(see)-.1 F F3(Pr)3.537 E 1.037(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F +F1(be-)3.537 E(lo)144 660 Q(w\).)-.25 E F3(COMP_POINT)108 672 Q F1 .666 +(The inde)144 684 R 3.166(xo)-.15 G 3.166(ft)-3.166 G .666 +(he current cursor position relati)-3.166 F .966 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.166 (ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666(ginning of the current command.)-.15 -F .666(If the)5.666 F .534 +F .667(If the)5.667 F .535 (current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144 -600 R .535(alue of this v)-.25 F .535(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F2 -(${#COMP_LINE})144 612 Q F1 5.705(.T)C .705(his v)-5.705 F .704 +696 R .534(alue of this v)-.25 F .534(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F3 +(${#COMP_LINE})144 708 Q F1 5.704(.T)C .704(his v)-5.704 F .704 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .704 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F .704(xternal commands in-) --.15 F -.2(vo)144 624 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G -(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F2(Pr)2.5 E -(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(COMP_TYPE)108 -636 Q F1 .041(Set to an inte)144 648 R .041(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\ -esponding to the type of attempted completion that caused a completion) --.25 F .338(function to be called:)144 660 R F0 -.5(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F1 -2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F0(?)2.837 E F1 2.837(,f) -C .337(or listing completions after successi)-2.837 F .637 -.15(ve t) --.25 H(abs,).15 E F0(!)144 672 Q F1 3.067(,f)C .567 -(or listing alternati)-3.067 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.067(so).15 G 3.067(np) --3.067 G .567(artial w)-3.067 F .567(ord completion,)-.1 F F0(@)3.067 E -F1 3.067(,t)C 3.067(ol)-3.067 G .567(ist completions if the w)-3.067 F -.567(ord is not un-)-.1 F .418(modi\214ed, or)144 684 R F0(%)2.918 E F1 -2.918(,f)C .418(or menu completion.)-2.918 F .417(This v)5.417 F .417 -(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .417 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F(xter)-.15 E(-)-.2 E .704 -(nal commands in)144 696 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.204(db).1 G 3.204 -(yt)-3.204 G .704(he programmable completion f)-3.204 F .704 -(acilities \(see)-.1 F F2(Pr)3.204 E .704(ogrammable Comple-)-.18 F -(tion)144 708 Q F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(13)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F .705(xternal commands in-) +-.15 F -.2(vo)144 720 S -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G +(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F3(Pr)2.5 E +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(13)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 14 14 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)108 84 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 -E F1 1.336(The set of characters that the)144 96 R F2 -.18(re)3.836 G -(adline).18 E F1 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.335 -(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.125(completion. If) -144 108 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.125 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F1 .626 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.875 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.126(ni).15 G 3.126(fi)-3.126 G 3.126(ti)-3.126 G 3.126(ss)-3.126 G -(ubse-)-3.126 E(quently reset.)144 120 Q F2(COMP_W)108 132 Q(ORDS)-.1 E -F1 .654(An array v)144 144 R .654(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)3.154 E -F1(belo)3.154 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .653(vidual w) --.25 F .653(ords in the current command)-.1 F 3.191(line. The)144 156 R +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_TYPE)108 84 Q F1 .042 +(Set to an inte)144 96 R .042(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corresponding to t\ +he type of attempted completion that caused a completion)-.25 F .337 +(function to be called:)144 108 R F0 -.5(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F1 2.837(,f)C +.337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F0(?)2.837 E F1 2.837(,f)C .337 +(or listing completions after successi)-2.837 F .638 -.15(ve t)-.25 H +(abs,).15 E F0(!)144 120 Q F1 3.068(,f)C .567(or listing alternati) +-3.068 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.067(so).15 G 3.067(np)-3.067 G .567(artial w) +-3.067 F .567(ord completion,)-.1 F F0(@)3.067 E F1 3.067(,t)C 3.067(ol) +-3.067 G .567(ist completions if the w)-3.067 F .567(ord is not un-)-.1 +F .417(modi\214ed, or)144 132 R F0(%)2.917 E F1 2.917(,f)C .417 +(or menu completion.)-2.917 F .417(This v)5.417 F .417(ariable is a)-.25 +F -.25(va)-.2 G .418(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F(xter) +-.15 E(-)-.2 E .704(nal commands in)144 144 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +3.204(db).1 G 3.204(yt)-3.204 G .704(he programmable completion f)-3.204 +F .704(acilities \(see)-.1 F F2(Pr)3.204 E .704(ogrammable Comple-)-.18 +F(tion)144 156 Q F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(COMP_W)108 168 Q +(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F1 1.335(The set of characters that the)144 180 R F2 +-.18(re)3.836 G(adline).18 E F1 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.336 +(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.126(completion. If) +144 192 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.126 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F1 .626 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.876 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.125(ni).15 G 3.125(fi)-3.125 G 3.125(ti)-3.125 G 3.125(ss)-3.125 G +(ubse-)-3.125 E(quently reset.)144 204 Q F2(COMP_W)108 216 Q(ORDS)-.1 E +F1 .653(An array v)144 228 R .653(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)3.153 E +F1(belo)3.153 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .654(vidual w) +-.25 F .654(ords in the current command)-.1 F 3.192(line. The)144 240 R .692(line is split into w)3.192 F .692(ords as)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)3.192 G (adline).18 E F1 -.1(wo)3.192 G .692(uld split it, using).1 F F3(COMP_W) -3.192 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F1 .692(as de-)2.942 F 1.558(scribed abo)144 -168 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.558(.T).15 G 1.558(his v)-6.558 F 1.558 +3.192 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F1 .691(as de-)2.942 F 1.557(scribed abo)144 +252 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.557(.T).15 G 1.557(his v)-6.557 F 1.557 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.558 -(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.057 -(db).1 G 4.057(yt)-4.057 G 1.557(he programmable)-4.057 F(completion f) -144 180 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F2(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(COPR)108 192 Q(OC)-.3 E F1 .168(An array v) -144 204 R .168(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.668 E F1(belo)2.669 E +(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.058 +(db).1 G 4.058(yt)-4.058 G 1.558(he programmable)-4.058 F(completion f) +144 264 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F2(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(COPR)108 276 Q(OC)-.3 E F1 .169(An array v) +144 288 R .169(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.669 E F1(belo)2.669 E .169 (w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input) --.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 216 Q F2(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) --.18 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(DIRST)108 228 Q -.55(AC) --.9 G(K).55 E F1 .79(An array v)144 240 R .79(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2 -(Arrays)3.29 E F1(belo)3.289 E .789 +-.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 300 Q F2(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) +-.18 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(DIRST)108 312 Q -.55(AC) +-.9 G(K).55 E F1 .789(An array v)144 324 R .789(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2 +(Arrays)3.289 E F1(belo)3.289 E .789 (w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F(Di-) -5.789 E .099(rectories appear in the stack in the order the)144 252 R +5.79 E .099(rectories appear in the stack in the order the)144 336 R 2.599(ya)-.15 G .099(re displayed by the)-2.599 F F2(dirs)2.599 E F1 -.2 -(bu)2.599 G 2.599(iltin. Assigning).2 F .099(to mem-)2.599 F .84 -(bers of this array v)144 264 R .84 +(bu)2.599 G 2.598(iltin. Assigning).2 F .098(to mem-)2.598 F .84 +(bers of this array v)144 348 R .84 (ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25 -F .84(ut the)-.2 F F2(pushd)3.34 E F1(and)144 276 Q F2(popd)2.714 E F1 --.2(bu)2.714 G .214(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .514 -.15 -(ve d)-.15 H 2.715(irectories. Assigning).15 F .215(to this v)2.715 F -.215(ariable does not)-.25 F .118(change the current directory)144 288 R -5.118(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.118 E F3(DIRST)2.617 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F1 +F .84(ut the)-.2 F F2(pushd)3.34 E F1(and)144 360 Q F2(popd)2.715 E F1 +-.2(bu)2.715 G .215(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .514 -.15 +(ve d)-.15 H 2.714(irectories. Assigning).15 F .214(to this v)2.714 F +.214(ariable does not)-.25 F .117(change the current directory)144 372 R +5.117(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.117 E F3(DIRST)2.617 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F1 .117(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.367 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.617(ni).15 G 2.617(fi)-2.617 G 2.617(ti)-2.617 G 2.617(ss)-2.617 G -(ub-)-2.617 E(sequently reset.)144 300 Q F2(EPOCHREAL)108 312 Q(TIME) --.92 E F1 .337(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 324 R -.338(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see) -144 336 Q F0(time)2.981 E F1 .351(\(3\)\) as a \215oating-point v).18 F -.351(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.35(.A)-.65 G .35 -(ssignments to)-5.35 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.85 E(AL)144 348 Q(TIME)-.828 E F1 -1.09(are ignored.)3.34 F(If)6.09 E F3(EPOCHREAL)3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E F1 -1.09(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.591(ni).15 G 3.591(fi)-3.591 G 3.591(ti)-3.591 G(s)-3.591 E -(subsequently reset.)144 360 Q F2(EPOCHSECONDS)108 372 Q F1 .338 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 384 R .337 +2.618(ni).15 G 2.618(fi)-2.618 G 2.618(ti)-2.618 G 2.618(ss)-2.618 G +(ub-)-2.618 E(sequently reset.)144 384 Q F2(EPOCHREAL)108 396 Q(TIME) +-.92 E F1 .338(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 408 R +.337(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see) +144 420 Q F0(time)2.98 E F1 .35(\(3\)\) as a \215oating-point v).18 F +.351(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.351(.A)-.65 G .351 +(ssignments to)-5.351 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.851 E(AL)144 432 Q(TIME)-.828 E F1 +1.091(are ignored.)3.341 F(If)6.091 E F3(EPOCHREAL)3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E +F1 1.09(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.59(ni).15 G 3.59(fi)-3.59 G 3.59(ti)-3.59 G(s)-3.59 E +(subsequently reset.)144 444 Q F2(EPOCHSECONDS)108 456 Q F1 .337 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 468 R .338 (xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144 -396 Q F0(time)4.143 E F1 4.013(\(3\)\). Assignments).18 F(to)4.013 E F3 -(EPOCHSECONDS)4.013 E F1 1.513(are ignored.)3.763 F(If)6.514 E F3 -(EPOCHSECONDS)4.014 E F1 1.514(is unset, it)3.764 F -(loses its special properties, e)144 408 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G +480 Q F0(time)4.144 E F1 4.014(\(3\)\). Assignments).18 F(to)4.014 E F3 +(EPOCHSECONDS)4.014 E F1 1.513(are ignored.)3.764 F(If)6.513 E F3 +(EPOCHSECONDS)4.013 E F1 1.513(is unset, it)3.763 F +(loses its special properties, e)144 492 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2 -(EUID)108 420 Q F1 1.104(Expands to the ef)144 420 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 +(EUID)108 504 Q F1 1.103(Expands to the ef)144 504 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G -1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.103(This v)6.103 F 1.103 -(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 432 Q(.)-.65 E F2(FUNCN)108 444 Q(AME) --.2 E F1 .478(An array v)144 456 R .479 +1.103(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.104(This v)6.103 F 1.104 +(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 516 Q(.)-.65 E F2(FUNCN)108 528 Q(AME) +-.2 E F1 .479(An array v)144 540 R .479 (ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e) --.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .479(cution call stack.).15 F .277 -(The element with inde)144 468 R 2.777(x0i)-.15 G 2.777(st)-2.777 G .276 -(he name of an)-2.777 F 2.776(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.776 E -.15(xe)-.15 -G .276(cuting shell function.).15 F .276(The bottom-most)5.276 F .065 -(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 480 R .065 +-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .478(cution call stack.).15 F .276 +(The element with inde)144 552 R 2.776(x0i)-.15 G 2.776(st)-2.776 G .276 +(he name of an)-2.776 F 2.777(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.777 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G .277(cuting shell function.).15 F .277(The bottom-most)5.277 F .065 +(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 564 R .065 (x\) is \231main\232.)-.15 F .065(This v)5.065 F .065(ariable e)-.25 F -.065(xists only when a shell function)-.15 F .003(is e)144 492 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.503(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to)2.503 E F3(FUNCN)2.503 E +.065(xists only when a shell function)-.15 F .002(is e)144 576 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.502(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to)2.502 E F3(FUNCN)2.502 E (AME)-.18 E F1(ha)2.252 E .302 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.502(oe).15 G -.25(ff) --2.502 G 2.502(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.502 E(AME)-.18 E F1 .002 -(is unset, it loses its spe-)2.252 F(cial properties, e)144 504 Q -.15 +-2.502 G 2.502(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.502 E(AME)-.18 E F1 .003 +(is unset, it loses its spe-)2.252 F(cial properties, e)144 588 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G -(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E 4.584(This v)144 520.8 R 4.584 +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E 4.585(This v)144 604.8 R 4.585 (ariable can be used with)-.25 F F3 -.27(BA)7.084 G(SH_LINENO).27 E F1 -(and)6.834 E F3 -.27(BA)7.085 G(SH_SOURCE).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) -A F1 4.585(Each element of)9.085 F F3(FUNCN)144 532.8 Q(AME)-.18 E F1 +(and)6.834 E F3 -.27(BA)7.084 G(SH_SOURCE).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +A F1 4.584(Each element of)9.084 F F3(FUNCN)144 616.8 Q(AME)-.18 E F1 .733(has corresponding elements in)2.983 F F3 -.27(BA)3.233 G(SH_LINENO) .27 E F1(and)2.983 E F3 -.27(BA)3.233 G(SH_SOURCE).27 E F1 .733 -(to describe the)2.983 F .012(call stack.)144 544.8 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G +(to describe the)2.983 F .012(call stack.)144 628.8 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G 2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F2(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E F0($i)A F2(]})A F1 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012(alled from the \214le) --2.512 F F2(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0($i+1)A F2(]})A F1 1.184 -(at line number)144 556.8 R F2(${B)3.684 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F0($i)A F2 -(]})A F1 6.184(.T)C(he)-6.184 E F2(caller)3.683 E F1 -.2(bu)3.683 G -1.183(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F -(this information.)144 568.8 Q F2(GR)108 580.8 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F1 1.228 -(An array v)144 592.8 R 1.228(ariable containing the list of groups of \ -which the current user is a member)-.25 F 6.229(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.229 -E .572(ments to)144 604.8 R F3(GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F1(ha)2.822 E .872 +-2.512 F F2(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F0($i+1)A F2(]})A F1 1.183 +(at line number)144 640.8 R F2(${B)3.683 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F0($i)A F2 +(]})A F1 6.183(.T)C(he)-6.183 E F2(caller)3.683 E F1 -.2(bu)3.683 G +1.184(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F +(this information.)144 652.8 Q F2(GR)108 664.8 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F1 1.229 +(An array v)144 676.8 R 1.228(ariable containing the list of groups of \ +which the current user is a member)-.25 F 6.228(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.228 +E .571(ments to)144 688.8 R F3(GR)3.071 E(OUPS)-.27 E F1(ha)2.822 E .872 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.072(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. If).25 F F3 (GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F1 .572 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.072(ni).15 G 3.071(fi)-3.072 G 3.071(ti)-3.071 G(s)-3.071 E -(subsequently reset.)144 616.8 Q F2(HISTCMD)108 628.8 Q F1 2.81 -(The history number)144 640.8 R 5.31(,o)-.4 G 5.31(ri)-5.31 G(nde)-5.31 -E 5.311(xi)-.15 G 5.311(nt)-5.311 G 2.811 -(he history list, of the current command.)-5.311 F 2.811(Assignments to) -7.811 F F3(HISTCMD)144 652.8 Q F1(ha)2.684 E .734 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.934 -(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.934 G 2.934(ect. If).25 F F3(HISTCMD)2.934 E F1 -.434(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.684 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.934(ni).15 G 2.934(fi)-2.934 G 2.933(ti)-2.934 G 2.933(ss)-2.933 G -(ubse-)-2.933 E(quently reset.)144 664.8 Q F2(HOSTN)108 676.8 Q(AME)-.2 -E F1(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 688.8 Q F2 -(HOSTTYPE)108 700.8 Q F1 .222(Automatically set to a string that unique\ -ly describes the type of machine on which)144 712.8 R F2(bash)2.723 E F1 -.223(is e)2.723 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 724.8 R -(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(14)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +3.072(ni).15 G 3.072(fi)-3.072 G 3.072(ti)-3.072 G(s)-3.072 E +(subsequently reset.)144 700.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24) +139.29 E(14)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 15 15 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(LINENO)108 84 Q F1 1.408(Eac\ -h time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal nu\ -mber representing the)144 96 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\ -arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 108 R .079 -(When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 120 R .307 -(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.306 E -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LINENO)2.806 E F1 .306(is unset, it loses its) -2.556 F(special properties, e)144 132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5 -(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2(MA) -108 144 Q(CHTYPE)-.55 E F1 .898(Automatically set to a string that full\ -y describes the system type on which)144 156 R F2(bash)3.398 E F1 .899 -(is e)3.398 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .899(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 -168 Q F0(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F1 2.5(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E -(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F2(MAPFILE)108 180 Q F1 .294 -(An array v)144 192 R .294(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.794 E F1 -(belo)2.794 E .294(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .293 -(xt read by the)-.15 F F2(map\214le)2.793 E F1 -.2(bu)2.793 G .293 -(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 204 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F2 -(OLDPWD)108 216 Q F1(The pre)144 228 Q(vious w)-.25 E +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCMD)108 84 Q F1 2.811 +(The history number)144 96 R 5.311(,o)-.4 G 5.311(ri)-5.311 G(nde)-5.311 +E 5.311(xi)-.15 G 5.311(nt)-5.311 G 2.811 +(he history list, of the current command.)-5.311 F 2.81(Assignments to) +7.81 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCMD)144 108 Q F1(ha)2.683 E .733 -.15 +(ve n)-.2 H 2.934(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.934 G 2.934(ect. If).25 F F3 +(HISTCMD)2.934 E F1 .434(is unset, it loses its special properties, e) +2.684 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.934(ni).15 G 2.934(fi)-2.934 G 2.934(ti)-2.934 +G 2.934(ss)-2.934 G(ubse-)-2.934 E(quently reset.)144 120 Q F2(HOSTN)108 +132 Q(AME)-.2 E F1(Automatically set to the name of the current host.) +144 144 Q F2(HOSTTYPE)108 156 Q F1 .223(Automatically set to a string t\ +hat uniquely describes the type of machine on which)144 168 R F2(bash) +2.722 E F1 .222(is e)2.722 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 +180 R(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F2(LINENO)108 192 Q F1 +1.408(Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a d\ +ecimal number representing the)144 204 R .078(current sequential line n\ +umber \(starting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 216 R .078 +(When not in a script or)5.078 F .306(function, the v)144 228 R .306 +(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.307 E +F3(LINENO)2.807 E F1 .307(is unset, it loses its)2.557 F +(special properties, e)144 240 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 +G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2(MA)108 252 Q +(CHTYPE)-.55 E F1 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully describ\ +es the system type on which)144 264 R F2(bash)3.398 E F1 .898(is e)3.398 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .898(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 276 Q F0 +(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F1 2.5(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E +(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F2(MAPFILE)108 288 Q F1 .293 +(An array v)144 300 R .293(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.793 E F1 +(belo)2.793 E .293(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .294 +(xt read by the)-.15 F F2(map\214le)2.794 E F1 -.2(bu)2.794 G .294 +(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 312 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F2 +(OLDPWD)108 324 Q F1(The pre)144 336 Q(vious w)-.25 E (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F2(cd)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E F2 -(OPT)108 240 Q(ARG)-.9 E F1 1.626(The v)144 252 R 1.627 +(OPT)108 348 Q(ARG)-.9 E F1 1.627(The v)144 360 R 1.627 (alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F -F2(getopts)4.127 E F1 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.627(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 -(SHELL)4.127 E -.09(BU)144 264 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTIND)108 276 Q F1 1.652(The inde)144 288 R 4.152 -(xo)-.15 G 4.152(ft)-4.152 G 1.652(he ne)-4.152 F 1.652(xt ar)-.15 F -1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F2(getopts)4.151 E F1 -.2(bu) -4.151 G 1.651(iltin command \(see).2 F F3(SHELL)4.151 E -.09(BU)144 300 +F2(getopts)4.127 E F1 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.626(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 +(SHELL)4.126 E -.09(BU)144 372 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTIND)108 384 Q F1 1.651(The inde)144 396 R 4.151 +(xo)-.15 G 4.151(ft)-4.151 G 1.651(he ne)-4.151 F 1.651(xt ar)-.15 F +1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F2(getopts)4.152 E F1 -.2(bu) +4.152 G 1.652(iltin command \(see).2 F F3(SHELL)4.152 E -.09(BU)144 408 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OSTYPE)108 -312 Q F1 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ -g system on which)144 324 R F2(bash)2.83 E F1 .33(is e)2.83 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 336 Q(ault is system-dependent.) --.1 E F2(PIPEST)108 348 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US).95 E F1 .297(An array v)144 -360 R .297(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays)2.797 E F1(belo)2.797 E .297 -(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .297(xit status v)-.15 F .297 -(alues from the commands in)-.25 F 1.601(the most-recently-e)144 372 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.601(cuted fore).15 F 1.602 -(ground pipeline, which may consist of only a simple command)-.15 F -(\(see)144 384 Q F3 .216(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.716 F F1(abo)2.465 E -.15(ve) +420 Q F1 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ +g system on which)144 432 R F2(bash)2.829 E F1 .329(is e)2.829 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.829(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 444 Q +(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F2(PIPEST)108 456 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US) +.95 E F1 .296(An array v)144 468 R .297(ariable \(see)-.25 F F2(Arrays) +2.797 E F1(belo)2.797 E .297(w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .297 +(xit status v)-.15 F .297(alues from the commands in)-.25 F 1.602 +(the most-recently-e)144 480 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.602(cuted fore).15 F +1.602(ground pipeline, which may consist of only a simple command)-.15 F +(\(see)144 492 Q F3 .215(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.715 F F1(abo)2.465 E -.15(ve) -.15 G(\).).15 E F2(Bash)5.215 E F1(sets)2.715 E F3(PIPEST)2.715 E -.855 -(AT)-.81 G(US).855 E F1 .215(after e)2.465 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .215 -(cuting multi-element pipelines,).15 F .333(timed and ne)144 396 R -.05 +(AT)-.81 G(US).855 E F1 .215(after e)2.465 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .216 +(cuting multi-element pipelines,).15 F .334(timed and ne)144 504 R -.05 (ga)-.15 G .333 (ted pipelines, simple commands, subshells created with the \( operator) -.05 F 2.834(,t)-.4 G(he)-2.834 E F2([[)2.834 E F1(and)2.834 E F2(\(\() -2.834 E F1 .489(compound commands, and after error conditions that resu\ -lt in the shell aborting command e)144 408 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cu-).15 E -(tion.)144 420 Q F2(PPID)108 432 Q F1(The process ID of the shell')144 -432 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G 2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G -(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E F2(PWD)108 444 Q F1(The current w)144 -444 Q(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F2(cd)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E -F2(RANDOM)108 456 Q F1 .417 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 468 R .417 +.05 F 2.833(,t)-.4 G(he)-2.833 E F2([[)2.833 E F1(and)2.833 E F2(\(\() +2.833 E F1 .489(compound commands, and after error conditions that resu\ +lt in the shell aborting command e)144 516 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cu-).15 E +(tion.)144 528 Q F2(PPID)108 540 Q F1(The process ID of the shell')144 +540 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G 2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G +(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E F2(PWD)108 552 Q F1(The current w)144 +552 Q(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F2(cd)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E +F2(RANDOM)108 564 Q F1 .417 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 576 R .417 (xpands to a random inte)-.15 F .417(ger between 0 and 32767.)-.15 F -(As-)5.417 E .125(signing a v)144 480 R .125(alue to)-.25 F F3(RANDOM) -2.625 E F1 .124(initializes \(seeds\) the sequence of random numbers.) -2.374 F .124(Seeding the ran-)5.124 F 1.343 -(dom number generator with the same constant v)144 492 R 1.344 -(alue produces the same sequence of v)-.25 F 3.844(alues. If)-.25 F F3 -(RANDOM)144 504 Q F1(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E +(As-)5.416 E .124(signing a v)144 588 R .124(alue to)-.25 F F3(RANDOM) +2.624 E F1 .124(initializes \(seeds\) the sequence of random numbers.) +2.374 F .125(Seeding the ran-)5.125 F 1.344 +(dom number generator with the same constant v)144 600 R 1.343 +(alue produces the same sequence of v)-.25 F 3.843(alues. If)-.25 F F3 +(RANDOM)144 612 Q F1(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G -(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2(READLINE_ARGUMENT)108 516 Q F1(An)144 528 +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2(READLINE_ARGUMENT)108 624 Q F1(An)144 636 Q 4.665(yn)-.15 G 2.165(umeric ar)-4.665 F 2.165(gument gi)-.18 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 4.665(nt).15 G 4.665(oa)-4.665 G F2 -.18(re)C(adline).18 E F1 2.165(command that w)4.665 F 2.165 -(as de\214ned using \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-.1 F F3(SHELL B)144 540 Q +(as de\214ned using \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-.1 F F3(SHELL B)144 648 Q (UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\) when it w)-.25 E -(as in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F2(READLINE_LINE)108 552 Q -F1 1.693(The contents of the)144 564 R F2 -.18(re)4.193 G(adline).18 E -F1 1.693(line b)4.193 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 4.193(,f)-.4 G 1.694 -(or use with \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-4.193 F F3 1.694(SHELL B)4.194 F -(UIL)-.09 E 1.694(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 576 Q F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).) --.25 E F2(READLINE_MARK)108 588 Q F1 .236(The position of the mark \(sa) -144 600 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.736(di).15 G .236(nsertion point\) in the) +(as in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F2(READLINE_LINE)108 660 Q +F1 1.694(The contents of the)144 672 R F2 -.18(re)4.194 G(adline).18 E +F1 1.694(line b)4.194 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 4.194(,f)-.4 G 1.693 +(or use with \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-4.194 F F3 1.693(SHELL B)4.193 F +(UIL)-.09 E 1.693(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 684 Q F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).) +-.25 E F2(READLINE_MARK)108 696 Q F1 .236(The position of the mark \(sa) +144 708 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.736(di).15 G .236(nsertion point\) in the) -2.736 F F2 -.18(re)2.736 G(adline).18 E F1 .236(line b)2.736 F(uf)-.2 E (fer)-.25 E 2.736(,f)-.4 G .236(or use with \231bind \255x\232)-2.736 F -(\(see)144 612 Q F3 1.016(SHELL B)3.516 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.016(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F1(belo)3.266 E 3.516(w\). The)-.25 F 1.017 -(characters between the insertion point and the)3.516 F -(mark are often called the)144 624 Q F0 -.37(re)2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F1(.)A -F2(READLINE_POINT)108 636 Q F1 .443 -(The position of the insertion point in the)144 648 R F2 -.18(re)2.943 G -(adline).18 E F1 .443(line b)2.943 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.943(,f)-.4 G -.442(or use with \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-2.943 F F3(SHELL)2.942 E -.09 -(BU)144 660 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -F2(REPL)108 672 Q(Y)-.92 E F1(Set to the line of input read by the)144 -684 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.)-.18 E F2(SECONDS) -108 696 Q F1 .177(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 708 R -.178(xpands to the number of seconds since shell in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -(cation.).2 E .713(If a v)144 720 R .712(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F3 -(SECONDS)3.212 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 .712(the v)2.962 F .712 -(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(15)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +(\(see)144 720 Q F3 1.017(SHELL B)3.517 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.017(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F1(belo)3.267 E 3.516(w\). The)-.25 F 1.016 +(characters between the insertion point and the)3.516 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(15)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 16 16 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .627(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 -84 R .627(alue assigned.)-.25 F .628(The number of seconds at shell in) -5.627 F -.2(vo)-.4 G(ca-).2 E .364(tion and the current time are al)144 -96 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .363 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(mark are often called the)144 84 Q F0 -.37(re)2.5 G +(gion)-.03 E F1(.)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_POINT)108 96 Q F1 +.442(The position of the insertion point in the)144 108 R F2 -.18(re) +2.943 G(adline).18 E F1 .443(line b)2.943 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.943 +(,f)-.4 G .443(or use with \231bind \255x\232 \(see)-2.943 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)2.943 E -.09(BU)144 120 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(REPL)108 132 Q(Y)-.92 E F1 +(Set to the line of input read by the)144 144 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 +E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.) +-.18 E F2(SECONDS)108 156 Q F1 .178 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 168 R .177 +(xpands to the number of seconds since shell in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +(cation.).2 E .712(If a v)144 180 R .712(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F3 +(SECONDS)3.212 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 .712(the v)2.962 F .712 +(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .628 +(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 192 R .627 +(alue assigned.)-.25 F .627(The number of seconds at shell in)5.627 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G(ca-).2 E .363(tion and the current time are al)144 204 R +-.1(wa)-.1 G .364 (ys determined by querying the system clock at one-second reso-).1 F 2.5 -(lution. If)144 108 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SECONDS)2.5 E F1 +(lution. If)144 216 R F3(SECONDS)2.5 E F1 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELLOPTS)108 120 Q F1 3.262(Ac)144 132 S -.763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.262 F .763(Each w) +-2.5 E F2(SHELLOPTS)108 228 Q F1 3.263(Ac)144 240 S .763 +(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.263 F .763(Each w) 5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763 -(gument for the)-.18 F F3144 144 Q F1 1.174(option to the)3.674 F -F3(set)3.674 E F1 -.2(bu)3.674 G 1.174(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.173 -(SHELL B)3.673 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.173(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.423 E -3.673(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.673 E .019(appearing in)144 156 R F2 -(SHELLOPTS)2.519 E F1 .019(are those reported as)2.269 F F0(on)2.749 E -F1(by)2.759 E F3 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F1 5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G -.019(his v)-2.519 F .02(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E -(when)144 168 Q F3(bash)2.766 E F1 .266 +(gument for the)-.18 F F2144 252 Q F1 1.173(option to the)3.673 F +F2(set)3.673 E F1 -.2(bu)3.673 G 1.173(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 1.174 +(SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.174(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.424 E +3.674(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.674 E .02(appearing in)144 264 R F3 +(SHELLOPTS)2.52 E F1 .019(are those reported as)2.27 F F0(on)2.749 E F1 +(by)2.759 E F2 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F1 5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G +.019(his v)-2.519 F .019(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E +(when)144 276 Q F2(bash)3.42 E F1 .92 (starts up, the shell enables each option in the list before reading an) -2.766 F 2.766(ys)-.15 G .265(tartup \214les.)-2.766 F(This)5.265 E -.25 -(va)144 180 S(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E F3(SHL)108 192 Q(VL) --.92 E F1(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 204 Q F3(bash) -2.5 E F1(is started.)2.5 E F3(SRANDOM)108 216 Q F1 .561 -(Each time it is referenced, this v)144 228 R .561(ariable e)-.25 F .562 -(xpands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number)-.15 F 5.562(.T)-.55 G .562 -(he random)-5.562 F .65 -(number generator is not linear on systems that support)144 240 R F0 +3.42 F 3.42(ys)-.15 G .92(tartup \214les.)-3.42 F(If)5.92 E(this v)144 +288 Q(ariable is e)-.25 E +(xported, child shells will enable each option in the list.)-.15 E +(This v)5 E(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2(SHL)108 300 Q(VL) +-.92 E F1(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 312 Q F2(bash) +2.5 E F1(is started.)2.5 E F2(SRANDOM)108 324 Q F1 .562 +(Each time it is referenced, this v)144 336 R .561(ariable e)-.25 F .561 +(xpands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number)-.15 F 5.561(.T)-.55 G .561 +(he random)-5.561 F .65 +(number generator is not linear on systems that support)144 348 R F0 (/de)4.816 E(v/ur)-.15 E(andom)-.15 E F1(or)4.816 E F0(ar)3.48 E(c4r) --.37 E(andom)-.15 E F1 .649(\(3\), so each).32 F .788 +-.37 E(andom)-.15 E F1 .65(\(3\), so each).32 F .788 (returned number has no relationship to the numbers preceding it.)144 -252 R .788(The random number generator)5.788 F .088 -(cannot be seeded, so assignments to this v)144 264 R .087(ariable ha) --.25 F .387 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.587(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.587 G 2.587 -(ect. If).25 F F2(SRANDOM)2.587 E F1 .087(is unset, it loses its)2.337 F -(special properties, e)144 276 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 -G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F3(UID)108 288 Q -F1(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 288 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G +360 R .787(The random number generator)5.787 F .087 +(cannot be seeded, so assignments to this v)144 372 R .087(ariable ha) +-.25 F .387 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.587(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.587 G 2.588 +(ect. If).25 F F3(SRANDOM)2.588 E F1 .088(is unset, it loses its)2.338 F +(special properties, e)144 384 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 +G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F2(UID)108 396 Q +F1(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 396 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G (nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25 -E(.)-.65 E .114(The shell uses the follo)108 304.8 R .114(wing v)-.25 F -.114(ariables. In some cases,)-.25 F F3(bash)2.614 E F1 .115 -(assigns a def)2.614 F .115(ault v)-.1 F .115(alue to a v)-.25 F .115 -(ariable; these cases)-.25 F(are noted belo)108 316.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G -F3 -.3(BA)108 333.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F1 .503(The v)144 -345.6 R .502(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.002(sc)-.55 G .502 -(ompatibility le)-3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(l. See).15 F F2 .502 -(SHELL COMP)3.002 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .502(IBILITY MODE).855 F F1(be-) -2.752 E(lo)144 357.6 Q 2.662(wf)-.25 G .162(or a description of the v) --2.662 F .162(arious compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .162 -(ls and their ef).15 F 2.663(fects. The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.663 G .163 +E(.)-.65 E .115(The shell uses the follo)108 412.8 R .115(wing v)-.25 F +.115(ariables. In some cases,)-.25 F F2(bash)2.614 E F1 .114 +(assigns a def)2.614 F .114(ault v)-.1 F .114(alue to a v)-.25 F .114 +(ariable; these cases)-.25 F(are noted belo)108 424.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G +F2 -.3(BA)108 441.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F1 .502(The v)144 +453.6 R .502(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.002(sc)-.55 G .502 +(ompatibility le)-3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(l. See).15 F F3 .503 +(SHELL COMP)3.002 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .503(IBILITY MODE).855 F F1(be-) +2.753 E(lo)144 465.6 Q 2.663(wf)-.25 G .163(or a description of the v) +-2.663 F .162(arious compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .162 +(ls and their ef).15 F 2.662(fects. The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.662 G .162 (lue may be a dec-).25 F .33(imal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte)144 -369.6 R .33 +477.6 R .33 (ger \(e.g., 42\) corresponding to the desired compatibility le)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.83(l. If).15 F F2 -.27(BA)144 381.6 S(SH_COMP).27 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.83(l. If).15 F F3 -.27(BA)144 489.6 S(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F1 .431 -(is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility le)3.536 F -.15 +(is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility le)3.537 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.931(li).15 G 2.931(ss)-2.931 G .431(et to the def)-2.931 F -.432(ault for)-.1 F .654(the current v)144 393.6 R 3.154(ersion. If)-.15 -F F2 -.27(BA)3.154 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F1 .654 -(is set to a v)3.759 F .653(alue that is not one of the v)-.25 F .653 -(alid compatibility)-.25 F(le)144 405.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .585 +.431(ault for)-.1 F .653(the current v)144 501.6 R 3.153(ersion. If)-.15 +F F3 -.27(BA)3.153 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F1 .653 +(is set to a v)3.758 F .654(alue that is not one of the v)-.25 F .654 +(alid compatibility)-.25 F(le)144 513.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .585 (ls, the shell prints an error message and sets the compatibility le).15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.085(lt).15 G 3.085(ot)-3.085 G .585(he def)-3.085 F -.585(ault for the cur)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .724(rent v)144 417.6 R 3.224 -(ersion. A)-.15 F .724(subset of the v)3.224 F .724(alid v)-.25 F .723 -(alues correspond to the compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .723 -(ls described belo).15 F(w)-.25 E(under)144 429.6 Q F2 .144(SHELL COMP) -2.644 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .144(IBILITY MODE).855 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -(.)A F1 -.15(Fo)4.644 G 2.645(re).15 G .145(xample, 4.2 and 42 are v) --2.795 F .145(alid v)-.25 F .145(alues that correspond)-.25 F .567 -(to the)144 441.6 R F3 .567(compat42 shopt)3.067 F F1 .567 -(option and set the compatibility le)3.067 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.066(lt).15 -G 3.066(o4)-3.066 G 3.066(2. The)-3.066 F .566(current v)3.066 F .566 -(ersion is also a)-.15 F -.25(va)144 453.6 S(lid v).25 E(alue.)-.25 E F3 --.3(BA)108 465.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F1 .298(If this parameter is set when)144 -477.6 R F3(bash)2.798 E F1 .298(is e)2.798 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .298 -(cuting a shell script, its e).15 F .299(xpanded v)-.15 F .299 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.085(lt).15 G 3.084(ot)-3.085 G .584(he def)-3.084 F +.584(ault for the cur)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .723(rent v)144 525.6 R 3.223 +(ersion. A)-.15 F .723(subset of the v)3.223 F .724(alid v)-.25 F .724 +(alues correspond to the compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .724 +(ls described belo).15 F(w)-.25 E(under)144 537.6 Q F3 .145(SHELL COMP) +2.645 F -.855(AT)-.666 G .145(IBILITY MODE).855 F F4(.)A F1 -.15(Fo) +4.645 G 2.645(re).15 G .145(xample, 4.2 and 42 are v)-2.795 F .144 +(alid v)-.25 F .144(alues that correspond)-.25 F .566(to the)144 549.6 R +F2 .566(compat42 shopt)3.066 F F1 .566 +(option and set the compatibility le)3.066 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.067(lt).15 +G 3.067(o4)-3.067 G 3.067(2. The)-3.067 F .567(current v)3.067 F .567 +(ersion is also a)-.15 F -.25(va)144 561.6 S(lid v).25 E(alue.)-.25 E F2 +-.3(BA)108 573.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F1 .299(If this parameter is set when)144 +585.6 R F2(bash)2.799 E F1 .298(is e)2.798 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .298 +(cuting a shell script, its e).15 F .298(xpanded v)-.15 F .298 (alue is interpreted as a)-.25 F .468(\214lename containing commands to\ - initialize the shell before it reads and e)144 489.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.467(cutes commands from).15 F .838(the script.)144 501.6 R .838(The v) -5.838 F .838(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.27(BA)3.339 G(SH_ENV).27 E F1 .839 -(is subjected to parameter e)3.089 F .839 -(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F .922(and arithmetic e)144 513.6 -R .922(xpansion before being interpreted as a \214lename.)-.15 F F2 + initialize the shell before it reads and e)144 597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.468(cutes commands from).15 F .839(the script.)144 609.6 R .839(The v) +5.839 F .839(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.27(BA)3.339 G(SH_ENV).27 E F1 .839 +(is subjected to parameter e)3.089 F .838 +(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F .921(and arithmetic e)144 621.6 +R .922(xpansion before being interpreted as a \214lename.)-.15 F F3 -.666(PA)5.922 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .922(is not used to search for)3.172 F -(the resultant \214lename.)144 525.6 Q F3 -.3(BA)108 537.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 -E(CEFD)-.55 E F1 .55(If set to an inte)144 549.6 R .55 +(the resultant \214lename.)144 633.6 Q F2 -.3(BA)108 645.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 +E(CEFD)-.55 E F1 .551(If set to an inte)144 657.6 R .551 (ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .551(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F(,) --.4 E F3(bash)3.051 E F1 .551(writes the trace output generated)3.051 F -.245(when \231set \255x\232 is enabled to that \214le descriptor)144 -561.6 R 2.745(,i)-.4 G .245(nstead of the standard error)-2.745 F 5.244 -(.T)-.55 G .244(he \214le descriptor is)-5.244 F .76(closed when)144 -573.6 R F2 -.27(BA)3.26 G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F1 .761 -(is unset or assigned a ne)3.01 F 3.261(wv)-.25 G 3.261(alue. Unsetting) --3.511 F F2 -.27(BA)3.261 G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F1 .583(or assig\ -ning it the empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the stan\ -dard error)144 585.6 R 5.582(.N)-.55 G .582(ote that)-5.582 F(setting) -144 597.6 Q F2 -.27(BA)2.995 G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F1 .495(to 2 \ -\(the standard error \214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will res\ -ult)2.745 F(in the standard error being closed.)144 609.6 Q F3(CDP)108 -621.6 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 .554(The search path for the)144 633.6 -R F3(cd)3.054 E F1 3.054(command. This)3.054 F .554 -(is a colon-separated list of directories where the shell)3.054 F -(looks for directories speci\214ed as ar)144 645.6 Q(guments to the)-.18 -E F3(cd)2.5 E F1 2.5(command. A)2.5 F(sample v)2.5 E -(alue is \231.:\001:/usr\232.)-.25 E F3(CHILD_MAX)108 657.6 Q F1 .931 -(Set the number of e)144 669.6 R .931(xited child status v)-.15 F .931 -(alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F(.)-.55 E F3(Bash)5.931 E F1 .932 -(will not allo)3.431 F 3.432(wt)-.25 G(his)-3.432 E -.25(va)144 681.6 S -1.078(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577(waP)-.25 G 1.077 -(OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577 F 1.077 -(alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144 693.6 Q -2.5(xceed. The)-.15 F(minimum v)2.5 E(alue is system-dependent.)-.25 E -F3(COLUMNS)108 705.6 Q F1 .828(Used by the)144 717.6 R F3(select)3.328 E -F1 .829(compound command to determine the terminal width when printing \ -selection)3.328 F 4.507(lists. Automatically)144 729.6 R 2.007 -(set if the)4.507 F F3(checkwinsize)4.507 E F1 2.006 -(option is enabled or in an interacti)4.507 F 2.306 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -2.006(hell upon).15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E -(16)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +-.4 E F2(bash)3.05 E F1 .55(writes the trace output generated)3.05 F +.244(when \231set \255x\232 is enabled to that \214le descriptor)144 +669.6 R 2.745(,i)-.4 G .245(nstead of the standard error)-2.745 F 5.245 +(.T)-.55 G .245(he \214le descriptor is)-5.245 F .761(closed when)144 +681.6 R F3 -.27(BA)3.261 G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F1 .761 +(is unset or assigned a ne)3.011 F 3.26(wv)-.25 G 3.26(alue. Unsetting) +-3.51 F F3 -.27(BA)3.26 G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F1 .583(or assigni\ +ng it the empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standa\ +rd error)144 693.6 R 5.583(.N)-.55 G .583(ote that)-5.583 F(setting)144 +705.6 Q F3 -.27(BA)2.996 G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F1 .495(to 2 \(th\ +e standard error \214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will result) +2.746 F(in the standard error being closed.)144 717.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(16)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 17 17 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(receipt of a)144 84 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(SIGWINCH)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(COMPREPL)108 96 Q(Y)-.92 E F1 .847(An array v)144 108 R .848 -(ariable from which)-.25 F F4(bash)3.348 E F1 .848 -(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function)3.348 F -(in)144 120 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.785(db).1 G 2.785(yt)-2.785 G -.285(he programmable completion f)-2.785 F .285(acility \(see)-.1 F F4 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(CDP)108 84 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G +(H).95 E F1 .553(The search path for the)144 96 R F2(cd)3.054 E F1 3.054 +(command. This)3.054 F .554 +(is a colon-separated list of directories where the shell)3.054 F +(looks for directories speci\214ed as ar)144 108 Q(guments to the)-.18 E +F2(cd)2.5 E F1 2.5(command. A)2.5 F(sample v)2.5 E +(alue is \231.:\001:/usr\232.)-.25 E F2(CHILD_MAX)108 120 Q F1 .932 +(Set the number of e)144 132 R .931(xited child status v)-.15 F .931 +(alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F(.)-.55 E F2(Bash)5.931 E F1 .931 +(will not allo)3.431 F 3.431(wt)-.25 G(his)-3.431 E -.25(va)144 144 S +1.283(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.783(wa)-.25 G/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 +SF(POSIX)A F1 1.284(-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)B 1.284 +(alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144 156 Q +2.5(xceed. The)-.15 F(minimum v)2.5 E(alue is system-dependent.)-.25 E +F2(COLUMNS)108 168 Q F1 .829(Used by the)144 180 R F2(select)3.329 E F1 +.828(compound command to determine the terminal width when printing sel\ +ection)3.329 F 3.466(lists. Automatically)144 192 R .966(set if the) +3.466 F F2(checkwinsize)3.466 E F1 .966 +(option is enabled or in an interacti)3.466 F 1.266 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +.966(hell upon re-).15 F(ceipt of a)144 204 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(SIGWINCH)2.5 E F3(.)A F2(COMPREPL)108 216 Q(Y)-.92 E F1 .848 +(An array v)144 228 R .848(ariable from which)-.25 F F2(bash)3.348 E F1 +.848(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function)3.348 +F(in)144 240 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.785(db).1 G 2.785(yt)-2.785 G +.285(he programmable completion f)-2.785 F .285(acility \(see)-.1 F F2 (Pr)2.785 E .285(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F1(belo)2.785 E 2.785 (w\). Each)-.25 F(array element contains one possible completion.)144 -132 Q F4(EMA)108 144 Q(CS)-.55 E F1(If)144 156 Q F4(bash)3.07 E F1 .57 -(\214nds this v)3.07 F .57(ariable in the en)-.25 F .571 -(vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F .571 +252 Q F2(EMA)108 264 Q(CS)-.55 E F1(If)144 276 Q F2(bash)3.071 E F1 .571 +(\214nds this v)3.071 F .571(ariable in the en)-.25 F .571 +(vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F .57 (alue \231t\232, it assumes that)-.25 F -(the shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 168 Q(uf)-.2 E -(fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F4(ENV)108 180 Q F1 1.282 -(Expanded and e)144 180 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.282(cuted similarly to).15 F -F2 -.27(BA)3.781 G(SH_ENV).27 E F1(\(see)3.531 E F2(INV)3.781 E(OCA) --.405 E(TION)-.855 E F1(abo)3.531 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.781(\)w).15 G 1.281 -(hen an interacti)-3.781 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(shell is in)144 192 Q -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G 2.5(np)-2.5 G(osix mode.)-2.5 E F4 -(EXECIGNORE)108 204 Q F1 2.791(Ac)144 216 S .291 -(olon-separated list of shell patterns \(see)-2.791 F F4 -.1(Pa)2.791 G -(tter).1 E 2.791(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.791 E F1 2.791(\)d)C .292 -(e\214ning the set of \214lenames to be)-2.791 F .357 -(ignored by command search using)144 228 R F2 -.666(PA)2.857 G(TH)-.189 -E F3(.)A F1 .356(Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns) -4.856 F 1.432(are not considered e)144 240 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.432 +(the shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 288 Q(uf)-.2 E +(fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F2(ENV)108 300 Q F1 1.281 +(Expanded and e)144 300 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.281(cuted similarly to).15 F +F4 -.27(BA)3.781 G(SH_ENV).27 E F1(\(see)3.531 E F4(INV)3.781 E(OCA) +-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F1(abo)3.532 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.782(\)w).15 G 1.282 +(hen an interacti)-3.782 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(shell is in)144 312 Q -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G 2.5(np)-2.5 G(osix mode.)-2.5 E F2 +(EXECIGNORE)108 324 Q F1 2.792(Ac)144 336 S .292 +(olon-separated list of shell patterns \(see)-2.792 F F2 -.1(Pa)2.791 G +(tter).1 E 2.791(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.791 E F1 2.791(\)d)C .291 +(e\214ning the set of \214lenames to be)-2.791 F .356 +(ignored by command search using)144 348 R F4 -.666(PA)2.856 G(TH)-.189 +E F3(.)A F1 .357(Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns) +4.856 F 1.433(are not considered e)144 360 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.432 (cutable \214les for the purposes of completion and command e).15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.433(cution via).15 F F2 -.666(PA)144 252 S(TH)-.189 E F1 -3.087(lookup. This)2.837 F .587(does not af)3.087 F .587(fect the beha) --.25 F .587(vior of the)-.2 F F4([)3.087 E F1(,)A F4(test)3.087 E F1 -3.087(,a)C(nd)-3.087 E F4([[)3.087 E F1 3.086(commands. Full)3.086 F -(pathnames)3.086 E .103(in the command hash table are not subject to)144 -264 R F2(EXECIGNORE)2.603 E F3(.)A F1 .104(Use this v)4.603 F .104 -(ariable to ignore shared li-)-.25 F .33(brary \214les that ha)144 276 R +(xe)-.15 G 1.432(cution via).15 F F4 -.666(PA)144 372 S(TH)-.189 E F1 +3.086(lookup. This)2.836 F .587(does not af)3.086 F .587(fect the beha) +-.25 F .587(vior of the)-.2 F F2([)3.087 E F1(,)A F2(test)3.087 E F1 +3.087(,a)C(nd)-3.087 E F2([[)3.087 E F1 3.087(commands. Full)3.087 F +(pathnames)3.087 E .104(in the command hash table are not subject to)144 +384 R F4(EXECIGNORE)2.603 E F3(.)A F1 .103(Use this v)4.603 F .103 +(ariable to ignore shared li-)-.25 F .33(brary \214les that ha)144 396 R .63 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .33(he e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .33 (cutable bit set, b).15 F .33(ut are not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .33 (cutable \214les.).15 F .33(The pattern matching hon-)5.33 F -(ors the setting of the)144 288 Q F4(extglob)2.5 E F1(shell option.)2.5 -E F4(FCEDIT)108 300 Q F1(The def)144 312 Q(ault editor for the)-.1 E F4 -(fc)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E F4(FIGNORE)108 324 Q F1 -2.598(Ac)144 336 S .098(olon-separated list of suf)-2.598 F<8c78>-.25 E -.098(es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F F2 -(READLINE)2.599 E F1(belo)144 348 Q 2.705(w\). A)-.25 F .205 -(\214lename whose suf)2.705 F .205(\214x matches one of the entries in) --.25 F F2(FIGNORE)2.705 E F1 .205(is e)2.455 F .204 -(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)144 360 Q 2.5(As)5 -G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is \231.o:\001\232.)-.25 E F4(FUNCNEST)108 372 Q -F1 .23(If set to a numeric v)144 384 R .231 +(ors the setting of the)144 408 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F1(shell option.)2.5 +E F2(FCEDIT)108 420 Q F1(The def)144 432 Q(ault editor for the)-.1 E F2 +(fc)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E F2(FIGNORE)108 444 Q F1 +2.599(Ac)144 456 S .098(olon-separated list of suf)-2.599 F<8c78>-.25 E +.098(es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F F4 +(READLINE)2.598 E F1(belo)144 468 Q 2.704(w\). A)-.25 F .204 +(\214lename whose suf)2.704 F .205(\214x matches one of the entries in) +-.25 F F4(FIGNORE)2.705 E F1 .205(is e)2.455 F .205 +(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)144 480 Q 2.5(As)5 +G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is \231.o:\001\232.)-.25 E F2(FUNCNEST)108 492 Q +F1 .231(If set to a numeric v)144 504 R .231 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting le)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.731(l. Function).15 F(in)2.731 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(-).2 E -(cations that e)144 396 Q(xceed this nesting le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(lc).15 G(ause the current command to abort.)-2.5 E F4(GLOBIGNORE)108 -408 Q F1 2.924(Ac)144 420 S .423(olon-separated list of patterns de\214\ -ning the set of \214le names to be ignored by pathname e)-2.924 F(xpan-) --.15 E 2.947(sion. If)144 432 R 2.947<618c>2.947 G .447 -(le name matched by a pathname e)-2.947 F .448 -(xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F F2 -(GLOBIGNORE)144 444 Q F3(,)A F1 .14(it is remo)2.39 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.64(df).15 G .14(rom the list of matches.)-2.64 F .139 -(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.14 F(the)144 456 Q F4 -(extglob)2.5 E F1(shell option.)2.5 E F4(GLOBSOR)108 468 Q(T)-.4 E F1 -.075(Controls ho)144 480 R 2.575(wt)-.25 G .075 -(he results of pathname e)-2.575 F .075(xpansion are sorted.)-.15 F .075 -(The v)5.075 F .076(alue of this v)-.25 F .076(ariable speci\214es the) --.25 F .36(sort criteria and sort order for the results of pathname e) -144 492 R 2.859(xpansion. If)-.15 F .359(this v)2.859 F .359 +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.73(l. Function).15 F(in)2.73 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(-).2 E +(cations that e)144 516 Q(xceed this nesting le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(lc).15 G(ause the current command to abort.)-2.5 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)108 +528 Q F1 2.923(Ac)144 540 S .423(olon-separated list of patterns de\214\ +ning the set of \214le names to be ignored by pathname e)-2.923 F(xpan-) +-.15 E 2.948(sion. If)144 552 R 2.948<618c>2.948 G .448 +(le name matched by a pathname e)-2.948 F .447 +(xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F F4 +(GLOBIGNORE)144 564 Q F3(,)A F1 .139(it is remo)2.389 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.639(df).15 G .14(rom the list of matches.)-2.639 F .14 +(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.14 F(the)144 576 Q F2 +(extglob)2.5 E F1(shell option.)2.5 E F2(GLOBSOR)108 588 Q(T)-.4 E F1 +.076(Controls ho)144 600 R 2.576(wt)-.25 G .076 +(he results of pathname e)-2.576 F .075(xpansion are sorted.)-.15 F .075 +(The v)5.075 F .075(alue of this v)-.25 F .075(ariable speci\214es the) +-.25 F .359(sort criteria and sort order for the results of pathname e) +144 612 R 2.86(xpansion. If)-.15 F .36(this v)2.86 F .36 (ariable is unset or set to)-.25 F .655(the null string, pathname e)144 -504 R .655(xpansion uses the historical beha)-.15 F .655 -(vior of sorting by name, in ascending)-.2 F(le)144 516 Q -(xicographic order as determined by the)-.15 E F2(LC_COLLA)2.5 E(TE) --.855 E F1(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E .03(If set, a v)144 532.8 R -.03(alid v)-.25 F .03(alue be)-.25 F .03(gins with an optional)-.15 F F0 -(+)2.53 E F1 2.529(,w)C .029(hich is ignored, or)-2.529 F F02.529 E -F1 2.529(,w)C .029(hich re)-2.529 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .029 -(rses the sort order).15 F 1.303(from ascending to descending, follo)144 -544.8 R 1.303(wed by a sort speci\214er)-.25 F 6.304(.T)-.55 G 1.304 -(he v)-6.304 F 1.304(alid sort speci\214ers are)-.25 F F0(name)4.164 E -F1(,).18 E F0(numeric)144 556.8 Q F1(,).31 E F0(size)3.921 E F1(,).18 E -F0(mtime)3.961 E F1(,).18 E F0(atime)3.911 E F1(,).18 E F0(ctime)3.781 E -F1 3.581(,a).18 G(nd)-3.581 E F0(bloc)3.851 E(ks)-.2 E F1 3.581(,w).27 G -1.08(hich sort the \214les on name, names in numeric)-3.581 F .979 -(rather than le)144 568.8 R .979(xicographic order)-.15 F 3.479<2c8c>-.4 +624 R .655(xpansion uses the historical beha)-.15 F .655 +(vior of sorting by name, in ascending)-.2 F(le)144 636 Q +(xicographic order as determined by the)-.15 E F4(LC_COLLA)2.5 E(TE) +-.855 E F1(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E .029(If set, a v)144 652.8 R +.029(alid v)-.25 F .029(alue be)-.25 F .029(gins with an optional)-.15 F +F0(+)2.529 E F1 2.529(,w)C .03(hich is ignored, or)-2.529 F F02.53 E +F1 2.53(,w)C .03(hich re)-2.53 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .03(rses the sort order) +.15 F 1.304(from ascending to descending, follo)144 664.8 R 1.304 +(wed by a sort speci\214er)-.25 F 6.303(.T)-.55 G 1.303(he v)-6.303 F +1.303(alid sort speci\214ers are)-.25 F F0(name)4.163 E F1(,).18 E F0 +(numeric)144 676.8 Q F1(,).31 E F0(size)3.92 E F1(,).18 E F0(mtime)3.96 +E F1(,).18 E F0(atime)3.91 E F1(,).18 E F0(ctime)3.78 E F1 3.58(,a).18 G +(nd)-3.58 E F0(bloc)3.851 E(ks)-.2 E F1 3.581(,w).27 G 1.081 +(hich sort the \214les on name, names in numeric)-3.581 F .98 +(rather than le)144 688.8 R .98(xicographic order)-.15 F 3.479<2c8c>-.4 G .979 (le size, modi\214cation time, access time, inode change time, and) --3.479 F .894(number of blocks, respecti)144 580.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly) -.15 E 5.894(.I)-.65 G 3.394(fa)-5.894 G 1.194 -.15(ny o)-3.394 H 3.394 -(ft).15 G .894(he non-name k)-3.394 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.394(sc).15 G .893 -(ompare as equal \(e.g., if tw)-3.394 F 3.393<6f8c>-.1 G(les)-3.393 E +-3.479 F .893(number of blocks, respecti)144 700.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly) +.15 E 5.893(.I)-.65 G 3.394(fa)-5.893 G 1.194 -.15(ny o)-3.394 H 3.394 +(ft).15 G .894(he non-name k)-3.394 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.394(sc).15 G .894 +(ompare as equal \(e.g., if tw)-3.394 F 3.394<6f8c>-.1 G(les)-3.394 E (are the same size\), sorting uses the name as a secondary sort k)144 -592.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(.)-.5 E -.15(Fo)144 609.6 S 2.692(re).15 G .192 -(xample, a v)-2.842 F .192(alue of)-.25 F F0(\255mtime)2.692 E F1 .192 -(sorts the results in descending order by modi\214cation time \(ne)2.692 -F(west)-.25 E(\214rst\).)144 621.6 Q(The)144 638.4 Q F0(numeric)3.844 E -F1 1.344(speci\214er treats names consisting solely of digits as number\ -s and sorts them using)3.844 F .265(their numeric v)144 650.4 R .266 -(alue \(so \2312\232 sorts before \23110\232, for e)-.25 F 2.766 -(xample\). When)-.15 F(using)2.766 E F0(numeric)2.766 E F1 2.766(,n)C -.266(ames contain-)-2.766 F .321(ing non-digits sort after all the all-\ -digit names and are sorted by name using the traditional beha)144 662.4 -R(v-)-.2 E(ior)144 674.4 Q(.)-.55 E 2.643(As)144 691.2 S .143 -(ort speci\214er of)-2.643 F F0(nosort)2.643 E F1 .144 -(disables sorting completely;)2.644 F F4(bash)2.644 E F1 .144 -(returns the results in the order the)2.644 F 2.644(ya)-.15 G(re)-2.644 -E(read from the \214le system, ignoring an)144 703.2 Q 2.5(yl)-.15 G -(eading)-2.5 E F02.5 E F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(17)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +712.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(.)-.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24) +139.29 E(17)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 18 18 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .52(If the sort speci\214er is missing, it def)144 -84 R .52(aults to)-.1 F F0(name)3.02 E F1 3.02(,s)C 3.02(oav)-3.02 G .52 -(alue of)-3.27 F F0(+)3.02 E F1 .52(is equi)3.02 F -.25(va)-.25 G .52 -(lent to the null string,).25 F .482(and a v)144 96 R .482(alue of)-.25 -F F0(-)2.982 E F1 .482(sorts by name in descending order)2.982 F 5.482 -(.A)-.55 G .783 -.15(ny i)-5.482 H -1.95 -.4(nv a).15 H .483(lid v).4 F -.483(alue restores the historical sort-)-.25 F(ing beha)144 108 Q(vior) --.2 E(.)-.55 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)108 120 Q(OL)-.3 E F1 -2.654(Ac)144 132 S .153(olon-separated list of v)-2.654 F .153 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E -.15(Fo)144 84 S 2.692(re).15 G .192(xample, a v) +-2.842 F .192(alue of)-.25 F F0(\255mtime)2.692 E F1 .192 +(sorts the results in descending order by modi\214cation time \(ne)2.692 +F(west)-.25 E(\214rst\).)144 96 Q(The)144 112.8 Q F0(numeric)3.843 E F1 +1.344(speci\214er treats names consisting solely of digits as numbers a\ +nd sorts them using)3.843 F .266(their numeric v)144 124.8 R .266 +(alue \(so \2312\232 sorts before \23110\232, for e)-.25 F 2.766 +(xample\). When)-.15 F(using)2.765 E F0(numeric)2.765 E F1 2.765(,n)C +.265(ames contain-)-2.765 F .321(ing non-digits sort after all the all-\ +digit names and are sorted by name using the traditional beha)144 136.8 +R(v-)-.2 E(ior)144 148.8 Q(.)-.55 E 2.644(As)144 165.6 S .144 +(ort speci\214er of)-2.644 F F0(nosort)2.644 E F1 .144 +(disables sorting completely;)2.644 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.644 E +F1 .144(returns the results in the order the)2.644 F 2.643(ya)-.15 G(re) +-2.643 E(read from the \214le system, ignoring an)144 177.6 Q 2.5(yl) +-.15 G(eading)-2.5 E F02.5 E F1(.)A .52 +(If the sort speci\214er is missing, it def)144 194.4 R .52(aults to)-.1 +F F0(name)3.02 E F1 3.02(,s)C 3.02(oav)-3.02 G .52(alue of)-3.27 F F0(+) +3.02 E F1 .52(is equi)3.02 F -.25(va)-.25 G .52 +(lent to the null string,).25 F .483(and a v)144 206.4 R .483(alue of) +-.25 F F0(-)2.983 E F1 .482(sorts by name in descending order)2.983 F +5.482(.A)-.55 G .782 -.15(ny i)-5.482 H -1.95 -.4(nv a).15 H .482(lid v) +.4 F .482(alue restores the historical sort-)-.25 F(ing beha)144 218.4 Q +(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F2(HISTCONTR)108 230.4 Q(OL)-.3 E F1 2.653(Ac)144 +242.4 S .153(olon-separated list of v)-2.653 F .153 (alues controlling ho)-.25 F 2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.) --2.653 F .153(If the list)5.153 F .49(of v)144 144 R .49(alues includes) --.25 F F0(ignor)3 E(espace)-.37 E F1 2.99(,l).18 G .49(ines which be) --2.99 F .49(gin with a)-.15 F F2(space)2.99 E F1 .49 +-2.653 F .154(If the list)5.153 F .49(of v)144 254.4 R .49 +(alues includes)-.25 F F0(ignor)3 E(espace)-.37 E F1 2.99(,l).18 G .49 +(ines which be)-2.99 F .49(gin with a)-.15 F F2(space)2.99 E F1 .49 (character are not sa)2.99 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.99(di).15 G 2.99(nt)-2.99 G -.49(he his-)-2.99 F .558(tory list.)144 156 R 3.058(Av)5.558 G .558 -(alue of)-3.308 F F0(ignor)3.068 E(edups)-.37 E F1 .558 -(causes lines matching the pre)3.328 F .557 -(vious history entry not to be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.925 -(Av)144 168 S .425(alue of)-3.175 F F0(ignor)2.935 E(eboth)-.37 E F1 -.426(is shorthand for)3.205 F F0(ignor)2.926 E(espace)-.37 E F1(and) -2.926 E F0(ignor)2.926 E(edups)-.37 E F1 5.426(.A)C -.25(va)-2.5 G .426 -(lue of).25 F F0(er)3.116 E(asedups)-.15 E F1(causes)3.196 E .699 -(all pre)144 180 R .698 +.49(he his-)-2.99 F .557(tory list.)144 266.4 R 3.057(Av)5.557 G .557 +(alue of)-3.307 F F0(ignor)3.067 E(edups)-.37 E F1 .557 +(causes lines matching the pre)3.327 F .558 +(vious history entry not to be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.926 +(Av)144 278.4 S .426(alue of)-3.176 F F0(ignor)2.936 E(eboth)-.37 E F1 +.426(is shorthand for)3.206 F F0(ignor)2.926 E(espace)-.37 E F1(and) +2.926 E F0(ignor)2.926 E(edups)-.37 E F1 5.426(.A)C -.25(va)-2.501 G +.425(lue of).25 F F0(er)3.115 E(asedups)-.15 E F1(causes)3.195 E .698 +(all pre)144 290.4 R .698 (vious lines matching the current line to be remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.198(df).15 G .698(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F -(sa)144 192 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.763(d. An).15 F 2.763(yv)-.15 G .263 -(alue not in the abo)-3.013 F .563 -.15(ve l)-.15 H .263 +3.198(df).15 G .699(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F +(sa)144 302.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.764(d. An).15 F 2.764(yv)-.15 G .264 +(alue not in the abo)-3.014 F .563 -.15(ve l)-.15 H .263 (ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)2.763 E -(OL)-.27 E F1 .264(is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.607(av)144 -204 S .107(alid v)-2.857 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(bash)2.607 E F1(sa)2.607 E +(OL)-.27 E F1 .263(is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.607(av)144 +314.4 S .107(alid v)-2.857 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(bash)2.607 E F1(sa)2.607 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.607(sa).15 G .107(ll lines read by the shell parser on \ the history list, subject to the v)-2.607 F .107(alue of)-.25 F F3 -(HISTIGNORE)144 216 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .06 -(If the \214rst line of a multi-line compound command w)4.559 F .06 -(as sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .06(d, the second and sub-).15 F 1.394 -(sequent lines are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 228 R --.05(ga)-.15 G 1.393(rdless of the v).05 F 1.393(alue of)-.25 F F3 -(HISTCON-)3.893 E(TR)144 240 Q(OL)-.27 E F4(.)A F1 1.099 -(If the \214rst line w)5.599 F 1.099(as not sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.099 +(HISTIGNORE)144 326.4 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .06 +(If the \214rst line of a multi-line compound command w)4.56 F .06 +(as sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .059(d, the second and sub-).15 F 1.393 +(sequent lines are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 338.4 +R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.394(rdless of the v).05 F 1.394(alue of)-.25 F F3 +(HISTCON-)3.894 E(TR)144 350.4 Q(OL)-.27 E F4(.)A F1 1.099 +(If the \214rst line w)5.6 F 1.099(as not sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.099 (d, the second and subsequent lines of the command are not).15 F(sa)144 -252 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(de).15 G(ither)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2(HISTFILE)108 -264 Q F1 .818(The name of the \214le in which command history is sa)144 -276 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.317(d\().15 G(see)-3.317 E F3(HIST)3.317 E(OR) --.162 E(Y)-.315 E F1(belo)3.067 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(Bash)5.817 E F1 .817 -(assigns a)3.317 F(def)144 288 Q .774(ault v)-.1 F .774(alue of)-.25 F -F0(\001/.bash_history)4.94 E F1 5.774(.I)1.666 G(f)-5.774 E F3(HISTFILE) -3.274 E F1 .775(is unset or null, the shell does not sa)3.024 F 1.075 --.15(ve t)-.2 H .775(he com-).15 F(mand history when it e)144 300 Q -(xits.)-.15 E F2(HISTFILESIZE)108 312 Q F1 1.623 -(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 324 R -1.622(When this v)6.623 F 1.622(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25(va)144 -336 S .124(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary).25 F -2.624(,t)-.65 G 2.624(oc)-2.624 G .125 -(ontain no more than that number of lines by re-)-2.624 F(mo)144 348 Q -.066(ving the oldest entries.)-.15 F .065(The history \214le is also tr\ -uncated to this size after writing it when a shell)5.066 F -.15(ex)144 -360 S .407(its or by the).15 F F2(history)2.908 E F1 -.2(bu)2.908 G +362.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(de).15 G(ither)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2(HISTFILE)108 +374.4 Q F1 .817(The name of the \214le in which command history is sa) +144 386.4 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.318(d\().15 G(see)-3.318 E F3(HIST)3.318 E +(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F1(belo)3.068 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(Bash)5.818 E F1 +.818(assigns a)3.318 F(def)144 398.4 Q .775(ault v)-.1 F .775(alue of) +-.25 F F0(\001/.bash_history)4.941 E F1 5.775(.I)1.666 G(f)-5.775 E F3 +(HISTFILE)3.275 E F1 .774(is unset or null, the shell does not sa)3.025 +F 1.074 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .774(he com-).15 F(mand history when it e)144 +410.4 Q(xits.)-.15 E F2(HISTFILESIZE)108 422.4 Q F1 1.622 +(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 434.4 +R 1.623(When this v)6.623 F 1.623(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25(va) +144 446.4 S .125(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary).25 +F 2.625(,t)-.65 G 2.624(oc)-2.625 G .124 +(ontain no more than that number of lines by re-)-2.624 F(mo)144 458.4 Q +.065(ving the oldest entries.)-.15 F .066(The history \214le is also tr\ +uncated to this size after writing it when a shell)5.065 F -.15(ex)144 +470.4 S .408(its or by the).15 F F2(history)2.908 E F1 -.2(bu)2.908 G 2.908(iltin. If).2 F .408(the v)2.908 F .408 (alue is 0, the history \214le is truncated to zero size.)-.25 F -(Non-nu-)5.408 E .406(meric v)144 372 R .406(alues and numeric v)-.25 F -.405(alues less than zero inhibit truncation.)-.25 F .405 -(The shell sets the def)5.405 F .405(ault v)-.1 F(alue)-.25 E(to the v) -144 384 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTSIZE)2.5 E F1(after reading an)2.25 E -2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F2(HISTIGNORE)108 396 Q F1 2.657 -(Ac)144 408 S .157(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide which\ - command lines should be sa)-2.657 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.658(do).15 G 2.658 -(nt)-2.658 G .158(he his-)-2.658 F .997(tory list.)144 420 R .997 -(If a command line matches one of the patterns in the v)5.997 F .996 -(alue of)-.25 F F3(HISTIGNORE)3.496 E F4(,)A F1 .996(it is not)3.246 F -(sa)144 432 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.771(do).15 G 2.771(nt)-2.771 G .271 -(he history list.)-2.771 F .271(Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.271 -F .271(ginning of the line and must match the)-.15 F .087 -(complete line \()144 444 R F2(bash)A F1 .087(does not)2.587 F .086 +(Non-nu-)5.407 E .405(meric v)144 482.4 R .405(alues and numeric v)-.25 +F .405(alues less than zero inhibit truncation.)-.25 F .406 +(The shell sets the def)5.405 F .406(ault v)-.1 F(alue)-.25 E(to the v) +144 494.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTSIZE)2.5 E F1(after reading an)2.25 E +2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F2(HISTIGNORE)108 506.4 Q F1 2.658 +(Ac)144 518.4 S .158(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide whi\ +ch command lines should be sa)-2.658 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.657(do).15 G +2.657(nt)-2.657 G .157(he his-)-2.657 F .996(tory list.)144 530.4 R .996 +(If a command line matches one of the patterns in the v)5.996 F .997 +(alue of)-.25 F F3(HISTIGNORE)3.497 E F4(,)A F1 .997(it is not)3.247 F +(sa)144 542.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.772(do).15 G 2.772(nt)-2.772 G .271 +(he history list.)-2.772 F .271(Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.271 +F .271(ginning of the line and must match the)-.15 F .086 +(complete line \()144 554.4 R F2(bash)A F1 .086(does not)2.586 F .086 (implicitly append a \231)5.086 F F2(*)A F1 2.586(\232\). Each)B .086 -(pattern is tested ag)2.586 F .086(ainst the line after)-.05 F 2.252 -(the checks speci\214ed by)144 456 R F3(HISTCONTR)4.752 E(OL)-.27 E F1 +(pattern is tested ag)2.586 F .087(ainst the line after)-.05 F 2.252 +(the checks speci\214ed by)144 566.4 R F3(HISTCONTR)4.752 E(OL)-.27 E F1 2.252(are applied.)4.502 F 2.252 -(In addition to the normal shell pattern)7.252 F 1.386 -(matching characters, \231)144 468 R F2(&)A F1 3.886<9a6d>C 1.386 -(atches the pre)-3.886 F 1.385(vious history line.)-.25 F 3.885(Ab)6.385 -G 1.385(ackslash escapes the \231)-3.885 F F2(&)A F1 1.385(\232; the)B -.775(backslash is remo)144 480 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.275(db).15 G .775 -(efore attempting a match.)-3.275 F .776 +(In addition to the normal shell pattern)7.252 F 1.385 +(matching characters, \231)144 578.4 R F2(&)A F1 3.885<9a6d>C 1.385 +(atches the pre)-3.885 F 1.385(vious history line.)-.25 F 3.886(Ab)6.385 +G 1.386(ackslash escapes the \231)-3.886 F F2(&)A F1 1.386(\232; the)B +.776(backslash is remo)144 590.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.276(db).15 G .776 +(efore attempting a match.)-3.276 F .775 (If the \214rst line of a multi-line compound com-)5.775 F .76(mand w) -144 492 R .76(as sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .76(d, the second and subsequen\ -t lines are not tested, and are added to the history re-).15 F -.05(ga) -144 504 S .579(rdless of the v).05 F .579(alue of)-.25 F F3(HISTIGNORE) -3.079 E F4(.)A F1 .579(If the \214rst line w)5.079 F .579(as not sa)-.1 -F -.15(ve)-.2 G .579(d, the second and subsequent).15 F .262 -(lines of the command are not sa)144 516 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.761(de).15 G -(ither)-2.761 E 5.261(.T)-.55 G .261 -(he pattern matching honors the setting of the)-5.261 F F2(extglob)2.761 -E F1(shell option.)144 528 Q F2(HISTSIZE)108 540 Q F1 1.387 -(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 552 -R F3(HIST)3.887 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F1(belo)3.637 E 3.887(w\). If) --.25 F(the)3.888 E -.25(va)144 564 S 1.321 -(lue is 0, commands are not sa).25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.821(di).15 G 3.821 -(nt)-3.821 G 1.321(he history list.)-3.821 F 1.32(Numeric v)6.32 F 1.32 -(alues less than zero result in)-.25 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)144 576 T .436 -(ry command being sa).25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.936(do).15 G 2.936(nt)-2.936 -G .436(he history list \(there is no limit\).)-2.936 F .437 -(The shell sets the def)5.437 F .437(ault v)-.1 F(alue)-.25 E -(to 500 after reading an)144 588 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E -F2(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 600 Q(T)-.95 E F1 .926(If this v)144 612 R .926 -(ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .925 -(alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F F0(strftime)3.765 E F1 .925 -(\(3\) to print the).18 F .672 -(time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 624 -R F2(history)3.173 E F1 -.2(bu)3.173 G 3.173(iltin. If).2 F .673(this v) -3.173 F .673(ariable is)-.25 F .454 -(set, the shell writes time stamps to the history \214le so the)144 636 -R 2.954(ym)-.15 G .454(ay be preserv)-2.954 F .454 -(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This uses the history comment charact\ -er to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 648 Q F2 -(HOME)108 660 Q F1 1.27(The home directory of the current user; the def) -144 672 R 1.27(ault ar)-.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F2(cd)3.77 E F1 --.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 684 S -(lue of this v).25 E(ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E -(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(HOSTFILE)108 696 Q F1 1.015 -(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 708 R F0 -(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F1 1.015(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F -.55(needs to complete a hostname.)144 720 R .551 -(The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(18)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +144 602.4 R .76(as sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .76(d, the second and subsequ\ +ent lines are not tested, and are added to the history re-).15 F -.05 +(ga)144 614.4 S .58(rdless of the v).05 F .579(alue of)-.25 F F3 +(HISTIGNORE)3.079 E F4(.)A F1 .579(If the \214rst line w)5.079 F .579 +(as not sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .579(d, the second and subsequent).15 F +.261(lines of the command are not sa)144 626.4 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.761(de) +.15 G(ither)-2.761 E 5.261(.T)-.55 G .261 +(he pattern matching honors the setting of the)-5.261 F F2(extglob)2.762 +E F1(shell option.)144 638.4 Q F3(HISTIGNORE)144 650.4 Q F1 .083 +(subsumes some of the function of)2.333 F F3(HISTCONTR)2.583 E(OL)-.27 E +F4(.)A F1 2.583(Ap)4.583 G .083(attern of \231&\232 is identical to) +-2.583 F .322(\231ignoredups\232, and a pattern of \231[ ]*\232 is iden\ +tical to \231ignorespace\232.)144 662.4 R .322(Combining these tw)5.322 +F 2.823(op)-.1 G(atterns,)-2.823 E(separating them with a colon, pro)144 +674.4 Q(vides the functionality of \231ignoreboth\232.)-.15 E F2 +(HISTSIZE)108 686.4 Q F1 1.387 +(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 +698.4 R F3(HIST)3.887 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F1(belo)3.637 E 3.887 +(w\). If)-.25 F(the)3.887 E -.25(va)144 710.4 S 1.32 +(lue is 0, commands are not sa).25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.82(di).15 G 3.821 +(nt)-3.82 G 1.321(he history list.)-3.821 F 1.321(Numeric v)6.321 F +1.321(alues less than zero result in)-.25 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)144 722.4 T +.437(ry command being sa).25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.937(do).15 G 2.937(nt) +-2.937 G .437(he history list \(there is no limit\).)-2.937 F .436 +(The shell sets the def)5.436 F .436(ault v)-.1 F(alue)-.25 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(18)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 19 19 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 1.059(the shell is running; the ne)144 84 R 1.059 -(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.058 -(alue is changed,)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)144 96 Q F1 .138 -(adds the contents of the ne)2.638 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(to 500 after reading an)144 84 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 96 Q(T) +-.95 E F1 .925(If this v)144 108 R .925 +(ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .926 +(alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F F0(strftime)3.766 E F1 .926 +(\(3\) to print the).18 F .673 +(time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 120 +R F2(history)3.173 E F1 -.2(bu)3.172 G 3.172(iltin. If).2 F .672(this v) +3.172 F .672(ariable is)-.25 F .454 +(set, the shell writes time stamps to the history \214le so the)144 132 +R 2.954(ym)-.15 G .454(ay be preserv)-2.954 F .455 +(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This uses the history comment charact\ +er to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 144 Q F2 +(HOME)108 156 Q F1 1.27(The home directory of the current user; the def) +144 168 R 1.27(ault ar)-.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F2(cd)3.77 E F1 +-.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 180 S +(lue of this v).25 E(ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E +(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(HOSTFILE)108 192 Q F1 1.015 +(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 204 R F0 +(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F1 1.015(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F +.551(needs to complete a hostname.)144 216 R .551 +(The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F +1.058(the shell is running; the ne)144 228 R 1.059 +(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.059 +(alue is changed,)-.25 F F2(bash)144 240 Q F1 .138 +(adds the contents of the ne)2.639 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) -2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F1 .138(is set, b)2.388 F .139(ut has no v)-.2 F .139 -(alue, or)-.25 F .518(does not name a readable \214le,)144 108 R F2 -(bash)3.018 E F1 .518(attempts to read)3.018 F F0(/etc/hosts)4.683 E F1 -.517(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.683 F(name completions.)144 -120 Q(When)5 E F3(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F1(is unset,)2.25 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -(clears the the hostname list.)2.5 E F2(IFS)108 132 Q F1(The)144 132 Q -F0 .555(Internal F)3.635 F .555(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F1 .555 -(that is used for w)3.785 F .556(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .556 -(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 144 S .054 -(rds with the).1 F F2 -.18(re)2.554 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.554 G .054 -(iltin command.).2 F -.8(Wo)5.054 G .053(rd splitting is described belo) -.8 F 2.553(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.553 E F3(EXP)2.553 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(The)4.553 E(def)144 156 Q(ault v)-.1 E +(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F1 .138(is set, b)2.388 F .138(ut has no v)-.2 F .138 +(alue, or)-.25 F .517(does not name a readable \214le,)144 252 R F2 +(bash)3.017 E F1 .517(attempts to read)3.017 F F0(/etc/hosts)4.684 E F1 +.518(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.684 F(name completions.)144 +264 Q(When)5 E F3(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F1(is unset,)2.25 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1 +(clears the hostname list.)2.5 E F2(IFS)108 276 Q F1(The)144 276 Q F0 +.556(Internal F)3.636 F .556(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F1 .556 +(that is used for w)3.786 F .556(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .555 +(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 288 S .053 +(rds with the).1 F F2 -.18(re)2.553 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.553 G .053 +(iltin command.).2 F -.8(Wo)5.053 G .054(rd splitting is described belo) +.8 F 2.554(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.554 E F3(EXP)2.554 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(The)4.554 E(def)144 300 Q(ault v)-.1 E (alue is \231\232.)-.25 E F2(IGNOREEOF)108 -168 Q F1 .503(Controls the action of an interacti)144 180 R .803 -.15 +312 Q F1 .503(Controls the action of an interacti)144 324 R .803 -.15 (ve s)-.25 H .503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F3(EOF)3.003 E F1 .503 -(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .504(If set,)5.504 F .426(the v) -144 192 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F3 +(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .503(If set,)5.503 F .426(the v) +144 336 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F3 (EOF)3.076 E F1 .426 (characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .46 -(on an input line before)144 204 R F2(bash)2.96 E F1 -.15(ex)2.96 G 2.96 +(on an input line before)144 348 R F2(bash)2.96 E F1 -.15(ex)2.96 G 2.96 (its. If).15 F .46(the v)2.96 F .46(ariable is set b)-.25 F .46 (ut does not ha)-.2 F .76 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .46(umeric v).15 F .46 -(alue, or the)-.25 F -.25(va)144 216 S(lue is null, the def).25 E +(alue, or the)-.25 F -.25(va)144 360 S(lue is null, the def).25 E (ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it is unset,)5 E F3(EOF)2.5 E F1 -(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F2(INPUTRC)108 228 Q -F1 .112(The \214lename for the)144 240 R F2 -.18(re)2.612 G(adline).18 E +(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F2(INPUTRC)108 372 Q +F1 .111(The \214lename for the)144 384 R F2 -.18(re)2.612 G(adline).18 E F1 .112(startup \214le, o)2.612 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .112(rriding the def) .15 F .112(ault of)-.1 F F0(\001/.inputr)4.278 E(c)-.37 E F1(\(see)4.278 -E F3(READLINE)2.611 E F1(be-)2.361 E(lo)144 252 Q(w\).)-.25 E F2 -(INSIDE_EMA)108 264 Q(CS)-.55 E F1 .033(If this v)144 276 R .033 -(ariable appears in the en)-.25 F .033(vironment when the shell starts,) --.4 F F2(bash)2.534 E F1 .034(assumes that it is running in-)2.534 F -(side an Emacs shell b)144 288 Q(uf)-.2 E +E F3(READLINE)2.612 E F1(be-)2.362 E(lo)144 396 Q(w\).)-.25 E F2 +(INSIDE_EMA)108 408 Q(CS)-.55 E F1 .034(If this v)144 420 R .034 +(ariable appears in the en)-.25 F .034(vironment when the shell starts,) +-.4 F F2(bash)2.533 E F1 .033(assumes that it is running in-)2.533 F +(side an Emacs shell b)144 432 Q(uf)-.2 E (fer and may disable line editing, depending on the v)-.25 E(alue of) --.25 E F3(TERM)2.5 E F4(.)A F2(LANG)108 300 Q F1 1.24 -(Used to determine the locale cate)144 300 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F -3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.239 +-.25 E F3(TERM)2.5 E F4(.)A F2(LANG)108 444 Q F1 1.239 +(Used to determine the locale cate)144 444 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F +3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.24 (gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E -(starting with)144 312 Q F2(LC_)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(LC_ALL)108 324 Q F1 .973 -(This v)144 336 R .973(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .973 +(starting with)144 456 Q F2(LC_)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(LC_ALL)108 468 Q F1 .974 +(This v)144 480 R .974(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .974 (rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F3(LANG)3.473 E F1 .973(and an) 3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F2(LC_)3.473 E F1 -.25(va)3.473 G -.974(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 348 Q(.)-.65 E F2 -(LC_COLLA)108 360 Q(TE)-.95 E F1 .412(This v)144 372 R .412(ariable det\ +.973(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 492 Q(.)-.65 E F2 +(LC_COLLA)108 504 Q(TE)-.95 E F1 .411(This v)144 516 R .412(ariable det\ ermines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname e) --.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.464(and determines the beha)144 384 R 1.464 -(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.465(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G -1.465(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144 -396 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F2(LC_CTYPE)108 408 Q F1 -1.936(This v)144 420 R 1.936 +-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.465(and determines the beha)144 528 R 1.465 +(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.464(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G +1.464(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144 +540 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F2(LC_CTYPE)108 552 Q F1 +1.935(This v)144 564 R 1.936 (ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F -1.935(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 432 Q -(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F2(LC_MESSA)108 444 Q(GES)-.55 E -F1(This v)144 456 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ +1.936(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 576 Q +(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F2(LC_MESSA)108 588 Q(GES)-.55 E +F1(This v)144 600 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F2($)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(LC_NUMERIC) -108 468 Q F1(This v)144 480 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E -(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F2(LC_TIME)108 492 Q F1(This v) -144 504 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E -(gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F2(LINES)108 516 Q F1 -.054(Used by the)144 516 R F2(select)2.554 E F1 .054(compound command t\ -o determine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.554 F .265 -(Automatically set if the)144 528 R F2(checkwinsize)2.765 E F1 .264 -(option is enabled or in an interacti)2.765 F .564 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .264 -(hell upon receipt of a).15 F F3(SIGWINCH)144 540 Q F4(.)A F2(MAIL)108 -552 Q F1 .463(If the v)144 552 R .464 +108 612 Q F1(This v)144 624 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E +(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F2(LC_TIME)108 636 Q F1(This v) +144 648 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E +(gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F2(LINES)108 660 Q F1 +.055(Used by the)144 660 R F2(select)2.555 E F1 .054(compound command t\ +o determine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.555 F .264 +(Automatically set if the)144 672 R F2(checkwinsize)2.764 E F1 .264 +(option is enabled or in an interacti)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .265 +(hell upon receipt of a).15 F F3(SIGWINCH)144 684 Q F4(.)A F2(MAIL)108 +696 Q F1 .464(If the v)144 696 R .464 (alue is set to a \214le or directory name and the)-.25 F F3(MAILP)2.964 -E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 -.25(va)2.714 G .464(riable is not set,) -.25 F F2(bash)2.964 E F1(informs)2.964 E(the user of the arri)144 564 Q +E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 -.25(va)2.714 G .463(riable is not set,) +.25 F F2(bash)2.963 E F1(informs)2.963 E(the user of the arri)144 708 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5(fm)-2.5 G (ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E(-format directory)-.2 E -(.)-.65 E F2(MAILCHECK)108 576 Q F1 .099(Speci\214es ho)144 588 R 2.599 -(wo)-.25 G .099(ften \(in seconds\))-2.599 F F2(bash)2.598 E F1 .098 -(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def)5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.) --.1 F .098(When it is time)5.098 F .223(to check for mail, the shell do\ -es so before displaying the primary prompt.)144 600 R .224(If this v) -5.224 F .224(ariable is unset,)-.25 F(or set to a v)144 612 Q(alue that\ - is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail\ - checking.)-.25 E F2(MAILP)108 624 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 2.99(Ac) -144 636 S .49(olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49 +(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(19)188.45 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 20 20 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAILCHECK)108 84 Q F1 .098 +(Speci\214es ho)144 96 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\))-2.598 +F F2(bash)2.598 E F1 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def)5.098 F +.098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099(When it is time)5.099 F .224(to che\ +ck for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt.)144 +108 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F +(or set to a v)144 120 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\ +l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F2(MAILP)108 132 Q +-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 2.99(Ac)144 144 S .49 +(olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49 (ed for mail.)-.1 F .49(The message to be printed when mail)5.49 F(arri) -144 648 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.633(si).15 G 3.633(nap)-3.633 G 1.134(articu\ +144 156 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.634(si).15 G 3.634(nap)-3.634 G 1.134(articu\ lar \214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214lename from the mes\ -sage with a)-3.633 F 2.559(\231?\232. When)144 660 R .059 +sage with a)-3.634 F 2.558(\231?\232. When)144 168 R .059 (used in the te)2.559 F .059(xt of the message,)-.15 F F2($_)2.559 E F1 -.15(ex)2.559 G .059(pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 F --.15(Fo)5.059 G 2.558(re).15 G(x-)-2.708 E(ample:)144 672 Q/F5 10 -/Courier-Bold@0 SF(MAILPATH)144 684 Q/F6 10/Courier@0 SF(=\010/var/mail\ +-.15(Fo)5.059 G 2.559(re).15 G(x-)-2.709 E(ample:)144 180 Q/F3 10 +/Courier-Bold@0 SF(MAILPATH)144 192 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(=\010/var/mail\ /bfox?"You have mail":\001/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010)A F2(Bash) -144 696 Q F1 .015(can be con\214gured to supply a def)2.515 F .015 +144 204 Q F1 .015(can be con\214gured to supply a def)2.515 F .015 (ault v)-.1 F .015(alue for this v)-.25 F .015(ariable \(there is no v) -.25 F .015(alue by def)-.25 F .015(ault\), b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E(the locati\ on of the user mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v) -144 708 Q(ar/mail/)-.25 E F2($USER)A F1(\).)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(19)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 20 20 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTERR)108 84 Q F1 .39 -(If set to the v)144 96 R .39(alue 1,)-.25 F F2(bash)2.89 E F1 .389 -(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F2(getopts)2.889 E F1 --.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .359 -(SHELL B)144 108 R(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.609 E -(w\).)-.25 E F3(OPTERR)5.359 E F1 .36 -(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 120 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) -.15 E F2 -.74(PA)108 132 S(TH)-.21 E F1 .588 -(The search path for commands.)144 132 R .587 +144 216 Q(ar/mail/)-.25 E F2($USER)A F1(\).)A F2(OPTERR)108 228 Q F1 +.389(If set to the v)144 240 R .389(alue 1,)-.25 F F2(bash)2.889 E F1 +.389(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F2(getopts)2.89 E +F1 -.2(bu)2.89 G .39(iltin command \(see).2 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .36 +(SHELL B)144 252 R(UIL)-.09 E .36(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.61 E +(w\).)-.25 E F5(OPTERR)5.36 E F1 .359 +(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.61 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 264 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) +.15 E F2 -.74(PA)108 276 S(TH)-.21 E F1 .587 +(The search path for commands.)144 276 R .588 (It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks) -5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 144 R F3 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION) -2.971 F F1(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472 -(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 156 S -.536(lue of).25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .535 -(indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 -(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent) --3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 168 R .868 -(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) --.1 F(administrator who installs)144 180 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1 5(.A)C -(common v)-2.5 E(alue is \231/usr/local/bin:/usr/lo-)-.25 E -(cal/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin\232.)144 192 Q F2(POSIXL)108 204 -Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F1 .402(If this v)144 216 R .402 +5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 288 R F5 .472(COMMAND EXECUTION) +2.972 F F1(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471 +(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 300 S +.535(lue of).25 F F5 -.666(PA)3.035 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .535 +(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 +(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent) +-3.036 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 312 R .868 +(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) +-.1 F(administrator who installs)144 324 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1 5(.A)C +(common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E F4 +(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)169 336 Q +F2(POSIXL)108 348 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F1 .401(If this v)144 360 R .401 (ariable is in the en)-.25 F .401(vironment when)-.4 F F2(bash)2.901 E -F1 .401(starts, the shell enters posix mode before reading)2.901 F .011 -(the startup \214les, as if the)144 228 R F2(\255\255posix)2.511 E F1 +F1 .402(starts, the shell enters posix mode before reading)2.901 F .011 +(the startup \214les, as if the)144 372 R F2(\255\255posix)2.511 E F1 (in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011 -(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 240 Q F2(bash) +(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 384 Q F2(bash) 3.344 E F1 .844(enables posix mode, as if the command \231set \255o pos\ ix\232 had been e)3.344 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.344(cuted. When).15 F -(the shell enters posix mode, it sets this v)144 252 Q(ariable if it w) --.25 E(as not already set.)-.1 E F2(PR)108 264 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F1 -.155(If this v)144 276 R .155(ariable is set, and is an array)-.25 F +(the shell enters posix mode, it sets this v)144 396 Q(ariable if it w) +-.25 E(as not already set.)-.1 E F2(PR)108 408 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F1 +.155(If this v)144 420 R .155(ariable is set, and is an array)-.25 F 2.655(,t)-.65 G .155(he v)-2.655 F .155(alue of each set element is e) -.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .155(cuted as a command prior).15 F .407 -(to issuing each primary prompt.)144 288 R .407(If this is set b)5.407 F +(to issuing each primary prompt.)144 432 R .407(If this is set b)5.407 F .407(ut not an array v)-.2 F .407(ariable, its v)-.25 F .407 -(alue is used as a com-)-.25 F(mand to e)144 300 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cute instead.).15 E F2(PR)108 312 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F1 .676 -(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 324 R .676 +(alue is used as a com-)-.25 F(mand to e)144 444 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cute instead.).15 E F2(PR)108 456 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F1 .676 +(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 468 R .676 (alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923 -(nents to retain when e)144 336 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F2(\\w)3.423 +(nents to retain when e)144 480 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F2(\\w)3.423 E F1(and)3.423 E F2(\\W)3.423 E F1 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) -3.423 F F3(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F1(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E -(Characters remo)144 348 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G -(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F2(PS0)108 360 Q F1 1.174(The v) -144 360 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) --.15 F F3(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F1(belo)3.424 E 1.174 +3.423 F F5(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F1(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E +(Characters remo)144 492 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F2(PS0)108 504 Q F1 1.174(The v) +144 504 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) +-.15 F F5(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F1(belo)3.424 E 1.174 (w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 372 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(PS1)108 384 Q F1 .065(The v)144 384 R -.065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F3(PR) +(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 516 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(PS1)108 528 Q F1 .064(The v)144 528 R +.065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F5(PR) 2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F1(belo)2.315 E .065 -(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 396 R +(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 540 R (def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \231\\s\255\\v\\$ \232.)-.25 E F2(PS2) -108 408 Q F1 .117(The v)144 408 R .117(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 -F .117(xpanded as with)-.15 F F3(PS1)2.617 E F1 .118 -(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The)5.118 E(def)144 -420 Q(ault is \231> \232.)-.1 E F2(PS3)108 432 Q F1 1.116(The v)144 432 +108 552 Q F1 .118(The v)144 552 R .118(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 +F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F5(PS1)2.617 E F1 .117 +(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The)5.117 E(def)144 +564 Q(ault is \231> \232.)-.1 E F2(PS3)108 576 Q F1 1.115(The v)144 576 R 1.115(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F2 -(select)3.615 E F1 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F3 1.115(SHELL GRAM-) -3.615 F(MAR)144 444 Q F1(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(PS4)108 -456 Q F1 .1(The v)144 456 R .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .1 -(xpanded as with)-.15 F F3(PS1)2.6 E F1 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101 -(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F2(bash)144 468 Q F1 .335 -(displays during an e)2.835 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F +(select)3.615 E F1 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F5 1.116(SHELL GRAM-) +3.616 F(MAR)144 588 Q F1(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(PS4)108 +600 Q F1 .101(The v)144 600 R .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F +.101(xpanded as with)-.15 F F5(PS1)2.6 E F1 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1 +(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F2(bash)144 612 Q F1 .334 +(displays during an e)2.834 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335(cution trace.).15 F .335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335(xpanded v)-.15 F .335 -(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)2.834 E F1 .334(is repli-)2.584 F -(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 480 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 +(alue of)-.25 F F5(PS4)2.835 E F1 .335(is repli-)2.585 F +(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 624 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.).15 E -(The def)5 E(ault is \231+ \232.)-.1 E F2(SHELL)108 492 Q F1 .542 -(This v)144 504 R .542(ariable e)-.25 F .542 -(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .543 -(If it is not set when the shell starts,)5.543 F F2(bash)3.043 E F1 -(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 516 Q 2.5(sl) --.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F2(TIMEFORMA)108 528 Q(T)-.95 E F1 .827(The v) -144 540 R .826 +(The def)5 E(ault is \231+ \232.)-.1 E F2(SHELL)108 636 Q F1 .543 +(This v)144 648 R .543(ariable e)-.25 F .543 +(xpands to the full pathname to the shell.)-.15 F .542 +(If it is not set when the shell starts,)5.543 F F2(bash)3.042 E F1 +(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')144 660 Q 2.5(sl) +-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F2(TIMEFORMA)108 672 Q(T)-.95 E F1 .826(The v) +144 684 R .826 (alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F -3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648 -(pipelines pre\214x)144 552 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F2(time)3.148 E F1 -(reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F -(The)5.649 E F2(%)3.149 E F1 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712 -(an escape sequence that is e)144 564 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F -.711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F -(and their meanings are as follo)144 576 Q(ws; the brack)-.25 E -(ets denote optional portions.)-.1 E F2(%%)144 588 Q F1 2.5(Al)194 588 S -(iteral)-2.5 E F2(%)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(%[)144 600 Q F0(p)A F2(][l]R)A F1 -(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 600 Q F2(%[)144 612 Q F0(p)A F2(][l]U) -A F1(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 612 Q F2(%[)144 -624 Q F0(p)A F2(][l]S)A F1 -(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 624 Q F2(%P)144 636 -Q F1(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 636 Q .87 -(The optional)144 652.8 R F0(p)3.37 E F1 .87(is a digit specifying the) -3.37 F F0(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F1 3.37(,t)C .87 -(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.67(point. A) -144 664.8 R -.25(va)2.67 G .17 -(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F F2 -(time)5.169 E F1 .169(prints at most six digits)2.669 F 1.21 -(after the decimal point; v)144 676.8 R 1.21(alues of)-.25 F F0(p)3.71 E -F1 1.211(greater than 6 are changed to 6.)3.71 F(If)6.211 E F0(p)3.711 E -F1 1.211(is not speci\214ed,)3.711 F F2(time)3.711 E F1 -(prints three digits after the decimal point.)144 688.8 Q .668 -(The optional)144 705.6 R F2(l)3.168 E F1 .668 -(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F F0 -(MM)3.168 E F1(m)A F0(SS)A F1(.)A F0(FF)A F1 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va) -3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 717.6 Q F0(p)2.5 E F1 -(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3) -72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(20)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649 +(pipelines pre\214x)144 696 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F2(time)3.149 E F1 +(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F +(The)5.648 E F2(%)3.148 E F1 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711 +(an escape sequence that is e)144 708 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F +.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F +(and their meanings are as follo)144 720 Q(ws; the brack)-.25 E +(ets denote optional portions.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(20)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 21 21 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 13.364(If this v)144 84 R 13.364 -(ariable is not set,)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)15.865 E F1 -13.365(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F2($\010\\nr)144 96 -Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F1 5.293(.I)C 2.793 -(ft)-5.293 G .293(he v)-2.793 F .293(alue is null,)-.25 F F2(bash)2.793 -E F1 .292(does not display an)2.793 F 2.792(yt)-.15 G(iming)-2.792 E 2.5 -(information. A)144 108 R(trailing ne)2.5 E +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%%)144 84 Q F1 2.5(Al)194 84 +S(iteral)-2.5 E F2(%)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(%[)144 96 Q F0(p)A F2(][l]R)A F1 +(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 96 Q F2(%[)144 108 Q F0(p)A F2(][l]U)A +F1(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 108 Q F2(%[)144 120 +Q F0(p)A F2(][l]S)A F1(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.) +194 120 Q F2(%P)144 132 Q F1 +(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 132 Q .87 +(The optional)144 148.8 R F0(p)3.37 E F1 .87(is a digit specifying the) +3.37 F F0(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F1 3.37(,t)C .87 +(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.669(point. A) +144 160.8 R -.25(va)2.669 G .169 +(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F F2 +(time)5.17 E F1 .17(prints at most six digits)2.67 F 1.211 +(after the decimal point; v)144 172.8 R 1.211(alues of)-.25 F F0(p)3.711 +E F1 1.211(greater than 6 are changed to 6.)3.711 F(If)6.21 E F0(p)3.71 +E F1 1.21(is not speci\214ed,)3.71 F F2(time)3.71 E F1 +(prints three digits after the decimal point.)144 184.8 Q .667 +(The optional)144 201.6 R F2(l)3.167 E F1 .668 +(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F F0 +(MM)3.168 E F1(m)A F0(SS)A F1(.)A F0(FF)A F1 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va) +3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 213.6 Q F0(p)2.5 E F1 +(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.365 +(If this v)144 230.4 R 13.365(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F2(bash)15.865 +E F1 13.364(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F2($\010\\nr) +144 242.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F1 5.292 +(.I)C 2.792(ft)-5.292 G .292(he v)-2.792 F .293(alue is null,)-.25 F F2 +(bash)2.793 E F1 .293(does not display an)2.793 F 2.793(yt)-.15 G(iming) +-2.793 E 2.5(information. A)144 254.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E (wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F2(TMOUT)108 -120 Q F1 .225(If set to a v)144 132 R .225(alue greater than zero, the) --.25 F F2 -.18(re)2.725 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.725 G .225 -(iltin uses the v).2 F .226(alue as its def)-.25 F .226(ault timeout.) --.1 F(The)5.226 E F2(select)2.726 E F1 .68 -(command terminates if input does not arri)144 144 R .98 -.15(ve a)-.25 -H(fter).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)3.18 E F1 .68 -(seconds when input is coming from a)2.93 F 2.555(terminal. In)144 156 R -.055(an interacti)2.555 F .355 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .055(hell, the v).15 F +266.4 Q F1 .226(If set to a v)144 278.4 R .225 +(alue greater than zero, the)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)2.725 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2 +(bu)2.725 G .225(iltin uses the v).2 F .225(alue as its def)-.25 F .225 +(ault timeout.)-.1 F(The)5.225 E F2(select)2.725 E F1 .68 +(command terminates if input does not arri)144 290.4 R .98 -.15(ve a) +-.25 H(fter).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)3.18 E F1 .68 +(seconds when input is coming from a)2.93 F 2.555(terminal. In)144 302.4 +R .055(an interacti)2.555 F .355 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .055(hell, the v).15 F .055(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to w)-.25 F .055 (ait for a line)-.1 F .836(of input after issuing the primary prompt.) -144 168 R F2(Bash)5.836 E F1 .836(terminates after w)3.336 F .836 +144 314.4 R F2(Bash)5.836 E F1 .836(terminates after w)3.336 F .836 (aiting for that number of sec-)-.1 F -(onds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 180 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(.).15 E F2(TMPDIR)108 192 Q F1 .39(If set,)144 204 R F2(bash)2.89 E F1 -.39(uses its v)2.89 F .39(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 -F F2(bash)2.891 E F1 .391(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F -(shell')144 216 Q 2.5(su)-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F2(auto_r)108 228 Q(esume) --.18 E F1 .531(This v)144 240 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031 -(wt)-.25 G .531(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 -F .53(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .409 -(simple commands consisting of only a single w)144 252 R .409 -(ord, without redirections, are treated as candidates)-.1 F 1.018 -(for resumption of an e)144 264 R 1.018(xisting stopped job)-.15 F 6.018 -(.T)-.4 G 1.017(here is no ambiguity allo)-6.018 F 1.017 -(wed; if there is more than)-.25 F 1.002(one job be)144 276 R 1.002 +(onds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 326.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G(.).15 E F2(TMPDIR)108 338.4 Q F1 .391(If set,)144 350.4 R F2(bash) +2.891 E F1 .391(uses its v)2.891 F .391 +(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F2(bash)2.89 E F1 .39 +(creates temporary \214les for the)2.89 F(shell')144 362.4 Q 2.5(su)-.55 +G(se.)-2.5 E F2(auto_r)108 374.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F1 .53(This v)144 386.4 +R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531 +(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531 +(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .409 +(simple commands consisting of only a single w)144 398.4 R .409 +(ord, without redirections, are treated as candidates)-.1 F 1.017 +(for resumption of an e)144 410.4 R 1.017(xisting stopped job)-.15 F +6.017(.T)-.4 G 1.018(here is no ambiguity allo)-6.017 F 1.018 +(wed; if there is more than)-.25 F 1.002(one job be)144 422.4 R 1.002 (ginning with or containing the w)-.15 F 1.002 (ord, this selects the most recently accessed job)-.1 F 6.002(.T)-.4 G -(he)-6.002 E F0(name)144.36 288 Q F1 .603 -(of a stopped job, in this conte)3.284 F .603 +(he)-6.002 E F0(name)144.36 434.4 Q F1 .603 +(of a stopped job, in this conte)3.283 F .603 (xt, is the command line used to start it, as displayed by)-.15 F F2 -(jobs)3.103 E F1(.)A 1.078(If set to the v)144 300 R(alue)-.25 E F0 -.2 -(ex)3.578 G(act).2 E F1 3.578(,t).68 G 1.078(he w)-3.578 F 1.079 -(ord must match the name of a stopped job e)-.1 F 1.079 -(xactly; if set to)-.15 F F0(sub-)3.919 E(string)144 312 Q F1 2.572(,t) -.22 G .072(he w)-2.572 F .072 -(ord needs to match a substring of the name of a stopped job)-.1 F 5.071 -(.T)-.4 G(he)-5.071 E F0(substring)2.911 E F1 -.25(va)2.791 G .071 -(lue pro-).25 F .576(vides functionality analogous to the)144 324 R F2 +(jobs)3.104 E F1(.)A 1.079(If set to the v)144 446.4 R(alue)-.25 E F0 +-.2(ex)3.579 G(act).2 E F1 3.579(,t).68 G 1.079(he w)-3.579 F 1.078 +(ord must match the name of a stopped job e)-.1 F 1.078 +(xactly; if set to)-.15 F F0(sub-)3.918 E(string)144 458.4 Q F1 2.571 +(,t).22 G .071(he w)-2.571 F .072 +(ord needs to match a substring of the name of a stopped job)-.1 F 5.072 +(.T)-.4 G(he)-5.072 E F0(substring)2.912 E F1 -.25(va)2.792 G .072 +(lue pro-).25 F .576(vides functionality analogous to the)144 470.4 R F2 (%?)3.076 E F1 .576(job identi\214er \(see)5.576 F F3 .576(JOB CONTR) 3.076 F(OL)-.27 E F1(belo)2.826 E 3.076(w\). If)-.25 F .576(set to an) -3.076 F(y)-.15 E .843(other v)144 336 R .843(alue \(e.g.,)-.25 F F0(pr) -4.593 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 .843(\), the w).53 F .842 -(ord must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')-.1 F 3.342(sn)-.55 G .842 -(ame; this pro)-3.342 F .842(vides func-)-.15 F -(tionality analogous to the)144 348 Q F2(%)2.5 E F0(string)A F1 -(job identi\214er)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2(histchars)108 360 Q F1 .672(The tw) -144 372 R 3.172(oo)-.1 G 3.172(rt)-3.172 G .672 -(hree characters which control history e)-3.172 F .673 +3.076 F(y)-.15 E .842(other v)144 482.4 R .842(alue \(e.g.,)-.25 F F0 +(pr)4.592 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 .842(\), the w).53 F .842 +(ord must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')-.1 F 3.343(sn)-.55 G .843 +(ame; this pro)-3.343 F .843(vides func-)-.15 F +(tionality analogous to the)144 494.4 Q F2(%)2.5 E F0(string)A F1 +(job identi\214er)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2(histchars)108 506.4 Q F1 .673 +(The tw)144 518.4 R 3.173(oo)-.1 G 3.173(rt)-3.173 G .673 +(hree characters which control history e)-3.173 F .672 (xpansion, quick substitution, and tok)-.15 F(enization)-.1 E(\(see)144 -384 Q F3(HIST)4.066 E(OR)-.162 E 3.816(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.816 E(ANSION) --.666 E F1(belo)3.816 E 4.066(w\). The)-.25 F 1.565 -(\214rst character is the)4.065 F F0 1.565(history e)4.065 F(xpansion) --.2 E F1(character)4.065 E 4.065(,t)-.4 G(he)-4.065 E .57 -(character which be)144 396 R .57(gins a history e)-.15 F .571 -(xpansion, normally \231)-.15 F F2(!)A F1 3.071(\232. The)B .571 -(second character is the)3.071 F F0(quic)3.071 E 3.071(ks)-.2 G(ub-) --3.071 E(stitution)144 408 Q F1(character)2.785 E 2.785(,n)-.4 G .285 -(ormally \231)-2.785 F F2<00>A F1 2.785(\232. When)B .285 -(it appears as the \214rst character on the line, history substi-)2.785 -F .015(tution repeats the pre)144 420 R .015 -(vious command, replacing one string with another)-.25 F 5.016(.T)-.55 G -.016(he optional third charac-)-5.016 F .431(ter is the character which\ - indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as th\ -e)144 432 R .688(\214rst character of a w)144 444 R .688 -(ord, normally \231)-.1 F F2(#)A F1 3.188(\232. The)B .689 -(history comment character disables history substitu-)3.189 F .405 -(tion for the remaining w)144 456 R .405(ords on the line.)-.1 F .404 -(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the)5.405 F -(rest of the line as a comment.)144 468 Q F2(Arrays)87 484.8 Q(Bash)108 -496.8 Q F1(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G 3.39(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.39 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .891 -(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891 -(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 508.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.698(da).15 G .198(rray; the)-2.698 F F2(declar)2.698 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.2 -(bu)2.698 G .197(iltin e).2 F .197(xplicitly declares an array)-.15 F -5.197(.T)-.65 G .197(here is no maximum limit on the size of an)-5.197 F -(array)108 520.8 Q 3.705(,n)-.65 G 1.205(or an)-3.705 F 3.705(yr)-.15 G -1.205(equirement that members be inde)-3.705 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.705(do) -.15 G 3.705(ra)-3.705 G 1.205(ssigned contiguously)-3.705 F 6.205(.I) --.65 G(nde)-6.205 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.705(da).15 G 1.205(rrays are refer) --3.705 F(-)-.2 E .105(enced using arithmetic e)108 532.8 R .105 -(xpressions that must e)-.15 F .105(xpand to an inte)-.15 F .104 -(ger and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F .404 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .104 -(rrays are).15 F .529(referenced using arbitrary strings.)108 544.8 R -.529(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.029(da).15 G -.529(rray indices must be non-ne)-3.029 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .83 --.15(ve i)-.25 H(n-).15 E(te)108 556.8 Q(gers.)-.15 E 2.463(An inde)108 -573.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463 -(rray is created automatically if an)-4.963 F 4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.462 -(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F F0(name)4.962 E F1([)A -F0(sub-)A(script)108 585.6 Q F1(]=)A F0(value)A F1 5.682(.T)C(he)-5.682 -E F0(subscript)3.522 E F1 .682(is treated as an arithmetic e)3.862 F -.682(xpression that must e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .682 -(luate to a number greater).25 F .75(than or equal to zero.)108 597.6 R -2.349 -.8(To e)5.749 H .749(xplicitly declare an inde).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G 3.249(da).15 G(rray)-3.249 E 3.249(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.249 E F2(declar) -3.249 E 3.249<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.249 E F0(name)3.249 E F1(\(see)3.249 E F3 -.749(SHELL B)3.249 F(UIL)-.09 E(TIN)-.828 E(COMMANDS)108 609.6 Q F1 -(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(declar)5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F0(name) -2.5 E F2([)A F0(subscript)A F2(])A F1(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F0 -(subscript)2.5 E F1(is ignored.)2.5 E(Associati)108 626.4 Q .3 -.15 -(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F2(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 -G(A)-2.5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1(.)A(Attrib)108 643.2 Q .94 -(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941(ariable using the) --.25 F F2(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F1(and)3.441 E F2 -.18(re)3.441 G -(adonly).18 E F1 -.2(bu)3.441 G 3.441(iltins. Each).2 F(attrib)3.441 E -(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 655.2 Q(.)-.65 E .418 -(Arrays are assigned using compound assignments of the form)108 672 R F0 -(name)2.918 E F1(=)A F2(\()A F1 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F0(1)A F1 -2.915 -1.666(... v)2.918 H(alue)-1.916 E F0(n)A F2(\))A F1 2.917(,w)C .417 -(here each)-2.917 F F0(value)2.917 E F1 .156(may be of the form [)108 -684 R F0(subscript)A F1(]=)A F0(string)A F1 5.156(.I)C(nde)-5.156 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.656(da).15 G .156(rray assignments do not require an)-2.656 -F .156(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F0(string)2.656 E F1 5.156(.E)C(ach) --5.156 E F0(value)108 696 Q F1 .216(in the list is e)2.716 F .216 -(xpanded using the shell e)-.15 F .216(xpansions described belo)-.15 F -2.716(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.716 E F3(EXP)2.716 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 -.2(bu)2.466 G(t).2 E F0(value)2.716 E F1 2.715 -(st)C(hat)-2.715 E 1.325(are v)108 708 R 1.325(alid v)-.25 F 1.325 -(ariable assignments including the brack)-.25 F 1.326 -(ets and subscript do not under)-.1 F 1.326(go brace e)-.18 F 1.326 -(xpansion and)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 720 S(rd splitting, as with indi).1 E -(vidual v)-.25 E(ariable assignments.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(21)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +530.4 Q F3(HIST)4.065 E(OR)-.162 E 3.815(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.815 E(ANSION) +-.666 E F1(belo)3.815 E 4.065(w\). The)-.25 F 1.565 +(\214rst character is the)4.065 F F0 1.566(history e)4.066 F(xpansion) +-.2 E F1(character)4.066 E 4.066(,t)-.4 G(he)-4.066 E .571 +(character which be)144 542.4 R .571(gins a history e)-.15 F .571 +(xpansion, normally \231)-.15 F F2(!)A F1 3.071(\232. The)B .57 +(second character is the)3.071 F F0(quic)3.07 E 3.07(ks)-.2 G(ub-)-3.07 +E(stitution)144 554.4 Q F1(character)2.784 E 2.784(,n)-.4 G .284 +(ormally \231)-2.784 F F2<00>A F1 2.784(\232. When)B .285 +(it appears as the \214rst character on the line, history substi-)2.784 +F .016(tution repeats the pre)144 566.4 R .015 +(vious command, replacing one string with another)-.25 F 5.015(.T)-.55 G +.015(he optional third charac-)-5.015 F .543(ter is the)144 578.4 R F0 +.543(history comment)3.043 F F1(character)3.043 E 5.543(,n)-.4 G .543 +(ormally \231)-5.543 F F2(#)A F1 .544 +(\232, which indicates that the remainder of the line)B .25 +(is a comment when it appears as the \214rst character of a w)144 590.4 +R 2.75(ord. The)-.1 F .25(history comment character dis-)2.75 F 1.094 +(ables history substitution for the remaining w)144 602.4 R 1.095 +(ords on the line.)-.1 F 1.095(It does not necessarily cause the)6.095 F +(shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.)144 614.4 Q F2 +(Arrays)87 631.2 Q(Bash)108 643.2 Q F1(pro)3.391 E .891 +(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.391(da).15 G .891 +(nd associati)-3.391 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391 +(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .89(ariable may be used as an) +-3.641 F(inde)108 655.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.697(da).15 G .197(rray; the) +-2.697 F F2(declar)2.697 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.697 G .197(iltin e).2 F +.197(xplicitly declares an array)-.15 F 5.197(.T)-.65 G .197 +(here is no maximum limit on the size of an)-5.197 F(array)108 667.2 Q +3.705(,n)-.65 G 1.205(or an)-3.705 F 3.705(yr)-.15 G 1.205 +(equirement that members be inde)-3.705 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.705(do).15 G +3.705(ra)-3.705 G 1.205(ssigned contiguously)-3.705 F 6.205(.I)-.65 G +(nde)-6.205 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.705(da).15 G 1.205(rrays are refer)-3.705 +F(-)-.2 E .974(enced using arithmetic e)108 679.2 R .974 +(xpressions that must e)-.15 F .974(xpand to an inte)-.15 F .974 +(ger \(see)-.15 F F3 .975(ARITHMETIC EV)3.475 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) +-.54 G(ION).855 E F1(be-)3.225 E(lo)108 691.2 Q .599 +(w\) and are zero-based; associati)-.25 F .899 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .598 +(rrays are referenced using arbitrary strings.).15 F .598 +(Unless otherwise noted,)5.598 F(inde)108 703.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da) +.15 G(rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15 +(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 1.652 +(The shell performs parameter and v)108 720 R 1.652(ariable e)-.25 F +1.652(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.652 +(xpansion, command substitution, and)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(21)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 22 22 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .164(When assigning to inde)108 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.663(da).15 G .163(rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F .163 -(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.663(xi)-.15 G 2.663 -(sa)-2.663 G(ssigned)-2.663 E .459(to; otherwise the inde)108 96 R 2.959 -(xo)-.15 G 2.959(ft)-2.959 G .459(he element assigned is the last inde) --2.959 F 2.96(xa)-.15 G .46(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-2.96 -F(In-)5.46 E(de)108 108 Q(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E 1.288 -(When assigning to an associati)108 124.8 R 1.588 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .553(quote remo)108 84 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.053(lo) +.25 G 3.053(ni)-3.053 G(nde)-3.053 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.053(da).15 G .553 +(rray subscripts.)-3.053 F .552 +(Since this can potentially result in empty strings, subscript in-)5.553 +F(de)108 96 Q(xing treats those as e)-.15 E(xpressions that e)-.15 E +-.25(va)-.25 G(luate to 0.).25 E .115(The shell performs tilde e)108 +112.8 R .116(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .116(ariable e)-.25 F .116 +(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .116(xpansion, command sub-)-.15 F .046 +(stitution, and quote remo)108 124.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.546(lo).25 G +2.546(na)-2.546 G(ssociati)-2.546 E .345 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .045 +(rray subscripts.).15 F .045(Empty strings cannot be used as associati) +5.045 F .345 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(ray k)108 136.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 +G(s.).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)108 153.6 Q F1 +(automatically creates an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +(rray if an)-2.5 E 2.5(yv)-.15 G +(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-2.75 E F0(name)144 165.6 Q F1 +([)A F0(subscript)A F1(]=)A F0(value)A F1(.)2.5 E(The)108 177.6 Q F0 +(subscript)3.181 E F1 .341(is treated as an arithmetic e)3.521 F .342 +(xpression that must e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .342 +(luate to a number greater than or equal to).25 F 2.5(zero. T)108 189.6 +R 2.5(oe)-.8 G(xplicitly declare an inde)-2.65 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da) +.15 G(rray)-2.5 E 2.5(,u)-.65 G(se)-2.5 E F2(declar)144 201.6 Q 2.5 +<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1(\(see)108 213.6 Q/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(declar)144 225.6 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F0 +(name)2.5 E F1([)A F0(subscript)A F1(])A(is also accepted; the)108 237.6 +Q F0(subscript)2.5 E F1(is ignored.)2.5 E(Associati)108 254.4 Q .3 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F2(declar)144 266.4 Q 2.5 +<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1(.)108 278.4 Q(Attrib)108 295.2 Q +.941(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 +(ariable using the)-.25 F F2(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F1(and)3.44 E F2 +-.18(re)3.44 G(adonly).18 E F1 -.2(bu)3.44 G 3.44(iltins. Each).2 F +(attrib)3.44 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 307.2 Q +(.)-.65 E .417 +(Arrays are assigned using compound assignments of the form)108 324 R F0 +(name)2.918 E F1(=)A F2(\()A F1 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F0(1)A F1 -2.914 +1.666(... v)2.918 H(alue)-1.916 E F0(n)A F2(\))A F1 2.918(,w)C .418 +(here each)-2.918 F F0(value)2.918 E F1 .156(may be of the form [)108 +336 R F0(subscript)A F1(]=)A F0(string)A F1 5.156(.I)C(nde)-5.156 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.656(da).15 G .156(rray assignments do not require an)-2.656 +F .156(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F0(string)2.656 E F1 5.156(.E)C(ach) +-5.156 E F0(value)108 348 Q F1 .216(in the list is e)2.715 F .216 +(xpanded using the shell e)-.15 F .216(xpansions described belo)-.15 F +2.716(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.716 E F3(EXP)2.716 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 -.2(bu)2.466 G(t).2 E F0(value)2.716 E F1 2.716 +(st)C(hat)-2.716 E 1.326(are v)108 360 R 1.326(alid v)-.25 F 1.326 +(ariable assignments including the brack)-.25 F 1.326 +(ets and subscript do not under)-.1 F 1.325(go brace e)-.18 F 1.325 +(xpansion and)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 372 S(rd splitting, as with indi).1 E +(vidual v)-.25 E(ariable assignments.)-.25 E .163 +(When assigning to inde)108 388.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163 +(rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F .163 +(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.664(xi)-.15 G 2.664 +(sa)-2.664 G(ssigned)-2.664 E .46(to; otherwise the inde)108 400.8 R +2.96(xo)-.15 G 2.96(ft)-2.96 G .46(he element assigned is the last inde) +-2.96 F 2.959(xa)-.15 G .459(ssigned to by the statement plus one.) +-2.959 F(In-)5.459 E(de)108 412.8 Q(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E 1.288 +(When assigning to an associati)108 429.6 R 1.588 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) .15 E 3.788(,t)-.65 G 1.288(he w)-3.788 F 1.288 (ords in a compound assignment may be either assignment)-.1 F .608 (statements, for which the subscript is required, or a list of w)108 -136.8 R .608(ords that is interpreted as a sequence of alter)-.1 F(-)-.2 -E 1.735(nating k)108 148.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.235(sa).15 G 1.735(nd v) --4.235 F(alues:)-.25 E F0(name)4.235 E F1(=)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()A -F0 -.1(ke)4.235 G 1.735(y1 value1 k)-.2 F -.3(ey)-.1 G 4.235(2v).3 G -(alue2)-4.235 E F1 1.666(...)4.234 G F2(\))-1.666 E F1 6.734(.T)C 1.734 -(hese are treated identically to)-6.734 F F0(name)4.234 E F1(=)A F2(\()A -F1([)108 160.8 Q F0 -.1(ke)C(y1)-.2 E F1(]=)A F0(value1)A F1([)2.91 E F0 --.1(ke)C(y2)-.2 E F1(]=)A F0(value2)A F1 1.666(...)2.91 G F2(\))-1.666 E -F1 5.41(.T)C .41(he \214rst w)-5.41 F .411 -(ord in the list determines ho)-.1 F 2.911(wt)-.25 G .411 -(he remaining w)-2.911 F .411(ords are inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .154 -(preted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type.)108 172.8 R -.153(When using k)5.153 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(/v).15 E .153(alue pairs, the k) --.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.653(sm).15 G .153(ay not be)-2.653 F -(missing or empty; a \214nal missing v)108 184.8 Q(alue is treated lik) --.25 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he empty string.)-2.5 E .239 -(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 201.6 R F2(declar)2.739 E(e) --.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .24 +441.6 R .608(ords that is interpreted as a sequence of alter)-.1 F(-)-.2 +E 1.734(nating k)108 453.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.234(sa).15 G 1.734(nd v) +-4.234 F(alues:)-.25 E F0(name)4.234 E F1(=)A F2(\()A F0 -.1(ke)4.234 G +1.734(y1 value1 k)-.2 F -.3(ey)-.1 G 4.235(2v).3 G(alue2)-4.235 E F1 +1.666(...)4.235 G F2(\))-1.666 E F1 6.735(.T)C 1.735 +(hese are treated identically to)-6.735 F F0(name)4.235 E F1(=)A F2(\()A +F1([)108 465.6 Q F0 -.1(ke)C(y1)-.2 E F1(]=)A F0(value1)A F1([)2.911 E +F0 -.1(ke)C(y2)-.2 E F1(]=)A F0(value2)A F1 1.666(...)2.911 G F2(\)) +-1.666 E F1 5.411(.T)C .411(he \214rst w)-5.411 F .411 +(ord in the list determines ho)-.1 F 2.91(wt)-.25 G .41(he remaining w) +-2.91 F .41(ords are inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .153 +(preted; all assignments in a list must be of the same type.)108 477.6 R +.154(When using k)5.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(/v).15 E .154(alue pairs, the k) +-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.654(sm).15 G .154(ay not be)-2.654 F +(missing or empty; a \214nal missing v)108 489.6 Q(alue is treated lik) +-.25 E 2.5(et)-.1 G(he empty string.)-2.5 E .24 +(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 506.4 R F2(declar)2.74 E(e)-.18 +E F1 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .239 (vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F0(name)108 -213.6 Q F1([)A F0(subscript)A F1(]=)A F0(value)A F1 -(syntax introduced abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E .026 -(When assigning to an inde)108 230.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.526(da).15 G -(rray)-2.526 E 2.525(,i)-.65 G(f)-2.525 E F0(name)2.885 E F1 .025 -(is subscripted by a ne)2.705 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .325 -.15(ve n) --.25 H(umber).15 E 2.525(,t)-.4 G .025(hat number is interpreted)-2.525 -F .316(as relati)108 242.4 R .616 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.816(oo).15 G .316 -(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.816 F 2.816(xo)-.15 G(f)-2.816 E F0 +518.4 Q F1([)A F0(subscript)A F1(]=)A F0(value)A F1 +(syntax introduced abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E .025 +(When assigning to an inde)108 535.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.525(da).15 G +(rray)-2.525 E 2.525(,i)-.65 G(f)-2.525 E F0(name)2.885 E F1 .025 +(is subscripted by a ne)2.705 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .326 -.15(ve n) +-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.526(,t)-.4 G .026(hat number is interpreted)-2.526 +F .317(as relati)108 547.2 R .617 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.817(oo).15 G .317 +(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.817 F 2.816(xo)-.15 G(f)-2.816 E F0 (name)2.816 E F1 2.816(,s)C 2.816(on)-2.816 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.816 H -(ti).15 E .616 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .317(ndices count back from the end of) -.15 F(the array)108 254.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 -G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .644 -(The += operator appends to an array v)108 271.2 R .643 +(ti).15 E .616 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .316(ndices count back from the end of) +.15 F(the array)108 559.2 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 +G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .051 +(The \231+=\232 operator appends to an array v)108 576 R .052 (ariable when assigning using the compound assignment syntax; see)-.25 F -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)108 283.2 S(RAMETERS).666 E F1(abo)2.25 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E .683(An array element is referenced using ${)108 -300 R F0(name)A F1([)A F0(subscript)A F1 3.184(]}. 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When)-.1 F .961 -(there are no array members, ${)3.461 F F0(name)A F1 .96([@]} e)B .96 -(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F .96(If the)5.96 F .726(double-quoted e)108 -372 R .727(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F .727(ord, the e)-.1 F .727 -(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be-)-.15 F .8 -(ginning part of the e)108 384 R .8(xpansion of the original w)-.15 F .8 -(ord, and the e)-.1 F .8(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with) --.15 F .553(the last part of the e)108 396 R .554 -(xpansion of the original w)-.15 F 3.054(ord. This)-.1 F .554 -(is analogous to the e)3.054 F .554(xpansion of the special para-)-.15 F -(meters)108 408 Q F2(*)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F1(\(see)2.5 E F2 -(Special P)2.5 E(arameters)-.1 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E -(${#)108 424.8 Q F0(name)A F1([)A F0(subscript)A F1 .33(]} e)B .33 -(xpands to the length of ${)-.15 F F0(name)A F1([)A F0(subscript)A F1 -2.83(]}. If)B F0(subscript)2.83 E F1(is)2.83 E F2(*)2.83 E F1(or)2.83 E -F2(@)2.83 E F1 2.83(,t)C .33(he e)-2.83 F .33(xpansion is)-.15 F -(the number of elements in the array)108 436.8 Q(.)-.65 E .386(If the) -108 453.6 R F0(subscript)3.226 E F1 .386 +F3 -.666(PA)108 588 S(RAMETERS).666 E F1(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 +E .684(An array element is referenced using ${)108 604.8 R F0(name)A F1 +([)A F0(subscript)A F1 3.184(]}. The)B .683(braces are required to a) +3.184 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .683(id con\215icts with).2 F .297(pathname e)108 +616.8 R 2.797(xpansion. If)-.15 F F0(subscript)2.797 E F1(is)2.797 E F2 +(@)2.797 E F1(or)2.797 E F2(*)2.797 E F1 2.797(,t)C .297(he w)-2.797 F +.297(ord e)-.1 F .297(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F0(name)2.798 E F1 +2.798(,u)C .298(nless noted in the)-2.798 F .145(description of a b)108 +628.8 R .145(uiltin or w)-.2 F .145(ord e)-.1 F 2.644(xpansion. These) +-.15 F .144(subscripts dif)2.644 F .144(fer only when the w)-.25 F .144 +(ord appears within dou-)-.1 F .094(ble quotes.)108 640.8 R .094 +(If the w)5.094 F .094(ord is double-quoted, ${)-.1 F F0(name)A F1 .094 +([*]} e)B .094(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .095(ord with the v)-.1 F +.095(alue of each array)-.25 F .257 +(member separated by the \214rst character of the)108 652.8 R F3(IFS) +2.756 E F1 .256(special v)2.506 F .256(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F0(name)A +F1 .256([@]} e)B .256(xpands each element)-.15 F(of)108 664.8 Q F0(name) +3.46 E F1 .96(to a separate w)3.46 F 3.46(ord. 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If)B F0(subscript)2.83 E F1 +(is)2.83 E F2(*)2.83 E F1(or)2.83 E F2(@)2.83 E F1 2.83(,t)C .33(he e) +-2.83 F .33(xpansion is)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24) +139.29 E(22)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 23 23 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(the number of elements in the array)108 84 Q(.)-.65 +E .386(If the)108 100.8 R F0(subscript)3.226 E F1 .386 (used to reference an element of an inde)3.566 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.886 (da).15 G .386(rray e)-2.886 F -.25(va)-.25 G .386 -(luates to a number less than zero, it is).25 F .687 -(interpreted as relati)108 465.6 R .987 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.187(oo).15 G -.687(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.187 F 3.186(xo)-.15 G 3.186(ft) --3.186 G .686(he array)-3.186 F 3.186(,s)-.65 G 3.186(on)-3.186 G -2.25 --.15(eg a)-3.186 H(ti).15 E .986 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .686 -(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array)108 477.6 Q 2.5(,a) +(luates to a number less than zero, it is).25 F .686 +(interpreted as relati)108 112.8 R .986 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.186(oo).15 G +.686(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.186 F 3.187(xo)-.15 G 3.187(ft) +-3.187 G .687(he array)-3.187 F 3.187(,s)-.65 G 3.187(on)-3.187 G -2.25 +-.15(eg a)-3.187 H(ti).15 E .987 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .687 +(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array)108 124.8 Q 2.5(,a) -.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G (eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .595(Referencing an array v)108 -494.4 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G +141.6 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .595(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An) -108 506.4 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 -E(alid subscript is v)-.25 E(alid;)-.25 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -(creates an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 523.2 Q +108 153.6 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 +E(alid subscript is v)-.25 E(alid;)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 +E F1(creates an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 170.4 Q (ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E 2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E -.418(It is possible to obtain the k)108 540 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() -.15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.917 -(alues. ${)-.25 F F2(!)A F0(name)A F1([)A F0(@)A F1 .417(]} and ${)B F2 -(!)A F0(name)A F1([)A F0(*)A F1(]})A -.15(ex)108 552 S .749 +.417(It is possible to obtain the k)108 187.2 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() +.15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.918 +(alues. ${)-.25 F F2(!)A F0(name)A F1([)A F0(@)A F1 .418(]} and ${)B F2 +(!)A F0(name)A F1([)A F0(*)A F1(]})A -.15(ex)108 199.2 S .75 (pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(name) -3.249 E F1 5.749(.T)C .75 -(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 564 -Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F0(@)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0 -(*)2.5 E F1(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 580.8 Q F2(unset)3.282 E -F1 -.2(bu)3.282 G .782(iltin is used to destro).2 F 3.281(ya)-.1 G +3.249 E F1 5.749(.T)C .749 +(he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 +211.2 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F0(@)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 +E F0(*)2.5 E F1(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 228 Q F2(unset)3.281 +E F1 -.2(bu)3.281 G .781(iltin is used to destro).2 F 3.281(ya)-.1 G (rrays.)-3.281 E F2(unset)5.781 E F0(name)3.281 E F1([)A F0(subscript)A -F1 3.281(]u)C .781(nsets the array element at inde)-3.281 F(x)-.15 E F0 -(sub-)3.281 E(script)108 592.8 Q F1 2.858(,f)C .358(or both inde)-2.858 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.858(da).15 G .358(nd associati)-2.858 F .658 -.15 -(ve a)-.25 H 2.858(rrays. Ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .658 -.15 -(ve s)-.25 H .358(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.858(da).15 G -.358(rrays are interpreted as de-)-2.858 F 1.205(scribed abo)108 604.8 R --.15(ve)-.15 G 6.205(.U).15 G 1.205 -(nsetting the last element of an array v)-6.205 F 1.204 -(ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F2(unset)6.204 E F0 -(name)3.704 E F1(,)A(where)108 616.8 Q F0(name)2.907 E F1 .407 -(is an array)2.907 F 2.907(,r)-.65 G(emo)-2.907 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.907 -(st).15 G .407(he entire array)-2.907 F(.)-.65 E F2(unset)5.407 E F0 -(name)2.907 E F1([)A F0(subscript)A F1 2.907(]b)C(eha)-2.907 E -.15(ve) --.2 G 2.907(sd).15 G(if)-2.907 E .408(ferently depending on)-.25 F -(whether)108 628.8 Q F0(name)2.915 E F1 .415(is an inde)2.915 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.915(do).15 G 2.915(ra)-2.915 G(ssociati)-2.915 E .715 -.15 +F1 3.281(]u)C .782(nsets the array element at inde)-3.281 F(x)-.15 E F0 +(sub-)3.282 E(script)108 240 Q F1 2.858(,f)C .358(or both inde)-2.858 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.858(da).15 G .358(nd associati)-2.858 F .658 -.15(ve a) +-.25 H 2.858(rrays. Ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .658 -.15(ve s)-.25 +H .358(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.858(da).15 G .358 +(rrays are interpreted as de-)-2.858 F 1.204(scribed abo)108 252 R -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 6.204(.U).15 G 1.204(nsetting the last element of an array v) +-6.204 F 1.205(ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F2 +(unset)6.205 E F0(name)3.705 E F1(,)A(where)108 264 Q F0(name)2.908 E F1 +.407(is an array)2.908 F 2.907(,r)-.65 G(emo)-2.907 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.907(st).15 G .407(he entire array)-2.907 F(.)-.65 E F2(unset)5.407 E +F0(name)2.907 E F1([)A F0(subscript)A F1 2.907(]b)C(eha)-2.907 E -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.907(sd).15 G(if)-2.907 E .407(ferently depending on)-.25 F +(whether)108 276 Q F0(name)2.914 E F1 .414(is an inde)2.914 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.914(do).15 G 2.915(ra)-2.914 G(ssociati)-2.915 E .715 -.15 (ve a)-.25 H .415(rray when).15 F F0(subscript)2.915 E F1(is)2.915 E F2 (*)2.915 E F1(or)2.915 E F2(@)2.915 E F1 5.415(.I)C(f)-5.415 E F0(name) -2.914 E F1 .414(is an associati)2.914 F .714 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E -(,)-.65 E .937(this unsets the element with subscript)108 640.8 R F2(*) +2.915 E F1 .415(is an associati)2.915 F .715 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E +(,)-.65 E .937(this unsets the element with subscript)108 288 R F2(*) 3.437 E F1(or)3.437 E F2(@)3.437 E F1 5.937(.I)C(f)-5.937 E F0(name) 3.437 E F1 .937(is an inde)3.437 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.437(da).15 G(rray) -3.437 E 3.437(,u)-.65 G .937(nset remo)-3.437 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.437 -(sa).15 G .937(ll of the ele-)-3.437 F(ments b)108 652.8 Q -(ut does not remo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H(he array itself.).15 E .029 -(When using a v)108 669.6 R .029(ariable name with a subscript as an ar) --.25 F .028(gument to a command, such as with)-.18 F F2(unset)2.528 E F1 -2.528(,w)C .028(ithout us-)-2.528 F .515(ing the w)108 681.6 R .515 +(sa).15 G .937(ll of the ele-)-3.437 F(ments b)108 300 Q +(ut does not remo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H(he array itself.).15 E .028 +(When using a v)108 316.8 R .028(ariable name with a subscript as an ar) +-.25 F .029(gument to a command, such as with)-.18 F F2(unset)2.529 E F1 +2.529(,w)C .029(ithout us-)-2.529 F .515(ing the w)108 328.8 R .515 (ord e)-.1 F .515(xpansion syntax described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.015(,\().15 G .515(e.g., unset a[4]\), the ar)-3.015 F .515 (gument is subject to pathname e)-.18 F(x-)-.15 E 2.5(pansion. Quote)108 -693.6 R(the ar)2.5 E(gument if pathname e)-.18 E +340.8 R(the ar)2.5 E(gument if pathname e)-.18 E (xpansion is not desired \(e.g., unset \010a[4]\010\).)-.15 E(The)108 -710.4 Q F2(declar)2.684 E(e)-.18 E F1(,)A F2(local)2.684 E F1 2.684(,a)C -(nd)-2.684 E F2 -.18(re)2.684 G(adonly).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.684 G .184 +357.6 Q F2(declar)2.683 E(e)-.18 E F1(,)A F2(local)2.683 E F1 2.683(,a)C +(nd)-2.683 E F2 -.18(re)2.683 G(adonly).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.683 G .184 (iltins each accept a).2 F F22.684 E F1 .184 -(option to specify an inde)2.684 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.683(da).15 G .183 -(rray and a)-2.683 F F22.683 E F1(op-)2.683 E .963 -(tion to specify an associati)108 722.4 R 1.263 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) -.15 E 5.963(.I)-.65 G 3.463(fb)-5.963 G .963(oth options are supplied,) --3.463 F F23.463 E F1(tak)3.463 E .963(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) -5.963 E F2 -.18(re)3.464 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)3.464 G(iltin).2 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(22)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 23 23 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .441(accepts a)108 84 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.941 E F1 .441(option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441 -(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he) --5.441 E F2(set)2.941 E F1(and)2.941 E F2(declar)2.94 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.2 -(bu)108 96 S .685(iltins display array v).2 F .686(alues in a w)-.25 F -.686(ay that allo)-.1 F .686(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 F -.686(Other b)5.686 F .686(uiltins accept)-.2 F .733(array name ar)108 -108 R .733(guments as well \(e.g.,)-.18 F F2(map\214le)3.233 E F1 .733 -(\); see the descriptions of indi)B .732(vidual b)-.25 F .732 -(uiltins belo)-.2 F 3.232(wf)-.25 G .732(or details.)-3.232 F -(The shell pro)108 120 Q(vides a number of b)-.15 E(uiltin array v)-.2 E -(ariables.)-.25 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 136.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E +(option to specify an inde)2.684 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.684(da).15 G .184 +(rray and a)-2.684 F F22.684 E F1(op-)2.684 E .042 +(tion to specify an associati)108 369.6 R .341 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 +E 5.041(.I)-.65 G 2.541(fb)-5.041 G .041(oth options are supplied,) +-2.541 F F22.541 E F1(tak)2.541 E .041(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) +5.041 E F2 -.18(re)2.541 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.541 G .041(iltin ac-).2 +F .863(cepts a)108 381.6 R F23.363 E F1 .864 +(option to assign a list of w)3.363 F .864 +(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.864(.T)-.65 G(he) +-5.864 E F2(set)3.364 E F1(and)3.364 E F2(declar)3.364 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.2 +(bu)108 393.6 S .686(iltins display array v).2 F .686(alues in a w)-.25 +F .686(ay that allo)-.1 F .686(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 +F .685(Other b)5.686 F .685(uiltins accept)-.2 F .732(array name ar)108 +405.6 R .732(guments as well \(e.g.,)-.18 F F2(map\214le)3.233 E F1 .733 +(\); see the descriptions of indi)B .733(vidual b)-.25 F .733 +(uiltins belo)-.2 F 3.233(wf)-.25 G .733(or details.)-3.233 F +(The shell pro)108 417.6 Q(vides a number of b)-.15 E(uiltin array v)-.2 +E(ariables.)-.25 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 434.4 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F1 .764(Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been sp\ -lit into w)108 148.8 R 3.264(ords. The)-.1 F .765(shell performs these) -3.264 F -.15(ex)108 160.8 S(pansions:).15 E F0(br)3.797 E 1.027(ace e) +lit into w)108 446.4 R 3.264(ords. The)-.1 F .764(shell performs these) +3.264 F -.15(ex)108 458.4 S(pansions:).15 E F0(br)3.797 E 1.027(ace e) -.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1(,).24 E F0 1.027(tilde e)3.657 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1(,).24 E F0(par)4.777 E 1.027(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion) -.2 E F1(,).24 E F0 1.027(command substitution)3.727 F F1(,).24 E F0 -(arithmetic e)108.33 172.8 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F1(,).24 E F0(wor)2.84 E 2.5 +(arithmetic e)108.33 470.4 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F1(,).24 E F0(wor)2.84 E 2.5 (ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F1(,).22 E F0(pathname e)3.75 E(xpansion)-.2 E F1 2.5(,a).24 G(nd)-2.5 E F0(quote r)2.75 E(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 E F1(.) -.51 E .418(The order of e)108 189.6 R .418(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F -.418(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .419(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .419 -(ariable e)-.25 F .419(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 201.6 S +.51 E .419(The order of e)108 487.2 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F +.418(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .418(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .418 +(ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 499.2 S .28(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 F .28(ashion\); w)-.1 F .28(ord splitting; pathname e)-.1 F(xpansion;)-.15 -E(and quote remo)108 213.6 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E .257 -(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 230.4 R -.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F0(pr)2.757 E .257 -(ocess substitution)-.45 F F1 5.257(.T)C .257(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 -E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 242.4 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G +E(and quote remo)108 511.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E .257 +(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 528 R .257 +(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F0(pr)2.757 E .257 +(ocess substitution)-.45 F F1 5.257(.T)C .256(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 +E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 540 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G (ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.) --.15 E F0 .25(Quote r)108 259.2 R(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 E F1 .25(is al)2.75 -F -.1(wa)-.1 G .25(ys performed last.).1 F .249(It remo)5.25 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.749(sq).15 G .249(uote characters present in the original w) --2.749 F .249(ord, not ones)-.1 F(resulting from one of the other e)108 -271.2 Q(xpansions, unless the)-.15 E 2.5(yh)-.15 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-2.5 H -(been quoted themselv)2.7 E(es.)-.15 E .171(Only brace e)108 288 R .171 -(xpansion, w)-.15 F .171(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F .171 -(xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F .172(ords of the e)-.1 F -(x-)-.15 E .777(pansion; other e)108 300 R .776(xpansions e)-.15 F .776 -(xpand a single w)-.15 F .776(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.276(ord. The)-.1 -F .776(only e)3.276 F .776(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E -.328(pansions of)108 312 R F2("$@")2.828 E F1(and)2.828 E F2("${)2.828 E -F0(name)A F2([@]}")A F1 2.828(,a)C .328(nd, in most cases,)-2.828 F F2 -($*)2.828 E F1(and)2.828 E F2(${)2.828 E F0(name)A F2([*]})A F1 .329 -(as e)2.828 F .329(xplained abo)-.15 F .629 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E -/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.829 G(-).666 E(RAMETERS)108 324 Q/F5 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87 340.8 Q F0(Br)108.58 352.8 -Q .307(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1 .307(is a mechanism to generate a\ -rbitrary strings sharing a common pre\214x and suf)3.047 F .306 -(\214x, either of)-.25 F .577(which can be empty)108 364.8 R 5.577(.T) --.65 G .577(his mechanism is similar to)-5.577 F F0 .577(pathname e) -3.077 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1 3.078(,b)C .578 -(ut the \214lenames generated need)-3.278 F .266(not e)108 376.8 R 2.766 -(xist. P)-.15 F .266(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .265 +-.15 E F0 .249(Quote r)108 556.8 R(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 E F1 .249(is al) +2.749 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .249(ys performed last.).1 F .249(It remo)5.249 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.749(sq).15 G .25 +(uote characters present in the original w)-2.749 F .25(ord, not ones) +-.1 F(resulting from one of the other e)108 568.8 Q +(xpansions, unless the)-.15 E 2.5(yh)-.15 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-2.5 H +(been quoted themselv)2.7 E(es.)-.15 E .172(Only brace e)108 585.6 R +.172(xpansion, w)-.15 F .171(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F .171 +(xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F .171(ords of the e)-.1 F +(x-)-.15 E .776(pansion; other e)108 597.6 R .776(xpansions e)-.15 F +.776(xpand a single w)-.15 F .776(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.276 +(ord. The)-.1 F .776(only e)3.276 F .776(xceptions to this are the e) +-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .329(pansions of)108 609.6 R F2("$@")2.829 E F1(and) +2.829 E F2("${)2.829 E F0(name)A F2([@]}")A F1 2.828(,a)C .328 +(nd, in most cases,)-2.828 F F2($*)2.828 E F1(and)2.828 E F2(${)2.828 E +F0(name)A F2([*]})A F1 .328(as e)2.828 F .328(xplained abo)-.15 F .628 +-.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.828 G(-).666 +E(RAMETERS)108 621.6 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87 +638.4 Q F0(Br)108.58 650.4 Q .306(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1 .307(i\ +s a mechanism to generate arbitrary strings sharing a common pre\214x a\ +nd suf)3.046 F .307(\214x, either of)-.25 F .578(which can be empty)108 +662.4 R 5.578(.T)-.65 G .577(his mechanism is similar to)-5.578 F F0 +.577(pathname e)3.077 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1 3.077(,b)C .577 +(ut the \214lenames generated need)-3.277 F .265(not e)108 674.4 R 2.765 +(xist. P)-.15 F .265(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .265 (xpanded are formed from an optional)-.15 F F0(pr)4.015 E(eamble)-.37 E -F1 2.765(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.765 E .265(wed by either a series)-.25 F 1.315 -(of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)108 388.8 R 1.315 -(xpression between a pair of braces, follo)-.15 F 1.316 -(wed by an optional)-.25 F F0(postscript)109.25 400.8 Q F1 5.66(.T).68 G -.66(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.66 F .659(ed to each string contained wi\ -thin the braces, and the postscript is then)-.15 F -(appended to each resulting string, e)108 412.8 Q -(xpanding left to right.)-.15 E .472(Brace e)108 429.6 R .472 -(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .472(The results of each e)5.472 F .473 -(xpanded string are not sorted; brace e)-.15 F .473(xpansion pre-)-.15 F -(serv)108 441.6 Q(es left to right order)-.15 E 5(.F)-.55 G(or e)-5.15 E -(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F1(d,c,b)A F2(})A F1 2.5(ee)C -(xpands into \231ade ace abe\232.)-2.65 E 3.149(As)108 458.4 S .649 -(equence e)-3.149 F .649(xpression tak)-.15 F .649(es the form)-.1 F F2 -({)3.149 E F0(x)A F2(..)A F0(y)A F2([..)A F0(incr)A F2(]})A F1 3.149(,w) -C(here)-3.149 E F0(x)3.149 E F1(and)3.149 E F0(y)3.149 E F1 .649 -(are either inte)3.149 F .648(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F F0 -(incr)108 470.4 Q F1 2.615(,a)C 2.615(no)-2.615 G .115 -(ptional increment, is an inte)-2.615 F(ger)-.15 E 5.115(.W)-.55 G .115 -(hen inte)-5.115 F .115(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .115 -(xpression e)-.15 F .115(xpands to each num-)-.15 F .911(ber between)108 -482.4 R F0(x)3.411 E F1(and)3.411 E F0(y)3.411 E F1 3.411(,i)C(nclusi) --3.411 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.911(.I).15 G 3.411(fe)-5.911 G(ither)-3.411 E -F0(x)3.411 E F1(or)3.411 E F0(y)3.411 E F1(be)3.41 E .91(gins with)-.15 -F F0(0)3.41 E F1 3.41(,e)C .91(ach generated term will contain the same) --3.41 F .513(number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 494.4 R -5.513(.W)-.65 G .513(hen either)-5.513 F F0(x)3.013 E F1(or)3.014 E F0 -(y)3.014 E F1(be)3.014 E .514(gins with a zero, the shell attempts)-.15 -F .086(to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digit\ -s, zero-padding where necessary)108 506.4 R 5.085(.W)-.65 G .085 -(hen let-)-5.085 F .16(ters are supplied, the e)108 518.4 R .16 -(xpression e)-.15 F .161(xpands to each character le)-.15 F .161 -(xicographically between)-.15 F F0(x)2.661 E F1(and)2.661 E F0(y)2.661 E -F1 2.661(,i)C(nclusi)-2.661 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.661(,u).15 G(s-)-2.661 E -.485(ing the def)108 530.4 R .485(ault C locale.)-.1 F .485 -(Note that both)5.485 F F0(x)2.985 E F1(and)2.985 E F0(y)2.985 E F1 .484 -(must be of the same type \(inte)2.985 F .484(ger or letter\).)-.15 F -.484(When the in-)5.484 F .271 -(crement is supplied, it is used as the dif)108 542.4 R .271 -(ference between each term.)-.25 F .271(The def)5.271 F .271 -(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as ap-)-.1 F(propriate.)108 554.4 Q .582 -(Brace e)108 571.2 R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082 -(yo)-.15 G .581(ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc) --.15 G .581(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015 -(are preserv)108 583.2 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015 -(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F1 .016 -(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016 -(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 595.2 Q -(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) --.15 E 2.502(Ac)108 612 S .002(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.502 F .001(xp\ -ansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least o\ -ne un-)-.15 F(quoted comma or a v)108 624 Q(alid sequence e)-.25 E 2.5 -(xpression. An)-.15 F 2.5(yi)-.15 G(ncorrectly formed brace e)-2.5 E -(xpansion is left unchanged.)-.15 E(A)108 640.8 Q F2({)2.521 E F1(or) -2.521 E F2(,)2.521 E F1 .021(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.521 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F -2.522(xpression. T)-.15 F 2.522(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-2.722 G(id).2 E .172 -(con\215icts with parameter e)108 652.8 R .172(xpansion, the string)-.15 -F F2(${)2.672 E F1 .172(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.672 F -.172(xpansion, and inhibits)-.15 F(brace e)108 664.8 Q -(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F2(})2.5 E F1(.)A 1.476(This constru\ -ct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strin\ -gs to be generated is)108 681.6 R(longer than in the abo)108 693.6 Q .3 --.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 -710.4 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 722.4 Q -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(23)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +F1 2.766(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.766 E .266(wed by either a series)-.25 F 1.316 +(of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)108 686.4 R 1.315 +(xpression between a pair of braces, follo)-.15 F 1.315 +(wed by an optional)-.25 F F0(postscript)109.25 698.4 Q F1 5.659(.T).68 +G .659(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.659 F .659(ed to each string containe\ +d within the braces, and the postscript is then)-.15 F +(appended to each resulting string, e)108 710.4 Q +(xpanding left to right.)-.15 E 1.744(Brace e)108 727.2 R 1.744 +(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F 1.744(The results of each e)6.744 F +1.744(xpanded string are not sorted; brace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(23)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 24 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(cho)144 84 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E -(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618 -(Brace e)108 100.8 R .618 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(preserv)108 84 Q(es left to right order)-.15 E 5 +(.F)-.55 G(or e)-5.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF({)A F1 +(d,c,b)A F2(})A F1 2.5(ee)C(xpands into \231ade ace abe\232.)-2.65 E +3.148(As)108 100.8 S .648(equence e)-3.148 F .648(xpression tak)-.15 F +.649(es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.149 E F0(x)A F2(..)A F0(y)A F2([..)A F0 +(incr)A F2(]})A F1 3.149(,w)C(here)-3.149 E F0(x)3.149 E F1(and)3.149 E +F0(y)3.149 E F1 .649(are either inte)3.149 F .649 +(gers or single letters, and)-.15 F F0(incr)108 112.8 Q F1 2.615(,a)C +2.615(no)-2.615 G .115(ptional increment, is an inte)-2.615 F(ger)-.15 E +5.115(.W)-.55 G .115(hen inte)-5.115 F .115(gers are supplied, the e) +-.15 F .115(xpression e)-.15 F .115(xpands to each num-)-.15 F 1.105 +(ber between)108 124.8 R F0(x)3.605 E F1(and)3.605 E F0(y)3.605 E F1 +3.605(,i)C(nclusi)-3.605 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 6.105(.I).15 G 3.605(fe)-6.105 +G(ither)-3.605 E F0(x)3.605 E F1(or)3.605 E F0(y)3.605 E F1(be)3.606 E +1.106(gins with a zero, each generated term will contain the)-.15 F .02 +(same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 136.8 R 5.019 +(.W)-.65 G .019(hen letters are supplied, the e)-5.019 F .019 +(xpression e)-.15 F .019(xpands to)-.15 F .054(each character le)108 +148.8 R .054(xicographically between)-.15 F F0(x)2.554 E F1(and)2.554 E +F0(y)2.554 E F1 2.554(,i)C(nclusi)-2.554 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.554(,u).15 G +.054(sing the C locale.)-2.554 F .055(Note that both)5.055 F F0(x)2.555 +E F1(and)2.555 E F0(y)2.555 E F1(must)2.555 E .249 +(be of the same type \(inte)108 160.8 R .249(ger or letter\).)-.15 F +.248(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.249 F .248 +(ference between)-.25 F(each term.)108 172.8 Q(The def)5 E +(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E .581(Brace e)108 +189.6 R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581 +(ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582 +(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016 +(are preserv)108 201.6 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016 +(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F1 .015 +(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015 +(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 213.6 Q +(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) +-.15 E 2.501(Ac)108 230.4 S .001(orrectly-formed brace e)-2.501 F .001(\ +xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\ + one un-)-.15 F(quoted comma or a v)108 242.4 Q(alid sequence e)-.25 E +2.5(xpression. An)-.15 F 2.5(yi)-.15 G(ncorrectly formed brace e)-2.5 E +(xpansion is left unchanged.)-.15 E 2.753<4199>108 259.2 S .253 +({\232 or Q , may be quoted with a backslash to pre)-2.753 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G .253(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F 2.752 +(xpression. T)-.15 F(o)-.8 E -.2(avo)108 271.2 S .068 +(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .069 +(xpansion, the string \231${\232 is not considered eligible for brace e) +-.15 F .069(xpansion, and)-.15 F(inhibits brace e)108 283.2 Q +(xpansion until the closing \231}\232.)-.15 E 1.476(This construct is t\ +ypically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to b\ +e generated is)108 300 R(longer than in the abo)108 312 Q .3 -.15(ve ex) +-.15 H(ample:).15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF +(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs})144 328.8 Q F1(or)108 +340.8 Q F3(chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}})144 352.8 +Q F1 .618(Brace e)108 369.6 R .618 (xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F -.618(ersions of)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sh)3.118 E F1(.)A F2(sh) -5.618 E F1 .618(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247 -(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 112.8 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G -.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248 -(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.248 E F1(remo)108 124.8 Q -.15 +.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F1(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F1 .618 +(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248 +(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 381.6 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G +.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247 +(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.247 E F1(remo)108 393.6 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 (ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 (or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh) -3.53 E F1(as)3.53 E F0(\214le{1,2})108 136.8 Q F1 .061 -(appears identically in the output.)2.561 F F2(Bash)5.061 E F1 .061 -(outputs that w)2.561 F .061(ord as)-.1 F F0 .061(\214le1 \214le2)4.471 -F F1 .062(after brace e)2.582 F 2.562(xpansion. Start)-.15 F F2(bash)108 -148.8 Q F1 .845(with the)3.345 F F2(+B)3.345 E F1 .845 -(option or disable brace e)3.345 F .845(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B) -3.345 E F1 .845(option to the)3.345 F F2(set)3.344 E F1 .844 -(command \(see)3.344 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)3.344 E -.09(BU)108 -160.8 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\) for strict)-.25 -E F2(sh)2.5 E F1(compatibility)2.5 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 177.6 S -(lde Expansion).18 E F1 .845(If a w)108 189.6 R .846(ord be)-.1 F .846 +3.53 E F1(as)3.53 E .384 +(\231\214le{1,2}\232 appears identically in the output.)108 405.6 R F2 +(Bash)5.384 E F1 .384(outputs that w)2.884 F .384 +(ord as \231\214le1 \214le2\232 after brace e)-.1 F(xpansion.)-.15 E +(Start)108 417.6 Q F2(bash)3.962 E F1 1.462(with the)3.962 F F2(+B)3.962 +E F1 1.463(option or disable brace e)3.963 F 1.463(xpansion with the) +-.15 F F2(+B)3.963 E F1 1.463(option to the)3.963 F F2(set)3.963 E F1 +1.463(command \(see)3.963 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)108 429.6 Q +(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\) for strict)-.25 E F2 +(sh)2.5 E F1(compatibility)2.5 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 446.4 S +(lde Expansion).18 E F1 .846(If a w)108 458.4 R .846(ord be)-.1 F .846 (gins with an unquoted tilde character \(\231)-.15 F F2<01>A F1 .846 (\232\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(sl\ ash \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered\ - a)108 201.6 R F0(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn) --5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\214x\ - are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 213.6 R .726 -(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F0(lo)108 225.6 Q .523 -(gin name)-.1 F F1 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523 + a)108 470.4 R F0(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn) +-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\214x\ + are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 482.4 R .725 +(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F0(lo)108 494.4 Q .522 +(gin name)-.1 F F1 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522 (his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) --3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 237.6 Q/F4 -9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(If)5.076 E F3(HOME)3.076 E F1 .577 +-3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F4(HOME)108 506.4 Q/F5 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(If)5.077 E F4(HOME)3.077 E F1 .577 (is unset, the tilde e)2.827 F .577 -(xpands to the home directory of the user e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .577 +(xpands to the home directory of the user e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .576 (cuting the shell instead.).15 F(Otherwise, the tilde-pre\214x is repla\ ced with the home directory associated with the speci\214ed login name.) -108 249.6 Q .368(If the tilde-pre\214x is a \231\001+\232, the v)108 -266.4 R .368(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.868 E F1 +108 518.4 Q .368(If the tilde-pre\214x is a \231\001+\232, the v)108 +535.2 R .368(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(PWD)2.868 E F1 .368(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.618 F .368(If the tilde-pre\214x) 5.368 F .227(is a \231\001\255\232, the shell substitutes the v)108 -278.4 R .227(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)2.727 E -F4(,)A F1 .227(if it is set.)2.477 F .227(If the characters follo)5.227 +547.2 R .227(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(OLDPWD)2.727 E +F5(,)A F1 .227(if it is set.)2.477 F .227(If the characters follo)5.227 F(w-)-.25 E .296 -(ing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 290.4 R F0 +(ing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 559.2 R F0 (N)2.796 E F1 2.796(,o)C .296(ptionally pre\214x)-2.796 F .296 -(ed by a \231+\232 or a \231\255\232, the tilde-pre\214x)-.15 F .813(is\ +(ed by a \231+\232 or a \231\255\232, the tilde-pre\214x)-.15 F .814(is\ replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as i\ -t w)108 302.4 R .814(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)3.314 E F1 --.2(bu)108 314.4 S .699(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.199(dw) -.1 G .699(ith the characters follo)-3.199 F .699 -(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-.25 F 3.198(gument. If) --.18 F .698(the characters)3.198 F(follo)108 326.4 Q .482(wing the tild\ +t w)108 571.2 R .813(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)3.313 E F1 +-.2(bu)108 583.2 S .698(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.198(dw) +.1 G .698(ith the characters follo)-3.198 F .699 +(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-.25 F 3.199(gument. If) +-.18 F .699(the characters)3.199 F(follo)108 595.2 Q .482(wing the tild\ e in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number without a leading \231+\232\ - or \231\255\232, tilde e)-.25 F .482(xpansion as-)-.15 F -(sumes \231+\232.)108 338.4 Q .54(The results of tilde e)108 355.2 R .54 + or \231\255\232, tilde e)-.25 F .481(xpansion as-)-.15 F +(sumes \231+\232.)108 607.2 Q .54(The results of tilde e)108 624 R .54 (xpansion are treated as if the)-.15 F 3.04(yw)-.15 G .54 (ere quoted, so the replacement is not subject to w)-3.04 F(ord)-.1 E -(splitting and pathname e)108 367.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E -(If the login name is in)108 384 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid, or the tilde e).25 -E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the tilde-pre\214x is unchanged.)-.1 E F2 -(Bash)108 400.8 Q F1 .578(checks each v)3.078 F .578 +(splitting and pathname e)108 636 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E +(If the login name is in)108 652.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid, or the tilde e) +.25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the tilde-pre\214x is unchanged.)-.1 E F2 +(Bash)108 669.6 Q F1 .578(checks each v)3.078 F .578 (ariable assignment for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F .578 (es immediately follo)-.15 F .578(wing a)-.25 F F2(:)3.078 E F1 .578 -(or the \214rst)3.078 F F2(=)3.078 E F1(,)A 1.042(and performs tilde e) -108 412.8 R 1.042(xpansion in these cases.)-.15 F(Consequently)6.041 E -3.541(,o)-.65 G 1.041(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-) --3.541 F(ments to)108 424.8 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3 -(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F1(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 -E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F1(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E -(xpanded v)-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(Bash)108 441.6 Q F1 1.768 -(also performs tilde e)4.268 F 1.768(xpansion on w)-.15 F 1.769 -(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F 1.769 -(ariable assignments \(as de-)-.25 F .464(scribed abo)108 453.6 R .764 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.964 G(RAMETERS).666 E F4(\))A -F1 .464(when the)2.714 F 2.964(ya)-.15 G .464(ppear as ar)-2.964 F .463 -(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F F2(Bash)5.463 E F1 .463(does not) -2.963 F(do this, e)108 465.6 Q(xcept for the)-.15 E F0(declar)2.5 E -(ation)-.15 E F1(commands listed abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w).15 G -(hen in posix mode.)-2.5 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 482.4 S(rameter Expansion).1 E -F1 .014(The \231)108 494.4 R F2($)A F1 2.514<9a63>C .014 -(haracter introduces parameter e)-2.514 F .014 -(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.515 -(xpansion. The)-.15 F(pa-)2.515 E .314(rameter name or symbol to be e) -108 506.4 R .314 +(or the \214rst)3.078 F F2(=)3.078 E F1(,)A 1.041(and performs tilde e) +108 681.6 R 1.041(xpansion in these cases.)-.15 F(Consequently)6.041 E +3.541(,o)-.65 G 1.042(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-) +-3.541 F(ments to)108 693.6 Q F4 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F5(,)A F4 +(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F5(,)A F1(and)2.25 E F4(CDP)2.5 +E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F5(,)A F1(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E +(xpanded v)-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(Bash)108 710.4 Q F1 1.769 +(also performs tilde e)4.269 F 1.769(xpansion on w)-.15 F 1.768 +(ords satisfying the conditions of v)-.1 F 1.768 +(ariable assignments \(as de-)-.25 F .463(scribed abo)108 722.4 R .763 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F4 -.666(PA)2.963 G(RAMETERS).666 E F5(\))A +F1 .463(when the)2.713 F 2.963(ya)-.15 G .463(ppear as ar)-2.963 F .464 +(guments to simple commands.)-.18 F F2(Bash)5.464 E F1 .464(does not) +2.964 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(24)188.45 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 25 25 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(do this, e)108 84 Q(xcept for the)-.15 E F0(declar) +2.5 E(ation)-.15 E F1(commands listed abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w) +.15 G(hen in posix mode.)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1(Pa)87 100.8 S +(rameter Expansion).1 E F1 .015(The \231)108 112.8 R F2($)A F1 2.515 +<9a63>C .014(haracter introduces parameter e)-2.515 F .014 +(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.514 +(xpansion. The)-.15 F(pa-)2.514 E .314(rameter name or symbol to be e) +108 124.8 R .314 (xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .314 -(ut serv)-.2 F 2.813(et)-.15 G 2.813(op)-2.813 G(rotect)-2.813 E .414 -(the v)108 518.4 R .414(ariable to be e)-.25 F .414 -(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .415 +(ut serv)-.2 F 2.814(et)-.15 G 2.814(op)-2.814 G(rotect)-2.814 E .415 +(the v)108 136.8 R .415(ariable to be e)-.25 F .415 +(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .414 (wing it which could be interpreted as part of)-.25 F(the name.)108 -530.4 Q 1.073 +148.8 Q 1.072 (When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst \231)108 -547.2 R F2(})A F1 3.573<9a6e>C 1.072 -(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.573 F .821 -(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 559.2 R .822 +165.6 R F2(})A F1 3.573<9a6e>C 1.073 +(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.573 F .822 +(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 177.6 R .821 (xpansion, command substitution, or parameter e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E -(pansion.)108 571.2 Q(The basic form of parameter e)108 588 Q -(xpansion is)-.15 E(${)108 604.8 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A .285 -(which substitutes the v)108 621.6 R .285(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.785 E +(pansion.)108 189.6 Q(The basic form of parameter e)108 206.4 Q +(xpansion is)-.15 E(${)108 223.2 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A .284 +(which substitutes the v)108 240 R .284(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.784 E (ameter)-.15 E F1 5.285(.T)C .285(he braces are required when)-5.285 F -F0(par)4.034 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .284(is a positional parame-)3.514 F -.066(ter with more than one digit, or when)108 633.6 R F0(par)3.816 E -(ameter)-.15 E F1 .066(is follo)3.296 F .067 -(wed by a character which is not to be interpreted as)-.25 F .407 -(part of its name.)108 645.6 R(The)5.407 E F0(par)2.907 E(ameter)-.15 E -F1 .406(is a shell parameter as described abo)2.907 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F2 --.74(PA)3.056 G(RAMETERS).74 E F1 2.906(\)o)C 2.906(ra)-2.906 G 2.906 -(na)-2.906 G .406(rray ref-)-2.906 F(erence \()108 657.6 Q F2(Arrays)A -F1(\).)A .346(If the \214rst character of)108 674.4 R F0(par)2.846 E +F0(par)4.035 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .285(is a positional parame-)3.515 F +.067(ter with more than one digit, or when)108 252 R F0(par)3.817 E +(ameter)-.15 E F1 .067(is follo)3.297 F .066 +(wed by a character which is not to be interpreted as)-.25 F .406 +(part of its name.)108 264 R(The)5.406 E F0(par)2.906 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 +.406(is a shell parameter as described abo)2.906 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F2 +-.74(PA)3.057 G(RAMETERS).74 E F1 2.907(\)o)C 2.907(ra)-2.907 G 2.907 +(na)-2.907 G .407(rray ref-)-2.907 F(erence \()108 276 Q F2(Arrays)A F1 +(\).)A .347(If the \214rst character of)108 292.8 R F0(par)2.846 E (ameter)-.15 E F1 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F F2(!)A F1 .346(\), and)B F0(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .346(is not a) -2.846 F F0(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F1 2.847(,i)C 2.847(ti)-2.847 G -(ntroduces)-2.847 E 2.907(al)108 686.4 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.907 H 2.907 -(lo).25 G 2.906(fi)-2.907 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F2(Bash)5.406 E F1 .406 +2.846 F F0(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F1 2.846(,i)C 2.846(ti)-2.846 G +(ntroduces)-2.846 E 2.906(al)108 304.8 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.906 H 2.906 +(lo).25 G 2.906(fi)-2.906 G(ndirection.)-2.906 E F2(Bash)5.406 E F1 .406 (uses the v)2.906 F .406(alue formed by e)-.25 F .406 (xpanding the rest of)-.15 F F0(par)2.906 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .406 -(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F0(par)2.906 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 698.4 Q -F1 2.935(;t)C .435(his ne)-2.935 F 2.935(wp)-.25 G .435 -(arameter is then e)-2.935 F .435(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .436 -(alue is used in the rest of the e)-.25 F .436 -(xpansion, rather than the)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 710.4 S .292 +(as the ne)2.906 F(w)-.25 E F0(par)2.907 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 316.8 Q +F1 2.936(;t)C .436(his ne)-2.936 F 2.936(wp)-.25 G .436 +(arameter is then e)-2.936 F .436(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .435 +(alue is used in the rest of the e)-.25 F .435 +(xpansion, rather than the)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 328.8 S .291 (pansion of the original).15 F F0(par)2.791 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 5.291(.T) C .291(his is kno)-5.291 F .291(wn as)-.25 F F0(indir)2.791 E .291 -(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1 5.291(.T)C .291(he v)-5.291 F .291 -(alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F(x-)-.15 E .163(pansion, parameter e) -108 722.4 R .163(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F -2.663(xpansion. If)-.15 F F0(par)2.664 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .164 -(is a nameref,)2.664 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E -(24)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 25 25 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .463(this e)108 84 R .463 -(xpands to the name of the parameter referenced by)-.15 F F0(par)2.962 E -(ameter)-.15 E F1 .462(instead of performing the complete in-)2.962 F -3.635(direct e)108 96 R 3.635(xpansion, for compatibility)-.15 F 8.635 -(.T)-.65 G 3.635(he e)-8.635 F 3.635(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F -3.636(xpansions of ${)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)A F0(pr)A(e\214x) --.37 E F2(*)A F1 6.136(}a)C(nd)-6.136 E(${)108 108 Q F2(!)A F0(name)A F1 -([)A F0(@)A F1 .763(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .763 -(he e).65 F .763(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 3.263 -(wt)-.25 G .763(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F -(introduce indirection.)108 120 Q .334(In each of the cases belo)108 -136.8 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F0(wor)3.484 E(d)-.37 E F1 .334 -(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334 -(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F(and arithmetic e)108 148.8 Q -(xpansion.)-.15 E .067(When not performing substring e)108 165.6 R .067 +(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F1 5.291(.T)C .291(he v)-5.291 F .292 +(alue is subject to tilde e)-.25 F(x-)-.15 E .164(pansion, parameter e) +108 340.8 R .163(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F +2.663(xpansion. If)-.15 F F0(par)2.663 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .163 +(is a nameref,)2.663 F .462(this e)108 352.8 R .462 +(xpands to the name of the parameter referenced by)-.15 F F0(par)2.963 E +(ameter)-.15 E F1 .463(instead of performing the complete in-)2.963 F +3.636(direct e)108 364.8 R 3.636(xpansion, for compatibility)-.15 F +8.636(.T)-.65 G 3.636(he e)-8.636 F 3.635(xceptions to this are the e) +-.15 F 3.635(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F2(!)A F0(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A +F1 6.135(}a)C(nd)-6.135 E(${)108 376.8 Q F2(!)A F0(name)A F1([)A F0(@)A +F1 .762(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .763(he e).65 F .763 +(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 3.263(wt)-.25 G .763 +(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F(introduce indirection.)108 388.8 Q +.334(In each of the cases belo)108 405.6 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F0(wor)3.484 E +(d)-.37 E F1 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 +(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 +F(and arithmetic e)108 417.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .066 +(When not performing substring e)108 434.4 R .067 (xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 2.567(w\()-.25 G -(e.g.,)-2.567 E F2(:-)2.567 E F1(\),)A F2(bash)2.567 E F1 .066 -(tests for a pa-)2.567 F(rameter that is unset or null.)108 177.6 Q +(e.g.,)-2.567 E F2(:-)2.567 E F1(\),)A F2(bash)2.567 E F1 .067 +(tests for a pa-)2.567 F(rameter that is unset or null.)108 446.4 Q (Omitting the colon tests only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E(${)108 -194.4 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2<3aad>A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2 -.722(Use Default V)144 206.4 R(alues)-.92 E F1 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722 E F0 -(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F .723 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F1 .723(is substituted.) -3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 218.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F0 -(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 235.2 Q F0 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:=)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2 .266 -(Assign Default V)144 247.2 R(alues)-.92 E F1 5.266(.I)C(f)-5.266 E F0 -(par)4.016 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .266(is unset or null, the e)3.496 F .265 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.105 E(d)-.37 E F1 .265(is assigned to)3.535 -F F0(par)4.015 E(a-)-.15 E(meter)144 259.2 Q F1 2.957(,a).73 G .457 -(nd the e)-2.957 F .458(xpansion is the \214nal v)-.15 F .458(alue of) +463.2 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2<3aad>A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2 +.723(Use Default V)144 475.2 R(alues)-.92 E F1 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 E F0 +(par)4.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F .722 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F1 .722(is substituted.) +3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 487.2 Q(alue of)-.25 E F0 +(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 504 Q F0(par) +A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:=)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2 .265 +(Assign Default V)144 516 R(alues)-.92 E F1 5.265(.I)C(f)-5.265 E F0 +(par)4.015 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .266(is unset or null, the e)3.495 F .266 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.106 E(d)-.37 E F1 .266(is assigned to)3.536 +F F0(par)4.016 E(a-)-.15 E(meter)144 528 Q F1 2.958(,a).73 G .458 +(nd the e)-2.958 F .458(xpansion is the \214nal v)-.15 F .458(alue of) -.25 F F0(par)4.208 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 5.458(.P).73 G .458 (ositional parameters and special para-)-5.458 F -(meters may not be assigned in this w)144 271.2 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${) -108 288 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:?)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2 -.725(Display Err)144 300 R .724(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F1 5.724(.I)C +(meters may not be assigned in this w)144 540 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${)108 +556.8 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:?)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2 .724 +(Display Err)144 568.8 R .724(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F1 5.724(.I)C (f)-5.724 E F0(par)4.474 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .724 -(is null or unset, the shell writes the e)3.954 F .724(xpansion of)-.15 -F F0(wor)144 312 Q(d)-.37 E F1 .292(\(or a message to that ef)2.792 F -.292(fect if)-.25 F F0(wor)3.132 E(d)-.37 E F1 .293 +(is null or unset, the shell writes the e)3.954 F .725(xpansion of)-.15 +F F0(wor)144 580.8 Q(d)-.37 E F1 .293(\(or a message to that ef)2.793 F +.293(fect if)-.25 F F0(wor)3.133 E(d)-.37 E F1 .292 (is not present\) to the standard error and, if it is not inter)3.562 F -(-)-.2 E(acti)144 324 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.639(,e).15 G 1.138 -(xits with a non-zero status.)-3.789 F 1.138(An interacti)6.138 F 1.438 +(-)-.2 E(acti)144 592.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.638(,e).15 G 1.138 +(xits with a non-zero status.)-3.788 F 1.138(An interacti)6.138 F 1.438 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.138(hell does not e).15 F 1.138(xit, b)-.15 F 1.138 -(ut does not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.138(cute the).15 F -(command associated with the e)144 336 Q 2.5(xpansion. Otherwise,)-.15 F -(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F0(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 -(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 352.8 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:+)A F0 -(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 364.8 R .745(nate V)-.15 F +(ut does not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.139(cute the).15 F +(command associated with the e)144 604.8 Q 2.5(xpansion. Otherwise,)-.15 +F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F0(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 +(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 621.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:+)A F0 +(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 633.6 R .745(nate V)-.15 F (alue)-.92 E F1 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F0(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 376.8 Q F0(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F1 +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 645.6 Q F0(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F1 (is substituted.)3.27 E(The v)5 E(alue of)-.25 E F0(par)2.5 E(ameter) --.15 E F1(is not used.)2.5 E(${)108 393.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:) -A F0(of)A(fset)-.18 E F1(})A(${)108 405.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:) +-.15 E F1(is not used.)2.5 E(${)108 662.4 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:) +A F0(of)A(fset)-.18 E F1(})A(${)108 674.4 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:) A F0(of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F0(length)A F1(})A F2 .002 -(Substring Expansion)144 417.6 R F1 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to) +(Substring Expansion)144 686.4 R F1 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to) -5.002 F F0(length)2.502 E F1 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002 (alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.502 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .002(starting at the) -2.502 F .003(character speci\214ed by)144 429.6 R F0(of)2.503 E(fset) +2.502 F .004(character speci\214ed by)144 698.4 R F0(of)2.504 E(fset) -.18 E F1 5.003(.I)C(f)-5.003 E F0(par)2.503 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)2.503 E F2(@)2.503 E F1(or)2.503 E F2(*)2.503 E F1 2.503(,a)C 2.503(ni)-2.503 G(nde)-2.503 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.503(da).15 G .003(rray subscripted by) --2.503 F F2(@)2.503 E F1(or)2.503 E F2(*)2.504 E F1 2.504(,o)C 2.504(ra) --2.504 G(n)-2.504 E(associati)144 441.6 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722 -(rray name, the results dif).15 F .722(fer as described belo)-.25 F -4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F0(length)3.222 E F1 .722(is omitted, e) -3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .042(substring of the v)144 453.6 R -.042(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.542 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .043 -(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.542 F F0(of)2.543 E(fset) --.18 E F1 .043(and e)2.543 F .043(xtending to the)-.15 F .847 -(end of the v)144 465.6 R(alue.)-.25 E F0(length)5.846 E F1(and)3.346 E -F0(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .846 -(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .846(ARITHMETIC EV)3.346 F -(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F1(belo)144 477.6 Q(w\).)-.25 E -(If)144 494.4 Q F0(of)3.028 E(fset)-.18 E F1 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 -(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529 -(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F -.046(end of the v)144 506.4 R .046(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.546 E(ameter) --.15 E F1 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F0(length)2.546 E F1 -.25(eva)2.546 G -.046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F -(of)144 518.4 Q .202(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F -.202(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .203 -(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .558(the e)144 530.4 R +-2.503 F F2(@)2.503 E F1(or)2.503 E F2(*)2.503 E F1 2.503(,o)C 2.503(ra) +-2.503 G(n)-2.503 E(associati)144 710.4 Q 1.104 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .804 +(rray name, the results dif).15 F .805(fer as described belo)-.25 F +4.605 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F2(:)3.305 E F0(length)A F1 .805 +(is omitted \(the \214rst form)3.305 F(abo)144 722.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G +.795(\), this e).15 F .795(xpands to the substring of the v)-.15 F .795 +(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.295 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .794 +(starting at the character speci\214ed)3.294 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(25)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 26 26 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(by)144 84 Q F0(of)3.114 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .614 +(and e)3.114 F .614(xtending to the end of the v)-.15 F 3.114(alue. If) +-.25 F F0(of)3.114 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .614 +(is omitted, it is treated as 0.)3.114 F(If)5.615 E F0(length)3.115 E F1 +(is)3.115 E .499(omitted, b)144 96 R .499(ut the colon after)-.2 F F0 +(of)2.999 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .499(is present, it is treated as 0.)2.999 F +F0(length)5.499 E F1(and)2.999 E F0(of)2.999 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .498 +(are arithmetic e)2.999 F(x-)-.15 E(pressions \(see)144 108 Q/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)2.5 E(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION) +.855 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(If)144 124.8 Q F0(of)3.028 E(fset)-.18 +E F1 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 +F .529(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the) +-.25 F .046(end of the v)144 136.8 R .046(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.546 E +(ameter)-.15 E F1 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F0(length)2.546 E F1 -.25(eva) +2.546 G .046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an) +.25 F(of)144 148.8 Q .202(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 +F .202(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .203 +(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .558(the e)144 160.8 R .558(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F0(of)3.058 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .558(and that result.)3.058 F .557(Note that a ne)5.557 F -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E .857 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .557(set must be).25 -F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 542.4 Q -.2 -(vo)-.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F2(:-)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(pansion.).15 E(If)144 559.2 Q F0(par)3.283 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.283 -E F2(@)3.283 E F1(or)3.283 E F2(*)3.284 E F1 3.284(,t)C .784 -(he result is)-3.284 F F0(length)3.284 E F1 .784 +F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 172.8 Q -.2 +(vo)-.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(:-)2.5 E +F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansion.).15 E(If)144 189.6 Q F0(par)3.283 E(ameter) +-.15 E F1(is)3.283 E F3(@)3.283 E F1(or)3.283 E F3(*)3.284 E F1 3.284 +(,t)C .784(he result is)-3.284 F F0(length)3.284 E F1 .784 (positional parameters be)3.284 F .784(ginning at)-.15 F F0(of)3.284 E (fset)-.18 E F1 5.784(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve) --.25 G F0(of)144 571.2 Q(fset)-.18 E F1 .167(is tak)2.667 F .167 +-.25 G F0(of)144 201.6 Q(fset)-.18 E F1 .167(is tak)2.667 F .167 (en relati)-.1 F .467 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.667(oo).15 G .167 (ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-2.667 F 2.666(,s)-.4 G 2.666(oa)-2.666 G 2.666(no)-2.666 G -.25(ff)-2.666 G .166 (set of \2551 e).25 F -.25(va)-.25 G(l-).25 E .023(uates to the last po\ sitional parameter \(or 0 if there are no positional parameters\).)144 -583.2 R .023(It is an e)5.023 F(xpansion)-.15 E(error if)144 595.2 Q F0 +213.6 R .023(It is an e)5.023 F(xpansion)-.15 E(error if)144 225.6 Q F0 (length)2.5 E F1 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luates to a number less than zero.).25 E -(If)144 612 Q F0(par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .514(is an inde)3.014 F +(If)144 242.4 Q F0(par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .514(is an inde)3.014 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014(da).15 G .514 (rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-3.014 F F0(length) -3.014 E F1 .513(members of)3.013 F 1.081(the array be)144 624 R 1.081 +3.014 E F1 .513(members of)3.013 F 1.081(the array be)144 254.4 R 1.081 (ginning with ${)-.15 F F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1([)A F0(of)A(fset)-.18 E F1 3.581(]}. A)B(ne)3.581 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F0 (of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F1 1.082(is tak)3.582 F 1.082(en relati)-.1 F 1.382 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.582(oo).15 G 1.082(ne greater)-3.582 F 1.08 -(than the maximum inde)144 636 R 3.58(xo)-.15 G 3.58(ft)-3.58 G 1.08 +(than the maximum inde)144 266.4 R 3.58(xo)-.15 G 3.58(ft)-3.58 G 1.08 (he speci\214ed array)-3.58 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti)-6.079 G 3.579 (sa)-3.579 G 3.579(ne)-3.579 G 1.079(xpansion error if)-3.729 F F0 (length)3.579 E F1 -.25(eva)3.579 G 1.079(luates to a).25 F -(number less than zero.)144 648 Q(Substring e)144 664.8 Q +(number less than zero.)144 278.4 Q(Substring e)144 295.2 Q (xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E .82(Substring inde)144 681.6 R +(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E .82(Substring inde)144 312 R .821(xing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in w\ -hich case the in-)-.15 F(de)144 693.6 Q .159(xing starts at 1 by def) --.15 F 2.659(ault. If)-.1 F F0(of)2.659 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .159 -(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.659 F F2($0)2.659 E F1 -.159(is pre\214x)2.659 F .158(ed to)-.15 F(the list.)144 705.6 Q -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(25)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 26 26 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(${)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)A F0(pr)A -(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F1(})A(${)108 96 Q F2(!)A F0(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2 -(@)A F1(})A F2 .084(Names matching pr)144 108 R(e\214x)-.18 E F1 5.084 -(.E)C .084(xpands to the names of v)-5.084 F .084 -(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .085(gin with)-.15 F F0(pr)2.585 E +hich case the in-)-.15 F(de)144 324 Q .159(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 +F 2.659(ault. If)-.1 F F0(of)2.659 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .159 +(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.659 F F3($0)2.659 E F1 +.159(is pre\214x)2.659 F .158(ed to)-.15 F(the list.)144 336 Q(${)108 +352.8 Q F3(!)A F0(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F3(*)A F1(})A(${)108 364.8 Q F3(!)A +F0(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F3(@)A F1(})A F3 .084(Names matching pr)144 376.8 +R(e\214x)-.18 E F1 5.084(.E)C .084(xpands to the names of v)-5.084 F +.084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .085(gin with)-.15 F F0(pr)2.585 E (e\214x)-.37 E F1 2.585(,s)C(epa-)-2.585 E .258 -(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 120 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(IFS)2.758 E F1 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F0(@) -2.757 E F1 .257(is used and the e)2.757 F .257(xpansion appears)-.15 F -(within double quotes, each v)144 132 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E -(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 148.8 Q F2(!)A F0(name) -A F1([)A F0(@)A F1(]})A(${)108 160.8 Q F2(!)A F0(name)A F1([)A F0(*)A F1 -(]})A F2 1.136(List of array k)144 172.8 R(eys)-.1 E F1 6.136(.I)C(f) +(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 388.8 R F2(IFS)2.758 E F1 +.257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F0(@)2.757 E F1 .257 +(is used and the e)2.757 F .257(xpansion appears)-.15 F +(within double quotes, each v)144 400.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 417.6 Q F3(!)A F0(name) +A F1([)A F0(@)A F1(]})A(${)108 429.6 Q F3(!)A F0(name)A F1([)A F0(*)A F1 +(]})A F3 1.136(List of array k)144 441.6 R(eys)-.1 E F1 6.136(.I)C(f) -6.136 E F0(name)3.636 E F1 1.136(is an array v)3.636 F 1.136 (ariable, e)-.25 F 1.136(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F --.15(ey)-.1 G 1.137(s\) as-).15 F .397(signed in)144 184.8 R F0(name) +-.15(ey)-.1 G 1.137(s\) as-).15 F .397(signed in)144 453.6 R F0(name) 2.897 E F1 5.397(.I)C(f)-5.397 E F0(name)2.897 E F1 .397 (is not an array)2.897 F 2.897(,e)-.65 G .397(xpands to 0 if)-3.047 F F0 (name)2.897 E F1 .397(is set and null otherwise.)2.897 F(When)5.397 E F0 -(@)2.897 E F1(is used and the e)144 196.8 Q +(@)2.897 E F1(is used and the e)144 465.6 Q (xpansion appears within double quotes, each k)-.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 -H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 213.6 Q F2(#)A F0(par)A -(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 225.6 S 1.18(rameter length).1 F F1 +H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 482.4 Q F3(#)A F0(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F3 -.1(Pa)144 494.4 S 1.18(rameter length).1 F F1 6.18(.S)C 1.18(ubstitutes the length in characters of the e)-6.18 F 1.18 (xpanded v)-.15 F 1.18(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.68 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 -6.18(.I)C(f)-6.18 E F0(par)145.25 237.6 Q(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.282 E F2 -(*)2.552 E F1(or)2.552 E F2(@)2.552 E F1 2.552(,t)C .052(he v)-2.552 F +6.18(.I)C(f)-6.18 E F0(par)145.25 506.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.282 E F3 +(*)2.552 E F1(or)2.552 E F3(@)2.552 E F1 2.552(,t)C .052(he v)-2.552 F .052(alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) 5.052 E F0(par)3.801 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.281 E .333 -(an array name subscripted by)144 249.6 R F2(*)2.833 E F1(or)2.833 E F2 +(an array name subscripted by)144 518.4 R F3(*)2.833 E F1(or)2.833 E F3 (@)2.833 E F1 2.833(,t)C .333(he v)-2.833 F .334 (alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F(.)-.65 E -(If)144 261.6 Q F0(par)5.022 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.272(is an inde)4.502 F +(If)144 530.4 Q F0(par)5.022 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.272(is an inde)4.502 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.772(da).15 G 1.272(rray name subscripted by a ne)-3.772 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.572 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 3.772(,t) -.4 G 1.272(hat number is inter)-3.772 F(-)-.2 E .565(preted as relati) -144 273.6 R .865 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.065(oo).15 G .565 +144 542.4 R .865 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.065(oo).15 G .565 (ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.065 F 3.065(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.065 E F0 (par)3.066 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 3.066(,s)C 3.066(on)-3.066 G -2.25 -.15 (eg a)-3.066 H(ti).15 E .866 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .566(ndices count).15 F -(back from the end of the array)144 285.6 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde) +(back from the end of the array)144 554.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde) -2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G -(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 302.4 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 -E F2(#)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A(${)108 314.4 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E -F2(##)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2(Remo)144 326.4 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 +(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 571.2 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 +E F3(#)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A(${)108 583.2 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E +F3(##)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F3(Remo)144 595.2 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F(n)-.15 E F1 6.196(.T) C(he)-6.196 E F0(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F1 1.196(is e)4.466 F 1.196 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F .543(name e)144 -338.4 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544(ainst the e)-.05 F +607.2 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544(ainst the e)-.05 F .544(xpanded v)-.15 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E -F1 .544(using the rules described)3.774 F(under)144 350.4 Q F2 -.1(Pa) +F1 .544(using the rules described)3.774 F(under)144 619.2 Q F3 -.1(Pa) 3.133 G(tter).1 E 3.133(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.133 E F1(belo)3.132 E 4.432 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 3.132(ft).65 G .632(he pattern matches the be)-3.132 F .632(ginning of the v)-.15 F .632(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)4.382 E(ameter) --.15 E F1(,).73 E 1.151(then the result of the e)144 362.4 R 1.151 +-.15 E F1(,).73 E 1.151(then the result of the e)144 631.2 R 1.151 (xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F0 (par)4.902 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.152(with the shortest matching)4.382 F .554(pattern \(the \231#\232 case\) or the longest matching pattern \(t\ -he \231##\232 case\) deleted.)144 374.4 R(If)5.553 E F0(par)4.303 E -(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.783 E F2(@)3.053 E F1(or)144 386.4 Q F2(*)3.018 E +he \231##\232 case\) deleted.)144 643.2 R(If)5.553 E F0(par)4.303 E +(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.783 E F3(@)3.053 E F1(or)144 655.2 Q F3(*)3.018 E F1 3.018(,t)C .518(he pattern remo)-3.018 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.018(lo).25 G .518 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E .304(sion is the resultant list.)144 398.4 R(If) +-3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E .304(sion is the resultant list.)144 667.2 R(If) 5.304 E F0(par)4.054 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .303(is an array v)3.533 F .303 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.803 E F1(or)2.803 E F2(*)2.803 E -F1 2.803(,t)C .303(he pattern re-)-2.803 F(mo)144 410.4 Q -.25(va)-.15 G +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F3(@)2.803 E F1(or)2.803 E F3(*)2.803 E +F1 2.803(,t)C .303(he pattern re-)-2.803 F(mo)144 679.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 2.987(lo).25 G .487 (peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) --2.987 F .487(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 422.4 Q(${)108 -439.2 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A(${)108 -451.2 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%%)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2(Remo) -144 463.2 Q .347 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 -E F1 5.147(.T)C(he)-5.147 E F0(wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F1 .147(is e)2.647 F -.146(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 -475.2 S .458(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .458(ainst the e)-.05 F .458 +-2.987 F .487(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 691.2 Q +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(26)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 27 27 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(${)108 84 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(%)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A(${)108 96 Q F0(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F2(%%)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(})A F2(Remo)144 108 Q .347 +-.1(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F1 5.147(.T)C +(he)-5.147 E F0(wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F1 .147(is e)2.647 F .146 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 120 +S .458(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .458(ainst the e)-.05 F .458 (xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)4.209 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 -.459(using the rules described under)3.689 F F2 -.1(Pa)144 487.2 S(tter) -.1 E 2.732(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.732 E F1(belo)2.732 E 4.032 -.65(w. I) --.25 H 2.732(ft).65 G .231 -(he pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)-2.732 F .231(xpanded v) --.15 F .231(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.981 E(a-)-.15 E(meter)144 499.2 Q F1 -4.399(,t).73 G 1.899(hen the result of the e)-4.399 F 1.899 -(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.899(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.9(alue of)-.25 F F0 -(par)5.65 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.9(with the shortest)5.13 F .019(matching\ - pattern \(the \231%\232 case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the \ -\231%%\232 case\) deleted.)144 511.2 R(If)5.019 E F0(par)3.769 E(a-)-.15 -E(meter)144 523.2 Q F1(is)3.559 E F2(@)2.829 E F1(or)2.829 E F2(*)2.829 -E F1 2.829(,t)C .329(he pattern remo)-2.829 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.829(lo) -.25 G .33(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and) --2.829 F .64(the e)144 535.2 R .64(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 -F(If)5.64 E F0(par)4.39 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .64(is an array v)3.87 F .64 +.459(using the rules described under)3.689 F F2 -.1(Pa)144 132 S(tter).1 +E 2.732(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.732 E F1(belo)2.732 E 4.032 -.65(w. I)-.25 +H 2.732(ft).65 G .231(he pattern matches a trailing portion of the e) +-2.732 F .231(xpanded v)-.15 F .231(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.981 E(a-) +-.15 E(meter)144 144 Q F1 4.399(,t).73 G 1.899(hen the result of the e) +-4.399 F 1.899(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.899(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.9 +(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)5.65 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.9(with the shortest) +5.13 F .019(matching pattern \(the \231%\232 case\) or the longest matc\ +hing pattern \(the \231%%\232 case\) deleted.)144 156 R(If)5.019 E F0 +(par)3.769 E(a-)-.15 E(meter)144 168 Q F1(is)3.559 E F2(@)2.829 E F1(or) +2.829 E F2(*)2.829 E F1 2.829(,t)C .329(he pattern remo)-2.829 F -.25 +(va)-.15 G 2.829(lo).25 G .33 +(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and)-2.829 F +.64(the e)144 180 R .64(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.64 E +F0(par)4.39 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .64(is an array v)3.87 F .64 (ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.14 E F1(or)3.14 E F2(*)3.14 E F1 -3.14(,t)C(he)-3.14 E .422(pattern remo)144 547.2 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.922 +3.14(,t)C(he)-3.14 E .422(pattern remo)144 192 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.922 (lo).25 G .422 (peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) --2.922 F .423(xpansion is the)-.15 F(resultant list.)144 559.2 Q(${)108 -576 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/)A F0(pattern)A F2(/)A F0(string)A F1 -(})A(${)108 588 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(//)A F0(pattern)A F2(/)A F0 -(string)A F1(})A(${)108 600 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/#)A F0(pattern) -A F2(/)A F0(string)A F1(})A(${)108 612 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/%)A -F0(pattern)A F2(/)A F0(string)A F1(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 624 S(tter).1 E -2.654(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-2.654 E F1 5.154(.T)C(he)-5.154 E F0 -(pattern)2.654 E F1 .154(is e)2.654 F .153 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 -E 1.452(and matched ag)144 636 R 1.452(ainst the e)-.05 F 1.452 -(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.452(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.952 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 -1.453(using the rules described under)3.952 F F2 -.1(Pa)3.953 G(tter).1 -E(n)-.15 E(Matching)144 648 Q F1(belo)4.037 E 5.337 -.65(w. T)-.25 H -1.537(he longest match of).65 F F0(pattern)4.037 E F1 1.536(in the e) -4.036 F 1.536(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.536(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F0 -(string)4.036 E F1(.)A F0(string)144 660 Q F1(under)3.778 E 1.278 -(goes tilde e)-.18 F 1.278(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F 1.278 -(ariable e)-.25 F 1.278(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.278 -(xpansion, com-)-.15 F(mand and process substitution, and quote remo)144 -672 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E .652(In the \214rst form abo)144 688.8 R +-2.922 F .423(xpansion is the)-.15 F(resultant list.)144 204 Q(${)108 +220.8 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/)A F0(pattern)A F2(/)A F0(string)A F1 +(})A(${)108 232.8 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(//)A F0(pattern)A F2(/)A +F0(string)A F1(})A(${)108 244.8 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(/#)A F0 +(pattern)A F2(/)A F0(string)A F1(})A(${)108 256.8 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 +E F2(/%)A F0(pattern)A F2(/)A F0(string)A F1(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 268.8 S +(tter).1 E 3.254(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.254 E F1 5.754(.T)C(he)-5.754 +E F0(pattern)3.254 E F1 .754(is e)3.254 F .753 +(xpanded to produce a pattern and matched ag)-.15 F .753(ainst the e) +-.05 F(x-)-.15 E 1.163(panded v)144 280.8 R 1.163(alue of)-.25 F F0(par) +3.664 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.164(as described under)3.664 F F2 -.1(Pa) +3.664 G(tter).1 E 3.664(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.664 E F1(belo)3.664 E 4.964 +-.65(w. T)-.25 H 1.164(he longest match of).65 F F0(pattern)144 292.8 Q +F1 .266(in the e)2.766 F .266(xpanded v)-.15 F .265 +(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F0(string)2.765 E F1(.)A F0(string)5.265 E +F1(under)2.765 E .265(goes tilde e)-.18 F .265(xpansion, parameter)-.15 +F 1.358(and v)144 304.8 R 1.358(ariable e)-.25 F 1.358 +(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.358 +(xpansion, command and process substitution, and quote re-)-.15 F(mo)144 +316.8 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E .652(In the \214rst form abo)144 333.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(,o).15 G .651(nly the \214rst match is replaced.) -3.151 F .651(If there are tw)5.651 F 3.151(os)-.1 G .651 -(lashes separating)-3.151 F F0(par)3.151 E(a-)-.15 E(meter)144 700.8 Q +(lashes separating)-3.151 F F0(par)3.151 E(a-)-.15 E(meter)144 345.6 Q F1(and)2.673 E F0(pattern)2.673 E F1 .173(\(the second form abo)2.673 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .173(\), all matches of).15 F F0(pattern)2.673 E F1 .173 (are replaced with)2.673 F F0(string)2.673 E F1 5.174(.I)C(f)-5.174 E F0 -(pat-)2.674 E(tern)144 712.8 Q F1 .277(is preceded by)2.777 F F2(#)2.776 +(pat-)2.674 E(tern)144 357.6 Q F1 .277(is preceded by)2.777 F F2(#)2.776 E F1 .276(\(the third form abo)2.776 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .276 (\), it must match at the be).15 F .276(ginning of the e)-.15 F .276 -(xpanded v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E(of)144 724.8 Q F0(par)2.638 E(ameter)-.15 +(xpanded v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E(of)144 369.6 Q F0(par)2.638 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 5.138(.I)C(f)-5.138 E F0(pattern)2.638 E F1 .138(is preceded by) 2.638 F F2(%)2.638 E F1 .138(\(the fourth form abo)2.638 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G .139(\), it must match at the end of the).15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(26)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 27 27 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E -.15(ex)144 84 S(panded v).15 E(alue of)-.25 E F0 -(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(.)A .034(If the e)144 100.8 R .034 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(string)2.534 E F1 .034(is null, matches of)2.534 -F F0(pattern)2.534 E F1 .034(are deleted and the)2.534 F/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(/)2.534 E F1(follo)2.534 E(wing)-.25 E F0(pattern)2.534 -E F1 .033(may be)2.533 F(omitted.)144 112.8 Q .95(If the)144 129.6 R F2 -(patsub_r)3.45 E(eplacement)-.18 E F1 .95(shell option is enabled using) -3.45 F F2(shopt)3.45 E F1 3.45(,a)C 1.25 -.15(ny u)-3.45 H .95 -(nquoted instances of).15 F F2(&)3.45 E F1(in)3.45 E F0(string)144 141.6 -Q F1(are replaced with the matching portion of)2.5 E F0(pattern)2.5 E F1 -(.)A .75(Quoting an)144 158.4 R 3.25(yp)-.15 G .75(art of)-3.25 F F0 -(string)3.25 E F1 .749(inhibits replacement in the e)3.249 F .749 -(xpansion of the quoted portion, including)-.15 F .808 -(replacement strings stored in shell v)144 170.4 R 3.308 +G .139(\), it must match at the end of the).15 F -.15(ex)144 381.6 S +(panded v).15 E(alue of)-.25 E F0(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(.)A .034 +(If the e)144 398.4 R .034(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(string)2.534 E F1 .034 +(is null, matches of)2.534 F F0(pattern)2.534 E F1 .034 +(are deleted and the)2.534 F F2(/)2.534 E F1(follo)2.534 E(wing)-.25 E +F0(pattern)2.534 E F1 .033(may be)2.533 F(omitted.)144 410.4 Q .95 +(If the)144 427.2 R F2(patsub_r)3.45 E(eplacement)-.18 E F1 .95 +(shell option is enabled using)3.45 F F2(shopt)3.45 E F1 3.45(,a)C 1.25 +-.15(ny u)-3.45 H .95(nquoted instances of).15 F F2(&)3.45 E F1(in)3.45 +E F0(string)144 439.2 Q F1(are replaced with the matching portion of)2.5 +E F0(pattern)2.5 E F1(.)A .75(Quoting an)144 456 R 3.25(yp)-.15 G .75 +(art of)-3.25 F F0(string)3.25 E F1 .749(inhibits replacement in the e) +3.249 F .749(xpansion of the quoted portion, including)-.15 F .808 +(replacement strings stored in shell v)144 468 R 3.308 (ariables. Backslash)-.25 F(escapes)3.308 E F2(&)3.308 E F1(in)3.308 E F0(string)3.308 E F1 3.308(;t)C .808(he backslash is re-)-3.308 F(mo)144 -182.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.101(di).15 G 3.101(no)-3.101 G .601 +480 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.101(di).15 G 3.101(no)-3.101 G .601 (rder to permit a literal)-3.101 F F2(&)3.101 E F1 .601 (in the replacement string.)3.101 F .6 -(Backslash can also be used to es-)5.6 F 1.428(cape a backslash;)144 -194.4 R F2(\\\\)3.928 E F1 1.428 +(Backslash can also be used to es-)5.6 F 1.428(cape a backslash;)144 492 +R F2(\\\\)3.928 E F1 1.428 (results in a literal backslash in the replacement.)3.928 F 1.428 (Users should tak)6.428 F 3.929(ec)-.1 G 1.429(are if)-3.929 F F0 -(string)144 206.4 Q F1 .292(is double-quoted to a)2.792 F -.2(vo)-.2 G +(string)144 504 Q F1 .292(is double-quoted to a)2.792 F -.2(vo)-.2 G .292(id unw).2 F .292 (anted interactions between the backslash and double-quoting,)-.1 F .053 -(since backslash has special meaning within double quotes.)144 218.4 R +(since backslash has special meaning within double quotes.)144 516 R -.15(Pa)5.053 G .054(ttern substitution performs the check).15 F .07 -(for unquoted)144 230.4 R F2(&)2.57 E F1 .07(after e)2.57 F(xpanding) --.15 E F0(string)2.569 E F1 2.569(;s)C .069 -(hell programmers should quote an)-2.569 F 2.569(yo)-.15 G .069 -(ccurrences of)-2.569 F F2(&)2.569 E F1(the)2.569 E(y)-.15 E -.1(wa)144 -242.4 S 1.112(nt to be tak).1 F 1.112 +(for unquoted)144 528 R F2(&)2.57 E F1 .07(after e)2.57 F(xpanding)-.15 +E F0(string)2.569 E F1 2.569(;s)C .069(hell programmers should quote an) +-2.569 F 2.569(yo)-.15 G .069(ccurrences of)-2.569 F F2(&)2.569 E F1 +(the)2.569 E(y)-.15 E -.1(wa)144 540 S 1.112(nt to be tak).1 F 1.112 (en literally in the replacement and ensure an)-.1 F 3.612(yi)-.15 G 1.112(nstances of)-3.612 F F2(&)3.612 E F1(the)3.612 E 3.613(yw)-.15 G -1.113(ant to be re-)-3.713 F(placed are unquoted.)144 254.4 Q(Lik)144 -271.2 Q 2.547(et)-.1 G .047(he pattern remo)-2.547 F -.25(va)-.15 G +1.113(ant to be re-)-3.713 F(placed are unquoted.)144 552 Q(Lik)144 +568.8 Q 2.547(et)-.1 G .047(he pattern remo)-2.547 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.547(lo).25 G .047 (perators, double quotes surrounding the replacement string quote the e) -2.547 F(x-)-.15 E 1.061(panded characters, while double quotes enclosi\ -ng the entire parameter substitution do not, since)144 283.2 R(the e)144 -295.2 Q(xpansion is performed in a conte)-.15 E(xt that doesn')-.15 E +ng the entire parameter substitution do not, since)144 580.8 R(the e)144 +592.8 Q(xpansion is performed in a conte)-.15 E(xt that doesn')-.15 E 2.5(tt)-.18 G(ak)-2.5 E 2.5(ea)-.1 G .3 -.15(ny e)-2.5 H -(nclosing double quotes into account.).15 E .687(If the)144 312 R F2 +(nclosing double quotes into account.).15 E .687(If the)144 609.6 R F2 (nocasematch)3.187 E F1 .687 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.187 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G .687(rd to the case of).05 F(alphabetic characters.)144 324 Q -(If)144 340.8 Q F0(par)4.334 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.814 E F2(@)3.084 E +(ga)-.15 G .687(rd to the case of).05 F(alphabetic characters.)144 621.6 +Q(If)144 638.4 Q F0(par)4.334 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.814 E F2(@)3.084 E F1(or)3.084 E F2(*)3.084 E F1 3.084(,t)C .585(he substitution operation\ is applied to each positional parameter in turn,)-3.084 F .51 -(and the e)144 352.8 R .51(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If) +(and the e)144 650.4 R .51(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If) 5.51 E F0(par)4.259 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .509(is an array v)3.739 F .509 (ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.009 E F1(or)3.009 E F2(*)3.009 E F1(,)A .495(the substitution operation is applied to each member of the\ - array in turn, and the e)144 364.8 R .496(xpansion is the)-.15 F -(resultant list.)144 376.8 Q(${)108 393.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2 -<00>A F0(pattern)A F1(})A(${)108 405.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2<0000> -A F0(pattern)A F1(})A(${)108 417.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A F0 -(pattern)A F1(})A(${)108 429.6 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F0 -(pattern)A F1(})A F2 .438(Case modi\214cation)144 441.6 R F1 5.438(.T)C -.438(his e)-5.438 F .437 + array in turn, and the e)144 662.4 R .496(xpansion is the)-.15 F +(resultant list.)144 674.4 Q(${)108 691.2 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2 +<00>A F0(pattern)A F1(})A(${)108 703.2 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2<0000> +A F0(pattern)A F1(})A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E +(27)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 28 28 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(${)108 84 Q F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(,)A F0(pattern)A F1(})A(${)108 96 Q F0(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(,,)A F0(pattern)A F1(})A F2 2.346(Case modi\214cation)144 108 +R F1 7.346(.T)C 2.346(his e)-7.346 F 2.345 (xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F0(par) -2.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 5.437(.T)C(he)-5.437 E F0(pattern)144 453.6 Q -F1 .373(is e)2.873 F .374 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 2.874 -(xpansion. Each)-.15 F .374(character in the e)2.874 F(x-)-.15 E .514 -(panded v)144 465.6 R .514(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E -F1 .514(is tested ag)3.014 F(ainst)-.05 E F0(pattern)3.014 E F1 3.014 -(,a)C .513(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is con-)-3.014 F -.15 -(ve)144 477.6 S 2.5(rted. The).15 F -(pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.5 E(.) --.55 E(The)144 494.4 Q F2<00>3.523 E F1 1.023(operator con)3.523 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G 1.023(rts lo).15 F 1.023(wercase letters matching)-.25 F F0 -(pattern)3.523 E F1 1.023(to uppercase; the)3.523 F F2(,)3.523 E F1 -1.024(operator con)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.4 G(rts).15 E .013 -(matching uppercase letters to lo)144 506.4 R 2.513(wercase. The)-.25 F -F2<0000>2.513 E F1(and)2.513 E F2(,,)2.513 E F1 -.15(ex)2.513 G .013 -(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .013(rt each matched character).15 F -.346(in the e)144 518.4 R .346(xpanded v)-.15 F .346(alue; the)-.25 F F2 -<00>2.846 E F1(and)2.846 E F2(,)2.847 E F1 -.15(ex)2.847 G .347 -(pansions match and con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .347 -(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F(x-)-.15 E(panded v)144 -530.4 Q 2.5(alue. If)-.25 F F0(pattern)2.5 E F1 -(is omitted, it is treated lik)2.5 E 2.5(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F1 2.5(,w)C -(hich matches e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry character).15 E(.)-.55 E(If)144 -547.2 Q F0(par)4.18 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.66 E F2(@)2.93 E F1(or)2.93 -E F2(*)2.93 E F1 2.93(,t)C .429(he case modi\214cation operation is app\ -lied to each positional parameter in)-2.93 F .523(turn, and the e)144 -559.2 R .524(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.524 E F0(par) -4.274 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .524(is an array v)3.754 F .524 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.024 E F1(or)144 571.2 Q F2(*) +4.845 E(ameter)-.15 E F1(.)A 1.474(First, the)144 120 R F0(pattern)3.974 +E F1 1.474(is e)3.974 F 1.474 +(xpanded to produce a pattern as described belo)-.15 F 3.974(wu)-.25 G +(nder)-3.974 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.09(Pa)3.974 G(tter).09 E 3.725(nM) +-.135 G(atching)-3.725 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F2(Bash)144 132 Q F1 +1.06(then e)3.56 F 1.059(xamines characters in the e)-.15 F 1.059 +(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.059(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.559 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 +(ag)3.559 E(ainst)-.05 E F0(pattern)3.559 E F1 1.059(as described)3.559 +F(belo)144 144 Q 4.218 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 2.918(fac).65 G .419 +(haracter matches the pattern, its case is con)-2.918 F -.15(ve)-.4 G +2.919(rted. The).15 F .419(pattern should not attempt to)2.919 F +(match more than one character)144 156 Q(.)-.55 E .605 +(Using \231\000\232 con)144 172.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .605(rts lo).15 F .605 +(wercase letters matching)-.25 F F0(pattern)3.105 E F1 .605 +(to uppercase; \231,)3.105 F 3.105<9a63>-.7 G(on)-3.105 E -.15(ve)-.4 G +.605(rts matching upper).15 F(-)-.2 E .9(case letters to lo)144 184.8 R +3.4(wercase. The)-.25 F F2<00>3.4 E F1(and)3.4 E F2(,)3.4 E F1 -.25(va) +3.4 G .9(riants e).25 F .9(xamine the \214rst character in the e)-.15 F +.9(xpanded v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E .71(and con)144 196.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G +.71(rt its case if it matches).15 F F0(pattern)3.21 E F1 3.21(;t)C(he) +-3.21 E F2<0000>3.21 E F1(and)3.21 E F2(,,)3.21 E F1 -.25(va)3.21 G .71 +(riants e).25 F .71(xamine all characters in the e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .047 +(panded v)144 208.8 R .047(alue and con)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .047 +(rt each one that matches).15 F F0(pattern)2.547 E F1 5.047(.I)C(f) +-5.047 E F0(pattern)2.547 E F1 .047(is omitted, it is treated lik)2.547 +F 2.548(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F1(,)A(which matches e)144 220.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G(ry character).15 E(.)-.55 E(If)144 237.6 Q F0(par)4.18 E(ameter)-.15 E +F1(is)3.66 E F2(@)2.93 E F1(or)2.93 E F2(*)2.93 E F1 2.93(,t)C .429(he \ +case modi\214cation operation is applied to each positional parameter i\ +n)-2.93 F .523(turn, and the e)144 249.6 R .524 +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.524 E F0(par)4.274 E +(ameter)-.15 E F1 .524(is an array v)3.754 F .524 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)3.024 E F1(or)144 261.6 Q F2(*) 2.569 E F1 2.569(,t)C .068(he case modi\214cation operation is applied \ to each member of the array in turn, and the e)-2.569 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion is the resultant list.)144 583.2 Q(${)108 600 Q F0(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(@)A F0(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F1(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 612 S .86 +(sion is the resultant list.)144 273.6 Q(${)108 290.4 Q F0(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(@)A F0(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F1(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 302.4 S .86 (rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F1 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F .86 (xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 F -F0(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .154(or information about)144 624 R F0 +F0(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .154(or information about)144 314.4 R F0 (par)2.654 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.654 F .153(alue of)-.25 F F0(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F1 5.153(.E)C(ach)-5.153 E F0(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F1 .153(is a sin-)2.653 F(gle letter:)144 -636 Q F2(U)144 648 Q F1 .142(The e)180 648 R .142 +326.4 Q F2(U)144 338.4 Q F1 .142(The e)180 338.4 R .142 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .142(alue of)-.25 F F0(par) 2.642 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .142(with lo)2.642 F .143 -(wercase alphabetic charac-)-.25 F(ters con)180 660 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G -(rted to uppercase.).15 E F2(u)144 672 Q F1 .43(The e)180 672 R .43 +(wercase alphabetic charac-)-.25 F(ters con)180 350.4 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G +(rted to uppercase.).15 E F2(u)144 362.4 Q F1 .43(The e)180 362.4 R .43 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .429(alue of)-.25 F F0(par) 2.929 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .429(with the \214rst character con)2.929 F --.15(ve)-.4 G(rted).15 E(to uppercase, if it is alphabetic.)180 684 Q F2 -(L)144 696 Q F1 .124(The e)180 696 R .124 +-.15(ve)-.4 G(rted).15 E(to uppercase, if it is alphabetic.)180 374.4 Q +F2(L)144 386.4 Q F1 .124(The e)180 386.4 R .124 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .124(alue of)-.25 F F0(par) 2.624 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .125(with uppercase alphabetic charac-)2.625 F -(ters con)180 708 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted to lo).15 E(wercase.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(27)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 28 28 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Q)144 84 Q F1 1.065(The e)180 -84 R 1.065(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 -F F0(par)3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.064(quoted in a format that can be) -3.565 F(reused as input.)180 96 Q F2(E)144 108 Q F1 .44(The e)180 108 R +(ters con)180 398.4 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted to lo).15 E(wercase.)-.25 E F2 +(Q)144 410.4 Q F1 1.065(The e)180 410.4 R 1.065 +(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F0(par) +3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.064(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F +(reused as input.)180 422.4 Q F2(E)144 434.4 Q F1 .44(The e)180 434.4 R .441(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F0 (par)2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .441(with backslash escape sequences)2.941 -F -.15(ex)180 120 S(panded as with the).15 E F2<2408>2.5 E F1 1.666(...) -C F2<08>-1.666 E F1(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F2(P)144 132 Q F1 1.073 -(The e)180 132 R 1.073(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 -F 1.073(xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.573 E -(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 -144 Q F2(PR)2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(A)144 156 Q -F1 1.137(The e)180 156 R 1.138 +F -.15(ex)180 446.4 S(panded as with the).15 E F2<2408>2.5 E F1 1.666 +(...)C F2<08>-1.666 E F1(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F2(P)144 458.4 Q F1 +1.073(The e)180 458.4 R 1.073 +(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073 +(xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E +F1 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 470.4 Q F2(PR) +2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(A)144 482.4 Q F1 1.137 +(The e)180 482.4 R 1.138 (xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F -F2(declar)3.638 E(e)-.18 E F1(command)3.638 E(that, if e)180 168 Q -.25 -(va)-.25 G(luated, recreates).25 E F0(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 -(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(K)144 180 Q F1 -1.34(Produces a possibly-quoted v)180 180 R 1.339(ersion of the v)-.15 F -1.339(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.839 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 3.839(,e)C 1.339 -(xcept that it prints the)-3.989 F -.25(va)180 192 S .257(lues of inde) -.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.757(da).15 G .257(nd associati)-2.757 F .557 -.15 -(ve a)-.25 H .257(rrays as a sequence of quoted k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -(-v).15 E .257(alue pairs \(see)-.25 F F2(Ar)2.758 E(-)-.37 E(rays)180 -204 Q F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). The).15 F -.1(ke)2.5 G -(ys and v)-.05 E +F2(declar)3.638 E(e)-.18 E F1(command)3.638 E(that, if e)180 494.4 Q +-.25(va)-.25 G(luated, recreates).25 E F0(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 +(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(K)144 506.4 Q F1 +1.34(Produces a possibly-quoted v)180 506.4 R 1.339(ersion of the v)-.15 +F 1.339(alue of)-.25 F F0(par)3.839 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 3.839(,e)C 1.339 +(xcept that it prints the)-3.989 F -.25(va)180 518.4 S .257 +(lues of inde).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.757(da).15 G .257(nd associati) +-2.757 F .557 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .257(rrays as a sequence of quoted k).15 +F -.15(ey)-.1 G(-v).15 E .257(alue pairs \(see)-.25 F F2(Ar)2.758 E(-) +-.37 E(rays)180 530.4 Q F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). The).15 F +-.1(ke)2.5 G(ys and v)-.05 E (alues are quoted in a format that can be reused as input.)-.25 E F2(a) -144 216 Q F1(The e)180 216 Q +144 542.4 Q F1(The e)180 542.4 Q (xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E(alues representing) -.25 E F0(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 1.1 -.55('s a)D(ttrib).55 E(utes.) --.2 E F2(k)144 228 Q F1(Lik)180 228 Q 2.658(et)-.1 G .157 +-.2 E F2(k)144 554.4 Q F1(Lik)180 554.4 Q 2.658(et)-.1 G .157 (he K transformation, b)-2.658 F .157(ut e)-.2 F .157(xpands the k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.657(sa).15 G .157(nd v)-2.657 F .157(alues of inde) -.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.657(da).15 G .157(nd associati)-2.657 F .457 --.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(rays to separate w)180 240 Q(ords after w) --.1 E(ord splitting.)-.1 E(If)144 256.8 Q F0(par)4.402 E(ameter)-.15 E -F1(is)3.882 E F2(@)3.152 E F1(or)3.152 E F2(*)3.153 E F1 3.153(,t)C .653 -(he operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the \ -e)-3.153 F(x-)-.15 E .403(pansion is the resultant list.)144 268.8 R(If) -5.403 E F0(par)4.153 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .403(is an array v)3.633 F .403 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.903 E F1(or)2.903 E F2(*)2.903 E -F1 2.903(,t)C .402(he opera-)-2.903 F +-.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(rays to separate w)180 566.4 Q +(ords after w)-.1 E(ord splitting.)-.1 E(If)144 583.2 Q F0(par)4.402 E +(ameter)-.15 E F1(is)3.882 E F2(@)3.152 E F1(or)3.152 E F2(*)3.153 E F1 +3.153(,t)C .653(he operation is applied to each positional parameter in\ + turn, and the e)-3.153 F(x-)-.15 E .403(pansion is the resultant list.) +144 595.2 R(If)5.403 E F0(par)4.153 E(ameter)-.15 E F1 .403 +(is an array v)3.633 F .403(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.903 E +F1(or)2.903 E F2(*)2.903 E F1 2.903(,t)C .402(he opera-)-2.903 F (tion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 -280.8 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E .708(The result of the e) -144 297.6 R .708(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F .708 +607.2 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E .708(The result of the e) +144 624 R .708(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F .708 (ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .708(xpansion as described be-)-.15 -F(lo)144 309.6 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Command Substitution)87 326.4 Q F0 -.324(Command substitution)108 338.4 R F1(allo)2.824 E .324 +F(lo)144 636 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Command Substitution)87 652.8 Q F0 .324 +(Command substitution)108 664.8 R F1(allo)2.824 E .324 (ws the output of a command to replace the command itself.)-.25 F .323 -(There are tw)5.323 F 2.823(os)-.1 G(tan-)-2.823 E(dard forms:)108 350.4 -Q F2($\()144 367.2 Q F0(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F1(or \(deprecated\))108 -379.2 Q F2<92>144 391.2 Q F0(command)A F2<92>A F1(.)A F2(Bash)108 408 Q -F1 .088(performs the e)2.588 F .088(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting).15 E F0(command)2.588 E F1 .089(in a subshell en)2.589 F .089 +(There are tw)5.323 F 2.823(os)-.1 G(tan-)-2.823 E(dard forms:)108 676.8 +Q F2($\()144 693.6 Q F0(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F1(or \(deprecated\))108 +705.6 Q F2<92>144 717.6 Q F0(command)A F2<92>A F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(28)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 29 29 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)108 84 Q F1 .088 +(performs the e)2.588 F .088(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting) +.15 E F0(command)2.588 E F1 .089(in a subshell en)2.589 F .089 (vironment and replacing the command)-.4 F .41 -(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an)108 420 R +(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an)108 96 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .41 -(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .191(lines are not deleted, b)108 432 R +(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .191(lines are not deleted, b)108 108 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.)-.1 F .192 (The command substitution)5.192 F F2($\(cat)2.692 E F0(\214le)2.692 E F2 -(\))A F1(can be replaced by the equi)108 444 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b).25 +(\))A F1(can be replaced by the equi)108 120 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F2($\(<)2.5 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F2(\))A F1(.)A --.4(Wi)108 460.8 S 1.237(th the old-style backquote form of substitutio\ +-.4(Wi)108 136.8 S 1.237(th the old-style backquote form of substitutio\ n, backslash retains its literal meaning e).4 F 1.237(xcept when fol-) --.15 F(lo)108 472.8 Q .527(wed by)-.25 F F2($)3.027 E F1(,)A F2<92>3.027 +-.15 F(lo)108 148.8 Q .527(wed by)-.25 F F2($)3.027 E F1(,)A F2<92>3.027 E F1 3.027(,o)C(r)-3.027 E F2(\\)3.027 E F1 5.527(.T)C .528(he \214rst \ backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command substituti\ -on.)-5.527 F .092(When using the $\()108 484.8 R F0(command).833 E F1 +on.)-5.527 F .092(When using the $\()108 160.8 R F0(command).833 E F1 2.592(\)f)1.666 G .092(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak) -2.592 F 2.592(eu)-.1 G 2.592(pt)-2.592 G .092(he command; none are) --2.592 F(treated specially)108 496.8 Q(.)-.65 E -(There is an alternate form of command substitution:)108 513.6 Q F2(${) -144 530.4 Q F0 2.5(cc)C(ommand)-2.5 E F2 1.666(;})C F1 .639(which e)108 -547.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F0(command)3.139 E F1 .639 +-2.592 F(treated specially)108 172.8 Q(.)-.65 E +(There is an alternate form of command substitution:)108 189.6 Q F2(${) +144 206.4 Q F0 2.5(cc)C(ommand)-2.5 E F2 1.666(;})C F1 .639(which e)108 +223.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F0(command)3.139 E F1 .639 (in the current e)3.139 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cution en).15 F .639 (vironment and captures its output, ag)-.4 F .64(ain with trailing)-.05 -F(ne)108 559.2 Q(wlines remo)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .271 -(The character)108 576 R F0(c)2.771 E F1(follo)2.771 E .271 +F(ne)108 235.2 Q(wlines remo)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .271 +(The character)108 252 R F0(c)2.771 E F1(follo)2.771 E .271 (wing the open brace must be a space, tab, ne)-.25 F .271(wline, or)-.25 F F2(|)2.771 E F1 2.771(,a)C .271(nd the close brace must be in)-2.771 F -2.821(ap)108 588 S .321(osition where a reserv)-2.821 F .321(ed w)-.15 F +2.821(ap)108 264 S .321(osition where a reserv)-2.821 F .321(ed w)-.15 F .321(ord may appear \(i.e., preceded by a command terminator such as se\ -micolon\).)-.1 F F2(Bash)108 600 Q F1(allo)2.71 E .21 +micolon\).)-.1 F F2(Bash)108 276 Q F1(allo)2.71 E .21 (ws the close brace to be joined to the remaining characters in the w) -.25 F .209(ord without being follo)-.1 F .209(wed by)-.25 F 2.5(as)108 -612 S(hell metacharacter as a reserv)-2.5 E(ed w)-.15 E(ord w)-.1 E -(ould usually require.)-.1 E(An)108 628.8 Q 3.384(ys)-.15 G .884(ide ef) +288 S(hell metacharacter as a reserv)-2.5 E(ed w)-.15 E(ord w)-.1 E +(ould usually require.)-.1 E(An)108 304.8 Q 3.384(ys)-.15 G .884(ide ef) -3.384 F .884(fects of)-.25 F F0(command)3.384 E F1(tak)3.384 E 3.384 (ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.384 G .884(ect immediately in the current e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .884(cution en).15 F .884(vironment and persist in)-.4 F -(the current en)108 640.8 Q +(the current en)108 316.8 Q (vironment after the command completes \(e.g., the)-.4 E F2(exit)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xits the shell\).)-.15 E .221 -(This type of command substitution super\214cially resembles e)108 657.6 +(This type of command substitution super\214cially resembles e)108 333.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .221(cuting an unnamed shell function: local v).15 F (ari-)-.25 E .172(ables are created as when a shell function is e)108 -669.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .172(cuting, and the).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.672 G +345.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .172(cuting, and the).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.672 G (tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 -.2(bu)2.672 G .172(iltin forces).2 F F0(command) -2.672 E F1 .172(to complete;)2.672 F(ho)108 681.6 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) +2.672 E F1 .172(to complete;)2.672 F(ho)108 357.6 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.521 -.4(r, t).15 H 1.721(he rest of the e).4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.721(cution en).15 F 1.721 (vironment, including the positional parameters, is shared with the)-.4 -F(caller)108 693.6 Q(.)-.55 E .392(If the \214rst character follo)108 -710.4 R .392(wing the open brace is a)-.25 F F2(|)2.892 E F1 2.892(,t)C +F(caller)108 369.6 Q(.)-.55 E .392(If the \214rst character follo)108 +386.4 R .392(wing the open brace is a)-.25 F F2(|)2.892 E F1 2.892(,t)C .392(he construct e)-2.892 F .392(xpands to the v)-.15 F .392 (alue of the)-.25 F F2(REPL)2.892 E(Y)-.92 E F1(shell)2.892 E -.25(va) -108 722.4 S 2.274(riable after).25 F F0(command)4.774 E F1 -.15(exe) -4.774 G 2.274(cutes, without remo).15 F 2.274(ving an)-.15 F 4.774(yt) --.15 G 2.274(railing ne)-4.774 F 2.274 -(wlines, and the standard output of)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(28)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 29 29 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E F0(command)108 84 Q F1 .167 -(remains the same as in the calling shell.)2.666 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(Bash)5.167 E F1(creates)2.667 E F2(REPL)2.667 E(Y)-.92 E F1 .167 -(as an initially-unset local v)2.667 F(ariable)-.25 E(when)108 96 Q F0 -(command)3.514 E F1 -.15(exe)3.514 G 1.014(cutes, and restores).15 F F2 -(REPL)3.514 E(Y)-.92 E F1 1.014(to the v)3.514 F 1.014 +108 398.4 S .505(riable after).25 F F0(command)3.005 E F1 -.15(exe)3.005 +G .505(cutes, without remo).15 F .505(ving an)-.15 F 3.005(yt)-.15 G +.505(railing ne)-3.005 F .505(wlines, and the standard output of)-.25 F +F0(com-)3.005 E(mand)108 410.4 Q F1 1.208 +(remains the same as in the calling shell.)3.708 F F2(Bash)6.208 E F1 +(creates)3.708 E F2(REPL)3.708 E(Y)-.92 E F1 1.208 +(as an initially-unset local v)3.708 F(ariable)-.25 E(when)108 422.4 Q +F0(command)3.514 E F1 -.15(exe)3.514 G 1.014(cutes, and restores).15 F +F2(REPL)3.514 E(Y)-.92 E F1 1.014(to the v)3.514 F 1.014 (alue it had before the command substitution after)-.25 F F0(command)108 -108 Q F1(completes, as with an)2.5 E 2.5(yl)-.15 G(ocal v)-2.5 E -(ariable.)-.25 E .894(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 124.8 R +434.4 Q F1(completes, as with an)2.5 E 2.5(yl)-.15 G(ocal v)-2.5 E +(ariable.)-.25 E .894(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 451.2 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H .894 (est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F -(quotes with backslashes.)108 136.8 Q .004 -(If the substitution appears within double quotes,)108 153.6 R F2(bash) +(quotes with backslashes.)108 463.2 Q .004 +(If the substitution appears within double quotes,)108 480 R F2(bash) 2.504 E F1 .004(does not perform w)2.504 F .004 (ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion on the results.) -108 165.6 Q F2(Arithmetic Expansion)87 182.4 Q F1 1.139(Arithmetic e)108 -194.4 R 1.139(xpansion e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.139 +108 492 Q F2(Arithmetic Expansion)87 508.8 Q F1 1.139(Arithmetic e)108 +520.8 R 1.139(xpansion e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.139 (luates an arithmetic e).25 F 1.139 (xpression and substitutes the result.)-.15 F 1.14 -(The format for arith-)6.139 F(metic e)108 206.4 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E -F2($\(\()144 223.2 Q F0 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(\)\))A F1(The) -108 240 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.736 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(under)2.976 E .236 -(goes the same e)-.18 F .236 -(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F .235 -(ut double quote charac-)-.2 F .42(ters in)108 252 R F0 -.2(ex)2.92 G -(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 .42(are not treated specially and are remo) -2.92 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.921(d. All).15 F(tok)2.921 E .421(ens in the e) --.1 F .421(xpression under)-.15 F .421(go parame-)-.18 F 1.21(ter and v) -108 264 R 1.21(ariable e)-.25 F 1.209 -(xpansion, command substitution, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G -3.709(l. The).25 F 1.209(result is treated as the arith-)3.709 F -(metic e)108 276 Q(xpression to be e)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5 -(luated. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E -1.378(The e)108 292.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 -(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu) --.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F -(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 -(If)5.879 E F0 -.2(ex)108 304.8 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 .022(is in) -2.762 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F2(bash)2.522 E F1 .022 +(The format for arith-)6.139 F(metic e)108 532.8 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E +F2($\(\()144 549.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(\)\))A F1(The) +108 566.4 Q F0 -.2(ex)3.584 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(under)3.824 E +1.084(goes the same e)-.18 F 1.084 +(xpansions as if it were within double quotes, b)-.15 F 1.084 +(ut unescaped double)-.2 F .652(quote characters in)108 578.4 R F0 -.2 +(ex)3.152 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 .652 +(are not treated specially and are remo)3.152 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.153 +(d. All).15 F(tok)3.153 E .653(ens in the e)-.1 F .653(xpression un-) +-.15 F(der)108 590.4 Q .179(go parameter and v)-.18 F .179(ariable e) +-.25 F .179(xpansion, command substitution, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25 +(va)-.15 G 2.678(l. The).25 F .178(result is treated as)2.678 F .354 +(the arithmetic e)108 602.4 R .354(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 +G 2.854(luated. Since).25 F .354(the w)2.854 F .354 +(ay Bash handles double quotes can potentially result)-.1 F .234 +(in empty strings, arithmetic e)108 614.4 R .234 +(xpansion treats those as e)-.15 F .233(xpressions that e)-.15 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G .233(luate to 0.).25 F .233(Arithmetic e)5.233 F(xpansions) +-.15 E(may be nested.)108 626.4 Q 1.378(The e)108 643.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G +1.378(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F +3.878(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV) +3.878 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +A F1(If)5.879 E F0 -.2(ex)108 655.2 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1 .022 +(is in)2.762 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F2(bash)2.522 E F1 .022 (prints a message to standard error indicating f)2.522 F .022 (ailure, does not perform the substi-)-.1 F(tution, and does not e)108 -316.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the command associated with the e).15 E -(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(Pr)87 333.6 Q(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F0(Pr)108 -345.6 Q .405(ocess substitution)-.45 F F1(allo)2.905 E .405 -(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405 +667.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the command associated with the e).15 E +(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(Pr)87 684 Q(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F0(Pr)108 696 +Q .405(ocess substitution)-.45 F F1(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 +F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405 (nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405 -(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 357.6 Q F2(<\()3.251 E F0 +(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 708 Q F2(<\()3.251 E F0 (list)A F2(\)).833 E F1(or)3.251 E F2(>\()3.251 E F0(list)A F2(\)).833 E F1 5.751(.T)C .751(he process)-5.751 F F0(list)3.251 E F1 .751 (is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751 (nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F -(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 369.6 Q +(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 720 Q (gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 E(xpansion.) --.15 E .447(If the)108 386.4 R F2(>\()2.947 E F0(list)A F2(\)).833 E F1 -.447(form is used, writing to the \214le pro)2.947 F .447 -(vides input for)-.15 F F0(list)2.947 E F1 5.447(.I)C 2.948(ft)-5.447 G -(he)-2.948 E F2(<\()2.948 E F0(list)A F2(\)).833 E F1 .448 -(form is used, reading the)2.948 F .504(\214le obtains the output of)108 -398.4 R F0(list)3.003 E F1 5.503(.N)C 3.003(os)-5.503 G .503 -(pace may appear between the)-3.003 F F2(<)3.003 E F1(or)3.003 E F2(>) -3.003 E F1 .503(and the left parenthesis, otherwise)3.003 F -(the construct w)108 410.4 Q(ould be interpreted as a redirection.)-.1 E -1.014(Process substitution is supported on systems that support named p\ -ipes \()108 427.2 R F0(FIFOs)A F1 3.515(\)o)C 3.515(rt)-3.515 G(he) --3.515 E F2(/de)3.515 E(v/fd)-.15 E F1 1.015(method of)3.515 F -(naming open \214les.)108 439.2 Q .897(When a)108 456 R -.25(va)-.2 G -.896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously with para\ -meter and v).25 F .896(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 468 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 --.75(Wo)87 484.8 S(rd Splitting).75 E F1 1.142 -(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 496.8 R 1.143 +-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(29)188.45 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 30 30 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .447(If the)108 84 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>\() +2.947 E F0(list)A F2(\)).833 E F1 .447 +(form is used, writing to the \214le pro)2.947 F .447(vides input for) +-.15 F F0(list)2.947 E F1 5.447(.I)C 2.948(ft)-5.447 G(he)-2.948 E F2 +(<\()2.948 E F0(list)A F2(\)).833 E F1 .448(form is used, reading the) +2.948 F .504(\214le obtains the output of)108 96 R F0(list)3.003 E F1 +5.503(.N)C 3.003(os)-5.503 G .503(pace may appear between the)-3.003 F +F2(<)3.003 E F1(or)3.003 E F2(>)3.003 E F1 .503 +(and the left parenthesis, otherwise)3.003 F(the construct w)108 108 Q +(ould be interpreted as a redirection.)-.1 E 1.163(Process substitution\ + is supported on systems that support named pipes \()108 124.8 R F0 +(FIFOs)A F1 3.664(\)o)C 3.664(rt)-3.664 G(he)-3.664 E F0(/de)3.664 E +(v/fd)-.15 E F1 1.164(method of)3.664 F(naming open \214les.)108 136.8 Q +.897(When a)108 153.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution\ + is performed simultaneously with parameter and v).25 F .896(ariable e) +-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 165.6 +Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 -.75(Wo)87 182.4 S(rd Splitting).75 E F1 1.142 +(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 194.4 R 1.143 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143 -(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 508.8 Q +(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 206.4 Q F0(wor)2.84 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F1 5(.W).22 G (ords that were not e)-5.8 E(xpanded are not split.)-.15 E .063 -(The shell treats each character of)108 525.6 R F3(IFS)2.563 E F1 .063 -(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 +(The shell treats each character of)108 223.2 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(IFS)2.563 E F1 .063(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 (nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) -.15 F(ords)-.1 E(using these characters as \214eld terminators.)108 -537.6 Q(An)108 554.4 Q F0 .686(IFS whitespace)3.186 F F1 .686 +235.2 Q(An)108 252 Q F0 .686(IFS whitespace)3.186 F F1 .686 (character is whitespace as de\214ned abo)3.186 F .986 -.15(ve \()-.15 H (see).15 E F2(De\214nitions)3.186 E F1 3.186(\)t)C .687 -(hat appears in the v)-3.186 F .687(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)108 566.4 Q F4 -(.)A F1 .002(Space, tab, and ne)4.502 F .002(wline are al)-.25 F -.1(wa) --.1 G .002(ys considered IFS whitespace, e).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.501(ni) -.15 G 2.501(ft)-2.501 G(he)-2.501 E 2.501(yd)-.15 G(on')-2.501 E 2.501 -(ta)-.18 G .001(ppear in the locale')-2.501 F(s)-.55 E F2(space)108 -578.4 Q F1(cate)2.5 E(gory)-.15 E(.)-.65 E(If)108 595.2 Q F3(IFS)2.911 E -F1 .411(is unset, \214eld splitting acts as if its v)2.661 F .411 -(alue were)-.25 F F2()2.911 E F1 2.911(,a)C .411 -(nd treats these characters)-2.911 F .197(as IFS whitespace.)108 607.2 R +(hat appears in the v)-3.186 F .687(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)108 264 Q/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .002(Space, tab, and ne)4.502 F .002 +(wline are al)-.25 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .002(ys considered IFS whitespace, e) +.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.501(ni).15 G 2.501(ft)-2.501 G(he)-2.501 E 2.501 +(yd)-.15 G(on')-2.501 E 2.501(ta)-.18 G .001(ppear in the locale')-2.501 +F(s)-.55 E F2(space)108 276 Q F1(cate)2.5 E(gory)-.15 E(.)-.65 E(If)108 +292.8 Q F3(IFS)2.911 E F1 .411 +(is unset, \214eld splitting acts as if its v)2.661 F .411(alue were) +-.25 F F2()2.911 E F1 2.911(,a)C .411 +(nd treats these characters)-2.911 F .197(as IFS whitespace.)108 304.8 R .197(If the v)5.197 F .197(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.697 E F1 .197 (is null, no w)2.447 F .196(ord splitting occurs, b)-.1 F .196 -(ut implicit null ar)-.2 F .196(guments \(see be-)-.18 F(lo)108 619.2 Q -(w\) are still remo)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E -.8(Wo)108 636 S .573 -(rd splitting be).8 F .573(gins by remo)-.15 F .573 +(ut implicit null ar)-.2 F .196(guments \(see be-)-.18 F(lo)108 316.8 Q +(w\) are still remo)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E -.8(Wo)108 333.6 S +.573(rd splitting be).8 F .573(gins by remo)-.15 F .573 (ving sequences of IFS whitespace characters from the be)-.15 F .574 -(ginning and end of)-.15 F(the results of the pre)108 648 Q(vious e)-.25 -E(xpansions, then splits the remaining w)-.15 E(ords.)-.1 E .383 -(If the v)108 664.8 R .383(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.883 E F1 .383 +(ginning and end of)-.15 F(the results of the pre)108 345.6 Q(vious e) +-.25 E(xpansions, then splits the remaining w)-.15 E(ords.)-.1 E .383 +(If the v)108 362.4 R .383(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.883 E F1 .383 (consists solely of IFS whitespace, an)2.633 F 2.883(ys)-.15 G .382 (equence of IFS whitespace characters delimits a)-2.883 F .299(\214eld,\ so a \214eld consists of characters that are not unquoted IFS whitespa\ -ce, and null \214elds result only from)108 676.8 R(quoting.)108 688.8 Q -(If)108 705.6 Q F3(IFS)3.679 E F1 1.179 +ce, and null \214elds result only from)108 374.4 R(quoting.)108 386.4 Q +(If)108 403.2 Q F3(IFS)3.679 E F1 1.179 (contains a non-whitespace character)3.429 F 3.679(,t)-.4 G 1.179 (hen an)-3.679 F 3.679(yc)-.15 G 1.179(haracter in the v)-3.679 F 1.179 (alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)3.679 E F1 1.179(that is not IFS white-)3.429 F -.722(space, along with an)108 717.6 R 3.222(ya)-.15 G .723 +.722(space, along with an)108 415.2 R 3.222(ya)-.15 G .723 (djacent IFS whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)-3.222 F .723 (This means that adjacent non-)5.723 F 1.101 -(IFS-whitespace delimiters produce a null \214eld.)108 729.6 R 3.601(As) +(IFS-whitespace delimiters produce a null \214eld.)108 427.2 R 3.601(As) 6.101 G 1.1(equence of IFS whitespace characters also delimits a)-3.601 -F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(29)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 30 30 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(\214eld.)108 84 Q .782(Explicit null ar)108 100.8 R -.782(guments \()-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .833("").833 G F1(or)2.449 -E F2 .833<0808>4.115 G F1 3.282(\)a)C .782 -(re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-3.282 F .783 -(Unquoted im-)5.783 F 1.165(plicit null ar)108 112.8 R 1.165 +F(\214eld.)108 439.2 Q .782(Explicit null ar)108 456 R .782(guments \() +-.18 F F2 .833("").833 G F1(or)2.449 E F2 .833<0808>4.115 G F1 3.282 +(\)a)C .782(re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-3.282 +F .783(Unquoted im-)5.783 F 1.165(plicit null ar)108 468 R 1.165 (guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F 1.165 (xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F 1.464 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.664(ov) .15 G 1.164(alues, are remo)-3.914 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.664(d. Ex-).15 F -.234(panding a parameter with no v)108 124.8 R .234(alue within double \ -quotes produces a null \214eld, which is retained and passed)-.25 F -(to a command as an empty string.)108 136.8 Q 1.166 -(When a quoted null ar)108 153.6 R 1.166(gument appears as part of a w) --.18 F 1.166(ord whose e)-.1 F 1.166(xpansion is non-null, w)-.15 F -1.165(ord splitting re-)-.1 F(mo)108 165.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.336(st).15 -G .836(he null ar)-3.336 F .836(gument portion, lea)-.18 F .836 +.234(panding a parameter with no v)108 480 R .234(alue within double qu\ +otes produces a null \214eld, which is retained and passed)-.25 F +(to a command as an empty string.)108 492 Q 1.166(When a quoted null ar) +108 508.8 R 1.166(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 F 1.166 +(ord whose e)-.1 F 1.166(xpansion is non-null, w)-.15 F 1.165 +(ord splitting re-)-.1 F(mo)108 520.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.336(st).15 G +.836(he null ar)-3.336 F .836(gument portion, lea)-.18 F .836 (ving the non-null e)-.2 F 3.337(xpansion. That)-.15 F .837(is, the w) 3.337 F .837<6f72642099ad6408>-.1 F .837(\010\232 becomes \231\255d\232) -.833 F(after w)108 177.6 Q(ord splitting and null ar)-.1 E(gument remo) --.18 E -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 194.4 S(thname Expansion).1 -E F1 .371(After w)108 206.4 R .371(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F2 +.833 F(after w)108 532.8 Q(ord splitting and null ar)-.1 E(gument remo) +-.18 E -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 549.6 S(thname Expansion).1 +E F1 .371(After w)108 561.6 R .371(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F2 2.871 E F1 .371(option has been set,)2.871 F F2(bash)2.871 E F1 .37(scans each w)2.87 F .37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F2(*)2.87 E F1 (,)A F2(?)2.87 E F1 2.87(,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F2([)2.87 E F1(.)A .633 (If one of these characters appears, and is not quoted, then the w)108 -218.4 R .634(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .634(rded as a).05 F F0 +573.6 R .634(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .634(rded as a).05 F F0 (pattern)4.384 E F1 3.134(,a).24 G .634(nd replaced)-3.134 F .282 -(with a sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 230.4 -R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.09(Pa)2.781 G(tter).09 E 2.531(nM)-.135 G -(atching)-2.531 E F1(belo)2.531 E .281(w\) subject to the v)-.25 F .281 -(alue of the)-.25 F F2(GLOBSOR)108 242.4 Q(T)-.4 E F1(shell v)2.5 E -(ariable.)-.25 E 1.754 -(If no matching \214lenames are found, and the shell option)108 259.2 R +(with a sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 585.6 +R F3 -.09(Pa)2.781 G(tter).09 E 2.531(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.531 E F1 +(belo)2.531 E .281(w\) subject to the v)-.25 F .281(alue of the)-.25 F +F2(GLOBSOR)108 597.6 Q(T)-.4 E F1(shell v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E 1.754 +(If no matching \214lenames are found, and the shell option)108 614.4 R F2(nullglob)4.254 E F1 1.754(is not enabled, the w)4.254 F 1.754 -(ord is left un-)-.1 F 2.614(changed. If)108 271.2 R(the)2.614 E F2 +(ord is left un-)-.1 F 2.614(changed. If)108 626.4 R(the)2.614 E F2 (nullglob)2.614 E F1 .114 (option is set, and no matches are found, the w)2.614 F .113 (ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.613(d. If).15 F(the)2.613 E F2 (failglob)2.613 E F1(shell)2.613 E .579 -(option is set, and no matches are found,)108 283.2 R F2(bash)3.079 E F1 +(option is set, and no matches are found,)108 638.4 R F2(bash)3.079 E F1 .579(prints an error message and does not e)3.079 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .579 -(cute the command.).15 F .689(If the shell option)108 295.2 R F2 +(cute the command.).15 F .689(If the shell option)108 650.4 R F2 (nocaseglob)3.189 E F1 .689 (is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.189 F -.05(ga)-.15 G -.688(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F(characters.)108 307.2 Q .309 -(When a pattern is used for pathname e)108 324 R .309(xpansion, the cha\ -racter \231.\232 at the start of a name or immediately fol-)-.15 F(lo) -108 336 Q .191(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E +.688(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F(characters.)108 662.4 Q .309 +(When a pattern is used for pathname e)108 679.2 R .309(xpansion, the c\ +haracter \231.\232 at the start of a name or immediately fol-)-.15 F(lo) +108 691.2 Q .191(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.691(,u)-.65 G .191(nless the shell option)-2.691 F F2(dotglob)2.69 E F1 .19(is set.)2.69 F .19(In order to match the \214le-)5.19 F(names)108 -348 Q F0(.)4.359 E F1(and)4.359 E F0(..)4.359 E F1 2.693(,t)1.666 G .193 -(he pattern must be)-2.693 F .193(gin with \231.\232 \(for e)-.15 F .193 -(xample, \231.?\232\), e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f)-2.693 E -F2(dotglob)2.694 E F1 .194(is set.)2.694 F .194(If the)5.194 F F2 -(globskip-)2.694 E(dots)108 360 Q F1 1.445 +703.2 Q F0(.)4.359 E F1(and)4.359 E F0(..)4.359 E F1 2.693(,t)1.666 G +.193(he pattern must be)-2.693 F .193(gin with \231.\232 \(for e)-.15 F +.193(xample, \231.?\232\), e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f) +-2.693 E F2(dotglob)2.694 E F1 .194(is set.)2.694 F .194(If the)5.194 F +F2(globskip-)2.694 E(dots)108 715.2 Q F1 1.445 (shell option is enabled, the \214lenames)3.946 F F0(.)5.611 E F1(and) 5.611 E F0(..)5.611 E F1(ne)5.611 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.945(rm).15 G 1.445 (atch, e)-3.945 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.945(ni).15 G 3.945(ft)-3.945 G 1.445 (he pattern be)-3.945 F 1.445(gins with a \231.\232.)-.15 F(When not ma\ tching pathnames, the \231.\232 character is not treated specially)108 -372 Q(.)-.65 E .061 -(When matching a pathname, the slash character must al)108 388.8 R -.1 -(wa)-.1 G .061(ys be matched e).1 F .061 -(xplicitly by a slash in the pattern,)-.15 F -.2(bu)108 400.8 S 3.395 -(ti).2 G 3.395(no)-3.395 G .894(ther matching conte)-3.395 F .894 +727.2 Q(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(30) +188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 31 31 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .061 +(When matching a pathname, the slash character must al)108 84 R -.1(wa) +-.1 G .061(ys be matched e).1 F .061 +(xplicitly by a slash in the pattern,)-.15 F -.2(bu)108 96 S 3.395(ti).2 +G 3.395(no)-3.395 G .894(ther matching conte)-3.395 F .894 (xts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described belo) --.15 F 3.394(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.394 E F3 -.09(Pa)108 412.8 S(tter).09 E -2.25(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.25 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .711 -(See the description of)108 429.6 R F2(shopt)3.211 E F1(belo)3.212 E -3.212(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.212 E F3 .712(SHELL B)3.212 F(UIL)-.09 E .712 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1 .712(for a description of the)2.962 F F2 -(nocase-)3.212 E(glob)108 441.6 Q F1(,)A F2(nullglob)2.5 E F1(,)A F2 -(globskipdots)2.5 E F1(,)A F2(failglob)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2 -(dotglob)2.5 E F1(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 458.4 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE) -2.562 E F1 .062(shell v)2.312 F .061 +-.15 F 3.394(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.394 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.09(Pa)108 +108 S(tter).09 E 2.25(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.25 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F1 .711(See the description of)108 124.8 R/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(shopt)3.211 E F1(belo)3.212 E 3.212(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.212 E F2 .712 +(SHELL B)3.212 F(UIL)-.09 E .712(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1 .712 +(for a description of the)2.962 F F4(nocase-)3.212 E(glob)108 136.8 Q F1 +(,)A F4(nullglob)2.5 E F1(,)A F4(globskipdots)2.5 E F1(,)A F4(failglob) +2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F4(dotglob)2.5 E F1(shell options.)2.5 E +(The)108 153.6 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.562 E F1 .062(shell v)2.312 F .061 (ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25 -F F0(pattern)3.811 E F1 5.061(.I).24 G(f)-5.061 E F3(GLO-)2.561 E -(BIGNORE)108 470.4 Q F1 1.096(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ -so matches one of the patterns in)3.346 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.597 E F1 1.097 -(is re-)3.347 F(mo)108 482.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.851(df).15 G .351 -(rom the list of matches.)-2.851 F .351(If the)5.351 F F2(nocaseglob) +F F0(pattern)3.811 E F1 5.061(.I).24 G(f)-5.061 E F2(GLO-)2.561 E +(BIGNORE)108 165.6 Q F1 1.096(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ +so matches one of the patterns in)3.346 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.597 E F1 1.097 +(is re-)3.347 F(mo)108 177.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.851(df).15 G .351 +(rom the list of matches.)-2.851 F .351(If the)5.351 F F4(nocaseglob) 2.851 E F1 .351(option is set, the matching ag)2.851 F .351 -(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F3(GLO-)2.85 E(BIGNORE)108 494.4 Q F1 .096 +(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F2(GLO-)2.85 E(BIGNORE)108 189.6 Q F1 .096 (is performed without re)2.346 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .097(rd to case.).05 F .097(The \214lenames)5.097 F F0(.)4.263 E F1(and)4.263 E F0(..)4.263 E -F1 .097(are al)4.263 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .097(ys ignored when).1 F F3 -(GLOBIG-)2.597 E(NORE)108 506.4 Q F1 .754(is set and not null.)3.004 F -(Ho)5.753 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.553 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F3 +F1 .097(are al)4.263 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .097(ys ignored when).1 F F2 +(GLOBIG-)2.597 E(NORE)108 201.6 Q F1 .754(is set and not null.)3.004 F +(Ho)5.753 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.553 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2 (GLOBIGNORE)3.253 E F1 .753(to a non-null v)3.003 F .753 -(alue has the ef)-.25 F .753(fect of enabling)-.25 F(the)108 518.4 Q F2 +(alue has the ef)-.25 F .753(fect of enabling)-.25 F(the)108 213.6 Q F4 (dotglob)3.062 E F1 .562(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.062 F .562(ginning with a \231.\232 match.)-.15 F 2.162 -.8(To g)5.562 H -.562(et the old beha).8 F .563(vior of ig-)-.2 F .555 -(noring \214lenames be)108 530.4 R .554(ginning with a \231.\232, mak) --.15 F 3.054<6599>-.1 G 3.054(.*\232 one)-3.054 F .554 -(of the patterns in)3.054 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.054 E F4(.)A F1(The)5.054 E -F2(dotglob)3.054 E F1(op-)3.054 E .021(tion is disabled when)108 542.4 R -F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.521 E F1 .021(is unset.)2.271 F(The)5.021 E F2 -(GLOBIGNORE)2.521 E F1 .021(pattern matching honors the setting of)2.521 -F(the)108 554.4 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F1(shell option.)2.5 E(The)108 571.2 -Q F3(GLOBSOR)3.912 E(T)-.36 E F1 1.412(shell v)3.662 F 1.412 -(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.912(wt)-.25 G 1.412 -(he results of pathname e)-3.912 F 1.411 -(xpansion are sorted, as described)-.15 F(abo)108 583.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G -(.).15 E F2 -.1(Pa)108 600 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F1 -(An)108 616.8 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a pattern\ -, other than the special pattern characters described belo)-3.138 F -1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 2.722(itself. The)108 628.8 R .221 -(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)2.722 F 2.721(Ab)5.221 G .221 -(ackslash escapes the follo)-2.721 F .221(wing character; the es-)-.25 F -.418(caping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 640.8 R .418 +.562(et the old beha).8 F .563(vior of ig-)-.2 F .508 +(noring \214lenames be)108 225.6 R .508(ginning with a \231.\232, mak) +-.15 F 3.007<6599>-.1 G 3.007(.*\232 one)-3.007 F .507 +(of the patterns in)3.007 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.007 E F1 5.507(.T)C(he) +-5.507 E F4(dotglob)3.007 E F1(op-)3.007 E .021(tion is disabled when) +108 237.6 R F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.521 E F1 .021(is unset.)2.271 F(The)5.021 E +F4(GLOBIGNORE)2.521 E F1 .021(pattern matching honors the setting of) +2.521 F(the)108 249.6 Q F4(extglob)2.5 E F1(shell option.)2.5 E .696 +(The v)108 266.4 R .696(alue of the)-.25 F F2(GLOBSOR)3.195 E(T)-.36 E +F1 .695(shell v)2.945 F .695(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.195(wt)-.25 G +.695(he results of pathname e)-3.195 F .695(xpansion are sorted, as)-.15 +F(described abo)108 278.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F4(Shell V) +2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F1(.)A F4 -.1(Pa)108 295.2 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 +G(atching)-2.5 E F1(An)108 312 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that app\ +ears in a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described \ +belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 2.722(itself. The)108 +324 R .221(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)2.722 F 2.721(Ab) +5.221 G .221(ackslash escapes the follo)-2.721 F .221 +(wing character; the es-)-.25 F .418 +(caping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 336 R .418 (The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.418 F 2.919(ya) --.15 G .419(re to)-2.919 F(be matched literally)108 652.8 Q(.)-.65 E -(The special pattern characters ha)108 669.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2(*)144 686.4 Q F1 .377 -(Matches an)180 686.4 R 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376 -(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 F .376(When the)5.376 F F2 -(globstar)2.876 E F1 .376(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 698.4 -Q F2(*)3.275 E F1 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775 +-.15 G .419(re to)-2.919 F(be matched literally)108 348 Q(.)-.65 E +(The special pattern characters ha)108 364.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F4(*)144 381.6 Q F1 .377 +(Matches an)180 381.6 R 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376 +(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 F .376(When the)5.376 F F4 +(globstar)2.876 E F1 .376(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 393.6 +Q F4(*)3.275 E F1 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775 (xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 -E F2(*)3.275 E F1 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F .079 +E F4(*)3.275 E F1 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F .079 (match all \214les and zero or more directories and subdirectories.)180 -710.4 R .079(If follo)5.079 F .079(wed by a)-.25 F F2(/)2.578 E F1 2.578 -(,t)C .278 -.1(wo a)-2.578 H(d-).1 E(jacent)180 722.4 Q F2(*)2.5 E F1 -2.5(sm)C(atch only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3) -72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(30)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 31 31 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(?)144 84 Q F1(Matches an)180 -84 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2([)144 96 Q F1 -1.666(...)C F2(])-1.666 E F1 1.312(Matches an)180 96 R 3.812(yo)-.15 G -1.312(ne of the characters enclosed between the brack)-3.812 F 3.812 -(ets. This)-.1 F 1.312(is kno)3.812 F 1.313(wn as a)-.25 F F0(br)180 108 -Q(ac)-.15 E -.1(ke)-.2 G 3.677(te).1 G(xpr)-3.877 E(ession)-.37 E F1 -1.177(and matches a single character)3.677 F 6.177(.A)-.55 G 1.177 -(pair of characters separated by a)-2.5 F -.05(hy)180 120 S .179 +405.6 R .079(If follo)5.079 F .079(wed by a)-.25 F F4(/)2.578 E F1 2.578 +(,t)C .278 -.1(wo a)-2.578 H(d-).1 E(jacent)180 417.6 Q F4(*)2.5 E F1 +2.5(sm)C(atch only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F4(?)144 429.6 +Q F1(Matches an)180 429.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 +E F4([)144 441.6 Q F1 1.666(...)C F4(])-1.666 E F1 1.312(Matches an)180 +441.6 R 3.812(yo)-.15 G 1.312 +(ne of the characters enclosed between the brack)-3.812 F 3.812 +(ets. This)-.1 F 1.312(is kno)3.812 F 1.313(wn as a)-.25 F F0(br)180 +453.6 Q(ac)-.15 E -.1(ke)-.2 G 3.677(te).1 G(xpr)-3.877 E(ession)-.37 E +F1 1.177(and matches a single character)3.677 F 6.177(.A)-.55 G 1.177 +(pair of characters separated by a)-2.5 F -.05(hy)180 465.6 S .179 (phen denotes a).05 F F0 -.15(ra)2.679 G(ng).15 E 2.679(ee)-.1 G(xpr) -2.879 E(ession)-.37 E F1 2.679(;a)C .479 -.15(ny c)-2.679 H .179 (haracter that f).15 F .179(alls between those tw)-.1 F 2.68(oc)-.1 G -(haracters,)-2.68 E(inclusi)180 132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.004(,u).15 G .504 -(sing the current locale')-3.004 F 3.003(sc)-.55 G .503 +(haracters,)-2.68 E(inclusi)180 477.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.004(,u).15 G +.504(sing the current locale')-3.004 F 3.003(sc)-.55 G .503 (ollating sequence and character set, matches.)-3.003 F .503(If the) -5.503 F 2.039(\214rst character follo)180 144 R 2.039(wing the)-.25 F F2 -([)4.539 E F1 2.039(is a)4.539 F F2(!)4.539 E F1 2.039(or a)7.039 F F2 +5.503 F 2.039(\214rst character follo)180 489.6 R 2.039(wing the)-.25 F +F4([)4.539 E F1 2.039(is a)4.539 F F4(!)4.539 E F1 2.039(or a)7.039 F F4 <00>4.539 E F1 2.04(then an)4.54 F 4.54(yc)-.15 G 2.04 -(haracter not within the range)-4.54 F 2.632(matches. T)180 156 R 2.632 -(om)-.8 G .132(atch a)-2.632 F F22.632 E F1 2.632(,i)C .132 +(haracter not within the range)-4.54 F 2.632(matches. T)180 501.6 R +2.632(om)-.8 G .132(atch a)-2.632 F F42.632 E F1 2.632(,i)C .132 (nclude it as the \214rst or last character in the set.)-2.632 F 1.731 --.8(To m)5.131 H .131(atch a).8 F F2(])2.631 E F1 2.631(,i)C(n-)-2.631 E -(clude it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 168 Q 1.044 -(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 184.8 R 1.045 +-.8(To m)5.131 H .131(atch a).8 F F4(])2.631 E F1 2.631(,i)C(n-)-2.631 E +(clude it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 513.6 Q 1.044 +(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 530.4 R 1.045 (xpressions, and the characters included in the)-.15 F 2.34 -(range, are determined by the current locale and the v)180 196.8 R 2.34 -(alues of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LC_COLLA)4.84 E(TE)-.855 E F1 -(or)4.59 E F3(LC_ALL)180 208.8 Q F1 1.078(shell v)3.328 F 1.078 -(ariables, if set.)-.25 F 2.679 -.8(To o)6.079 H 1.079 +(range, are determined by the current locale and the v)180 542.4 R 2.34 +(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)4.84 E(TE)-.855 E F1(or)4.59 E F2 +(LC_ALL)180 554.4 Q F1 1.078(shell v)3.328 F 1.078(ariables, if set.) +-.25 F 2.679 -.8(To o)6.079 H 1.079 (btain the traditional interpretation of range e).8 F(xpres-)-.15 E -2.408(sions, where)180 220.8 R F2([a\255d])4.908 E F1 2.408(is equi) -4.908 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.408(lent to).25 F F2([abcd])4.908 E F1 4.908 -(,s)C 2.408(et the v)-4.908 F 2.407(alue of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)4.907 -E(TE)-.95 E F1(or)4.907 E F2(LC_ALL)180 232.8 Q F1(shell v)2.5 E -(ariables to)-.25 E F2(C)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C 2.5(re)-2.5 G(nable the)-2.5 -E F2(globasciiranges)2.5 E F1(shell option.)2.5 E -.4(Wi)180 249.6 S +2.408(sions, where)180 566.4 R F4([a\255d])4.908 E F1 2.408(is equi) +4.908 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.408(lent to).25 F F4([abcd])4.908 E F1 4.908 +(,s)C 2.408(et the v)-4.908 F 2.407(alue of the)-.25 F F4(LC_COLLA)4.907 +E(TE)-.95 E F1(or)4.907 E F4(LC_ALL)180 578.4 Q F1(shell v)2.5 E +(ariables to)-.25 E F4(C)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C 2.5(re)-2.5 G(nable the)-2.5 +E F4(globasciiranges)2.5 E F1(shell option.)2.5 E -.4(Wi)180 595.2 S .177(thin a brack).4 F .177(et e)-.1 F(xpression,)-.15 E F0 -.15(ch) 2.677 G(ar).15 E .177(acter classes)-.15 F F1 .178 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)2.677 F F2([:)2.678 E F0(class)A F2 -(:])A F1(,)A(where)180 261.6 Q F0(class)2.5 E F1(is one of the follo)2.5 -E(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F2 5.889 -(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 278.4 R 5.889 -(wer print punct space up-)-.1 F 5(per w)180 290.4 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F -F1 4.289(Ac)180 307.2 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.289 F 4.289 -(yc)-.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E -F2 -.1(wo)4.29 G(rd).1 E F1(character)4.29 E -(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 319.2 Q -.4(Wi) -180 336 S .013(thin a brack).4 F .013(et e)-.1 F .013(xpression, an)-.15 -F F0 .012(equivalence class)2.512 F F1 .012 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)2.512 F F2([=)2.512 E F0(c)A F2(=]) +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)2.677 F F4([:)2.678 E F0(class)A F4 +(:])A F1(,)A(where)180 607.2 Q F0(class)2.5 E F1(is one of the follo)2.5 +E(wing classes de\214ned in the)-.25 E F3(POSIX)2.5 E F1(standard:)2.25 +E F4 5.889(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 624 R 5.889 +(wer print punct space up-)-.1 F 5(per w)180 636 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F1 +4.289(Ac)180 652.8 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.289 F 4.289(yc) +-.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F4 +-.1(wo)4.29 G(rd).1 E F1(character)4.29 E +(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 664.8 Q -.4(Wi) +180 681.6 S .013(thin a brack).4 F .013(et e)-.1 F .013(xpression, an) +-.15 F F0 .012(equivalence class)2.512 F F1 .012 +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)2.512 F F4([=)2.512 E F0(c)A F4(=]) A F1(,)A .124(which matches all characters with the same collation weig\ -ht \(as de\214ned by the current lo-)180 348 R(cale\) as the character) -180 360 Q F0(c)2.5 E F1(.)A -.4(Wi)180 376.8 S(thin a brack).4 E(et e) --.1 E(xpression, the syntax)-.15 E F2([.)2.5 E F0(symbol)A F2(.])A F1 -(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F0(symbol)2.5 E F1(.)A .54(If the) -108 393.6 R F2(extglob)3.04 E F1 .54(shell option is enabled using the) -3.04 F F2(shopt)3.039 E F1 -.2(bu)3.039 G .539 -(iltin, the shell recognizes se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .539(ral e).15 F -.539(xtended pattern)-.15 F .037(matching operators.)108 405.6 R .037 -(In the follo)5.037 F .037(wing description, a)-.25 F F0(pattern-list) -2.538 E F1 .038(is a list of one or more patterns separated by)2.538 F -(a)108 417.6 Q F2(|)2.5 E F1 5(.C)C +ht \(as de\214ned by the current lo-)180 693.6 R +(cale\) as the character)180 705.6 Q F0(c)2.5 E F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(31)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 32 32 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E -.4(Wi)180 84 S(thin a brack).4 E(et e)-.1 E +(xpression, the syntax)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([.)2.5 E F0(symbol)A +F2(.])A F1(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F0(symbol)2.5 E F1(.)A .54 +(If the)108 100.8 R F2(extglob)3.04 E F1 .54 +(shell option is enabled using the)3.04 F F2(shopt)3.039 E F1 -.2(bu) +3.039 G .539(iltin, the shell recognizes se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .539 +(ral e).15 F .539(xtended pattern)-.15 F .037(matching operators.)108 +112.8 R .037(In the follo)5.037 F .037(wing description, a)-.25 F F0 +(pattern-list)2.538 E F1 .038 +(is a list of one or more patterns separated by)2.538 F(a)108 124.8 Q F2 +(|)2.5 E F1 5(.C)C (omposite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)-5 E -(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F2(?\()144 434.4 Q F0(pattern-list).833 E F2 -(\)).833 E F1(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 446.4 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns.)-2.5 E F2(*\()144 458.4 Q F0 +(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F2(?\()144 141.6 Q F0(pattern-list).833 E F2 +(\)).833 E F1(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 153.6 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns.)-2.5 E F2(*\()144 165.6 Q F0 (pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F1 -(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 470.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(np).15 G(atterns.)-2.5 E F2(+\()144 482.4 Q F0(pattern-list).833 E -F2(\)).833 E F1(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 494.4 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns.)-2.5 E F2(@\()144 506.4 Q F0 -(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F1(Matches one of the gi)180 518.4 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns.)-2.5 E F2(!\()144 530.4 Q F0 -(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F1(Matches an)180 542.4 Q(ything e) +(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 177.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(np).15 G(atterns.)-2.5 E F2(+\()144 189.6 Q F0(pattern-list).833 E +F2(\)).833 E F1(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 201.6 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns.)-2.5 E F2(@\()144 213.6 Q F0 +(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F1(Matches one of the gi)180 225.6 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns.)-2.5 E F2(!\()144 237.6 Q F0 +(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F1(Matches an)180 249.6 Q(ything e) -.15 E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns.) --2.5 E(The)108 559.2 Q F2(extglob)2.792 E F1 .292 +-2.5 E(The)108 266.4 Q F2(extglob)2.792 E F1 .292 (option changes the beha)2.792 F .291(vior of the parser)-.2 F 2.791(,s) -.4 G .291(ince the parentheses are normally treated as opera-)-2.791 F -.104(tors with syntactic meaning.)108 571.2 R 1.704 -.8(To e)5.104 H +.104(tors with syntactic meaning.)108 278.4 R 1.704 -.8(To e)5.104 H .105(nsure that e).8 F .105 (xtended matching patterns are parsed correctly)-.15 F 2.605(,m)-.65 G -(ak)-2.605 E 2.605(es)-.1 G .105(ure that)-2.605 F F2(extglob)108 583.2 +(ak)-2.605 E 2.605(es)-.1 G .105(ure that)-2.605 F F2(extglob)108 290.4 Q F1 1.355(is enabled before parsing constructs containing the patterns\ , including shell functions and com-)3.855 F(mand substitutions.)108 -595.2 Q .988(When matching \214lenames, the)108 612 R F2(dotglob)3.488 E -F1 .988 +302.4 Q .988(When matching \214lenames, the)108 319.2 R F2(dotglob)3.488 +E F1 .988 (shell option determines the set of \214lenames that are tested: when) -3.488 F F2(dotglob)108 624 Q F1 .345 +3.488 F F2(dotglob)108 331.2 Q F1 .345 (is enabled, the set of \214lenames includes all \214les be)2.845 F .344 (ginning with \231.\232, b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F0(.)4.51 E F1(and)4.51 E F0 (..)4.51 E F1 .344(must be matched)4.51 F .075 -(by a pattern or sub-pattern that be)108 636 R .076 +(by a pattern or sub-pattern that be)108 343.2 R .076 (gins with a dot; when it is disabled, the set does not include an)-.15 -F 2.576<798c>-.15 G(lenames)-2.576 E(be)108 648 Q .807 +F 2.576<798c>-.15 G(lenames)-2.576 E(be)108 355.2 Q .807 (ginning with \231.\232 unless the pattern or sub-pattern be)-.15 F .806 (gins with a \231.\232.)-.15 F .806(If the)5.806 F F2(globskipdots)3.306 -E F1 .806(shell option is)3.306 F 1.009(enabled, the \214lenames)108 660 -R F0(.)5.175 E F1(and)5.175 E F0(..)5.176 E F1(ne)5.176 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.51(ra).15 G 1.01(ppear in the set.)-3.51 F 1.01(As abo)6.01 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 3.51<2c99>.15 G 1.01(.\232 only has a special meaning when)-3.51 -F(matching \214lenames.)108 672 Q .969(Complicated e)108 688.8 R .969 -(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F .969(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 -F 2.268 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .968(specially when the patterns contain).65 F -.09(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 700.8 R -.091(Using separate matches ag)5.091 F .091 -(ainst shorter strings, or us-)-.05 F -(ing arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be f)108 -712.8 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12) -136.795 E(31)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 32 32 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Quote Remo)87 84 Q -.1(va)-.1 -G(l).1 E F1 1.113(After the preceding e)108 96 R 1.113 +E F1 .806(shell option is)3.306 F 1.009(enabled, the \214lenames)108 +367.2 R F0(.)5.175 E F1(and)5.175 E F0(..)5.176 E F1(ne)5.176 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.51(ra).15 G 1.01(ppear in the set.)-3.51 F 1.01(As abo)6.01 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.51<2c99>.15 G 1.01 +(.\232 only has a special meaning when)-3.51 F(matching \214lenames.)108 +379.2 Q .969(Complicated e)108 396 R .969(xtended pattern matching ag) +-.15 F .969(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.268 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .968 +(specially when the patterns contain).65 F .09 +(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 408 R .091 +(Using separate matches ag)5.091 F .091(ainst shorter strings, or us-) +-.05 F(ing arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be f) +108 420 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2(Quote Remo)87 436.8 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l) +.1 E F1 1.113(After the preceding e)108 448.8 R 1.113 (xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F2(\\) 3.613 E F1(,)A F2<08>3.612 E F1 3.612(,a)C(nd)-3.612 E F2(")4.445 E F1 -1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 108 Q .3 -.15 -(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 124.8 Q F1 .545(Before a command is e) -108 136.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F -F0 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E(ected)-.37 E F1 .545 -(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .429(by the shell.)108 -148.8 R F0(Redir)5.428 E(ection)-.37 E F1(allo)2.928 E .428(ws commands\ -' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to)-.25 -F(dif)108 160.8 Q .763(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les the c\ -ommand reads from and writes to.)-.25 F .763(When used with the)5.763 F -F2(exec)3.263 E F1 -.2(bu)108 172.8 S .418 +1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 460.8 Q .3 +-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 477.6 Q F1 .545 +(Before a command is e)108 489.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 +(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F0 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E +(ected)-.37 E F1 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .429 +(by the shell.)108 501.6 R F0(Redir)5.428 E(ection)-.37 E F1(allo)2.928 +E .428(ws commands' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, ma\ +de to refer to)-.25 F(dif)108 513.6 Q .763(ferent \214les, and can chan\ +ge the \214les the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F .763 +(When used with the)5.763 F F2(exec)3.263 E F1 -.2(bu)108 525.6 S .418 (iltin, redirections modify \214le handles in the current shell e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .417(cution en).15 F 2.917(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo) 2.917 E .417(wing redirec-)-.25 F 1.694 -(tion operators may precede or appear an)108 184.8 R 1.695 +(tion operators may precede or appear an)108 537.6 R 1.695 (ywhere within a)-.15 F F0 1.695(simple command)4.535 F F1 1.695 (or may follo)4.965 F 4.195(wa)-.25 G F0(command).2 E F1(.).77 E -(Redirections are processed in the order the)108 196.8 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G +(Redirections are processed in the order the)108 549.6 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G (ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Each redirect\ ion that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may instead be p\ -receded by a w)108 213.6 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .367(the form {)108 225.6 R +receded by a w)108 566.4 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .367(the form {)108 578.4 R F0(varname)A F1 2.867(}. In)B .368 (this case, for each redirection operator e)2.867 F(xcept)-.15 E F2 (>&\255)2.868 E F1(and)2.868 E F2(<&\255)2.868 E F1 2.868(,t)C .368 (he shell allocates a)-2.868 F .461 (\214le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assigns it to)108 -237.6 R F0(varname)2.961 E F1 5.461(.I)C 2.961(f{)-5.461 G F0(varname) +590.4 R F0(varname)2.961 E F1 5.461(.I)C 2.961(f{)-5.461 G F0(varname) -2.961 E F1 2.961(}p)C(recedes)-2.961 E F2(>&\255)2.961 E F1(or)2.961 E -F2(<&\255)2.961 E F1(,)A .534(the v)108 249.6 R .534(alue of)-.25 F F0 +F2(<&\255)2.961 E F1(,)A .534(the v)108 602.4 R .534(alue of)-.25 F F0 (varname)3.034 E F1 .534(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.034 F .535(If {)5.534 F F0(varname)A F1 3.035(}i)C 3.035(ss)-3.035 G .535 -(upplied, the redirection persists)-3.035 F(be)108 261.6 Q .45 +(upplied, the redirection persists)-3.035 F(be)108 614.4 Q .45 (yond the scope of the command, which allo)-.15 F .449 (ws the shell programmer to manage the \214le descriptor')-.25 F 2.949 -(sl)-.55 G(ife-)-2.949 E(time manually without using the)108 273.6 Q F2 +(sl)-.55 G(ife-)-2.949 E(time manually without using the)108 626.4 Q F2 (exec)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G 2.5(iltin. The).2 F F2 -.1(va)2.5 G(rr).1 E (edir_close)-.18 E F1(shell option manages this beha)2.5 E(vior)-.2 E(.) --.55 E .447(In the follo)108 290.4 R .447(wing descriptions, if the \ +-.55 E .447(In the follo)108 643.2 R .447(wing descriptions, if the \ \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst character of the r\ edirec-)-.25 F .714(tion operator is \231<\232, the redirection refers \ -to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)108 302.4 R .714 +to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)108 655.2 R .714 (If the \214rst character of)5.714 F(the redirection operator is \231>\ \232, the redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor\ - 1\).)108 314.4 Q(The)108 331.2 Q F0(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F1(follo)3.342 -E .843(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .843 + 1\).)108 667.2 Q(The)108 684 Q F0(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F1(follo)3.342 E +.843(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .843 (wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .463 -(jected to brace e)108 343.2 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462 +(jected to brace e)108 696 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .462(ariable e)-.25 F .462 -(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .866(metic e)108 355.2 R +(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .866(metic e)108 708 R .866(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .866(l, pathname e).25 F .867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867 -F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 367.2 S(rd,).1 E F2 -(bash)2.5 E F1(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E -(The order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 384 Q -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5 -(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 400.8 Q F2(>)2.5 E F1 -(dirlist 2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F1(1)A -(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 417.6 +F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 720 S(rd,).1 E F2(bash) +2.5 E F1(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(32)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 33 33 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(The order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 84 +Q -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 100.8 Q/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>)2.5 E F1(dirlist 2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F1(1)A +(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 117.6 Q F0(dirlist)2.85 E F1 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 -434.4 Q F2(>&)A F1(1)A F2(>)2.5 E F1(dirlist)2.5 E .067 -(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 451.2 R F0(dirlist)2.917 +134.4 Q F2(>&)A F1(1)A F2(>)2.5 E F1(dirlist)2.5 E .067 +(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 151.2 R F0(dirlist)2.917 E F1 2.567(,b).68 G .066(ecause the standard error w)-2.567 F .066 (as directed to the standard output)-.1 F(before the standard output w) -108 463.2 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F0(dirlist)2.85 E F1(.).68 E F2(Bash) -108 480 Q F1 .598(handles se)3.098 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598 +108 163.2 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F0(dirlist)2.85 E F1(.).68 E F2(Bash) +108 180 Q F1 .598(handles se)3.098 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598 (ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)-.15 G .599 (re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F(wing)-.25 E -2.673(table. If)108 492 R .173(the operating system on which)2.673 F F2 +2.673(table. If)108 192 R .173(the operating system on which)2.673 F F2 (bash)2.672 E F1 .172(is running pro)2.672 F .172 (vides these special \214les,)-.15 F F2(bash)2.672 E F1 .172 (uses them; other)2.672 F(-)-.2 E -(wise it emulates them internally with the beha)108 504 Q -(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(/de)144 520.8 Q(v/fd/)-.15 -E F0(fd)A F1(If)180 532.8 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E +(wise it emulates them internally with the beha)108 204 Q +(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(/de)144 220.8 Q(v/fd/)-.15 +E F0(fd)A F1(If)180 232.8 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E (ger)-.15 E 2.5(,d)-.4 G(uplicate \214le descriptor)-2.5 E F0(fd)2.5 E -F1(.)A F2(/de)144 544.8 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F1 -(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 556.8 Q F2(/de)144 568.8 Q -(v/stdout)-.15 E F1(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 580.8 Q F2(/de) -144 592.8 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F1(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 -604.8 Q F2(/de)144 616.8 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F0(host)A F2(/)A F0(port)A F1 -(If)180 628.8 Q F0(host)2.996 E F1 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 +F1(.)A F2(/de)144 244.8 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F1 +(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 256.8 Q F2(/de)144 268.8 Q +(v/stdout)-.15 E F1(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 280.8 Q F2(/de) +144 292.8 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F1(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 +304.8 Q F2(/de)144 316.8 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F0(host)A F2(/)A F0(port)A F1 +(If)180 328.8 Q F0(host)2.996 E F1 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 (alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F0(port)2.997 E F1 .497 (is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 640.8 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1 +(vice name,)180 340.8 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1 (attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F2(/de)144 -652.8 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F0(host)A F2(/)A F0(port)A F1(If)180 664.8 Q F0 +352.8 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F0(host)A F2(/)A F0(port)A F1(If)180 364.8 Q F0 (host)2.997 E F1 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 (alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F0(port)2.996 E F1 .496 (is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 676.8 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1 +(vice name,)180 376.8 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1 (attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 -693.6 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) +393.6 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) -2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .045(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\ -an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 710.4 R 2.546(ym)-.15 G .046 +an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 410.4 R 2.546(ym)-.15 G .046 (ay con\215ict with \214le de-)-2.546 F -(scriptors the shell uses internally)108 722.4 Q(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.3) -72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(32)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 33 33 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Redir)87 84 Q(ecting Input) --.18 E F1 .136 -(Redirecting input opens the \214le whose name results from the e)108 96 -R .135(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)2.975 E(d)-.37 E F1 .135 -(for reading on \214le descrip-)3.405 F(tor)108 108 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1 2.5 -(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if) +(scriptors the shell uses internally)108 422.4 Q(.)-.65 E F2(Redir)87 +439.2 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F1 .136 +(Redirecting input opens the \214le whose name results from the e)108 +451.2 R .135(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)2.975 E(d)-.37 E F1 .135 +(for reading on \214le descrip-)3.405 F(tor)108 463.2 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1 +2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if) -2.5 E F0(n)2.86 E F1(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E -(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 124.8 Q([)144 141.6 Q -F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 158.4 Q -(ecting Output)-.18 E F1 1.049 +(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 480 Q([)144 496.8 Q F0 +(n)A F1(])A F2(<)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 513.6 Q(ecting Output) +-.18 E F1 1.049 (Redirecting output opens the \214le whose name results from the e)108 -170.4 R 1.05(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.89 E(d)-.37 E F1 1.05 -(for writing on \214le de-)4.32 F(scriptor)108 182.4 Q F0(n)3.449 E F1 +525.6 R 1.05(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.89 E(d)-.37 E F1 1.05 +(for writing on \214le de-)4.32 F(scriptor)108 537.6 Q F0(n)3.449 E F1 3.089(,o).24 G 3.089(rt)-3.089 G .588 (he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.089 F F0(n)3.448 E F1 .588(is not speci\214ed.)3.328 F .588(If the \214le does not e)5.588 F -.588(xist it is cre-)-.15 F(ated; if it does e)108 194.4 Q +.588(xist it is cre-)-.15 F(ated; if it does e)108 549.6 Q (xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E -(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 211.2 Q([)144 228 Q -F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 .154 -(If the redirection operator is)108 244.8 R F2(>)2.654 E F1 2.654(,a)C -.154(nd the)-2.654 F F2(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F1 .154(option to the) -2.654 F F2(set)2.655 E F1 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155 -(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F -.1(fa)108 256.8 S .177 -(ils if the \214le whose name results from the e).1 F .177(xpansion of) --.15 F F0(wor)2.677 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.15(ex)2.677 G .177(ists and is a re) -.15 F .177(gular \214le.)-.15 F .177(If the redirection)5.177 F .693 -(operator is)108 268.8 R F2(>|)3.193 E F1 3.193(,o)C 3.193(rt)-3.193 G -.693(he redirection operator is)-3.193 F F2(>)3.194 E F1 .694(and the) -3.194 F F2(noclob)3.194 E(ber)-.1 E F1 .694(option to the)3.194 F F2 -(set)3.194 E F1 -.2(bu)3.194 G .694(iltin command is not).2 F(enabled,) -108 280.8 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1(attempts the redirection e)2.5 E -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)-2.5 E F0(wor)2.5 E -(d)-.37 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 297.6 S -(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F1 3.409(Redirecting output)108 -309.6 R .909(in this f)3.409 F .908 -(ashion opens the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .908 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.748 E(d)-.37 E F1 .908(for ap-)4.178 F .639 -(pending on \214le descriptor)108 321.6 R F0(n)3.499 E F1 3.139(,o).24 G -3.139(rt)-3.139 G .639(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if) --3.139 F F0(n)3.5 E F1 .64(is not speci\214ed.)3.38 F .64 -(If the \214le does)5.64 F(not e)108 333.6 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E -(The general format for appending output is:)108 350.4 Q([)144 367.2 Q -F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>>)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 384 Q +(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 566.4 Q([)144 583.2 Q +F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 .37 +(If the redirection operator is)108 600 R F2(>)2.87 E F1 2.87(,a)C .37 +(nd the)-2.87 F F2(noclob)2.87 E(ber)-.1 E F1 .37(option to the)2.87 F +F2(set)2.87 E F1 -.2(bu)2.87 G .37(iltin command has been enabled, the) +.2 F .177(redirection f)108 612 R .177 +(ails if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .177 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)2.677 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.15(ex)2.677 G .177 +(ists and is a re).15 F .177(gular \214le.)-.15 F .177(If the)5.177 F +.489(redirection operator is)108 624 R F2(>|)2.989 E F1 2.989(,o)C 2.989 +(rt)-2.989 G .489(he redirection operator is)-2.989 F F2(>)2.989 E F1 +.49(and the)2.989 F F2(noclob)2.99 E(ber)-.1 E F1 .49(option to the)2.99 +F F2(set)2.99 E F1 -.2(bu)2.99 G .49(iltin is not).2 F(enabled,)108 636 +Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1(attempts the redirection e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)-2.5 E F0(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E +F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 652.8 S(pending Redir).25 E +(ected Output)-.18 E F1 1.056(Redirecting output in this f)108 664.8 R +1.055(ashion opens the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F 1.055 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.895 E(d)-.37 E F1 1.055(for ap-)4.325 F +.639(pending on \214le descriptor)108 676.8 R F0(n)3.499 E F1 3.139(,o) +.24 G 3.139(rt)-3.139 G .639 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.139 F F0(n)3.5 E F1 +.64(is not speci\214ed.)3.38 F .64(If the \214le does)5.64 F(not e)108 +688.8 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E +(The general format for appending output is:)108 705.6 Q([)144 722.4 Q +F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>>)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(33)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 34 34 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Redir)87 84 Q (ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F1 .928(This \ construct redirects both the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) an\ -d the standard error output \(\214le de-)108 396 R -(scriptor 2\) to the \214le whose name is the e)108 408 Q(xpansion of) --.15 E F0(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F1(.).77 E(There are tw)108 424.8 Q 2.5 +d the standard error output \(\214le de-)108 96 R +(scriptor 2\) to the \214le whose name is the e)108 108 Q(xpansion of) +-.15 E F0(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F1(.).77 E(There are tw)108 124.8 Q 2.5 (of)-.1 G(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:) --2.5 E F2(&>)144 441.6 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(and)108 453.6 Q F2(>&)144 -465.6 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Of the tw)108 482.4 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +-2.5 E F2(&>)144 141.6 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(and)108 153.6 Q F2(>&)144 +165.6 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Of the tw)108 182.4 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E --.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>)144 499.2 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(2)2.5 -E F2(>&)A F1(1)A .114(When using the second form,)108 516 R F0(wor)2.614 +-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>)144 199.2 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(2)2.5 +E F2(>&)A F1(1)A .114(When using the second form,)108 216 R F0(wor)2.614 E(d)-.37 E F1 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or)-.15 F F2 2.614 E F1 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.615(td)-2.614 G .115 -(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 528 Q F2 +(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 228 Q F2 (Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E -(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 544.8 S +(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 244.8 S (pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F1 1.032(This\ construct appends both the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) and\ - the standard error output \(\214le de-)108 556.8 R -(scriptor 2\) to the \214le whose name is the e)108 568.8 Q(xpansion of) + the standard error output \(\214le de-)108 256.8 R +(scriptor 2\) to the \214le whose name is the e)108 268.8 Q(xpansion of) -.15 E F0(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F1(.).77 E (The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 -585.6 Q F2(&>>)144 602.4 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 -(This is semantically equi)108 619.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -(>>)144 636 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F1(1)A(\(see)108 -652.8 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E -F2(Her)87 669.6 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F1 .211(This type of re\ +285.6 Q F2(&>>)144 302.4 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 +(This is semantically equi)108 319.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 +(>>)144 336 Q F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F1(1)A(\(see)108 +352.8 Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E +F2(Her)87 369.6 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F1 .211(This type of re\ direction instructs the shell to read input from the current source unt\ -il it reads a line contain-)108 681.6 R .27(ing only)108 693.6 R F0 +il it reads a line contain-)108 381.6 R .27(ing only)108 393.6 R F0 (delimiter)3.12 E F1 .27(\(with no trailing blanks\).)3.5 F .269 (All of the lines read up to that point then become the standard)5.27 F -(input \(or \214le descriptor)108 705.6 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(if)2.5 E F0(n) +(input \(or \214le descriptor)108 405.6 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(if)2.5 E F0(n) 2.5 E F1(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E -(The format of here-documents is:)108 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(33)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 34 34 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E([)144 84 Q F0(n)A F1(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(<<)A -F1([)A F2A F1(])A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 96 Q(e-document)-.37 E -(delimiter)144 108 Q F1 .241(The shell does not perform parameter and v) -108 124.8 R .241(ariable e)-.25 F .241 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -(or pathname e)108 136.8 Q(xpansion is performed on)-.15 E F0(wor)2.84 E -(d)-.37 E F1(.).77 E .053(If an)108 153.6 R 2.553(yp)-.15 G .053(art of) --2.553 F F0(wor)2.893 E(d)-.37 E F1 .053(is quoted, the)3.323 F F0 -(delimiter)2.902 E F1 .052(is the result of quote remo)3.282 F -.25(va) --.15 G 2.552(lo).25 G(n)-2.552 E F0(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F1 2.552(,a).77 -G .052(nd the lines in the here-)-2.552 F .101(document are not e)108 -165.6 R 2.601(xpanded. If)-.15 F F0(wor)2.602 E(d)-.37 E F1 .102 -(is unquoted, the)2.602 F F0(delimiter)2.952 E F1(is)3.332 E F0(wor) -2.602 E(d)-.37 E F1 .102(itself, and the here-document te)2.602 F .102 -(xt is)-.15 F .131(treated similarly to a double-quoted string: all lin\ -es of the here-document are subjected to parameter e)108 177.6 R(xpan-) --.15 E .894(sion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 189.6 R -.894(xpansion, the character sequence)-.15 F F2(\\)3.394 E F1 -.895(is treated liter)3.394 F(-)-.2 E(ally)108 201.6 Q 2.624(,a)-.65 G -(nd)-2.624 E F2(\\)2.624 E F1 .124(must be used to quote the characters) +(The format of here-documents is:)108 422.4 Q([)144 439.2 Q F0(n)A F1(]) +A F2(<<)A F1([)A F2A F1(])A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 451.2 Q +(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 463.2 Q F1 .241 +(The shell does not perform parameter and v)108 480 R .241(ariable e) +-.25 F .241(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F +(xpansion,)-.15 E(or pathname e)108 492 Q(xpansion is performed on)-.15 +E F0(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F1(.).77 E .053(If an)108 508.8 R 2.553(yp)-.15 +G .053(art of)-2.553 F F0(wor)2.893 E(d)-.37 E F1 .053(is quoted, the) +3.323 F F0(delimiter)2.902 E F1 .052(is the result of quote remo)3.282 F +-.25(va)-.15 G 2.552(lo).25 G(n)-2.552 E F0(wor)2.892 E(d)-.37 E F1 +2.552(,a).77 G .052(nd the lines in the here-)-2.552 F .101 +(document are not e)108 520.8 R 2.601(xpanded. If)-.15 F F0(wor)2.602 E +(d)-.37 E F1 .102(is unquoted, the)2.602 F F0(delimiter)2.952 E F1(is) +3.332 E F0(wor)2.602 E(d)-.37 E F1 .102 +(itself, and the here-document te)2.602 F .102(xt is)-.15 F .131(treate\ +d similarly to a double-quoted string: all lines of the here-document a\ +re subjected to parameter e)108 532.8 R(xpan-)-.15 E .894 +(sion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 544.8 R .894 +(xpansion, the character sequence)-.15 F F2(\\)3.394 E F1 .895 +(is treated liter)3.394 F(-)-.2 E(ally)108 556.8 Q 2.624(,a)-.65 G(nd) +-2.624 E F2(\\)2.624 E F1 .124(must be used to quote the characters) 2.624 F F2(\\)2.624 E F1(,)A F2($)2.624 E F1 2.624(,a)C(nd)-2.624 E F2 <92>2.624 E F1 2.624(;h)C -.25(ow)-2.624 G -2.15 -.25(ev e).25 H .924 -.4(r, d).25 H .124(ouble quote characters ha).4 F .424 -.15(ve n)-.2 H -2.624(os).15 G(pecial)-2.624 E(meaning.)108 213.6 Q .97 -(If the redirection operator is)108 230.4 R F2(<<\255)3.47 E F1 3.47(,t) +2.624(os).15 G(pecial)-2.624 E(meaning.)108 568.8 Q .97 +(If the redirection operator is)108 585.6 R F2(<<\255)3.47 E F1 3.47(,t) C .971(hen the shell strips all leading tab characters from input lines\ - and the)-3.47 F .366(line containing)108 242.4 R F0(delimiter)3.216 E + and the)-3.47 F .366(line containing)108 597.6 R F0(delimiter)3.216 E F1 5.366(.T).73 G .366(his allo)-5.366 F .365 (ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) --.25 F(ash-)-.1 E(ion.)108 254.4 Q .797 -(If the delimiter is not quoted, the)108 271.2 R F2(\\)3.298 E +-.25 F(ash-)-.1 E(ion.)108 609.6 Q .797 +(If the delimiter is not quoted, the)108 626.4 R F2(\\)3.298 E F1 .798(sequence is treated as a line continuation: the tw)3.298 F 3.298 (ol)-.1 G .798(ines are)-3.298 F .973(joined and the backslash-ne)108 -283.2 R .973(wline is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.472(d. This).15 F +638.4 R .973(wline is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.472(d. This).15 F .972(happens while reading the here-document, before the)3.472 F -(check for the ending delimiter)108 295.2 Q 2.5(,s)-.4 G 2.5(oj)-2.5 G -(oined lines can form the end delimiter)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2(Her)87 312 Q -2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F1 2.5(Av)108 324 S -(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([)144 340.8 Q F0(n)A -F1(])A F2(<<<)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(The)108 357.6 Q F0(wor)3.291 E(d) --.37 E F1(under)3.291 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792 +(check for the ending delimiter)108 650.4 Q 2.5(,s)-.4 G 2.5(oj)-2.5 G +(oined lines can form the end delimiter)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2(Her)87 667.2 +Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F1 2.5(Av)108 679.2 S +(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([)144 696 Q F0(n)A F1 +(])A F2(<<<)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(The)108 712.8 Q F0(wor)3.291 E(d)-.37 +E F1(under)3.291 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792(ariable e)-.25 F .792 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 369.6 S +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 724.8 S 1.188(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.687(l. P).25 F 1.187(athname e)-.15 F 1.187(xpansion and w)-.15 F 1.187 -(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.187(The result is)6.187 F .374 -(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 381.6 R .375(wline appended\ -, to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F(tor) -108 393.6 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(if)2.5 E F0(n)2.5 E F1(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E -F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 410.4 Q F1(The redirection operator) -108 422.4 Q([)144 439.2 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<&)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 -.512(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 456 R(If)5.512 E +(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.187(The result is)6.187 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(34)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 35 35 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .374(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 84 +R .375(wline appended, to the command on its standard input \(or \214le\ + descrip-)-.25 F(tor)108 96 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(if)2.5 E F0(n)2.5 E F1 +(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 112.8 Q F1(The redirection operator)108 +124.8 Q([)144 141.6 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<&)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 .512 +(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 158.4 R(If)5.512 E F0(wor)3.352 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.15(ex)3.782 G .512 (pands to one or more digits, \214le descriptor).15 F F0(n)3.372 E F1 -.512(is made)3.252 F .097(to be a cop)108 468 R 2.597(yo)-.1 G 2.598(ft) --2.597 G .098(hat \214le descriptor)-2.598 F 5.098(.I)-.55 G 2.598(ti) --5.098 G 2.598(sar)-2.598 G .098(edirection error if the digits in) +.512(is made)3.252 F .097(to be a cop)108 170.4 R 2.597(yo)-.1 G 2.598 +(ft)-2.597 G .098(hat \214le descriptor)-2.598 F 5.098(.I)-.55 G 2.598 +(ti)-5.098 G 2.598(sar)-2.598 G .098(edirection error if the digits in) -2.598 F F0(wor)2.938 E(d)-.37 E F1 .098 (do not specify a \214le descrip-)3.368 F 1.04(tor open for input.)108 -480 R(If)6.04 E F0(wor)3.88 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)4.31 G 1.04 +182.4 R(If)6.04 E F0(wor)3.88 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)4.31 G 1.04 (luates to).25 F F23.54 E F1 3.54<2c8c>C 1.04(le descriptor)-3.54 F F0(n)3.9 E F1 1.04(is closed.)3.78 F(If)6.04 E F0(n)3.9 E F1 1.04 (is not speci\214ed, this uses the)3.78 F -(standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)108 492 Q(The operator)108 -508.8 Q([)144 525.6 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>&)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 .31 -(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 542.4 R +(standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)108 194.4 Q(The operator)108 +211.2 Q([)144 228 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>&)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 .31 +(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 244.8 R (If)5.31 E F0(n)3.17 E F1 .31 (is not speci\214ed, this uses the standard output \(\214le)3.05 F .552 -(descriptor 1\).)108 554.4 R .552 +(descriptor 1\).)108 256.8 R .552 (It is a redirection error if the digits in)5.552 F F0(wor)3.392 E(d) -.37 E F1 .552(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output.)3.822 -F(If)108 566.4 Q F0(wor)3.227 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)3.657 G .387 +F(If)108 268.8 Q F0(wor)3.227 E(d)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)3.657 G .387 (luates to).25 F F22.887 E F1 2.887<2c8c>C .387(le descriptor)-2.887 F F0(n)3.248 E F1 .388(is closed.)3.128 F .388(As a special case, if) 5.388 F F0(n)2.888 E F1 .388(is omitted, and)2.888 F F0(wor)2.888 E(d) -.37 E F1 .388(does not e)2.888 F(x-)-.15 E 1.063 -(pand to one or more digits or)108 578.4 R F23.563 E F1 3.563(,t)C +(pand to one or more digits or)108 280.8 R F23.563 E F1 3.563(,t)C 1.063 (his redirects the standard output and standard error as described pre) --3.563 F(vi-)-.25 E(ously)108 590.4 Q(.)-.65 E F2(Mo)87 607.2 Q -(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F1(The redirection operator)108 619.2 Q([) -144 636 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<&)A F0(digit)A F2A F1(mo)108 652.8 Q +-3.563 F(vi-)-.25 E(ously)108 292.8 Q(.)-.65 E F2(Mo)87 309.6 Q +(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F1(The redirection operator)108 321.6 Q([) +144 338.4 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<&)A F0(digit)A F2A F1(mo)108 355.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.017(st).15 G .517(he \214le descriptor)-3.017 F F0 (digit)3.017 E F1 .517(to \214le descriptor)3.017 F F0(n)3.377 E F1 3.017(,o).24 G 3.017(rt)-3.017 G .518 (he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.017 F F0(n)3.018 E F1 -.518(is not speci-)3.018 F(\214ed.)108 664.8 Q F0(digit)5 E F1 +.518(is not speci-)3.018 F(\214ed.)108 367.2 Q F0(digit)5 E F1 (is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F0(n)2.5 E F1(.)A(Similarly) -108 681.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 698.4 Q -F0(n)A F1(])A F2(>&)A F0(digit)A F2A F1(mo)108 715.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 -G 2.768(st).15 G .268(he \214le descriptor)-2.768 F F0(digit)2.768 E F1 +108 384 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 400.8 Q F0 +(n)A F1(])A F2(>&)A F0(digit)A F2A F1(mo)108 417.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.768(st).15 G .268(he \214le descriptor)-2.768 F F0(digit)2.768 E F1 .268(to \214le descriptor)2.768 F F0(n)3.128 E F1 2.768(,o).24 G 2.768 (rt)-2.768 G .267(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.768 F -F0(n)2.767 E F1 .267(is not speci-)2.767 F(\214ed.)108 727.2 Q -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(34)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 35 35 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Opening File Descriptors f)87 -84 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F1(The redirection operator)108 96 Q -([)144 112.8 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<>)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 .279 -(opens the \214le whose name is the e)108 129.6 R .279(xpansion of)-.15 -F F0(wor)3.119 E(d)-.37 E F1 .279 +F0(n)2.767 E F1 .267(is not speci-)2.767 F(\214ed.)108 429.6 Q F2 +(Opening File Descriptors f)87 446.4 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F1 +(The redirection operator)108 458.4 Q([)144 475.2 Q F0(n)A F1(])A F2(<>) +A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 .279(opens the \214le whose name is the e)108 492 +R .279(xpansion of)-.15 F F0(wor)3.119 E(d)-.37 E F1 .279 (for both reading and writing on \214le descriptor)3.549 F F0(n)3.139 E F1 2.779(,o).24 G 2.779(ro)-2.779 G(n)-2.779 E(\214le descriptor 0 if) -108 141.6 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E +108 504 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E (If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 158.4 Q F0(Aliases)108 170.4 Q F1(allo)3.002 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 520.8 Q F0(Aliases)108 532.8 Q F1(allo)3.002 E 3.002(was)-.25 G .502(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.002 F .502 (ord that is in a position in the input where it can be the \214rst)-.1 -F -.1(wo)108 182.4 S .408(rd of a simple command.).1 F .408(Aliases ha) +F -.1(wo)108 544.8 S .408(rd of a simple command.).1 F .408(Aliases ha) 5.408 F .708 -.15(ve n)-.2 H .408(ames and corresponding v).15 F .409 -(alues that are set and unset using the)-.25 F F2(alias)108 194.4 Q F1 +(alues that are set and unset using the)-.25 F F2(alias)108 556.8 Q F1 (and)2.5 E F2(unalias)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin commands \(see).2 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.034(If the shell reads an unquoted w)108 211.2 R +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.034(If the shell reads an unquoted w)108 573.6 R 1.033(ord in the right position, it checks the w)-.1 F 1.033 -(ord to see if it matches an alias)-.1 F 3.038(name. If)108 223.2 R .538 +(ord to see if it matches an alias)-.1 F 3.038(name. If)108 585.6 R .538 (it matches, the shell replaces the w)3.038 F .538(ord with the alias v) -.1 F .538(alue, and reads that v)-.25 F .538(alue as if it had been) --.25 F 1.082(read instead of the w)108 235.2 R 3.582(ord. The)-.1 F +-.25 F 1.082(read instead of the w)108 597.6 R 3.582(ord. The)-.1 F 1.082(shell doesn')3.582 F 3.582(tl)-.18 G 1.082(ook at an)-3.582 F 3.582(yc)-.15 G 1.082(haracters follo)-3.582 F 1.082(wing the w)-.25 F -1.081(ord before attempting)-.1 F(alias substitution.)108 247.2 Q .264 -(The characters)108 264 R F2(/)2.764 E F1(,)A F2($)2.764 E F1(,)A F2<92> -2.764 E F1 2.764(,a)C(nd)-2.764 E F2(=)2.764 E F1 .264(and an)2.764 F -2.764(yo)-.15 G 2.764(ft)-2.764 G .264(he shell)-2.764 F F0(metac)2.764 -E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 .264 +1.081(ord before attempting)-.1 F(alias substitution.)108 609.6 Q .264 +(The characters)108 626.4 R F2(/)2.764 E F1(,)A F2($)2.764 E F1(,)A F2 +<92>2.764 E F1 2.764(,a)C(nd)-2.764 E F2(=)2.764 E F1 .264(and an)2.764 +F 2.764(yo)-.15 G 2.764(ft)-2.764 G .264(he shell)-2.764 F F0(metac) +2.764 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 .264 (or quoting characters listed abo)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve m)-.15 H .265 -(ay not).15 F .299(appear in an alias name.)108 276 R .298 +(ay not).15 F .299(appear in an alias name.)108 638.4 R .298 (The replacement te)5.298 F .298(xt may contain an)-.15 F 2.798(yv)-.15 G .298(alid shell input, including shell metachar)-3.048 F(-)-.2 E 2.625 -(acters. The)108 288 R .125(\214rst w)2.625 F .125 +(acters. The)108 650.4 R .125(\214rst w)2.625 F .125 (ord of the replacement te)-.1 F .125(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .125(ut a w)-.2 F .126(ord that is identical to an alias be-)-.1 F .666 -(ing e)108 300 R .666(xpanded is not e)-.15 F .666 +(ing e)108 662.4 R .666(xpanded is not e)-.15 F .666 (xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .666(This means that one may alias)5.666 F F2(ls)3.166 E F1(to)3.166 E F2 .666(ls \255F)3.166 F F1 3.166(,f)C -.666(or instance, and)-3.166 F F2(bash)108 312 Q F1 +.666(or instance, and)-3.166 F F2(bash)108 674.4 Q F1 (does not try to recursi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly e).15 E (xpand the replacement te)-.15 E(xt.)-.15 E 1.035 -(If the last character of the alias v)108 328.8 R 1.035(alue is a)-.25 F +(If the last character of the alias v)108 691.2 R 1.035(alue is a)-.25 F F0(blank)3.805 E F1 3.535(,t).67 G 1.035(he shell checks the ne)-3.535 F 1.036(xt command w)-.15 F 1.036(ord follo)-.1 F 1.036(wing the)-.25 F -(alias for alias e)108 340.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E -(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 357.6 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F1 +(alias for alias e)108 703.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E +(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 720 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F1 (command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F2 -(unalias)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E .742 -(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 374.4 R .741 -(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 3.241(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)3.241 E -.741(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 386.4 Q -F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\) instead.)-.25 E .282 -(Aliases are not e)108 403.2 R .282 -(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.782(,u) -.15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F F2(expand_aliases)2.783 E F1 .283 -(shell option is set us-)2.783 F(ing)108 415.2 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F1 -(\(see the description of)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F1(under)2.5 E F4 +(unalias)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24) +139.29 E(35)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 36 36 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .742(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 84 R +.741(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 3.241(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)3.241 E +.741(guments are needed, use a shell)-.18 F(function \(see)108 96 Q/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\) instead.)-.25 E .282 +(Aliases are not e)108 112.8 R .282 +(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.782(,u) +.15 G .282(nless the)-2.782 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(expand_aliases)2.783 +E F1 .283(shell option is set us-)2.783 F(ing)108 124.8 Q F3(shopt)2.5 E +F1(\(see the description of)2.5 E F3(shopt)2.5 E F1(under)2.5 E F2 (SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .436 (The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 -432 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.435 E F1(al)2.935 E -.1(wa) --.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .67 -(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 444 R 3.17(eu) +141.6 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F3(Bash)5.435 E F1(al)2.935 E -.1 +(wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .67 +(one complete line of input, and all lines that mak)108 153.6 R 3.17(eu) -.1 G 3.17(pac)-3.17 G .67(ompound command, before e)-3.17 F -.15(xe) -.15 G .67(cuting an).15 F 3.17(yo)-.15 G 3.17(ft)-3.17 G(he)-3.17 E -1.059(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 456 R 1.059 +1.059(commands on that line or the compound command.)108 165.6 R 1.059 (Aliases are e)6.059 F 1.058(xpanded when a command is read, not)-.15 F -.074(when it is e)108 468 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.574(cuted. Therefore,).15 F -.075(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as another comman\ -d does not)2.574 F(tak)108 480 Q 2.839(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.839 G .339 -(ect until the shell reads the ne).25 F .339 +.074(when it is e)108 177.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.574(cuted. Therefore,).15 +F .075(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as another comm\ +and does not)2.574 F(tak)108 189.6 Q 2.839(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.839 G +.339(ect until the shell reads the ne).25 F .339 (xt line of input, and an alias de\214nition in a compound command does) --.15 F .031(not tak)108 492 R 2.531(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.531 G .031 +-.15 F .031(not tak)108 201.6 R 2.531(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.531 G .031 (ect until the shell parses and e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .031 (cutes the entire compound command.).15 F .032(The commands follo)5.032 F(wing)-.25 E .726(the alias de\214nition on that line, or in the rest \ -of a compound command, are not af)108 504 R .725(fected by the ne)-.25 F -3.225(wa)-.25 G(lias.)-3.225 E .657(This beha)108 516 R .657 +of a compound command, are not af)108 213.6 R .725(fected by the ne)-.25 +F 3.225(wa)-.25 G(lias.)-3.225 E .657(This beha)108 225.6 R .657 (vior is also an issue when functions are e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.158 (cuted. Aliases).15 F .658(are e)3.158 F .658 (xpanded when a function de\214ni-)-.15 F .081 -(tion is read, not when the function is e)108 528 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .08 +(tion is read, not when the function is e)108 237.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .08 (cuted, because a function de\214nition is itself a command.).15 F .08 (As a con-)5.08 F .264 -(sequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not a)108 540 R -.25(va) --.2 G .265(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.765(cuted. T).15 F 2.765(ob)-.8 G 2.765(es)-2.765 G .265(afe, al-) --2.765 F -.1(wa)108 552 S -(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 E F2 -(alias)2.5 E F1(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 568.8 S 2.5(ra) +(sequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not a)108 249.6 R -.25 +(va)-.2 G .265(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G 2.765(cuted. T).15 F 2.765(ob)-.8 G 2.765(es)-2.765 G .265(afe, al-) +-2.765 F -.1(wa)108 261.6 S +(ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and do not use).1 E F3 +(alias)2.5 E F1(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 278.4 S 2.5(ra) .15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ry purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases.).15 E F3 -(FUNCTIONS)72 585.6 Q F1 3.468(As)108 597.6 S .968 +(ry purpose, shell functions are preferable to aliases.).15 E/F4 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)72 295.2 Q F1 3.468(As)108 307.2 S .968 (hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 -H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 -.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F .534(later e)108 609.6 R +H(nder).15 E F2 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 +.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F .534(later e)108 319.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.034(cution. When).15 F .535(the name of a shell functi\ on is used as a simple command name, the shell e)3.034 F -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutes).15 E .295 -(the list of commands associated with that function name.)108 621.6 R +(the list of commands associated with that function name.)108 331.2 R .295(Functions are e)5.295 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .294(cuted in the conte).15 -F .294(xt of the call-)-.15 F 1.626(ing shell; there is no ne)108 633.6 +F .294(xt of the call-)-.15 F 1.626(ing shell; there is no ne)108 343.2 R 4.126(wp)-.25 G 1.627 (rocess created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-4.126 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.627(cution of a shell).15 F(script\).)108 645.6 Q .256 -(When a function is e)108 662.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .256(cuted, the ar).15 -F .255 +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.627(cution of a shell).15 F(script\).)108 355.2 Q .256 +(When a function is e)108 372 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .256(cuted, the ar).15 F +.255 (guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) --.18 F(x-)-.15 E 2.507(ecution. The)108 674.4 R .007(special parameter) -2.507 F F2(#)2.507 E F1 .007(is updated to re\215ect the ne)2.507 F +-.18 F(x-)-.15 E 2.507(ecution. The)108 384 R .007(special parameter) +2.507 F F3(#)2.507 E F1 .007(is updated to re\215ect the ne)2.507 F 2.508(wp)-.25 G .008(ositional parameters.)-2.508 F .008 -(Special parameter)5.008 F F2(0)2.508 E F1(is)2.508 E 2.638 -(unchanged. The)108 686.4 R .138(\214rst element of the)2.638 F F4 -(FUNCN)2.638 E(AME)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)2.388 G .138 +(Special parameter)5.008 F F3(0)2.508 E F1(is)2.508 E 2.638 +(unchanged. The)108 396 R .138(\214rst element of the)2.638 F F2(FUNCN) +2.638 E(AME)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)2.388 G .138 (riable is set to the name of the function while the func-).25 F -(tion is e)108 698.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25 -(All other aspects of the shell e)108 715.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25 +(tion is e)108 408 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25 +(All other aspects of the shell e)108 424.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25 (cution en).15 F 1.25 (vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F -1.215(these e)108 727.2 R 1.215(xceptions: the)-.15 F F4(DEB)3.715 E(UG) --.09 E F1(and)3.465 E F2(RETURN)3.715 E F1 1.215 -(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F2(trap)3.714 E F1 -.2(bu) -3.714 G 1.214(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)3.714 E F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(35)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 36 36 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.09(BU)108 84 S(IL).09 E .478 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.728 E .479 +1.215(these e)108 436.8 R 1.215(xceptions: the)-.15 F F2(DEB)3.715 E(UG) +-.09 E F1(and)3.465 E F3(RETURN)3.715 E F1 1.215 +(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F3(trap)3.714 E F1 -.2(bu) +3.714 G 1.214(iltin under).2 F F2(SHELL)3.714 E -.09(BU)108 448.8 S(IL) +.09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.728 E .479 (w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(trace)2.979 E F1 -(attrib)2.979 E .479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 96 -R F2(declar)2.92 E(e)-.162 E F1 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42 -(w\) or the)-.25 F F3 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F1 .42 +-.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F3(trace)2.979 E F1(attrib)2.979 E +.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 460.8 R F2(declar) +2.92 E(e)-.162 E F1 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) +-.25 F F3 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F1 .42 (shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F3(set)2.92 E F1 -.2(bu) -108 108 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F3 +108 472.8 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F3 (DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)2.572 E F3(RETURN)2.572 E F1 .072 (traps\), and the)2.572 F F2(ERR)2.572 E F1 .072(trap is not inher)2.322 -F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 120 Q F3(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F1 -(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 136.8 S .942 +F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 484.8 Q F3(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F1 +(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 501.6 S .942 (riables local to the function are declared with the)1.11 F F3(local) 3.442 E F1 -.2(bu)3.442 G .942(iltin command \().2 F F0 .942 -(local variables)B F1 3.442(\). Ordinarily)B(,)-.65 E -.25(va)108 148.8 +(local variables)B F1 3.442(\). Ordinarily)B(,)-.65 E -.25(va)108 513.6 S .39(riables and their v).25 F .39 (alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 F 5.391(.I) -.55 G 2.891(fav)-5.391 G .391(ariable is declared)-3.141 F F3(local) -2.891 E F1 2.891(,t)C(he)-2.891 E -.25(va)108 160.8 S(riable').25 E 2.5 +2.891 E F1 2.891(,t)C(he)-2.891 E -.25(va)108 525.6 S(riable').25 E 2.5 (sv)-.55 G(isible scope is restricted to that function and its children\ \(including the functions it calls\).)-2.5 E .727(In the follo)108 -177.6 R .727(wing description, the)-.25 F F0(curr)3.227 E .727 +542.4 R .727(wing description, the)-.25 F F0(curr)3.227 E .727 (ent scope)-.37 F F1 .726(is a currently- e)3.226 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .726 (cuting function.).15 F(Pre)5.726 E .726(vious scopes consist)-.25 F -.965(of that function')108 189.6 R 3.465(sc)-.55 G .966(aller and so on\ +.965(of that function')108 554.4 R 3.465(sc)-.55 G .966(aller and so on\ , back to the \231global\232 scope, where the shell is not e)-3.465 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .966(cuting an).15 F 3.466(ys)-.15 G(hell)-3.466 E 3.159 -(function. A)108 201.6 R .659(local v)3.159 F .658 +(function. A)108 566.4 R .659(local v)3.159 F .658 (ariable at the current scope is a v)-.25 F .658 (ariable declared using the)-.25 F F3(local)3.158 E F1(or)3.158 E F3 (declar)3.158 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)3.158 G .658(iltins in).2 F -(the function that is currently e)108 213.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 -E .587(Local v)108 230.4 R .587(ariables \231shado)-.25 F .587(w\232 v) +(the function that is currently e)108 578.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 +E .587(Local v)108 595.2 R .587(ariables \231shado)-.25 F .587(w\232 v) -.25 F .587(ariables with the same name declared at pre)-.25 F .588 (vious scopes.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.588 G 3.088(ri).15 G .588 -(nstance, a local)-3.088 F -.25(va)108 242.4 S .782 +(nstance, a local)-3.088 F -.25(va)108 607.2 S .782 (riable declared in a function hides v).25 F .782 (ariables with the same name declared at pre)-.25 F .782 -(vious scopes, including)-.25 F 1.247(global v)108 254.4 R 1.248 +(vious scopes, including)-.25 F 1.247(global v)108 619.2 R 1.248 (ariables: references and assignments refer to the local v)-.25 F 1.248 (ariable, lea)-.25 F 1.248(ving the v)-.2 F 1.248(ariables at pre)-.25 F -(vious)-.25 E(scopes unmodi\214ed.)108 266.4 Q +(vious)-.25 E(scopes unmodi\214ed.)108 631.2 Q (When the function returns, the global v)5 E(ariable is once ag)-.25 E -(ain visible.)-.05 E .727(The shell uses)108 283.2 R F0 .727 +(ain visible.)-.05 E .727(The shell uses)108 648 R F0 .727 (dynamic scoping)3.227 F F1 .726(to control a v)3.227 F(ariable')-.25 E 3.226(sv)-.55 G .726(isibility within functions.)-3.226 F -.4(Wi)5.726 G -.726(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .007(visible v)108 295.2 R .007 +.726(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .007(visible v)108 660 R .007 (ariables and their v)-.25 F .007 (alues are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .008(cution to reach).15 F .814(the current function.) -108 307.2 R .813(The v)5.814 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813 +108 672 R .813(The v)5.814 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813 (ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .813 -(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.313(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.313 E(an)108 319.2 Q +(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.313(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.313 E(an)108 684 Q 1.427 -.65(y, w)-.15 H .127 (hether that caller is the global scope or another shell function.).65 F .127(This is also the v)5.127 F .127(alue that a local v)-.25 F(ari-) --.25 E(able declaration shado)108 331.2 Q(ws, and the v)-.25 E -(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 348 -S 2.724(re).15 G .224(xample, if a v)-2.874 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(var) -2.724 E F1 .223(is declared as local in function)2.724 F F0(func1)2.723 -E F1 2.723(,a)C(nd)-2.723 E F0(func1)2.723 E F1 .223 +-.25 E(able declaration shado)108 696 Q(ws, and the v)-.25 E +(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 +712.8 S 2.724(re).15 G .224(xample, if a v)-2.874 F(ariable)-.25 E F0 +(var)2.724 E F1 .223(is declared as local in function)2.724 F F0(func1) +2.723 E F1 2.723(,a)C(nd)-2.723 E F0(func1)2.723 E F1 .223 (calls another function)2.723 F F0(func2)2.723 E F1(,)A 1.621 -(references to)108 360 R F0(var)4.121 E F1 1.621(made from within)4.121 -F F0(func2)4.121 E F1(resolv)4.121 E 4.121(et)-.15 G 4.121(ot)-4.121 G -1.621(he local v)-4.121 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(var)4.121 E F1(from)4.122 E -F0(func1)4.122 E F1 4.122(,s)C(hado)-4.122 E 1.622(wing an)-.25 F(y)-.15 -E(global v)108 372 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F0(var)2.5 E F1(.)A(The)108 -388.8 Q F3(unset)2.983 E F1 -.2(bu)2.983 G .483 -(iltin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a v).2 F .482 -(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F3(unset)2.982 E F1 .57 -(unsets it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 400.8 R .571 +(references to)108 724.8 R F0(var)4.121 E F1 1.621(made from within) +4.121 F F0(func2)4.121 E F1(resolv)4.121 E 4.121(et)-.15 G 4.121(ot) +-4.121 G 1.621(he local v)-4.121 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(var)4.121 E F1 +(from)4.122 E F0(func1)4.122 E F1 4.122(,s)C(hado)-4.122 E 1.622 +(wing an)-.25 F(y)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E +(36)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 37 37 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(global v)108 84 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F0(var)2.5 E +F1(.)A(The)108 100.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(unset)2.983 E F1 -.2(bu) +2.983 G .483(iltin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a v).2 F +.482(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F2(unset)2.982 E F1 +.57(unsets it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 112.8 R .571 (ariable found in an)-.25 F 3.071(yc)-.15 G .571 (alling scope as described abo)-3.071 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.571(.I).15 G -3.071(fa)-5.571 G -.25(va)108 412.8 S .11(riable at the current local s\ +3.071(fa)-5.571 G -.25(va)108 124.8 S .11(riable at the current local s\ cope is unset, it remains so \(appearing as unset\) until it is reset i\ -n that scope or).25 F .88(until the function returns.)108 424.8 R .88 +n that scope or).25 F .88(until the function returns.)108 136.8 R .88 (Once the function returns, an)5.88 F 3.38(yi)-.15 G .88 (nstance of the v)-3.38 F .88(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .88 -(vious scope be-)-.25 F .275(comes visible.)108 436.8 R .275 +(vious scope be-)-.25 F .275(comes visible.)108 148.8 R .275 (If the unset acts on a v)5.275 F .275(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .274 (vious scope, an)-.25 F 2.774(yi)-.15 G .274(nstance of a v)-2.774 F -.274(ariable with that name)-.25 F .62(that had been shado)108 448.8 R +.274(ariable with that name)-.25 F .62(that had been shado)108 160.8 R .62(wed becomes visible \(see belo)-.25 F 3.12(wh)-.25 G 1.12 -.25(ow t) --3.12 H(he).25 E F3(localv)3.12 E(ar_unset)-.1 E F1 .62 -(shell option changes this be-)3.12 F(ha)108 460.8 Q(vior\).)-.2 E(The) -108 477.6 Q F2(FUNCNEST)3.881 E F1 -.25(va)3.631 G 1.381 -(riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.38 +-3.12 H(he).25 E F2(localv)3.12 E(ar_unset)-.1 E F1 .62 +(shell option changes this be-)3.12 F(ha)108 172.8 Q(vior\).)-.2 E(The) +108 189.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCNEST)3.881 E F1 -.25(va)3.631 G +1.381(riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.38 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108 -489.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +201.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G (cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.) --.15 E .043(If the b)108 506.4 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F3 -.18(re) +-.15 E .043(If the b)108 218.4 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F2 -.18(re) 2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 (cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.044(cution resumes with).15 F .683(the ne)108 518.4 R .683 -(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(If)5.683 E F3 -.18(re)3.183 +.044(cution resumes with).15 F .683(the ne)108 230.4 R .683 +(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(If)5.683 E F2 -.18(re)3.183 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 .683(is supplied a numeric ar)3.183 F .683 (gument, that is the function')-.18 F(s)-.55 E .851 -(return status; otherwise the function')108 530.4 R 3.351(sr)-.55 G .851 +(return status; otherwise the function')108 242.4 R 3.351(sr)-.55 G .851 (eturn status is the e)-3.351 F .851(xit status of the last command e) --.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .852(cuted before).15 F(the)108 542.4 Q F3 -.18 +-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .852(cuted before).15 F(the)108 254.4 Q F2 -.18 (re)4.667 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 7.167(.A)C 2.466 -.15(ny c)-7.167 H -2.166(ommand associated with the).15 F F3(RETURN)4.666 E F1 2.166 +2.166(ommand associated with the).15 F F2(RETURN)4.666 E F1 2.166 (trap is e)4.666 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.166(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe) -.15 G 2.166(cution resumes.).15 F .13(When a function completes, the v) -108 554.4 R .13 -(alues of the positional parameters and the special parameter)-.25 F F3 -(#)2.63 E F1 .13(are restored)2.63 F(to the v)108 566.4 Q(alues the)-.25 +108 266.4 R .13 +(alues of the positional parameters and the special parameter)-.25 F F2 +(#)2.63 E F1 .13(are restored)2.63 F(to the v)108 278.4 Q(alues the)-.25 E 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) --2.65 G(cution.).15 E(The)108 583.2 Q F32.707 E F1 .207 -(option to the)2.707 F F3(declar)2.707 E(e)-.18 E F1(or)2.707 E F3 +-2.65 G(cution.).15 E(The)108 295.2 Q F22.707 E F1 .207 +(option to the)2.707 F F2(declar)2.707 E(e)-.18 E F1(or)2.707 E F2 (typeset)2.707 E F1 -.2(bu)2.707 G .206 (iltin commands lists function names and de\214nitions.).2 F(The)5.206 E -F32.706 E F1(op-)2.706 E .655(tion to)108 595.2 R F3(declar)3.155 -E(e)-.18 E F1(or)3.155 E F3(typeset)3.155 E F1 .655(lists the function \ +F22.706 E F1(op-)2.706 E .655(tion to)108 307.2 R F2(declar)3.155 +E(e)-.18 E F1(or)3.155 E F2(typeset)3.155 E F1 .655(lists the function \ names only \(and optionally the source \214le and line number)3.155 F -3.155(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.155 E(the)108 607.2 Q F3(extdeb)3.032 E(ug)-.2 E F1 +3.155(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.155 E(the)108 319.2 Q F2(extdeb)3.032 E(ug)-.2 E F1 .532(shell option is enabled\).)3.032 F .532(Functions may be e)5.532 F .532(xported so that child shell processes \(those cre-)-.15 F .441 -(ated when e)108 619.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .441(cuting a separate shell in) +(ated when e)108 331.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .441(cuting a separate shell in) .15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .441(cation\) automatically ha).2 F .741 -.15(ve t) --.2 H .441(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F32.942 E F1 .442 -(option to the)2.942 F F3(export)108 631.2 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G 2.5 -(iltin. The).2 F F32.5 E F1(option to the)2.5 E F3(unset)2.5 E F1 +-.2 H .441(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F22.942 E F1 .442 +(option to the)2.942 F F2(export)108 343.2 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G 2.5 +(iltin. The).2 F F22.5 E F1(option to the)2.5 E F2(unset)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin deletes a function de\214nition.).2 E .372 -(Functions may be recursi)108 648 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he) --5.371 E F3(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F1 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 +(Functions may be recursi)108 360 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he) +-5.371 E F2(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F1 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 (riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F .421 -(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 660 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -2.922(cations. By).2 F(def)2.922 E(ault,)-.1 E F3(bash)2.922 E F1 .422 -(imposes no limit on the number of)2.922 F(recursi)108 672 Q .3 -.15 -(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 688.8 +(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 372 R -.2(vo)-.4 G +2.922(cations. By).2 F(def)2.922 E(ault,)-.1 E F2(bash)2.922 E F1 .422 +(imposes no limit on the number of)2.922 F(recursi)108 384 Q .3 -.15 +(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 400.8 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F1 1.089(The shell allo)108 -700.8 R 1.089(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 1.089(xpressions to be e)-.15 F +412.8 R 1.089(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 1.089(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.089(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F -F3(let)3.588 E F1(and)3.588 E F3(de-)3.588 E(clar)108 712.8 Q(e)-.18 E -F1 -.2(bu)3.187 G .687(iltin commands, the).2 F F3(\(\()3.188 E F1 .688 -(compound command, the arithmetic)3.188 F F3 -.25(fo)3.188 G(r).25 E F1 -.688(command, the)3.188 F F3([[)3.188 E F1 .688(conditional com-)3.188 F -(mand, and)108 724.8 Q F3(Arithmetic Expansion)2.5 E F1(\).)A -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(36)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 37 37 +F2(let)3.588 E F1(and)3.588 E F2(de-)3.588 E(clar)108 424.8 Q(e)-.18 E +F1 -.2(bu)3.187 G .687(iltin commands, the).2 F F2(\(\()3.188 E F1 .688 +(compound command, the arithmetic)3.188 F F2 -.25(fo)3.188 G(r).25 E F1 +.688(command, the)3.188 F F2([[)3.188 E F1 .688(conditional com-)3.188 F +(mand, and)108 436.8 Q F2(Arithmetic Expansion)2.5 E F1(\).)A(Ev)108 +453.6 Q .256(aluation is done in the lar)-.25 F .256(gest \214x)-.18 F +.256(ed-width inte)-.15 F .256(gers a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .256 +(ilable, with no check for o).25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E 1.556 +-.65(w, t)-.25 H .256(hough di).65 F(vision)-.25 E .057 +(by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)108 465.6 R 5.058(.T)-.55 G +.058(he operators and their precedence, associati)-5.058 F(vity)-.25 E +2.558(,a)-.65 G .058(nd v)-2.558 F .058(alues are the)-.25 F .222 +(same as in the C language.)108 477.6 R .222(The follo)5.222 F .222 +(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221 +(ls of equal-precedence oper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(ators. The)108 489.6 R +(le)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.).15 E F0(id)108 506.4 +Q F2(++)A F0(id)2.5 E F2A F1 -.25(va)144 518.4 S +(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F2(++)108 530.4 Q F0(id) +A F22.5 E F0(id)A F1 -.25(va)144 542.4 S +(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5108 554.4 S F1 +(unary minus and plus)144 554.4 Q F2 2.5<2101>108 566.4 S F1 +(logical and bitwise ne)144 566.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108 +578.4 Q F1 -.15(ex)144 578.4 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 590.4 S +F1(multiplication, di)144 590.4 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad> +108 602.4 S F1(addition, subtraction)144 602.4 Q F2(<< >>)108 614.4 Q F1 +(left and right bitwise shifts)144 614.4 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 626.4 Q F1 +(comparison)144 638.4 Q F2(== !=)108 650.4 Q F1(equality and inequality) +144 650.4 Q F2(&)108 662.4 Q F1(bitwise AND)144 662.4 Q F2<00>108 674.4 +Q F1(bitwise e)144 674.4 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2 +(|)108 686.4 Q F1(bitwise OR)144 686.4 Q F2(&&)108 698.4 Q F1 +(logical AND)144 698.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E +(37)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 38 38 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(Ev)108 84 Q .256(aluation is done in the lar)-.25 F -.256(gest \214x)-.18 F .256(ed-width inte)-.15 F .256(gers a)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.2 G .256(ilable, with no check for o).25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o) -.15 E 1.556 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .256(hough di).65 F(vision)-.25 E .057 -(by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)108 96 R 5.058(.T)-.55 G .058 -(he operators and their precedence, associati)-5.058 F(vity)-.25 E 2.558 -(,a)-.65 G .058(nd v)-2.558 F .058(alues are the)-.25 F .222 -(same as in the C language.)108 108 R .222(The follo)5.222 F .222 -(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221 -(ls of equal-precedence oper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(ators. The)108 120 R(le) -2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.) -.15 E F0(id)108 136.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(++)A F0(id)2.5 E F2A -F1 -.25(va)144 148.8 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F2 -(++)108 160.8 Q F0(id)A F22.5 E F0(id)A F1 -.25(va)144 172.8 S -(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5108 184.8 S F1 -(unary minus and plus)144 184.8 Q F2 2.5<2101>108 196.8 S F1 -(logical and bitwise ne)144 196.8 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108 -208.8 Q F1 -.15(ex)144 208.8 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 220.8 S -F1(multiplication, di)144 220.8 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad> -108 232.8 S F1(addition, subtraction)144 232.8 Q F2(<< >>)108 244.8 Q F1 -(left and right bitwise shifts)144 244.8 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 256.8 Q F1 -(comparison)144 268.8 Q F2(== !=)108 280.8 Q F1(equality and inequality) -144 280.8 Q F2(&)108 292.8 Q F1(bitwise AND)144 292.8 Q F2<00>108 304.8 -Q F1(bitwise e)144 304.8 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2 -(|)108 316.8 Q F1(bitwise OR)144 316.8 Q F2(&&)108 328.8 Q F1 -(logical AND)144 328.8 Q F2(||)108 340.8 Q F1(logical OR)144 340.8 Q F0 --.2(ex)108 352.8 S(pr).2 E F2(?)A F0 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F0 -.2(ex)C -(pr).2 E F1(conditional operator)144 364.8 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 376.8 S 2.5 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(||)108 84 Q F1(logical OR)144 +84 Q F0 -.2(ex)108 96 S(pr).2 E F2(?)A F0 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F0 -.2 +(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(conditional operator)144 108 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 120 S 2.5 (=/)-2.5 G 2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G -(<= >>= &= \000= |=)-2.5 E F1(assignment)144 388.8 Q F0 -.2(ex)108 400.8 -S(pr1).2 E F2(,)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1(comma)144 412.8 Q .68 -(Shell v)108 429.6 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 +(<= >>= &= \000= |=)-2.5 E F1(assignment)144 132 Q F0 -.2(ex)108 144 S +(pr1).2 E F2(,)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1(comma)144 156 Q .68 +(Shell v)108 172.8 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 (wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 (xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.508(ated. W)108 441.6 R 1.008(ithin an e)-.4 +-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.508(ated. W)108 184.8 R 1.008(ithin an e)-.4 F 1.008(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 (ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) --.25 F -.15(ex)108 453.6 S .68(pansion syntax.).15 F .68 +-.25 F -.15(ex)108 196.8 S .68(pansion syntax.).15 F .68 (This means you can use "x", where)5.68 F F0(x)3.181 E F1 .681 (is a shell v)3.181 F .681(ariable name, in an arithmetic e)-.25 F -(xpres-)-.15 E .206(sion, and the shell will e)108 465.6 R -.25(va)-.25 +(xpres-)-.15 E .206(sion, and the shell will e)108 208.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G .205(luate its v).25 F .205(alue as an e)-.25 F .205 (xpression and use the result.)-.15 F 2.705(As)5.205 G .205(hell v) --2.705 F .205(ariable that is null or)-.25 F(unset e)108 477.6 Q -.25 +-2.705 F .205(ariable that is null or)-.25 F(unset e)108 220.8 Q -.25 (va)-.25 G(luates to 0 when referenced by name in an e).25 E(xpression.) --.15 E .828(The v)108 494.4 R .828(alue of a v)-.25 F .828(ariable is e) +-.15 E .828(The v)108 237.6 R .828(alue of a v)-.25 F .828(ariable is e) -.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .828(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .829 (xpression when it is referenced, or when a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E .192 -(which has been gi)108 506.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.692(nt).15 G(he)-2.692 E +(which has been gi)108 249.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.692(nt).15 G(he)-2.692 E F0(inte)2.692 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F1(attrib)2.692 E .192(ute using)-.2 F F2(declar)2.692 E 2.692<65ad>-.18 G(i)-2.692 E F1 .191 (is assigned a v)2.692 F 2.691(alue. A)-.25 F .191(null v)2.691 F .191 -(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .191(luates to 0.).25 F 2.5(As)108 518.4 S +(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .191(luates to 0.).25 F 2.5(As)108 261.6 S (hell v)-2.5 E(ariable need not ha)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F0 (inte)2.5 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F1(attrib)2.5 E -(ute turned on to be used in an e)-.2 E(xpression.)-.15 E(Inte)108 535.2 +(ute turned on to be used in an e)-.2 E(xpression.)-.15 E(Inte)108 278.4 Q .517(ger constants follo)-.15 F 3.017(wt)-.25 G .518 (he C language de\214nition, without suf)-3.017 F<8c78>-.25 E .518 (es or character constants.)-.15 F .518(Constants with)5.518 F 3.283(al) -108 547.2 S .783(eading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)-3.283 F +108 290.4 S .783(eading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)-3.283 F 3.282(Al)5.783 G .782(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.282 F 3.282 -(xadecimal. Otherwise,)-.15 F(num-)3.282 E .815(bers tak)108 559.2 R +(xadecimal. Otherwise,)-.15 F(num-)3.282 E .815(bers tak)108 302.4 R 3.315(et)-.1 G .815(he form [)-3.315 F F0(base#)A F1 .815 (]n, where the optional)B F0(base)3.315 E F1 .816 (is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing)3.315 F .35 -(the arithmetic base, and)108 571.2 R F0(n)2.85 E F1 .35 +(the arithmetic base, and)108 314.4 R F0(n)2.85 E F1 .35 (is a number in that base.)2.85 F(If)5.35 E F0(base#)2.849 E F1 .349 (is omitted, then base 10 is used.)2.849 F .349(When speci-)5.349 F -(fying)108 583.2 Q F0(n)2.974 E F1 2.974(,i)C 2.974(fan)-2.974 G .474(o\ +(fying)108 326.4 Q F0(n)2.974 E F1 2.974(,i)C 2.974(fan)-2.974 G .474(o\ n-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are represented by the l\ o)-2.974 F .475(wercase letters, the up-)-.25 F .518 -(percase letters, @, and _, in that order)108 595.2 R 5.518(.I)-.55 G(f) +(percase letters, @, and _, in that order)108 338.4 R 5.518(.I)-.55 G(f) -5.518 E F0(base)3.018 E F1 .518(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.018 F .518(wercase and uppercase letters)-.25 F (may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 -607.2 Q 1.127(Operators are e)108 624 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.127 +350.4 Q 1.127(Operators are e)108 367.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.127 (luated in precedence order).25 F 6.128(.S)-.55 G(ub-e)-6.128 E 1.128 (xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.128 -(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 636 S +(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 379.2 S (rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 652.8 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F1 .256 -(Conditional e)108 664.8 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[) +/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 396 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F1 .256 +(Conditional e)108 408 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[) 2.755 E F1 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F2(test)2.755 E F1(and) 2.755 E F2([)2.755 E F1 -.2(bu)2.755 G .255(iltin commands to test).2 F -.133(\214le attrib)108 676.8 R .133 +.133(\214le attrib)108 420 R .133 (utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F(The)5.133 E F2(test)2.633 E F1(and)2.633 E F2([)2.634 E F1 .134 -(commands determine their be-)2.634 F(ha)108 688.8 Q .198 +(commands determine their be-)2.634 F(ha)108 432 Q .198 (vior based on the number of ar)-.2 F .197 (guments; see the descriptions of those commands for an)-.18 F 2.697(yo) --.15 G .197(ther command-)-2.697 F(speci\214c actions.)108 700.8 Q .413 +-.15 G .197(ther command-)-2.697 F(speci\214c actions.)108 444 Q .413 (Expressions are formed from the unary or binary primaries listed belo) -108 717.6 R 4.214 -.65(w. U)-.25 H .414(nary e).65 F .414 -(xpressions are often used)-.15 F 1.465(to e)108 729.6 R 1.465 -(xamine the status of a \214le or shell v)-.15 F 3.964(ariable. Binary) --.25 F 1.464(operators are used for string, numeric, and \214le)3.964 F -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(37)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 38 38 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(attrib)108 84 Q(ute comparisons.)-.2 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)108 100.8 Q F1 1.202(handles se)3.702 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 1.202(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.703(ya)-.15 G -1.203(re used in e)-3.703 F 3.703(xpressions. If)-.15 F 1.203 -(the operating system on)3.703 F(which)108 112.8 Q F2(bash)2.64 E F1 .14 +108 460.8 R 4.214 -.65(w. U)-.25 H .414(nary e).65 F .414 +(xpressions are often used)-.15 F .701(to e)108 472.8 R .701 +(xamine the status of a \214le or shell v)-.15 F 3.201(ariable. Binary) +-.25 F .7(operators are used for string, numeric, and \214le at-)3.2 F +(trib)108 484.8 Q(ute comparisons.)-.2 E F2(Bash)108 501.6 Q F1 1.202 +(handles se)3.702 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.202 +(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.703(ya)-.15 G 1.203 +(re used in e)-3.703 F 3.703(xpressions. If)-.15 F 1.203 +(the operating system on)3.703 F(which)108 513.6 Q F2(bash)2.64 E F1 .14 (is running pro)2.64 F .139(vides these special \214les, bash will use \ them; otherwise it will emulate them inter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E .991 -(nally with this beha)108 124.8 R .991(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E F0 +(nally with this beha)108 525.6 R .991(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E F0 (\214le)3.491 E F1(ar)3.491 E .991 (gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F0(/de)5.157 E (v/fd/n)-.15 E F1 3.491(,t)1.666 G(hen)-3.491 E F2(bash)3.491 E F1 .882 -(checks \214le descriptor)108 136.8 R F0(n)3.382 E F1 5.882(.I)C 3.382 +(checks \214le descriptor)108 537.6 R F0(n)3.382 E F1 5.882(.I)C 3.382 (ft)-5.882 G(he)-3.382 E F0(\214le)3.382 E F1(ar)3.382 E .882 (gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F0(/de)5.048 E(v/stdin) -.15 E F1(,)1.666 E F0(/de)5.048 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F1 3.382(,o)1.666 G -(r)-3.382 E F0(/de)109.666 148.8 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F1(,)1.666 E F2(bash) +(r)-3.382 E F0(/de)109.666 549.6 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F1(,)1.666 E F2(bash) 2.5 E F1(checks \214le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respecti)2.5 E -.15(ve) -.25 G(ly).15 E(.)-.65 E .721 (Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) -108 165.6 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) --3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 177.6 -Q .642(When used with)108 194.4 R F2([[)3.142 E F1 3.142(,o)C 3.142(rw) +108 566.4 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) +-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 578.4 +Q .642(When used with)108 595.2 R F2([[)3.142 E F1 3.142(,o)C 3.142(rw) -3.142 G .642(hen the shell is in posix mode, the)-3.142 F F2(<)3.141 E F1(and)3.141 E F2(>)3.141 E F1 .641(operators sort le)3.141 F .641 -(xicographically using)-.15 F(the current locale.)108 206.4 Q +(xicographically using)-.15 F(the current locale.)108 607.2 Q (When the shell is not in posix mode, the)5 E F2(test)2.5 E F1 -(command sorts using ASCII ordering.)2.5 E F2108 223.2 Q F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 223.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 235.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 -235.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F2108 247.2 Q F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 247.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F2108 -259.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 259.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 -E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F2108 -271.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 271.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 -E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 283.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 --.35(Tr)144 283.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F2108 295.2 Q F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 295.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F2108 307.2 Q F0(\214le) -2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 307.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 -G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 319.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E -F1 -.35(Tr)144 319.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and its \231stick).15 E(y\232 bit is set.)-.15 E F2108 331.2 -Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 331.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 E F2108 343.2 -Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 343.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F2108 355.2 Q F0(\214le) -2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 355.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 -G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F2108 367.2 Q F0 -(fd)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 367.2 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F0(fd) -4.47 E F1(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F2108 379.2 Q -F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 379.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F2 -108 391.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 391.2 S(ue if).35 E F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F2108 -403.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 403.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 -E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F2 -108 415.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 415.2 S(ue if).35 E F0 +(command sorts using ASCII ordering.)2.5 E F2108 624 Q F0(\214le) +2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 624 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists.).15 E F2108 636 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 636 S +(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F2108 648 Q F0(\214le) +2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 648 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F2108 660 Q F0 +(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 660 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F2108 672 Q F0 +(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 672 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 684 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 +684 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 +E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F2108 696 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 +696 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24) +139.29 E(38)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 39 39 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF108 84 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E +F1 -.35(Tr)144 84 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 96 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 +-.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and its \231stick).15 E(y\232 bit is set.)-.15 E F2108 108 Q +F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 108 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 E F2108 120 Q F0 +(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 120 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F2108 132 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E +F1 -.35(Tr)144 132 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F2108 144 Q F0(fd) +2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 144 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F0(fd)4.47 E F1 +(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F2108 156 Q F0(\214le) +2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 156 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F2108 168 Q F0 +(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 168 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F2108 180 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E +F1 -.35(Tr)144 180 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F2108 192 Q F0 +(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 192 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15 +(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F2108 204 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35 +(Tr)144 204 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 216 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 +-.35(Tr)144 216 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last accessed.)-.1 E +F2108 228 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 228 S(ue if).35 E F0 (\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E -(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F2108 427.2 Q F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 427.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 439.2 Q F0 -(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 439.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E -(as last accessed.)-.1 E F2108 451.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr) -144 451.2 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o) -.15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 -E F2108 463.2 Q F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 463.2 S(ue if).35 E -F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2 -108 475.2 Q F0(optname)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 487.2 S .262 -(ue if the shell option).35 F F0(optname)2.992 E F1 .262(is enabled.) -2.942 F .262(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 -F F22.763 E F1(option to the)144 499.2 Q F2(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu) -2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2108 511.2 Q F0(varname)2.5 -E F1 -.35(Tr)144 523.2 S .327(ue if the shell v).35 F(ariable)-.25 E F0 +(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F2108 240 Q F0 +(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 240 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le)2.5 E F1 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2108 252 Q F0 +(optname)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 264 S .262(ue if the shell option).35 F F0 +(optname)2.992 E F1 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 +(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F2 +2.763 E F1(option to the)144 276 Q F2(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2108 288 Q F0(varname)2.5 E F1 +-.35(Tr)144 300 S .327(ue if the shell v).35 F(ariable)-.25 E F0 (varname)3.116 E F1 .326(is set \(has been assigned a v)3.006 F 2.826 (alue\). If)-.25 F F0(varname)2.826 E F1 .326(is an inde)2.826 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.826(da).15 G -.2(r-)-2.826 G .131(ray v)144 535.2 R .131 +(xe)-.15 G 2.826(da).15 G -.2(r-)-2.826 G .131(ray v)144 312 R .131 (ariable name subscripted by)-.25 F F0(@)2.631 E F1(or)2.631 E F0(*) 2.631 E F1 2.631(,t)C .131(his returns true if the array has an)-2.631 F 2.631(ys)-.15 G .131(et elements.)-2.631 F(If)5.131 E F0(var)2.632 E(-) --.2 E(name)144 547.2 Q F1 .737(is an associati)3.238 F 1.037 -.15(ve a) +-.2 E(name)144 324 Q F1 .737(is an associati)3.238 F 1.037 -.15(ve a) -.25 H .737(rray v).15 F .737(ariable name subscripted by)-.25 F F0(@) 3.237 E F1(or)3.237 E F0(*)3.237 E F1 3.237(,t)C .737 -(his returns true if an element)-3.237 F(with that k)144 559.2 Q .3 -.15 -(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(ss).15 G(et.)-2.5 E F2108 571.2 Q F0(varname)2.5 E -F1 -.35(Tr)144 583.2 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F0 -(varname)2.79 E F1(is set and is a name reference.)2.68 E F2108 -595.2 Q F0(string)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 607.2 S(ue if the length of).35 E -F0(string)2.5 E F1(is zero.)2.5 E F0(string)108 619.2 Q F2108 -631.2 Q F0(string)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 643.2 S(ue if the length of).35 E -F0(string)2.84 E F1(is non-zero.)2.72 E F0(string1)108 660 Q F2(==)2.5 E -F0(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 672 Q F2(=)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E F1 -.35 -(Tr)144 684 S .861(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F2(=)5.861 E F1 -.861(should be used with the)3.361 F F2(test)3.361 E F1 .862 -(command for POSIX conformance.)3.362 F .447(When used with the)144 696 -R F2([[)2.946 E F1 .446 +(his returns true if an element)-3.237 F(with that k)144 336 Q .3 -.15 +(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(ss).15 G(et.)-2.5 E F2108 348 Q F0(varname)2.5 E +F1 -.35(Tr)144 360 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F0(varname) +2.79 E F1(is set and is a name reference.)2.68 E F2108 372 Q F0 +(string)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 384 S(ue if the length of).35 E F0(string) +2.5 E F1(is zero.)2.5 E F0(string)108 396 Q F2108 408 Q F0(string) +2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 420 S(ue if the length of).35 E F0(string)2.84 E F1 +(is non-zero.)2.72 E F0(string1)108 436.8 Q F2(==)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E +(string1)108 448.8 Q F2(=)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 460.8 S +1.057(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F2(=)6.057 E F1 1.057 +(should be used with the)3.557 F F2(test)3.558 E F1 1.058(command for) +3.558 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSIX)3.558 E F1(conformance.)3.308 E .447 +(When used with the)144 472.8 R F2([[)2.946 E F1 .446 (command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .746 --.15(ve \()-.15 H F2(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 708 Q F1(\).)A -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(38)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 39 39 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E F0(string1)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!=)2.5 E -F0(string2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if the strings are not equal.) -.35 E F0(string1)108 108 Q F2(<)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 -120 S(ue if).35 E F0(string1)2.5 E F1(sorts before)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 -E F1(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F0(string1)108 132 Q F2(>) -2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 144 S(ue if).35 E F0(string1)2.5 E -F1(sorts after)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E F1(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E -(.)-.65 E F0(\214le1)108 160.8 Q F2(\255ef)2.5 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 --.35(Tr)144 172.8 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le1)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0 -(\214le2)2.5 E F1(refer to the same de)2.5 E(vice and inode numbers.) --.25 E F0(\214le1)108 184.8 Q F12.5 E F2(nt)A F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 --.35(Tr)144 196.8 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le1)2.5 E F1(is ne)2.5 E +-.15(ve \()-.15 H F2(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 484.8 Q F1(\).)A F0 +(string1)108 496.8 Q F2(!=)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 508.8 S +(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F0(string1)108 520.8 Q F2(<)2.5 +E F0(string2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 532.8 S(ue if).35 E F0(string1)2.5 E +F1(sorts before)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E F1(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 +E(.)-.65 E F0(string1)108 544.8 Q F2(>)2.5 E F0(string2)2.5 E F1 -.35 +(Tr)144 556.8 S(ue if).35 E F0(string1)2.5 E F1(sorts after)2.5 E F0 +(string2)2.5 E F1(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F0(\214le1) +108 573.6 Q F2(\255ef)2.5 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 585.6 S +(ue if).35 E F0(\214le1)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 +(refer to the same de)2.5 E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F0(\214le1) +108 597.6 Q F12.5 E F2(nt)A F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 609.6 S +(ue if).35 E F0(\214le1)2.5 E F1(is ne)2.5 E (wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F0(\214le1)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and).15 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1(does not.)2.5 E F0(\214le1)108 208.8 -Q F12.5 E F2(ot)A F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 220.8 S(ue if).35 +(ists and).15 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1(does not.)2.5 E F0(\214le1)108 621.6 +Q F12.5 E F2(ot)A F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 633.6 S(ue if).35 E F0(\214le1)2.5 E F1(is older than)2.5 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F0(\214le2)2.5 E F1 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E -F0(\214le1)2.5 E F1(does not.)2.5 E F0(ar)108.33 237.6 Q(g1)-.37 E F2 -(OP)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OP)144 249.6 Q F1 +F0(\214le1)2.5 E F1(does not.)2.5 E F0(ar)108.33 650.4 Q(g1)-.37 E F2 +(OP)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OP)144 662.4 Q F1 .385(is one of)2.634 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F1(,)A F2(\255ne)2.885 E F1(,)A F2(\255lt)2.885 E F1(,)A F2(\255le)2.885 E F1(,)A F2(\255gt)2.885 E F1 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2(\255ge)2.885 E F1 5.385(.T)C .385 (hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F0(ar)2.885 E (g1)-.37 E F1 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or e\ -qual to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 261.6 R F0(ar)144 -273.6 Q(g2)-.37 E F1 3.708(,r)C(especti)-3.708 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +qual to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 674.4 R F0(ar)144 +686.4 Q(g2)-.37 E F1 3.708(,r)C(especti)-3.708 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E (.)-.65 E F0(ar)6.538 E(g1)-.37 E F1(and)3.708 E F0(ar)4.038 E(g2)-.37 E F1 1.209(may be positi)3.728 F 1.509 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 3.709(rn).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.709 H(ti).15 E 1.509 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E 3.709 (gers. When)-.15 F 1.209(used with the)3.709 F F2([[)3.709 E F1 -(command,)144 285.6 Q F0(ar)4.093 E(g1)-.37 E F1(and)3.763 E F0(ar)4.093 +(command,)144 698.4 Q F0(ar)4.093 E(g1)-.37 E F1(and)3.763 E F0(ar)4.093 E(g2)-.37 E F1 1.263(are e)3.783 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.262 -(luated as arithmetic e).25 F 1.262(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 1.262 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.762 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 297.6 Q F1(abo) -2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 314.4 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F1 .772(When the shell e) -108 326.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .772 +(luated as arithmetic e).25 F 1.262(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F4 1.262 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.762 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 710.4 Q F1(abo) +2.301 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.551(\). Since).15 F .051(the e)2.551 F .051 +(xpansions the)-.15 F F2([[)2.551 E F1 .051(command performs on)2.551 F +F0(ar)2.881 E(g1)-.37 E F1(and)2.551 E F0(ar)2.881 E(g2)-.37 E F1 .051 +(can potentially re-)2.571 F .736(sult in empty strings, arithmetic e) +144 722.4 R .735(xpression e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .735 +(luation treats those as e).25 F .735(xpressions that e)-.15 F -.25(va) +-.25 G .735(luate to).25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 +E(39)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 40 40 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(0.)144 84 Q/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF +(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 100.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F1 .772(When the shell e) +108 112.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .772 (cutes a simple command, it performs the follo).15 F .772(wing e)-.25 F .773(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F -(rections, from left to right, in the follo)108 338.4 Q(wing order)-.25 -E(.)-.55 E(1.)108 355.2 Q 1.849(The w)144 355.2 R 1.849 +(rections, from left to right, in the follo)108 124.8 Q(wing order)-.25 +E(.)-.55 E(1.)108 141.6 Q 1.849(The w)144 141.6 R 1.849 (ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848 (ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F -(name\) and redirections are sa)144 367.2 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G -(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 384 Q .179(The w)144 384 R .179 +(name\) and redirections are sa)144 153.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G +(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 170.4 Q .179(The w)144 170.4 R .179 (ords that are not v)-.1 F .179 (ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 2.68(xpanded. If)-.15 F(an)2.68 E 2.68(yw)-.15 G .18(ords remain af-)-2.78 F .347(ter e)144 -396 R .347(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .347(ord is tak)-.1 F .347 +182.4 R .347(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .347(ord is tak)-.1 F .347 (en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F .346 -(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 408 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 424.8 Q -(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 424.8 Q .3 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(4.) -108 441.6 Q .716(The te)144 441.6 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 -E F1 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 -(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -.34(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 453.6 R .339 +(ords are)-.1 F(the ar)144 194.4 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 211.2 Q +(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 211.2 Q .3 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(4.)108 228 Q .716(The te)144 228 R .717 +(xt after the)-.15 F/F5 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(=)3.217 E F1 .717(in each v) +3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717(goes tilde e)-.18 F +.717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .34 +(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 240 R .339 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 -(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 465.6 Q -.586(If no command name results, the v)108 482.4 R .586 +(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 252 Q .586 +(If no command name results, the v)108 268.8 R .586 (ariable assignments af)-.25 F .586(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 3.087(vironment. In)-.4 F .587(the case of)3.087 F .371(such a command \ \(one that consists only of assignment statements and redirections\), a\ -ssignment statements)108 494.4 R .835 -(are performed before redirections.)108 506.4 R .835(Otherwise, the v) +ssignment statements)108 280.8 R .835 +(are performed before redirections.)108 292.8 R .835(Otherwise, the v) 5.835 F .835(ariables are added to the en)-.25 F .835 (vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .839 -(command and do not af)108 518.4 R .838(fect the current shell en)-.25 F +(command and do not af)108 304.8 R .838(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 3.338(vironment. If)-.4 F(an)3.338 E 3.338(yo)-.15 G 3.338(ft)-3.338 G -.838(he assignments attempts to assign a)-3.338 F -.25(va)108 530.4 S +.838(he assignments attempts to assign a)-3.338 F -.25(va)108 316.8 S (lue to a readonly v).25 E(ariable, an error occurs, and the command e) -.25 E(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .149 -(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 547.2 R +(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 333.6 R .149(ut do not af)-.2 F .15(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.65 -(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 559.2 +(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 345.6 Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 -(If there is a command name left after e)108 576 R 1.064(xpansion, e) +(If there is a command name left after e)108 362.4 R 1.064(xpansion, e) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F -4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .068(command e)108 588 -R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069 +4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .068(command e)108 +374.4 R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069 (xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .069 -(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 600 R .466 +(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 386.4 R .466 (xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .466 -(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 612 Q -(xits with a zero status.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 628.8 Q F1 .546 -(After a command has been split into w)108 640.8 R .547 +(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 398.4 +Q(xits with a zero status.)-.15 E F2(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 415.2 Q F1 +.546(After a command has been split into w)108 427.2 R .547 (ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 -F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the shell performs the follo)108 652.8 Q +F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the shell performs the follo)108 439.2 Q (wing actions.)-.25 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the\ - shell attempts to locate it.)108 669.6 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 + shell attempts to locate it.)108 456 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 (xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) -108 681.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G -.246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS) -2.746 E F5(.)A F1 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F -(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 693.6 Q 2.5 +108 468 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G .246 +(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS)2.746 +E F4(.)A F1 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F +(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 480 Q 2.5 (uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E (uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .31 -(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 710.4 R .309 -(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F2(bash)2.809 E F1 .309 -(searches each element of)2.809 F(the)108 722.4 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.162 G +(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 496.8 R .309 +(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F5(bash)2.809 E F1 .309 +(searches each element of)2.809 F(the)108 508.8 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.162 G (TH)-.189 E F1 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.912 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F2(Bash)5.662 E F1 .663 -(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(39)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 40 40 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .859(the full pathnames of e)108 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G .858(cutable \214les \(see).15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(hash)3.358 E F1 -(under)3.358 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .858(SHELL B)3.358 F(UIL)-.09 E .858 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.108 E 3.358(w\). Bash)-.25 F(per)3.358 E -(-)-.2 E .883(forms a full search of the directories in)108 96 R F3 --.666(PA)3.383 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .883 +G .662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F5(Bash)5.662 E F1 .663 +(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F .859(the full pathnames of e)108 +520.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .858(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F5(hash)3.358 E +F1(under)3.358 E F3 .858(SHELL B)3.358 F(UIL)-.09 E .858(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F1(belo)3.108 E 3.358(w\). Bash)-.25 F(per)3.358 E(-)-.2 E .883 +(forms a full search of the directories in)108 532.8 R F3 -.666(PA)3.383 +G(TH)-.189 E F1 .883 (only if the command is not found in the hash table.)3.133 F .884 (If the)5.884 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a d\ -e\214ned shell function named)108 108 R F2(command_not_f)3.455 E -(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 120 Q F1 6.005(.I)C 3.505(ft)-6.005 G 1.005 +e\214ned shell function named)108 544.8 R F5(command_not_f)3.455 E +(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 556.8 Q F1 6.005(.I)C 3.505(ft)-6.005 G 1.005 (hat function e)-3.505 F 1.005(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G 3.506(di).1 G 3.506(nas)-3.506 G 1.006(eparate e)-3.506 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.006(cution en).15 F 1.006 (vironment with the original command)-.4 F .256 -(and the original command')108 132 R 2.756(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.756 G +(and the original command')108 568.8 R 2.756(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.756 G .256(uments as its ar).18 F .256(guments, and the function')-.18 F 2.755 (se)-.55 G .255(xit status becomes the e)-2.905 F .255(xit sta-)-.15 F -.263(tus of that subshell.)108 144 R .263(If that function is not de\ +.263(tus of that subshell.)108 580.8 R .263(If that function is not de\ \214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)5.263 F .263 -(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 156 Q 1.089(If the search is successfu\ -l, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108 -172.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197 -(named program in a separate e)108 184.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197 +(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 592.8 Q 1.089(If the search is success\ +ful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e) +108 609.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197 +(named program in a separate e)108 621.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197 (cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198 (gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198 -(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 196.8 Q +(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 633.6 Q (guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.049(If this e)108 213.6 R +(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.049(If this e)108 650.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.049(cution f).15 F 1.049 (ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.048 (cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 3.548(,i)-.65 G 3.548(ti)-3.548 G 3.548(sa)-3.548 G(s-)-3.548 E .143(sumed to be a)108 -225.6 R F0 .143(shell script)2.643 F F1 2.643(,a\214)C .143 +662.4 R F0 .143(shell script)2.643 F F1 2.643(,a\214)C .143 (le containing shell commands, and the shell creates a ne)-2.643 F 2.643 -(wi)-.25 G .143(nstance of itself to)-2.643 F -.15(exe)108 237.6 S .322 +(wi)-.25 G .143(nstance of itself to)-2.643 F -.15(exe)108 674.4 S .322 (cute it.).15 F .322(Bash tries to determine whether the \214le is a te) 5.322 F .321(xt \214le or a binary)-.15 F 2.821(,a)-.65 G .321 (nd will not e)-2.821 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .321(cute \214les it de-).15 F -.503(termines to be binaries.)108 249.6 R .503 +.503(termines to be binaries.)108 686.4 R .503 (This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)5.503 F .503 (fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 3.003(ws)-.25 G .503(hell had been in-)-3.003 -F -.2(vo)108 261.6 S -.1(ke).2 G 3.474(dt).1 G 3.474(oh)-3.474 G .973 +F -.2(vo)108 698.4 S -.1(ke).2 G 3.474(dt).1 G 3.474(oh)-3.474 G .973 (andle the script, with the e)-3.474 F .973 (xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent)-.15 F -(\(see)108 273.6 Q F2(hash)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E 2.5(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.5 E +(\(see)108 710.4 Q F5(hash)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E 2.5(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1 -(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .347(If the program is a \214le be) -108 290.4 R .347(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#!)2.847 E F1 2.847(,t)C .348(h\ -e remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the pro-) --2.847 F 3.178(gram. The)108 302.4 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.678(cutes the speci\214ed interpreter on operating systems that do not\ - handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable).15 E .206(format themselv) -108 314.4 R 2.706(es. The)-.15 F(ar)2.706 E .206 -(guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F .206 -(gument follo)-.18 F .206(wing the in-)-.25 F .268 -(terpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 326.4 R -.267(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F .267(wed by the com-) --.25 F(mand ar)108 338.4 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G/F4 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 355.2 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F1 -(The shell has an)108 367.2 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E +(are retained by the child.)2.25 E 1.374(If the program is a \214le be) +108 727.2 R 1.374(ginning with)-.15 F F5(#!)3.874 E F1 3.874(,t)C 1.374 +(he remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the) +-3.874 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(40)188.45 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 41 41 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 3.993(program. The)108 84 R 1.493(shell e)3.993 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.493(cutes the speci\214ed interpreter on operating sys\ +tems that do not handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .002 +(cutable format themselv)108 96 R 2.503(es. The)-.15 F(ar)2.503 E .003 +(guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F .003 +(gument follo)-.18 F(wing)-.25 E .297 +(the interpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 108 +R .296(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F .296(wed by the)-.25 +F(command ar)108 120 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G/F2 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 136.8 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F1 +(The shell has an)108 148.8 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E (onment)-.45 E F1 2.5(,w)C(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25 -E<83>108 384 Q 1.257(Open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 384 R --.2(vo)-.4 G 1.258 -(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F2(exec) -3.758 E F1 -.2(bu)144 396 S(iltin.).2 E<83>108 412.8 Q(The current w)144 -412.8 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F2(cd)2.5 E F1(,)A F2(pushd)2.5 -E F1 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2(popd)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G -(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation.).2 E<83>108 -429.6 Q(The \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 429.6 Q F2(umask)2.5 -E F1(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent.)-2.5 E<83> -108 446.4 Q(Current traps set by)144 446.4 Q F2(trap)2.5 E F1(.)A<83>108 -463.2 Q .152(Shell parameters that are set by v)144 463.2 R .152 -(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F2(set)2.652 E F1 .152 +E<83>108 165.6 Q 1.257(Open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 +165.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.258 +(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(exec)3.758 E F1 -.2(bu)144 177.6 S(iltin.).2 E<83>108 +194.4 Q(The current w)144 194.4 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F3 +(cd)2.5 E F1(,)A F3(pushd)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F3(popd)2.5 E F1 +2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +(cation.).2 E<83>108 211.2 Q(The \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 +211.2 Q F3(umask)2.5 E F1(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 +G(arent.)-2.5 E<83>108 228 Q(Current traps set by)144 228 Q F3(trap)2.5 +E F1(.)A<83>108 244.8 Q .152(Shell parameters that are set by v)144 +244.8 R .152(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F3(set)2.652 E F1 .152 (or inherited from the shell')2.652 F 2.651(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.651 E -(in the en)144 475.2 Q(vironment.)-.4 E<83>108 492 Q -(Shell functions de\214ned during e)144 492 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(in the en)144 256.8 Q(vironment.)-.4 E<83>108 273.6 Q +(Shell functions de\214ned during e)144 273.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cution or inherited from the shell').15 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G -(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment.)-.4 E<83>108 508.8 Q -(Options enabled at in)144 508.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def) -.2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F2(set) -2.5 E F1(.)A<83>108 525.6 Q(Options enabled by)144 525.6 Q F2(shopt)2.5 -E F1(.)A<83>108 542.4 Q(Shell aliases de\214ned with)144 542.4 Q F2 -(alias)2.5 E F1(.)A<83>108 559.2 Q -1.11(Va)144 559.2 S +(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment.)-.4 E<83>108 290.4 Q +(Options enabled at in)144 290.4 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def) +.2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F3(set) +2.5 E F1(.)A<83>108 307.2 Q(Options enabled by)144 307.2 Q F3(shopt)2.5 +E F1(.)A<83>108 324 Q(Shell aliases de\214ned with)144 324 Q F3(alias) +2.5 E F1(.)A<83>108 340.8 Q -1.11(Va)144 340.8 S (rious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v)1.11 E -(alue of)-.25 E F2($$)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E -F3(PPID)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .426 -(When a simple command other than a b)108 576 R .427 +(alue of)-.25 E F3($$)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E +/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PPID)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .426 +(When a simple command other than a b)108 357.6 R .427 (uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .427 (cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.927(di).1 G 2.927(nas) --2.927 G(eparate)-2.927 E -.15(exe)108 588 S .134(cution en).15 F .134 +-2.927 G(eparate)-2.927 E -.15(exe)108 369.6 S .134(cution en).15 F .134 (vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F .133(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .133(alues are inherited from)-.25 F -(the shell.)108 600 Q<83>108 616.8 Q .817(The shell')144 616.8 R 3.317 +(the shell.)108 381.6 Q<83>108 398.4 Q .817(The shell')144 398.4 R 3.317 (so)-.55 G .818(pen \214les, plus an)-3.317 F 3.318(ym)-.15 G .818 (odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-) --3.318 F(mand.)144 628.8 Q<83>108 645.6 Q(The current w)144 645.6 Q -(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E<83>108 662.4 Q -(The \214le creation mode mask.)144 662.4 Q<83>108 679.2 Q .729(Shell v) -144 679.2 R .729(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .729(ed for e)-.1 F +-3.318 F(mand.)144 410.4 Q<83>108 427.2 Q(The current w)144 427.2 Q +(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E<83>108 444 Q +(The \214le creation mode mask.)144 444 Q<83>108 460.8 Q .729(Shell v) +144 460.8 R .729(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .729(ed for e)-.1 F .728(xport, along with v)-.15 F .728(ariables e)-.25 F .728 -(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 691.2 Q -(vironment.)-.4 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(40) -185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 41 41 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E<83>108 84 Q -.35(Tr)144 84 S .131 +(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 472.8 Q +(vironment.)-.4 E<83>108 489.6 Q -.35(Tr)144 489.6 S .131 (aps caught by the shell are reset to the v).35 F .131 (alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.631(sp)-.55 G .132 -(arent, and traps ignored)-2.631 F(by the shell are ignored.)144 96 Q -2.5(Ac)108 112.8 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G +(arent, and traps ignored)-2.631 F(by the shell are ignored.)144 501.6 Q +2.5(Ac)108 518.4 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E (fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E -(vironment.)-.4 E(A)108 129.6 Q F0(subshell)2.5 E F1(is a cop)2.5 E 2.5 +(vironment.)-.4 E(A)108 535.2 Q F0(subshell)2.5 E F1(is a cop)2.5 E 2.5 (yo)-.1 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he shell process.)-2.5 E .577(Command substitut\ ion, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchronous commands are i\ -n)108 146.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.077(di).1 G(n)-3.077 E 2.744 -(as)108 158.4 S .244(ubshell en)-2.744 F .244 +n)108 552 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.077(di).1 G(n)-3.077 E 2.744(as) +108 564 S .244(ubshell en)-2.744 F .244 (vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .245(vironment, e) -.4 F .245(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F .359 -(reset to the v)108 170.4 R .358 +(reset to the v)108 576 R .358 (alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .358(commands that are in)2.858 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .113(as part of a pipeline, e)108 182.4 R .114 +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .113(as part of a pipeline, e)108 588 R .114 (xcept possibly in the last element depending on the v)-.15 F .114 -(alue of the)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(lastpipe)2.614 E F1 .114 -(shell option,)2.614 F .692(are also e)108 194.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .692 -(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.191(vironment. Changes)-.4 F .691 -(made to the subshell en)3.191 F .691(vironment cannot af)-.4 F .691 -(fect the)-.25 F(shell')108 206.4 Q 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G -(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .535 -(When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spa)108 223.2 R .535 +(alue of the)-.25 F F3(lastpipe)2.614 E F1 .114(shell option,)2.614 F +.692(are also e)108 600 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .692(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F 3.191(vironment. Changes)-.4 F .691(made to the subshell en)3.191 F +.691(vironment cannot af)-.4 F .691(fect the)-.25 F(shell')108 612 Q 2.5 +(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .535 +(When the shell is in posix mode, subshells spa)108 628.8 R .535 (wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .535 (cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F .535(alue of)-.25 F(the) -108 235.2 Q F22.636 E F1 .136(option from their parent shell.) -2.636 F .135(When not in posix mode,)5.135 F F2(bash)2.635 E F1 .135 -(clears the)2.635 F F22.635 E F1 .135(option in such subshells.) -2.635 F .613(See the description of the)108 247.2 R F2(inherit_err)3.113 +108 640.8 Q F32.636 E F1 .136(option from their parent shell.) +2.636 F .135(When not in posix mode,)5.135 F F3(bash)2.635 E F1 .135 +(clears the)2.635 F F32.635 E F1 .135(option in such subshells.) +2.635 F .613(See the description of the)108 652.8 R F3(inherit_err)3.113 E(exit)-.18 E F1 .613(shell option belo)3.113 F 3.114(wf)-.25 G .614 (or ho)-3.114 F 3.114(wt)-.25 G 3.114(oc)-3.114 G .614(ontrol this beha) --3.114 F .614(vior when not in)-.2 F(posix mode.)108 259.2 Q .405 -(If a command is follo)108 276 R .405(wed by a)-.25 F F2(&)2.905 E F1 +-3.114 F .614(vior when not in)-.2 F(posix mode.)108 664.8 Q .405 +(If a command is follo)108 681.6 R .405(wed by a)-.25 F F3(&)2.905 E F1 .404(and job control is not acti)2.905 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.904(,t).15 G .404(he def)-2.904 F .404(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F -1.414(is the empty \214le)108 288 R F0(/de)5.58 E(v/null)-.15 E F1 6.414 -(.O)1.666 G 1.414(therwise, the in)-6.414 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -3.915(dc).1 G 1.415 +1.414(is the empty \214le)108 693.6 R F0(/de)5.58 E(v/null)-.15 E F1 +6.414(.O)1.666 G 1.414(therwise, the in)-6.414 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 +G 3.915(dc).1 G 1.415 (ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling)-3.915 F -(shell as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 300 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(ENVIR)72 316.8 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F1 2.344(When a program is in)108 328.8 -R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.843(di).1 G 4.843(ti)-4.843 G 4.843(sg) --4.843 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.843 H 4.843(na).25 G 4.843(na)-4.843 G 2.343 -(rray of strings called the)-4.843 F F0(en)5.033 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 -E F1 7.343(.T).68 G 2.343(his is a list of)-7.343 F F0(name)108 340.8 Q -F1A F0(value)A F1(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1(=)A F0 -(value)A F1(.).18 E .438(The shell pro)108 357.6 R .438(vides se)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .438(ral w).15 F .438(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F -2.938(vironment. On)-.4 F(in)2.938 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .438 -(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F .439(wn en-)-.25 F 2.033(vironment \ -and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking it f\ -or)108 369.6 R F0 -.2(ex)4.533 G(port).2 E F1 2.033(to child)5.213 F -3.693(processes. Ex)108 381.6 R 1.193(ecuted commands inherit the en) --.15 F 3.693(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(export)3.693 E F1(,)A F2(declar) -3.693 E 3.694<65ad>-.18 G(x)-3.694 E F1 3.694(,a)C(nd)-3.694 E F2(unset) -3.694 E F1(commands)3.694 E .047(modify the en)108 393.6 R .047 +(shell as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 705.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(41)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 42 42 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENVIR)72 84 Q(ONMENT)-.329 +E F1 2.344(When a program is in)108 96 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.843 +(di).1 G 4.843(ti)-4.843 G 4.843(sg)-4.843 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.843 H +4.843(na).25 G 4.843(na)-4.843 G 2.343(rray of strings called the)-4.843 +F F0(en)5.033 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F1 7.343(.T).68 G 2.343 +(his is a list of)-7.343 F F0(name)108 108 Q F1A F0(value)A F1 +(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1(=)A F0(value)A F1(.).18 E +.438(The shell pro)108 124.8 R .438(vides se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 +(ral w).15 F .438(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 2.938(vironment. On)-.4 +F(in)2.938 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .438(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F .439 +(wn en-)-.25 F 2.033(vironment and creates a parameter for each name fo\ +und, automatically marking it for)108 136.8 R F0 -.2(ex)4.533 G(port).2 +E F1 2.033(to child)5.213 F 3.693(processes. Ex)108 148.8 R 1.193 +(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F 3.693(vironment. The)-.4 F/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(export)3.693 E F1(,)A F3(declar)3.693 E 3.694<65ad>-.18 +G(x)-3.694 E F1 3.694(,a)C(nd)-3.694 E F3(unset)3.694 E F1(commands) +3.694 E .047(modify the en)108 160.8 R .047 (vironment by adding and deleting parameters and functions.)-.4 F .046 -(If the v)5.046 F .046(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 405.6 Q +(If the v)5.046 F .046(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 172.8 Q .656(vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)-.4 F 3.156(wv)-.25 G .656 (alue automatically becomes part of the en)-3.406 F .657 -(vironment, replacing the old.)-.4 F .155(The en)108 417.6 R .155 +(vironment, replacing the old.)-.4 F .155(The en)108 184.8 R .155 (vironment inherited by an)-.4 F 2.654(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-2.804 G .154 (cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 2.654(si)-.55 G .154 (nitial en)-2.654 F .154(vironment, whose v)-.4 F(al-)-.25 E .789 -(ues may be modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 429.6 R 3.289(yp)-.15 G +(ues may be modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 196.8 R 3.289(yp)-.15 G .789(airs remo)-3.289 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.289(db).15 G 3.289(yt)-3.289 G -(he)-3.289 E F2(unset)3.289 E F1(or)3.289 E F2 .789(export \255n)3.289 F -F1 .789(commands, plus an)3.289 F(y)-.15 E(additions via the)108 441.6 Q -F2(export)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F2(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F1 -(commands.)2.5 E .349(If an)108 458.4 R 2.849(yp)-.15 G .349 +(he)-3.289 E F3(unset)3.289 E F1(or)3.289 E F3 .789(export \255n)3.289 F +F1 .789(commands, plus an)3.289 F(y)-.15 E(additions via the)108 208.8 Q +F3(export)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F3(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F1 +(commands.)2.5 E .349(If an)108 225.6 R 2.849(yp)-.15 G .349 (arameter assignments, as described abo)-2.849 F .649 -.15(ve i)-.15 H (n).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.849 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 .349(appear before a)2.599 F F0 .349 -(simple command)3.189 F F1 2.849(,t).77 G(he)-2.849 E -.25(va)108 470.4 +(simple command)3.189 F F1 2.849(,t).77 G(he)-2.849 E -.25(va)108 237.6 S .442(riable assignments are part of that command').25 F 2.942(se)-.55 G -.4(nv)-2.942 G .442(ironment for as long as it e).4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.942(cutes. These).15 F(assignment)2.942 E .014(statements af)108 482.4 +2.942(cutes. These).15 F(assignment)2.942 E .014(statements af)108 249.6 R .014(fect only the en)-.25 F .014(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 F .013(If these assignments precede a call to a shell)5.014 F -(function, the v)108 494.4 Q(ariables are local to the function and e) +(function, the v)108 261.6 Q(ariables are local to the function and e) -.25 E(xported to that function')-.15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G(hildren.)-2.5 E -.81(If the)108 511.2 R F23.31 E F1 .81(option is set \(see the) -3.31 F F2(set)3.31 E F1 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81 +.81(If the)108 278.4 R F33.31 E F1 .81(option is set \(see the) +3.31 F F3(set)3.31 E F1 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81 (w\), then)-.25 F F0(all)3.64 E F1 .81 -(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 523.2 Q +(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 290.4 Q (vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.) --.4 E(When)108 540 Q F2(bash)3.339 E F1(in)3.339 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) -.2 G 3.339(sa).1 G 3.339(ne)-3.339 G .839(xternal command, the v)-3.489 -F(ariable)-.25 E F2(_)3.339 E F1 .839 +-.4 E(When)108 307.2 Q F3(bash)3.339 E F1(in)3.339 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.339(sa).1 G 3.339(ne)-3.339 G .839(xternal command, the v) +-3.489 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(_)3.339 E F1 .839 (is set to the full pathname of the command and)3.339 F -(passed to that command in its en)108 552 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F3(EXIT ST) -72 568.8 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F1 .15(The e)108 580.8 R .15 +(passed to that command in its en)108 319.2 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F2 +(EXIT ST)72 336 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F1 .15(The e)108 348 R .15 (xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .15(cuted command is the v).15 F .151(alue returned by the)-.25 F F0(waitpid)2.651 E F1 .151 (system call or equi)2.651 F -.25(va)-.25 G .151(lent func-).25 F 2.848 -(tion. Exit)108 592.8 R .348(statuses f)2.848 F .347 +(tion. Exit)108 360 R .348(statuses f)2.848 F .347 (all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F 1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .347(alues abo)-.25 -F .647 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 604.8 Q 5.506(.E)-.65 G +F .647 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 372 Q 5.506(.E)-.65 G .506(xit statuses from shell b)-5.506 F .507 (uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range.)-.2 F (Under)5.507 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 -616.8 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15 -(Fo)108 633.6 S 3.435(rt).15 G .935(he shell')-3.435 F 3.435(sp)-.55 G -.935(urposes, a command which e)-3.435 F .934(xits with a zero e)-.15 F -.934(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .934(So while an e)5.934 F(xit) --.15 E(status of zero indicates success, a non-zero e)108 645.6 Q +384 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15(Fo) +108 400.8 S 3.435(rt).15 G .935(he shell')-3.435 F 3.435(sp)-.55 G .935 +(urposes, a command which e)-3.435 F .934(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .934 +(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .934(So while an e)5.934 F(xit)-.15 E +(status of zero indicates success, a non-zero e)108 412.8 Q (xit status indicates f)-.15 E(ailure.)-.1 E -(When a command terminates on a f)108 662.4 Q(atal signal)-.1 E F0(N)2.5 -E F1(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E F1(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F0(N)A F1 +(When a command terminates on a f)108 429.6 Q(atal signal)-.1 E F0(N)2.5 +E F1(,)A F3(bash)2.5 E F1(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F0(N)A F1 (as the e)2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E .404 -(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 679.2 R +(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 446.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .405 -(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 691.2 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 708 Q -(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E(xpansion or redirection, the e) --.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.)-.15 E .081(Shell b)108 724.8 R -.081(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F0(true)A F1 2.581 -(\)i)C 2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F0 -(false)A F1 2.58(\)i)C 2.58(fa)-2.58 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G .08 -(rror occurs while)-2.58 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12) -136.795 E(41)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 42 42 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(the)108 84 Q 2.967(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.117 G 2.967 -(cute. All).15 F -.2(bu)2.967 G .467(iltins return an e).2 F .468 +(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 458.4 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 475.2 +Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E +(xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.) +-.15 E .081(Shell b)108 492 R .081 +(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F0(true)A F1 2.581(\)i)C +2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F0(false)A F1 +2.58(\)i)C 2.58(fa)-2.58 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G .08(rror occurs while)-2.58 F +(the)108 504 Q 2.967(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.117 G 2.967(cute. All).15 F +-.2(bu)2.967 G .467(iltins return an e).2 F .468 (xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.4 G .468(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 96 Q(guments.)-.18 E -(The e)108 112.8 Q(xit status of the last command is a)-.15 E -.25(va) --.2 G(ilable in the special parameter $?.).25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(Bash)108 129.6 Q F1 .202(itself returns the e)2.702 F .202 -(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .201 -(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 141.6 -Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F2 -(exit)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G/F3 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGN)72 158.4 Q(ALS)-.219 E F1(When)108 170.4 Q F2 -(bash)2.502 E F1 .002(is interacti)2.502 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.502(,i).15 G -2.502(nt)-2.502 G .002(he absence of an)-2.502 F 2.502(yt)-.15 G .002 -(raps, it ignores)-2.502 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGTERM)2.502 E F1 .002 -(\(so that)2.252 F F2 .002(kill 0)2.502 F F1 .002(does not kill an in-) -2.502 F(teracti)108 182.4 Q .926 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .626 -(hell\), and catches and handles).15 F F4(SIGINT)3.126 E F1 .626 -(\(so that the)2.876 F F2(wait)3.126 E F1 -.2(bu)3.126 G .625 -(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F(When)5.625 E F2(bash)3.125 E F1(re-) -3.125 E(cei)108 194.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E F4(SIGINT)2.95 E/F5 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 .45(it breaks out of an)2.7 F 2.95(ye)-.15 G --.15(xe)-3.1 G .45(cuting loops.).15 F .45(In all cases,)5.45 F F2(bash) -2.95 E F1(ignores)2.95 E F4(SIGQ)2.95 E(UIT)-.09 E F5(.)A F1 .45 -(If job control is)4.95 F(in ef)108 206.4 Q(fect,)-.25 E F2(bash)2.5 E -F1(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5 -(,)A F1(and)2.25 E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F1(The)108 223.2 Q F2(trap) -2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin modi\214es the shell').2 E 2.5(ss)-.55 G -(ignal handling, as described belo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(Non-b)108 240 Q -.613(uiltin commands)-.2 F F2(bash)3.113 E F1 -.15(exe)3.113 G .613 +(va)-.4 G .468(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 516 Q(guments.)-.18 E +(The e)108 532.8 Q(xit status of the last command is a)-.15 E -.25(va) +-.2 G(ilable in the special parameter $?.).25 E F3(Bash)108 549.6 Q F1 +.202(itself returns the e)2.702 F .202(xit status of the last command e) +-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .201 +(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 561.6 +Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F3 +(exit)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2 +(SIGN)72 578.4 Q(ALS)-.219 E F1(When)108 590.4 Q F3(bash)2.502 E F1 .002 +(is interacti)2.502 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.502(,i).15 G 2.502(nt)-2.502 G +.002(he absence of an)-2.502 F 2.502(yt)-.15 G .002(raps, it ignores) +-2.502 F F4(SIGTERM)2.502 E F1 .002(\(so that)2.252 F F3 .002(kill 0) +2.502 F F1 .002(does not kill an in-)2.502 F(teracti)108 602.4 Q .926 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .626(hell\), and catches and handles).15 F F4(SIGINT) +3.126 E F1 .626(\(so that the)2.876 F F3(wait)3.126 E F1 -.2(bu)3.126 G +.625(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F(When)5.625 E F3(bash)3.125 E F1(re-) +3.125 E(cei)108 614.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E F4(SIGINT)2.95 E F5(,)A +F1 .45(it breaks out of an)2.7 F 2.95(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.1 G .45 +(cuting loops.).15 F .45(In all cases,)5.45 F F3(bash)2.95 E F1(ignores) +2.95 E F4(SIGQ)2.95 E(UIT)-.09 E F5(.)A F1 .45(If job control is)4.95 F +(in ef)108 626.4 Q(fect,)-.25 E F3(bash)2.5 E F1(ignores)2.5 E F4 +(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F1(and)2.25 E F4 +(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F1(The)108 643.2 Q F3(trap)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin modi\214es the shell').2 E 2.5(ss)-.55 G +(ignal handling, as described belo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(Non-b)108 660 Q +.613(uiltin commands)-.2 F F3(bash)3.113 E F1 -.15(exe)3.113 G .613 (cutes ha).15 F .913 -.15(ve s)-.2 H .613(ignal handlers set to the v) .15 F .612(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F .064 -(parent, unless)108 252 R F2(trap)2.564 E F1 .065(sets them to be ignor\ +(parent, unless)108 672 R F3(trap)2.564 E F1 .065(sets them to be ignor\ ed, in which case the child process will ignore them as well.)2.564 F -(When)5.065 E .682(job control is not in ef)108 264 R .682 +(When)5.065 E .682(job control is not in ef)108 684 R .682 (fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.182 E F1(and) 2.932 E F4(SIGQ)3.182 E(UIT)-.09 E F1 .682(in addition to these in-) -2.932 F 1.139(herited handlers.)108 276 R 1.139 +2.932 F 1.139(herited handlers.)108 696 R 1.139 (Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)6.139 F --.15(ey)-.1 G 1.14(board-generated job).15 F(control signals)108 288 Q +-.15(ey)-.1 G 1.14(board-generated job).15 F(control signals)108 708 Q F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F1(and)2.25 E -F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F1 2.046(The shell e)108 304.8 R 2.046 +F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F1 2.046(The shell e)108 724.8 R 2.046 (xits by def)-.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F4(SIGHUP)4.545 E F5(.)A F1 2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.345 --.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.045(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 316.8 Q F1 -.539(to all jobs, running or stopped.)2.789 F .54(The shell sends)5.54 F -F4(SIGCONT)3.04 E F1 .54(to stopped jobs to ensure that the)2.79 F 3.04 -(yr)-.15 G(e-)-3.04 E(cei)108 328.8 Q 1.045 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4 -(SIGHUP)3.245 E F1(\(see)2.995 E F4 .745(JOB CONTR)3.245 F(OL)-.27 E F1 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.045(hell resends the).15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(42)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 43 43 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)108 84 Q F1 .539 +(to all jobs, running or stopped.)2.789 F .54(The shell sends)5.54 F F2 +(SIGCONT)3.04 E F1 .54(to stopped jobs to ensure that the)2.79 F 3.04 +(yr)-.15 G(e-)-3.04 E(cei)108 96 Q 1.045 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F2 +(SIGHUP)3.245 E F1(\(see)2.995 E F2 .745(JOB CONTR)3.245 F(OL)-.27 E F1 (belo)2.995 E 3.245(wf)-.25 G .745 (or more information about running and stopped jobs\).)-3.245 F -.8(To) -5.745 G(pre)108 340.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .441 +5.745 G(pre)108 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .441 (nt the shell from sending the signal to a particular job, remo).15 F .742 -.15(ve i)-.15 H 2.942(tf).15 G .442(rom the jobs table with the) --2.942 F F2(diso)2.942 E(wn)-.1 E F1 -.2(bu)108 352.8 S(iltin \(see).2 E -F4(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E -(w\) or mark it not to recei)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F4(SIGHUP)2.65 E F1 -(using)2.25 E F2(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F1(.)A .555(If the)108 369.6 -R F2(huponexit)3.055 E F1 .555(shell option has been set using)3.055 F -F2(shopt)3.054 E F1(,)A F2(bash)3.054 E F1 .554(sends a)3.054 F F4 -(SIGHUP)3.054 E F1 .554(to all jobs when an interac-)2.804 F(ti)108 -381.6 Q .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 398.4 -Q F2(bash)2.629 E F1 .129(is w)2.629 F .129 -(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.629 -(sas).15 G .129(ignal for which a trap has been set, it will not)-2.629 -F -.15(exe)108 410.4 S .952(cute the trap until the command completes.) -.15 F(If)5.952 E F2(bash)3.452 E F1 .952(is w)3.452 F .952 -(aiting for an asynchronous command via the)-.1 F F2(wait)108 422.4 Q F1 +-2.942 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(diso)2.942 E(wn)-.1 E F1 -.2(bu)108 120 S +(iltin \(see).2 E F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1 +(belo)2.25 E(w\) or mark it not to recei)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F2 +(SIGHUP)2.65 E F1(using)2.25 E F3(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F1(.)A .555 +(If the)108 136.8 R F3(huponexit)3.055 E F1 .555 +(shell option has been set using)3.055 F F3(shopt)3.054 E F1(,)A F3 +(bash)3.054 E F1 .554(sends a)3.054 F F2(SIGHUP)3.054 E F1 .554 +(to all jobs when an interac-)2.804 F(ti)108 148.8 Q .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H +(ogin shell e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 165.6 Q F3(bash)2.629 E F1 .129 +(is w)2.629 F .129(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.629(sas).15 G .129 +(ignal for which a trap has been set, it will not)-2.629 F -.15(exe)108 +177.6 S .952(cute the trap until the command completes.).15 F(If)5.952 E +F3(bash)3.452 E F1 .952(is w)3.452 F .952 +(aiting for an asynchronous command via the)-.1 F F3(wait)108 189.6 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.986 G .486(iltin, and it recei).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.986(sas) -.15 G .486(ignal for which a trap has been set, the)-2.986 F F2(wait) +.15 G .486(ignal for which a trap has been set, the)-2.986 F F3(wait) 2.987 E F1 -.2(bu)2.987 G .487(iltin will return immediately).2 F -(with an e)108 434.4 Q +(with an e)108 201.6 Q (xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the shell e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes the trap.).15 E .499 -(When job control is not enabled, and)108 451.2 R F2(bash)2.998 E F1 +(When job control is not enabled, and)108 218.4 R F3(bash)2.998 E F1 .498(is w)2.998 F .498(aiting for a fore)-.1 F .498 -(ground command to complete, the shell re-)-.15 F(cei)108 463.2 Q -.15 +(ground command to complete, the shell re-)-.15 F(cei)108 230.4 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.213(sk).15 G -.15(ey)-3.313 G .713 -(board-generated signals such as).15 F F4(SIGINT)3.213 E F1 .713 -(\(usually generated by)2.963 F F2<0043>3.213 E F1 3.213(\)t)C .714 +(board-generated signals such as).15 F F2(SIGINT)3.213 E F1 .713 +(\(usually generated by)2.963 F F3<0043>3.213 E F1 3.213(\)t)C .714 (hat users commonly intend)-3.213 F .455(to send to that command.)108 -475.2 R .454(This happens because the shell and the command are in the \ -same process group)5.455 F .724(as the terminal, and)108 487.2 R F2 -<0043>3.224 E F1(sends)3.224 E F4(SIGINT)3.224 E F1 .724 -(to all processes in that process group.)2.974 F(Since)5.724 E F2(bash) +242.4 R .454(This happens because the shell and the command are in the \ +same process group)5.455 F .724(as the terminal, and)108 254.4 R F3 +<0043>3.224 E F1(sends)3.224 E F2(SIGINT)3.224 E F1 .724 +(to all processes in that process group.)2.974 F(Since)5.724 E F3(bash) 3.224 E F1 .724(does not enable)3.224 F 1.243(job control by def)108 -499.2 R 1.243(ault when the shell is not interacti)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +266.4 R 1.243(ault when the shell is not interacti)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.742(,t).15 G 1.242(his scenario is most common in non-interacti)-3.742 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G(shells.)108 511.2 Q .096 -(When job control is enabled, and)108 528 R F2(bash)2.596 E F1 .097 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G(shells.)108 278.4 Q .096 +(When job control is enabled, and)108 295.2 R F3(bash)2.596 E F1 .097 (is w)2.597 F .097(aiting for a fore)-.1 F .097 -(ground command to complete, the shell does not)-.15 F(recei)108 540 Q +(ground command to complete, the shell does not)-.15 F(recei)108 307.2 Q .975 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .675(board-generated signals, becau\ se it is not in the same process group as the terminal.).15 F .675 -(This sce-)5.675 F .295(nario is most common in interacti)108 552 R .595 --.15(ve s)-.25 H .295(hells, where).15 F F2(bash)2.796 E F1 .296 -(attempts to enable job control by def)2.796 F 2.796(ault. See)-.1 F F4 -(JOB)2.796 E(CONTR)108 564 Q(OL)-.27 E F1(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G +(This sce-)5.675 F .295(nario is most common in interacti)108 319.2 R +.595 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .295(hells, where).15 F F3(bash)2.796 E F1 .296 +(attempts to enable job control by def)2.796 F 2.796(ault. See)-.1 F F2 +(JOB)2.796 E(CONTR)108 331.2 Q(OL)-.27 E F1(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G (or more information about process groups.)-2.5 E .994 -(When job control is not enabled, and)108 580.8 R F2(bash)3.493 E F1 -(recei)3.493 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E F4(SIGINT)3.493 E F1 .993(while w) +(When job control is not enabled, and)108 348 R F3(bash)3.493 E F1 +(recei)3.493 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(s).15 E F2(SIGINT)3.493 E F1 .993(while w) 3.243 F .993(aiting for a fore)-.1 F .993(ground command, it)-.15 F -.1 -(wa)108 592.8 S(its until that fore).1 E +(wa)108 360 S(its until that fore).1 E (ground command terminates and then decides what to do about the)-.15 E -F4(SIGINT)2.5 E F5(:)A F1(1.)108 609.6 Q .024 -(If the command terminates due to the)144 609.6 R F4(SIGINT)2.524 E F5 -(,)A F2(bash)2.274 E F1 .025(concludes that the user meant to send the) -2.525 F F4(SIG-)2.525 E(INT)144 621.6 Q F1 .3 -(to the shell as well, and acts on the)2.55 F F4(SIGINT)2.8 E F1 .3 -(\(e.g., by running a)2.55 F F4(SIGINT)2.8 E F1 .3(trap, e)2.55 F .3 -(xiting a non-in-)-.15 F(teracti)144 633.6 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +F2(SIGINT)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(:)A F1(1.)108 376.8 Q .024 +(If the command terminates due to the)144 376.8 R F2(SIGINT)2.524 E F4 +(,)A F3(bash)2.274 E F1 .025(concludes that the user meant to send the) +2.525 F F2(SIG-)2.525 E(INT)144 388.8 Q F1 .3 +(to the shell as well, and acts on the)2.55 F F2(SIGINT)2.8 E F1 .3 +(\(e.g., by running a)2.55 F F2(SIGINT)2.8 E F1 .3(trap, e)2.55 F .3 +(xiting a non-in-)-.15 F(teracti)144 400.8 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H (hell, or returning to the top le).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lt).15 G 2.5 -(or)-2.5 G(ead a ne)-2.5 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand\).)-2.5 E(2.)108 650.4 Q -.288(If the command does not terminate due to)144 650.4 R F4(SIGINT) -2.788 E F5(,)A F1 .288(the program handled the)2.538 F F4(SIGINT)2.789 E -F1 .289(itself and did)2.539 F .728(not treat it as a f)144 662.4 R .728 -(atal signal.)-.1 F .728(In that case,)5.728 F F2(bash)3.228 E F1 .728 -(does not treat)3.228 F F4(SIGINT)3.228 E F1 .728(as a f)2.978 F .728 +(or)-2.5 G(ead a ne)-2.5 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand\).)-2.5 E(2.)108 417.6 Q +.288(If the command does not terminate due to)144 417.6 R F2(SIGINT) +2.788 E F4(,)A F1 .288(the program handled the)2.538 F F2(SIGINT)2.789 E +F1 .289(itself and did)2.539 F .728(not treat it as a f)144 429.6 R .728 +(atal signal.)-.1 F .728(In that case,)5.728 F F3(bash)3.228 E F1 .728 +(does not treat)3.228 F F2(SIGINT)3.228 E F1 .728(as a f)2.978 F .728 (atal signal, either)-.1 F 3.228(,i)-.4 G(n-)-3.228 E .771 -(stead assuming that the)144 674.4 R F4(SIGINT)3.271 E F1 -.1(wa)3.021 G +(stead assuming that the)144 441.6 R F2(SIGINT)3.271 E F1 -.1(wa)3.021 G 3.271(su).1 G .771(sed as part of the program')-3.271 F 3.272(sn)-.55 G .772(ormal operation \(e.g., emacs)-3.272 F .41 (uses it to abort editing commands\) or deliberately discarded.)144 -686.4 R(Ho)5.409 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G F2(bash)3.309 E +453.6 R(Ho)5.409 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G F3(bash)3.309 E F1 .409(will run an)2.909 F 2.909(yt)-.15 G .409(rap set)-2.909 F(on)144 -698.4 Q F4(SIGINT)3.788 E F5(,)A F1 1.288(as it does with an)3.538 F +465.6 Q F2(SIGINT)3.788 E F4(,)A F1 1.288(as it does with an)3.538 F 3.788(yo)-.15 G 1.288(ther trapped signal it recei)-3.788 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.789(sw).15 G 1.289(hile it is w)-3.789 F 1.289(aiting for the fore-) --.1 F(ground command to complete, for compatibility)144 710.4 Q(.)-.65 E -.49(When job control is enabled,)108 727.2 R F2(bash)2.99 E F1 .49 +-.1 F(ground command to complete, for compatibility)144 477.6 Q(.)-.65 E +.49(When job control is enabled,)108 494.4 R F3(bash)2.99 E F1 .49 (does not recei)2.99 F .79 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .49 -(board-generated signals such as).15 F F4(SIGINT)2.99 E F1 .49 -(while it is)2.74 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(42) -185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 43 43 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E -.1(wa)108 84 S .646(iting for a fore).1 F .646 +(board-generated signals such as).15 F F2(SIGINT)2.99 E F1 .49 +(while it is)2.74 F -.1(wa)108 506.4 S .646(iting for a fore).1 F .646 (ground command.)-.15 F .646(An interacti)5.646 F .946 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -.647(hell does not pay attention to the).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(SIGINT)3.147 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 -2.15 -.25(ev e)2.897 H -3.147(ni).25 G 3.147(ft)-3.147 G(he)-3.147 E(fore)108 96 Q .57 +.647(hell does not pay attention to the).15 F F2(SIGINT)3.147 E F4(,)A +F1 -2.15 -.25(ev e)2.897 H 3.147(ni).25 G 3.147(ft)-3.147 G(he)-3.147 E +(fore)108 518.4 Q .57 (ground command terminates as a result, other than noting its e)-.15 F .57(xit status.)-.15 F .57(If the shell is not interacti)5.57 F -.15(ve) --.25 G(,).15 E 1.207(and the fore)108 108 R 1.207 -(ground command terminates due to the)-.15 F F2(SIGINT)3.707 E F3(,)A/F4 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.458 E F1 1.208(pretends it recei)3.708 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.708(dt).15 G(he)-3.708 E F2(SIGINT)3.708 E F1(itself)3.458 -E(\(scenario 1 abo)108 120 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(\), for compatibility).15 E -(.)-.65 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72 136.8 Q(OL)-.329 E F0 --.25(Jo)108 148.8 S 3.369(bc).25 G(ontr)-3.369 E(ol)-.45 E F1 .868 +-.25 G(,).15 E 1.207(and the fore)108 530.4 R 1.207 +(ground command terminates due to the)-.15 F F2(SIGINT)3.707 E F4(,)A F3 +(bash)3.458 E F1 1.208(pretends it recei)3.708 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.708 +(dt).15 G(he)-3.708 E F2(SIGINT)3.708 E F1(itself)3.458 E +(\(scenario 1 abo)108 542.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(\), for compatibility).15 E +(.)-.65 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72 559.2 Q(OL)-.329 E F0 +-.25(Jo)108 571.2 S 3.369(bc).25 G(ontr)-3.369 E(ol)-.45 E F1 .868 (refers to the ability to selecti)3.879 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .868 (ly stop \().15 F F0(suspend)A F1 3.368(\)t)C .868(he e)-3.368 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .868(cution of processes and continue \().15 F F0 -.37(re)C -(-).37 E(sume)108 160.8 Q F1 2.664(\)t)C .164(heir e)-2.664 F -.15(xe) +(-).37 E(sume)108 583.2 Q F1 2.664(\)t)C .164(heir e)-2.664 F -.15(xe) -.15 G .164(cution at a later point.).15 F 2.665(Au)5.165 G .165 (ser typically emplo)-2.665 F .165(ys this f)-.1 F .165 (acility via an interacti)-.1 F .465 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E .165 -(ace sup-)-.1 F(plied jointly by the operating system k)108 172.8 Q +(ace sup-)-.1 F(plied jointly by the operating system k)108 595.2 Q (ernel')-.1 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 -G(nd)-2.5 E F4(bash)2.5 E F1(.)A .599(The shell associates a)108 189.6 R +G(nd)-2.5 E F3(bash)2.5 E F1(.)A .599(The shell associates a)108 612 R F0(job)4.839 E F1 .599(with each pipeline.)3.329 F .599(It k)5.599 F .599(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .599 -(cuting jobs, which the).15 F F4(jobs)3.098 E F1 1.001 -(command will display)108 201.6 R 6.001(.E)-.65 G 1.001(ach job has a) --6.001 F F0 1.001(job number)3.501 F F1 3.501(,w)C(hich)-3.501 E F4 +(cuting jobs, which the).15 F F3(jobs)3.098 E F1 1.001 +(command will display)108 624 R 6.001(.E)-.65 G 1.001(ach job has a) +-6.001 F F0 1.001(job number)3.501 F F1 3.501(,w)C(hich)-3.501 E F3 (jobs)3.501 E F1 1.002(displays between brack)3.502 F 3.502(ets. Job)-.1 -F(numbers)3.502 E(start at 1.)108 213.6 Q(When)5 E F4(bash)2.5 E F1 +F(numbers)3.502 E(start at 1.)108 636 Q(When)5 E F3(bash)2.5 E F1 (starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.5 E F0(bac)2.77 E(kgr)-.2 E (ound)-.45 E F1(\), it prints a line that looks lik).77 E(e:)-.1 E -([1] 25647)144 230.4 Q .241(indicating that this job is job number 1 an\ +([1] 25647)144 652.8 Q .241(indicating that this job is job number 1 an\ d that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated)108 -247.2 R .732(with this job is 25647.)108 259.2 R .733 +669.6 R .732(with this job is 25647.)108 681.6 R .733 (All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job) -5.732 F(.)-.4 E F4(Bash)5.733 E F1(uses)3.233 E(the)108 271.2 Q F0(job) +5.732 F(.)-.4 E F3(Bash)5.733 E F1(uses)3.233 E(the)108 693.6 Q F0(job) 4.24 E F1(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 2.374 -.8 -(To f)108 288 T .774(acilitate the implementation of the user interf).7 -F .773(ace to job control, each process has a)-.1 F F0(pr)3.273 E .773 -(ocess gr)-.45 F .773(oup ID)-.45 F F1(,)A .368 -(and the operating system maintains the notion of a)108 300 R F0(curr) +(To f)108 710.4 T .774(acilitate the implementation of the user interf) +.7 F .773(ace to job control, each process has a)-.1 F F0(pr)3.273 E +.773(ocess gr)-.45 F .773(oup ID)-.45 F F1(,)A .368 +(and the operating system maintains the notion of a)108 722.4 R F0(curr) 2.868 E .368(ent terminal pr)-.37 F .368(ocess gr)-.45 F .368(oup ID) --.45 F F1 5.368(.P)C .369(rocesses that ha)-5.368 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.53 -(the same process group ID are said to be part of the same)108 312 R F0 +-.45 F F1 5.368(.P)C .369(rocesses that ha)-5.368 F -.15(ve)-.2 G +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(43)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 44 44 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 1.53 +(the same process group ID are said to be part of the same)108 84 R F0 (pr)4.029 E 1.529(ocess gr)-.45 F(oup)-.45 E F1 6.529(.M)C 1.529 (embers of the)-6.529 F F0(for)4.029 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und) .45 E F1 .122(process group \(processes whose process group ID is equal\ - to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 324 R -.15(ve)-.25 -G -.1(ke)108 336 S .139(yboard-generated signals such as)-.05 F F2 -(SIGINT)2.639 E F3(.)A F1 .139(Processes in the fore)4.639 F .139 -(ground process group are said to be)-.15 F F0(for)4.608 E(e-)-.37 E(gr) -108 348 Q(ound)-.45 E F1(processes.)4.503 E F0(Bac)6.813 E(kgr)-.2 E -(ound)-.45 E F1 1.234(processes are those whose process group ID dif) -4.504 F 1.234(fers from the terminal')-.25 F(s;)-.55 E .533 -(such processes are immune to k)108 360 R -.15(ey)-.1 G .533 + to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 96 R -.15(ve)-.25 +G -.1(ke)108 108 S .139(yboard-generated signals such as)-.05 F/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGINT)2.639 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .139 +(Processes in the fore)4.639 F .139(ground process group are said to be) +-.15 F F0(for)4.608 E(e-)-.37 E(gr)108 120 Q(ound)-.45 E F1(processes.) +4.503 E F0(Bac)6.813 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F1 1.234 +(processes are those whose process group ID dif)4.504 F 1.234 +(fers from the terminal')-.25 F(s;)-.55 E .533 +(such processes are immune to k)108 132 R -.15(ey)-.1 G .533 (board-generated signals.).15 F .533(Only fore)5.533 F .533 (ground processes are allo)-.15 F .533(wed to read)-.25 F .716(from or) -108 372 R 3.216(,i)-.4 G 3.216(ft)-3.216 G .716(he user so speci\214es \ +108 144 R 3.216(,i)-.4 G 3.216(ft)-3.216 G .716(he user so speci\214es \ with \231stty tostop\232, write to the terminal.)-3.216 F .717 (Background processes which at-)5.717 F .378 -(tempt to read from \(write to when \231tostop\232 is in ef)108 384 R +(tempt to read from \(write to when \231tostop\232 is in ef)108 156 R .377(fect\) the terminal are sent a)-.25 F F2 .377(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)2.877 -F(OU\))-.162 E F1(signal)2.627 E(by the k)108 396 Q(ernel')-.1 E 2.5(st) +F(OU\))-.162 E F1(signal)2.627 E(by the k)108 168 Q(ernel')-.1 E 2.5(st) -.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .8 -.4(r, w).15 H (hich, unless caught, suspends the process.).4 E 1.087 -(If the operating system on which)108 412.8 R F4(bash)3.587 E F1 1.088 -(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F4(bash)3.588 E F1 1.088 -(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 424.8 S -.878(ping the).8 F F0(suspend)3.718 E F1 .878(character \(typically) -4.148 F F4<005a>3.378 E F1 3.377(,C)C .877 +(If the operating system on which)108 184.8 R/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(bash)3.587 E F1 1.088(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F4(bash) +3.588 E F1 1.088(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8 +(Ty)108 196.8 S .878(ping the).8 F F0(suspend)3.718 E F1 .878 +(character \(typically)4.148 F F4<005a>3.378 E F1 3.377(,C)C .877 (ontrol-Z\) while a process is running stops that process and)-3.377 F -.007(returns control to)108 436.8 R F4(bash)2.508 E F1 5.008(.T)C .008 +.007(returns control to)108 208.8 R F4(bash)2.508 E F1 5.008(.T)C .008 (yping the)-5.808 F F0 .008(delayed suspend)2.858 F F1 .008 (character \(typically)3.278 F F4<0059>2.508 E F1 2.508(,C)C .008 (ontrol-Y\) causes the process)-2.508 F .561(stop when it attempts to r\ -ead input from the terminal, and returns control to)108 448.8 R F4(bash) +ead input from the terminal, and returns control to)108 220.8 R F4(bash) 3.06 E F1 5.56(.T)C .56(he user then manipu-)-5.56 F .407 -(lates the state of this job, using the)108 460.8 R F4(bg)2.907 E F1 +(lates the state of this job, using the)108 232.8 R F4(bg)2.907 E F1 .407(command to continue it in the background, the)2.907 F F4(fg)2.907 E -F1 .407(command to con-)2.907 F .728(tinue it in the fore)108 472.8 R +F1 .407(command to con-)2.907 F .728(tinue it in the fore)108 244.8 R .728(ground, or the)-.15 F F4(kill)3.228 E F1 .728(command to kill it.) 3.228 F .727(The suspend character tak)5.727 F .727(es ef)-.1 F .727 (fect immediately)-.25 F(,)-.65 E .553(and has the additional side ef) -108 484.8 R .553(fect of discarding an)-.25 F 3.053(yp)-.15 G .553 +108 256.8 R .553(fect of discarding an)-.25 F 3.053(yp)-.15 G .553 (ending output and typeahead.)-3.053 F 2.153 -.8(To f)5.553 H .554 (orce a background).8 F 2.261(process to stop, or stop a process that') -108 496.8 R 4.761(sn)-.55 G 2.26 +108 268.8 R 4.761(sn)-.55 G 2.26 (ot associated with the current terminal session, send it the)-4.761 F -F2(SIGST)108 508.8 Q(OP)-.162 E F1(signal using)2.25 E F4(kill)2.5 E F1 -(.)A .777(There are a number of w)108 525.6 R .777 +F2(SIGST)108 280.8 Q(OP)-.162 E F1(signal using)2.25 E F4(kill)2.5 E F1 +(.)A .777(There are a number of w)108 297.6 R .777 (ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F(The)5.777 E F4(%)3.277 E F1 .777(character introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\(jobspec\).)108 -537.6 Q .415(Job number)108 554.4 R F0(n)3.275 E F1 .415 +309.6 Q .415(Job number)108 326.4 R F0(n)3.275 E F1 .415 (may be referred to as)3.155 F F4(%n)2.915 E F1 5.415(.A)C .415 (job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the name used to)-2.5 F .034(start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.) -108 566.4 R -.15(Fo)5.035 G 2.535(re).15 G(xample,)-2.685 E F4(%ce)2.535 -E F1 .035(refers to a job whose com-)2.535 F .229(mand name be)108 578.4 +108 338.4 R -.15(Fo)5.035 G 2.535(re).15 G(xample,)-2.685 E F4(%ce)2.535 +E F1 .035(refers to a job whose com-)2.535 F .229(mand name be)108 350.4 R .229(gins with)-.15 F F4(ce)2.729 E F1 5.229(.U)C(sing)-5.229 E F4 (%?ce)2.729 E F1 2.729(,o)C 2.729(nt)-2.729 G .229 (he other hand, refers to an)-2.729 F 2.729(yj)-.15 G .229 (ob containing the string)-2.729 F F4(ce)2.729 E F1 .229(in its)2.729 F -(command line.)108 590.4 Q +(command line.)108 362.4 Q (If the pre\214x or substring matches more than one job,)5 E F4(bash)2.5 -E F1(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E .441(The symbols)108 607.2 R F4(%%) +E F1(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E .441(The symbols)108 379.2 R F4(%%) 2.941 E F1(and)2.941 E F4(%+)2.941 E F1 .441(refer to the shell')2.941 F 2.941(sn)-.55 G .441(otion of the)-2.941 F F0(curr)3.141 E .441(ent job) -.37 F F1 5.441(.A).23 G .441(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F(y-)-.15 E .207(ing job speci\214cation\) also refers to the current job)108 -619.2 R(.)-.4 E F4<25ad>5.207 E F1 .207(refers to the)2.707 F F0(pr) +391.2 R(.)-.4 E F4<25ad>5.207 E F1 .207(refers to the)2.707 F F0(pr) 3.957 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .207(ious job).15 F F1 5.207(.W).23 G .207 (hen a job starts in the)-5.207 F .185 -(background, a job stops while in the fore)108 631.2 R .186 +(background, a job stops while in the fore)108 403.2 R .186 (ground, or a job is resumed in the background, it becomes the cur)-.15 -F(-)-.2 E .534(rent job)108 643.2 R 5.534(.T)-.4 G .534(he job that w) +F(-)-.2 E .534(rent job)108 415.2 R 5.534(.T)-.4 G .534(he job that w) -5.534 F .534(as the current job becomes the pre)-.1 F .534(vious job) -.25 F 5.534(.W)-.4 G .534(hen the current job terminates, the)-5.534 F -(pre)108 655.2 Q .123(vious job becomes the current job)-.25 F 5.123(.I) +(pre)108 427.2 Q .123(vious job becomes the current job)-.25 F 5.123(.I) -.4 G 2.623(ft)-5.123 G .123(here is only a single job,)-2.623 F F4(%+) 2.623 E F1(and)2.623 E F4<25ad>2.623 E F1 .124 -(can both be used to refer to)2.623 F 1.474(that job)108 667.2 R 6.474 +(can both be used to refer to)2.623 F 1.474(that job)108 439.2 R 6.474 (.I)-.4 G 3.974(no)-6.474 G 1.473 (utput pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)-3.974 F F4(jobs) 3.973 E F1 1.473(command\), the current job is al)3.973 F -.1(wa)-.1 G -(ys).1 E(mark)108 679.2 Q(ed with a)-.1 E F4(+)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C +(ys).1 E(mark)108 451.2 Q(ed with a)-.1 E F4(+)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C (nd the pre)-2.5 E(vious job with a)-.25 E F42.5 E F1(.)A .686 -(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 696 R +(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 468 R (ground:)-.15 E F4(%1)3.186 E F1 .686(is a synon)3.186 F .686 (ym for \231fg %1\232, bringing)-.15 F .069 -(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 708 R 2.568 +(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 480 R 2.568 (ground. Similarly)-.15 F 2.568<2c99>-.65 G .068 (%1 &\232 resumes job 1 in the background, equi)-2.568 F(v-)-.25 E -(alent to \231bg %1\232.)108 720 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(43)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 44 44 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .13(The shell learns immediately whene)108 84 R --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.63(raj).15 G .13(ob changes state.)-2.63 F(Normally) -5.131 E(,)-.65 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.631 E F1 -.1(wa)2.631 G -.131(its until it is about to print a).1 F 1.279 -(prompt before notifying the user about changes in a job')108 96 R 3.779 -(ss)-.55 G 1.279(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-3.779 F 3.778(yo)-.15 -G 1.278(ther output,)-3.778 F .015 -(though it will notify of changes in a job')108 108 R 2.515(ss)-.55 G +(alent to \231bg %1\232.)108 492 Q .13 +(The shell learns immediately whene)108 508.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.63(raj) +.15 G .13(ob changes state.)-2.63 F(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F4(bash) +2.631 E F1 -.1(wa)2.631 G .131(its until it is about to print a).1 F +1.279(prompt before notifying the user about changes in a job')108 520.8 +R 3.779(ss)-.55 G 1.279(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-3.779 F 3.778 +(yo)-.15 G 1.278(ther output,)-3.778 F .015 +(though it will notify of changes in a job')108 532.8 R 2.515(ss)-.55 G .015(tatus after a fore)-2.515 F .016 (ground command in a list completes, before e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-) -.15 E .673(cuting the ne)108 120 R .672(xt command in the list.)-.15 F -.672(If the)5.672 F F23.172 E F1 .672(option to the)3.172 F F2 -(set)3.172 E F1 -.2(bu)3.172 G .672(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F2 -(bash)3.172 E F1(reports)3.172 E(status changes immediately)108 132 Q(.) --.65 E F2(Bash)5 E F1 -.15(exe)2.5 G(cutes an).15 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G -(rap on)-2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCHLD)2.5 E F1 -(for each child that terminates.)2.25 E .352(When a job terminates and) -108 148.8 R F2(bash)2.852 E F1 .352(noti\214es the user about it,)2.852 -F F2(bash)2.852 E F1(remo)2.852 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.852(st).15 G .352 -(he job from the table.)-2.852 F .352(It will not)5.352 F .52(appear in) -108 160.8 R F2(jobs)3.02 E F1 .52(output, b)3.02 F(ut)-.2 E F2(wait)3.02 -E F1 .52(will report its e)3.02 F .52(xit status, as long as it')-.15 F -3.02(ss)-.55 G .52(upplied the process ID associated)-3.02 F -(with the job as an ar)108 172.8 Q 2.5(gument. When)-.18 F -(the table is empty)2.5 E 2.5(,j)-.65 G(ob numbers start o)-2.5 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.5(ra).15 G 2.5(t1)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E .06 -(If a user attempts to e)108 189.6 R(xit)-.15 E F2(bash)2.56 E F1 .06 -(while jobs are stopped \(or)2.56 F 2.561(,i)-.4 G 2.561(ft)-2.561 G(he) --2.561 E F2(checkjobs)2.561 E F1 .061(shell option has been enabled us-) -2.561 F .3(ing the)108 201.6 R F2(shopt)2.8 E F1 -.2(bu)2.8 G .3 -(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F .3 -(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F2(checkjobs)2.8 E F1 .3 +.15 E .673(cuting the ne)108 544.8 R .672(xt command in the list.)-.15 F +.672(If the)5.672 F F43.172 E F1 .672(option to the)3.172 F F4 +(set)3.172 E F1 -.2(bu)3.172 G .672(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F4 +(bash)3.172 E F1(reports)3.172 E(status changes immediately)108 556.8 Q +(.)-.65 E F4(Bash)5 E F1 -.15(exe)2.5 G(cutes an).15 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G +(rap on)-2.5 E F2(SIGCHLD)2.5 E F1(for each child that terminates.)2.25 +E .352(When a job terminates and)108 573.6 R F4(bash)2.852 E F1 .352 +(noti\214es the user about it,)2.852 F F4(bash)2.852 E F1(remo)2.852 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.852(st).15 G .352(he job from the table.)-2.852 F .352 +(It will not)5.352 F .52(appear in)108 585.6 R F4(jobs)3.02 E F1 .52 +(output, b)3.02 F(ut)-.2 E F4(wait)3.02 E F1 .52(will report its e)3.02 +F .52(xit status, as long as it')-.15 F 3.02(ss)-.55 G .52 +(upplied the process ID associated)-3.02 F(with the job as an ar)108 +597.6 Q 2.5(gument. When)-.18 F(the table is empty)2.5 E 2.5(,j)-.65 G +(ob numbers start o)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(ra).15 G 2.5(t1)-2.5 G(.) +-2.5 E .06(If a user attempts to e)108 614.4 R(xit)-.15 E F4(bash)2.56 E +F1 .06(while jobs are stopped \(or)2.56 F 2.561(,i)-.4 G 2.561(ft)-2.561 +G(he)-2.561 E F4(checkjobs)2.561 E F1 .061 +(shell option has been enabled us-)2.561 F .3(ing the)108 626.4 R F4 +(shopt)2.8 E F1 -.2(bu)2.8 G .3(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w) +.2 F .3(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F4(checkjobs)2.8 E F1 .3 (option is enabled,)2.8 F .074(lists the jobs and their statuses.)108 -213.6 R(The)5.074 E F2(jobs)2.574 E F1 .074 +638.4 R(The)5.074 E F4(jobs)2.574 E F1 .074 (command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.574 F .074 -(If the user im-)5.074 F 1.03(mediately attempts to e)108 225.6 R 1.03 +(If the user im-)5.074 F 1.03(mediately attempts to e)108 650.4 R 1.03 (xit ag)-.15 F 1.03(ain, without an interv)-.05 F 1.03(ening command,) --.15 F F2(bash)3.53 E F1 1.03(does not print another w)3.53 F(arning,) --.1 E(and terminates an)108 237.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs.)-2.5 E -.644(When the shell is w)108 254.4 R .644 -(aiting for a job or process using the)-.1 F F2(wait)3.145 E F1 -.2(bu) -3.145 G .645(iltin, and job control is enabled,).2 F F2(wait)3.145 E F1 -(will)3.145 E .151(return when the job changes state.)108 266.4 R(The) -5.151 E F22.651 E F1 .151(option causes)2.651 F F2(wait)2.651 E F1 +-.15 F F4(bash)3.53 E F1 1.03(does not print another w)3.53 F(arning,) +-.1 E(and terminates an)108 662.4 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs.)-2.5 E +.644(When the shell is w)108 679.2 R .644 +(aiting for a job or process using the)-.1 F F4(wait)3.145 E F1 -.2(bu) +3.145 G .645(iltin, and job control is enabled,).2 F F4(wait)3.145 E F1 +(will)3.145 E .151(return when the job changes state.)108 691.2 R(The) +5.151 E F42.651 E F1 .151(option causes)2.651 F F4(wait)2.651 E F1 .15(to w)2.65 F .15(ait until the job or process terminates be-)-.1 F -(fore returning.)108 278.4 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 295.2 Q -(OMPTING)-.329 E F1 .644(When e)108 307.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644 -(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F2(bash)3.144 E -F1 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F3(PS1)3.145 E F1 .645 -(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F(and the secondary prompt) -108 319.2 Q F3(PS2)2.5 E F1 -(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.25 E F2(Bash)108 336 -Q F1 -.15(ex)3.183 G .683(amines the v).15 F .682(alue of the array v) --.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(PR)3.182 E(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F1 .682 -(just before printing each primary)3.182 F 2.576(prompt. If)108 348 R -(an)2.576 E 2.576(ye)-.15 G .076(lements in)-2.576 F F2(PR)2.576 E -(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F1 .076(are set and non-null, Bash e)2.576 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .076(cutes each v).15 F .076(alue, in nu-)-.25 F .344 -(meric order)108 360 R 2.844(,j)-.4 G .344 -(ust as if it had been typed on the command line.)-2.844 F F2(Bash)5.343 -E F1(displays)2.843 E F3(PS0)2.843 E F1 .343(after it reads a command) -2.593 F -.2(bu)108 372 S 2.5(tb).2 G(efore e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting it.).15 E F2(Bash)108 388.8 Q F1(displays)2.5 E F3(PS4)2.5 E F1 -(as described abo)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H -(efore tracing each command when the).15 E F22.5 E F1 -(option is enabled.)2.5 E F2(Bash)108 405.6 Q F1(allo)2.934 E .434 -(ws the prompt strings)-.25 F F2(PS0)2.934 E F1(,)A F2(PS1)2.934 E F1(,) -A F2(PS2)2.934 E F1 2.934(,a)C(nd)-2.934 E F2(PS4)2.934 E F1 2.934(,t)C +(fore returning.)108 703.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24) +139.29 E(44)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 45 45 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 84 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E +F1 .644(When e)108 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644(cuting interacti).15 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.144 E F1 .645 +(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS1)3.145 E F1 +.645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F +(and the secondary prompt)108 108 Q F4(PS2)2.5 E F1 +(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.25 E F3(Bash)108 +124.8 Q F1 -.15(ex)3.183 G .683(amines the v).15 F .682 +(alue of the array v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PR)3.182 E(OMPT_COMMAND) +-.3 E F1 .682(just before printing each primary)3.182 F 2.576 +(prompt. If)108 136.8 R(an)2.576 E 2.576(ye)-.15 G .076(lements in) +-2.576 F F3(PR)2.576 E(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F1 .076 +(are set and non-null, Bash e)2.576 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .076(cutes each v) +.15 F .076(alue, in nu-)-.25 F .344(meric order)108 148.8 R 2.844(,j)-.4 +G .344(ust as if it had been typed on the command line.)-2.844 F F3 +(Bash)5.343 E F1(displays)2.843 E F4(PS0)2.843 E F1 .343 +(after it reads a command)2.593 F -.2(bu)108 160.8 S 2.5(tb).2 G +(efore e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting it.).15 E F3(Bash)108 177.6 Q F1 +(displays)2.5 E F4(PS4)2.5 E F1(as described abo)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve b) +-.15 H(efore tracing each command when the).15 E F32.5 E F1 +(option is enabled.)2.5 E F3(Bash)108 194.4 Q F1(allo)2.934 E .434 +(ws the prompt strings)-.25 F F3(PS0)2.934 E F1(,)A F3(PS1)2.934 E F1(,) +A F3(PS2)2.934 E F1 2.934(,a)C(nd)-2.934 E F3(PS4)2.934 E F1 2.934(,t)C 2.935(ob)-2.934 G 2.935(ec)-2.935 G .435 (ustomized by inserting a number of back-)-2.935 F -(slash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follo)108 417.6 Q -(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 434.4 Q F1(An ASCII bell character \(07\).)180 -434.4 Q F2(\\d)144 446.4 Q F1(The date in \231W)180 446.4 Q +(slash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follo)108 206.4 Q +(ws:)-.25 E F3(\\a)144 223.2 Q F1(An ASCII bell character \(07\).)180 +223.2 Q F3(\\d)144 235.2 Q F1(The date in \231W)180 235.2 Q (eekday Month Date\232 format \(e.g., \231T)-.8 E(ue May 26\232\).)-.45 -E F2(\\D{)144 458.4 Q F0(format)A F2(})A F1(The)180 470.4 Q F0(format) +E F3(\\D{)144 247.2 Q F0(format)A F3(})A F1(The)180 259.2 Q F0(format) 3.67 E F1 1.17(is passed to)3.67 F F0(strftime)4.01 E F1 1.17 (\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an).18 F -(empty)180 482.4 Q F0(format)2.5 E F1 +(empty)180 271.2 Q F0(format)2.5 E F1 (results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E -(The braces are required.)5 E F2(\\e)144 494.4 Q F1 -(An ASCII escape character \(033\).)180 494.4 Q F2(\\h)144 506.4 Q F1 -(The hostname up to the \214rst \231.)180 506.4 Q<9a2e>-.7 E F2(\\H)144 -518.4 Q F1(The hostname.)180 518.4 Q F2(\\j)144 530.4 Q F1 -(The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.)180 530.4 Q F2(\\l) -144 542.4 Q F1(The basename of the shell')180 542.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G -(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name \(e.g., \231ttys0\232\).)-.25 E F2(\\n)144 -554.4 Q F1 2.5(An)180 554.4 S -.25(ew)-2.5 G(line.).25 E F2(\\r)144 -566.4 Q F1 2.5(Ac)180 566.4 S(arriage return.)-2.5 E F2(\\s)144 578.4 Q -F1(The name of the shell: the basename of)180 578.4 Q F2($0)2.5 E F1 -(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\).)-.25 E F2(\\t)144 -590.4 Q F1(The current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.)180 590.4 Q F2 -(\\T)144 602.4 Q F1(The current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.)180 -602.4 Q F2(\\@)144 614.4 Q F1(The current time in 12-hour am/pm format.) -180 614.4 Q F2(\\A)144 626.4 Q F1 -(The current time in 24-hour HH:MM format.)180 626.4 Q F2(\\u)144 638.4 -Q F1(The username of the current user)180 638.4 Q(.)-.55 E F2(\\v)144 -650.4 Q F1(The)180 650.4 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -.15(ve)2.5 G -(rsion \(e.g., 2.00\).).15 E F2(\\V)144 662.4 Q F1(The)180 662.4 Q F2 +(The braces are required.)5 E F3(\\e)144 283.2 Q F1 +(An ASCII escape character \(033\).)180 283.2 Q F3(\\h)144 295.2 Q F1 +(The hostname up to the \214rst \231.)180 295.2 Q<9a2e>-.7 E F3(\\H)144 +307.2 Q F1(The hostname.)180 307.2 Q F3(\\j)144 319.2 Q F1 +(The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.)180 319.2 Q F3(\\l) +144 331.2 Q F1(The basename of the shell')180 331.2 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G +(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name \(e.g., \231ttys0\232\).)-.25 E F3(\\n)144 +343.2 Q F1 2.5(An)180 343.2 S -.25(ew)-2.5 G(line.).25 E F3(\\r)144 +355.2 Q F1 2.5(Ac)180 355.2 S(arriage return.)-2.5 E F3(\\s)144 367.2 Q +F1(The name of the shell: the basename of)180 367.2 Q F3($0)2.5 E F1 +(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\).)-.25 E F3(\\t)144 +379.2 Q F1(The current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.)180 379.2 Q F3 +(\\T)144 391.2 Q F1(The current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.)180 +391.2 Q F3(\\@)144 403.2 Q F1(The current time in 12-hour am/pm format.) +180 403.2 Q F3(\\A)144 415.2 Q F1 +(The current time in 24-hour HH:MM format.)180 415.2 Q F3(\\u)144 427.2 +Q F1(The username of the current user)180 427.2 Q(.)-.55 E F3(\\v)144 +439.2 Q F1(The)180 439.2 Q F3(bash)2.5 E F1 -.15(ve)2.5 G +(rsion \(e.g., 2.00\).).15 E F3(\\V)144 451.2 Q F1(The)180 451.2 Q F3 (bash)2.5 E F1(release, v)2.5 E(ersion + patch le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F2(\\w)144 674.4 Q F1 1.645(The v) -180 674.4 R 1.645(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PWD)4.145 E F1 1.645(shell v) -4.145 F 1.645(ariable \()-.25 F F2($PWD)A F1 1.645(\), with)B F3($HOME) +2.5(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F3(\\w)144 463.2 Q F1 1.645(The v) +180 463.2 R 1.645(alue of the)-.25 F F3(PWD)4.145 E F1 1.645(shell v) +4.145 F 1.645(ariable \()-.25 F F3($PWD)A F1 1.645(\), with)B F4($HOME) 4.145 E F1(abbre)3.895 E 1.646(viated with a tilde)-.25 F(\(uses the v) -180 686.4 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F3(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E -F1 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\).).25 E F2(\\W)144 698.4 Q F1(The basename of) -180 698.4 Q F2($PWD)2.5 E F1 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F3($HOME)2.5 E F1 -(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(44)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 45 45 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\!)144 84 Q F1 -(The history number of this command.)180 84 Q F2(\\#)144 96 Q F1 -(The command number of this command.)180 96 Q F2(\\$)144 108 Q F1 -(If the ef)180 108 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E -F2(#)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F2($)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(\\)144 120 -Q F0(nnn)A F1(The character corresponding to the octal number)180 120 Q -F0(nnn)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(\\\\)144 132 Q F1 2.5(Ab)180 132 S(ackslash.)-2.5 -E F2(\\[)144 144 Q F1(Be)180 144 Q 1.128(gin a sequence of non-printing\ - characters, which could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F -(control sequence into the prompt.)180 156 Q F2(\\])144 168 Q F1 -(End a sequence of non-printing characters.)180 168 Q .119 -(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 184.8 R -.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(position\ - in the history list, which may include commands restored from the hist\ -ory \214le \(see)108 196.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.046 E(OR)-.162 -E(Y)-.315 E F1(be-)2.796 E(lo)108 208.8 Q .354(w\), while the command n\ -umber is the position in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .355(cuted during the current).15 F .823(shell session.)108 220.8 R -.822(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.823 F .822 +180 475.2 Q(alue of the)-.25 E F4(PR)2.5 E(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E +F1 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\).).25 E F3(\\W)144 487.2 Q F1(The basename of) +180 487.2 Q F3($PWD)2.5 E F1 2.5(,w)C(ith)-2.5 E F4($HOME)2.5 E F1 +(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde.)-.25 E F3(\\!)144 499.2 Q F1 +(The history number of this command.)180 499.2 Q F3(\\#)144 511.2 Q F1 +(The command number of this command.)180 511.2 Q F3(\\$)144 523.2 Q F1 +(If the ef)180 523.2 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E +F3(#)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F3($)2.5 E F1(.)A F3(\\)144 +535.2 Q F0(nnn)A F1(The character corresponding to the octal number)180 +535.2 Q F0(nnn)2.5 E F1(.)A F3(\\\\)144 547.2 Q F1 2.5(Ab)180 547.2 S +(ackslash.)-2.5 E F3(\\[)144 559.2 Q F1(Be)180 559.2 Q 1.128(gin a sequ\ +ence of non-printing characters, which could be used to embed a termina\ +l)-.15 F(control sequence into the prompt.)180 571.2 Q F3(\\])144 583.2 +Q F1(End a sequence of non-printing characters.)180 583.2 Q .119 +(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 600 R .12 +(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F .547(position in\ + the history list, which may include commands restored from the history\ + \214le \(see)108 612 R F4(HIST)3.046 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F1(be-) +2.796 E(lo)108 624 Q .354(w\), while the command number is the position\ + in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .355 +(cuted during the current).15 F .823(shell session.)108 636 R .822 +(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.823 F .822 (xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .822(xpansion, command substitution,) --.15 F .682(arithmetic e)108 232.8 R .682(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 -F -.25(va)-.15 G .682(l, subject to the v).25 F .683(alue of the)-.25 F -F2(pr)3.183 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F1 .683(shell option \(see the de-) -3.183 F 1.198(scription of the)108 244.8 R F2(shopt)3.698 E F1 1.198 -(command under)3.698 F F3 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197 +-.15 F .682(arithmetic e)108 648 R .682(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.15 G .682(l, subject to the v).25 F .683(alue of the)-.25 F F3 +(pr)3.183 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F1 .683(shell option \(see the de-) +3.183 F 1.198(scription of the)108 660 R F3(shopt)3.698 E F1 1.198 +(command under)3.698 F F4 1.197(SHELL B)3.697 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.197 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.447 E 3.697(w\). This)-.25 F 1.197 (can ha)3.697 F 1.497 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(nw).15 E(anted)-.1 E .322(side ef) -108 256.8 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within \ -command substitution or contain characters spe-)-.25 F(cial to w)108 -268.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE) -72 285.6 Q F1 .151 +108 672 R .322(fects if escaped portions of the string appear within co\ +mmand substitution or contain characters spe-)-.25 F(cial to w)108 684 Q +(ord e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(READLINE)72 700.8 Q F1 .151 (This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) -108 297.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F2 +108 712.8 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F3 (\255\255noediting)2.65 E F1(option)2.65 E .573(is supplied at shell in) -108 309.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 3.073(cation. Line).2 F .573 -(editing is also used when using the)3.073 F F23.073 E F1 .573 -(option to the)3.073 F F2 -.18(re)3.074 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)3.074 G -3.074(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 321.6 Q 1.244(ault, the line editing comma\ -nds are similar to those of emacs; a vi-style line editing interf)-.1 F -1.243(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 333.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 +108 724.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 3.073(cation. Line).2 F .573 +(editing is also used when using the)3.073 F F33.073 E F1 .573 +(option to the)3.073 F F3 -.18(re)3.074 G(ad).18 E F1 -.2(bu)3.074 G +3.074(iltin. By).2 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(45) +188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 46 46 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(def)108 84 Q 1.244(ault, the line editing commands\ + are similar to those of emacs; a vi-style line editing interf)-.1 F +1.243(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 96 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 (editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) --3.35 F F2 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F1(or)3.35 E F2 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F1 -.85(options to the)3.35 F F2(set)3.35 E F1 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E -(\(see)108 345.6 Q F3 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F1(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) --3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 +-3.35 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F1(or)3.35 E F2 .85 +(\255o vi)3.35 F F1 .85(options to the)3.35 F F2(set)3.35 E F1 -.2(bu) +3.35 G(iltin).2 E(\(see)108 108 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .763(SHELL B) +3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.013 E 3.263 +(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of)-3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 (ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F2(+o)3.262 E -(emacs)108 357.6 Q F1(or)2.5 E F2(+o vi)2.5 E F1(options to the)2.5 E F2 -(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(Readline Notation)87 374.4 Q +(emacs)108 120 Q F1(or)2.5 E F2(+o vi)2.5 E F1(options to the)2.5 E F2 +(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(Readline Notation)87 136.8 Q F1 .862(This section uses Emacs-style editing concepts and uses its not\ -ation for k)108 386.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 3.362(es. Control)-.1 -F -.1(ke)3.362 G .862(ys are de-)-.05 F .55(noted by C\255)108 398.4 R +ation for k)108 148.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 3.362(es. Control)-.1 +F -.1(ke)3.362 G .862(ys are de-)-.05 F .55(noted by C\255)108 160.8 R F0 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F1 3.05(,e)C .55(.g., C\255n means Control\255N.) -3.05 F(Similarly)5.55 E(,)-.65 E F0(meta)3.43 E F1 -.1(ke)3.31 G .55 (ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F F0 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F1 3.05(,s)C 3.05 -(oM)-3.05 G .55(\255x means)-3.05 F 2.5(Meta\255X. The)108 410.4 R +(oM)-3.05 G .55(\255x means)-3.05 F 2.5(Meta\255X. The)108 172.8 R (Meta k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(so).15 G(ften labeled \231)-2.5 E -(Alt\232 or \231Option\232.)-.8 E .149(On k)108 427.2 R -.15(ey)-.1 G +(Alt\232 or \231Option\232.)-.8 E .149(On k)108 189.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G .149(boards without a).15 F F0(Meta)3.329 E F1 -.1(ke)2.909 G 1.449 -.65 (y, M)-.05 H.65 E F0(x)A F1 .149(means ESC)2.649 F F0(x)2.649 E F1 2.649(,i)C .15(.e., press and release the Escape k)-2.649 F -.15(ey)-.1 -G 2.65(,t)-.5 G .15(hen press and)-2.65 F 1.217(release the)108 439.2 R +G 2.65(,t)-.5 G .15(hen press and)-2.65 F 1.217(release the)108 201.6 R F0(x)4.487 E F1 -.1(ke)4.247 G 2.517 -.65(y, i)-.05 H 3.716(ns).65 G 3.716(equence. This)-3.716 F(mak)3.716 E 1.216(es ESC the)-.1 F F0 1.216 (meta pr)3.716 F(e\214x)-.37 E F1 6.216(.T)C 1.216 (he combination M\255C\255)-6.216 F F0(x)A F1 1.216(means ESC)3.716 F -(Control\255)108 451.2 Q F0(x)A F1 2.93(:p)C .43 +(Control\255)108 213.6 Q F0(x)A F1 2.93(:p)C .43 (ress and release the Escape k)-2.93 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.93(,t)-.5 G .43 (hen press and hold the Control k)-2.93 F .73 -.15(ey w)-.1 H .43 (hile pressing the).15 F F0(x)3.7 E F1 -.1(ke)3.46 G -.65(y,)-.05 G -(then release both.)108 463.2 Q .217(On some k)108 480 R -.15(ey)-.1 G +(then release both.)108 225.6 Q .217(On some k)108 242.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G .217(boards, the Meta k).15 F .517 -.15(ey m)-.1 H .216 (odi\214er produces characters with the eighth bit \(0200\) set.).15 F --1.1(Yo)5.216 G 2.716(uc)1.1 G .216(an use)-2.716 F(the)108 492 Q F2 +-1.1(Yo)5.216 G 2.716(uc)1.1 G .216(an use)-2.716 F(the)108 254.4 Q F2 (enable\255meta\255k)3.315 E(ey)-.1 E F1 -.25(va)3.315 G .816 (riable to control whether or not it does this, if the k).25 F -.15(ey) -.1 G .816(board allo).15 F .816(ws it.)-.25 F .816(On man)5.816 F(y) --.15 E .568(others, the terminal or terminal emulator con)108 504 R -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .568(rts the meta\214ed k).15 F .868 -.15(ey t)-.1 H 3.068 +-.15 E .568(others, the terminal or terminal emulator con)108 266.4 R +-.15(ve)-.4 G .568(rts the meta\214ed k).15 F .868 -.15(ey t)-.1 H 3.068 (oak).15 G .868 -.15(ey s)-3.168 H .568(equence be).15 F .568 (ginning with ESC)-.15 F(as described in the preceding paragraph.)108 -516 Q .029(If your)108 532.8 R F0(Meta)2.529 E F1 -.1(ke)2.529 G 2.529 +278.4 Q .029(If your)108 295.2 R F0(Meta)2.529 E F1 -.1(ke)2.529 G 2.529 (yp)-.05 G .029(roduces a k)-2.529 F .329 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .03 (equence with the ESC meta pre\214x, you can mak).15 F 2.53(eM)-.1 G(-) -2.53 E F0 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F1 -.1(ke)2.53 G 2.53(yb)-.05 G .03 -(indings you)-2.53 F(specify \(see)108 544.8 Q F2(Readline K)2.5 E +(indings you)-2.53 F(specify \(see)108 307.2 Q F2(Readline K)2.5 E (ey Bindings)-.25 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\) do the same thing by setting the) -.25 E F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G -.18(rc).25 G(e\255meta\255pr).18 E(e\214x)-.18 -E F1 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable.).25 E F2(Readline)108 561.6 Q F1 .437 +E F1 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable.).25 E F2(Readline)108 324 Q F1 .437 (commands may be gi)2.937 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.937(nn).15 G(umeric)-2.937 E F0(ar)3.267 E(guments)-.37 E F1 2.936(,w).27 G .436 (hich normally act as a repeat count.)-2.936 F(Sometimes,)5.436 E(ho)108 -573.6 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti).4 G -3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 +336 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti).4 G 3.119 +(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 (gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne) .15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619 -(ument to a command that).18 F .296(acts in the forw)108 585.6 R .296 +(ument to a command that).18 F .296(acts in the forw)108 348 R .296 (ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F2(kill\255line)2.796 E F1 2.796(\)m)C(ak) -2.796 E .296(es that command act in a backw)-.1 F .296(ard direction.) --.1 F(Commands)5.296 E(whose beha)108 597.6 Q(vior with ar)-.2 E +-.1 F(Commands)5.296 E(whose beha)108 360 Q(vior with ar)-.2 E (guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo)-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G -(The)108 614.4 Q F0(point)3.245 E F1 .745 +(The)108 376.8 Q F0(point)3.245 E F1 .745 (is the current cursor position, and)3.245 F F0(mark)3.245 E F1 .745 (refers to a sa)3.245 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.245(dc).15 G .745 (ursor position.)-3.245 F .745(The te)5.745 F .745(xt between the)-.15 F -.447(point and mark is referred to as the)108 626.4 R F0 -.37(re)2.947 G +.447(point and mark is referred to as the)108 388.8 R F0 -.37(re)2.947 G (gion)-.03 E F1(.)A F2(Readline)5.447 E F1 .447(has the concept of an) 2.947 F F0 .447(active r)2.947 F -.4(eg)-.37 G(ion).4 E F1 2.946(:w)C -.446(hen the re)-2.946 F(gion)-.15 E .304(is acti)108 638.4 R -.15(ve) +.446(hen the re)-2.946 F(gion)-.15 E .304(is acti)108 400.8 R -.15(ve) -.25 G(,).15 E F2 -.18(re)2.804 G(adline).18 E F1 .304 (redisplay highlights the re)2.804 F .305(gion using the v)-.15 F .305 (alue of the)-.25 F F2(acti)2.805 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(-r).1 E -(egion-start-color)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)2.805 G(riable.).25 E(The)108 650.4 +(egion-start-color)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)2.805 G(riable.).25 E(The)108 412.8 Q F2(enable\255acti)2.759 E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion)-.18 E F1 -.25 (va)2.759 G .259(riable turns this on and of).25 F 2.759(f. Se)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .259(ral commands set the re).15 F .258(gion to acti)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.758(;t).15 G(hose)-2.758 E(are noted belo)108 662.4 Q --.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 679.2 R F0 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.758(;t).15 G(hose)-2.758 E(are noted belo)108 424.8 Q +-.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 441.6 R F0 (killing)3.311 E F1(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 (xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812 (or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F0 -(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 691.2 Q F1 3.674(\). The)B 1.174(killed te)3.674 +(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 453.6 Q F1 3.674(\). The)B 1.174(killed te)3.674 F 1.174(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.674(di).15 G 3.674(na)-3.674 G F0 1.174(kill ring)B F1 6.174(.C)C(onsecuti)-6.174 E 1.474 -.15(ve k) -.25 H 1.174(ills accumulate the deleted te).15 F 1.173 -(xt into one unit,)-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 703.2 R .567 +(xt into one unit,)-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 465.6 R .567 (ed all at once.)-.1 F .567(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 (xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) -108 715.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(45)185.955 -E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 46 46 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline Initialization)87 84 -Q(Readline)108 96 Q F1 .913 +108 477.6 Q F2(Readline Initialization)87 494.4 Q(Readline)108 506.4 Q +F1 .913 (is customized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the) 3.413 F F0(inputr)3.412 E(c)-.37 E F1 3.412(\214le\). The)3.412 F .912 -(name of this)3.412 F 2.517(\214le is tak)108 108 R 2.517(en from the v) --.1 F 2.517(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INPUTRC)5.017 E F1 +(name of this)3.412 F 2.517(\214le is tak)108 518.4 R 2.517 +(en from the v)-.1 F 2.517(alue of the)-.25 F F3(INPUTRC)5.017 E F1 2.518(shell v)4.767 F 5.018(ariable. If)-.25 F 2.518(that v)5.018 F 2.518(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F 2.518(ault is)-.1 F F0 -(\001/.inputr)109.666 120 Q(c)-.37 E F1 5.389(.I)1.666 G 2.889(ft)-5.389 -G .389(hat \214le)-2.889 F .389(does not e)5.389 F .389 +(\001/.inputr)109.666 530.4 Q(c)-.37 E F1 5.389(.I)1.666 G 2.889(ft) +-5.389 G .389(hat \214le)-2.889 F .389(does not e)5.389 F .389 (xist or cannot be read,)-.15 F F2 -.18(re)2.888 G(adline).18 E F1 .388 (looks for)2.888 F F0(/etc/inputr)4.554 E(c)-.37 E F1 5.388(.W)1.666 G -.388(hen a program)-5.388 F .808(that uses the)108 132 R F2 -.18(re) +.388(hen a program)-5.388 F .808(that uses the)108 542.4 R F2 -.18(re) 3.308 G(adline).18 E F1 .809(library starts up,)3.309 F F2 -.18(re)3.309 G(adline).18 E F1 .809(reads the initialization \214le and sets the k) -3.309 F 1.109 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .809(indings and).15 F -.25(va)108 144 S +3.309 F 1.109 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .809(indings and).15 F -.25(va)108 554.4 S (riables found there, before reading an).25 E 2.5(yu)-.15 G(ser input.) --2.5 E .34(There are only a fe)108 160.8 R 2.84(wb)-.25 G .34 +-2.5 E .34(There are only a fe)108 571.2 R 2.84(wb)-.25 G .34 (asic constructs allo)-2.84 F .34(wed in the inputrc \214le.)-.25 F .34 (Blank lines are ignored.)5.34 F .34(Lines be)5.34 F(ginning)-.15 E .778 -(with a)108 172.8 R F2(#)3.278 E F1 .778(are comments.)3.278 F .778 +(with a)108 583.2 R F2(#)3.278 E F1 .778(are comments.)3.278 F .778 (Lines be)5.778 F .778(ginning with a)-.15 F F2($)3.278 E F1 .778 (indicate conditional constructs.)3.278 F .779(Other lines denote k) -5.778 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(bindings and v)108 184.8 Q(ariable settings.)-.25 -E .775(The def)108 201.6 R .775(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .775 +5.778 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(bindings and v)108 595.2 Q(ariable settings.)-.25 +E .775(The def)108 612 R .775(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .775 (-bindings in this section may be changed using k).15 F 1.075 -.15(ey b) -.1 H .775(inding commands in the).15 F F0(inputr)3.285 E(c)-.37 E F1 -(\214le.)3.585 E(Programs that use the)108 213.6 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G +(\214le.)3.585 E(Programs that use the)108 624 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G (adline).18 E F1(library)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G(ncluding)-2.5 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1 2.5(,m)C(ay add their o)-2.5 E(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E --.15(Fo)108 230.4 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)-2.65 E -(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 247.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E -(gument)-.18 E(or)108 259.2 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 271.2 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 288 Q F0(inputr)2.51 -E(c)-.37 E F1 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e)-2.5 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the).15 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 +-.15(Fo)108 640.8 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample, placing)-2.65 E +(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 657.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E +(gument)-.18 E(or)108 669.6 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 681.6 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 698.4 Q F0(inputr) +2.51 E(c)-.37 E F1 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e) +-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the).15 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 (command)2.5 E F0(univer)2.58 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F1(.).68 E --2.15 -.25(Ke y)108 304.8 T 1.442(bindings may contain the follo)4.192 F +-2.15 -.25(Ke y)108 715.2 T 1.442(bindings may contain the follo)4.192 F 1.442(wing symbolic character names:)-.25 F F0(DEL)4.522 E F1(,).53 E F0 (ESC)4.453 E F1(,).72 E F0(ESCAPE)4.453 E F1(,).73 E F0(LFD)4.523 E F1 -(,).28 E F0(NEW)4.643 E(-)-.37 E(LINE)108 316.8 Q F1(,).73 E F0(RET)3.13 +(,).28 E F0(NEW)4.643 E(-)-.37 E(LINE)108 727.2 Q F1(,).73 E F0(RET)3.13 E F1(,)1.27 E F0(RETURN)3.13 E F1(,)1.1 E F0 -.4(RU)2.5 G(BOUT).4 E F1 (\(a destructi)3.77 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.25 H(ackspace\),).15 E F0(SP)2.83 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F1(,).73 E F0(SPC)2.83 E F1 2.5(,a).72 G(nd)-2.5 E -F0 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F1(.).27 E .079(In addition to command names,)108 -333.6 R F2 -.18(re)2.579 G(adline).18 E F1(allo)2.579 E .079(ws k)-.25 F --.15(ey)-.1 G 2.579(st).15 G 2.579(ob)-2.579 G 2.579(eb)-2.579 G .078 -(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.579 F .378 -.15(ey i) --.1 H(s).15 E .192(pressed \(a)108 345.6 R F0(macr)2.692 E(o)-.45 E F1 -2.692(\). The)B(dif)2.692 E .192(ference between a macro and a command \ -is that a macro is enclosed in single or)-.25 F(double quotes.)108 357.6 -Q F2(Readline K)87 374.4 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F1 .366 -(The syntax for controlling k)108 386.4 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 +F0 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F1(.).27 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(46)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 47 47 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .079(In addition to command names,)108 84 R/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)2.579 G(adline).18 E F1(allo)2.579 E .079(ws k) +-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.579(st).15 G 2.579(ob)-2.579 G 2.579(eb)-2.579 G +.078(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.579 F .378 -.15 +(ey i)-.1 H(s).15 E .192(pressed \(a)108 96 R F0(macr)2.692 E(o)-.45 E +F1 2.692(\). The)B(dif)2.692 E .192(ference between a macro and a comma\ +nd is that a macro is enclosed in single or)-.25 F(double quotes.)108 +108 Q F2(Readline K)87 124.8 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F1 .366 +(The syntax for controlling k)108 136.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 (indings in the).15 F F0(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F1 .366 (\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the) -5.366 F .011(command or the te)108 398.4 R .011(xt of a macro and a k) +5.366 F .011(command or the te)108 148.8 R .011(xt of a macro and a k) -.15 F .311 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .012(equence to which it should be bound.) .15 F .012(The k)5.012 F .312 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .012(equence may be).15 F -.695(speci\214ed in one of tw)108 410.4 R 3.195(ow)-.1 G .695 +.695(speci\214ed in one of tw)108 160.8 R 3.195(ow)-.1 G .695 (ays: as a symbolic k)-3.295 F .995 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .695 (ame, possibly with).15 F F0(Meta\255)3.195 E F1(or)3.195 E F0(Contr) 3.194 E(ol\255)-.45 E F1(pre\214x)3.194 E .694(es, or as a)-.15 F -.1 -(ke)108 422.4 S 2.802(ys)-.05 G .302 +(ke)108 172.8 S 2.802(ys)-.05 G .302 (equence composed of one or more characters enclosed in double quotes.) -2.802 F .303(The k)5.303 F .603 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .303(equence and name) -.15 F(are separated by a colon.)108 434.4 Q +.15 F(are separated by a colon.)108 184.8 Q (There can be no whitespace between the name and the colon.)5 E .161 -(When using the form)108 451.2 R F2 -.1(ke)2.661 G(yname).1 E F1(:)A F0 +(When using the form)108 201.6 R F2 -.1(ke)2.661 G(yname).1 E F1(:)A F0 (function\255name).833 E F1(or)2.661 E F0(macr)2.661 E(o)-.45 E F1(,)A F0 -.1(ke)2.661 G(yname)-.2 E F1 .16(is the name of a k)2.84 F .46 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .16(pelled out in Eng-).15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 463.2 R(or e) --.15 E(xample:)-.15 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF -(Control-u: universal\255argument)144 480 Q -(Meta-Rubout: backward\255kill\255word)144 492 Q(Control-o: "> output") -144 504 Q F1 .698(In the abo)108 520.8 R .998 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,) -.15 E F0(C\255u)3.038 E F1 .698(is bound to the function)3.448 F F2(uni) -3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F1(,)A F0(M\255DEL) -3.878 E F1 .698(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 532.8 Q F2 +(ey s)-.1 H .16(pelled out in Eng-).15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 213.6 R(or e) +-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF +(Control-u: universal\255argument)144 230.4 Q +(Meta-Rubout: backward\255kill\255word)144 242.4 Q +(Control-o: "> output")144 254.4 Q F1 .698(In the abo)108 271.2 R .998 +-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F0(C\255u)3.038 E F1 .698 +(is bound to the function)3.448 F F2(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G +(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F1(,)A F0(M\255DEL)3.878 E F1 .698 +(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 283.2 Q F2 (backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F1 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F0 (C\255o)2.599 E F1 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258 (xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108 -544.8 Q(xt \231> output\232 into the line\).)-.15 E .055 -(In the second form,)108 561.6 R F2("k)2.555 E(eyseq")-.1 E F1(:)A F0 +295.2 Q(xt \231> output\232 into the line\).)-.15 E .055 +(In the second form,)108 312 R F2("k)2.555 E(eyseq")-.1 E F1(:)A F0 (function\255name).833 E F1(or)2.555 E F0(macr)2.555 E(o)-.45 E F1(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F1(dif)2.556 E .056(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1 (ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F1(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15(ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 -G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284(denoting an entire k)108 573.6 R 1.584 +G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284(denoting an entire k)108 324 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence may be speci\214ed by placing the sequenc\ e within double quotes.).15 F(Some)6.284 E .101(GNU Emacs style k)108 -585.6 R .401 -.15(ey e)-.1 H .102(scapes can be used, as in the follo) -.15 F .102(wing e)-.25 F .102(xample, b)-.15 F .102 -(ut none of the symbolic character)-.2 F(names are recognized.)108 597.6 -Q F4("\\C\255u": universal\255argument)144 614.4 Q -("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255file)144 626.4 Q -("\\e[11\001": "Function Key 1")144 638.4 Q F1 .315(In this e)108 655.2 +336 R .401 -.15(ey e)-.1 H .102(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 +F .102(wing e)-.25 F .102(xample, b)-.15 F .102 +(ut none of the symbolic character)-.2 F(names are recognized.)108 348 Q +F3("\\C\255u": universal\255argument)144 364.8 Q +("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255file)144 376.8 Q +("\\e[11\001": "Function Key 1")144 388.8 Q F1 .315(In this e)108 405.6 R(xample,)-.15 E F0(C\255u)2.655 E F1 .315(is ag)3.065 F .315 (ain bound to the function)-.05 F F2(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 G (rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F1(.)A F0 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F1 -.314(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 667.2 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G +.314(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 417.6 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G .18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F0 (ESC [ 1 1 \001)3.01 E F1(is bound to insert the te)2.61 E (xt \231Function K)-.15 E .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H<9a2e>.15 E -(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences a)108 684 Q -.25(va) +(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences a)108 434.4 Q -.25(va) -.2 G(ilable when specifying k).25 E .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(equences is).15 -E F2<5c43ad>144 696 Q F1 2.5(Ac)180 696 S(ontrol pre\214x.)-2.5 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(46)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 47 47 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<5c4dad>144 84 Q F1 .747 -(Adding the meta pre\214x or con)180 84 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .747 -(rting the follo).15 F .747(wing character to a meta character)-.25 F -3.248(,a)-.4 G 3.248(sd)-3.248 G(e-)-3.248 E(scribed belo)180 96 Q 2.5 -(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.5 E F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G -.18(rc).25 G(e-meta-pr).18 E -(e\214x)-.18 E F1(.)A F2(\\e)144 108 Q F1(An escape character)180 108 Q -(.)-.55 E F2(\\\\)144 120 Q F1(Backslash.)180 120 Q F2(\\")144 132 Q F1 -(Literal ", a double quote.)180 132 Q F2<5c08>144 144 Q F1 -(Literal \010, a single quote.)180 144 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs s\ -tyle escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 160.8 -Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 172.8 Q F1(alert \(bell\))180 -172.8 Q F2(\\b)144 184.8 Q F1(backspace)180 184.8 Q F2(\\d)144 196.8 Q -F1(delete)180 196.8 Q F2(\\f)144 208.8 Q F1(form feed)180 208.8 Q F2 -(\\n)144 220.8 Q F1(ne)180 220.8 Q(wline)-.25 E F2(\\r)144 232.8 Q F1 -(carriage return)180 232.8 Q F2(\\t)144 244.8 Q F1(horizontal tab)180 -244.8 Q F2(\\v)144 256.8 Q F1 -.15(ve)180 256.8 S(rtical tab).15 E F2 -(\\)144 268.8 Q F0(nnn)A F1(The eight-bit character whose v)180 268.8 Q -(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F0(nnn)2.5 E F1 -(\(one to three digits\).)2.5 E F2(\\x)144 280.8 Q F0(HH)A F1 -(The eight-bit character whose v)180 280.8 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E -(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F0(HH)2.5 E F1(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) --.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\).).15 E 1.142(When entering the te)108 -297.6 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to in\ -dicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .62(Unquoted te)108 309.6 R .62 -(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F .62 -(The backslash escapes described abo)5.62 F .92 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .62 -(re e).15 F .62(xpanded in)-.15 F(the macro body)108 321.6 Q 5(.B)-.65 G +E F2<5c43ad>144 446.4 Q F1 2.5(Ac)180 446.4 S(ontrol pre\214x.)-2.5 E F2 +<5c4dad>144 458.4 Q F1 .747(Adding the meta pre\214x or con)180 458.4 R +-.15(ve)-.4 G .747(rting the follo).15 F .747 +(wing character to a meta character)-.25 F 3.248(,a)-.4 G 3.248(sd) +-3.248 G(e-)-3.248 E(scribed belo)180 470.4 Q 2.5(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.5 E +F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G -.18(rc).25 G(e-meta-pr).18 E(e\214x)-.18 E F1(.)A F2 +(\\e)144 482.4 Q F1(An escape character)180 482.4 Q(.)-.55 E F2(\\\\)144 +494.4 Q F1(Backslash.)180 494.4 Q F2(\\")144 506.4 Q F1 +(Literal ", a double quote.)180 506.4 Q F2<5c08>144 518.4 Q F1 +(Literal \010, a single quote.)180 518.4 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs\ + style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 +535.2 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 547.2 Q F1 +(alert \(bell\))180 547.2 Q F2(\\b)144 559.2 Q F1(backspace)180 559.2 Q +F2(\\d)144 571.2 Q F1(delete)180 571.2 Q F2(\\f)144 583.2 Q F1 +(form feed)180 583.2 Q F2(\\n)144 595.2 Q F1(ne)180 595.2 Q(wline)-.25 E +F2(\\r)144 607.2 Q F1(carriage return)180 607.2 Q F2(\\t)144 619.2 Q F1 +(horizontal tab)180 619.2 Q F2(\\v)144 631.2 Q F1 -.15(ve)180 631.2 S +(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\)144 643.2 Q F0(nnn)A F1 +(The eight-bit character whose v)180 643.2 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E +(alue)-.25 E F0(nnn)2.5 E F1(\(one to three digits\).)2.5 E F2(\\x)144 +655.2 Q F0(HH)A F1(The eight-bit character whose v)180 655.2 Q +(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F0(HH)2.5 E F1 +(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\).).15 E 1.142 +(When entering the te)108 672 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double q\ +uotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .62 +(Unquoted te)108 684 R .62(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F +.62(The backslash escapes described abo)5.62 F .92 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .62 +(re e).15 F .62(xpanded in)-.15 F(the macro body)108 696 Q 5(.B)-.65 G (ackslash quotes an)-5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G(ther character in the macro te) --2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E F2(Bash)108 338.4 Q F1 1.197 +-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E F2(Bash)108 712.8 Q F1 1.197 (will display or modify the current)3.697 F F2 -.18(re)3.696 G(adline) .18 E F1 -.1(ke)3.696 G 3.696(yb)-.05 G 1.196(indings with the)-3.696 F F2(bind)3.696 E F1 -.2(bu)3.696 G 1.196(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.196 E -F23.696 E(emacs)108 350.4 Q F1(or)3.673 E F2 1.173(\255o vi)3.673 +F23.696 E(emacs)108 724.8 Q F1(or)3.673 E F2 1.173(\255o vi)3.673 F F1 1.173(options to the)3.673 F F2(set)3.673 E F1 -.2(bu)3.673 G 1.174 -(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.174(SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E +(iltin \(see).2 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.174(SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.174(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)3.424 E 1.174(w\) change the editing) --.25 F(mode during interacti)108 362.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(se.).15 E -F2(Readline V)87 379.2 Q(ariables)-.92 E(Readline)108 391.2 Q F1 .453 -(has v)2.953 F .452 +-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(47)188.45 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 48 48 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(mode during interacti)108 84 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H +(se.).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline V)87 100.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E +(Readline)108 112.8 Q F1 .453(has v)2.953 F .452 (ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E 5.452(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .452(riable may be set in the).25 F F0 -(in-)2.962 E(putr)108 403.2 Q(c)-.37 E F1 -(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F2(set)144 420 Q F0 -(variable\255name value)2.5 E F1(or using the)108 432 Q F2(bind)2.5 E F1 --.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .626 -(Except where noted,)108 448.8 R F2 -.18(re)3.127 G(adline).18 E F1 -.25 +(in-)2.962 E(putr)108 124.8 Q(c)-.37 E F1 +(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F2(set)144 141.6 Q F0 +(variable\255name value)2.5 E F1(or using the)108 153.6 Q F2(bind)2.5 E +F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B) +2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .626 +(Except where noted,)108 170.4 R F2 -.18(re)3.127 G(adline).18 E F1 -.25 (va)3.127 G .627(riables can tak).25 F 3.127(et)-.1 G .627(he v)-3.127 F (alues)-.25 E F2(On)3.127 E F1(or)3.127 E F2(Off)3.127 E F1 .627 (\(without re)3.127 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .627(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-) -5.627 E .345(nized v)108 460.8 R .345(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F +5.627 E .345(nized v)108 182.4 R .345(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F (When)5.345 E F2 -.18(re)2.845 G(adline).18 E F1 .345(reads a v)2.845 F .345(ariable v)-.25 F .345(alue, empty or null v)-.25 F .345 -(alues, \231on\232 \(case-)-.25 F(insensiti)108 472.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(alues, \231on\232 \(case-)-.25 F(insensiti)108 194.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G (\), and \2311\232 are equi).15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(On)2.5 E F1 5(.A)C(ll other v)-5 E(alues are equi)-.25 E -.25(va)-.25 G -(lent to).25 E F2(Off)2.5 E F1(.)A(The)108 489.6 Q F2 .713(bind \255V) +(lent to).25 E F2(Off)2.5 E F1(.)A(The)108 211.2 Q F2 .713(bind \255V) 3.213 F F1 .713(command lists the current)3.213 F F2 -.18(re)3.213 G (adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)3.214 G .714(riable names and v).25 F .714 (alues \(see)-.25 F F3 .714(SHELL B)3.214 F(UIL)-.09 E .714(TIN COM-) --.828 F(MANDS)108 501.6 Q F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(The v)108 518.4 Q +-.828 F(MANDS)108 223.2 Q F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(The v)108 240 Q (ariables and their def)-.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alues are:)-.25 E F2(acti) -108 535.2 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1 -2.73(As)144 547.2 S .23(tring v)-2.73 F .23 +108 256.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1 +2.73(As)144 268.8 S .23(tring v)-2.73 F .23 (ariable that controls the te)-.25 F .229 (xt color and background when displaying the te)-.15 F .229 -(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 559.2 Q 1.526 +(xt in the acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(re)144 280.8 Q 1.526 (gion \(see the description of)-.15 F F2(enable\255acti)4.026 E -.1(ve) -.1 G.1 E(egion)-.18 E F1(belo)4.026 E 4.026(w\). This)-.25 F 1.526(string must not tak)4.026 F 4.027(eu)-.1 G 4.027(pa)-4.027 G -.15 -(ny)-4.027 G(ph)144 571.2 Q .284 +(ny)-4.027 G(ph)144 292.8 Q .284 (ysical character positions on the display)-.05 F 2.784(,s)-.65 G 2.784 (oi)-2.784 G 2.784(ts)-2.784 G .283 (hould consist only of terminal escape sequences.)-2.784 F .45 -(It is output to the terminal before displaying the te)144 583.2 R .45 +(It is output to the terminal before displaying the te)144 304.8 R .45 (xt in the acti)-.15 F .75 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.95 (ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.95 G .45(riable is reset to).25 F .379 -(the def)144 595.2 R .379(ault v)-.1 F .379(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve) +(the def)144 316.8 R .379(ault v)-.1 F .379(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.879(rt).15 G .379(he terminal type changes.)-2.879 F .379 (The def)5.379 F .379(ault v)-.1 F .378 (alue is the string that puts the)-.25 F .654 -(terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal')144 607.2 R +(terminal in standout mode, as obtained from the terminal')144 328.8 R 3.155(st)-.55 G .655(erminfo description.)-3.155 F 3.155(As)5.655 G .655 -(ample v)-3.155 F(alue)-.25 E(might be \231\\e[01;33m\232.)144 619.2 Q -F2(acti)108 631.2 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255end\255color)-.18 E -F1 3.778(As)144 643.2 S 1.278(tring v)-3.778 F 1.277 +(ample v)-3.155 F(alue)-.25 E(might be \231\\e[01;33m\232.)144 340.8 Q +F2(acti)108 352.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255end\255color)-.18 E +F1 3.778(As)144 364.8 S 1.278(tring v)-3.778 F 1.277 (ariable that \231undoes\232 the ef)-.25 F 1.277(fects of)-.25 F F2 (acti)3.777 E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1 1.277(and restores \231normal\232)3.777 F .216 -(terminal display appearance after displaying te)144 655.2 R .216 +(terminal display appearance after displaying te)144 376.8 R .216 (xt in the acti)-.15 F .516 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.716 (ion. This).15 F .216(string must not tak)2.716 F 2.716(eu)-.1 G(p) --2.716 E(an)144 667.2 Q 3.738(yp)-.15 G -.05(hy)-3.738 G 1.238 +-2.716 E(an)144 388.8 Q 3.738(yp)-.15 G -.05(hy)-3.738 G 1.238 (sical character positions on the display).05 F 3.737(,s)-.65 G 3.737 (oi)-3.737 G 3.737(ts)-3.737 G 1.237 (hould consist only of terminal escape se-)-3.737 F 2.927(quences. It) -144 679.2 R .427(is output to the terminal after displaying the te)2.927 +144 400.8 R .427(is output to the terminal after displaying the te)2.927 F .428(xt in the acti)-.15 F .728 -.15(ve r)-.25 H -.15(eg).15 G 2.928 (ion. This).15 F -.25(va)2.928 G .428(riable is).25 F .519 -(reset to the def)144 691.2 R .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue whene)-.25 F +(reset to the def)144 412.8 R .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue whene)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.018(rt).15 G .518(he terminal type changes.)-3.018 F .518(The def)5.518 F .518(ault v)-.1 F .518(alue is the string that)-.25 F .251(restores the terminal from standout mode, as obtained from the t\ -erminal')144 703.2 R 2.752(st)-.55 G .252(erminfo description.)-2.752 F -(A)5.252 E(sample v)144 715.2 Q(alue might be \231\\e[0m\232.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(47)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 48 48 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bell\255style \(audible\))108 -84 Q F1 1.284(Controls what happens when)144 96 R F2 -.18(re)3.784 G -(adline).18 E F1 -.1(wa)3.784 G 1.284(nts to ring the terminal bell.).1 -F 1.284(If set to)6.284 F F2(none)3.784 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.784 G -(adline).18 E F1(ne)144 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.644(rr).15 G .144 -(ings the bell.)-2.644 F .144(If set to)5.144 F F2(visible)2.644 E F1(,) -A F2 -.18(re)2.644 G(adline).18 E F1 .145 -(uses a visible bell if one is a)2.644 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.645(ilable. If) -.25 F .145(set to)2.645 F F2(audi-)2.645 E(ble)144 120 Q F1(,)A F2 -.18 -(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1(attempts to ring the terminal')2.5 E 2.5(sb) --.55 G(ell.)-2.5 E F2(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 132 Q -F1 .516(If set to)144 144 R F2(On)3.016 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.016 G -(adline).18 E F1 .516(attempts to bind the control characters that are \ -treated specially by the k)3.016 F(er)-.1 E(-)-.2 E(nel')144 156 Q 3.605 -(st)-.55 G 1.105(erminal dri)-3.605 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.605(rt).15 G -3.605(ot)-3.605 G(heir)-3.605 E F2 -.18(re)3.605 G(adline).18 E F1(equi) -3.605 E -.25(va)-.25 G 3.605(lents. These).25 F -.15(ove)3.605 G 1.105 -(rride the def).15 F(ault)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)3.605 G(adline).18 E F1 -(bindings)3.605 E .859(described here.)144 168 R -.8(Ty)5.859 G .859 +erminal')144 424.8 R 2.752(st)-.55 G .252(erminfo description.)-2.752 F +(A)5.252 E(sample v)144 436.8 Q(alue might be \231\\e[0m\232.)-.25 E F2 +(bell\255style \(audible\))108 448.8 Q F1 1.284 +(Controls what happens when)144 460.8 R F2 -.18(re)3.784 G(adline).18 E +F1 -.1(wa)3.784 G 1.284(nts to ring the terminal bell.).1 F 1.284 +(If set to)6.284 F F2(none)3.784 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.784 G(adline).18 +E F1(ne)144 472.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.644(rr).15 G .144(ings the bell.) +-2.644 F .144(If set to)5.144 F F2(visible)2.644 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re) +2.644 G(adline).18 E F1 .145(uses a visible bell if one is a)2.644 F +-.25(va)-.2 G 2.645(ilable. If).25 F .145(set to)2.645 F F2(audi-)2.645 +E(ble)144 484.8 Q F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 +(attempts to ring the terminal')2.5 E 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.)-2.5 E F2 +(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 496.8 Q F1 .516(If set to) +144 508.8 R F2(On)3.016 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.016 G(adline).18 E F1 .516 +(attempts to bind the control characters that are treated specially by \ +the k)3.016 F(er)-.1 E(-)-.2 E(nel')144 520.8 Q 3.605(st)-.55 G 1.105 +(erminal dri)-3.605 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.605(rt).15 G 3.605(ot)-3.605 G +(heir)-3.605 E F2 -.18(re)3.605 G(adline).18 E F1(equi)3.605 E -.25(va) +-.25 G 3.605(lents. These).25 F -.15(ove)3.605 G 1.105(rride the def).15 +F(ault)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)3.605 G(adline).18 E F1(bindings)3.605 E .859 +(described here.)144 532.8 R -.8(Ty)5.859 G .859 (pe \231stty \255a\232 at a).8 F F2(bash)3.359 E F1 .858 (prompt to see your current terminal settings, including)3.359 F -(the special control characters \(usually)144 180 Q F2(cchars)2.5 E F1 -(\).)A F2(blink\255matching\255par)108 192 Q(en \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .056 -(If set to)144 204 R F2(On)2.556 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.556 G(adline).18 -E F1 .056(attempts to brie\215y mo)2.556 F .356 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .057 -(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F -(parenthesis is inserted.)144 216 Q F2(color)108 228 Q +(the special control characters \(usually)144 544.8 Q F2(cchars)2.5 E F1 +(\).)A F2(blink\255matching\255par)108 556.8 Q(en \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .056 +(If set to)144 568.8 R F2(On)2.556 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.556 G(adline) +.18 E F1 .056(attempts to brie\215y mo)2.556 F .356 -.15(ve t)-.15 H +.057(he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F +(parenthesis is inserted.)144 580.8 Q F2(color)108 592.8 Q (ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .352(If set to) -144 240 R F2(On)2.852 E F1 2.852(,w)C .352(hen listing completions,) +144 604.8 R F2(On)2.852 E F1 2.852(,w)C .352(hen listing completions,) -2.852 F F2 -.18(re)2.852 G(adline).18 E F1 .352 (displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)2.852 F 2.935 -(completions using a dif)144 252 R 2.935(ferent color)-.25 F 7.936(.T) +(completions using a dif)144 616.8 R 2.935(ferent color)-.25 F 7.936(.T) -.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.936 -(en from the v)-.1 F 2.936(alue of the)-.25 F F2(LS_COLORS)144 264 Q F1 -(en)3.077 E .577(vironment v)-.4 F 3.077(ariable. If)-.25 F .577 +(en from the v)-.1 F 2.936(alue of the)-.25 F F2(LS_COLORS)144 628.8 Q +F1(en)3.077 E .577(vironment v)-.4 F 3.077(ariable. If)-.25 F .577 (there is a color de\214nition in)3.077 F F2($LS_COLORS)3.077 E F1 .577 -(for the cus-)3.077 F .926(tom suf)144 276 R .926 +(for the cus-)3.077 F .926(tom suf)144 640.8 R .926 (\214x \231.readline-colored-completion-pre\214x\232,)-.25 F F2 -.18(re) 3.426 G(adline).18 E F1 .926(uses this color for the common pre\214x) -3.426 F(instead of its def)144 288 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(color)108 300 Q -(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F1 1.393(If set to)144 312 R F2(On)3.893 E +3.426 F(instead of its def)144 652.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(color)108 664.8 Q +(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F1 1.393(If set to)144 676.8 R F2(On)3.893 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.893 G(adline).18 E F1 1.393 (displays possible completions using dif)3.893 F 1.393 -(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 324 R +(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 688.8 R (color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the)-.25 E F2(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F1(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2 -(comment\255begin \()108 336 Q F1<99>A F2(#)A F1<9a>A F2(\))A F1 .477 -(The string that the)144 348 R F2 -.18(re)2.977 G .477 +(comment\255begin \()108 700.8 Q F1<99>A F2(#)A F1<9a>A F2(\))A F1 .477 +(The string that the)144 712.8 R F2 -.18(re)2.977 G .477 (adline insert\255comment).18 F F1 .477(command inserts.)2.977 F .477 (This command is bound to)5.477 F F2(M\255#)2.977 E F1 -(in emacs mode and to)144 360 Q F2(#)2.5 E F1(in vi command mode.)2.5 E -F2(completion\255display\255width \(\2551\))108 372 Q F1 1.453(The numb\ -er of screen columns used to display possible matches when performing c\ -ompletion.)144 384 R 1.106(The v)144 396 R 1.106(alue is ignored if it \ -is less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width.)-.25 F 3.606 -(Av)6.106 G 1.106(alue of 0)-3.856 F -(causes matches to be displayed one per line.)144 408 Q(The def)5 E -(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F2(completion\255ignor)108 420 Q -(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F1(If set to)144 432 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1(,)A F2 +(in emacs mode and to)144 724.8 Q F2(#)2.5 E F1(in vi command mode.)2.5 +E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(48)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 49 49 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(completion\255display\255width \(\2551\))108 84 Q F1 1.453(The number \ +of screen columns used to display possible matches when performing comp\ +letion.)144 96 R 1.106(The v)144 108 R 1.106(alue is ignored if it is l\ +ess than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width.)-.25 F 3.606(Av) +6.106 G 1.106(alue of 0)-3.856 F +(causes matches to be displayed one per line.)144 120 Q(The def)5 E +(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F2(completion\255ignor)108 132 Q +(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F1(If set to)144 144 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 (performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255insensiti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F2 -(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 444 Q F1 1.574(If set to)144 456 +(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 156 Q F1 1.574(If set to)144 168 R F2(On)4.074 E F1 4.074(,a)C(nd)-4.074 E F2(completion\255ignor)4.074 E (e\255case)-.18 E F1 1.574(is enabled,)4.074 F F2 -.18(re)4.074 G (adline).18 E F1 1.574(treats h)4.074 F 1.574(yphens \()-.05 F F0A -F1 4.073(\)a)C 1.573(nd under)-4.073 F(-)-.2 E(scores \()144 468 Q F0(_) +F1 4.073(\)a)C 1.573(nd under)-4.073 F(-)-.2 E(scores \()144 180 Q F0(_) A F1 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G(qui)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G (lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E .3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 H -(lename matching and completion.).15 E F2(completion\255pr)108 480 Q +(lename matching and completion.).15 E F2(completion\255pr)108 192 Q (e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F1 .689(The maximum length in\ characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions th\ -at is)144 492 R .244(displayed without modi\214cation.)144 504 R .243 +at is)144 204 R .244(displayed without modi\214cation.)144 216 R .243 (When set to a v)5.243 F .243(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F F2 -.18(re) -2.743 G(adline).18 E F1 .243(replaces common)2.743 F(pre\214x)144 516 Q +2.743 G(adline).18 E F1 .243(replaces common)2.743 F(pre\214x)144 228 Q .102(es longer than this v)-.15 F .102 (alue with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.)-.25 F .103 -(If a comple-)5.102 F .135(tion be)144 528 R .135 +(If a comple-)5.102 F .135(tion be)144 240 R .135 (gins with a period, and)-.15 F F2(eadline)2.635 E F1 .134 (is completing \214lenames, it uses three underscores instead of)2.635 F -(an ellipsis.)144 540 Q F2(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 552 -Q F1 .529(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 564 R +(an ellipsis.)144 252 Q F2(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 264 +Q F1 .529(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 276 R .53(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561 -(erated by the)144 576 R F2(possible\255completions)3.061 E F1 3.061 +(erated by the)144 288 R F2(possible\255completions)3.061 E F1 3.061 (command. It)3.061 F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte) -3.06 E .56(ger v)-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782 -(equal to zero.)144 588 R .783(If the number of possible completions is\ +(equal to zero.)144 300 R .783(If the number of possible completions is\ greater than or equal to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25 -(va)144 600 S(riable,).25 E F2 -.18(re)3.529 G(adline).18 E F1 1.029 +(va)144 312 S(riable,).25 E F2 -.18(re)3.529 G(adline).18 E F1 1.029 (asks whether or not the user wishes to vie)3.529 F 3.528(wt)-.25 G 1.028(hem; otherwise)-3.528 F F2 -.18(re)3.528 G(adline).18 E F1(simply) -3.528 E 1.349(lists them on the terminal.)144 612 R 3.849(Az)6.349 G +3.528 E 1.349(lists them on the terminal.)144 324 R 3.849(Az)6.349 G 1.349(ero v)-3.849 F 1.349(alue means)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)3.849 G(adline) .18 E F1 1.35(should ne)3.849 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.85(ra).15 G 1.35 (sk; ne)-3.85 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.65 -.15(ve v)-.25 H 1.35 -(alues are)-.1 F(treated as zero.)144 624 Q F2(con)108 636 Q -.1(ve)-.4 -G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F1 .536(If set to)144 648 R F2(On)3.036 E F1(,) +(alues are)-.1 F(treated as zero.)144 336 Q F2(con)108 348 Q -.1(ve)-.4 +G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F1 .536(If set to)144 360 R F2(On)3.036 E F1(,) A F2 -.18(re)3.036 G(adline).18 E F1(con)3.036 E -.15(ve)-.4 G .535 (rts characters it reads that ha).15 F .835 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .535 (he eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .835 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(e-).15 E .425(quence by clearing the eighth bit and pre\214xing it with an escap\ -e character \(con)144 660 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .426(rting the charac-).15 F -1.044(ter to ha)144 672 R 1.344 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.044 +e character \(con)144 372 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .426(rting the charac-).15 F +1.044(ter to ha)144 384 R 1.344 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.044 (he meta pre\214x\).).15 F 1.044(The def)6.044 F 1.044(ault is)-.1 F F0 (On)3.544 E F1 3.544(,b)C(ut)-3.744 E F2 -.18(re)3.544 G(adline).18 E F1 1.044(sets it to)3.544 F F0(Of)3.543 E(f)-.18 E F1 1.043 (if the locale contains)3.543 F .53 (characters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.) -144 684 R .53(This v)5.53 F .53(ariable is dependent)-.25 F .476(on the) -144 696 R F2(LC_CTYPE)2.976 E F1 .476(locale cate)2.976 F(gory)-.15 E +144 396 R .53(This v)5.53 F .53(ariable is dependent)-.25 F .476(on the) +144 408 R F2(LC_CTYPE)2.976 E F1 .476(locale cate)2.976 F(gory)-.15 E 2.976(,a)-.65 G .476(nd may change if the locale changes.)-2.976 F .476 -(This v)5.476 F .476(ariable also af-)-.25 F(fects k)144 708 Q .3 -.15 +(This v)5.476 F .476(ariable also af-)-.25 F(fects k)144 420 Q .3 -.15 (ey b)-.1 H(indings; see the description of).15 E F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G -.18 (rc).25 G(e\255meta\255pr).18 E(e\214x)-.18 E F1(belo)2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 -G(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(48)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 49 49 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 84 Q F1 .708(If set to)144 96 R F2 -(On)3.208 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.208 G(adline).18 E F1 .708(inhibits w) +G F2(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 432 Q F1 .708(If set to)144 444 R +F2(On)3.208 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.208 G(adline).18 E F1 .708(inhibits w) 3.208 F .709(ord completion.)-.1 F .709 (Completion characters are inserted into the line)5.709 F(as if the)144 -108 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F2(self-insert)2.5 E F1(.)A -F2(echo\255contr)108 120 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F1 1.037 -(When set to)144 132 R F2(On)3.537 E F1 3.537(,o)C 3.537(no)-3.537 G +456 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F2(self-insert)2.5 E F1(.)A +F2(echo\255contr)108 468 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F1 1.037 +(When set to)144 480 R F2(On)3.537 E F1 3.537(,o)C 3.537(no)-3.537 G 1.037(perating systems that indicate the)-3.537 F 3.537(ys)-.15 G 1.036 (upport it,)-3.537 F F2 -.18(re)3.536 G(adline).18 E F1 1.036 (echoes a character)3.536 F -(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 144 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board.).15 E F2(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 156 Q F1 .013 -(Controls whether)144 168 R F2 -.18(re)2.513 G(adline).18 E F1 .013 +(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 492 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board.).15 E F2(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 504 Q F1 .013 +(Controls whether)144 516 R F2 -.18(re)2.513 G(adline).18 E F1 .013 (uses a set of k)2.513 F .313 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .013(indings similar to) .15 F F0(Emacs)2.513 E F1(or)2.513 E F0(vi)2.513 E F1(.)A F2 -(editing\255mode)5.013 E F1 .014(can be)2.514 F(set to either)144 180 Q +(editing\255mode)5.013 E F1 .014(can be)2.514 F(set to either)144 528 Q F2(emacs)2.5 E F1(or)2.5 E F2(vi)2.5 E F1(.)A F2 -(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 192 Q F1 .518(If the)144 204 R F0 +(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 540 Q F1 .518(If the)144 552 R F0 (show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 -.25(va)3.018 G .517 (riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the).25 F .622(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti) -144 216 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.622(.T).15 G .622(he v)-5.622 F .622 -(alue is e)-.25 F .622(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.122(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 228 +144 564 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.622(.T).15 G .622(he v)-5.622 F .622 +(alue is e)-.25 F .622(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.122(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 576 S 3.118(yb)-.05 G .617 (inding, so the standard set of meta- and control- pre\214x)-3.118 F -.617(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 240 S 2.576 +.617(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 588 S 2.576 (ailable. The)-.05 F .076(\\1 and \\2 escapes be)2.576 F .077 (gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be)-.15 F -(used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 252 -Q F2(enable\255acti)108 264 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion \(On\))-.18 E -F1 .622(When this v)144 276 R .622(ariable is set to)-.25 F F0(On)3.121 +(used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.)144 600 +Q F2(enable\255acti)108 612 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion \(On\))-.18 E +F1 .622(When this v)144 624 R .622(ariable is set to)-.25 F F0(On)3.121 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.121 G(adline).18 E F1(allo)3.121 E .621 (ws certain commands to designate the re)-.25 F .621(gion as)-.15 F F0 -(ac-)3.121 E(tive)144 288 Q F1 5.082(.W)C .082(hen the re)-5.082 F .082 +(ac-)3.121 E(tive)144 636 Q F1 5.082(.W)C .082(hen the re)-5.082 F .082 (gion is acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(,).15 E F2 -.18(re)2.583 G(adline) .18 E F1 .083(highlights the te)2.583 F .083(xt in the re)-.15 F .083 (gion using the v)-.15 F .083(alue of the)-.25 F F2(ac-)2.583 E(ti)144 -300 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1 -.25(va) +648 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E(egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1 -.25(va) 2.775 G .275(riable, which def).25 F .274 (aults to the string that enables the terminal')-.1 F 2.774(ss)-.55 G -(tandout)-2.774 E 3.149(mode. The)144 312 R(acti)3.149 E .949 -.15(ve r) +(tandout)-2.774 E 3.149(mode. The)144 660 R(acti)3.149 E .949 -.15(ve r) -.25 H -.15(eg).15 G .649(ion sho).15 F .649(ws the te)-.25 F .649 (xt inserted by brack)-.15 F .649(eted-paste and an)-.1 F 3.15(ym)-.15 G .65(atching te)-3.15 F .65(xt found)-.15 F -(by incremental and non-incremental history searches.)144 324 Q F2 -(enable\255brack)108 336 Q(eted\255paste \(On\))-.1 E F1 .688 -(When set to)144 348 R F2(On)3.187 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.187 G(adline) +(by incremental and non-incremental history searches.)144 672 Q F2 +(enable\255brack)108 684 Q(eted\255paste \(On\))-.1 E F1 .688 +(When set to)144 696 R F2(On)3.187 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.187 G(adline) .18 E F1 .687 (con\214gures the terminal to insert each paste into the editing b)3.187 F(uf)-.2 E .687(fer as a)-.25 F .799(single string of characters, inste\ -ad of treating each character as if it had been read from the k)144 360 -R -.15(ey)-.1 G(-).15 E 2.625(board. This)144 372 R .125(is called)2.625 -F F0(br)2.625 E(ac)-.15 E -.1(ke)-.2 G .125(ted\255paste mode).1 F F1 -2.625(;i)C 2.625(tp)-2.625 G(re)-2.625 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts).15 E F2 --.18(re)2.625 G(adline).18 E F1 .124(from e)2.624 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .124 -(cuting an).15 F 2.624(ye)-.15 G .124(diting com-)-2.624 F -(mands bound to k)144 384 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -(equences appearing in the pasted te).15 E(xt.)-.15 E F2(enable\255k)108 -396 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F1 .403(When set to)144 408 R F2(On)2.903 E F1 -(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F1 2.904(tries to)2.904 F .404 -(enable the application k)2.904 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .404 -(pad when it is called.).15 F .404(Some systems)5.404 F -(need this to enable the arro)144 420 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 G(s.) -.15 E F2(enable\255meta\255k)108 432 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F1 .03 -(When set to)144 444 R F2(On)2.53 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.53 G(adline).18 +ad of treating each character as if it had been read from the k)144 708 +R -.15(ey)-.1 G(-).15 E 4.556(board. This)144 720 R 2.056(is called) +4.556 F F0(br)4.556 E(ac)-.15 E -.1(ke)-.2 G 2.056(ted\255paste mode).1 +F F1 4.556(;i)C 4.556(tp)-4.556 G(re)-4.556 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts).15 E +F2 -.18(re)4.556 G(adline).18 E F1 2.056(from e)4.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.055(cuting an).15 F 4.555(ye)-.15 G(diting)-4.555 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(49)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 50 50 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(commands bound to k)144 84 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +(equences appearing in the pasted te).15 E(xt.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(enable\255k)108 96 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F1 .403(When set to)144 108 +R F2(On)2.903 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F1 2.904 +(tries to)2.904 F .404(enable the application k)2.904 F -.15(ey)-.1 G +.404(pad when it is called.).15 F .404(Some systems)5.404 F +(need this to enable the arro)144 120 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 G(s.) +.15 E F2(enable\255meta\255k)108 132 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F1 .03 +(When set to)144 144 R F2(On)2.53 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.53 G(adline).18 E F1 .03(tries to enable an)2.53 F 2.529(ym)-.15 G .029 (eta modi\214er k)-2.529 F .329 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .029 -(he terminal claims to support.).15 F(On)5.029 E(man)144 456 Q 2.985(yt) +(he terminal claims to support.).15 F(On)5.029 E(man)144 156 Q 2.985(yt) -.15 G .485(erminals, the Meta k)-2.985 F .785 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.985(su) .15 G .485(sed to send eight-bit characters; this v)-2.985 F .485 (ariable checks for the ter)-.25 F(-)-.2 E .656(minal capability that i\ ndicates the terminal can enable and disable a mode that sets the eight\ -h bit)144 468 R(of a character \(0200\) if the Meta k)144 480 Q .3 -.15 +h bit)144 168 R(of a character \(0200\) if the Meta k)144 180 Q .3 -.15 (ey i)-.1 H 2.5(sh).15 G(eld do)-2.5 E (wn when the character is typed \(a meta character\).)-.25 E F2 -(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 492 Q F1(If set to)144 504 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1 +(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 192 Q F1(If set to)144 204 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1 (,)A F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1(performs tilde e)2.5 E (xpansion when it attempts w)-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F2 -.25(fo)108 -516 S -.18(rc).25 G(e\255meta\255pr).18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .481 -(If set to)144 528 R F2(On)2.981 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.981 G(adline).18 +216 S -.18(rc).25 G(e\255meta\255pr).18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .481 +(If set to)144 228 R F2(On)2.981 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.981 G(adline).18 E F1 .481(modi\214es its beha)2.981 F .481(vior when binding k)-.2 F .782 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .482(equences containing \\M- or Meta-).15 F(\(see) -144 540 Q F2 -.25(Ke)2.785 G 2.785(yB).25 G(indings)-2.785 E F1(abo) +144 240 Q F2 -.25(Ke)2.785 G 2.785(yB).25 G(indings)-2.785 E F1(abo) 2.784 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.784(\)b).15 G 2.784(yc)-2.784 G(on)-2.784 E -.15(ve)-.4 G .284(rting a k).15 F .584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .284 (equence of the form \\M\255).15 F F0(C)A F1 .284(or Meta\255)2.784 F F0 -(C)A F1 .284(to the tw)2.784 F(o-)-.1 E .78(character sequence)144 552 R +(C)A F1 .284(to the tw)2.784 F(o-)-.1 E .78(character sequence)144 252 R F2(ESC)3.28 E F0(C)3.28 E F1 .78(\(adding the meta pre\214x\).)3.28 F (If)5.78 E F2 -.25(fo)3.28 G -.18(rc).25 G(e\255meta\255pr).18 E(e\214x) -.18 E F1 .78(is set to)3.28 F F2(Off)3.28 E F1 .78(\(the de-)3.28 F -.1 -(fa)144 564 S(ult\),).1 E F2 -.18(re)2.917 G(adline).18 E F1 .417 +(fa)144 264 S(ult\),).1 E F2 -.18(re)2.917 G(adline).18 E F1 .417 (uses the v)2.917 F .417(alue of the)-.25 F F2(con)2.916 E -.1(ve)-.4 G (rt\255meta).1 E F1 -.25(va)2.916 G .416 -(riable to determine whether to perform this).25 F(con)144 576 Q -.15 +(riable to determine whether to perform this).25 F(con)144 276 Q -.15 (ve)-.4 G .095(rsion: if).15 F F2(con)2.595 E -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta).1 E F1(is)2.595 E F2(On)2.595 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.595 G(adline).18 E F1 .095(performs the con)2.595 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .095(rsion described abo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.595(;i).15 G 2.595(fi)-2.595 G 2.595(ti)-2.595 G(s) --2.595 E F2(Off)2.595 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)144 588 S(adline).18 E F1(con) +-2.595 E F2(Off)2.595 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)144 288 S(adline).18 E F1(con) 2.5 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(rts).15 E F0(C)2.5 E F1 (to a meta character by setting the eighth bit \(0200\).)2.5 E F2 -(history\255pr)108 600 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E -F1 .553(If set to)144 612 R F2(On)3.052 E F1 3.052(,t)C .552(he history\ +(history\255pr)108 300 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E +F1 .553(If set to)144 312 R F2(On)3.052 E F1 3.052(,t)C .552(he history\ code attempts to place point at the same location on each history line\ - re-)-3.052 F(trie)144 624 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F2 + re-)-3.052 F(trie)144 324 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F2 (pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E F1(or)2.5 E F2(next-history) -2.5 E F1(.)A F2(history\255size \(unset\))108 636 Q F1 .948 -(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 648 R -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.5 E F1(.)A F2(history\255size \(unset\))108 336 Q F1 .948 +(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 348 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.)-3.448 F .949 (If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.449(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.599 E .483 -(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 660 R 2.983(we)-.25 G .483 +(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 360 R 2.983(we)-.25 G .483 (ntries are sa)-2.983 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .482(set to a v) -2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .228 -(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 672 R .229(By def)5.229 F -(ault,)-.1 E F2(bash)2.729 E F1 .229 -(sets the the maximum number of history en-)2.729 F 1.192 -(tries to the v)144 684 R 1.192(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)3.692 E -F1 1.191(shell v)3.691 F 3.691(ariable. Setting)-.25 F F0 -(history\255size)3.691 E F1 1.191(to a non-numeric v)3.691 F(alue)-.25 E -(will set the maximum number of history entries to 500.)144 696 Q -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(49)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 50 50 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(horizontal\255scr)108 84 Q -(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .848(Setting this v)144 96 R .848 -(ariable to)-.25 F F2(On)3.348 E F1(mak)3.349 E(es)-.1 E F2 -.18(re) -3.349 G(adline).18 E F1 .849(use a single line for display)3.349 F 3.349 -(,s)-.65 G .849(crolling the input hori-)-3.349 F .068(zontally on a si\ -ngle screen line when it becomes longer than the screen width rather th\ -an wrapping)144 108 R(to a ne)144 120 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G 2.5(ine. This)-2.5 -F(setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.)2.5 E F2 -(input\255meta \(Off\))108 132 Q F1 .371(If set to)144 144 R F2(On)2.871 +2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .295 +(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 372 R .295(By def)5.295 F +(ault,)-.1 E F2(bash)2.795 E F1 .295 +(sets the maximum number of history entries)2.795 F .316(to the v)144 +384 R .316(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTSIZE)2.816 E F1 .315(shell v)2.815 +F 2.815(ariable. Setting)-.25 F F0(history\255size)2.815 E F1 .315 +(to a non-numeric v)2.815 F .315(alue will set)-.25 F +(the maximum number of history entries to 500.)144 396 Q F2 +(horizontal\255scr)108 408 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .848 +(Setting this v)144 420 R .848(ariable to)-.25 F F2(On)3.348 E F1(mak) +3.349 E(es)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)3.349 G(adline).18 E F1 .849 +(use a single line for display)3.349 F 3.349(,s)-.65 G .849 +(crolling the input hori-)-3.349 F .068(zontally on a single screen lin\ +e when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping)144 +432 R(to a ne)144 444 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G 2.5(ine. This)-2.5 F +(setting is automatically enabled for terminals of height 1.)2.5 E F2 +(input\255meta \(Off\))108 456 Q F1 .371(If set to)144 468 R F2(On)2.871 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.871 G(adline).18 E F1 .371(enables eight-bit inpu\ t \(that is, it does not clear the eighth bit in the charac-)2.871 F -.718(ters it reads\), re)144 156 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .718 +.718(ters it reads\), re)144 480 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .718 (rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .717(The def) 5.717 F .717(ault is)-.1 F F0(Of)3.217 E(f)-.18 E F1 3.217(,b)C(ut) --3.417 E F2 -.18(re)3.217 G(ad-).18 E(line)144 168 Q F1 1.246 +-3.417 E F2 -.18(re)3.217 G(ad-).18 E(line)144 492 Q F1 1.246 (sets it to)3.746 F F0(On)3.746 E F1 1.246(if the locale contains chara\ cters whose encodings may include bytes with the)3.746 F .786 -(eighth bit set.)144 180 R .786(This v)5.786 F .786 +(eighth bit set.)144 504 R .786(This v)5.786 F .786 (ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F2(LC_CTYPE)3.286 E F1 .786 (locale cate)3.286 F(gory)-.15 E 3.286(,a)-.65 G .786(nd its v)-3.286 F -.786(alue may)-.25 F(change if the locale changes.)144 192 Q(The name)5 +.786(alue may)-.25 F(change if the locale changes.)144 516 Q(The name)5 E F2(meta\255\215ag)2.5 E F1(is a synon)2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F2 -(input\255meta)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(isear)108 204 Q(ch\255terminators \()-.18 +(input\255meta)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(isear)108 528 Q(ch\255terminators \()-.18 E F1<99>A F2(C\255[C\255j)A F1<9a>A F2(\))A F1 .439(The string of chara\ cters that should terminate an incremental search without subsequently \ -e)144 216 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .935 -(ing the character as a command.)144 228 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935 +e)144 540 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .935 +(ing the character as a command.)144 552 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935 (ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15 G .934 -(alue, the characters)-3.684 F F0(ESC)3.434 E F1(and)144 240 Q F2 +(alue, the characters)-3.684 F F0(ESC)3.434 E F1(and)144 564 Q F2 (C\255j)2.5 E F1(terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)108 -252 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F1 1.82(Set the current)144 264 R F2 -.18(re) +576 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F1 1.82(Set the current)144 588 R F2 -.18(re) 4.32 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)4.32 G 4.32(ymap. The)-.05 F 1.82 (set of v)4.32 F 1.82(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 1.82(map names is).15 F F0 1.82(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.32 F(d,)-.37 E .042 -(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 276 R F1 2.542(,a)C +(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 600 R F1 2.542(,a)C (nd)-2.542 E F0(vi\255insert)2.832 E F1(.).68 E F0(vi)5.042 E F1 .042 (is equi)2.542 F -.25(va)-.25 G .042(lent to).25 F F0(vi\255command) -2.541 E F1(;)A F0(emacs)2.541 E F1 .481(is equi)144 288 R -.25(va)-.25 G +2.541 E F1(;)A F0(emacs)2.541 E F1 .481(is equi)144 612 R -.25(va)-.25 G .481(lent to).25 F F0(emacs\255standar)2.981 E(d)-.37 E F1 5.481(.T)C .481(he def)-5.481 F .481(ault v)-.1 F .481(alue is)-.25 F F0(emacs) 2.981 E F1 2.982(;t)C .482(he v)-2.982 F .482(alue of)-.25 F F2 -(editing\255mode)2.982 E F1 .482(also af-)2.982 F(fects the def)144 300 -Q(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F2 -.1(ke)108 312 S -(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F1 .235(Speci\214es the duration)144 324 R +(editing\255mode)2.982 E F1 .482(also af-)2.982 F(fects the def)144 624 +Q(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F2 -.1(ke)108 636 S +(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F1 .235(Speci\214es the duration)144 648 R F2 -.18(re)2.735 G(adline).18 E F1 .234(will w)2.735 F .234 (ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .534 -.15(ey s) --.1 H(equence).15 E .524(\(one that can form a complete k)144 336 R .824 +-.1 H(equence).15 E .524(\(one that can form a complete k)144 660 R .824 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .524(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar)-.1 E 3.025(,o)-.4 G 3.025(rc)-3.025 G .525(an tak)-3.025 F 3.025(ea)-.1 G -.525(dditional in-)-3.025 F .18(put to complete a longer k)144 348 R .48 +.525(dditional in-)-3.025 F .18(put to complete a longer k)144 672 R .48 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.679(equence\). If).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.679 G(adline).18 E F1 .179(does not recei)2.679 F .479 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .479 -.15(ny i) .15 H .179(nput within the timeout,).15 F .15(it uses the shorter b)144 -360 R .15(ut complete k)-.2 F .45 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.651(equence. The).15 +684 R .15(ut complete k)-.2 F .45 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.651(equence. The).15 F -.25(va)2.651 G .151(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F -.151(alue of)-.25 F 1.35(1000 means that)144 372 R F2 -.18(re)3.85 G +.151(alue of)-.25 F 1.35(1000 means that)144 696 R F2 -.18(re)3.85 G (adline).18 E F1 1.35(will w)3.85 F 1.35 (ait one second for additional input.)-.1 F 1.35(If this v)6.35 F 1.35 -(ariable is set to a)-.25 F -.25(va)144 384 S 1.283 +(ariable is set to a)-.25 F -.25(va)144 708 S 1.283 (lue less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2 -.18(re)3.783 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(wa)3.783 G 1.283 (its until another k).1 F 1.583 -.15(ey i)-.1 H(s).15 E -(pressed to decide which k)144 396 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -(equence to complete.).15 E F2(mark\255dir)108 408 Q(ectories \(On\)) --.18 E F1(If set to)144 420 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1 2.5(,c)C +(pressed to decide which k)144 720 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +(equence to complete.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24) +139.29 E(50)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 51 51 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(mark\255dir)108 84 Q +(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F1(If set to)144 96 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1 2.5(,c)C (ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) -.15 E F2(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 432 Q F1(If set to)144 -444 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 +.15 E F2(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 108 Q F1(If set to)144 +120 Q F2(On)2.5 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 (displays history lines that ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H (een modi\214ed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F2(*)A F1(\).)A F2 -(mark\255symlink)108 456 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F1 -.227(If set to)144 468 R F2(On)2.727 E F1 2.727(,c)C .227 +(mark\255symlink)108 132 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F1 +.227(If set to)144 144 R F2(On)2.727 E F1 2.727(,c)C .227 (ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.727 F .527 --.15(ve a s)-.2 H .226(lash appended, sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 480 Q +-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .226(lash appended, sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 156 Q (alue of)-.25 E F2(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F1(.)A F2 -(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 492 Q F1 .512(This v)144 504 R +(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 168 Q F1 .512(This v)144 180 R .513(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F2(On)3.013 E F1 3.013(,f)C(orces) -3.013 E F2 -.18(re)3.013 G(adline).18 E F1 .513 (to match \214les whose names be)3.013 F .513(gin with a \231.)-.15 F 5.513<9a28>-.7 G(hid-)-5.513 E .737 -(den \214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 516 R .737 +(den \214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 192 R .737 (If set to)5.737 F F2(Off)3.237 E F1 3.237(,t)C .736 -(he user must include the leading)-3.237 F<992e>144 528 Q 5<9a69>-.7 G +(he user must include the leading)-3.237 F<992e>144 204 Q 5<9a69>-.7 G 2.5(nt)-5 G(he \214lename to be completed.)-2.5 E F2 -(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 540 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F1 -1.585(If set to)144 552 R F2(On)4.085 E F1 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ +(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 216 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F1 +1.585(If set to)144 228 R F2(On)4.085 E F1 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions) --4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 564 Q -(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F2(output\255meta \(Off\))108 576 Q F1 -.27(If set to)144 588 R F2(On)2.77 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.77 G(adline).18 +-4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 240 Q +(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F2(output\255meta \(Off\))108 252 Q F1 +.27(If set to)144 264 R F2(On)2.77 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.77 G(adline).18 E F1 .269(displays characters with the eighth bit set directly rather t\ -han as a meta-pre-)2.77 F<8c78>144 600 Q .437(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F +han as a meta-pre-)2.77 F<8c78>144 276 Q .437(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .437(The def)5.437 F .437(ault is)-.1 F F0(Of)2.937 E(f)-.18 E F1 2.938 (,b)C(ut)-3.138 E F2 -.18(re)2.938 G(adline).18 E F1 .438(sets it to) 2.938 F F0(On)2.938 E F1 .438(if the locale contains charac-)2.938 F .393(ters whose encodings may include bytes with the eighth bit set.)144 -612 R .393(This v)5.393 F .393(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F2 -(LC_CTYPE)144 624 Q F1(locale cate)2.5 E(gory)-.15 E 2.5(,a)-.65 G +288 R .393(This v)5.393 F .393(ariable is dependent on the)-.25 F F2 +(LC_CTYPE)144 300 Q F1(locale cate)2.5 E(gory)-.15 E 2.5(,a)-.65 G (nd its v)-2.5 E(alue may change if the locale changes.)-.25 E F2 -(page\255completions \(On\))108 636 Q F1 .291(If set to)144 648 R F2(On) +(page\255completions \(On\))108 312 Q F1 .291(If set to)144 324 R F2(On) 2.791 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.791 G(adline).18 E F1 .291 (uses an internal pager resembling)2.791 F F0(mor)3.171 E(e)-.37 E F1 .292(\(1\) to display a screenful of possible).18 F -(completions at a time.)144 660 Q F2(pr)108 672 Q -(efer\255visible\255bell)-.18 E F1(See)144 684 Q F2(bell\255style)2.5 E -F1(.)A F2(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 696 Q F1 .231 -(If set to)144 708 R F2(On)2.731 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.731 G(adline).18 +(completions at a time.)144 336 Q F2(pr)108 348 Q +(efer\255visible\255bell)-.18 E F1(See)144 360 Q F2(bell\255style)2.5 E +F1(.)A F2(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 372 Q F1 .231 +(If set to)144 384 R F2(On)2.731 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.731 G(adline).18 E F1 .231(displays completions with matches sorted horizontally in alph\ -abetical order)2.731 F(,)-.4 E(rather than do)144 720 Q(wn the screen.) --.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(50)185.955 E 0 -Cg EP -%%Page: 51 51 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.29 -.18(re v)108 84 T -(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E F1 .772(If set to)144 96 R F2 -(On)3.272 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.272 G(adline).18 E F1 .773 +abetical order)2.731 F(,)-.4 E(rather than do)144 396 Q(wn the screen.) +-.25 E F2 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 408 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)) +.08 E F1 .772(If set to)144 420 R F2(On)3.272 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)3.272 +G(adline).18 E F1 .773 (will undo all changes to history lines before returning when e)3.272 F --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(ac-)3.273 E(cept\255line)144 108 Q F1 +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(ac-)3.273 E(cept\255line)144 432 Q F1 5.663(.B)C 3.163(yd)-5.663 G(ef)-3.163 E .663 (ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .663 -(vidual undo lists across calls)-.25 F(to)144 120 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G -(adline).18 E F1(.)A F2(sear)108 132 Q(ch\255ignor)-.18 E -(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .102(If set to)144 144 R F2(On)2.603 E F1 +(vidual undo lists across calls)-.25 F(to)144 444 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G +(adline).18 E F1(.)A F2(sear)108 456 Q(ch\255ignor)-.18 E +(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F1 .102(If set to)144 468 R F2(On)2.603 E F1 (,)A F2 -.18(re)2.603 G(adline).18 E F1 .103(performs incremental and n\ on-incremental history list searches in a case\255in-)2.603 F(sensiti) -144 156 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F2(sho)108 168 Q +144 480 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F2(sho)108 492 Q (w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F1 .304(This alters the def) -144 180 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304(vior of the completion functions.) +144 504 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304(vior of the completion functions.) -.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F2(On)2.804 E F1 2.803(,w)C .303 (ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H(ore).15 E 1.264(than one p\ ossible completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead o\ -f ringing the)144 192 R(bell.)144 204 Q F2(sho)108 216 Q +f ringing the)144 516 R(bell.)144 528 Q F2(sho)108 540 Q (w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F1 5.346 -(This alters the def)144 228 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 +(This alters the def)144 552 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 (vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to) --.1 F F2(sho)144 240 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F1 6.69(.I)C +-.1 F F2(sho)144 564 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F1 6.69(.I)C 4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F2(On)4.191 E F1 4.191(,w)C 1.691 (ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691 -(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 252 R 3.54 +(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 576 R 3.54 (yp)-.15 G 1.039 (ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F 3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the match\ -es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 264 Q F2 -(sho)108 276 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F1 1.021 -(If set to)144 288 R F2(On)3.521 E F1 3.521(,a)C 1.022 +es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 588 Q F2 +(sho)108 600 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F1 1.021 +(If set to)144 612 R F2(On)3.521 E F1 3.521(,a)C 1.022 (dd a string to the be)-3.521 F 1.022 (ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi)-.15 F -(command, or vi insertion.)144 300 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E +(command, or vi insertion.)144 624 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E (-settable \(e.g.,)-.2 E F0(emacs\255mode\255string)2.5 E F1(\).)A F2 -(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 312 Q F1 .095(If set to)144 324 R +(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 636 Q F1 .095(If set to)144 648 R F2(On)2.595 E F1 2.595(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.595 F .095 (ault completion beha)-.1 F .094 -(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 336 Q +(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 660 Q 3.393(so)-.55 G .893(nly acti)-3.393 F 1.193 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .893 (hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 3.394(ord. If)-.1 F(enabled,)3.394 E F2 -.18(re)3.394 G(adline).18 E F1(does)3.394 E .283 (not insert characters from the completion that match characters after \ -point in the w)144 348 R .282(ord being com-)-.1 F -(pleted, so portions of the w)144 360 Q(ord follo)-.1 E +point in the w)144 672 R .282(ord being com-)-.1 F +(pleted, so portions of the w)144 684 Q(ord follo)-.1 E (wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F2 -(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 372 Q F1 .517(If the)144 -384 R F0(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 -.25(va)3.017 G +(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 696 Q F1 .517(If the)144 +708 R F0(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 -.25(va)3.017 G .518(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) .25 F .475(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti) -144 396 R .775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .475(nd in command mode.).15 F .475 -(The v)5.475 F(alue)-.25 E .134(is e)144 408 R .134(xpanded lik)-.15 F -2.634(eak)-.1 G .434 -.15(ey b)-2.734 H .134 +144 720 R .775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .475(nd in command mode.).15 F .475 +(The v)5.475 F(alue)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 +E(51)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 52 52 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .134(is e)144 84 R .134(xpanded lik)-.15 F 2.634 +(eak)-.1 G .434 -.15(ey b)-2.734 H .134 (inding, so the standard set of meta- and control- pre\214x).15 F .135 -(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .405(cape sequences is a)144 420 R -.25(va) +(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .405(cape sequences is a)144 96 R -.25(va) -.2 G 2.905(ilable. The).25 F .405(\\1 and \\2 escapes be)2.905 F .404 (gin and end sequences of non-printing char)-.15 F(-)-.2 E(acters, whic\ h can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string\ -.)144 432 Q F2(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 444 Q F1 .517 -(If the)144 456 R F0(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 --.25(va)3.017 G .518 -(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the).25 -F .186(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti)144 -468 R .486 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .186(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .186(The v) -5.186 F .186(alue is)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 480 S .715(panded lik).15 F -3.215(eak)-.1 G 1.015 -.15(ey b)-3.315 H .716 +.)144 108 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 120 Q F1 .517(If the)144 +132 R F0(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 -.25(va)3.017 G +.518(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) +.25 F .186(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti) +144 144 R .486 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .186(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .186 +(The v)5.186 F .186(alue is)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 156 S .715(panded lik).15 +F 3.215(eak)-.1 G 1.015 -.15(ey b)-3.315 H .716 (inding, so the standard set of meta- and control- pre\214x).15 F .716 -(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .405(cape sequences is a)144 492 R -.25(va) +(es and backslash es-)-.15 F .405(cape sequences is a)144 168 R -.25(va) -.2 G 2.905(ilable. The).25 F .405(\\1 and \\2 escapes be)2.905 F .404 (gin and end sequences of non-printing char)-.15 F(-)-.2 E(acters, whic\ h can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string\ -.)144 504 Q F2(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 516 Q F1 .846(If set to)144 -528 R F2(On)3.346 E F1 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le') +.)144 180 Q F2(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 192 Q F1 .846(If set to)144 +204 R F2(On)3.346 E F1 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le') -3.346 F 3.346(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F0(stat)3.346 E F1 .846(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B -(when listing possible completions.)144 540 Q F2 -(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 556.8 Q(Readline)108 568.8 Q F1 .494 +(when listing possible completions.)144 216 Q F2 +(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 232.8 Q(Readline)108 244.8 Q F1 .494 (implements a f)2.994 F .494(acility similar in spirit to the condition\ al compilation features of the C preproces-)-.1 F .774(sor which allo) -108 580.8 R .774(ws k)-.25 F 1.074 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .774(indings and v) +108 256.8 R .774(ws k)-.25 F 1.074 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .774(indings and v) .15 F .775(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 -F .775(There are four)5.775 F(parser directi)108 592.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(sa).15 G -.25(va)-2.7 G(ilable.).25 E F2($if)108 609.6 Q F1(The)144 -609.6 Q F2($if)2.963 E F1 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings \ +F .775(There are four)5.775 F(parser directi)108 268.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(sa).15 G -.25(va)-2.7 G(ilable.).25 E F2($if)108 285.6 Q F1(The)144 +285.6 Q F2($if)2.963 E F1 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings \ to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F -.787(or the application using)144 621.6 R F2 -.18(re)3.287 G(adline).18 +.787(or the application using)144 297.6 R F2 -.18(re)3.287 G(adline).18 E F1 5.787(.T)C .787(he te)-5.787 F .787(xt of the test, after an)-.15 F 3.288(yc)-.15 G .788(omparison operator)-3.288 F 3.288(,e)-.4 G .788 (xtends to)-3.438 F(the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no cha\ -racters are required to isolate it.)144 633.6 Q F2(mode)144 650.4 Q F1 -(The)180 650.4 Q F2(mode=)3.558 E F1 1.058(form of the)3.558 F F2($if) +racters are required to isolate it.)144 309.6 Q F2(mode)144 326.4 Q F1 +(The)180 326.4 Q F2(mode=)3.558 E F1 1.058(form of the)3.558 F F2($if) 3.558 E F1(directi)3.558 E 1.358 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.558(su).15 G 1.058 (sed to test whether)-3.558 F F2 -.18(re)3.557 G(adline).18 E F1 1.057 -(is in emacs or vi)3.557 F 3.065(mode. This)180 662.4 R .565 +(is in emacs or vi)3.557 F 3.065(mode. This)180 338.4 R .565 (may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F F2 .565(set k)3.065 F (eymap)-.1 E F1 .565(command, for instance, to)3.065 F .518 -(set bindings in the)180 674.4 R F0(emacs\255standar)3.018 E(d)-.37 E F1 +(set bindings in the)180 350.4 R F0(emacs\255standar)3.018 E(d)-.37 E F1 (and)3.018 E F0(emacs\255ctlx)3.018 E F1 -.1(ke)3.017 G .517 (ymaps only if)-.05 F F2 -.18(re)3.017 G(adline).18 E F1 .517 -(is starting)3.017 F(out in emacs mode.)180 686.4 Q F2(term)144 703.2 Q -F1(The)180 703.2 Q F2(term=)3.196 E F1 .696 +(is starting)3.017 F(out in emacs mode.)180 362.4 Q F2(term)144 379.2 Q +F1(The)180 379.2 Q F2(term=)3.196 E F1 .696 (form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.196 F .996 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 715.2 R +(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 391.2 R .954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154 (sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1 -(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 727.2 Q F2(=)3.231 +(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 403.2 Q F2(=)3.231 E F1 .731(is tested ag)3.231 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\ -minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(51)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 52 52 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .16(name before the \214rst)180 84 R/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF2.66 E F1 5.159(.T)C .159(his allo)-5.159 F(ws)-.25 -E F0(xterm)3.429 E F1 .159(to match both)2.979 F F0(xterm)3.429 E F1 -(and)2.979 E F0(xterm\255256color)3.429 E F1 2.659(,f).73 G(or)-2.659 E -(instance.)180 96 Q F2 -.1(ve)144 112.8 S(rsion).1 E F1(The)180 124.8 Q -F2 -.1(ve)2.89 G(rsion).1 E F1 .391 +minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F .16 +(name before the \214rst)180 415.2 R F22.66 E F1 5.159(.T)C .159 +(his allo)-5.159 F(ws)-.25 E F0(xterm)3.429 E F1 .159(to match both) +2.979 F F0(xterm)3.429 E F1(and)2.979 E F0(xterm\255256color)3.429 E F1 +2.659(,f).73 G(or)-2.659 E(instance.)180 427.2 Q F2 -.1(ve)144 444 S +(rsion).1 E F1(The)180 456 Q F2 -.1(ve)2.89 G(rsion).1 E F1 .391 (test may be used to perform comparisons ag)2.89 F .391 (ainst speci\214c)-.05 F F2 -.18(re)2.891 G(adline).18 E F1 -.15(ve) -2.891 G(rsions.).15 E(The)180 136.8 Q F2 -.1(ve)2.571 G(rsion).1 E F1 --.15(ex)2.571 G .071(pands to the current).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.571 G -(adline).18 E F1 -.15(ve)2.571 G 2.571(rsion. The).15 F .07 -(set of comparison operators in-)2.571 F(cludes)180 148.8 Q F2(=)3.063 E +2.891 G(rsions.).15 E(The)180 468 Q F2 -.1(ve)2.571 G(rsion).1 E F1 -.15 +(ex)2.571 G .071(pands to the current).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.571 G(adline) +.18 E F1 -.15(ve)2.571 G 2.571(rsion. The).15 F .07 +(set of comparison operators in-)2.571 F(cludes)180 480 Q F2(=)3.063 E F1 3.063(,\()C(and)-3.063 E F2(==)3.063 E F1(\),)A F2(!=)3.063 E F1(,)A F2(<=)3.063 E F1(,)A F2(>=)3.063 E F1(,)A F2(<)3.063 E F1 3.063(,a)C(nd) -3.063 E F2(>)3.064 E F1 5.564(.T)C .564(he v)-5.564 F .564 (ersion number supplied on the right side)-.15 F .318 -(of the operator consists of a major v)180 160.8 R .318(ersion number) --.15 F 2.818(,a)-.4 G 2.818(no)-2.818 G .318 -(ptional decimal point, and an op-)-2.818 F .46(tional minor v)180 172.8 -R .46(ersion \(e.g.,)-.15 F F2(7.1)2.96 E F1 2.96(\). If)B .461 +(of the operator consists of a major v)180 492 R .318(ersion number)-.15 +F 2.818(,a)-.4 G 2.818(no)-2.818 G .318 +(ptional decimal point, and an op-)-2.818 F .46(tional minor v)180 504 R +.46(ersion \(e.g.,)-.15 F F2(7.1)2.96 E F1 2.96(\). If)B .461 (the minor v)2.96 F .461(ersion is omitted, it def)-.15 F .461(aults to) -.1 F F2(0)2.961 E F1 5.461(.T)C .461(he op-)-5.461 F .83 -(erator may be separated from the string)180 184.8 R F2 -.1(ve)3.329 G +(erator may be separated from the string)180 516 R F2 -.1(ve)3.329 G (rsion).1 E F1 .829(and from the v)3.329 F .829(ersion number ar)-.15 F -(gument)-.18 E(by whitespace.)180 196.8 Q F0(application)144.33 213.6 Q -F1(The)180 225.6 Q F0(application)3.226 E F1 .726 +(gument)-.18 E(by whitespace.)180 528 Q F0(application)144.33 544.8 Q F1 +(The)180 556.8 Q F0(application)3.226 E F1 .726 (construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.226 F -.726(Each program)5.726 F .432(using the)180 237.6 R F2 -.18(re)2.932 G +.726(Each program)5.726 F .432(using the)180 568.8 R F2 -.18(re)2.932 G (adline).18 E F1 .432(library sets the)2.932 F F0 .431(application name) 2.932 F F1 2.931(,a)C .431(nd an initialization \214le can test for) --2.931 F 2.535(ap)180 249.6 S .035(articular v)-2.535 F 2.535 +-2.931 F 2.535(ap)180 580.8 S .035(articular v)-2.535 F 2.535 (alue. This)-.25 F .036(could be used to bind k)2.535 F .336 -.15(ey s) -.1 H .036(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397 -(ci\214c program.)180 261.6 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 +(ci\214c program.)180 592.8 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 (nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 273.6 +(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 604.8 Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(:)A/F3 10/Courier-Bold@0 -SF($if)180 290.4 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(Bash)6 E 6(#Q)180 302.4 S +SF($if)180 621.6 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(Bash)6 E 6(#Q)180 633.6 S (uote the current or previous word)-6 E("\\C-xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 -314.4 Q F3($endif)180 326.4 Q F0(variable)144.29 343.2 Q F1(The)180 -355.2 Q F0(variable)3.539 E F1 1.039(construct pro)3.539 F 1.039 +645.6 Q F3($endif)180 657.6 Q F0(variable)144.29 674.4 Q F1(The)180 +686.4 Q F0(variable)3.539 E F1 1.039(construct pro)3.539 F 1.039 (vides simple equality tests for)-.15 F F2 -.18(re)3.539 G(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)3.539 G 1.039(riables and v).25 F(alues.)-.25 E .08 -(The permitted comparison operators are)180 367.2 R F0(=)2.579 E F1(,)A +(The permitted comparison operators are)180 698.4 R F0(=)2.579 E F1(,)A F0(==)2.579 E F1 2.579(,a)C(nd)-2.579 E F0(!=)2.579 E F1 5.079(.T)C .079 (he v)-5.079 F .079(ariable name must be sepa-)-.25 F .98(rated from th\ e comparison operator by whitespace; the operator may be separated from) -180 379.2 R 1.588(the v)180 391.2 R 1.587 +180 710.4 R 1.588(the v)180 722.4 R 1.587 (alue on the right hand side by whitespace.)-.25 F 1.587 -(String and boolean v)6.587 F 1.587(ariables may be)-.25 F 2.5 -(tested. Boolean)180 403.2 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riables must be tested ag).25 -E(ainst the v)-.05 E(alues)-.25 E F0(on)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0(of)2.5 E -(f)-.18 E F1(.)A F2($else)108 420 Q F1(Commands in this branch of the) -144 420 Q F2($if)2.5 E F1(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F2($endif)108 436.8 -Q F1(This command, as seen in the pre)144 436.8 Q(vious e)-.25 E +(String and boolean v)6.587 F 1.587(ariables may be)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.3) +72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(52)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 53 53 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 2.5(tested. Boolean)180 84 R -.25(va)2.5 G +(riables must be tested ag).25 E(ainst the v)-.05 E(alues)-.25 E F0(on) +2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0(of)2.5 E(f)-.18 E F1(.)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +($else)108 100.8 Q F1(Commands in this branch of the)144 100.8 Q F2($if) +2.5 E F1(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F2($endif)108 117.6 Q F1 +(This command, as seen in the pre)144 117.6 Q(vious e)-.25 E (xample, terminates an)-.15 E F2($if)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E F2 -($include)108 453.6 Q F1 .41(This directi)144 465.6 R .71 -.15(ve t)-.25 +($include)108 134.4 Q F1 .41(This directi)144 146.4 R .71 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .41(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .411 (gument and reads commands and k)-.18 F .711 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .411 -(indings from).15 F(that \214le.)144 477.6 Q -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G +(indings from).15 F(that \214le.)144 158.4 Q -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G (xample, the follo)-2.65 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve w)-.25 H (ould read).05 E F0(/etc/inputr)4.166 E(c)-.37 E F1(:)1.666 E F2 -($include)144 494.4 Q F0(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F2(Sear)87 511.2 Q -(ching)-.18 E(Readline)108 523.2 Q F1(pro)3.163 E .663 +($include)144 175.2 Q F0(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F2(Sear)87 192 Q +(ching)-.18 E(Readline)108 204 Q F1(pro)3.163 E .663 (vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F -/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.163 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F1(belo)2.913 E -.663(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 535.2 Q +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.163 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F1(belo)2.913 E +.663(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 216 Q (There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F0(incr)2.51 E (emental)-.37 E F1(and)3.01 E F0(non-incr)2.86 E(emental)-.37 E F1(.).51 -E .697(Incremental searches be)108 552 R .697 +E .697(Incremental searches be)108 232.8 R .697 (gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F .698(As each character of the)5.698 F .979(search string is typed,)108 -564 R F2 -.18(re)3.479 G(adline).18 E F1 .978(displays the ne)3.478 F +244.8 R F2 -.18(re)3.479 G(adline).18 E F1 .978(displays the ne)3.478 F .978(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar) --.1 E(.)-.55 E .528(An incremental search requires only as man)108 576 R -3.029(yc)-.15 G .529 +-.1 E(.)-.55 E .528(An incremental search requires only as man)108 256.8 +R 3.029(yc)-.15 G .529 (haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.029 F 5.529 -(.W)-.65 G(hen)-5.529 E .517(using emacs editing mode, type)108 588 R F2 -(C\255r)3.017 E F1 .517(to search backw)3.017 F .517 +(.W)-.65 G(hen)-5.529 E .517(using emacs editing mode, type)108 268.8 R +F2(C\255r)3.017 E F1 .517(to search backw)3.017 F .517 (ard in the history for a particular string.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)5.517 G(ping) -.8 E F2(C\255s)3.017 E F1 .452(searches forw)108 600 R .452 +.8 E F2(C\255s)3.017 E F1 .452(searches forw)108 280.8 R .452 (ard through the history)-.1 F 5.452(.T)-.65 G .452 (he characters present in the v)-5.452 F .452(alue of the)-.25 F F2 (isear)2.953 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)2.953 G(ri-).25 E .747 -(able are used to terminate an incremental search.)108 612 R .747 +(able are used to terminate an incremental search.)108 292.8 R .747 (If that v)5.747 F .746(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F(alue,) --.25 E F0(ESC)3.246 E F1(and)3.246 E F2(C\255j)108 624 Q F1 1.776 +-.25 E F0(ESC)3.246 E F1(and)3.246 E F2(C\255j)108 304.8 Q F1 1.776 (terminate an incremental search.)4.276 F F2(C\255g)6.776 E F1 1.777 (aborts an incremental search and restores the original line.)4.276 F(W\ hen the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search s\ -tring becomes the current line.)108 636 Q 2.052 -.8(To \214)108 652.8 T -.452(nd other matching entries in the history list, type).8 F F2(C\255r) -2.952 E F1(or)2.952 E F2(C\255s)2.952 E F1 .451(as appropriate.)2.952 F -.451(This searches backw)5.451 F(ard)-.1 E .134(or forw)108 664.8 R .134 -(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .135 +tring becomes the current line.)108 316.8 Q 2.052 -.8(To \214)108 333.6 +T .452(nd other matching entries in the history list, type).8 F F2 +(C\255r)2.952 E F1(or)2.952 E F2(C\255s)2.952 E F1 .451(as appropriate.) +2.952 F .451(This searches backw)5.451 F(ard)-.1 E .134(or forw)108 +345.6 R .134(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .135 (xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.135 (.A)-.55 G .435 -.15(ny o)-5.135 H .135(ther k).15 F .435 -.15(ey s)-.1 -H(equence).15 E .716(bound to a)108 676.8 R F2 -.18(re)3.216 G(adline) +H(equence).15 E .716(bound to a)108 357.6 R F2 -.18(re)3.216 G(adline) .18 E F1 .715(command terminates the search and e)3.216 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .715(cutes that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.715 G 3.215(ri).15 G .715 (nstance, a ne)-3.215 F(wline)-.25 E .601 -(terminates the search and accepts the line, thereby e)108 688.8 R -.15 +(terminates the search and accepts the line, thereby e)108 369.6 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G .601(cuting the command from the history list.).15 F 3.102 (Am)5.602 G -.15(ove)-3.102 G(-).15 E -(ment command will terminate the search, mak)108 700.8 Q 2.5(et)-.1 G +(ment command will terminate the search, mak)108 381.6 Q 2.5(et)-.1 G (he last line found the current line, and be)-2.5 E(gin editing.)-.15 E -F2(Readline)108 717.6 Q F1 1.476 +F2(Readline)108 398.4 Q F1 1.476 (remembers the last incremental search string.)3.976 F 1.476(If tw)6.476 F(o)-.1 E F2(C\255r)3.976 E F1 3.976(sa)C 1.475(re typed without an) -3.976 F 3.975(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.975 E(ening)-.15 E -(characters de\214ning a ne)108 729.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(earch string,)-2.5 +(characters de\214ning a ne)108 410.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(earch string,)-2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1(uses an)2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G -(emembered search string.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12) -136.795 E(52)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 53 53 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .012(Non-incremental searches read the entire sear\ -ch string before starting to search for matching history entries.)108 84 -R(The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents\ - of the current line.)108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(Readline Command Names)87 112.8 Q F1 1.392(The follo)108 124.8 R 1.391 +(emembered search string.)-2.5 E .012(Non-incremental searches read the\ + entire search string before starting to search for matching history en\ +tries.)108 427.2 R(The search string may be typed by the user or be par\ +t of the contents of the current line.)108 439.2 Q F2 +(Readline Command Names)87 456 Q F1 1.392(The follo)108 468 R 1.391 (wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 (ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F -3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.5(bound. Command)108 136.8 R +3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.5(bound. Command)108 480 R (names without an accompan)2.5 E(ying k)-.15 E .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H (equence are unbound by def).15 E(ault.)-.1 E .054(In the follo)108 -153.6 R .054(wing descriptions,)-.25 F F0(point)2.554 E F1 .055 +496.8 R .054(wing descriptions,)-.25 F F0(point)2.554 E F1 .055 (refers to the current cursor position, and)2.554 F F0(mark)2.555 E F1 -.055(refers to a cursor position)2.555 F(sa)108 165.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G +.055(refers to a cursor position)2.555 F(sa)108 508.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.679(db).15 G 2.679(yt)-2.679 G(he)-2.679 E F2(set\255mark)2.679 E F1 2.679(command. The)2.679 F(te)2.679 E .178 (xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 F F0 -.37(re) -2.678 G(gion)-.03 E F1(.)A F2(Read-)5.178 E(line)108 177.6 Q F1 .381 +2.678 G(gion)-.03 E F1(.)A F2(Read-)5.178 E(line)108 520.8 Q F1 .381 (has the concept of an)2.881 F F0 .381(active r)2.881 F -.4(eg)-.37 G (ion).4 E F1 2.881(:w)C .381(hen the re)-2.881 F .381(gion is acti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(,).15 E F2 -.18(re)2.881 G(adline).18 E F1 .382 (redisplay highlights the re)2.881 F(gion)-.15 E 1.027(using the v)108 -189.6 R 1.027(alue of the)-.25 F F2(acti)3.527 E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E +532.8 R 1.027(alue of the)-.25 F F2(acti)3.527 E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E (egion\255start\255color)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)3.527 G 3.527(riable. The).25 F F2(enable\255acti)3.527 E -.1(ve)-.1 G.1 E 1.027(egion r)-.18 F (eadline)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)3.527 G(riable).25 E(turns this on and of)108 -201.6 Q 2.5(f. Se)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral commands set the re).15 E +544.8 Q 2.5(f. Se)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral commands set the re).15 E (gion to acti)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;t).15 G(hose are noted belo) --2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Commands f)87 218.4 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 E -(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 230.4 Q F1(Mo)144 242.4 Q .3 +-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Commands f)87 561.6 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 E +(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 573.6 Q F1(Mo)144 585.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E (This may also be bound to the Home k)5 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(ns).15 G(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2 -(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 254.4 Q F1(Mo)144 266.4 Q .3 -.15 +(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 597.6 Q F1(Mo)144 609.6 Q .3 -.15 (ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E (This may also be bound to the End k)5 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(ns).15 G -(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2 -.25(fo)108 278.4 S -(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F1(Mo)144 290.4 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2 -.25(fo)108 621.6 S +(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F1(Mo)144 633.6 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H (orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E 5(.T)-.55 G (his may also be bound to the right arro)-5 E 2.5(wk)-.25 G .3 -.15 (ey o)-2.6 H 2.5(ns).15 G(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2 -(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 302.4 Q F1(Mo)144 314.4 Q .3 -.15(ve b) +(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 645.6 Q F1(Mo)144 657.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b) -.15 H(ack a character).15 E 5(.T)-.55 G (his may also be bound to the left arro)-5 E 2.5(wk)-.25 G .3 -.15(ey o) -2.6 H 2.5(ns).15 G(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2 -.25(fo) -108 326.4 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F1(Mo)144 338.4 Q .822 +108 669.6 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F1(Mo)144 681.6 Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523 (xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .523 (ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F -(ters and digits\).)144 350.4 Q F2(backward\255w)108 362.4 Q -(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F1(Mo)144 374.4 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 +(ters and digits\).)144 693.6 Q F2(backward\255w)108 705.6 Q +(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F1(Mo)144 717.6 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 (ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F -(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 386.4 Q F2(shell\255f)108 398.4 -Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F1(Mo)144 410.4 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -(orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984 -(ord. W)-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-) --.8 F(ters.)144 422.4 Q F2(shell\255backward\255w)108 434.4 Q(ord)-.1 E -F1(Mo)144 446.4 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609 +(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 729.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(53)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 54 54 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shell\255f)108 84 Q +(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord \(M\255C\255f\))-.1 E F1(Mo)144 96 Q .784 -.15 +(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w) +-.15 F 2.984(ord. W)-.1 F .484 +(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)-.8 F(ters.)144 108 +Q F2(shell\255backward\255w)108 120 Q(ord \(M\255C\255b\))-.1 E F1(Mo) +144 132 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609 (ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109 (ord. W)-.1 F .608(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F -(metacharacters.)144 458.4 Q F2(pr)108 470.4 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G -(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F1 .89(Attempt to mo)144 482.4 R -1.19 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .89(oint to the same ph).15 F .891 +(metacharacters.)144 144 Q F2(pr)108 156 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255scr) +.15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F1 .89(Attempt to mo)144 168 R 1.19 -.15(ve p) +-.15 H .89(oint to the same ph).15 F .891 (ysical screen column on the pre)-.05 F .891(vious ph)-.25 F .891 -(ysical screen line.)-.05 F .911(This will not ha)144 494.4 R 1.211 -.15 +(ysical screen line.)-.05 F .911(This will not ha)144 180 R 1.211 -.15 (ve t)-.2 H .911(he desired ef).15 F .911(fect if the current)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)3.411 G(adline).18 E F1 .91(line does not tak)3.41 F 3.41(eu)-.1 -G 3.41(pm)-3.41 G .91(ore than one)-3.41 F(ph)144 506.4 Q(ysical line o\ -r if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen\ - width.)-.05 E F2(next\255scr)108 518.4 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F1 .481 -(Attempt to mo)144 530.4 R .781 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .481 -(oint to the same ph).15 F .481(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F -.482(xt ph)-.15 F .482(ysical screen line.)-.05 F(This)5.482 E .05 -(will not ha)144 542.4 R .35 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .05(he desired ef).15 F .05 -(fect if the current)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)2.549 G(adline).18 E F1 .049 -(line does not tak)2.549 F 2.549(eu)-.1 G 2.549(pm)-2.549 G .049 -(ore than one ph)-2.549 F(ysical)-.05 E .033 -(line or if the length of the current)144 554.4 R F2 -.18(re)2.533 G +G 3.41(pm)-3.41 G .91(ore than one)-3.41 F(ph)144 192 Q(ysical line or \ +if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen w\ +idth.)-.05 E F2(next\255scr)108 204 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F1 .481 +(Attempt to mo)144 216 R .781 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .481(oint to the same ph) +.15 F .481(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F .482(xt ph)-.15 F .482 +(ysical screen line.)-.05 F(This)5.482 E .05(will not ha)144 228 R .35 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H .05(he desired ef).15 F .05(fect if the current)-.25 F +F2 -.18(re)2.549 G(adline).18 E F1 .049(line does not tak)2.549 F 2.549 +(eu)-.1 G 2.549(pm)-2.549 G .049(ore than one ph)-2.549 F(ysical)-.05 E +.033(line or if the length of the current)144 240 R F2 -.18(re)2.533 G (adline).18 E F1 .034 (line is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the)2.533 F -(screen width.)144 566.4 Q F2(clear\255display \(M\255C\255l\))108 578.4 -Q F1 1.499(Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal')144 590.4 R +(screen width.)144 252 Q F2(clear\255display \(M\255C\255l\))108 264 Q +F1 1.499(Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal')144 276 R 3.999(ss)-.55 G 1.498(crollback b)-3.999 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 3.998(,t) -.4 G 1.498(hen redra)-3.998 F 3.998(wt)-.15 G 1.498(he current line,) --3.998 F(lea)144 602.4 Q -(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 E F2(clear\255scr) -108 614.4 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F1 1.36(Clear the screen, then redra) -144 626.4 R 3.86(wt)-.15 G 1.36(he current line, lea)-3.86 F 1.36 -(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)144 638.4 -S(th an ar).4 E +-3.998 F(lea)144 288 Q(ving the current line at the top of the screen.) +-.2 E F2(clear\255scr)108 300 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F1 1.36 +(Clear the screen, then redra)144 312 R 3.86(wt)-.15 G 1.36 +(he current line, lea)-3.86 F 1.36 +(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)144 324 S +(th a numeric ar).4 E (gument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen.)-.18 E F2 --.18(re)108 650.4 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F1 -(Refresh the current line.)144 662.4 Q F2(Commands f)87 679.2 Q +-.18(re)108 336 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F1 +(Refresh the current line.)144 348 Q F2(Commands f)87 364.8 Q (or Manipulating the History)-.25 E(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 -691.2 Q(n\))-.15 E F1 .159(Accept the line re)144 703.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G +376.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F1 .159(Accept the line re)144 388.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .159(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158 (If this line is non-empty)5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158 (dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .337(according to the state of the) -144 715.2 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)2.838 E(OL)-.27 E F1(and) +144 400.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)2.838 E(OL)-.27 E F1(and) 2.588 E F2(HISTIGNORE)2.838 E F1 -.25(va)2.838 G 2.838(riables. If).25 F .338(the line is a modi-)2.838 F (\214ed history line, restore the history line to its original state.) -144 727.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(53)185.955 -E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 54 54 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pr)108 84 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G -(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F1 1.669(Fetch the pre)144 96 R 1.668 +144 412.8 Q F2(pr)108 424.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)) +.15 E F1 1.669(Fetch the pre)144 436.8 R 1.668 (vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 F 1.668 (ving back in the list.)-.15 F 1.668(This may also be)6.668 F -(bound to the up arro)144 108 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G .3 -.15(ey o)-2.6 H 2.5 +(bound to the up arro)144 448.8 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G .3 -.15(ey o)-2.6 H 2.5 (ns).15 G(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2 -(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 120 Q F1 .214(Fetch the ne)144 132 R +(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 460.8 Q F1 .214(Fetch the ne)144 472.8 R .214(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 F .214(ving forw)-.15 F .214(ard in the list.)-.1 F .214(This may also be bound)5.214 F -(to the do)144 144 Q(wn arro)-.25 E 2.5(wk)-.25 G .3 -.15(ey o)-2.6 H +(to the do)144 484.8 Q(wn arro)-.25 E 2.5(wk)-.25 G .3 -.15(ey o)-2.6 H 2.5(ns).15 G(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2 -(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 156 Q F1(Mo)144 168 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F2(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 180 Q F1(Mo)144 192 Q .3 -.15 -(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.65 -G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F2 -(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 204 Q F1 .24 -(Accept the current line for e)144 216 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .24 +(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 496.8 Q F1(Mo)144 508.8 Q .3 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.) +-.65 E F2(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 520.8 Q F1(Mo)144 532.8 Q +.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5 +(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F2 +(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 544.8 Q F1 .24 +(Accept the current line for e)144 556.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .24 (cution as if a ne).15 F .24(wline had been entered, and fetch the ne) --.25 F .24(xt line rela-)-.15 F(ti)144 228 Q .61 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.81 +-.25 F .24(xt line rela-)-.15 F(ti)144 568.8 Q .61 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.81 (ot).15 G .31(he current line from the history for editing.)-2.81 F 2.81 (An)5.31 G .31(umeric ar)-2.81 F .31 (gument, if supplied, speci\214es the)-.18 F -(history entry to use instead of the current line.)144 240 Q F2 -(fetch\255history)108 252 Q F1 -.4(Wi)144 264 S .257(th a numeric ar).4 -F .257(gument, fetch that entry from the history list and mak)-.18 F -2.756(ei)-.1 G 2.756(tt)-2.756 G .256(he current line.)-2.756 F -.4(Wi) -5.256 G(th-).4 E(out an ar)144 276 Q(gument, mo)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 -H(ack to the \214rst entry in the history list.).15 E F2 -2.29 -.18 -(re v)108 288 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F1 -1.312(Search backw)144 300 R 1.312 -(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.312 -(ving \231up\232 through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E .29 -(This is an incremental search.)144 312 R .29(This command sets the re) -5.29 F .29(gion to the matched te)-.15 F .29(xt and acti)-.15 F -.25(va) --.25 G .29(tes the).25 F(re)144 324 Q(gion.)-.15 E F2 -.25(fo)108 336 S -(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F1 .972 -(Search forw)144 348 R .973(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 -F .973(ving \231do)-.15 F .973(wn\232 through the history as necessary) --.25 F(.)-.65 E .29(This is an incremental search.)144 360 R .29 +(history entry to use instead of the current line.)144 580.8 Q F2 +(fetch\255history)108 592.8 Q F1 -.4(Wi)144 604.8 S .257 +(th a numeric ar).4 F .257 +(gument, fetch that entry from the history list and mak)-.18 F 2.756(ei) +-.1 G 2.756(tt)-2.756 G .256(he current line.)-2.756 F -.4(Wi)5.256 G +(th-).4 E(out an ar)144 616.8 Q(gument, mo)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H +(ack to the \214rst entry in the history list.).15 E F2 -2.29 -.18(re v) +108 628.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F1 1.312 +(Search backw)144 640.8 R 1.312(ard starting at the current line and mo) +-.1 F 1.312(ving \231up\232 through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.) +-.65 E .29(This is an incremental search.)144 652.8 R .29 (This command sets the re)5.29 F .29(gion to the matched te)-.15 F .29 -(xt and acti)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .29(tes the).25 F(re)144 372 Q(gion.) --.15 E F2(non\255incr)108 384 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 -H(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F1 .164 -(Search backw)144 396 R .164(ard through the history starting at the cu\ -rrent line using a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 408 S -(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E 5(.T)-.55 G -(he search string may match an)-5 E(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 E F2 -(non\255incr)108 420 Q(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E -(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 E F1 1.354(Search forw)144 432 R 1.354(a\ -rd through the history using a non-incremental search for a string supp\ -lied by the)-.1 F(user)144 444 Q 5(.T)-.55 G +(xt and acti)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .29(tes the).25 F(re)144 664.8 Q +(gion.)-.15 E F2 -.25(fo)108 676.8 S(rward\255sear).25 E +(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F1 .972(Search forw)144 688.8 R .973 +(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F .973(ving \231do)-.15 F +.973(wn\232 through the history as necessary)-.25 F(.)-.65 E .29 +(This is an incremental search.)144 700.8 R .29 +(This command sets the re)5.29 F .29(gion to the matched te)-.15 F .29 +(xt and acti)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .29(tes the).25 F(re)144 712.8 Q +(gion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(54)188.45 +E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 55 55 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(non\255incr)108 84 Q +(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H(rse\255sear).15 E +(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F1 .164(Search backw)144 96 R .164(ard\ + through the history starting at the current line using a non-increment\ +al search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 108 S(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E 5 +(.T)-.55 G(he search string may match an)-5 E(ywhere in a history line.) +-.15 E F2(non\255incr)108 120 Q(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 +E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 E F1 1.354(Search forw)144 132 R 1.354(\ +ard through the history using a non-incremental search for a string sup\ +plied by the)-.1 F(user)144 144 Q 5(.T)-.55 G (he search string may match an)-5 E(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 E F2 -(history\255sear)108 456 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F1 .95(Search backw)144 -468 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters between\ - the start of the current)-.1 F .34(line and the point.)144 480 R .34 +(history\255sear)108 156 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F1 .95(Search backw)144 +168 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters between\ + the start of the current)-.1 F .34(line and the point.)144 180 R .34 (The search string must match at the be)5.34 F .34 (ginning of a history line.)-.15 F .34(This is a non-)5.34 F -(incremental search.)144 492 Q(This may be bound to the P)5 E(age Up k) +(incremental search.)144 192 Q(This may be bound to the P)5 E(age Up k) -.15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(ns).15 G(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(boards.).15 E F2(history\255sear)108 504 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E -F1 .248(Search forw)144 516 R .249(ard through the history for the stri\ +(boards.).15 E F2(history\255sear)108 204 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E +F1 .248(Search forw)144 216 R .249(ard through the history for the stri\ ng of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .036 -(and the point.)144 528 R .036(The search string must match at the be) +(and the point.)144 228 R .036(The search string must match at the be) 5.036 F .035(ginning of a history line.)-.15 F .035 -(This is a non-incre-)5.035 F(mental search.)144 540 Q +(This is a non-incre-)5.035 F(mental search.)144 240 Q (This may be bound to the P)5 E(age Do)-.15 E(wn k)-.25 E .3 -.15(ey o) -.1 H 2.5(ns).15 G(ome k)-2.5 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2 -(history\255substring\255sear)108 552 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F1 .95 -(Search backw)144 564 R .951(ard through the history for the string of \ +(history\255substring\255sear)108 252 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F1 .95 +(Search backw)144 264 R .951(ard through the history for the string of \ characters between the start of the current)-.1 F .676 -(line and the point.)144 576 R .676(The search string may match an)5.676 +(line and the point.)144 276 R .676(The search string may match an)5.676 F .676(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 F .675(This is a non-incre-)5.676 -F(mental search.)144 588 Q F2(history\255substring\255sear)108 600 Q -(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F1 .248(Search forw)144 612 R .249(ard th\ +F(mental search.)144 288 Q F2(history\255substring\255sear)108 300 Q +(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F1 .248(Search forw)144 312 R .249(ard th\ rough the history for the string of characters between the start of the\ - current line)-.1 F .319(and the point.)144 624 R .319 + current line)-.1 F .319(and the point.)144 324 R .319 (The search string may match an)5.319 F .319(ywhere in a history line.) --.15 F .318(This is a non-incremental)5.318 F(search.)144 636 Q F2 -(yank\255nth\255ar)108 648 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F1 .622 -(Insert the \214rst ar)144 660 R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622 +-.15 F .318(This is a non-incremental)5.318 F(search.)144 336 Q F2 +(yank\255nth\255ar)108 348 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F1 .622 +(Insert the \214rst ar)144 360 R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622 (vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F -.622(vious line\))-.25 F .773(at point.)144 672 R -.4(Wi)5.773 G .773 +.622(vious line\))-.25 F .773(at point.)144 372 R -.4(Wi)5.773 G .773 (th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E F0(n)3.633 E F1 3.273(,i).24 G .773 (nsert the)-3.273 F F0(n)3.273 E F1 .773(th w)B .773(ord from the pre) -.1 F .773(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .773(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 -684 Q .291(vious command be)-.25 F .291(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).) +384 Q .291(vious command be)-.25 F .291(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).) -.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a) -.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291(ument inserts the).18 F F0(n)2.791 E F1 .291 -(th w)B .292(ord from the end of)-.1 F .699(the pre)144 696 R .699 +(th w)B .292(ord from the end of)-.1 F .699(the pre)144 396 R .699 (vious command.)-.25 F .699(Once the ar)5.699 F(gument)-.18 E F0(n)3.199 E F1 .698(is computed, this uses the history e)3.199 F .698(xpansion f) --.15 F(acili-)-.1 E(ties to e)144 708 Q(xtract the)-.15 E F0(n)2.5 E F1 +-.15 F(acili-)-.1 E(ties to e)144 408 Q(xtract the)-.15 E F0(n)2.5 E F1 (th w)A(ord, as if the \231!)-.1 E F0(n)A F1 2.5<9a68>C(istory e)-2.5 E -(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(54)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 55 55 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(yank\255last\255ar)108 84 Q +(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F2(yank\255last\255ar)108 420 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F1 1.307 -(Insert the last ar)144 96 R 1.307(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 +(Insert the last ar)144 432 R 1.307(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 (vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.308(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.308 -(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 108 S .204(th a numeric ar).4 +(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 444 S .204(th a numeric ar).4 F .204(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e) -.1 E F2(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F1 5.203(.S)C(uccessi)-5.203 E .503 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .203(alls to).15 F F2(yank\255last\255ar)2.703 E -(g)-.1 E F1(mo)144 120 Q .806 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 +(g)-.1 E F1(mo)144 456 Q .806 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 (ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 (ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E -.416(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 132 R(An)5.416 E +.416(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 468 R(An)5.416 E 2.916(yn)-.15 G .416(umeric ar)-2.916 F .416 (gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F .715 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .415 -(alls de-).15 F 1.217(termines the direction to mo)144 144 R 1.518 -.15 +(alls de-).15 F 1.217(termines the direction to mo)144 480 R 1.518 -.15 (ve t)-.15 H 1.218(hrough the history).15 F 6.218(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.518 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.218 (ument switches the direction).18 F .419 -(through the history \(back or forw)144 156 R 2.919(ard\). This)-.1 F +(through the history \(back or forw)144 492 R 2.919(ard\). This)-.1 F .419(uses the history e)2.919 F .418(xpansion f)-.15 F .418 -(acilities to e)-.1 F .418(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 168 S +(acilities to e)-.1 F .418(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 504 S (rd, as if the \231!$\232 history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) --.15 E F2(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 180 Q F1 .367 -(Expand the line by performing shell w)144 192 R .368(ord e)-.1 F 2.868 +-.15 E F2(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 516 Q F1 .367 +(Expand the line by performing shell w)144 528 R .368(ord e)-.1 F 2.868 (xpansions. This)-.15 F .368(performs alias and history e)2.868 F -(xpansion,)-.15 E F2($)144 204 Q F1<08>A F0(string)A F1 3.358<0861>C(nd) +(xpansion,)-.15 E F2($)144 540 Q F1<08>A F0(string)A F1 3.358<0861>C(nd) -3.358 E F2($)3.358 E F1(")A F0(string)A F1 3.358("q)C .857 (uoting, tilde e)-3.358 F .857(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .857 (ariable e)-.25 F .857(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E .548 -(pansion, command and process substitution, w)144 216 R .548 +(pansion, command and process substitution, w)144 552 R .548 (ord splitting, and quote remo)-.1 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.049(l. An).25 F -.15(ex)3.049 G .549(plicit ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E .61 -(ment suppresses command and process substitution.)144 228 R(See)5.61 E +(ment suppresses command and process substitution.)144 564 R(See)5.61 E /F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.109 E(OR)-.162 E 2.859(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.859 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1(belo)2.859 E 3.109(wf)-.25 G .609(or a de-)-3.109 F -(scription of history e)144 240 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 -(history\255expand\255line \(M\255\000\))108 252 Q F1 .938 -(Perform history e)144 264 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(scription of history e)144 576 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 +(history\255expand\255line \(M\255\000\))108 588 Q F1 .938 +(Perform history e)144 600 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F (See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E (ANSION)-.666 E F1(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-) --3.439 F(tion of history e)144 276 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(magic\255space) -108 288 Q F1 .438(Perform history e)144 300 R .438 +-3.439 F(tion of history e)144 612 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(magic\255space) +108 624 Q F1 .438(Perform history e)144 636 R .438 (xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)5.437 E F3 (HIST)2.937 E(OR)-.162 E 2.687(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.687 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1 -(be-)2.687 E(lo)144 312 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e) --2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(alias\255expand\255line)108 324 Q F1 .394 -(Perform alias e)144 336 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(be-)2.687 E(lo)144 648 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e) +-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(alias\255expand\255line)108 660 Q F1 .394 +(Perform alias e)144 672 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F (See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F1(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 348 Q F2 -(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 360 Q F1 -(Perform history and alias e)144 372 Q(xpansion on the current line.) --.15 E F2(insert\255last\255ar)108 384 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) -.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F1 2.5(As)144 396 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) --.15 E F2(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F1(.)A F2 -(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 408 Q F1(In)144 -420 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .347 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.647(ne).1 G .146 +.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 684 Q F2 +(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 696 Q F1 +(Perform history and alias e)144 708 Q(xpansion on the current line.) +-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(55)188.45 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 56 56 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(insert\255last\255ar)108 84 Q +(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M).833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F1 2.5(As) +144 96 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F2(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E +F1(.)A F2(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 108 Q +F1(In)144 120 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .347 -.1(ke a).2 H 2.647(ne).1 G .146 (ditor on the current command line, and e)-2.647 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 (cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F2(Bash)5.146 E F1(at-)2.646 E -(tempts to in)144 432 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54 -E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F4(,)A F1(and) -2.25 E F0(emacs)2.5 E F1(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G -(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2(Commands f)87 448.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E -(ext)-.92 E F0(end\255of\255\214le)108 460.8 Q F2(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 -E F1 .651(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 472.8 -R .651(xample, by)-.15 F F0(stty)3.491 E F1 3.151(\(1\). If).32 F .652 +(tempts to in)144 132 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR) +-.162 E F4(,)A F1(and)2.25 E F0(emacs)2.5 E F1(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5 +(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2(Commands f)87 148.8 +Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F0(end\255of\255\214le)108 160.8 Q F2 +(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 E F1 .651 +(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 172.8 R .651 +(xample, by)-.15 F F0(stty)3.491 E F1 3.151(\(1\). If).32 F .652 (this character is read when)3.152 F .03 -(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 484.8 R +(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 184.8 R .029(ginning of the line,)-.15 F F2 -.18(re)2.529 G(adline).18 E F1 .029 -(interprets it as)2.529 F(the end of input and returns)144 496.8 Q F3 -(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F2(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 508.8 Q F1 .441 -(Delete the character at point.)144 520.8 R .442 +(interprets it as)2.529 F(the end of input and returns)144 196.8 Q F3 +(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)A F2(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 208.8 Q F1 .441 +(Delete the character at point.)144 220.8 R .442 (If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F2 -(EOF)2.942 E F1(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 532.8 Q 2.539(,a)-.4 G(s) +(EOF)2.942 E F1(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 232.8 Q 2.539(,a)-.4 G(s) -2.539 E F2(C\255d)2.539 E F1 .039(commonly is, see abo)2.539 F .339 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .039(or the ef).15 F 2.539(fects. This)-.25 F .039 (may also be bound to the Delete k)2.539 F .338 -.15(ey o)-.1 H(n).15 E -(some k)144 544.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2 -(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 556.8 Q F1 .552 -(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 568.8 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553 +(some k)144 244.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(boards.).15 E F2 +(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 256.8 Q F1 .552 +(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 268.8 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553 (hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553(umeric ar)-3.053 F .553(gument, sa)-.18 F .853 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .553(he deleted te).15 F -.553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 580.8 Q F2 -.25(fo)108 592.8 S +.553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 280.8 Q F2 -.25(fo)108 292.8 S (rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F1 .474 -(Delete the character under the cursor)144 604.8 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474 +(Delete the character under the cursor)144 304.8 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474 (nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F -(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 616.8 Q F2 -(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 628.8 Q F1 .778(Add the ne)144 -640.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 +(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 316.8 Q F2 +(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 328.8 Q F1 .778(Add the ne)144 +340.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 (erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F2(C\255q)3.279 E F1 3.279 -(,f)C(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 652.8 S(ample.).15 E F2 -(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 664.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F1 -(Insert a tab character)144 676.8 Q(.)-.55 E F2 -(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !,)108 688.8 Q F1 1.666(...)2.5 G F2(\)) --1.666 E F1(Insert the character typed.)144 700.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 -Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(55)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 56 56 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(brack)108 84 Q +(,f)C(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 352.8 S(ample.).15 E F2 +(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 364.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F1 +(Insert a tab character)144 376.8 Q(.)-.55 E F2 +(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !,)108 388.8 Q F1 1.666(...)2.5 G F2(\)) +-1.666 E F1(Insert the character typed.)144 400.8 Q F2(brack)108 412.8 Q (eted\255paste\255begin)-.1 E F1 .573 -(This function is intended to be bound to the \231brack)144 96 R .572 +(This function is intended to be bound to the \231brack)144 424.8 R .572 (eted paste\232 escape sequence sent by some ter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .45 -(minals, and such a binding is assigned by def)144 108 R 2.95(ault. It) --.1 F(allo)2.95 E(ws)-.25 E F2 -.18(re)2.95 G(adline).18 E F1 .45 -(to insert the pasted te)2.95 F .45(xt as a)-.15 F .952(single unit wit\ -hout treating each character as if it had been read from the k)144 120 R --.15(ey)-.1 G 3.451(board. The).15 F(pasted)3.451 E 1.118 -(characters are inserted as if each one w)144 132 R 1.119(as bound to) +(minals, and such a binding is assigned by def)144 436.8 R 2.95 +(ault. It)-.1 F(allo)2.95 E(ws)-.25 E F2 -.18(re)2.95 G(adline).18 E F1 +.45(to insert the pasted te)2.95 F .45(xt as a)-.15 F .952(single unit \ +without treating each character as if it had been read from the k)144 +448.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.451(board. The).15 F(pasted)3.451 E 1.118 +(characters are inserted as if each one w)144 460.8 R 1.119(as bound to) -.1 F F2(self\255insert)3.619 E F1 1.119(instead of e)3.619 F -.15(xe) -.15 G 1.119(cuting an).15 F 3.619(ye)-.15 G(diting)-3.619 E(commands.) -144 144 Q(Brack)144 156 Q(eted paste sets the re)-.1 E +144 472.8 Q(Brack)144 484.8 Q(eted paste sets the re)-.1 E (gion to the inserted te)-.15 E(xt and acti)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G -(tes the re).25 E(gion.)-.15 E F2(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 168 -Q F1 .322(Drag the character before point forw)144 180 R .321(ard o)-.1 -F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F -.321(ving point forw)-.15 F .321(ard as well.)-.1 F .372 -(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 192 -R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .373(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.373 E -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .673 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha)144 -204 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F2 -(transpose\255w)108 216 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F1 .024(Drag the w)144 -228 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) --.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w) --2.523 F .023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023(If point)5.023 F -(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 240 Q 2.5 -(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F2(shell\255transpose\255w)108 252 Q -(ords \(M-C-t\))-.1 E F1 .562(Drag the w)144 264 R .562 +(tes the re).25 E(gion.)-.15 E F2(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 +496.8 Q F1 .322(Drag the character before point forw)144 508.8 R .321 +(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321 +(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321(ving point forw)-.15 F .321 +(ard as well.)-.1 F .372 +(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 +520.8 R 2.872(oc)-.1 G .373(haracters before point.)-2.872 F(Ne)5.373 E +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .673 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.2(r-).15 G(guments ha) +144 532.8 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F2 +(transpose\255w)108 544.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F1 .099(Drag the w)144 +556.8 R .099(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .099(ord after point, mo) +-.1 F .099(ving point past that w)-.15 F .099(ord as well.)-.1 F .098 +(If point)5.098 F +(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 568.8 Q 2.5 +(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F2(shell\255transpose\255w)108 580.8 +Q(ords \(M-C-t\))-.1 E F1 .562(Drag the w)144 592.8 R .562 (ord before point past the w)-.1 F .562(ord after point, mo)-.1 F .562 (ving point past that w)-.15 F .563(ord as well.)-.1 F .563(If the)5.563 F .019 (insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw) -144 276 R 2.519(ow)-.1 G .019(ords on the line.)-2.619 F -.8(Wo)5.019 G -.018(rd bound-).8 F(aries are the same as)144 288 Q F2(shell\255f)2.5 E -(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F1(and)2.5 E F2(shell\255backward\255w)2.5 -E(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(upcase\255w)108 300 Q(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F1 -1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 312 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F -4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 --.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F -(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 324 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15 -(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F2(do)108 336 Q(wncase\255w)-.1 E -(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F1(Lo)144 348 Q 1.648 +144 604.8 R 2.519(ow)-.1 G .019(ords on the line.)-2.619 F -.8(Wo)5.019 +G .018(rd bound-).8 F(aries are the same as)144 616.8 Q F2(shell\255f) +2.5 E(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F1(and)2.5 E F2 +(shell\255backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(upcase\255w)108 628.8 +Q(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F1 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 +640.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699 +(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 652.8 S(rd, b).1 +E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F2(do)108 664.8 Q +(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F1(Lo)144 676.8 Q 1.648 (wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.648(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.148 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.647(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.947 -.15 (ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre) --.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 360 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F2(capitalize\255w)108 372 Q -(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F1 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 384 -R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975 -(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 396 S(rd, b).1 -E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F2 -.1(ove)108 408 -S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F1 -.8(To)144 420 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438 +-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 688.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F2(capitalize\255w)108 700.8 Q +(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F1 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 +712.8 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975 +(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 724.8 S(rd, b) +.1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(56)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 57 57 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1(ove)108 84 S +(rwrite\255mode).1 E F1 -.8(To)144 96 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +.438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438 (xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437 (gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 -(Wi)144 432 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15 +(Wi)144 108 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15 (ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.) --.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 444 Q F2 +-.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 120 Q F2 (emacs)4.395 E F1(mode;)4.395 E F2(vi)4.395 E F1 1.894(mode does o)4.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F F0 -.37(re)4.394 G(adline\(\)).37 E F1 1.894 -(starts in insert)4.394 F(mode.)144 456 Q .092(In o)144 468 R -.15(ve) +(starts in insert)4.394 F(mode.)144 132 Q .092(In o)144 144 R -.15(ve) -.15 G .092(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F2(self\255insert) 2.593 E F1 .093(replace the te)2.593 F .093 -(xt at point rather than pushing the)-.15 F(te)144 480 Q .774 +(xt at point rather than pushing the)-.15 F(te)144 156 Q .774 (xt to the right.)-.15 F .773(Characters bound to)5.774 F F2 (backward\255delete\255char)3.273 E F1 .773 -(replace the character before point)3.273 F .52(with a space.)144 492 R +(replace the character before point)3.273 F .52(with a space.)144 168 R .52(By def)5.52 F .52(ault, this command is unbound, b)-.1 F .52 (ut may be bound to the Insert k)-.2 F .82 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 3.02(ns).15 G -(ome)-3.02 E -.1(ke)144 504 S(yboards.)-.05 E F2(Killing and Y)87 520.8 -Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 532.8 Q F1 1.415 -(Kill the te)144 544.8 R 1.414 +(ome)-3.02 E -.1(ke)144 180 S(yboards.)-.05 E F2(Killing and Y)87 196.8 +Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 208.8 Q F1 1.415 +(Kill the te)144 220.8 R 1.414 (xt from point to the end of the current line.)-.15 F -.4(Wi)6.414 G 1.414(th a ne).4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.714 -.15(ve n)-.25 H 1.414 -(umeric ar).15 F 1.414(gument, kill)-.18 F(backw)144 556.8 Q +(umeric ar).15 F 1.414(gument, kill)-.18 F(backw)144 232.8 Q (ard from the cursor to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F2 -(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 568.8 Q F1 .025 -(Kill backw)144 580.8 R .025(ard to the be)-.1 F .025 +(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 244.8 Q F1 .025 +(Kill backw)144 256.8 R .025(ard to the be)-.1 F .025 (ginning of the current line.)-.15 F -.4(Wi)5.025 G .025(th a ne).4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .326 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .026(umeric ar).15 F .026 (gument, kill forw)-.18 F(ard)-.1 E -(from the cursor to the end of the line.)144 592.8 Q F2 -(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 604.8 Q F1(Kill backw)144 616.8 +(from the cursor to the end of the line.)144 268.8 Q F2 +(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 280.8 Q F1(Kill backw)144 292.8 Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line, sa)-.15 E (ving the killed te)-.2 E(xt on the kill-ring.)-.15 E F2 -(kill\255whole\255line)108 628.8 Q F1 +(kill\255whole\255line)108 304.8 Q F1 (Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 -640.8 Q F2(kill\255w)108 652.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F1 .729 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 664.8 R .728 +316.8 Q F2(kill\255w)108 328.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F1 .729 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 340.8 R .728 (ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 676.8 S +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 352.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G -(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(backward\255kill\255w)108 688.8 Q -(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F1(Kill the w)144 700.8 Q(ord behind point.) +(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(backward\255kill\255w)108 364.8 Q +(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F1(Kill the w)144 376.8 Q(ord behind point.) -.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F2 -(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(56)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 57 57 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shell\255kill\255w)108 84 Q +(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(shell\255kill\255w)108 388.8 Q (ord \(M\255C\255d\))-.1 E F1 .728 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 96 R .729 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 400.8 R .729 (ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 108 S +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 412.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F2(shell\255f)2.5 E (orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) -108 120 Q(ord)-.1 E F1 3.025(Kill the w)144 132 R 3.025 +108 424.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F1 3.025(Kill the w)144 436.8 R 3.025 (ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F2(shell\255back-) -5.525 E(ward\255w)144 144 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(unix\255w)108 156 Q -(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F1 1.062(Kill the w)144 168 R 1.063 +5.525 E(ward\255w)144 448.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(unix\255w)108 460.8 Q +(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F1 1.062(Kill the w)144 472.8 R 1.063 (ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F 1.063(ord boundary)-.1 F 3.563(,s)-.65 G -.2(av)-3.563 G 1.063(ing the killed te).2 F 1.063 -(xt on the)-.15 F(kill-ring.)144 180 Q F2(unix\255\214lename\255rubout) -108 192 Q F1 .266(Kill the w)144 204 R .266 +(xt on the)-.15 F(kill-ring.)144 484.8 Q F2 +(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 496.8 Q F1 .266(Kill the w)144 508.8 R +.266 (ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) --.1 F .265(ord boundaries, sa)-.1 F(v-)-.2 E(ing the killed te)144 216 Q -(xt on the kill-ring.)-.15 E F2 -(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 228 Q F1 -(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 240 Q F2(kill\255r)108 252 -Q(egion)-.18 E F1(Kill the te)144 264 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E -(gion.)-.15 E F2(copy\255r)108 276 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F1(Cop) -144 288 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E +-.1 F .265(ord boundaries, sa)-.1 F(v-)-.2 E(ing the killed te)144 520.8 +Q(xt on the kill-ring.)-.15 E F2 +(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 532.8 Q F1 +(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 544.8 Q F2(kill\255r)108 +556.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F1(Kill the te)144 568.8 Q(xt in the current re) +-.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F2(copy\255r)108 580.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E +F1(Cop)144 592.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E (gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.5(,s)-.4 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G 2.5(tc)-2.5 G(an be yank)-2.5 E(ed immediately)-.1 E(.)-.65 E F2 -(copy\255backward\255w)108 300 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(Cop)144 312 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G -2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) --.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301 -(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F2(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 324 -Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(copy\255f)108 336 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E -F1(Cop)144 348 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008(ord follo)-.1 -F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T) --.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F2 --.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 360 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2 -(yank \(C\255y\))108 372 Q F1 -1(Ya)144 384 S -(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25 -E F2(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 396 Q F1 -(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 408 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 +(copy\255backward\255w)108 604.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(Cop)144 616.8 Q 4.8(yt) +-.1 G 2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E +(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301 +(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F2(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 +628.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(copy\255f)108 640.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E +(ord)-.1 E F1(Cop)144 652.8 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008 +(ord follo)-.1 F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 +E 7.007(.T)-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007 +(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F2 -.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G +(ward\255w)144 664.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2(yank \(C\255y\))108 676.8 Q +F1 -1(Ya)144 688.8 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer at point.)-.25 E F2(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 700.8 Q F1 +(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 712.8 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 (op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F2(yank)2.5 E -F1(or)2.5 E F2(yank\255pop)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(Numeric Ar)87 424.8 Q -(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 436.8 Q(gument \(M\2550, M\2551,)-.1 E F1 -1.666(...)2.5 G F2 2.5(,M)-1.666 G-2.5 E F1 .367 -(Add this digit to the ar)144 448.8 R .367 -(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18 -(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 460.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G -(ument.).18 E F2(uni)108 472.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 -E F1 .779(This is another w)144 484.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F -3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778 -(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 +F1(or)2.5 E F2(yank\255pop)2.5 E F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(57)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 58 58 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Numeric Ar)87 84 Q(guments) +-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 96 Q(gument \(M\2550, M\2551,)-.1 E F1 1.666(...) +2.5 G F2 2.5(,M)-1.666 G-2.5 E F1 .367(Add this digit to the ar) +144 108 R .367(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867 +(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367 +(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 120 Q .3 -.15(ve a) +-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F2(uni)108 132 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G +(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F1 .779(This is another w)144 144 R .779 +(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779 +(this command is follo)3.279 F .778(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F +1.376 (optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 -496.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 -508.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(uni) +156 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 +168 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(uni) 3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F1(ag)3.67 E 1.17 (ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) --.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 520.8 R .898 +-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 180 R .898 (As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898 (wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23 -(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 532.8 R 1.23 +(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 192 R 1.23 (gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four) --.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 544.8 R .822 +-.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 204 R .822 (gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823 (cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F -(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 556.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 -E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F2(Completing) -87 573.6 Q(complete \(T)108 585.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F1 .203 -(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 597.6 R .203 +(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 216 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 E +(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F2(Completing) +87 232.8 Q(complete \(T)108 244.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F1 .203 +(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 256.8 R .203 (xt before point.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.203 E F1 .203 -(attempts completion by \214rst check-)2.703 F .767(ing for an)144 609.6 +(attempts completion by \214rst check-)2.703 F .767(ing for an)144 268.8 R 3.267(yp)-.15 G .767(rogrammable completions for the command w)-3.267 F .768(ord \(see)-.1 F F2(Pr)3.268 E .768(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F -F1(belo)144 621.6 Q .06(w\), otherwise treating the te)-.25 F .06 +F1(belo)144 280.8 Q .06(w\), otherwise treating the te)-.25 F .06 (xt as a v)-.15 F .059(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .059(xt be)-.15 F .059 (gins with)-.15 F F2($)2.559 E F1 .059(\), username \(if the te)B .059 -(xt be-)-.15 F .474(gins with)144 633.6 R F2<01>2.974 E F1 .474 +(xt be-)-.15 F .474(gins with)144 292.8 R F2<01>2.974 E F1 .474 (\), hostname \(if the te)B .474(xt be)-.15 F .474(gins with)-.15 F F2 (@)2.974 E F1 .474(\), or command \(including aliases, functions, and)B --.2(bu)144 645.6 S(iltins\) in turn.).2 E +-.2(bu)144 304.8 S(iltins\) in turn.).2 E (If none of these produces a match, it f)5 E (alls back to \214lename completion.)-.1 E F2 -(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 657.6 Q F1 .061 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 669.6 R .061 +(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 316.8 Q F1 .061 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 328.8 R .061 (xt before point.)-.15 F .061(When displaying completions,)5.061 F F2 -.18(re)2.56 G(adline).18 E F1(sets)2.56 E 1.002 -(the number of columns used for display to the v)144 681.6 R 1.002 +(the number of columns used for display to the v)144 340.8 R 1.002 (alue of)-.25 F F2(completion-display-width)3.502 E F1 3.502(,t)C 1.003 -(he v)-3.502 F 1.003(alue of)-.25 F(the shell v)144 693.6 Q(ariable)-.25 +(he v)-3.502 F 1.003(alue of)-.25 F(the shell v)144 352.8 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 (or the screen width, in that order)2.25 E(.)-.55 E F2 -(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 705.6 Q F1 .783 -(Insert all completions of the te)144 717.6 R .783 +(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 364.8 Q F1 .783 +(Insert all completions of the te)144 376.8 R .783 (xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .783(een generated by).15 F F2(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144 -729.6 Q F1 2.5(,s)C(eparated by a space.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(57)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 58 58 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(menu\255complete)108 84 Q F1 -.928(Similar to)144 96 R F2(complete)3.428 E F1 3.428(,b)C .929 -(ut replaces the w)-3.628 F .929 +388.8 Q F1 2.5(,s)C(eparated by a space.)-2.5 E F2(menu\255complete)108 +400.8 Q F1 .928(Similar to)144 412.8 R F2(complete)3.428 E F1 3.428(,b)C +.929(ut replaces the w)-3.628 F .929 (ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F 1.618 -(possible completions.)144 108 R 1.618(Repeatedly e)6.618 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuting).15 E F2(menu\255complete)4.118 E F1 1.618 +(possible completions.)144 424.8 R 1.618(Repeatedly e)6.618 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(menu\255complete)4.118 E F1 1.618 (steps through the list of possible)4.118 F .42 -(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 120 R .421 +(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 436.8 R .421 (At the end of the list of completions,)5.421 F F2(menu\255complete) -2.921 E F1 .22(rings the bell \(subject to the setting of)144 132 R F2 +2.921 E F1 .22(rings the bell \(subject to the setting of)144 448.8 R F2 (bell\255style)2.719 E F1 2.719(\)a)C .219(nd restores the original te) -2.719 F 2.719(xt. An)-.15 F(ar)2.719 E .219(gument of)-.18 F F0(n)2.719 -E F1(mo)144 144 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F0(n)2.546 E F1 .046 +E F1(mo)144 460.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F0(n)2.546 E F1 .046 (positions forw)2.546 F .046(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .346 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .046(ument mo) .18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.546(sb).15 G(ackw)-2.546 E .046(ard through the) --.1 F 2.5(list. This)144 156 R(command is intended to be bound to)2.5 E -F2 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F1 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.)-.1 -E F2(menu\255complete\255backward)108 168 Q F1 .82(Identical to)144 180 -R F2(menu\255complete)3.32 E F1 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 +-.1 F 2.5(list. This)144 472.8 R(command is intended to be bound to)2.5 +E F2 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F1 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.) +-.1 E F2(menu\255complete\255backward)108 484.8 Q F1 .82(Identical to) +144 496.8 R F2(menu\255complete)3.32 E F1 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 (ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F2 -(menu\255complete)144 192 Q F1(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan) -.15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G -2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2 -(export\255completions)108 204 Q F1 1.412(Perform completion on the w) -144 216 R 1.412(ord before point as described abo)-.1 F 1.712 -.15(ve a) --.15 H 1.412(nd write the list of possible).15 F .56(completions to)144 -228 R F2 -.18(re)3.06 G(adline).18 E F1 1.66 -.55('s o)D .56 +(menu\255complete)144 508.8 Q F1(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg) +.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E +F2(export\255completions)108 520.8 Q F1 1.412 +(Perform completion on the w)144 532.8 R 1.412 +(ord before point as described abo)-.1 F 1.712 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 1.412 +(nd write the list of possible).15 F .56(completions to)144 544.8 R F2 +-.18(re)3.06 G(adline).18 E F1 1.66 -.55('s o)D .56 (utput stream using the follo).55 F .56 -(wing format, writing information on sepa-)-.25 F(rate lines:)144 240 Q -<83>144 256.8 Q(the number of matches)180 256.8 Q F0(N)2.5 E F1(;)A<83> -144 268.8 Q(the w)180 268.8 Q(ord being completed;)-.1 E<83>144 280.8 Q -F0(S)180 280.8 Q F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 3.252(,w)C .753 -(here S and E are the start and end of)-3.252 F .753(fsets of the w)-.25 -F .753(ord in the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)3.253 G(adline).18 E F1 .753(line b) -3.253 F(uf)-.2 E(fer;)-.25 E(then)180 292.8 Q<83>144 304.8 Q -(each match, one per line)180 304.8 Q .195(If there are no matches, the\ - \214rst line will be \2310\232, and this command does not print an)144 -321.6 R 2.695(yo)-.15 G .195(utput after)-2.695 F(the)144 333.6 Q F0(S) -2.704 E F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 5.204(.I)C 2.704(ft)-5.204 G .204 +(wing format, writing information on sepa-)-.25 F(rate lines:)144 556.8 +Q<83>144 573.6 Q(the number of matches)180 573.6 Q F0(N)2.5 E F1(;)A<83> +144 585.6 Q(the w)180 585.6 Q(ord being completed;)-.1 E<83>144 597.6 Q +F0(S)180 597.6 Q F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 3.283(,w)C(here)-3.283 E F0(S)3.283 E +F1(and)3.284 E F0(E)3.284 E F1 .784(are the start and end of)3.284 F +.784(fsets of the w)-.25 F .784(ord in the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)3.284 G +(adline).18 E F1 .784(line b)3.284 F(uf)-.2 E(fer;)-.25 E(then)180 609.6 +Q<83>144 621.6 Q(each match, one per line)180 621.6 Q .195(If there are\ + no matches, the \214rst line will be \2310\232, and this command does \ +not print an)144 638.4 R 2.695(yo)-.15 G .195(utput after)-2.695 F(the) +144 650.4 Q F0(S)2.704 E F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 5.204(.I)C 2.704(ft)-5.204 G +.204 (here is only a single match, this prints a single line containing it.) -2.704 F .205(If there is more than)5.205 F .233(one match, this prints\ - the common pre\214x of the matches, which may be empty)144 345.6 R + the common pre\214x of the matches, which may be empty)144 662.4 R 2.733(,o)-.65 G 2.732(nt)-2.733 G .232(he \214rst line af-)-2.732 F .097 -(ter the)144 357.6 R F0(S)2.597 E F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 2.598(,t)C .098 +(ter the)144 674.4 R F0(S)2.597 E F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 2.598(,t)C .098 (hen the matches on subsequent lines.)-2.598 F .098(In this case,)5.098 F F0(N)2.598 E F1 .098(will include the \214rst line with the)2.598 F -(common pre\214x.)144 369.6 Q .482(The user or application should be ab\ -le to accommodate the possibility of a blank line.)144 386.4 R .481 -(The intent)5.481 F .844(is that the user or application reads)144 398.4 +(common pre\214x.)144 686.4 Q .482(The user or application should be ab\ +le to accommodate the possibility of a blank line.)144 703.2 R .481 +(The intent)5.481 F .844(is that the user or application reads)144 715.2 R F0(N)3.344 E F1 .844(lines after the line containing)3.344 F F0(S) 3.345 E F1(:)A F0(E)A F1 .845(to obtain the match list.)3.345 F -(This command is unbound by def)144 410.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2 -(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 427.2 Q F1 .234 -(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 439.2 R -.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F2(delete\255char) -2.734 E F1(\).)A .305(At the end of the line, it beha)144 451.2 R -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 2.805(si).15 G .305(dentically to)-2.805 F F2 -(possible\255completions)2.805 E F1 5.305(.T)C .305 -(his command is unbound)-5.305 F(by def)144 463.2 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2 -(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 480 Q F1 -(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 492 Q(xt before point.)-.15 -E F2(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 508.8 Q F1 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 520.8 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F2 -(complete\255user)108 537.6 Q(name \(M\255\001\))-.15 E F1 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 549.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F2(possible\255user) -108 566.4 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x \001\))-.15 E F1 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 578.4 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F2(complete\255v)108 -595.2 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F1(Attempt completion on the te)144 -607.2 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F2(possible\255v)108 624 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F1 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 636 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2 -(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 652.8 Q F1 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 664.8 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F2 -(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 681.6 Q F1 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 693.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 -Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(58)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +(This command is unbound by def)144 727.2 Q(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(58)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 59 59 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 84 Q F1 .581 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 96 R .581 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(delete\255char\255or\255list) +108 84 Q F1 .234 +(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 96 R .234 +(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F2(delete\255char)2.734 +E F1(\).)A .305(At the end of the line, it beha)144 108 R -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.805(si).15 G .305(dentically to)-2.805 F F2(possible\255completions) +2.805 E F1 5.305(.T)C .305(his command is unbound)-5.305 F(by def)144 +120 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 136.8 Q F1 +(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 148.8 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F2(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 165.6 Q +F1(List the possible completions of the te)144 177.6 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F2 +(complete\255user)108 194.4 Q(name \(M\255\001\))-.15 E F1 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 206.4 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F2(possible\255user) +108 223.2 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x \001\))-.15 E F1 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 235.2 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F2(complete\255v)108 +252 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F1(Attempt completion on the te)144 264 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2 +(possible\255v)108 280.8 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F1 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 292.8 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2 +(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 309.6 Q F1 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 321.6 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F2 +(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 338.4 Q F1 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 350.4 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F2 +(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 367.2 Q F1 .581 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 379.2 R .581 (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58 -(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 108 R +(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 391.2 R .715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F .715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F -(\214nally e)144 120 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(\214nally e)144 403.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F2 -(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 136.8 Q F1 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 148.8 Q +(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 420 Q F1 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 432 Q (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F2 -(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 165.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F1 .092 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 177.6 R .092 +(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 448.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F1 .092 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 460.8 R .092 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .092(xt ag)-.15 F .092 (ainst history list entries for pos-)-.05 F(sible completion matches.) -144 189.6 Q F2(dab)108 206.4 Q(br)-.1 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E -F1 .61(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 218.4 R .611 +144 472.8 Q F2(dab)108 489.6 Q(br)-.1 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E +F1 .61(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 501.6 R .611 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611 (ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F -(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 230.4 Q F2 -(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 247.2 Q F1 .4(Perform \214le\ +(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 513.6 Q F2 +(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 530.4 Q F1 .4(Perform \214le\ name completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed wi\ -thin braces so)144 259.2 R(the list is a)144 271.2 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +thin braces so)144 542.4 R(the list is a)144 554.4 Q -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F2(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F1(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 -.25(Ke)87 288 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 E -(start\255kbd\255macr)108 300 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)).833 -E F1(Be)144 312 Q(gin sa)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 -.25(Ke)87 571.2 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 +E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 583.2 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) +.833 E F1(Be)144 595.2 Q(gin sa)-.15 E (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro.).15 E F2(end\255kbd\255macr)108 324 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G -(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F1(Stop sa)144 336 Q +(board macro.).15 E F2(end\255kbd\255macr)108 607.2 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G +(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F1(Stop sa)144 619.2 Q (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F2 -(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 348 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 E -F1(Re-e)144 360 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 -G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\ -ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 372 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F2 -(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 384 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E F1 -(Print the last k)144 396 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 631.2 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 +E F1(Re-e)144 643.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey) +-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\ + appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 655.2 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 +E F2(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 667.2 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E +F1(Print the last k)144 679.2 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E F0(inputr)2.5 -E(c)-.37 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F2(Miscellaneous)87 412.8 Q -.18(re)108 -424.8 S.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F1 -1.777(Read in the contents of the)144 436.8 R F0(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E -F1 1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776 +E(c)-.37 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F2(Miscellaneous)87 696 Q F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(59)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 60 60 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)108 84 S.18 E +(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F1 1.777 +(Read in the contents of the)144 96 R F0(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F1 +1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776 (indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144 -448.8 Q F2(abort \(C\255g\))108 460.8 Q F1 3.248 -(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 472.8 R +108 Q F2(abort \(C\255g\))108 120 Q F1 3.248 +(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 132 R 5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F2 -(bell\255style)144 484.8 Q F1(\).)A F2(do\255lo)108 496.8 Q(wer)-.1 E +(bell\255style)144 144 Q F1(\).)A F2(do\255lo)108 156 Q(wer)-.1 E (case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E F0(x)A F2(,)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G F2(\))-1.666 E F1 1.739(If the meta\214ed character)144 -508.8 R F0(x)4.239 E F1 1.739 +168 R F0(x)4.239 E F1 1.739 (is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.239 -F(meta\214ed lo)144 520.8 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G -(he beha)-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F0(x)2.5 E F1(is already lo) -2.5 E(wercase.)-.25 E F2(pr)108 532.8 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F1 -(Metafy the ne)144 544.8 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF(ESC)5 E F2(f)2.25 E F1(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -(Meta\255f)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 556.8 Q F1 -(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 568.8 Q F2 --2.29 -.18(re v)108 580.8 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F1 .23 -(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 592.8 R .231(This is lik)5.23 F +F(meta\214ed lo)144 180 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G(he beha) +-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F0(x)2.5 E F1(is already lo)2.5 E +(wercase.)-.25 E F2(pr)108 192 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F1 +(Metafy the ne)144 204 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(ESC)5 E F2(f)2.25 E F1(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 +(Meta\255f)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 216 Q F1 +(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 228 Q F2 +-2.29 -.18(re v)108 240 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F1 .23 +(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 252 R .231(This is lik)5.23 F 2.731(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-2.881 G .231(cuting the).15 F F2(undo)2.731 E F1 .231(command enough times to re-)2.731 F -(turn the line to its initial state.)144 604.8 Q F2 -(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 616.8 Q F1(Perform tilde e)144 628.8 Q +(turn the line to its initial state.)144 264 Q F2 +(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 276 Q F1(Perform tilde e)144 288 Q (xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F2 -(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 640.8 Q F1 -(Set the mark to the point.)144 652.8 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E +(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 300 Q F1 +(Set the mark to the point.)144 312 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E (gument is supplied, set the mark to that position.)-.18 E F2 -(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 664.8 Q F1(Sw) -144 676.8 Q .872(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .871 +(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 324 Q F1(Sw)144 +336 Q .872(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .871 (Set the current cursor position to the sa)5.871 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.371 (dp).15 G .871(osition, then set the)-3.371 F -(mark to the old cursor position.)144 688.8 Q F2(character\255sear)108 -700.8 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F1 1.1(Read a character and mo)144 712.8 R -1.4 -.15(ve p)-.15 H 1.101(oint to the ne).15 F 1.101 +(mark to the old cursor position.)144 348 Q F2(character\255sear)108 360 +Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F1 1.1(Read a character and mo)144 372 R 1.4 -.15 +(ve p)-.15 H 1.101(oint to the ne).15 F 1.101 (xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 6.101(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.401 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument).18 E -(searches for pre)144 724.8 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(59)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 60 60 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(character\255sear)108 84 Q -(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F1 1.071(Read a character and mo) -144 96 R 1.371 -.15(ve p)-.15 H 1.071(oint to the pre).15 F 1.071 -(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.07(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.37 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(u-).18 E -(ment searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 108 Q F2 -(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 120 Q F1 1.826 -(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 132 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) +(searches for pre)144 384 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F2 +(character\255sear)108 396 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F1 +1.071(Read a character and mo)144 408 R 1.371 -.15(ve p)-.15 H 1.071 +(oint to the pre).15 F 1.071(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F +6.07(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.37 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +-.18(rg).15 G(u-).18 E(ment searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 420 +Q F2(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 432 Q F1 1.826 +(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 444 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) -.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .345(Home and End.)144 144 R .345 +4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .345(Home and End.)144 456 R .345 (CSI sequences be)5.345 F .345 (gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually)-.15 F F0 .344 (ESC [)3.354 F F1 5.344(.I).52 G(f)-5.344 E 1.437 -(this sequence is bound to \231\\e[\232, k)144 156 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.937 +(this sequence is bound to \231\\e[\232, k)144 468 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.937 (sp).15 G 1.437(roducing CSI sequences ha)-3.937 F 1.737 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.937(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.937 G 1.438(ect unless e).25 F(xplicitly)-.15 -E .297(bound to a)144 168 R F2 -.18(re)2.797 G(adline).18 E F1 .297 +E .297(bound to a)144 480 R F2 -.18(re)2.797 G(adline).18 E F1 .297 (command, instead of inserting stray characters into the editing b)2.797 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.296(.T)-.55 G .296(his is)-5.296 F -(unbound by def)144 180 Q(ault, b)-.1 E(ut usually bound to)-.2 E F0 -(ESC [)3.01 E F1(.).52 E F2(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 192 Q F1 --.4(Wi)144 204 S .532(thout a numeric ar).4 F .533(gument, insert the v) +(unbound by def)144 492 Q(ault, b)-.1 E(ut usually bound to)-.2 E F0 +(ESC [)3.01 E F1(.).52 E F2(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 504 Q F1 +-.4(Wi)144 516 S .532(thout a numeric ar).4 F .533(gument, insert the v) -.18 F .533(alue of the)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)3.033 G .533 (adline comment\255begin).18 F F1 -.25(va)3.033 G .533 -(riable at the be-).25 F .792(ginning of the current line.)144 216 R +(riable at the be-).25 F .792(ginning of the current line.)144 528 R .791(If a numeric ar)5.791 F .791 (gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .863 -(the characters at the be)144 228 R .864 +(the characters at the be)144 540 R .864 (ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .864(alue of)-.25 F F2 (comment\255begin)3.364 E F1 3.364(,i)C .864(nsert the)-3.364 F -.25(va) -144 240 S .305(lue; otherwise delete the characters in).25 F F2 +144 552 S .305(lue; otherwise delete the characters in).25 F F2 (comment-begin)2.804 E F1 .304(from the be)2.804 F .304 (ginning of the line.)-.15 F .304(In either)5.304 F .947 -(case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 252 R .948 +(case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 564 R .948 (wline had been typed.)-.25 F .948(The def)5.948 F .948(ault v)-.1 F .948(alue of)-.25 F F2(comment\255begin)3.448 E F1 .363 -(causes this command to mak)144 264 R 2.863(et)-.1 G .363 +(causes this command to mak)144 576 R 2.863(et)-.1 G .363 (he current line a shell comment.)-2.863 F .362(If a numeric ar)5.362 F -.362(gument causes the)-.18 F(comment character to be remo)144 276 Q +.362(gument causes the)-.18 F(comment character to be remo)144 588 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted by the shell.).15 E F2(spell\255corr)108 288 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E +(cuted by the shell.).15 E F2(spell\255corr)108 600 Q(ect\255w)-.18 E (ord \(C\255x s\))-.1 E F1 .42 -(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 300 R .421 +(Perform spelling correction on the current w)144 612 R .421 (ord, treating it as a directory or \214lename, in the same)-.1 F -.1 -(wa)144 312 S 4.718(ya).1 G 4.718(st)-4.718 G(he)-4.718 E F2(cdspell) +(wa)144 624 S 4.718(ya).1 G 4.718(st)-4.718 G(he)-4.718 E F2(cdspell) 4.718 E F1 2.218(shell option.)4.718 F -.8(Wo)7.217 G 2.217 (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F2(shell\255f)4.717 E -(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 324 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2 -(glob\255complete\255w)108 336 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 348 +(or)-.25 E(-)-.37 E(ward\255w)144 636 Q(ord)-.1 E F1(.)A F2 +(glob\255complete\255w)108 648 Q(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F1 -.35(Tr)144 660 S 1.037(eat the w).35 F 1.037 (ord before point as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F 1.038 (xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly ap-)-.15 F(pended, then use the \ pattern to generate a list of matching \214le names for possible comple\ -tions.)144 360 Q F2(glob\255expand\255w)108 372 Q(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E -F1 -.35(Tr)144 384 S .033(eat the w).35 F .033 +tions.)144 672 Q F2(glob\255expand\255w)108 684 Q(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E +F1 -.35(Tr)144 696 S .033(eat the w).35 F .033 (ord before point as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .033 (xpansion, and insert the list of matching \214le)-.15 F .083 -(names, replacing the w)144 396 R 2.583(ord. If)-.1 F 2.583(an)2.583 G +(names, replacing the w)144 708 R 2.583(ord. If)-.1 F 2.583(an)2.583 G .083(umeric ar)-2.583 F .083(gument is supplied, append a)-.18 F F2(*) -2.584 E F1 .084(before pathname e)2.584 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 408 Q -F2(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))108 420 Q F1 .689 -(Display the list of e)144 432 R .689(xpansions that w)-.15 F .688 +2.584 E F1 .084(before pathname e)2.584 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 720 Q +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(60)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 61 61 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))108 84 Q F1 .689 +(Display the list of e)144 96 R .689(xpansions that w)-.15 F .688 (ould ha)-.1 F .988 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .688(een generated by).15 F F2 (glob\255expand\255w)3.188 E(ord)-.1 E F1 .688(and redis-)3.188 F -(play the line.)144 444 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E +(play the line.)144 108 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E (gument is supplied, append a)-.18 E F2(*)2.5 E F1(before pathname e)2.5 -E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(dump\255functions)108 456 Q F1 .473 -(Print all of the functions and their k)144 468 R .773 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(dump\255functions)108 120 Q F1 .473 +(Print all of the functions and their k)144 132 R .773 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .473(indings to the).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.973 G(adline).18 E F1 .473 (output stream.)2.973 F .473(If a numeric ar)5.473 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 480 Q +(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 144 Q (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E F0(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F1 -(\214le.)2.5 E F2(dump\255v)108 492 Q(ariables)-.1 E F1 .456 -(Print all of the settable)144 504 R F2 -.18(re)2.956 G(adline).18 E F1 +(\214le.)2.5 E F2(dump\255v)108 156 Q(ariables)-.1 E F1 .456 +(Print all of the settable)144 168 R F2 -.18(re)2.956 G(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)2.955 G .455(riables and their v).25 F .455(alues to the)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)2.955 G(adline).18 E F1 .455(output stream.)2.955 F .455 -(If a nu-)5.455 F .108(meric ar)144 516 R .108 +(If a nu-)5.455 F .108(meric ar)144 180 R .108 (gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .109 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F0(in-)2.609 E(putr)144 528 Q -(c)-.37 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F2(dump\255macr)108 540 Q(os)-.18 E F1 .089 -(Print all of the)144 552 R F2 -.18(re)2.589 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke) +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F0(in-)2.609 E(putr)144 192 Q +(c)-.37 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F2(dump\255macr)108 204 Q(os)-.18 E F1 .089 +(Print all of the)144 216 R F2 -.18(re)2.589 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke) 2.589 G 2.589(ys)-.05 G .089 (equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.589 F 2.589(yo)-.15 G .088(utput to the)-2.589 F F2 -.18(re)2.588 G(adline).18 E F1 .243 -(output stream.)144 564 R .243(If a numeric ar)5.243 F .243 +(output stream.)144 228 R .243(If a numeric ar)5.243 F .243 (gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .244 -(ay that it can)-.1 F(be made part of an)144 576 Q F0(inputr)2.5 E(c) --.37 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F2(execute\255named\255command \(M-x\))108 588 Q -F1 1.084(Read a bindable)144 600 R F2 -.18(re)3.584 G(adline).18 E F1 +(ay that it can)-.1 F(be made part of an)144 240 Q F0(inputr)2.5 E(c) +-.37 E F1(\214le.)2.5 E F2(execute\255named\255command \(M-x\))108 252 Q +F1 1.084(Read a bindable)144 264 R F2 -.18(re)3.584 G(adline).18 E F1 1.083(command name from the input and e)3.584 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.083 (cute the function to which it').15 F(s)-.55 E .278(bound, as if the k) -144 612 R .578 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .278(equence to which it w).15 F .279 +144 276 R .578 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .278(equence to which it w).15 F .279 (as bound appeared in the input.)-.1 F .279(If this function is sup-) -5.279 F(plied with a numeric ar)144 624 Q(gument, it passes that ar)-.18 +5.279 F(plied with a numeric ar)144 288 Q(gument, it passes that ar)-.18 E(gument to the function it e)-.18 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes.).15 E F2 -(display\255shell\255v)108 636 Q(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F1 -(Display v)144 648 Q(ersion information about the current instance of) --.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(Pr)87 664.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 -E F1 .379(When a user attempts w)108 676.8 R .378 +(display\255shell\255v)108 300 Q(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F1 +(Display v)144 312 Q(ersion information about the current instance of) +-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(Pr)87 328.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 +E F1 .379(When a user attempts w)108 340.8 R .378 (ord completion for a command or an ar)-.1 F .378 (gument to a command for which a comple-)-.18 F .92 -(tion speci\214cation \(a)108 688.8 R F0(compspec)3.42 E F1 3.42(\)h)C +(tion speci\214cation \(a)108 352.8 R F0(compspec)3.42 E F1 3.42(\)h)C .92(as been de\214ned using the)-3.42 F F2(complete)3.42 E F1 -.2(bu) 3.42 G .92(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .921(SHELL B)3.421 F -(UIL)-.09 E .921(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)108 700.8 Q F1(belo)2.25 E(w\),) +(UIL)-.09 E .921(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)108 364.8 Q F1(belo)2.25 E(w\),) -.25 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(st).1 G(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities.)-.1 E -(First,)108 717.6 Q F2(bash)2.664 E F1 .163 +(First,)108 381.6 Q F2(bash)2.664 E F1 .163 (identi\214es the command name.)2.664 F .163 (If a compspec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec)5.163 F .454(is used to generate the list of possible completions for the w)108 -729.6 R 2.954(ord. If)-.1 F .454(the command w)2.954 F .455 -(ord is the empty string)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12) -136.795 E(60)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 61 61 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .129(\(completion attempted at the be)108 84 R .129 -(ginning of an empty line\),)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.629 E -F1 .129(uses an)2.629 F 2.629(yc)-.15 G .129(ompspec de\214ned with the) --2.629 F F22.628 E F1(op-)2.628 E .506(tion to)108 96 R F2 -(complete)3.006 E F1 5.506(.T)C(he)-5.506 E F23.006 E F1 .506 -(option to)3.006 F F2(complete)3.006 E F1 .506 -(indicates that the command w)3.006 F .507 -(ord is the \214rst non-assignment)-.1 F -.1(wo)108 108 S .437 +393.6 R 2.954(ord. If)-.1 F .454(the command w)2.954 F .455 +(ord is the empty string)-.1 F .129(\(completion attempted at the be)108 +405.6 R .129(ginning of an empty line\),)-.15 F F2(bash)2.629 E F1 .129 +(uses an)2.629 F 2.629(yc)-.15 G .129(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.629 +F F22.628 E F1(op-)2.628 E .506(tion to)108 417.6 R F2(complete) +3.006 E F1 5.506(.T)C(he)-5.506 E F23.006 E F1 .506(option to) +3.006 F F2(complete)3.006 E F1 .506(indicates that the command w)3.006 F +.507(ord is the \214rst non-assignment)-.1 F -.1(wo)108 429.6 S .437 (rd on the line, or after a command delimiter such as).1 F F2(;)2.937 E F1(or)2.937 E F2(|)2.937 E F1 5.437(.T)C .436 -(his usually indicates command name com-)-5.437 F(pletion.)108 120 Q .29 -(If the command w)108 136.8 R .29(ord is a full pathname,)-.1 F F2(bash) -2.79 E F1 .291(searches for a compspec for the full pathname \214rst.) -2.79 F .291(If there)5.291 F .451(is no compspec for the full pathname,) -108 148.8 R F2(bash)2.951 E F1 .45 +(his usually indicates command name com-)-5.437 F(pletion.)108 441.6 Q +.29(If the command w)108 458.4 R .29(ord is a full pathname,)-.1 F F2 +(bash)2.79 E F1 .291 +(searches for a compspec for the full pathname \214rst.)2.79 F .291 +(If there)5.291 F .451(is no compspec for the full pathname,)108 470.4 R +F2(bash)2.951 E F1 .45 (attempts to \214nd a compspec for the portion follo)2.951 F .45 -(wing the \214nal)-.25 F 3.594(slash. If)108 160.8 R 1.094(those search\ +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F 3.594(slash. If)108 482.4 R 1.094(those search\ es do not result in a compspec, or if there is no compspec for the comm\ -and w)3.594 F(ord,)-.1 E F2(bash)108 172.8 Q F1 1.515(uses an)4.015 F +and w)3.594 F(ord,)-.1 E F2(bash)108 494.4 Q F1 1.515(uses an)4.015 F 4.015(yc)-.15 G 1.515(ompspec de\214ned with the)-4.015 F F24.015 E F1 1.514(option to)4.015 F F2(complete)4.014 E F1 1.514(as the def) 4.014 F 4.014(ault. If)-.1 F 1.514(there is no def)4.014 F(ault)-.1 E -(compspec,)108 184.8 Q F2(bash)3.566 E F1 1.066(performs alias e)3.566 F +(compspec,)108 506.4 Q F2(bash)3.566 E F1 1.066(performs alias e)3.566 F 1.066(xpansion on the command w)-.15 F 1.067 (ord as a \214nal resort, and attempts to \214nd a)-.1 F -(compspec for the command w)108 196.8 Q(ord resulting from an)-.1 E 2.5 +(compspec for the command w)108 518.4 Q(ord resulting from an)-.1 E 2.5 (ys)-.15 G(uccessful e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .96 -(If a compspec is not found,)108 213.6 R F2(bash)3.46 E F1 .96 +(If a compspec is not found,)108 535.2 R F2(bash)3.46 E F1 .96 (performs its def)3.46 F .96(ault completion as described abo)-.1 F 1.26 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Completing)3.46 E F1(.)A -(Otherwise, once a compspec has been found,)108 225.6 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1 +(Otherwise, once a compspec has been found,)108 547.2 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1 (uses it to generate the list of matching w)2.5 E(ords.)-.1 E(First,)108 -242.4 Q F2(bash)3.128 E F1 .628(performs the)3.128 F F0(actions)3.128 E -F1 .628(speci\214ed by the compspec.)3.128 F .628 +564 Q F2(bash)3.128 E F1 .628(performs the)3.128 F F0(actions)3.128 E F1 +.628(speci\214ed by the compspec.)3.128 F .628 (This only returns matches which are pre\214x)5.628 F(es)-.15 E .12 -(of the w)108 254.4 R .12(ord being completed.)-.1 F .12(When the)5.12 F +(of the w)108 576 R .12(ord being completed.)-.1 F .12(When the)5.12 F F22.62 E F1(or)2.62 E F22.619 E F1 .119 (option is used for \214lename or directory name completion,)2.619 F F2 -(bash)108 266.4 Q F1(uses the shell v)2.5 E(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5 E F1(to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(Ne)108 -283.2 Q .592(xt, programmable completion generates matches speci\214ed \ -by a pathname e)-.15 F .592(xpansion pattern supplied as)-.15 F .869 -(an ar)108 295.2 R .869(gument to the)-.18 F F23.369 E F1 3.369 -(option. The)3.369 F -.1(wo)3.369 G .869 -(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .868 -(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted.)108 307.2 Q F2(Bash)5.858 E F1 .858 +(bash)108 588 Q F1(uses the shell v)2.5 E(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 +E F1(to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(Ne)108 604.8 Q .592(xt, programmab\ +le completion generates matches speci\214ed by a pathname e)-.15 F .592 +(xpansion pattern supplied as)-.15 F .869(an ar)108 616.8 R .869 +(gument to the)-.18 F F23.369 E F1 3.369(option. The)3.369 F -.1 +(wo)3.369 G .869(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F +.868(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted.)108 628.8 Q F2(Bash)5.858 E F1 .858 (uses the)3.358 F F3(FIGNORE)3.358 E F1 -.25(va)3.108 G .858 (riable to \214lter the matches, b).25 F .859(ut does not use the)-.2 F -F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.359 E F1(shell)3.109 E -.25(va)108 319.2 S(riable.).25 E -(Ne)108 336 Q .718 +F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.359 E F1(shell)3.109 E -.25(va)108 640.8 S(riable.).25 E +(Ne)108 657.6 Q .718 (xt, completion considers the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .718 (gument to the)-.18 F F23.218 E F1 3.217(option. The)3.217 F .717 (string is \214rst split)3.217 F .175(using the characters in the)108 -348 R F3(IFS)2.675 E F1 .175(special v)2.425 F .175 +669.6 R F3(IFS)2.675 E F1 .175(special v)2.425 F .175 (ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .175 (This honors shell quoting within the string, in)5.175 F 1.02 -(order to pro)108 360 R 1.02(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F 1.019 +(order to pro)108 681.6 R 1.02(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F 1.019 (ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the v)-.1 F 1.019 -(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)108 372 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .004 +(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)108 693.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .004 (Each w)4.504 F .004(ord is then e)-.1 F .005(xpanded using brace e)-.15 F .005(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .005(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .005(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.003 -(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 384 R 1.003 +(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 705.6 R 1.003 (xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.303 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 (EXP)3.503 E(ANSION)-.666 E F4(.)A F1 1.003(The results are)5.503 F -2.124(split using the rules described abo)108 396 R 2.424 -.15(ve u)-.15 -H(nder).15 E F2 -.75(Wo)4.624 G 2.124(rd Splitting).75 F F1 7.124(.T)C -2.124(he results of the e)-7.124 F 2.124(xpansion are pre\214x-)-.15 F -(matched ag)108 408 Q(ainst the w)-.05 E +2.124(split using the rules described abo)108 717.6 R 2.424 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.75(Wo)4.624 G 2.124(rd Splitting).75 F F1 7.124 +(.T)C 2.124(he results of the e)-7.124 F 2.124(xpansion are pre\214x-) +-.15 F(matched ag)108 729.6 Q(ainst the w)-.05 E (ord being completed, and the matching w)-.1 E -(ords become possible completions.)-.1 E .489(After these matches ha)108 -424.8 R .789 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .489(een generated,).15 F F2(bash)2.989 E +(ords become possible completions.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(61)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 62 62 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .489(After these matches ha)108 84 R .789 -.15 +(ve b)-.2 H .489(een generated,).15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.989 E F1 -.15(exe)2.989 G .489(cutes an).15 F 2.989(ys)-.15 G .488 -(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.989 F F2108 -436.8 Q F1(and)3.127 E F23.127 E F1 3.127(options. When)3.127 F -.627(the command or function is in)3.127 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,) -.1 E F2(bash)3.128 E F1 .628(assigns v)3.128 F .628(alues to the)-.25 F -F3(COMP_LINE)3.128 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_POINT)108 448.8 Q F4(,)A F3 -(COMP_KEY)3.047 E F4(,)A F1(and)3.047 E F3(COMP_TYPE)3.297 E F1 -.25(va) -3.047 G .796(riables as described abo).25 F 1.096 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) -.15 E F2 .796(Shell V)3.296 F(ariables)-.92 E F1 5.796(.I)C 3.296(fa) --5.796 G .696(shell function is being in)108 460.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(bash)3.196 E F1 .696(also sets the)3.196 F F3 -(COMP_W)3.196 E(ORDS)-.09 E F1(and)2.947 E F3(COMP_CW)3.197 E(ORD)-.09 E -F1 -.25(va)2.947 G 3.197(riables. When).25 F .347 -(the function or command is in)108 472.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .347 -(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F2($1)A F1 2.846(\)i)C -2.846(st)-2.846 G .346(he name of the command whose ar)-2.846 F(guments) --.18 E .263(are being completed, the second ar)108 484.8 R .263 -(gument \()-.18 F F2($2)A F1 2.763(\)i)C 2.763(st)-2.763 G .264(he w) --2.763 F .264(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .264 -(gument \()-.18 F F2($3)A F1 2.764(\)i)C(s)-2.764 E 1.098(the w)108 -496.8 R 1.098(ord preceding the w)-.1 F 1.098 +(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-2.989 F F2108 96 Q +F1(and)3.127 E F23.127 E F1 3.127(options. When)3.127 F .627 +(the command or function is in)3.127 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E +F2(bash)3.128 E F1 .628(assigns v)3.128 F .628(alues to the)-.25 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_LINE)3.128 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 +(COMP_POINT)108 108 Q F4(,)A F3(COMP_KEY)3.047 E F4(,)A F1(and)3.047 E +F3(COMP_TYPE)3.297 E F1 -.25(va)3.047 G .796(riables as described abo) +.25 F 1.096 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 .796(Shell V)3.296 F +(ariables)-.92 E F1 5.796(.I)C 3.296(fa)-5.796 G .696 +(shell function is being in)108 120 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E +F2(bash)3.196 E F1 .696(also sets the)3.196 F F3(COMP_W)3.196 E(ORDS) +-.09 E F1(and)2.947 E F3(COMP_CW)3.197 E(ORD)-.09 E F1 -.25(va)2.947 G +3.197(riables. When).25 F .347(the function or command is in)108 132 R +-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .347(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 +F F2($1)A F1 2.846(\)i)C 2.846(st)-2.846 G .346 +(he name of the command whose ar)-2.846 F(guments)-.18 E .263 +(are being completed, the second ar)108 144 R .263(gument \()-.18 F F2 +($2)A F1 2.763(\)i)C 2.763(st)-2.763 G .264(he w)-2.763 F .264 +(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .264(gument \()-.18 F F2 +($3)A F1 2.764(\)i)C(s)-2.764 E 1.098(the w)108 156 R 1.098 +(ord preceding the w)-.1 F 1.098 (ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F 1.097 (There is no \214ltering of the)6.097 F .576(generated completions ag) -108 508.8 R .577(ainst the w)-.05 F .577 +108 168 R .577(ainst the w)-.05 F .577 (ord being completed; the function or command has complete freedom)-.1 F -(in generating the matches and the)108 520.8 Q 2.5(yd)-.15 G 2.5(on)-2.5 -G(ot need to match a pre\214x of the w)-2.5 E(ord.)-.1 E(An)108 537.6 Q +(in generating the matches and the)108 180 Q 2.5(yd)-.15 G 2.5(on)-2.5 G +(ot need to match a pre\214x of the w)-2.5 E(ord.)-.1 E(An)108 196.8 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with)-2.938 F F22.937 E F1 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937 (rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .437(acilities, including)-.1 -F(the)108 549.6 Q F2(compgen)2.505 E F1(and)2.505 E F2(compopt)2.505 E +F(the)108 208.8 Q F2(compgen)2.505 E F1(and)2.505 E F2(compopt)2.505 E F1 -.2(bu)2.505 G .005(iltins described belo).2 F 1.306 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.506(og).65 G .006(enerate the matches.)-2.506 F .006 -(It must put the possible com-)5.006 F(pletions in the)108 561.6 Q F3 +(It must put the possible com-)5.006 F(pletions in the)108 220.8 Q F3 (COMPREPL)2.5 E(Y)-.828 E F1(array v)2.25 E -(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne)108 578.4 Q .081(xt, an)-.15 +(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne)108 237.6 Q .081(xt, an)-.15 F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F F2 2.581 E F1 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di) .1 G 2.58(na)-2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08(ironment equi) .4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.766(stitution. It) -108 590.4 R .267(should print a list of completions, one per line, to t\ +108 249.6 R .267(should print a list of completions, one per line, to t\ he standard output.)2.766 F .267(Backslash will escape a)5.267 F(ne)108 -602.4 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E 5(.T)-.65 G +261.6 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E 5(.T)-.65 G (hese are added to the set of possible completions.)-5 E .349 -(After generating all of the possible completions,)108 619.2 R F2(bash) +(After generating all of the possible completions,)108 278.4 R F2(bash) 2.848 E F1 .348(applies an)2.848 F 2.848<798c>-.15 G .348 (lter speci\214ed with the)-2.848 F F22.848 E F1 .348 -(option to the)2.848 F .055(completions in the list.)108 631.2 R .055 +(option to the)2.848 F .055(completions in the list.)108 290.4 R .055 (The \214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)5.055 F .055 (xpansion; a)-.15 F F2(&)2.555 E F1 .055(in the pattern is replaced) -2.555 F .576(with the te)108 643.2 R .576(xt of the w)-.15 F .575 +2.555 F .576(with the te)108 302.4 R .576(xt of the w)-.15 F .575 (ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.075(Al)5.575 G(iteral)-3.075 E F2(&)3.075 E F1 .575(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is)3.075 F -(remo)108 655.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.988(db).15 G .488 +(remo)108 314.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.988(db).15 G .488 (efore attempting a match.)-2.988 F(An)5.488 E 2.988(yc)-.15 G .488 (ompletion that matches the pattern is remo)-2.988 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.988(df).15 G .488(rom the list.)-2.988 F(A)5.489 E(leading)108 667.2 Q +2.988(df).15 G .488(rom the list.)-2.988 F(A)5.489 E(leading)108 326.4 Q F2(!)2.898 E F1(ne)2.898 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .397 (tes the pattern; in this case).05 F F2(bash)2.897 E F1(remo)2.897 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.897(sa).15 G .697 -.15(ny c)-2.897 H .397 (ompletion that does not match the pattern.).15 F(If)5.397 E(the)108 -679.2 Q F2(nocasematch)2.797 E F1 .297(shell option is enabled,)2.797 F +338.4 Q F2(nocasematch)2.797 E F1 .297(shell option is enabled,)2.797 F F2(bash)2.797 E F1 .298(performs the match without re)2.797 F -.05(ga) --.15 G .298(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F(characters.)108 691.2 Q -(Finally)108 708 Q 2.78(,p)-.65 G .28(rogrammable completion adds an) +-.15 G .298(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F(characters.)108 350.4 Q +(Finally)108 367.2 Q 2.78(,p)-.65 G .28(rogrammable completion adds an) -2.78 F 2.78(yp)-.15 G .279(re\214x and suf)-2.78 F .279 (\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F22.779 E F1(and)2.779 E F2 -2.779 E F1 .279(options, respec-)2.779 F(ti)108 720 Q -.15(ve)-.25 -G(ly).15 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oe)-2.5 G +2.779 E F1 .279(options, respec-)2.779 F(ti)108 379.2 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oe)-2.5 G (ach completion, and returns the result to)-2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G -(adline).18 E F1(as the list of possible completions.)2.5 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(61)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 62 62 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .246(If the pre)108 84 R .247 -(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247 -(atches, and the)-2.747 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .247(\255o dir)2.747 F -(names)-.15 E F1 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F F2 -(complete)108 96 Q F1(when the compspec w)2.5 E(as de\214ned,)-.1 E F2 -(bash)2.5 E F1(attempts directory name completion.)2.5 E .53(If the)108 -112.8 R F2 .53(\255o plusdirs)3.03 F F1 .53(option w)3.03 F .53 +(adline).18 E F1(as the list of possible completions.)2.5 E .246 +(If the pre)108 396 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an) +-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F2 .247(\255o dir) +2.747 F(names)-.15 E F1 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F +F2(complete)108 408 Q F1(when the compspec w)2.5 E(as de\214ned,)-.1 E +F2(bash)2.5 E F1(attempts directory name completion.)2.5 E .53(If the) +108 424.8 R F2 .53(\255o plusdirs)3.03 F F1 .53(option w)3.03 F .53 (as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.03 E F1 .53(when the compspec w)3.03 F .53(as de\214ned,)-.1 F F2(bash)3.03 E F1 .53(attempts direc-)3.03 F -(tory name completion and adds an)108 124.8 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G -(atches to the set of possible completions.)-2.5 E .559(By def)108 141.6 +(tory name completion and adds an)108 436.8 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G +(atches to the set of possible completions.)-2.5 E .559(By def)108 453.6 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.059 (ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56 (enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F -.054(of possible completions.)108 153.6 R .054(The def)5.054 F(ault)-.1 +.054(of possible completions.)108 465.6 R .054(The def)5.054 F(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.554 E F1 .054(completions and the)2.554 F F2 -.18(re)2.553 G (adline).18 E F1(def)2.553 E .053(ault of \214lename completion are)-.1 -F 2.822(disabled. If)108 165.6 R(the)2.822 E F2 .322(\255o bashdefault) +F 2.822(disabled. If)108 477.6 R(the)2.822 E F2 .322(\255o bashdefault) 2.822 F F1 .322(option w)2.822 F .322(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete) 2.823 E F1 .323(when the compspec w)2.823 F .323(as de\214ned, and the) --.1 F .373(compspec generates no matches,)108 177.6 R F2(bash)2.872 E F1 +-.1 F .373(compspec generates no matches,)108 489.6 R F2(bash)2.872 E F1 .372(attempts its def)2.872 F .372(ault completions.)-.1 F .372 -(If the compspec and, if attempted,)5.372 F 1.214(the def)108 189.6 R +(If the compspec and, if attempted,)5.372 F 1.214(the def)108 501.6 R (ault)-.1 E F2(bash)3.714 E F1 1.214 (completions generate no matches, and the)3.714 F F2 1.214 (\255o default)3.714 F F1 1.214(option w)3.714 F 1.214(as supplied to) --.1 F F2(complete)3.714 E F1(when the compspec w)108 201.6 Q +-.1 F F2(complete)3.714 E F1(when the compspec w)108 513.6 Q (as de\214ned, programmable completion performs)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G (adline).18 E F1 1.1 -.55('s d)D(ef).55 E(ault completion.)-.1 E .749 -(The options supplied to)108 218.4 R F2(complete)3.249 E F1(and)3.249 E +(The options supplied to)108 530.4 R F2(complete)3.249 E F1(and)3.249 E F2(compopt)3.249 E F1 .749(can control ho)3.249 F(w)-.25 E F2 -.18(re) 3.249 G(adline).18 E F1 .748(treats the completions.)3.248 F -.15(Fo) -5.748 G 3.248(ri).15 G(n-)-3.248 E .791(stance, the)108 230.4 R F0 .791 +5.748 G 3.248(ri).15 G(n-)-3.248 E .791(stance, the)108 542.4 R F0 .791 (\255o fullquote)3.291 F F1 .791(option tells)3.291 F F2 -.18(re)3.291 G (adline).18 E F1 .791(to quote the matches as if the)3.291 F 3.291(yw) -.15 G .791(ere \214lenames.)-3.291 F .792(See the de-)5.791 F -(scription of)108 242.4 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G -(or details.)-2.5 E .766(When a compspec indicates that it w)108 259.2 R +(scription of)108 554.4 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G +(or details.)-2.5 E .766(When a compspec indicates that it w)108 571.2 R .765(ants directory name completion, the programmable completion func-) --.1 F .469(tions force)108 271.2 R F2 -.18(re)2.969 G(adline).18 E F1 +-.1 F .469(tions force)108 583.2 R F2 -.18(re)2.969 G(adline).18 E F1 .469(to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links to d\ -irectories, subject)2.969 F 2.575(to the v)108 283.2 R 2.575 +irectories, subject)2.969 F 2.575(to the v)108 595.2 R 2.575 (alue of the)-.25 F F2(mark\255dir)5.075 E 2.575(ectories r)-.18 F (eadline)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)5.075 G 2.575(riable, re).25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.575(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F2(mark-sym-)5.075 E(link)108 -295.2 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories r)-.18 E(eadline)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)2.5 +607.2 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories r)-.18 E(eadline)-.18 E F1 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable.).25 E .19 -(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 312 R +(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 624 R .191(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.172 -(tion with a def)108 324 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F +(tion with a def)108 636 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F F2 1.172(complete \255D)3.672 F F1 6.172(.I)C(t')-6.172 E 3.672(sp)-.55 G 1.172(ossible for shell functions e)-3.672 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.172 (cuted as).15 F .733(completion functions to indicate that completion s\ -hould be retried by returning an e)108 336 R .734(xit status of 124.) +hould be retried by returning an e)108 648 R .734(xit status of 124.) -.15 F .734(If a)5.734 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the\ - compspec associated with the command on which completion is)108 348 R -.665(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 360 R .666 + compspec associated with the command on which completion is)108 660 R +.665(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 672 R .666 (gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .666 -(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .1(restarts from the be)108 372 +(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .1(restarts from the be)108 684 R .1(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.6(wc)-.25 G .1 (ompspec for that command.)-2.6 F .1(This can be used to)5.1 F -.2(bu) -108 384 S(ild a set of completions dynamically as completion is attempt\ -ed, rather than loading them all at once.).2 E -.15(Fo)108 400.8 S 2.636 +108 696 S(ild a set of completions dynamically as completion is attempt\ +ed, rather than loading them all at once.).2 E -.15(Fo)108 712.8 S 2.636 (ri).15 G .137 (nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.636 F .137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F -(the command, the follo)108 412.8 Q(wing def)-.25 E +(the command, the follo)108 724.8 Q(wing def)-.25 E (ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 -E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))144 424.8 Q({)144 436.8 Q 6 -(.")156 448.8 S +E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(62)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 63 63 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))144 84 Q +({)144 96 Q 6(.")156 108 S (/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})144 -460.8 Q(complete \255D \255F _completion_loader \255o bashdefault \255o\ - default)144 472.8 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 489.6 Q(OR)-.197 E -(Y)-.383 E F1 .372(When the)108 501.6 R F2 .372(\255o history)2.872 F F1 -.372(option to the)2.872 F F2(set)2.872 E F1 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 -(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .371(vides access to the)-.15 F F0 -.371(command history)2.871 F F1(,)A .304(the list of commands pre)108 -513.6 R .304(viously typed.)-.25 F .304(The v)5.304 F .304(alue of the) --.25 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE)2.804 E F1 -.25(va)2.554 G .305 -(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .488(mands to sa)108 525.6 R -.788 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.988(nah).15 G .488(istory list: the shell sa) --2.988 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.988(st).15 G .488(he te)-2.988 F .488 -(xt of the last)-.15 F F5(HISTSIZE)2.988 E F1 .487(commands \(def)2.738 -F .487(ault 500\).)-.1 F(The)5.487 E .805 +120 Q(complete \255D \255F _completion_loader \255o bashdefault \255o d\ +efault)144 132 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 148.8 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y) +-.383 E F1 .372(When the)108 160.8 R/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .372 +(\255o history)2.872 F F1 .372(option to the)2.872 F F4(set)2.872 E F1 +-.2(bu)2.872 G .372(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .371 +(vides access to the)-.15 F F0 .371(command history)2.871 F F1(,)A .304 +(the list of commands pre)108 172.8 R .304(viously typed.)-.25 F .304 +(The v)5.304 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE) +2.804 E F1 -.25(va)2.554 G .305(riable is used as the number of com-).25 +F .488(mands to sa)108 184.8 R .788 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.988(nah).15 G .488 +(istory list: the shell sa)-2.988 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.988(st).15 G .488 +(he te)-2.988 F .488(xt of the last)-.15 F F5(HISTSIZE)2.988 E F1 .487 +(commands \(def)2.738 F .487(ault 500\).)-.1 F(The)5.487 E .805 (shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v) -108 537.6 R .805(ariable e)-.25 F .805(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP) -3.305 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1(abo)108 549.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.218(\)b).15 G +108 196.8 R .805(ariable e)-.25 F .805(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP) +3.305 E(ANSION)-.666 E F1(abo)108 208.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.218(\)b).15 G .717(ut after history e)-3.418 F .717 (xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F .717 (alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)3.217 E F1 -(and)108 561.6 Q F5(HISTCONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A -F1 .571(On startup,)108 578.4 R F2(bash)3.071 E F1 .571(initializes the\ - history list by reading history entries from the the \214le named by t\ -he)3.071 F F5(HIST)3.072 E(-)-.828 E(FILE)108 590.4 Q F1 -.25(va)2.65 G -.4(riable \(def).25 F(ault)-.1 E F0(\001/.bash_history)4.566 E F1 2.9 -(\). That)1.666 F .4(\214le is referred to as the)2.9 F F0 .399 -(history \214le)2.899 F F1 5.399(.T)C .399(he history \214le is trun-) --5.399 F .006(cated, if necessary)108 602.4 R 2.507(,t)-.65 G 2.507(oc) --2.507 G .007 +(and)108 220.8 Q F5(HISTCONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F1 .362(On startup,)108 237.6 R F4(bash)2.862 E F1 .363(initializes the\ + history list by reading history entries from the \214le named by the) +2.862 F F5(HISTFILE)2.863 E F1 -.25(va)108 249.6 S .069(riable \(def).25 +F(ault)-.1 E F0(\001/.bash_history)4.235 E F1 2.569(\). That)1.666 F +.069(\214le is referred to as the)2.569 F F0 .069(history \214le)2.569 F +F1 5.069(.T)C .068(he history \214le is truncated, if)-5.069 F +(necessary)108 261.6 Q 3.265(,t)-.65 G 3.265(oc)-3.265 G .765 (ontain no more than the number of history entries speci\214ed by the v) --2.507 F .007(alue of the)-.25 F F5(HIST)2.507 E(-)-.828 E(FILESIZE)108 -614.4 Q F1 -.25(va)2.537 G 2.787(riable. If).25 F F5(HISTFILESIZE)2.787 -E F1 .287(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric v)2.537 F .287 -(alue, or a numeric v)-.25 F .286(alue less)-.25 F -(than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)108 626.4 Q .385 -(When the history \214le is read, lines be)108 643.2 R .385 +-3.265 F .765(alue of the)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE-)3.266 E(SIZE)108 273.6 Q +F1 -.25(va)2.593 G 2.843(riable. If).25 F F5(HISTFILESIZE)2.843 E F1 +.342(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric v)2.593 F .342 +(alue, or a numeric v)-.25 F .342(alue less than)-.25 F +(zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)108 285.6 Q .385 +(When the history \214le is read, lines be)108 302.4 R .385 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .386 -(wed immediately by)-.25 F 3.486(ad)108 655.2 S .986 +(wed immediately by)-.25 F 3.486(ad)108 314.4 S .986 (igit are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)-3.486 F .986 (wing history line.)-.25 F .986(These timestamps are optionally dis-) -5.986 F .328(played depending on the v)108 667.2 R .328(alue of the)-.25 +5.986 F .328(played depending on the v)108 326.4 R .328(alue of the)-.25 F F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.828 E(T)-.855 E F1 -.25(va)2.578 G 2.828 (riable. When).25 F .329(present, history timestamps de-)2.828 F -(limit history entries, making multi-line entries possible.)108 679.2 Q -1.197(When a shell with history enabled e)108 696 R(xits,)-.15 E F2 +(limit history entries, making multi-line entries possible.)108 338.4 Q +1.197(When a shell with history enabled e)108 355.2 R(xits,)-.15 E F4 (bash)3.697 E F1 1.196(copies the last)3.696 F F5($HISTSIZE)3.696 E F1 -1.196(entries from the history list to)3.446 F F5($HISTFILE)108 708 Q F6 -(.)A F1 .056(If the)4.556 F F2(histappend)2.556 E F1 .056 -(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.556 F F2(shopt)2.556 +1.196(entries from the history list to)3.446 F F5($HISTFILE)108 367.2 Q +F6(.)A F1 .056(If the)4.556 F F4(histappend)2.556 E F1 .056 +(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.556 F F4(shopt)2.556 E F1(under)2.556 E F5 .056(SHELL B)2.556 F(UIL)-.09 E(TIN)-.828 E -(COMMANDS)108 720 Q F1(belo)2.359 E(w\),)-.25 E F2(bash)2.609 E F1 .108 -(appends the entries to the history \214le, otherwise it o)2.608 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G .108(rwrites the history \214le.).15 F(If)5.108 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(62)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 63 63 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)108 84 Q F1 .265(is \ -unset or null, or if the history \214le is unwritable, the history is n\ -ot sa)2.515 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.766(d. After).15 F(sa)2.766 E .266 -(ving the his-)-.2 F(tory)108 96 Q(,)-.65 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash) -2.5 E F1(truncates the history \214le to contain no more than)2.5 E F2 +(COMMANDS)108 379.2 Q F1(belo)2.359 E(w\),)-.25 E F4(bash)2.609 E F1 +.108(appends the entries to the history \214le, otherwise it o)2.608 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G .108(rwrites the history \214le.).15 F(If)5.108 E F5 +(HISTFILE)108 391.2 Q F1 .265(is unset or null, or if the history \214l\ +e is unwritable, the history is not sa)2.515 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.766 +(d. After).15 F(sa)2.766 E .266(ving the his-)-.2 F(tory)108 403.2 Q(,) +-.65 E F4(bash)2.5 E F1 +(truncates the history \214le to contain no more than)2.5 E F5 (HISTFILESIZE)2.5 E F1(lines as described abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.) -.15 E .544(If the)108 112.8 R F2(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.044 E(T)-.855 E F1 -.25 +.15 E .544(If the)108 420 R F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.044 E(T)-.855 E F1 -.25 (va)2.794 G .544(riable is set, the shell writes the timestamp informat\ ion associated with each).25 F .94 -(history entry to the history \214le, mark)108 124.8 R .94 +(history entry to the history \214le, mark)108 432 R .94 (ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 3.44(,s)-.4 G 3.44(ot)-3.44 G .94(imestamps are preserv)-3.44 F(ed)-.15 E .105 -(across shell sessions.)108 136.8 R .105(This uses the history comment \ -character to distinguish timestamps from other history)5.105 F 2.5 -(lines. As)108 148.8 R(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w).15 G(hen using) --2.5 E F2(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.5 E(T)-.855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 -(the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries.)2.25 E(The)108 165.6 -Q F3(fc)3.159 E F1 -.2(bu)3.159 G .659(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .66 +(across shell sessions.)108 444 R .105(This uses the history comment ch\ +aracter to distinguish timestamps from other history)5.105 F 2.5 +(lines. As)108 456 R(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(,w).15 G(hen using) +-2.5 E F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.5 E(T)-.855 E F6(,)A F1 +(the timestamps delimit multi-line history entries.)2.25 E(The)108 472.8 +Q F4(fc)3.159 E F1 -.2(bu)3.159 G .659(iltin command \(see).2 F F5 .66 (SHELL B)3.16 F(UIL)-.09 E .66(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.91 E .66 (w\) will list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .66(cute a por).15 -F(-)-.2 E .184(tion of the history list.)108 177.6 R(The)5.184 E F3 +F(-)-.2 E .184(tion of the history list.)108 484.8 R(The)5.184 E F4 (history)2.684 E F1 -.2(bu)2.684 G .184(iltin can display or modify the\ history list and manipulate the history).2 F 3.027(\214le. When)108 -189.6 R .528(using command-line editing, search commands are a)3.027 F +496.8 R .528(using command-line editing, search commands are a)3.027 F -.25(va)-.2 G .528(ilable in each editing mode that pro).25 F(vide)-.15 -E(access to the history list.)108 201.6 Q 1.486(The shell allo)108 218.4 +E(access to the history list.)108 508.8 Q 1.486(The shell allo)108 525.6 R 1.486(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 (hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) --3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.485 E F2(HISTCONTR)3.985 -E(OL)-.27 E F1(and)3.735 E F2(HISTIGNORE)108 230.4 Q F1 -.25(va)2.816 G +-3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.485 E F5(HISTCONTR)3.985 +E(OL)-.27 E F1(and)3.735 E F5(HISTIGNORE)108 537.6 Q F1 -.25(va)2.816 G .566(riables are used to sa).25 F .866 -.15(ve o)-.2 H .566 -(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F .567(If the)5.566 F F3 +(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F .567(If the)5.566 F F4 (cmdhist)3.067 E F1 .567(shell op-)3.067 F 1.404 -(tion is enabled, the shell attempts to sa)108 242.4 R 1.703 -.15(ve e) +(tion is enabled, the shell attempts to sa)108 549.6 R 1.703 -.15(ve e) -.2 H 1.403(ach line of a multi-line command in the same history entry) .15 F(,)-.65 E 1.712(adding semicolons where necessary to preserv)108 -254.4 R 4.212(es)-.15 G 1.713(yntactic correctness.)-4.212 F(The)6.713 E -F3(lithist)4.213 E F1 1.713(shell option modi\214es)4.213 F F3(cmdhist) -108 266.4 Q F1 .037(by sa)2.537 F .037 +561.6 R 4.212(es)-.15 G 1.713(yntactic correctness.)-4.212 F(The)6.713 E +F4(lithist)4.213 E F1 1.713(shell option modi\214es)4.213 F F4(cmdhist) +108 573.6 Q F1 .037(by sa)2.537 F .037 (ving the command with embedded ne)-.2 F .037 (wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .036(See the description of the) -5.036 F F3(shopt)108 278.4 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.539 G .039(iltin belo).2 F -2.539(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.539 E F2 .04(SHELL B)2.539 F(UIL)-.09 E .04 +5.036 F F4(shopt)108 585.6 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.539 G .039(iltin belo).2 F +2.539(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.539 E F5 .04(SHELL B)2.539 F(UIL)-.09 E .04 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1 .04 (for information on setting and unsetting shell op-)2.29 F(tions.)108 -290.4 Q/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 307.2 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE) --.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION)-.81 E F1 .611 -(The shell supports a history e)108 319.2 R .611 +597.6 Q F3(HIST)72 614.4 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E +(ANSION)-.81 E F1 .611(The shell supports a history e)108 626.4 R .611 (xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .61 -(xpansion in)-.15 F F3(csh)3.11 E F1 5.61(.T)C .61(his section)-5.61 F -(describes what syntax features are a)108 331.2 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable.) -.25 E .771(History e)108 348 R .771(xpansion is enabled by def)-.15 F +(xpansion in)-.15 F F4(csh)3.11 E F1 5.61(.T)C .61(his section)-5.61 F +(describes what syntax features are a)108 638.4 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable.) +.25 E .771(History e)108 655.2 R .771(xpansion is enabled by def)-.15 F .771(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.071 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .771 -(hells, and can be disabled using the).15 F F3(+H)3.272 E F1 .772 -(option to)3.272 F(the)108 360 Q F3(set)2.513 E F1 -.2(bu)2.513 G .013 -(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .013(SHELL B)2.513 F(UIL)-.09 E .013 +(hells, and can be disabled using the).15 F F4(+H)3.272 E F1 .772 +(option to)3.272 F(the)108 667.2 Q F4(set)2.513 E F1 -.2(bu)2.513 G .013 +(iltin command \(see).2 F F5 .013(SHELL B)2.513 F(UIL)-.09 E .013 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F1(belo)2.263 E 2.513(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F -.313 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .012(hells do not perform).15 F(history e)108 372 -Q(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault, b)-.1 E -(ut it can be enabled with \231set -H\232.)-.2 E 1.305(History e)108 -388.8 R 1.305(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords from the history \ -list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat)-.1 F .21 -(commands, insert the ar)108 400.8 R .21(guments to a pre)-.18 F .209 +.313 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .012(hells do not perform).15 F(history e)108 +679.2 Q(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault, b)-.1 E +(ut it can be enabled with \231set -H\232.)-.2 E 1.305(History e)108 696 +R 1.305(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords from the history list i\ +nto the input stream, making it easy to repeat)-.1 F .21 +(commands, insert the ar)108 708 R .21(guments to a pre)-.18 F .209 (vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25 -F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 412.8 Q(.)-.65 E 1.163(History e)108 -429.6 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\ -s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 441.6 S .113 +F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 720 Q(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(63)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 64 64 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 1.163(History e)108 84 R 1.163(xpansion is perform\ +ed immediately after a complete line is read, before the shell breaks i\ +t into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 96 S .113 (rds, and is performed on each line indi).1 F(vidually)-.25 E 5.113(.T) -.65 G .113(he shell attempts to inform the history e)-5.113 F .113 -(xpansion func-)-.15 F(tions about quoting still in ef)108 453.6 Q -(fect from pre)-.25 E(vious lines.)-.25 E .248(It tak)108 470.4 R .248 +(xpansion func-)-.15 F(tions about quoting still in ef)108 108 Q +(fect from pre)-.25 E(vious lines.)-.25 E .248(It tak)108 124.8 R .248 (es place in tw)-.1 F 2.748(op)-.1 G 2.748(arts. The)-2.748 F .249(\214\ rst is to determine which history list entry to use during substitution\ .)2.748 F(The)5.249 E(second is to select portions of that entry to inc\ -lude into the current one.)108 482.4 Q .075 -(The entry selected from the history is the)108 499.2 R F0 -.15(ev)2.575 +lude into the current one.)108 136.8 Q .075 +(The entry selected from the history is the)108 153.6 R F0 -.15(ev)2.575 G(ent).15 E F1 2.575(,a)C .074 (nd the portions of that entry that are acted upon are)-2.575 F F0(wor) -2.574 E(ds)-.37 E F1(.)A -1.11(Va)108 511.2 S(rious)1.11 E F0 +2.574 E(ds)-.37 E F1(.)A -1.11(Va)108 165.6 S(rious)1.11 E F0 (modi\214er)2.942 E(s)-.1 E F1 .443(are a)2.943 F -.25(va)-.2 G .443 (ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.943(ords. The)-.1 F .443 (entry is split into w)2.943 F .443(ords in the same)-.1 F -.1(fa)108 -523.2 S 1.427(shion as when reading input, so that se).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 +177.6 S 1.427(shion as when reading input, so that se).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F0(metac)3.927 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F1 1.427 (-separated w)B 1.427(ords surrounded by quotes are)-.1 F .921 -(considered one w)108 535.2 R 3.421(ord. The)-.1 F F0 -.15(ev)3.421 G +(considered one w)108 189.6 R 3.421(ord. The)-.1 F F0 -.15(ev)3.421 G .921(ent designator).15 F F1 .921(selects the e)3.421 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .922(nt, the optional).15 F F0(wor)3.422 E 3.422(dd)-.37 G(esignator) --3.422 E F1 .922(selects w)3.422 F(ords)-.1 E(from the e)108 547.2 Q +-3.422 E F1 .922(selects w)3.422 F(ords)-.1 E(from the e)108 201.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt, and v).15 E(arious optional)-.25 E F0(modi\214er)2.5 E(s)-.1 E F1(are a)2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 E(ords.)-.1 E .575(History e) -108 564 R .575 +108 218.4 R .575 (xpansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e)-.15 F .574 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G .574(hich is)-3.074 F F3(!) -3.907 E F1 .574(by de-)3.907 F -.1(fa)108 576 S 2.5(ult. History).1 F --.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may appear an).15 E(ywhere in the input, b)-.15 E -(ut do not nest.)-.2 E .79(Only backslash \()108 592.8 R F3(\\).833 E F1 -3.29(\)a).833 G .79(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.29 F .79 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G .574(hich is)-3.074 F/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.907 E F1 .574(by de-)3.907 F -.1(fa)108 230.4 S 2.5 +(ult. History).1 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may appear an).15 E +(ywhere in the input, b)-.15 E(ut do not nest.)-.2 E .79 +(Only backslash \()108 247.2 R F2(\\).833 E F1 3.29(\)a).833 G .79 +(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.29 F .79 (xpansion character)-.15 F 3.291(,b)-.4 G .791(ut the history e)-3.491 F (xpansion)-.15 E .789(character is also treated as quoted if it immedia\ -tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 604.8 R -(string.)108 616.8 Q(Se)108 633.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 +tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 259.2 R +(string.)108 271.2 Q(Se)108 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 (ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 (xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 -F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 645.6 T -3.722(ni).25 G 3.722(fi)-3.722 G 3.722(ti)-3.722 G 3.722(su)-3.722 G -1.222(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.722 F 1.222(wline, carriage return,) --.25 F F3(=)3.722 E F1 3.722(,a)C 1.222 -(nd the other shell metacharacters de\214ned)-3.722 F(abo)108 657.6 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 1.763(There is a special abbre)108 674.4 R 1.764 +F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 300 T 3.722 +(ni).25 G 3.722(fi)-3.722 G 3.722(ti)-3.722 G 3.722(su)-3.722 G 1.222 +(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.722 F 1.222(wline, carriage return,)-.25 F +F2(=)3.722 E F1 3.722(,a)C 1.222 +(nd the other shell metacharacters de\214ned)-3.722 F(abo)108 312 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 1.763(There is a special abbre)108 328.8 R 1.764 (viation for substitution, acti)-.25 F 2.064 -.15(ve w)-.25 H 1.764 (hen the).15 F F0(quic)4.264 E 4.264(ks)-.2 G(ubstitution)-4.264 E F1 -1.764(character \(described)4.264 F(abo)108 686.4 Q .99 -.15(ve u)-.15 H -(nder).15 E F3(histchars)3.19 E F1 3.19(\)i)C 3.19(st)-3.19 G .69 +1.764(character \(described)4.264 F(abo)108 340.8 Q .99 -.15(ve u)-.15 H +(nder).15 E F2(histchars)3.19 E F1 3.19(\)i)C 3.19(st)-3.19 G .69 (he \214rst character on the line.)-3.19 F .69(It selects the pre)5.69 F .69(vious history list entry)-.25 F 3.19(,u)-.65 G .69(sing an)-3.19 F --2.15 -.25(ev e)108 698.4 T .586(nt designator equi).25 F -.25(va)-.25 G -.586(lent to).25 F F3(!!)3.086 E F1 3.086(,a)C .586 +-2.15 -.25(ev e)108 352.8 T .586(nt designator equi).25 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.586(lent to).25 F F2(!!)3.086 E F1 3.086(,a)C .586 (nd substitutes one string for another in that entry)-3.086 F 5.587(.I) -.65 G 3.087(ti)-5.587 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed belo)-3.087 F -(w)-.25 E(under)108 710.4 Q F3(Ev)3.321 E .821(ent Designators)-.1 F F1 +(w)-.25 E(under)108 364.8 Q F2(Ev)3.321 E .821(ent Designators)-.1 F F1 5.821(.T)C .821(his is the only history e)-5.821 F .821 (xpansion that does not be)-.15 F .82(gin with the history e)-.15 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion character)108 722.4 Q(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(63)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 64 64 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(Se)108 84 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.216 -(ral shell options settable with the).15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt) +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion character)108 376.8 Q(.)-.55 E(Se)108 393.6 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 1.216(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt) 3.717 E F1 -.2(bu)3.717 G 1.217(iltin will modify history e).2 F 1.217 (xpansion beha)-.15 F 1.217(vior \(see the de-)-.2 F 1.284 -(scription of the)108 96 R F2(shopt)3.783 E F1 -.2(bu)3.783 G 1.283 +(scription of the)108 405.6 R F2(shopt)3.783 E F1 -.2(bu)3.783 G 1.283 (iltin belo).2 F 1.283(w\).and If the)-.25 F F2(histv)3.783 E(erify)-.1 E F1 1.283(shell option is enabled, and)3.783 F F2 -.18(re)3.783 G (adline).18 E F1 1.283(is being)3.783 F .554(used, history substitution\ -s are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 108 R 5.554(.I)-.55 -G .554(nstead, the e)-5.554 F .554(xpanded line is re-)-.15 F 2.746 -(loaded into the)108 120 R F2 -.18(re)5.246 G(adline).18 E F1 2.746 +s are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 417.6 R 5.554(.I) +-.55 G .554(nstead, the e)-5.554 F .554(xpanded line is re-)-.15 F 2.746 +(loaded into the)108 429.6 R F2 -.18(re)5.246 G(adline).18 E F1 2.746 (editing b)5.246 F(uf)-.2 E 2.746(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F (If)7.746 E F2 -.18(re)5.246 G(adline).18 E F1 2.746 -(is being used, and the)5.246 F F2(histr)108 132 Q(eedit)-.18 E F1 .825 -(shell option is enabled, a f)3.325 F .825 +(is being used, and the)5.246 F F2(histr)108 441.6 Q(eedit)-.18 E F1 +.825(shell option is enabled, a f)3.325 F .825 (ailed history substitution is reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)3.326 G(adline).18 E F1 .826(editing b)3.326 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E -(for correction.)108 144 Q(The)108 160.8 Q F22.699 E F1 .199 +(for correction.)108 453.6 Q(The)108 470.4 Q F22.699 E F1 .199 (option to the)2.699 F F2(history)2.699 E F1 -.2(bu)2.699 G .199 (iltin command sho).2 F .199(ws what a history e)-.25 F .199 -(xpansion will do before using it.)-.15 F(The)5.198 E F2108 172.8 +(xpansion will do before using it.)-.15 F(The)5.198 E F2108 482.4 Q F1 .377(option to the)2.877 F F2(history)2.877 E F1 -.2(bu)2.878 G .378(iltin will add commands to the end of the history list without act\ -ually e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E(them, so that the)108 184.8 Q +ually e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E(them, so that the)108 494.4 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable for subsequent recall.) -.25 E 1.109(The shell allo)108 201.6 R 1.108(ws control of the v)-.25 F +.25 E 1.109(The shell allo)108 511.2 R 1.108(ws control of the v)-.25 F 1.108(arious characters used by the history e)-.25 F 1.108 -(xpansion mechanism \(see the de-)-.15 F .162(scription of)108 213.6 R +(xpansion mechanism \(see the de-)-.15 F .162(scription of)108 523.2 R F2(histchars)2.662 E F1(abo)2.662 E .462 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 .163(Shell V)2.662 F(ariables)-.92 E F1 2.663(\). The)B .163 (shell uses the history comment character to mark)2.663 F -(history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 225.6 Q F2(Ev) -87 242.4 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F1 .586(An e)108 254.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 535.2 Q F2(Ev) +87 552 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F1 .586(An e)108 564 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .586(nt designator is a reference to an entry in the history list.).15 F .586(The e)5.586 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .585 (nt designator consists of the por).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.305(tion of the w)108 -266.4 R 1.305(ord be)-.1 F 1.305(ginning with the history e)-.15 F 1.306 +576 R 1.305(ord be)-.1 F 1.305(ginning with the history e)-.15 F 1.306 (xpansion character and ending with the w)-.15 F 1.306 -(ord designator if)-.1 F .445(present, or the end of the w)108 278.4 R +(ord designator if)-.1 F .445(present, or the end of the w)108 588 R 2.945(ord. Unless)-.1 F .444(the reference is absolute, e)2.945 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G .444(nts are relati).15 F .744 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.944(ot).15 -G .444(he current position)-2.944 F(in the history list.)108 290.4 Q F2 -(!)108 307.2 Q F1 .078(Start a history substitution, e)144 307.2 R .078 +G .444(he current position)-2.944 F(in the history list.)108 600 Q F2(!) +108 616.8 Q F1 .078(Start a history substitution, e)144 616.8 R .078 (xcept when follo)-.15 F .079(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)2.579 E F1 2.579 (,n)C -.25(ew)-2.579 G .079(line, carriage return, =, or).25 F 2.579(,w) --.4 G(hen)-2.579 E(the)144 319.2 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F1 +-.4 G(hen)-2.579 E(the)144 628.8 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F1 (shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin, \(.).2 E F2(!)108 331.2 Q F0(n)A F1(Refer to history list entry) -144 331.2 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 343.2 Q F0(n)A F1 -(Refer to the current entry minus)144 343.2 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(.).24 E F2 -(!!)108 355.2 Q F1(Refer to the pre)144 355.2 Q(vious entry)-.25 E 5(.T) --.65 G(his is a synon)-5 E(ym for \231!\2551\232.)-.15 E F2(!)108 367.2 +(iltin, \(.).2 E F2(!)108 640.8 Q F0(n)A F1(Refer to history list entry) +144 640.8 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 652.8 Q F0(n)A F1 +(Refer to the current entry minus)144 652.8 Q F0(n)2.86 E F1(.).24 E F2 +(!!)108 664.8 Q F1(Refer to the pre)144 664.8 Q(vious entry)-.25 E 5(.T) +-.65 G(his is a synon)-5 E(ym for \231!\2551\232.)-.15 E F2(!)108 676.8 Q F0(string)A F1 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the cu\ -rrent position in the history list starting with)144 367.2 R F0(string) -144.34 379.2 Q F1(.).22 E F2(!?)108 391.2 Q F0(string)A F2([?])A F1 +rrent position in the history list starting with)144 676.8 R F0(string) +144.34 688.8 Q F1(.).22 E F2(!?)108 700.8 Q F0(string)A F2([?])A F1 1.503(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position i\ -n the history list containing)144 403.2 R F0(string)144.34 415.2 Q F1 +n the history list containing)144 712.8 R F0(string)144.34 724.8 Q F1 5.497(.T).22 G .497(he trailing)-5.497 F F2(?)2.997 E F1 .497 (may be omitted if)2.997 F F0(string)3.337 E F1 .496(is follo)3.216 F .496(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 F 2.996(wline. If)-.25 F F0(string) -2.996 E F1(is)2.996 E .039(missing, this uses the string from the most \ -recent search; it is an error if there is no pre)144 427.2 R .04 -(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 439.2 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF<00>108 -456.2 Q F0(string1)-5 I F3<00>5 I F0(string2)-5 I F3<00>5 I F1 .753 -(Quick substitution.)144 463.2 R .753(Repeat the pre)5.753 F .753 +2.996 E F1(is)2.996 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E +(64)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 65 65 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .039(missing, this uses the string from the most r\ +ecent search; it is an error if there is no pre)144 84 R .04 +(vious search)-.25 F(string.)144 96 Q/F2 12/Times-Bold@0 SF<00>108 113 Q +F0(string1)-5 I F2<00>5 I F0(string2)-5 I F2<00>5 I F1 .753 +(Quick substitution.)144 120 R .753(Repeat the pre)5.753 F .753 (vious command, replacing)-.25 F F0(string1)3.593 E F1(with)3.253 E F0 (string2)3.592 E F1 5.752(.E).02 G(qui)-5.752 E -.25(va)-.25 G .752 -(lent to).25 F(\231!!:s)144 475.2 Q/F4 12/Times-Roman@0 SF<00>5 I F0 -(string1)-5 I F4<00>5 I F0(string2)-5 I F4<00>5 I F1 2.5<9a28>-5 K(see) --2.5 E F2(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 487.2 Q -F1(The entire command line typed so f)144 487.2 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2 --.75(Wo)87 504 S(rd Designators).75 E F1 -.8(Wo)108 516 S .067 -(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F .067(ords from the e) --.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.567(nt. The).15 F 2.567(ya)-.15 G .067 -(re optional; if the w)-2.567 F .068(ord designator)-.1 F(isn')108 528 Q -3.516(ts)-.18 G 1.016(upplied, the history e)-3.516 F 1.016 -(xpansion uses the entire e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.516(nt. A).15 F F2 +(lent to).25 F(\231!!:s)144 132 Q/F3 12/Times-Roman@0 SF<00>5 I F0 +(string1)-5 I F3<00>5 I F0(string2)-5 I F3<00>5 I F1 2.5<9a28>-5 K(see) +-2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F1(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E +F4(!#)108 144 Q F1(The entire command line typed so f)144 144 Q(ar)-.1 E +(.)-.55 E F4 -.75(Wo)87 160.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F1 -.8(Wo)108 172.8 +S .067(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F .067 +(ords from the e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.567(nt. The).15 F 2.567(ya)-.15 +G .067(re optional; if the w)-2.567 F .068(ord designator)-.1 F(isn')108 +184.8 Q 3.516(ts)-.18 G 1.016(upplied, the history e)-3.516 F 1.016 +(xpansion uses the entire e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.516(nt. A).15 F F4 (:)3.516 E F1 1.015(separates the e)3.515 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.015 -(nt speci\214cation from the).15 F -.1(wo)108 540 S .331(rd designator) -.1 F 5.331(.I)-.55 G 2.832(tm)-5.331 G .332(ay be omitted if the w) --2.832 F .332(ord designator be)-.1 F .332(gins with a)-.15 F F2<00> -2.832 E F1(,)A F2($)2.832 E F1(,)A F2(*)2.832 E F1(,)A F22.832 E F1 -2.832(,o)C(r)-2.832 E F2(%)2.832 E F1 5.332(.W)C .332(ords are num-) --6.132 F .194(bered from the be)108 552 R .194 -(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F .194 +(nt speci\214cation from the).15 F -.1(wo)108 196.8 S .331 +(rd designator).1 F 5.331(.I)-.55 G 2.832(tm)-5.331 G .332 +(ay be omitted if the w)-2.832 F .332(ord designator be)-.1 F .332 +(gins with a)-.15 F F4<00>2.832 E F1(,)A F4($)2.832 E F1(,)A F4(*)2.832 +E F1(,)A F42.832 E F1 2.832(,o)C(r)-2.832 E F4(%)2.832 E F1 5.332 +(.W)C .332(ords are num-)-6.132 F .194(bered from the be)108 208.8 R +.194(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F .194 (ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)5.193 G .193 (rds are inserted into).8 F -(the current line separated by single spaces.)108 564 Q F2 2.5(0\()108 -580.8 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F1(The zeroth w)144 592.8 Q 2.5(ord. F)-.1 +(the current line separated by single spaces.)108 220.8 Q F4 2.5(0\()108 +237.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F1(The zeroth w)144 249.6 Q 2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F0(n)108.36 -604.8 Q F1(The)144 604.8 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F2<00>108 -616.8 Q F1(The \214rst ar)144 616.8 Q(gument: w)-.18 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F2 -($)108 628.8 Q F1 .063(The last w)144 628.8 R 2.563(ord. This)-.1 F .063 +261.6 Q F1(The)144 261.6 Q F0(n)2.5 E F1(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F4<00>108 +273.6 Q F1(The \214rst ar)144 273.6 Q(gument: w)-.18 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F4 +($)108 285.6 Q F1 .063(The last w)144 285.6 R 2.563(ord. This)-.1 F .063 (is usually the last ar)2.563 F .064(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .064(ord if there is only)-.1 F -(one w)144 640.8 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F2(%)108 652.8 Q F1 1.125 -(The \214rst w)144 652.8 R 1.125(ord matched by the most recent \231?) +(one w)144 297.6 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F4(%)108 309.6 Q F1 1.125 +(The \214rst w)144 309.6 R 1.125(ord matched by the most recent \231?) -.1 F F0(string)A F1 3.624(?\232 search,)B 1.124 (if the search string be)3.624 F 1.124(gins with a)-.15 F .486 -(character that is part of a w)144 664.8 R 2.986(ord. By)-.1 F(def)2.986 +(character that is part of a w)144 321.6 R 2.986(ord. By)-.1 F(def)2.986 E .486(ault, searches be)-.1 F .487 -(gin at the end of each line and proceed to)-.15 F(the be)144 676.8 Q +(gin at the end of each line and proceed to)-.15 F(the be)144 333.6 Q (ginning, so the \214rst w)-.15 E (ord matched is the one closest to the end of the line.)-.1 E F0(x) -108.77 688.8 Q F2A F0(y)A F1 2.5(Ar)144 688.8 S(ange of w)-2.5 E +108.77 345.6 Q F4A F0(y)A F1 2.5(Ar)144 345.6 S(ange of w)-2.5 E (ords; \231\255)-.1 E F0(y)A F1 2.5<9a61>C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates \2310\255) --.25 E F0(y)A F1<9a2e>A F2(*)108 700.8 Q F1 .219(All of the w)144 700.8 +-.25 E F0(y)A F1<9a2e>A F4(*)108 357.6 Q F1 .219(All of the w)144 357.6 R .219(ords b)-.1 F .219(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .219(This is a synon)5.219 F .219(ym for \231)-.15 F F0(1\255$)A F1 2.719(\232. It)B .218 -(is not an error to use)2.719 F F2(*)2.718 E F1 .218(if there is)2.718 F -(just one w)144 712.8 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt; it e).15 E -(xpands to the empty string in that case.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(64)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 65 65 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(x*)108 84 Q F1(Abbre)144 84 Q -(viates)-.25 E F0(x\255$)2.5 E F1(.)A F2<78ad>108 96 Q F1(Abbre)144 96 Q -(viates)-.25 E F0(x\255$)2.5 E F1(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F2(x*)2.5 E F1 2.5 -(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E 2.5(ord. If)-.1 F F2(x)2.5 E F1 -(is missing, it def)2.5 E(aults to 0.)-.1 E .368(If a w)108 112.8 R .368 -(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .368 -(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 F .369(vious command is used as the e) --.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt,).15 E(equi)108 124.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to) -.25 E F2(!!)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(Modi\214ers)87 141.6 Q F1 .47 -(After the optional w)108 153.6 R .47(ord designator)-.1 F 2.97(,t)-.4 G -.47(he e)-2.97 F .469 +(is not an error to use)2.719 F F4(*)2.718 E F1 .218(if there is)2.718 F +(just one w)144 369.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt; it e).15 E +(xpands to the empty string in that case.)-.15 E F4(x*)108 381.6 Q F1 +(Abbre)144 381.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F0(x\255$)2.5 E F1(.)A F4<78ad>108 +393.6 Q F1(Abbre)144 393.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F0(x\255$)2.5 E F1(lik)2.5 E +(e)-.1 E F4(x*)2.5 E F1 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E 2.5(ord. If) +-.1 F F4(x)2.5 E F1(is missing, it def)2.5 E(aults to 0.)-.1 E .368 +(If a w)108 410.4 R .368(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .368(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 F .369 +(vious command is used as the e)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt,).15 E(equi)108 +422.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F4(!!)2.5 E F1(.)A F4(Modi\214ers) +87 439.2 Q F1 .47(After the optional w)108 451.2 R .47(ord designator) +-.1 F 2.97(,t)-.4 G .47(he e)-2.97 F .469 (xpansion may include a sequence of one or more of the follo)-.15 F -(wing)-.25 E(modi\214ers, each preceded by a \231:\232.)108 165.6 Q +(wing)-.25 E(modi\214ers, each preceded by a \231:\232.)108 463.2 Q (These modify)5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G 2.5(re)-2.5 G(dit, the w)-2.5 E (ord or w)-.1 E(ords selected from the history e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt.).15 E F2(h)108 182.4 Q F1(Remo)144 182.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H -(railing pathname component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F2(t) -108 194.4 Q F1(Remo)144 194.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H -(ll leading pathname components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F2(r)108 -206.4 Q F1(Remo)144 206.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E +(nt.).15 E F4(h)108 480 Q F1(Remo)144 480 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H +(railing pathname component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F4(t) +108 492 Q F1(Remo)144 492 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +(ll leading pathname components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F4(r)108 +504 Q F1(Remo)144 504 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E (\214x of the form)-.25 E F0(.xxx)2.5 E F1 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E -(ving the basename.)-.2 E F2(e)108 218.4 Q F1(Remo)144 218.4 Q .3 -.15 -(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F2(p)108 -230.4 Q F1(Print the ne)144 230.4 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E -(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F2(q)108 242.4 Q F1 -(Quote the substituted w)144 242.4 Q -(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F2(x)108 254.4 Q F1 .385 -(Quote the substituted w)144 254.4 R .385(ords as with)-.1 F F2(q)2.885 -E F1 2.885(,b)C .386(ut break into w)-3.085 F .386(ords at)-.1 F F2 -(blanks)2.886 E F1 .386(and ne)2.886 F 2.886(wlines. The)-.25 F F2(q) -2.886 E F1(and)2.886 E F2(x)2.886 E F1(modi\214ers are mutually e)144 -266.4 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;e).15 G -(xpansion uses the last one supplied.)-2.65 E F2(s/)108 278.4 Q F0(old)A -F2(/)A F0(ne)A(w)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(Substitute)144 290.4 Q F0(ne)3.329 E -(w)-.15 E F1 .469(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.279 F F0(old)3.199 E -F1 .469(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469(nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E +(ving the basename.)-.2 E F4(e)108 516 Q F1(Remo)144 516 Q .3 -.15(ve a) +-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F4(p)108 528 Q +F1(Print the ne)144 528 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F4(q)108 540 Q F1 +(Quote the substituted w)144 540 Q +(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F4(x)108 552 Q F1 .385 +(Quote the substituted w)144 552 R .385(ords as with)-.1 F F4(q)2.885 E +F1 2.885(,b)C .386(ut break into w)-3.085 F .386(ords at)-.1 F F4 +(blanks)2.886 E F1 .386(and ne)2.886 F 2.886(wlines. The)-.25 F F4(q) +2.886 E F1(and)2.886 E F4(x)2.886 E F1(modi\214ers are mutually e)144 +564 Q(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(;e).15 G +(xpansion uses the last one supplied.)-2.65 E F4(s/)108 576 Q F0(old)A +F4(/)A F0(ne)A(w)-.15 E F4(/)A F1(Substitute)144 588 Q F0(ne)3.329 E(w) +-.15 E F1 .469(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.279 F F0(old)3.199 E F1 +.469(in the e)3.739 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .469(nt line.).15 F(An)5.469 E 2.969(yc)-.15 G .469(haracter may be used as the)-2.969 F .294 -(delimiter in place of /.)144 302.4 R .295 +(delimiter in place of /.)144 600 R .295 (The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) 5.294 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .295(nt line.).15 F(A)5.295 E .229 -(single backslash quotes the delimiter in)144 314.4 R F0(old)2.959 E F1 +(single backslash quotes the delimiter in)144 612 R F0(old)2.959 E F1 (and)3.498 E F0(ne)3.088 E(w)-.15 E F1 5.228(.I).31 G 2.728(f&a)-5.228 G .228(ppears in)-2.728 F F0(ne)3.088 E(w)-.15 E F1 2.728(,i).31 G 2.728 (ti)-2.728 G 2.728(sr)-2.728 G .228(eplaced with)-2.728 F F0(old)2.958 E -F1(.).77 E 2.986(As)144 326.4 S .486(ingle backslash quotes the &.) --2.986 F(If)5.486 E F0(old)3.216 E F1 .486 -(is null, it is set to the last)3.756 F F0(old)3.216 E F1 .487 -(substituted, or)3.756 F 2.987(,i)-.4 G 2.987(fn)-2.987 G 2.987(op) --2.987 G(re)-2.987 E(vi-)-.25 E 1.09 -(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 338.4 R F0(string) -3.93 E F1 1.09(in a)3.81 F F2(!?)3.59 E F0(string)A F2([?])A F1 3.59 +F1(.).77 E 2.986(As)144 624 S .486(ingle backslash quotes the &.)-2.986 +F(If)5.486 E F0(old)3.216 E F1 .486(is null, it is set to the last)3.756 +F F0(old)3.216 E F1 .487(substituted, or)3.756 F 2.987(,i)-.4 G 2.987 +(fn)-2.987 G 2.987(op)-2.987 G(re)-2.987 E(vi-)-.25 E 1.09 +(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 636 R F0(string)3.93 +E F1 1.09(in a)3.81 F F4(!?)3.59 E F0(string)A F4([?])A F1 3.59 (search. If)6.09 F F0(ne)3.95 E(w)-.15 E F1 1.09(is null, each)3.9 F -(matching)144 350.4 Q F0(old)2.73 E F1(is deleted.)3.27 E F2(&)108 362.4 -Q F1(Repeat the pre)144 362.4 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F2(g)108 -374.4 Q F1 .267(Cause changes to be applied o)144 374.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.767(rt).15 G .267(he entire e)-2.767 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .267(nt line.) -.15 F .267(This is used in conjunction with \231)5.267 F F2(:s)A F1 -2.768<9a28>C(e.g.,)-2.768 E<99>144 386.4 Q F2(:gs/)A F0(old)A F2(/)A F0 -(ne)A(w)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(\232\) or \231)A F2(:&)A F1 2.5(\232. If)B -(used with \231)2.5 E F2(:s)A F1(\232, an)A 2.5(yd)-.15 G +(matching)144 648 Q F0(old)2.73 E F1(is deleted.)3.27 E F4(&)108 660 Q +F1(Repeat the pre)144 660 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F4(g)108 672 Q F1 +.267(Cause changes to be applied o)144 672 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.767(rt).15 +G .267(he entire e)-2.767 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .267(nt line.).15 F .267 +(This is used in conjunction with \231)5.267 F F4(:s)A F1 2.768<9a28>C +(e.g.,)-2.768 E<99>144 684 Q F4(:gs/)A F0(old)A F4(/)A F0(ne)A(w)-.15 E +F4(/)A F1(\232\) or \231)A F4(:&)A F1 2.5(\232. If)B(used with \231)2.5 +E F4(:s)A F1(\232, an)A 2.5(yd)-.15 G (elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal de-)-2.5 E -(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 398.4 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F2(a)2.5 E F1 -(may be used as a synon)2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F2(g)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(G)108 -410.4 Q F1(Apply the follo)144 410.4 Q(wing \231)-.25 E F2(s)A F1 2.5 -<9a6f>C 2.5<7299>-2.5 G F2(&)-2.5 E F1 2.5<9a6d>C -(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 427.2 Q(UIL)-.11 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F1 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 439.2 -R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ -receded by)-.2 F F2108 451.2 Q F1(accepts)3.077 E F23.077 E F1 -.577(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F2(:)3.077 E -F1(,)A F2(true)3.077 E F1(,)A F2(false)3.077 E F1 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E +(limiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 696 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E(An)5 E F4(a)2.5 E F1(may be used as a synon) +2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F4(g)2.5 E F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(65)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 66 66 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(G)108 84 Q F1 +(Apply the follo)144 84 Q(wing \231)-.25 E F2(s)A F1 2.5<9a6f>C 2.5 +<7299>-2.5 G F2(&)-2.5 E F1 2.5<9a6d>C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E +(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 +SF(SHELL B)72 100.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F1 .063 +(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 112.8 R .062(uiltin command documen\ +ted in this section as accepting options preceded by)-.2 F F2108 +124.8 Q F1(accepts)3.077 E F23.077 E F1 .577 +(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F2(:)3.077 E F1 +(,)A F2(true)3.077 E F1(,)A F2(false)3.077 E F1 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E F2(test)3.077 E F1(/)A F2([)A F1 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577 -(iltins do not accept options).2 F .462(and do not treat)108 463.2 R F2 +(iltins do not accept options).2 F .462(and do not treat)108 136.8 R F2 2.961 E F1(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F2(exit) 2.961 E F1(,)A F2(logout)2.961 E F1(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n) -.15 E F1(,)A F2(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F1(,)A F2(continue)2.961 E F1(,)A F2(let)2.961 E F1 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F2(shift)2.961 E F1 -.2(bu) -2.961 G .461(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 475.2 R .26 +2.961 G .461(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 148.8 R .26 (guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F F22.76 E F1 .261 (without requiring)2.76 F F22.761 E F1 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b) -5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261(guments b)-.18 F .261 (ut are not)-.2 F 1.154(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar) -108 487.2 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F2 +108 160.8 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F2 3.654 E F1 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154 (lid options and require).25 F F23.654 E F1(to)3.654 E(pre)108 -499.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F2(:)108 516 Q F1 -([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A .451(No ef)144 528 R .451 +172.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F2(:)108 189.6 Q F1 +([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A .451(No ef)144 201.6 R .451 (fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding) -.15 E F0(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F1 .452(and performing an)3.222 F -2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 540 R -(return status is zero.)2.5 E F2(.)108 556.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 +2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 213.6 R +(return status is zero.)2.5 E F2(.)108 230.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 (path)2.5 E F1(])A F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E -F1(])A F2(sour)108 568.8 Q(ce)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(path)2.5 E +F1(])A F2(sour)108 242.4 Q(ce)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(path)2.5 E F1(])A F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A(The) -144 580.8 Q F2(.)2.79 E F1 .29(command \()2.79 F F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1 +144 254.4 Q F2(.)2.79 E F1 .29(command \()2.79 F F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1 2.79(\)r)C .289(eads and e)-2.79 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .289 (cute commands from).15 F F0(\214lename)4.699 E F1 .289 (in the current shell en)2.969 F(viron-)-.4 E(ment and returns the e)144 -592.8 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted from).15 E F0(\214lename)4.41 E F1(.).18 E(If)144 609.6 Q F0 +266.4 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted from).15 E F0(\214lename)4.41 E F1(.).18 E(If)144 283.2 Q F0 (\214lename)2.662 E F1 .162(does not contain a slash,)2.662 F F2(.)2.662 E F1 .162(searches for it.)2.662 F .162(If the)5.162 F F22.662 E F1 .163(option is supplied,)2.663 F F2(.)2.663 E F1(treats)2.663 E F0 (path)2.663 E F1 .163(as a)2.663 F .598 -(colon-separated list of directories in which to \214nd)144 621.6 R F0 +(colon-separated list of directories in which to \214nd)144 295.2 R F0 (\214lename)3.097 E F1 3.097(;o)C(therwise,)-3.097 E F2(.)3.097 E F1 .597(uses the entries in)3.097 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.097 G -(TH)-.189 E F1 .302(to \214nd the directory containing)144 633.6 R F0 +(TH)-.189 E F1 .302(to \214nd the directory containing)144 307.2 R F0 (\214lename)4.712 E F1(.).18 E F0(\214lename)5.303 E F1 .303 (does not need to be e)2.803 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.803(cutable. When).15 F F2(bash)2.803 E F1(is)2.803 E .459 -(not in posix mode, it searches the current directory if)144 645.6 R F0 +(not in posix mode, it searches the current directory if)144 319.2 R F0 (\214lename)2.959 E F1 .459(is not found in)2.959 F F4 -.666(PA)2.959 G (TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 -.2(bu)2.708 G 2.958(td).2 G -.458(oes not)-2.958 F .6(search the current directory if)144 657.6 R F2 +.458(oes not)-2.958 F .6(search the current directory if)144 331.2 R F2 3.1 E F1 .6(is supplied.)3.1 F .6(If the)5.6 F F2(sour)3.1 E (cepath)-.18 E F1 .6(option to the)3.1 F F2(shopt)3.1 E F1 -.2(bu)3.1 G -.6(iltin com-).2 F(mand is turned of)144 669.6 Q(f,)-.25 E F2(.)2.5 E F1 +.6(iltin com-).2 F(mand is turned of)144 343.2 Q(f,)-.25 E F2(.)2.5 E F1 (does not search)2.5 E F4 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F5(.)A F1 .65(If an) -144 686.4 R(y)-.15 E F0(ar)3.15 E(guments)-.37 E F1 .649 +144 360 R(y)-.15 E F0(ar)3.15 E(guments)-.37 E F1 .649 (are supplied, the)3.15 F 3.149(yb)-.15 G .649 (ecome the positional parameters when)-3.149 F F0(\214lename)3.149 E F1 .649(is e)3.149 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E -(Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged.)144 698.4 Q .498 -(If the)144 715.2 R F22.998 E F1 .498(option is enabled,)2.998 F +(Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged.)144 372 Q .498 +(If the)144 388.8 R F22.998 E F1 .498(option is enabled,)2.998 F F2(.)2.998 E F1 .498(inherits an)2.998 F 2.998(yt)-.15 G .498(rap on) -2.998 F F2(DEB)2.999 E(UG)-.1 E F1 2.999(;i)C 2.999(fi)-2.999 G 2.999 (ti)-2.999 G 2.999(sn)-2.999 G .499(ot, an)-2.999 F(y)-.15 E F2(DEB) -2.999 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .499(trap string is)2.999 F(sa)144 727.2 Q -.15(ve) +2.999 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .499(trap string is)2.999 F(sa)144 400.8 Q -.15(ve) -.2 G 3.26(da).15 G .76(nd restored around the call to)-3.26 F F2(.)3.26 E F1 3.26(,a)C(nd)-3.26 E F2(.)3.26 E F1 .76(unsets the)3.26 F F2(DEB) 3.26 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .76(trap while it e)3.26 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.26 -(cutes. If).15 F F23.26 E F1(is)3.26 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(65)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 66 66 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 1.076(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the) -144 84 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEB)3.576 E(UG)-.1 E F1 1.076 -(trap, the ne)3.576 F 3.576(wv)-.25 G 1.077(alue persists after)-3.826 F -F2(.)3.577 E F1(completes.)3.577 E .424 -(The return status is the status of the last command e)144 96 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .423(cuted from).15 F F0(\214lename)2.923 E F1 .423 -(\(0 if no commands are)2.923 F -.15(exe)144 108 S +(cutes. If).15 F F23.26 E F1(is)3.26 E 1.076 +(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)144 412.8 R F2(DEB)3.576 E +(UG)-.1 E F1 1.076(trap, the ne)3.576 F 3.576(wv)-.25 G 1.077 +(alue persists after)-3.826 F F2(.)3.577 E F1(completes.)3.577 E .424 +(The return status is the status of the last command e)144 424.8 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .423(cuted from).15 F F0(\214lename)2.923 E F1 .423 +(\(0 if no commands are)2.923 F -.15(exe)144 436.8 S (cuted\), and non-zero if).15 E F0(\214lename)4.41 E F1 -(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F2(alias)108 124.8 Q F1([)2.5 E +(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F2(alias)108 453.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C -1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E -.4(Wi)144 136.8 S 2.6(th no ar).4 F 2.6 +1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E -.4(Wi)144 465.6 S 2.6(th no ar).4 F 2.6 (guments or with the)-.18 F F25.1 E F1(option,)5.1 E F2(alias) 5.101 E F1 2.601(prints the list of aliases in the form)5.101 F F2 -(alias)5.101 E F0(name)144 148.8 Q F1(=)A F0(value)A F1 1.715 +(alias)5.101 E F0(name)144 477.6 Q F1(=)A F0(value)A F1 1.715 (on standard output.)4.215 F 1.715(When ar)6.715 F 1.714 (guments are supplied, de\214ne an alias for each)-.18 F F0(name)4.214 E -F1(whose)144 160.8 Q F0(value)2.508 E F1 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15(ve)-.25 +F1(whose)144 489.6 Q F0(value)2.508 E F1 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F0(value)2.509 E F1 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009(ord to be check)-.1 F .009(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .027(tution when the alias is e)144 -172.8 R .026(xpanded during command parsing.)-.15 F -.15(Fo)5.026 G +501.6 R .026(xpanded during command parsing.)-.15 F -.15(Fo)5.026 G 2.526(re).15 G(ach)-2.526 E F0(name)2.526 E F1 .026(in the ar)2.526 F -.026(gument list for)-.18 F .303(which no)144 184.8 R F0(value)2.803 E +.026(gument list for)-.18 F .303(which no)144 513.6 R F0(value)2.803 E F1 .304(is supplied, print the name and v)2.804 F .304 (alue of the alias)-.25 F F0(name)2.804 E F1(.)A F2(alias)5.304 E F1 -.304(returns true unless a)2.804 F F0(name)144 196.8 Q F1(is gi)2.5 E +.304(returns true unless a)2.804 F F0(name)144 525.6 Q F1(is gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(n\().15 G(without a corresponding =)-2.5 E F0(value)A F1 2.5(\)f)C(or which no alias has been de\214ned.)-2.5 E F2(bg)108 -213.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(jobspec)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .745 -(Resume each suspended job)144 225.6 R F0(jobspec)3.245 E F1 .745 +542.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(jobspec)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .745 +(Resume each suspended job)144 554.4 R F0(jobspec)3.245 E F1 .745 (in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F2(&)3.244 E -F1 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F0(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 237.6 Q F1 .949 +F1 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F0(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 566.4 Q F1 .949 (is not present, the shell uses its notion of the)3.759 F F0(curr)3.45 E .95(ent job)-.37 F F1(.)A F2(bg)5.95 E F0(jobspec)5.19 E F1 .95 (returns 0 unless run)3.76 F .419(when job control is disabled or)144 -249.6 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 +578.4 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F0(jobspec)2.918 E F1 -.1(wa)2.918 -G 2.918(sn).1 G(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 261.6 Q -(as started without job control.)-.1 E F2(bind)108 278.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 +G 2.918(sn).1 G(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 590.4 Q +(as started without job control.)-.1 E F2(bind)108 607.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255lsvSVX)-2.5 E F1 -(])A F2(bind)108 290.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E +(])A F2(bind)108 619.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(function)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(function)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E -F1(])A F2(bind)108 302.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 -E F1(])A F22.5 E F0(\214lename)2.5 E F2(bind)108 314.4 Q F1([)2.5 +F1(])A F2(bind)108 631.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 +E F1(])A F22.5 E F0(\214lename)2.5 E F2(bind)108 643.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F22.5 E F0 -.1(ke) -2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1([:])A F0(shell\255command)2.5 E F2(bind)108 326.4 Q +2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1([:])A F0(shell\255command)2.5 E F2(bind)108 655.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G -(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F0(function\255name)A F2(bind)108 338.4 Q F1([)2.5 E +(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F0(function\255name)A F2(bind)108 667.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F22.5 E F1(|)A F2 A F1([)2.5 E F0 -.37(re)C(adline\255command).37 E F1(])A F2(bind) -108 350.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F0 +108 679.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(])A F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F0 -.37(re)C(adline\255command).37 E F2 -(bind)108 362.4 Q F0 -.37(re)2.5 G(adline-command-line).37 E F1 .238 -(Display current)144 374.4 R F2 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke) +(bind)108 691.2 Q F0 -.37(re)2.5 G(adline-command-line).37 E F1 .238 +(Display current)144 703.2 R F2 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke) 2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239(equence to a).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline) .18 E F1 .239(function or)2.739 F .211 -(macro or to a shell command, or set a)144 386.4 R F2 -.18(re)2.711 G +(macro or to a shell command, or set a)144 715.2 R F2 -.18(re)2.711 G (adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)2.711 G 2.711(riable. Each).25 F .211 (non-option ar)2.711 F .211(gument is a k)-.18 F .511 -.15(ey b)-.1 H -(ind-).15 E .258(ing or command as it w)144 398.4 R .259 -(ould appear in a)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)2.759 G(adline).18 E F1 .259 -(initialization \214le such as)2.759 F F0(.inputr)2.989 E(c)-.37 E F1 -2.759(,b).31 G .259(ut each bind-)-2.959 F .782 -(ing or command must be passed as a separate ar)144 410.4 R .781(gument\ -; e.g., \010"\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le\010.)-.18 F -(In)5.781 E .192(the follo)144 422.4 R .192(wing descriptions, output a) --.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .192 -(ilable to be re-read is formatted as commands that w).25 F .193 -(ould ap-)-.1 F .941(pear in a)144 434.4 R F2 -.18(re)3.441 G(adline).18 -E F1 .941(initialization \214le or that w)3.441 F .941 -(ould be supplied as indi)-.1 F .94(vidual ar)-.25 F .94(guments to a) --.18 F F2(bind)3.44 E F1 2.5(command. Options,)144 446.4 R +(ind-).15 E 1.75(ing or command as it w)144 727.2 R 1.751 +(ould appear in a)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)4.251 G(adline).18 E F1 1.751 +(initialization \214le such as)4.251 F F0(.inputr)4.481 E(c)-.37 E F1 +4.251(,b).31 G 1.751(ut each)-4.451 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(66)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 67 67 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .476 +(binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)144 84 R .475(gumen\ +t; e.g., \010"\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le\010.)-.18 +F .509(In the follo)144 96 R .509(wing descriptions, output a)-.25 F +-.25(va)-.2 G .509(ilable to be re-read is formatted as commands that w) +.25 F(ould)-.1 E .351(appear in a)144 108 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18 +(re)2.851 G(adline).18 E F1 .351(initialization \214le or that w)2.851 F +.351(ould be supplied as indi)-.1 F .35(vidual ar)-.25 F .35 +(guments to a)-.18 F F2(bind)2.85 E F1 2.5(command. Options,)144 120 R (if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:) --.25 E F2144 458.4 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(Use)180 470.4 Q -F0 -.1(ke)5.158 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -2.658(map to be af).15 F 2.659(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F -(Acceptable)7.659 E F0 -.1(ke)180 482.4 S(ymap)-.2 E F1 3.193(names are) +-.25 E F2144 132 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F1(Use)180 144 Q F0 +-.1(ke)5.158 G(ymap)-.2 E F1 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658 +(map to be af).15 F 2.659(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F +(Acceptable)7.659 E F0 -.1(ke)180 156 S(ymap)-.2 E F1 3.193(names are) 5.883 F F0 3.193(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192 (d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E -(vi\255command)180 494.4 Q F1 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F0(vi\255insert) -4.379 E F1(.).68 E F0(vi)6.589 E F1 1.589(is equi)4.089 F -.25(va)-.25 G -1.589(lent to).25 F F0(vi\255command)4.089 E F1(\()4.089 E F0(vi\255mo)A -(ve)-.1 E F1 1.59(is also a syn-)4.089 F(on)180 506.4 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F0 -(emacs)2.5 E F1(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F0 -(emacs\255standar)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(.)A F2144 518.4 Q F1 -(List the names of all)180 518.4 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 -(functions.)2.5 E F2144 530.4 Q F1(Display)180 530.4 Q F2 -.18(re) -2.982 G(adline).18 E F1 .481(function names and bindings in such a w) -2.982 F .481(ay that the)-.1 F 2.981(yc)-.15 G .481(an be used as an) --2.981 F(ar)180 542.4 Q .192(gument to a subsequent)-.18 F F2(bind)2.692 -E F1 .192(command or in a)2.692 F F2 -.18(re)2.692 G(adline).18 E F1 -.193(initialization \214le.)2.693 F .193(If ar)5.193 F(guments)-.18 E -1.524(remain after option processing,)180 554.4 R F2(bind)4.024 E F1 -1.523(treats them as)4.023 F F2 -.18(re)4.023 G(adline).18 E F1 1.523 -(command names and re-)4.023 F(stricts output to those names.)180 566.4 -Q F2144 578.4 Q F1 .173(List current)180 578.4 R F2 -.18(re)2.673 -G(adline).18 E F1 .173(function names and bindings.)2.673 F .173(If ar) -5.173 F .174(guments remain after option pro-)-.18 F(cessing,)180 590.4 -Q F2(bind)4.855 E F1 2.354(treats them as)4.855 F F2 -.18(re)4.854 G +(vi\255command)180 168 Q F1 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F0(vi\255insert)4.379 +E F1(.).68 E F0(vi)6.589 E F1 1.589(is equi)4.089 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.589 +(lent to).25 F F0(vi\255command)4.089 E F1(\()4.089 E F0(vi\255mo)A(ve) +-.1 E F1 1.59(is also a syn-)4.089 F(on)180 180 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F0(emacs) +2.5 E F1(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F0(emacs\255standar) +2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(.)A F2144 192 Q F1(List the names of all)180 192 +Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1(functions.)2.5 E F2144 204 Q F1 +(Display)180 204 Q F2 -.18(re)2.982 G(adline).18 E F1 .481 +(function names and bindings in such a w)2.982 F .481(ay that the)-.1 F +2.981(yc)-.15 G .481(an be used as an)-2.981 F(ar)180 216 Q .192 +(gument to a subsequent)-.18 F F2(bind)2.692 E F1 .192(command or in a) +2.692 F F2 -.18(re)2.692 G(adline).18 E F1 .193(initialization \214le.) +2.693 F .193(If ar)5.193 F(guments)-.18 E 1.524 +(remain after option processing,)180 228 R F2(bind)4.024 E F1 1.523 +(treats them as)4.023 F F2 -.18(re)4.023 G(adline).18 E F1 1.523 +(command names and re-)4.023 F(stricts output to those names.)180 240 Q +F2144 252 Q F1 .173(List current)180 252 R F2 -.18(re)2.673 G +(adline).18 E F1 .173(function names and bindings.)2.673 F .173(If ar) +5.173 F .174(guments remain after option pro-)-.18 F(cessing,)180 264 Q +F2(bind)4.855 E F1 2.354(treats them as)4.855 F F2 -.18(re)4.854 G (adline).18 E F1 2.354(command names and restricts output to those)4.854 -F(names.)180 602.4 Q F2144 614.4 Q F1(Display)180 614.4 Q F2 -.18 -(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G 1.155 +F(names.)180 276 Q F2144 288 Q F1(Display)180 288 Q F2 -.18(re) +3.655 G(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G 1.155 (equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo)-.15 G -1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 626.4 S 2.555(yt).1 G .055 +1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 300 S 2.555(yt).1 G .055 (hat the)-2.555 F 2.555(yc)-.15 G .055(an be used as an ar)-2.555 F .055 (gument to a subsequent)-.18 F F2(bind)2.555 E F1 .054(command or in a) 2.554 F F2 -.18(re)2.554 G(adline).18 E F1(initialization \214le.)180 -638.4 Q F2144 650.4 Q F1(Display)180 650.4 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G -(adline).18 E F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys)-.05 G +312 Q F2144 324 Q F1(Display)180 324 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 +E F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys)-.05 G (equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G -(utput.)-2.5 E F2144 662.4 Q F1(Display)180 662.4 Q F2 -.18(re) -2.783 G(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)2.783 G .283(riable names and v).25 F -.283(alues in such a w)-.25 F .284(ay that the)-.1 F 2.784(yc)-.15 G -.284(an be used as an ar)-2.784 F(-)-.2 E(gument to a subsequent)180 -674.4 Q F2(bind)2.5 E F1(command or in a)2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline) -.18 E F1(initialization \214le.)2.5 E F2144 686.4 Q F1 -(List current)180 686.4 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)2.5 G -(riable names and v).25 E(alues.)-.25 E F2144 698.4 Q F0 -(\214lename)2.5 E F1(Read k)180 710.4 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from) -.15 E F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12) -136.795 E(66)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 67 67 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F0(function)2.5 -E F1(Display k)180 96 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(equences that in).15 E -.2 -(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(he named).1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E -F0(function)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 108 Q F0(function)2.5 E F1 -(Unbind all k)180 120 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(equences bound to the named) -.15 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 -132 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(Remo)180 144 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H -.3 -.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E -F1(.)A F2144 156 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F2([: ])A F0 -(shell\255command)A F1(Cause)180 168 Q F0(shell\255command)4.345 E F1 -1.845(to be e)4.345 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.845(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G(r).15 E F0 -.1(ke)4.345 G(yseq)-.2 E F1 1.844(is entered.)4.344 F -1.844(The separator be-)6.844 F(tween)180 180 Q F0 -.1(ke)3.015 G(yseq) --.2 E F1(and)3.015 E F0(shell\255command)3.016 E F1 .516 +(utput.)-2.5 E F2144 336 Q F1(Display)180 336 Q F2 -.18(re)2.783 G +(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)2.783 G .283(riable names and v).25 F .283 +(alues in such a w)-.25 F .284(ay that the)-.1 F 2.784(yc)-.15 G .284 +(an be used as an ar)-2.784 F(-)-.2 E(gument to a subsequent)180 348 Q +F2(bind)2.5 E F1(command or in a)2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 +(initialization \214le.)2.5 E F2144 360 Q F1(List current)180 360 +Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 +E(alues.)-.25 E F2144 372 Q F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1(Read k)180 384 +Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1(.)A F2 +144 396 Q F0(function)2.5 E F1(Display k)180 408 Q .3 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H(equences that in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(he named).1 E +F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 420 Q +F0(function)2.5 E F1(Unbind all k)180 432 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +(equences bound to the named).15 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 +(function)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 444 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1 +(Remo)180 456 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H +(urrent binding for).15 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(.)A F2144 +468 Q F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F2([: ])A F0(shell\255command)A F1 +(Cause)180 480 Q F0(shell\255command)4.345 E F1 1.845(to be e)4.345 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.845(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F0 -.1(ke) +4.345 G(yseq)-.2 E F1 1.844(is entered.)4.344 F 1.844(The separator be-) +6.844 F(tween)180 492 Q F0 -.1(ke)3.015 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(and)3.015 E F0 +(shell\255command)3.016 E F1 .516 (is either whitespace or a colon optionally follo)3.016 F .516(wed by) --.25 F 3.459(whitespace. If)180 192 R .958(the separator is whitespace,) +-.25 F 3.459(whitespace. If)180 504 R .958(the separator is whitespace,) 3.459 F F0(shell\255command)3.458 E F1 .958(must be enclosed in double) -3.458 F .622(quotes and)180 204 R F2 -.18(re)3.122 G(adline).18 E F1 +3.458 F .622(quotes and)180 516 R F2 -.18(re)3.122 G(adline).18 E F1 -.15(ex)3.122 G .623(pands an).15 F 3.123(yo)-.15 G 3.123(fi)-3.123 G .623(ts special backslash-escapes in)-3.123 F F0(shell\255command)3.123 -E F1(be-)3.123 E .713(fore sa)180 216 R .713(ving it.)-.2 F .713 +E F1(be-)3.123 E .713(fore sa)180 528 R .713(ving it.)-.2 F .713 (If the separator is a colon, an)5.713 F 3.213(ye)-.15 G .712 -(nclosing double quotes are optional, and)-3.213 F F2 -.18(re)180 228 S +(nclosing double quotes are optional, and)-3.213 F F2 -.18(re)180 540 S (adline).18 E F1 .098(does not e)2.598 F .098 (xpand the command string before sa)-.15 F .099(ving it.)-.2 F .099 (Since the entire k)5.099 F .399 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(ind-).15 E .641(ing e) -180 240 R .641(xpression must be a single ar)-.15 F .641 +180 552 R .641(xpression must be a single ar)-.15 F .641 (gument, it should be enclosed in single quotes.)-.18 F(When)5.64 E F0 -(shell\255command)180 252 Q F1 .563(is e)3.063 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .563 +(shell\255command)180 564 Q F1 .563(is e)3.063 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .563 (cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE) 3.063 E F1 -.25(va)2.813 G .563(riable to the contents).25 F .32(of the) -180 264 R F2 -.18(re)2.82 G(adline).18 E F1 .32(line b)2.82 F(uf)-.2 E +180 576 R F2 -.18(re)2.82 G(adline).18 E F1 .32(line b)2.82 F(uf)-.2 E .32(fer and the)-.25 F F3(READLINE_POINT)2.82 E F1(and)2.57 E F3 (READLINE_MARK)2.82 E F1 -.25(va)2.569 G(riables).25 E .545 -(to the current location of the insertion point and the sa)180 276 R +(to the current location of the insertion point and the sa)180 588 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.046(di).15 G .546(nsertion point \(the mark\), re-) --3.046 F(specti)180 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.188(.T)-.65 G 2.188 +-3.046 F(specti)180 600 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.188(.T)-.65 G 2.188 (he shell assigns an)-7.188 F 4.688(yn)-.15 G 2.188(umeric ar)-4.688 F 2.188(gument the user supplied to the)-.18 F F3(READ-)4.688 E -(LINE_ARGUMENT)180 300 Q F1 -.25(va)2.398 G 2.648(riable. If).25 F .148 +(LINE_ARGUMENT)180 612 Q F1 -.25(va)2.398 G 2.648(riable. If).25 F .148 (there w)2.648 F .148(as no ar)-.1 F .148(gument, that v)-.18 F .149 (ariable is not set.)-.25 F .149(If the e)5.149 F(x-)-.15 E .583 -(ecuted command changes the v)180 312 R .583(alue of an)-.25 F 3.083(yo) +(ecuted command changes the v)180 624 R .583(alue of an)-.25 F 3.083(yo) -.15 G(f)-3.083 E F3(READLINE_LINE)3.083 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -(READLINE_POINT)2.832 E F4(,)A F1(or)2.832 E F3(READLINE_MARK)180 324 Q +(READLINE_POINT)2.832 E F4(,)A F1(or)2.832 E F3(READLINE_MARK)180 636 Q F4(,)A F1(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G -(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F2144 336 -Q F1 .829(List all k)180 336 R 1.129 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 +(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F2144 648 +Q F1 .829(List all k)180 648 R 1.129 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 (equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for) -.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as an ar)180 348 Q +.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as an ar)180 660 Q (gument to a subsequent)-.18 E F2(bind)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E -(The return v)144 364.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is su\ -pplied or an error occurred.)-.25 E F2(br)108 381.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F1([) -2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A .012(Exit from within a)144 393.6 R F2 -.25(fo)2.512 +(The return v)144 676.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is su\ +pplied or an error occurred.)-.25 E F2(br)108 693.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F1([) +2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A .012(Exit from within a)144 705.6 R F2 -.25(fo)2.512 G(r).25 E F1(,)A F2(while)2.512 E F1(,)A F2(until)2.512 E F1 2.512(,o)C (r)-2.512 E F2(select)2.512 E F1 2.512(loop. If)2.512 F F0(n)2.512 E F1 .011(is speci\214ed,)2.512 F F2(br)2.511 E(eak)-.18 E F1 -.15(ex)2.511 G (its).15 E F0(n)2.511 E F1 .011(enclosing loops.)2.511 F F0(n)144.36 -405.6 Q F1 .632(must be)3.372 F/F5 10/Symbol SF3.132 E F1 3.132 +717.6 Q F1 .632(must be)3.372 F/F5 10/Symbol SF3.132 E F1 3.132 (1. If)3.132 F F0(n)3.492 E F1 .632(is greater than the number of enclo\ sing loops, all enclosing loops are e)3.372 F(xited.)-.15 E -(The return v)144 417.6 Q(alue is 0 unless)-.25 E F0(n)2.5 E F1 -(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F2 -.2(bu)108 434.4 S(iltin).2 -E F0(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1 -(])A(Ex)144 446.4 Q 1.261(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F(uiltin) --.2 E F0(shell\255b)3.761 E(uiltin)-.2 E F1 3.761(,p)C 1.261(assing it) --3.761 F F0(ar)4.091 E(guments)-.37 E F1 3.761(,a).27 G 1.26 -(nd return its e)-3.761 F 1.26(xit status.)-.15 F 1.053(This is useful \ -when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 458.4 -R 1.053(uiltin, retaining the)-.2 F 1.166(functionality of the b)144 -470.4 R 1.166(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)6.166 E F2(cd)3.666 -E F1 -.2(bu)3.666 G 1.165(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay) --.1 E(.)-.65 E(The return status is f)144 482.4 Q(alse if)-.1 E F0 -(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F1(is not a shell b)2.74 E -(uiltin command.)-.2 E F2(caller)108 499.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)C(pr) -.2 E F1(])A .253(Returns the conte)144 511.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F -2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 +(The return v)144 729.6 Q(alue is 0 unless)-.25 E F0(n)2.5 E F1 +(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(67)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 68 68 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.2(bu)108 84 S(iltin).2 E F0 +(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A +(Ex)144 96 Q 1.261(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F(uiltin)-.2 E F0 +(shell\255b)3.761 E(uiltin)-.2 E F1 3.761(,p)C 1.261(assing it)-3.761 F +F0(ar)4.091 E(guments)-.37 E F1 3.761(,a).27 G 1.26(nd return its e) +-3.761 F 1.26(xit status.)-.15 F 1.053(This is useful when de\214ning a\ + function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 108 R 1.053 +(uiltin, retaining the)-.2 F 1.166(functionality of the b)144 120 R +1.166(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)6.166 E F2(cd)3.666 E F1 -.2 +(bu)3.666 G 1.165(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E(.) +-.65 E(The return status is f)144 132 Q(alse if)-.1 E F0(shell\255b)2.84 +E(uiltin)-.2 E F1(is not a shell b)2.74 E(uiltin command.)-.2 E F2 +(caller)108 148.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(])A .253 +(Returns the conte)144 160.8 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti) +-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 (ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.754 E F1(or)2.754 E F2(sour)144 523.2 Q -(ce)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\).).2 E -.4(Wi)144 540 S(thout).4 E F0 --.2(ex)3.294 G(pr).2 E F1(,)A F2(caller)3.294 E F1 .793(displays the li\ -ne number and source \214lename of the current subroutine call.)3.294 F -.124(If a non-ne)144 552 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .424 -.15(ve i)-.25 H -(nte).15 E .124(ger is supplied as)-.15 F F0 -.2(ex)2.624 G(pr).2 E F1 -(,)A F2(caller)2.624 E F1 .124(displays the line number)2.624 F 2.624 -(,s)-.4 G .124(ubroutine name, and)-2.624 F .743 -(source \214le corresponding to that position in the current e)144 564 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .743(cution call stack.).15 F .742(This e)5.743 F .742 -(xtra informa-)-.15 F(tion may be used, for e)144 576 Q +.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.754 E F1(or)2.754 E F2(sour)144 172.8 Q +(ce)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\).).2 E -.4(Wi)144 189.6 S(thout).4 E +F0 -.2(ex)3.294 G(pr).2 E F1(,)A F2(caller)3.294 E F1 .793(displays the\ + line number and source \214lename of the current subroutine call.)3.294 +F .124(If a non-ne)144 201.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .424 -.15(ve i) +-.25 H(nte).15 E .124(ger is supplied as)-.15 F F0 -.2(ex)2.624 G(pr).2 +E F1(,)A F2(caller)2.624 E F1 .124(displays the line number)2.624 F +2.624(,s)-.4 G .124(ubroutine name, and)-2.624 F .743 +(source \214le corresponding to that position in the current e)144 213.6 +R -.15(xe)-.15 G .743(cution call stack.).15 F .742(This e)5.743 F .742 +(xtra informa-)-.15 F(tion may be used, for e)144 225.6 Q (xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 E(The current frame is frame 0.)5 -E .1(The return v)144 592.8 R .1(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e) +E .1(The return v)144 242.4 R .1(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e) -.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .101(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F0 -.2(ex) -2.601 G(pr).2 E F1 .101(does not correspond)2.601 F(to a v)144 604.8 Q -(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 621.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 +2.601 G(pr).2 E F1 .101(does not correspond)2.601 F(to a v)144 254.4 Q +(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 271.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(dir)-2.5 E F1(])A F2 -(cd \255P)108 633.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 +(cd \255P)108 283.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(dir)-2.5 E F1(])A .322(Change the current directory to)144 -645.6 R F0(dir)2.822 E F1 5.322(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F0(dir)2.822 E F1 .321 -(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F .321(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HOME)2.821 E -F1 .321(shell v)2.571 F .321(ariable is)-.25 F .74(used as)144 657.6 R -F0(dir)3.24 E F1 5.74(.T)C .74(he v)-5.74 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(CDP)3.24 E --.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 -.15(ex)2.99 G .74(ists, and).15 F F0(dir) -3.24 E F1 .74(does not be)3.24 F .74(gin with a slash \(/\),)-.15 F F2 -(cd)3.24 E F1 .741(uses it as a)3.24 F 1.837 -(search path: the shell searches each directory name in)144 669.6 R F3 -(CDP)4.336 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1(for)4.086 E F0(dir)4.336 E F1 -6.836(.A)C(lternati)-6.836 E 2.136 -.15(ve d)-.25 H(irectory).15 E .447 -(names in)144 681.6 R F3(CDP)2.947 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 .447 -(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.697 F 2.948(An)5.448 G .448 +295.2 R F0(dir)2.822 E F1 5.322(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F0(dir)2.822 E F1 .321 +(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F .321(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.821 E F1 .321(shell v)2.571 F .321(ariable is) +-.25 F .74(used as)144 307.2 R F0(dir)3.24 E F1 5.74(.T)C .74(he v)-5.74 +F(ariable)-.25 E F3(CDP)3.24 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 -.15(ex)2.99 +G .74(ists, and).15 F F0(dir)3.24 E F1 .74(does not be)3.24 F .74 +(gin with a slash \(/\),)-.15 F F2(cd)3.24 E F1 .741(uses it as a)3.24 F +1.837(search path: the shell searches each directory name in)144 319.2 R +F3(CDP)4.336 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1(for)4.086 E F0(dir)4.336 E +F1 6.836(.A)C(lternati)-6.836 E 2.136 -.15(ve d)-.25 H(irectory).15 E +.447(names in)144 331.2 R F3(CDP)2.947 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F1 +.447(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.697 F 2.948(An)5.448 G .448 (ull directory name in)-2.948 F F3(CDP)2.948 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E -F1 .448(is the same as)2.698 F(the current directory)144 693.6 Q 2.5(,i) --.65 G(.e., \231.\232.)-2.5 E(The)144 710.4 Q F22.915 E F1 .415 +F1 .448(is the same as)2.698 F(the current directory)144 343.2 Q 2.5(,i) +-.65 G(.e., \231.\232.)-2.5 E(The)144 360 Q F22.915 E F1 .415 (option causes)2.915 F F2(cd)2.915 E F1 .415(to use the ph)2.915 F .414 (ysical directory structure by resolving symbolic links while)-.05 F -(tra)144 722.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F0(dir)2.673 E F1 .173 +(tra)144 372 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F0(dir)2.673 E F1 .173 (and before processing instances of)2.673 F F0 1.666(..)4.339 G F1(in) 2.673 E F0(dir)2.673 E F1 .174(\(see also the)2.673 F F22.674 E F1 .174(option to the)2.674 F F2(set)2.674 E F1 -.2(bu)2.674 G(iltin).2 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(67)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 68 68 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(command\).)144 84 Q(The)144 100.8 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF3.039 E F1 .539(option forces)3.039 F F2(cd)3.039 -E F1 .539(to follo)3.039 F 3.039(ws)-.25 G .538 +(command\).)144 384 Q(The)144 400.8 Q F23.039 E F1 .539 +(option forces)3.039 F F2(cd)3.039 E F1 .539(to follo)3.039 F 3.039(ws) +-.25 G .538 (ymbolic links by resolving the link after processing instances)-3.039 F -(of)144 112.8 Q F0 1.666(..)4.414 G F1(in)2.748 E F0(dir)2.748 E F1 +(of)144 412.8 Q F0 1.666(..)4.414 G F1(in)2.748 E F0(dir)2.748 E F1 5.248(.I)C(f)-5.248 E F0 1.666(..)4.414 G F1 .248(appears in)2.748 F F0 (dir)2.748 E F1(,)A F2(cd)2.748 E F1 .249(processes it by remo)2.749 F .249(ving the immediately pre)-.15 F .249(vious pathname)-.25 F .202 -(component from)144 124.8 R F0(dir)2.702 E F1 2.702(,b)C .202 +(component from)144 424.8 R F0(dir)2.702 E F1 2.702(,b)C .202 (ack to a slash or the be)-2.702 F .202(ginning of)-.15 F F0(dir)2.702 E F1 2.701(,a)C .201(nd v)-2.701 F .201(erifying that the portion of)-.15 F F0(dir)2.701 E F1(it)2.701 E .282 -(has processed to that point is still a v)144 136.8 R .282 +(has processed to that point is still a v)144 436.8 R .282 (alid directory name after remo)-.25 F .282 -(ving the pathname component.)-.15 F .624(If it is not a v)144 148.8 R +(ving the pathname component.)-.15 F .624(If it is not a v)144 448.8 R .624(alid directory name,)-.25 F F2(cd)3.124 E F1 .624 (returns a non-zero status.)3.124 F .623(If neither)5.624 F F2 3.123 E F1(nor)3.123 E F23.123 E F1 .623(is supplied,)3.123 F F2 -(cd)144 160.8 Q F1(beha)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(sa).15 G 2.5(si)-2.5 G +(cd)144 460.8 Q F1(beha)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(sa).15 G 2.5(si)-2.5 G (f)-2.5 E F22.5 E F1(had been supplied.)2.5 E .245(If the)144 -177.6 R F22.745 E F1 .245(option is supplied with)2.745 F F2 +477.6 R F22.745 E F1 .245(option is supplied with)2.745 F F2 2.745 E F1 2.745(,a)C(nd)-2.745 E F2(cd)2.745 E F1 .245 (cannot successfully determine the current w)2.745 F .245(orking di-)-.1 F(rectory after a successful directory change, it returns a non-zero st\ -atus.)144 189.6 Q .243(On systems that support it, the)144 206.4 R F2 +atus.)144 489.6 Q .243(On systems that support it, the)144 506.4 R F2 2.743 E F1 .242(option presents the e)2.743 F .242(xtended attrib) --.15 F .242(utes associated with a \214le as)-.2 F 2.5(ad)144 218.4 S -(irectory)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An ar)144 235.2 Q(gument of)-.18 E F22.5 E -F1(is con)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted to).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -($OLDPWD)2.5 E F1(before attempting the directory change.)2.25 E(If)144 -252 Q F2(cd)3 E F1 .5(uses a non-empty directory name from)3 F F3(CDP) -3.001 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H,).855 E F1 .501(or if)2.751 F F23.001 E -F1 .501(is the \214rst ar)3.001 F .501(gument, and the direc-)-.18 F -1.243(tory change is successful,)144 264 R F2(cd)3.743 E F1 1.243 +-.15 F .242(utes associated with a \214le as)-.2 F 2.5(ad)144 518.4 S +(irectory)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An ar)144 535.2 Q(gument of)-.18 E F22.5 E +F1(is con)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted to).15 E F3($OLDPWD)2.5 E F1 +(before attempting the directory change.)2.25 E(If)144 552 Q F2(cd)3 E +F1 .5(uses a non-empty directory name from)3 F F3(CDP)3.001 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 .501(or if)2.751 F F2 +3.001 E F1 .501(is the \214rst ar)3.001 F .501(gument, and the direc-) +-.18 F 1.243(tory change is successful,)144 564 R F2(cd)3.743 E F1 1.243 (writes the absolute pathname of the ne)3.743 F 3.742(ww)-.25 G 1.242 -(orking directory to the)-3.842 F(standard output.)144 276 Q 1.113 -(If the directory change is successful,)144 292.8 R F2(cd)3.613 E F1 +(orking directory to the)-3.842 F(standard output.)144 576 Q 1.113 +(If the directory change is successful,)144 592.8 R F2(cd)3.613 E F1 1.113(sets the v)3.613 F 1.113(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PWD)3.613 E F1(en) -3.613 E 1.113(vironment v)-.4 F 1.114(ariable to the)-.25 F(ne)144 304.8 +3.613 E 1.113(vironment v)-.4 F 1.114(ariable to the)-.25 F(ne)144 604.8 Q 4.306(wd)-.25 G 1.806(irectory name, and sets the)-4.306 F F2(OLDPWD) 4.306 E F1(en)4.306 E 1.806(vironment v)-.4 F 1.806(ariable to the v) --.25 F 1.805(alue of the current)-.25 F -.1(wo)144 316.8 S -(rking directory before the change.).1 E(The return v)144 333.6 Q +-.25 F 1.805(alue of the current)-.25 F -.1(wo)144 616.8 S +(rking directory before the change.).1 E(The return v)144 633.6 Q (alue is true if the directory w)-.25 E(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E -(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108 350.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F1 +(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108 650.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F1 (])A F0(command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(]) --1.666 E(The)144 362.4 Q F2(command)3.078 E F1 -.2(bu)3.078 G .578 +-1.666 E(The)144 662.4 Q F2(command)3.078 E F1 -.2(bu)3.078 G .578 (iltin runs).2 F F0(command)3.278 E F1(with)3.848 E F0(ar)3.408 E(gs) -.37 E F1 .579(suppressing the normal shell function lookup for)3.348 F -F0(command)144 374.4 Q F1 6.346(.O)C 1.346(nly b)-6.346 F 1.345 +F0(command)144 674.4 Q F1 6.346(.O)C 1.346(nly b)-6.346 F 1.345 (uiltin commands or commands found in the)-.2 F F3 -.666(PA)3.845 G(TH) -.189 E F1(named)3.595 E F0(command)3.845 E F1 1.345(are e)3.845 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E 2.714(cuted. If)144 386.4 R(the)2.714 E F22.714 +(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E 2.714(cuted. If)144 686.4 R(the)2.714 E F22.714 E F1 .214(option is supplied, the search for)2.714 F F0(command)2.914 E F1 .214(is performed using a def)3.484 F .215(ault v)-.1 F .215 -(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)144 398.4 S(TH)-.189 E F1 +(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)144 698.4 S(TH)-.189 E F1 (that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.25 E .273 -(If either the)144 415.2 R F22.773 E F1(or)2.773 E F22.773 E +(If either the)144 715.2 R F22.773 E F1(or)2.773 E F22.773 E F1 .273(option is supplied,)2.773 F F2(command)2.773 E F1 .273 (prints a description of)2.773 F F0(command)2.973 E F1 5.273(.T).77 G (he)-5.273 E F22.773 E F1(op-)2.772 E .436 -(tion displays a single w)144 427.2 R .437 +(tion displays a single w)144 727.2 R .437 (ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F0(command)3.237 E F1 2.937(;t).77 G(he)-2.937 E F2 -2.937 E F1(option produces a more v)144 439.2 Q(erbose description.)-.15 -E .632(If the)144 456 R F23.131 E F1(or)3.131 E F23.131 E F1 -.631(option is supplied, the e)3.131 F .631(xit status is zero if)-.15 F -F0(command)3.331 E F1 -.1(wa)3.901 G 3.131(sf).1 G .631 -(ound, and non-zero if)-3.131 F 2.809(not. If)144 468 R .309 +2.937 E F1(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(68)188.45 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 69 69 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(option produces a more v)144 84 Q +(erbose description.)-.15 E .632(If the)144 100.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF3.131 E F1(or)3.131 E F23.131 E F1 .631 +(option is supplied, the e)3.131 F .631(xit status is zero if)-.15 F F0 +(command)3.331 E F1 -.1(wa)3.901 G 3.131(sf).1 G .631 +(ound, and non-zero if)-3.131 F 2.809(not. If)144 112.8 R .309 (neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)2.809 F F0(command) 3.01 E F1 .31(cannot be found, the e)3.58 F .31(xit sta-)-.15 F -(tus is 127.)144 480 Q(Otherwise, the e)5 E(xit status of the)-.15 E F2 -(command)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E -F0(command)2.7 E F1(.).77 E F2(compgen)108 496.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A -F0(varname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(option)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(wor)-2.5 E -(d)-.37 E F1(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 508.8 -R F0(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F1 .013(according to the)2.513 F F0(option) -2.513 E F1 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E -1.216(accepted by the)144 520.8 R F2(complete)3.716 E F1 -.2(bu)3.716 G -1.216(iltin with the e).2 F 1.216(xceptions of)-.15 F F23.716 E F1 -(,)A F23.717 E F1(,)A F23.717 E F1(,)A F23.717 E F1 -3.717(,a)C(nd)-3.717 E F23.717 E F1 3.717(,a)C 1.217(nd write the) --3.717 F(matches to the standard output.)144 532.8 Q 1.376(If the)144 -549.6 R F23.876 E F1 1.376(option is supplied,)3.876 F F2(compgen) -3.876 E F1 1.376(stores the generated completions into the inde)3.876 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.875(da).15 G(rray)-3.875 E -.25(va)144 561.6 S(riable) -.25 E F0(varname)2.5 E F1 -(instead of writing them to the standard output.)2.5 E .194 -(When using the)144 578.4 R F22.694 E F1(or)2.694 E F22.694 -E F1 .195(options, the v)2.695 F .195(arious shell v)-.25 F .195 -(ariables set by the programmable completion)-.25 F -.1(fa)144 590.4 S +(tus is 127.)144 124.8 Q(Otherwise, the e)5 E(xit status of the)-.15 E +F2(command)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 +E F0(command)2.7 E F1(.).77 E F2(compgen)108 141.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 +A F0(varname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(option)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(wor)-2.5 +E(d)-.37 E F1(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 +153.6 R F0(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F1 .013(according to the)2.513 F F0 +(option)2.513 E F1 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption) +-2.512 E 1.216(accepted by the)144 165.6 R F2(complete)3.716 E F1 -.2 +(bu)3.716 G 1.216(iltin with the e).2 F 1.216(xceptions of)-.15 F F2 +3.716 E F1(,)A F23.717 E F1(,)A F23.717 E F1(,)A F2 +3.717 E F1 3.717(,a)C(nd)-3.717 E F23.717 E F1 3.717(,a)C +1.217(nd write the)-3.717 F(matches to the standard output.)144 177.6 Q +1.376(If the)144 194.4 R F23.876 E F1 1.376(option is supplied,) +3.876 F F2(compgen)3.876 E F1 1.376 +(stores the generated completions into the inde)3.876 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.875(da).15 G(rray)-3.875 E -.25(va)144 206.4 S(riable).25 E F0 +(varname)2.5 E F1(instead of writing them to the standard output.)2.5 E +.194(When using the)144 223.2 R F22.694 E F1(or)2.694 E F2 +2.694 E F1 .195(options, the v)2.695 F .195(arious shell v)-.25 F .195 +(ariables set by the programmable completion)-.25 F -.1(fa)144 235.2 S (cilities, while a).1 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15 (ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 E .352 -(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 607.2 R .352 +(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 252 R .352 (ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 -619.2 R(If)5.02 E F0(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F1 .02(is speci\214ed, only) -2.52 F(those completions matching)144 631.2 Q F0(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1 -(will be displayed or stored.)2.5 E(The return v)144 648 Q +264 R(If)5.02 E F0(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F1 .02(is speci\214ed, only)2.52 +F(those completions matching)144 276 Q F0(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1 +(will be displayed or stored.)2.5 E(The return v)144 292.8 Q (alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G (lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F2 -(complete)108 664.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F1 2.5(][)C F2 +(complete)108 309.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F1 2.5(][)C F2 -2.5 E F0(comp-option)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255DEI)-2.5 E F1 2.5 -(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(action)2.5 E F1(])A([)144 676.8 Q F2A F0 +(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(action)2.5 E F1(])A([)144 321.6 Q F2A F0 (globpat)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(function)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -(command)2.5 E F1(])A([)144 688.8 Q F2A F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E F1 +(command)2.5 E F1(])A([)144 333.6 Q F2A F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 -2.5 E F0(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F1(])A F0(name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(name) -A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2(complete \255pr)108 700.8 Q F1([)2.5 +A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2(complete \255pr)108 345.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255DEI)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -(Specify ho)144 712.8 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments to each).18 -E F0(name)2.5 E F1(should be completed.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(68)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 69 69 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .11(If the)144 84 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.61 -E F1 .11(option is supplied, or if no options or)2.61 F F0(name)2.609 E -F1 2.609(sa)C .109(re supplied, print e)-2.609 F .109 -(xisting completion spec-)-.15 F .924(i\214cations in a w)144 96 R .924 -(ay that allo)-.1 F .924(ws them to be reused as input.)-.25 F(The)5.924 -E F23.424 E F1 .924(option remo)3.424 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.425(sac) -.15 G(ompletion)-3.425 E(speci\214cation for each)144 108 Q F0(name)2.5 -E F1 2.5(,o)C .8 -.4(r, i)-2.5 H 2.5(fn).4 G(o)-2.5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 -2.5(sa)C(re supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)-2.5 E(The)144 -124.8 Q F22.585 E F1 .085(option indicates that other supplied op\ -tions and actions should apply to the \231def)2.585 F .084 +(Specify ho)144 357.6 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments to each).18 +E F0(name)2.5 E F1(should be completed.)2.5 E .11(If the)144 374.4 R F2 +2.61 E F1 .11(option is supplied, or if no options or)2.61 F F0 +(name)2.609 E F1 2.609(sa)C .109(re supplied, print e)-2.609 F .109 +(xisting completion spec-)-.15 F .924(i\214cations in a w)144 386.4 R +.924(ay that allo)-.1 F .924(ws them to be reused as input.)-.25 F(The) +5.924 E F23.424 E F1 .924(option remo)3.424 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.425 +(sac).15 G(ompletion)-3.425 E(speci\214cation for each)144 398.4 Q F0 +(name)2.5 E F1 2.5(,o)C .8 -.4(r, i)-2.5 H 2.5(fn).4 G(o)-2.5 E F0(name) +2.5 E F1 2.5(sa)C(re supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)-2.5 E +(The)144 415.2 Q F22.585 E F1 .085(option indicates that other su\ +pplied options and actions should apply to the \231def)2.585 F .084 (ault\232 com-)-.1 F .032(mand completion; that is, completion attempte\ -d on a command for which no completion has pre)144 136.8 R(vi-)-.25 E -.46(ously been de\214ned.)144 148.8 R(The)5.46 E F22.96 E F1 .459 +d on a command for which no completion has pre)144 427.2 R(vi-)-.25 E +.46(ously been de\214ned.)144 439.2 R(The)5.46 E F22.96 E F1 .459 (option indicates that other supplied options and actions should apply) 2.959 F .169(to \231empty\232 command completion; that is, completion a\ -ttempted on a blank line.)144 160.8 R(The)5.17 E F22.67 E F1 .17 +ttempted on a blank line.)144 451.2 R(The)5.17 E F22.67 E F1 .17 (option in-)2.67 F 1.025(dicates that other supplied options and action\ -s should apply to completion on the initial non-as-)144 172.8 R .281 -(signment w)144 184.8 R .281 +s should apply to completion on the initial non-as-)144 463.2 R .281 +(signment w)144 475.2 R .281 (ord on the line, or after a command delimiter such as)-.1 F F2(;)2.781 E F1(or)2.781 E F2(|)2.781 E F1 2.781(,w)C .282(hich is usually command) --2.781 F .6(name completion.)144 196.8 R .599 +-2.781 F .6(name completion.)144 487.2 R .599 (If multiple options are supplied, the)5.6 F F23.099 E F1 .599 (option tak)3.099 F .599(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F2 -3.099 E F1 3.099(,a)C(nd)-3.099 E .186(both tak)144 208.8 R 2.686 +3.099 E F1 3.099(,a)C(nd)-3.099 E .186(both tak)144 499.2 R 2.686 (ep)-.1 G .186(recedence o)-2.686 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F22.686 E F1 5.186(.I)C 2.686(fa)-5.186 G .486 -.15(ny o)-2.686 H(f).15 E F2 2.686 E F1(,)A F22.686 E F1 2.686(,o)C(r)-2.686 E F2 2.686 E F1 .186(are supplied, an)2.686 F 2.686(yo)-.15 G(ther)-2.686 E F0(name)2.686 E F1(ar)2.687 E .187(guments are)-.18 F(ignored; these co\ -mpletions only apply to the case speci\214ed by the option.)144 220.8 Q +mpletions only apply to the case speci\214ed by the option.)144 511.2 Q .443(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when att\ -empting w)144 237.6 R .442(ord completion)-.1 F .442(is de-)5.442 F -(scribed abo)144 249.6 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Pr)2.5 E +empting w)144 528 R .442(ord completion)-.1 F .442(is de-)5.442 F +(scribed abo)144 540 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Pr)2.5 E (ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F1(.)A .555 -(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 266.4 R .855 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 +(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 556.8 R .855 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 (he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555 (guments to the)-.18 F F23.056 E F1(,)A F23.056 E F1 3.056 (,a)C(nd)-3.056 E F23.056 E F1 .723(options \(and, if necessary) -144 278.4 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F23.223 E F1(and)3.223 E +144 568.8 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F23.223 E F1(and)3.223 E F23.223 E F1 .722 (options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion before the)144 290.4 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F2144 307.2 Q -F0(comp-option)2.5 E F1(The)184 319.2 Q F0(comp-option)2.79 E F1 .291 +(sion before the)144 580.8 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F2144 597.6 Q +F0(comp-option)2.5 E F1(The)184 609.6 Q F0(comp-option)2.79 E F1 .291 (controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') .15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 -(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 331.2 Q F0 -(comp-option)5 E F1(may be one of:)2.5 E F2(bashdefault)184 343.2 Q F1 -.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 355.2 R(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.781 E +(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 621.6 Q F0 +(comp-option)5 E F1(may be one of:)2.5 E F2(bashdefault)184 633.6 Q F1 +.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 645.6 R(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.781 E F1 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 -367.2 Q F2(default)184 379.2 Q F1(Use)224 379.2 Q F2 -.18(re)5.085 G +657.6 Q F2(default)184 669.6 Q F1(Use)224 669.6 Q F2 -.18(re)5.085 G (adline).18 E F1 3.685 -.55('s d)D(ef).55 E 2.586 (ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) -224 391.2 Q F2(dir)184 403.2 Q(names)-.15 E F1(Perform directory name c\ -ompletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 415.2 Q F2 -(\214lenames)184 427.2 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 439.2 S(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)4.104 -G(adline).18 E F1 1.604 +224 681.6 Q F2(dir)184 693.6 Q(names)-.15 E F1(Perform directory name c\ +ompletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 705.6 Q +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(69)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 70 70 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\214lenames)184 84 Q F1 -.7 +(Te)224 96 S(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)4.104 G(adline).18 E F1 1.604 (that the compspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an)4.104 F (y)-.15 E .291(\214lename\255speci\214c processing \(such as adding a s\ -lash to directory names, quot-)224 451.2 R .904 -(ing special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 463.2 R -.903(This is intended to be)5.904 F(used with shell functions.)224 475.2 -Q F2(fullquote)184 487.2 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 499.2 S(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 -G(adline).18 E F1(to quote all the completed w)2.5 E(ords e)-.1 E -.15 +lash to directory names, quot-)224 108 R .904 +(ing special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 120 R +.903(This is intended to be)5.904 F(used with shell functions.)224 132 Q +F2(fullquote)184 144 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 156 S(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G +(adline).18 E F1(to quote all the completed w)2.5 E(ords e)-.1 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -(re not \214lenames.)-2.5 E F2(noquote)184 511.2 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 511.2 S -(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)3.096 G(adline).18 E F1 .597 +(re not \214lenames.)-2.5 E F2(noquote)184 168 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 168 S(ll) +.7 E F2 -.18(re)3.096 G(adline).18 E F1 .597 (not to quote the completed w)3.096 F .597(ords if the)-.1 F 3.097(ya) -.15 G .597(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.097 F(\214lenames is the def)224 -523.2 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F2(nosort)184 535.2 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 535.2 S(ll).7 -E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 +180 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F2(nosort)184 192 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 192 S(ll).7 E F2 +-.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 (not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically)2.5 E(.) --.65 E F2(nospace)184 547.2 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 547.2 S(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re) -2.534 G(adline).18 E F1 .034(not to append a space \(the def)2.534 F -.033(ault\) to w)-.1 F .033(ords completed at the end)-.1 F -(of the line.)224 559.2 Q F2(plusdirs)184 571.2 Q F1 2.542 -(After generating an)224 571.2 R 5.042(ym)-.15 G 2.542 -(atches de\214ned by the compspec, attempt directory)-5.042 F -(name completion and add an)224 583.2 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G -(atches to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E F2144 595.2 Q -F0(action)2.5 E F1(The)184 607.2 Q F0(action)2.5 E F1 +-.65 E F2(nospace)184 204 Q F1 -.7(Te)224 204 S(ll).7 E F2 -.18(re)2.534 +G(adline).18 E F1 .034(not to append a space \(the def)2.534 F .033 +(ault\) to w)-.1 F .033(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 +216 Q F2(plusdirs)184 228 Q F1 2.542(After generating an)224 228 R 5.042 +(ym)-.15 G 2.542(atches de\214ned by the compspec, attempt directory) +-5.042 F(name completion and add an)224 240 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G +(atches to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E F2144 252 Q F0 +(action)2.5 E F1(The)184 264 Q F0(action)2.5 E F1 (may be one of the follo)2.5 E (wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F2(alias)184 -619.2 Q F1(Alias names.)224 619.2 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F2 -2.5 E F1(.)A F2(arrayv)184 631.2 Q(ar)-.1 E F1(Array v)224 643.2 Q -(ariable names.)-.25 E F2(binding)184 655.2 Q(Readline)224 655.2 Q F1 --.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F2 -.2(bu)184 667.2 S -(iltin).2 E F1(Names of shell b)224 667.2 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(command)184 -679.2 Q F1(Command names.)224 691.2 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F2 -2.5 E F1(.)A F2(dir)184 703.2 Q(ectory)-.18 E F1(Directory names.) -224 715.2 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(69)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 70 70 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(disabled)184 84 Q F1 -(Names of disabled shell b)224 96 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F2(enabled)184 108 Q -F1(Names of enabled shell b)224 108 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F2(export)184 120 Q -F1(Names of e)224 120 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(\214le)184 132 Q -F1 .092(File and directory names, similar to)224 132 R F2 -.18(re)2.592 -G(adline).18 E F1 1.192 -.55('s \214)D .092(lename completion.).55 F -.092(May also)5.092 F(be speci\214ed as)224 144 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A -F2(function)184 156 Q F1(Names of shell functions.)224 168 Q F2(gr)184 -180 Q(oup)-.18 E F1(Group names.)224 180 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 -E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(helptopic)184 192 Q F1 -(Help topics as accepted by the)224 204 Q F2(help)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin.).2 E F2(hostname)184 216 Q F1(Hostnames, as tak)224 228 Q +276 Q F1(Alias names.)224 276 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F2 +2.5 E F1(.)A F2(arrayv)184 288 Q(ar)-.1 E F1(Array v)224 300 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F2(binding)184 312 Q(Readline)224 312 Q F1 -.1 +(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F2 -.2(bu)184 324 S(iltin) +.2 E F1(Names of shell b)224 324 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(command)184 336 +Q F1(Command names.)224 348 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 +E F1(.)A F2(dir)184 360 Q(ectory)-.18 E F1(Directory names.)224 372 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(disabled)184 384 +Q F1(Names of disabled shell b)224 396 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F2(enabled)184 +408 Q F1(Names of enabled shell b)224 408 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F2(export)184 +420 Q F1(Names of e)224 420 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) +-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(\214le)184 +432 Q F1 .092(File and directory names, similar to)224 432 R F2 -.18(re) +2.592 G(adline).18 E F1 1.192 -.55('s \214)D .092(lename completion.).55 +F .092(May also)5.092 F(be speci\214ed as)224 444 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A +F2(function)184 456 Q F1(Names of shell functions.)224 468 Q F2(gr)184 +480 Q(oup)-.18 E F1(Group names.)224 480 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 +E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(helptopic)184 492 Q F1 +(Help topics as accepted by the)224 504 Q F2(help)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin.).2 E F2(hostname)184 516 Q F1(Hostnames, as tak)224 528 Q (en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F1(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2(job)184 240 Q F1 -(Job names, if job control is acti)224 240 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G -(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(ke)184 252 S -(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F1(Shell reserv)224 264 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) +(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F1(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2(job)184 540 Q F1 +(Job names, if job control is acti)224 540 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G +(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(ke)184 552 S +(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F1(Shell reserv)224 564 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) -.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(running)184 -276 Q F1(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 276 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2(ser)184 288 Q(vice)-.1 E F1(Service names.)224 288 -Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(setopt)184 300 -Q F1 -1.11(Va)224 300 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F22.5 +576 Q F1(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 576 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2(ser)184 588 Q(vice)-.1 E F1(Service names.)224 588 +Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(setopt)184 600 +Q F1 -1.11(Va)224 600 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F22.5 E F1(option to the)2.5 E F2(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2 -(shopt)184 312 Q F1(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 312 Q F2 -(shopt)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(signal)184 324 Q F1 -(Signal names.)224 324 Q F2(stopped)184 336 Q F1 -(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(.).15 E F2(user)184 348 Q F1(User names.)224 348 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(va)184 360 S -(riable).1 E F1(Names of all shell v)224 360 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2144 372 Q F0 -(command)2.5 E(command)184 384 Q F1 1.055(is e)3.555 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(shopt)184 612 Q F1(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 612 Q F2 +(shopt)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(signal)184 624 Q F1 +(Signal names.)224 624 Q F2(stopped)184 636 Q F1 +(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 636 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(.).15 E F2(user)184 648 Q F1(User names.)224 648 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(va)184 660 S +(riable).1 E F1(Names of all shell v)224 660 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2144 672 Q F0 +(command)2.5 E(command)184 684 Q F1 1.055(is e)3.555 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 (vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F 2.5 -(completions. Ar)184 396 R(guments are passed as with the)-.18 E F2 -2.5 E F1(option.)2.5 E F2144 408 Q F0(function)2.5 E F1 .114 -(The shell function)184 420 R F0(function)2.614 E F1 .114(is e)2.614 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 -(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 432 R +(completions. Ar)184 696 R(guments are passed as with the)-.18 E F2 +2.5 E F1(option.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24) +139.29 E(70)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 71 71 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F0(function)2.5 +E F1 .114(The shell function)184 96 R F0(function)2.614 E F1 .114(is e) +2.614 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 +(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .816(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .816(gument \()-.18 F F2 ($1)A F1 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .817 (he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 -(are being completed, the second ar)184 444 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F2 +(are being completed, the second ar)184 120 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F2 ($2)A F1 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 -(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 456 R .103 +(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 132 R .103 (gument \()-.18 F F2($3)A F1 2.603(\)i)C 2.603(st)-2.603 G .103(he w) -2.603 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .104 -(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F 2.135(mand line.)184 468 +(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F 2.135(mand line.)184 144 R(When)7.135 E F0(function)4.635 E F1 2.134 (\214nishes, programmable completion retrie)4.635 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.634 -(st).15 G 2.134(he possible)-4.634 F(completions from the v)184 480 Q -(alue of the)-.25 E F3(COMPREPL)2.5 E(Y)-.828 E F1(array v)2.25 E -(ariable.)-.25 E F2144 492 Q F0(globpat)2.5 E F1 -(Expand the pathname e)184 504 Q(xpansion pattern)-.15 E F0(globpat)2.5 -E F1(to generate the possible completions.)2.5 E F2144 516 Q F0 -(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1(Add)184 528 Q F0(pr)2.597 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 +(st).15 G 2.134(he possible)-4.634 F(completions from the v)184 156 Q +(alue of the)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)2.5 E(Y)-.828 E F1 +(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2144 168 Q F0(globpat)2.5 E F1 +(Expand the pathname e)184 180 Q(xpansion pattern)-.15 E F0(globpat)2.5 +E F1(to generate the possible completions.)2.5 E F2144 192 Q F0 +(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1(Add)184 204 Q F0(pr)2.597 E(e\214x)-.37 E F1 .098(to the be)2.597 F .098 (ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F -.398 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een).15 E(applied.)184 540 Q F2144 552 Q F0 -(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F1(Append)184 552 Q F0(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F1 +.398 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een).15 E(applied.)184 216 Q F2144 228 Q F0 +(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F1(Append)184 228 Q F0(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F1 (to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15 -(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F2144 564 Q F0(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 -E F1 .834(Split the)184 576 R F0(wor)3.334 E(dlist)-.37 E F1 .833 +(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F2144 240 Q F0(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 +E F1 .834(Split the)184 252 R F0(wor)3.334 E(dlist)-.37 E F1 .833 (using the characters in the)3.334 F F3(IFS)3.333 E F1 .833(special v) 3.083 F .833(ariable as delimiters, and e)-.25 F(x-)-.15 E .017 -(pand each resulting w)184 588 R 2.518(ord. Shell)-.1 F .018 +(pand each resulting w)184 264 R 2.518(ord. Shell)-.1 F .018 (quoting is honored within)2.518 F F0(wor)2.518 E(dlist)-.37 E F1 2.518 (,i)C 2.518(no)-2.518 G .018(rder to pro)-2.518 F .018(vide a)-.15 F -1.158(mechanism for the w)184 600 R 1.158 +1.158(mechanism for the w)184 276 R 1.158 (ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the v)-.1 F 1.157 -(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)184 612 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .04(The p\ +(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)184 288 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .04(The p\ ossible completions are the members of the resultant list which match a\ - pre\214x)4.54 F(of the w)184 624 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F2 -144 636 Q F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 648 Q F1 .456 + pre\214x)4.54 F(of the w)184 300 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F2 +144 312 Q F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 324 Q F1 .456 (is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F .455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 -(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 660 R 1.596 -(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 672 Q F0(\214lterpat) +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 336 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 348 Q F0(\214lterpat) 3.205 E F1 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704 (rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F2(!)3.204 E F1 (in)3.204 E F0(\214lterpat)3.204 E F1(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704 -(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 684 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 360 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G (ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F0(\214lterpat)2.5 E F1(is remo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .46(The return v)144 700.8 R .46 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .46(The return v)144 376.8 R .46 (alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .461 (lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F22.961 E F1 (,)A F22.961 E F1(,)A F22.961 E F1(,)A F22.961 E F1(,) -A(or)144 712.8 Q F22.986 E F1 .486(is supplied without a)2.986 F +A(or)144 388.8 Q F22.986 E F1 .486(is supplied without a)2.986 F F0(name)2.986 E F1(ar)2.986 E .486(gument, an attempt is made to remo) --.18 F .785 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H .485(ompletion speci\214ca-).15 F 2.896 -(tion for a)144 724.8 R F0(name)5.396 E F1 2.896 -(for which no speci\214cation e)5.396 F 2.896 -(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion)-.15 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(70)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 71 71 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(speci\214cation.)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -(compopt)108 100.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(option)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 -(\255DEI)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(+o)-2.5 E F0(option)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0 -(name)-2.5 E F1(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 112.8 R -F0(name)2.947 E F1 .447(according to the)2.947 F F0(option)2.947 E F1 -.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .926 -(completion if no)144 124.8 R F0(name)3.426 E F1 3.426(sa)C .926 +-.18 F .785 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H .485(ompletion speci\214ca-).15 F .163 +(tion for a)144 400.8 R F0(name)2.663 E F1 .164 +(for which no speci\214cation e)2.663 F .164 +(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214ca-)-.15 F +(tion.)144 412.8 Q F2(compopt)108 429.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0 +(option)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255DEI)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(+o)-2.5 E F0 +(option)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1(])A .447 +(Modify completion options for each)144 441.6 R F0(name)2.947 E F1 .447 +(according to the)2.947 F F0(option)2.947 E F1 .447 +(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .926 +(completion if no)144 453.6 R F0(name)3.426 E F1 3.426(sa)C .926 (re supplied.)-3.426 F .926(If no)5.926 F F0(option)3.426 E F1 3.427(sa) C .927(re supplied, display the completion options)-3.427 F 1.314 -(for each)144 136.8 R F0(name)3.814 E F1 1.314 +(for each)144 465.6 R F0(name)3.814 E F1 1.314 (or the current completion.)3.814 F 1.314(The possible v)6.314 F 1.314 (alues of)-.25 F F0(option)3.814 E F1 1.313(are those v)3.814 F 1.313 -(alid for the)-.25 F F2(complete)144 148.8 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin described abo).2 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(The)144 165.6 Q F2 +(alid for the)-.25 F F2(complete)144 477.6 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin described abo).2 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(The)144 494.4 Q F2 3.007 E F1 .507(option indicates that other supplied options shou\ ld apply to the \231def)3.007 F .508(ault\232 command com-)-.1 F 1.413 -(pletion; the)144 177.6 R F23.913 E F1 1.412(option indicates tha\ +(pletion; the)144 506.4 R F23.913 E F1 1.412(option indicates tha\ t other supplied options should apply to \231empty\232 command)3.913 F -.378(completion; and the)144 189.6 R F22.878 E F1 .379(option ind\ +.378(completion; and the)144 518.4 R F22.878 E F1 .379(option ind\ icates that other supplied options should apply to completion on)2.878 F -(the initial w)144 201.6 Q(ord on the line.)-.1 E +(the initial w)144 530.4 Q(ord on the line.)-.1 E (These are determined in the same w)5 E(ay as the)-.1 E F2(complete)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E 1.216 -(If multiple options are supplied, the)144 218.4 R F23.715 E F1 +(If multiple options are supplied, the)144 547.2 R F23.715 E F1 1.215(option tak)3.715 F 1.215(es precedence o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r) .15 E F23.715 E F1 3.715(,a)C 1.215(nd both tak)-3.715 F 3.715(ep) --.1 G(rece-)-3.715 E(dence o)144 230.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F2 -2.5 E F1(.)A .431(The return v)144 247.2 R .431 -(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .431 +-.1 G(rece-)-3.715 E(dence o)144 559.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(r).15 E F2 +2.5 E F1(.)A .431(The return v)144 576 R .431(alue is true unless an in) +-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .431 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the op-).25 F -(tions for a)144 259.2 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1 +(tions for a)144 588 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E -(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F2(continue)108 276 Q F1([)2.5 -E F0(n)A F1(])A F2(continue)144 288 Q F1 .148(resumes the ne)2.648 F -.148(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F2 -.25(fo)2.648 G(r).25 E F1 -(,)A F2(while)2.648 E F1(,)A F2(until)2.648 E F1 2.648(,o)C(r)-2.648 E +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F2(continue)108 604.8 Q F1([) +2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A F2(continue)144 616.8 Q F1 .148(resumes the ne)2.648 +F .148(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F2 -.25(fo)2.648 G(r).25 E +F1(,)A F2(while)2.648 E F1(,)A F2(until)2.648 E F1 2.648(,o)C(r)-2.648 E F2(select)2.647 E F1 2.647(loop. If)2.647 F F0(n)3.007 E F1 .147 -(is speci-)2.887 F(\214ed,)144 300 Q F2(bash)3.092 E F1 .592 +(is speci-)2.887 F(\214ed,)144 628.8 Q F2(bash)3.092 E F1 .592 (resumes the)3.092 F F0(n)3.092 E F1 .592(th enclosing loop.)B F0(n) -5.952 E F1 .592(must be)3.332 F/F3 10/Symbol SF3.092 E F1 3.093 +5.952 E F1 .592(must be)3.332 F/F5 10/Symbol SF3.092 E F1 3.093 (1. If)3.093 F F0(n)3.453 E F1 .593(is greater than the number of en-) 3.333 F .41(closing loops, the shell resumes the last enclosing loop \(\ -the \231top-le)144 312 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .409(l\232 loop\).).15 F .409 -(The return v)5.409 F .409(alue is)-.25 F 2.5(0u)144 324 S(nless)-2.5 E -F0(n)2.5 E F1(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F2(declar)108 -340.8 Q(e)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F1 2.5(][)C F2 +the \231top-le)144 640.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .409(l\232 loop\).).15 F .409 +(The return v)5.409 F .409(alue is)-.25 F 2.5(0u)144 652.8 S(nless)-2.5 +E F0(n)2.5 E F1(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F2(declar)108 +669.6 Q(e)-.18 E F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F1 2.5(][)C F2 -2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C 1.666 -(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E F2(typeset)108 352.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 +(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E F2(typeset)108 681.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 (\255aAfFgiIlnrtux)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C 1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E 1.264 -(Declare v)144 364.8 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t) +(Declare v)144 693.6 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t) -.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F0(name) 3.765 E F1 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765(nt).15 G -1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 376.8 +1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 705.6 S .572(riables or functions.).25 F(The)5.572 E F23.072 E F1 .571 (option will display the attrib)3.072 F .571(utes and v)-.2 F .571 (alues of each)-.25 F F0(name)3.431 E F1 5.571(.W).18 G(hen)-5.571 E F2 -144 388.8 Q F1(is used with)2.5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E +144 717.6 Q F1(is used with)2.5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E (guments, additional options, other than)-.18 E F22.5 E F1(and)2.5 -E F22.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(re ignored.)-2.5 E(When)144 405.6 Q F2 -2.761 E F1 .261(is supplied without)2.761 F F0(name)2.761 E F1(ar)2.761 -E(guments,)-.18 E F2(declar)2.761 E(e)-.18 E F1 .261 -(will display the attrib)2.761 F .262(utes and v)-.2 F .262 -(alues of all)-.25 F -.25(va)144 417.6 S .28(riables ha).25 F .28 -(ving the attrib)-.2 F .279(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.) --.2 F .279(If no other options are supplied)5.279 F(with)144 429.6 Q F2 -2.515 E F1(,)A F2(declar)2.515 E(e)-.18 E F1 .015 -(will display the attrib)2.515 F .015(utes and v)-.2 F .015 -(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 2.515(ariables. The)-.25 F F22.515 E -F1 .015(option restricts)2.515 F(the display to shell functions.)144 -441.6 Q(The)144 458.4 Q F23.489 E F1 .989(option inhibits the dis\ -play of function de\214nitions; only the function name and attrib)3.489 -F(utes)-.2 E 1.31(are printed.)144 470.4 R 1.31(If the)6.31 F F2(extdeb) -3.81 E(ug)-.2 E F1 1.31(shell option is enabled using)3.81 F F2(shopt) -3.81 E F1 3.81(,t)C 1.31(he source \214le name and line)-3.81 F -(number where each)144 482.4 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1 -(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)2.5 E(The)5 E F22.5 E F1 -(option implies)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A(The)144 499.2 Q F22.735 -E F1 .235(option forces v)2.735 F .235 +E F22.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(re ignored.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(71)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 72 72 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(When)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.761 E F1 +.261(is supplied without)2.761 F F0(name)2.761 E F1(ar)2.761 E(guments,) +-.18 E F2(declar)2.761 E(e)-.18 E F1 .261(will display the attrib)2.761 +F .262(utes and v)-.2 F .262(alues of all)-.25 F -.25(va)144 96 S .28 +(riables ha).25 F .28(ving the attrib)-.2 F .279 +(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 F .279 +(If no other options are supplied)5.279 F(with)144 108 Q F22.515 E +F1(,)A F2(declar)2.515 E(e)-.18 E F1 .015(will display the attrib)2.515 +F .015(utes and v)-.2 F .015(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 2.515 +(ariables. The)-.25 F F22.515 E F1 .015(option restricts)2.515 F +(the display to shell functions.)144 120 Q(The)144 136.8 Q F23.489 +E F1 .989(option inhibits the display of function de\214nitions; only t\ +he function name and attrib)3.489 F(utes)-.2 E 1.31(are printed.)144 +148.8 R 1.31(If the)6.31 F F2(extdeb)3.81 E(ug)-.2 E F1 1.31 +(shell option is enabled using)3.81 F F2(shopt)3.81 E F1 3.81(,t)C 1.31 +(he source \214le name and line)-3.81 F(number where each)144 160.8 Q F0 +(name)2.5 E F1(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)2.5 E(The)5 E F2 +2.5 E F1(option implies)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(.)A(The)144 177.6 Q +F22.735 E F1 .235(option forces v)2.735 F .235 (ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.734(nw).15 G(hen)-2.734 E F2(declar)2.734 E(e)-.18 E F1(is) -2.734 E -.15(exe)144 511.2 S(cuted in a shell function.).15 E +2.734 E -.15(exe)144 189.6 S(cuted in a shell function.).15 E (It is ignored when)5 E F2(declar)2.5 E(e)-.18 E F1(is not e)2.5 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted in a shell function.).15 E(The)144 528 Q F23.998 -E F1 1.498(option causes local v)3.998 F 1.499 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted in a shell function.).15 E(The)144 206.4 Q F2 +3.998 E F1 1.498(option causes local v)3.998 F 1.499 (ariables to inherit the attrib)-.25 F 1.499(utes \(e)-.2 F 1.499 (xcept the)-.15 F F0(namer)3.999 E(ef)-.37 E F1(attrib)3.999 E 1.499 -(ute\) and)-.2 F -.25(va)144 540 S .658(lue of an).25 F 3.158(ye)-.15 G -.658(xisting v)-3.308 F .658(ariable with the same)-.25 F F0(name)3.158 -E F1 .658(at a surrounding scope.)3.158 F .657(If there is no e)5.657 F -(xisting)-.15 E -.25(va)144 552 S(riable, the local v).25 E -(ariable is initially unset.)-.25 E .698(The follo)144 568.8 R .699 +(ute\) and)-.2 F -.25(va)144 218.4 S .658(lue of an).25 F 3.158(ye)-.15 +G .658(xisting v)-3.308 F .658(ariable with the same)-.25 F F0(name) +3.158 E F1 .658(at a surrounding scope.)3.158 F .657(If there is no e) +5.657 F(xisting)-.15 E -.25(va)144 230.4 S(riable, the local v).25 E +(ariable is initially unset.)-.25 E .698(The follo)144 247.2 R .699 (wing options can be used to restrict output to v)-.25 F .699 (ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .699(ute or to)-.2 F(gi)144 -580.8 Q .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F2 -144 592.8 Q F1(Each)180 592.8 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1(is an inde)2.5 E -.15 +259.2 Q .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F2 +144 271.2 Q F1(Each)180 271.2 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1(is an inde)2.5 E -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 -E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2144 604.8 Q F1(Each)180 -604.8 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2144 283.2 Q F1(Each)180 +283.2 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H (rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(\).).15 E F2144 616.8 Q F1(Each)180 616.8 Q F0(name)2.5 E -F1(refers to a shell function.)2.5 E F2144 628.8 Q F1 .558(The v) -180 628.8 R .558(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558 -(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9 +-.15 G(\).).15 E F2144 295.2 Q F1(Each)180 295.2 Q F0(name)2.5 E +F1(refers to a shell function.)2.5 E F2144 307.2 Q F1 .558(The v) +180 307.2 R .558(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558 +(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF .557(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION) -180 640.8 Q F1(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G +180 319.2 Q F1(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G (erformed when the v)-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E -F2144 652.8 Q F1 .909(When the v)180 652.8 R .909 +F2144 331.2 Q F1 .909(When the v)180 331.2 R .909 (ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909 (-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer) --.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. 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The).3 F .809(nameref attrib)3.309 F .809(ute cannot be)-.2 -F(applied to array v)180 724.8 Q(ariables.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(71)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 72 72 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F1(Mak)180 84 Q -(e)-.1 E F0(name)3.655 E F1 3.655(sr)C(eadonly)-3.655 E 6.154(.T)-.65 G -1.154(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-6.154 F 1.154 -(alues by subsequent as-)-.25 F(signment statements or unset.)180 96 Q -F2144 108 Q F1(Gi)180 108 Q .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F0 -(name)2.929 E F1(the)2.929 E F0(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F1(attrib)2.929 E -2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F2(DEB)2.929 -E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)2.93 E F2(RETURN)2.93 E F1 -(traps from the calling shell.)180 120 Q(The trace attrib)5 E -(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F2144 132 -Q F1 .91(When the v)180 132 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 -(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. 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T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F2 +(DEB)2.929 E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)2.93 E F2(RETURN)2.93 E F1 +(traps from the calling shell.)180 451.2 Q(The trace attrib)5 E +(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F2144 +463.2 Q F1 .91(When the v)180 463.2 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 +F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 +F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 475.2 +R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2 +144 487.2 Q F1(Mark each)180 487.2 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1(for e)2.5 E (xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .657 -(Using \231+\232 instead of \231\255\232 turns of)144 172.8 R 3.157(ft) +(Using \231+\232 instead of \231\255\232 turns of)144 504 R 3.157(ft) -.25 G .657(he speci\214ed attrib)-3.157 F .657(ute instead, with the e) -.2 F .657(xceptions that)-.15 F F2(+a)3.157 E F1(and)3.157 E F2(+A)144 -184.8 Q F1(may not be used to destro)2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G(rray v)-2.5 E +516 Q F1(may not be used to destro)2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G(rray v)-2.5 E (ariables and)-.25 E F2(+r)2.5 E F1(will not remo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t) -.15 H(he readonly attrib).15 E(ute.)-.2 E .415 -(When used in a function,)144 201.6 R F2(declar)2.915 E(e)-.18 E F1(and) +(When used in a function,)144 532.8 R F2(declar)2.915 E(e)-.18 E F1(and) 2.915 E F2(typeset)2.915 E F1(mak)2.915 E 2.915(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.915 E F0 (name)2.915 E F1 .415(local, as with the)2.915 F F2(local)2.915 E F1 -(command,)2.915 E .703(unless the)144 213.6 R F23.203 E F1 .703 +(command,)2.915 E .703(unless the)144 544.8 R F23.203 E F1 .703 (option is supplied.)3.203 F .703(If a v)5.703 F .703 (ariable name is follo)-.25 F .703(wed by =)-.25 F F0(value)A F1 3.204 (,t)C .704(he v)-3.204 F .704(alue of the v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .879 -(able is set to)144 225.6 R F0(value)3.379 E F1 5.879(.W)C .879 +(able is set to)144 556.8 R F0(value)3.379 E F1 5.879(.W)C .879 (hen using)-5.879 F F23.379 E F1(or)3.379 E F23.379 E F1 .879(and the compound assignment syntax to create array)3.379 F -.25(va) -144 237.6 S(riables, additional attrib).25 E(utes do not tak)-.2 E 2.5 +144 568.8 S(riables, additional attrib).25 E(utes do not tak)-.2 E 2.5 (ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect until subsequent assignments.).25 E .432 -(The return v)144 254.4 R .433(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 +(The return v)144 585.6 R .433(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .433 (lid option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a func-).25 F -.278(tion using \231\255f foo=bar\232.)144 266.4 R .278 -(an attempt is made to assign a v)5.278 F .278(alue to a readonly v)-.25 -F .277(ariable, an attempt is)-.25 F .974(made to assign a v)144 278.4 R -.974(alue to an array v)-.25 F .974 +.417(tion using \231\255f foo=bar\232, an attempt is made to assign a v) +144 597.6 R .416(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .416 +(ariable, an attempt is)-.25 F .974(made to assign a v)144 609.6 R .974 +(alue to an array v)-.25 F .974 (ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F F2 -(Arrays)144 290.4 Q F1(abo)2.86 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .36(\), one of the).15 +(Arrays)144 621.6 Q F1(abo)2.86 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .36(\), one of the).15 F F0(names)2.86 E F1 .36(is not a v)2.86 F .36(alid shell v)-.25 F .36 (ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F(f)-.25 E .056 -(readonly status for a readonly v)144 302.4 R .057 +(readonly status for a readonly v)144 633.6 R .057 (ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.557(fa)-.25 G .057 (rray status for an array v)-2.557 F(ari-)-.25 E -(able, or an attempt is made to display a non-e)144 314.4 Q +(able, or an attempt is made to display a non-e)144 645.6 Q (xistent function with)-.15 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 331.2 Q F0(n)A F2 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F0(n)A F2 -(])A F1 -.4(Wi)144 343.2 S .607 +(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 662.4 Q F0(n)A F2 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F0(n)A F2 +(])A F1 -.4(Wi)144 674.4 S .607 (thout options, display the list of currently remembered directories.).4 F .606(The def)5.606 F .606(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 -(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 355.2 R 1.238 -(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F2(pushd)144 367.2 Q +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 686.4 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F2(pushd)144 698.4 Q F1 .928(command; the)3.428 F F2(popd)3.428 E F1 .928(command remo)3.428 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.428(se).15 G .928(ntries from the list.)-3.428 F .928 -(The current directory is al-)5.928 F -.1(wa)144 379.2 S -(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E(Options, if supplied, ha) -144 396 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2 -144 408 Q F1 -(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 408 Q F2 -144 420 Q F1 .881 -(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 420 R .882 +(The current directory is al-)5.928 F -.1(wa)144 710.4 S +(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(72)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 73 73 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(Options, if supplied, ha)144 84 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 +H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 96 +Q F1(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 96 Q +F2144 108 Q F1 .881 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 108 R .882 (ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 -432 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 444 Q F1 -(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 444 Q F2 -144 456 Q F1 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pr\ -e\214xing each entry with its inde)180 456 R 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772(nt) --2.772 G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 468 Q F2(+)144 480 Q F0(n)A F1 1.564 -(Displays the)180 480 R F0(n)4.064 E F1 1.565 +120 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 132 Q F1 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 132 Q F2 +144 144 Q F1 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pr\ +e\214xing each entry with its inde)180 144 R 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772(nt) +-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 156 Q F2(+)144 168 Q F0(n)A F1 1.564 +(Displays the)180 168 R F0(n)4.064 E F1 1.565 (th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F2 (dirs)4.065 E F1 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 492 Q F2144 504 Q F0(n)A -F1 1.194(Displays the)180 504 R F0(n)3.694 E F1 1.194 +(without options, starting with zero.)180 180 Q F2144 192 Q F0(n)A +F1 1.194(Displays the)180 192 R F0(n)3.694 E F1 1.194 (th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F F2(dirs)3.694 E F1 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 516 Q .257(The return v)144 -532.8 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(without options, starting with zero.)180 204 Q .257(The return v)144 +220.8 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 (lid option is supplied or).25 F F0(n)2.758 E F1(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) -.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) -.15 F(tory stack.)144 544.8 Q F2(diso)108 561.6 Q(wn)-.1 E F1([)2.5 E F2 +.15 F(tory stack.)144 232.8 Q F2(diso)108 249.6 Q(wn)-.1 E F1([)2.5 E F2 (\255ar)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(id)-2.5 E F1 1.666 -(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.4(Wi)144 573.6 S .343(thout options, remo).4 F +(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.4(Wi)144 261.6 S .343(thout options, remo).4 F .643 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F0(id)2.853 E F1 .342 (from the table of acti)3.613 F .642 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.842(obs. Each) .15 F F0(id)2.842 E F1 .342(may be a job speci\214cation)2.842 F F0 -(jobspec)144 585.6 Q F1(or a process ID)2.5 E F0(pid)2.5 E F1 2.5(;i)C +(jobspec)144 273.6 Q F1(or a process ID)2.5 E F0(pid)2.5 E F1 2.5(;i)C (f)-2.5 E F0(id)2.5 E F1(is a)2.5 E F0(pid)2.5 E F1(,)A F2(diso)2.5 E (wn)-.1 E F1(uses the job containing)2.5 E F0(pid)2.5 E F1(as)2.5 E F0 -(jobspec)2.5 E F1(.)A .682(If the)144 602.4 R F23.183 E F1 .683 +(jobspec)2.5 E F1(.)A .682(If the)144 290.4 R F23.183 E F1 .683 (option is supplied,)3.183 F F2(diso)3.183 E(wn)-.1 E F1 .683 (does not remo)3.183 F .983 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .683 (he jobs corresponding to each).15 F F0(id)3.193 E F1 .683(from the) -3.953 F .184(jobs table, b)144 614.4 R .184 +3.953 F .184(jobs table, b)144 302.4 R .184 (ut rather marks them so the shell does not send)-.2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)2.684 E F1 .184(to the job if the shell recei)2.434 F -.15(ve) --.25 G(s).15 E(a)144 626.4 Q F3(SIGHUP)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A -F1 .57(If no)144 643.2 R F0(id)3.08 E F1 .57(is supplied, the)3.84 F F2 +-.25 G(s).15 E(a)144 314.4 Q F3(SIGHUP)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F1 .57(If no)144 331.2 R F0(id)3.08 E F1 .57(is supplied, the)3.84 F F2 3.07 E F1 .57(option means to remo)3.07 F .871 -.15(ve o)-.15 H 3.071(rm).15 G .571(ark all jobs; the)-3.071 F F23.071 E F1 .571 -(option without an)3.071 F F0(id)3.081 E F1(ar)144 655.2 Q .659 +(option without an)3.071 F F0(id)3.081 E F1(ar)144 343.2 Q .659 (gument remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.159(so).15 G 3.159(rm)-3.159 G .659 (arks running jobs.)-3.159 F .658(If no)5.659 F F0(id)3.168 E F1 .658 (is supplied, and neither the)3.928 F F23.158 E F1 .658(nor the) -3.158 F F23.158 E F1(op-)3.158 E(tion is supplied,)144 667.2 Q F2 +3.158 F F23.158 E F1(op-)3.158 E(tion is supplied,)144 355.2 Q F2 (diso)2.5 E(wn)-.1 E F1(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(so).15 G 2.5(rm) --2.5 G(arks the current job)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E(The return v)144 684 Q +-2.5 G(arks the current job)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E(The return v)144 372 Q (alue is 0 unless an)-.25 E F0(id)2.51 E F1(does not specify a v)3.27 E -(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E F2(echo)108 700.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255neE)A F1 +(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E F2(echo)108 388.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255neE)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .424 -(Output the)144 712.8 R F0(ar)2.924 E(g)-.37 E F1 .424 +(Output the)144 400.8 R F0(ar)2.924 E(g)-.37 E F1 .424 (s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 (wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F -(error occurs.)144 724.8 Q(If)5 E F22.5 E F1 -(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.5 E(wline is not printed.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(72)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 73 73 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .48(If the)144 84 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.98 -E F1 .48(option is gi)2.98 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F2(echo)2.98 E F1 -.48(interprets the follo)2.98 F .48(wing backslash-escaped characters.) --.25 F(The)5.48 E F22.98 E F1(op-)2.98 E .469 -(tion disables interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 96 R +(error occurs.)144 412.8 Q(If)5 E F22.5 E F1 +(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.5 E(wline is not printed.)-.25 E .48 +(If the)144 429.6 R F22.98 E F1 .48(option is gi)2.98 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G(n,).15 E F2(echo)2.98 E F1 .48(interprets the follo)2.98 F .48 +(wing backslash-escaped characters.)-.25 F(The)5.48 E F22.98 E F1 +(op-)2.98 E .469 +(tion disables interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 441.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.969(no).15 G 2.969(ns)-2.969 G .469(ystems where the) --2.969 F 2.97(ya)-.15 G .47(re interpreted)-2.97 F .41(by def)144 108 R -2.91(ault. The)-.1 F F2(xpg_echo)2.91 E F1 .41 +-2.969 F 2.97(ya)-.15 G .47(re interpreted)-2.97 F .41(by def)144 453.6 +R 2.91(ault. The)-.1 F F2(xpg_echo)2.91 E F1 .41 (shell option determines whether or not)2.91 F F2(echo)2.91 E F1 .41 (interprets an)2.91 F 2.91(yo)-.15 G .41(ptions and)-2.91 F -.15(ex)144 -120 S(pands these escape characters.).15 E F2(echo)5 E F1 +465.6 S(pands these escape characters.).15 E F2(echo)5 E F1 (does not interpret)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(to mean the end of options.) -2.5 E F2(echo)144 136.8 Q F1(interprets the follo)2.5 E -(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 148.8 Q F1(alert \(bell\))180 -148.8 Q F2(\\b)144 160.8 Q F1(backspace)180 160.8 Q F2(\\c)144 172.8 Q -F1(suppress further output)180 172.8 Q F2(\\e)144 184.8 Q(\\E)144 196.8 -Q F1(an escape character)180 196.8 Q F2(\\f)144 208.8 Q F1(form feed)180 -208.8 Q F2(\\n)144 220.8 Q F1(ne)180 220.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2 -(\\r)144 232.8 Q F1(carriage return)180 232.8 Q F2(\\t)144 244.8 Q F1 -(horizontal tab)180 244.8 Q F2(\\v)144 256.8 Q F1 -.15(ve)180 256.8 S -(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\\\)144 268.8 Q F1(backslash)180 268.8 Q F2(\\0) -144 280.8 Q F0(nnn)A F1(The eight-bit character whose v)180 280.8 Q +2.5 E F2(echo)144 482.4 Q F1(interprets the follo)2.5 E +(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 494.4 Q F1(alert \(bell\))180 +494.4 Q F2(\\b)144 506.4 Q F1(backspace)180 506.4 Q F2(\\c)144 518.4 Q +F1(suppress further output)180 518.4 Q F2(\\e)144 530.4 Q(\\E)144 542.4 +Q F1(an escape character)180 542.4 Q F2(\\f)144 554.4 Q F1(form feed)180 +554.4 Q F2(\\n)144 566.4 Q F1(ne)180 566.4 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2 +(\\r)144 578.4 Q F1(carriage return)180 578.4 Q F2(\\t)144 590.4 Q F1 +(horizontal tab)180 590.4 Q F2(\\v)144 602.4 Q F1 -.15(ve)180 602.4 S +(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\\\)144 614.4 Q F1(backslash)180 614.4 Q F2(\\0) +144 626.4 Q F0(nnn)A F1(The eight-bit character whose v)180 626.4 Q (alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F0(nnn)2.5 E F1 -(\(zero to three octal digits\).)2.5 E F2(\\x)144 292.8 Q F0(HH)A F1 -(The eight-bit character whose v)180 292.8 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E +(\(zero to three octal digits\).)2.5 E F2(\\x)144 638.4 Q F0(HH)A F1 +(The eight-bit character whose v)180 638.4 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E (xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F0(HH)2.5 E F1(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) --.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\).).15 E F2(\\u)144 304.8 Q F0(HHHH)A F1 -1.203(The Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 316.8 R 1.204 +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\).).15 E F2(\\u)144 650.4 Q F0(HHHH)A F1 +1.203(The Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 662.4 R 1.204 (alue is the he)-.25 F 1.204(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F0(HHHH) -3.704 E F1(\(one to four he)180 328.8 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\).)-2.5 E F2 -(\\U)144 340.8 Q F0(HHHHHHHH)A F1 .245 -(The Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 352.8 R .244 +3.704 E F1(\(one to four he)180 674.4 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\).)-2.5 E F2 +(\\U)144 686.4 Q F0(HHHHHHHH)A F1 .245 +(The Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 698.4 R .244 (alue is the he)-.25 F .244(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F0(HHHHH-) -2.744 E(HHH)180 364.8 Q F1(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G -(igits\).)-2.5 E F2(echo)144 381.6 Q F1(writes an)2.5 E 2.5(yu)-.15 G -(nrecognized backslash-escaped characters unchanged.)-2.5 E F2(enable) -108 398.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255dnps)-2.5 E F1 2.5 -(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(\214lename)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 -1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E 1.199(Enable and disable b)144 410.4 R 1.199 -(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F 1.199(Disabling a b)6.199 F 1.199 -(uiltin allo)-.2 F 1.199(ws an e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.2 -(cutable \214le which).15 F 1.737(has the same name as a shell b)144 -422.4 R 1.737(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.737 -(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 -E(though the shell normally searches for b)144 434.4 Q -(uiltins before \214les.)-.2 E(If)144 451.2 Q F23.357 E F1 .857 +2.744 E(HHH)180 710.4 Q F1(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G +(igits\).)-2.5 E F2(echo)144 727.2 Q F1(writes an)2.5 E 2.5(yu)-.15 G +(nrecognized backslash-escaped characters unchanged.)-2.5 E +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(73)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 74 74 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(enable)108 84 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 +A F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255dnps)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 +(\214lename)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 +E 1.199(Enable and disable b)144 96 R 1.199(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F +1.199(Disabling a b)6.199 F 1.199(uiltin allo)-.2 F 1.199(ws an e)-.25 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.2(cutable \214le which).15 F 1.737 +(has the same name as a shell b)144 108 R 1.737(uiltin to be e)-.2 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.737(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(though the shell normally searches for b)144 120 +Q(uiltins before \214les.)-.2 E(If)144 136.8 Q F23.357 E F1 .857 (is supplied, each)3.357 F F0(name)3.357 E F1 .857 (is disabled; otherwise,)3.357 F F0(name)3.358 E F1 3.358(sa)C .858 (re enabled.)-3.358 F -.15(Fo)5.858 G 3.358(re).15 G .858 -(xample, to use the)-3.508 F F2(test)144 463.2 Q F1(binary found usin g) +(xample, to use the)-3.508 F F2(test)144 148.8 Q F1(binary found using) 2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F1 (instead of the shell b)2.25 E(uiltin v)-.2 E -(ersion, run \231enable \255n test\232.)-.15 E 1.165(If no)144 480 R F0 -(name)3.665 E F1(ar)3.665 E 1.165(guments are supplied, or if the)-.18 F -F23.665 E F1 1.165(option is supplied, print a list of shell b) -3.665 F(uiltins.)-.2 E -.4(Wi)144 492 S 1.005(th no other option ar).4 F -1.005(guments, the list consists of all enabled shell b)-.18 F 3.505 +(ersion, run \231enable \255n test\232.)-.15 E 1.165(If no)144 165.6 R +F0(name)3.665 E F1(ar)3.665 E 1.165(guments are supplied, or if the)-.18 +F F23.665 E F1 1.165(option is supplied, print a list of shell b) +3.665 F(uiltins.)-.2 E -.4(Wi)144 177.6 S 1.005(th no other option ar).4 +F 1.005(guments, the list consists of all enabled shell b)-.18 F 3.505 (uiltins. If)-.2 F F23.505 E F1 1.005(is supplied,)3.505 F .46 -(print only disabled b)144 504 R 2.96(uiltins. If)-.2 F F22.96 E +(print only disabled b)144 189.6 R 2.96(uiltins. If)-.2 F F22.96 E F1 .46(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)2.96 F .46 -(uiltins, with an indica-)-.2 F .79 -(tion of whether or not each is enabled.)144 516 R(The)5.79 E F2 -3.291 E F1 .791(option means to restrict the output to the POSIX)3.291 F -F0(special)144 528 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins.).2 E(The)144 544.8 Q F2 -2.785 E F1 .285(option means to load the ne)2.785 F 2.785(wb)-.25 -G .285(uiltin command)-2.985 F F0(name)3.145 E F1 .285 -(from shared object)2.965 F F0(\214lename)4.695 E F1 2.785(,o).18 G -2.785(ns)-2.785 G(ys-)-2.785 E .01(tems that support dynamic loading.) -144 556.8 R(If)5.01 E F0(\214lename)2.51 E F1 .01 -(does not contain a slash,)2.51 F F2(Bash)2.51 E F1 .01(will use the v) -2.51 F .01(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 568.8 Q F2 -.3(BA)4.457 G(SH_LO).3 E -(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 -.25(va)4.457 G 1.956 +(uiltins, with an indica-)-.2 F .951 +(tion of whether or not each is enabled.)144 201.6 R(The)5.951 E F2 +3.451 E F1 .951(option means to restrict the output to the)3.451 F +/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSIX)3.452 E F0(special)144 213.6 Q F1 -.2(bu) +2.5 G(iltins.).2 E(The)144 230.4 Q F22.785 E F1 .285 +(option means to load the ne)2.785 F 2.785(wb)-.25 G .285 +(uiltin command)-2.985 F F0(name)3.145 E F1 .285(from shared object) +2.965 F F0(\214lename)4.695 E F1 2.785(,o).18 G 2.785(ns)-2.785 G(ys-) +-2.785 E .01(tems that support dynamic loading.)144 242.4 R(If)5.01 E F0 +(\214lename)2.51 E F1 .01(does not contain a slash,)2.51 F F2(Bash)2.51 +E F1 .01(will use the v)2.51 F .01(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 254.4 Q F2 -.3 +(BA)4.457 G(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 +-.25(va)4.457 G 1.956 (riable as a colon-separated list of directories in which to).25 F .305 -(search for)144 580.8 R F0(\214lename)2.805 E F1 5.305(.T)C .305(he def) +(search for)144 266.4 R F0(\214lename)2.805 E F1 5.305(.T)C .305(he def) -5.305 F .305(ault for)-.1 F F2 -.3(BA)2.805 G(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E (ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 .305 (is system-dependent, and may)2.805 F .054 -(include \231.\232 to force a search of the current directory)144 592.8 +(include \231.\232 to force a search of the current directory)144 278.4 R 5.054(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.054 E F22.554 E F1 .054 (option will delete a b)2.554 F .054(uiltin pre)-.2 F(viously)-.25 E -(loaded with)144 604.8 Q F22.5 E F1 5(.I)C(f)-5 E F02.5 E F1 +(loaded with)144 290.4 Q F22.5 E F1 5(.I)C(f)-5 E F02.5 E F1 (is used with)2.5 E F02.5 E F1 2.5(,t)C(he ne)-2.5 E 2.5(wb)-.25 G -(uiltin becomes a POSIX special b)-2.7 E(uiltin.)-.2 E .269 -(If no options are supplied and a)144 621.6 R F0(name)2.769 E F1 .269 -(is not a shell b)2.769 F(uiltin,)-.2 E F2(enable)2.769 E F1 .269 +(uiltin becomes a)-2.7 E F4(POSIX)2.5 E F1(special b)2.25 E(uiltin.)-.2 +E .269(If no options are supplied and a)144 307.2 R F0(name)2.769 E F1 +.269(is not a shell b)2.769 F(uiltin,)-.2 E F2(enable)2.769 E F1 .269 (will attempt to load)2.769 F F0(name)2.769 E F1(from)2.769 E 2.5(as)144 -633.6 S(hared object named)-2.5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 +319.2 S(hared object named)-2.5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he command were \231enable \255f)-2.5 E F0(name name)2.5 -E F1<9a2e>A .478(The return v)144 650.4 R .477(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 F +E F1<9a2e>A .478(The return v)144 336 R .477(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 F F0(name)3.337 E F1 .477(is not a shell b)3.157 F .477 (uiltin or there is an error loading a ne)-.2 F 2.977(wb)-.25 G(uiltin) --3.177 E(from a shared object.)144 662.4 Q F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 679.2 T +-3.177 E(from a shared object.)144 348 Q F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 364.8 T (l).15 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E 1.347 -(Concatenate the)144 691.2 R F0(ar)3.847 E(g)-.37 E F1 3.847(st)C 1.348 +(Concatenate the)144 376.8 R F0(ar)3.847 E(g)-.37 E F1 3.847(st)C 1.348 (ogether into a single command, separating them with spaces.)-3.847 F F2 -(Bash)6.348 E F1(then)3.848 E .177(reads and e)144 703.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 +(Bash)6.348 E F1(then)3.848 E .177(reads and e)144 388.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .176(cute this command, and returns its e).15 F .176 (xit status as the return status of)-.15 F F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.676 H(l) .15 E F1 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G .176(here are)-2.676 F(no)144 -715.2 Q F0(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F1 2.5(,o).27 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G +400.8 Q F0(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F1 2.5(,o).27 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G (nly null ar)-2.5 E(guments,)-.18 E F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F1 -(returns 0.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(73) -185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 74 74 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(exec)108 84 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 -(\255cl)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0 -(command)-2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(]])A(If)144 96 Q F0 -(command)2.983 E F1 .283 +(returns 0.)2.5 E F2(exec)108 417.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255cl)A F1 2.5(][)C +F2-2.5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(command)-2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 +(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F1(]])A(If)144 429.6 Q F0(command)2.983 E F1 .283 (is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell without creating a ne)3.553 F 2.784(wp)-.25 G(rocess.)-2.784 E F0(command)5.284 E F1 .284(cannot be) -2.784 F 2.878(as)144 108 S .378(hell b)-2.878 F .378 +2.784 F 2.878(as)144 441.6 S .378(hell b)-2.878 F .378 (uiltin or function.)-.2 F(The)5.378 E F0(ar)3.208 E(guments)-.37 E F1 .378(become the ar)3.148 F .377(guments to)-.18 F F0(command)2.877 E F1 5.377(.I)C 2.877(ft)-5.377 G(he)-2.877 E F22.877 E F1 .377 (option is)2.877 F .078(supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)144 -120 R .078(ginning of the zeroth ar)-.15 F .078(gument passed to)-.18 F -F0(command)2.779 E F1 5.079(.T).77 G(his)-5.079 E .139(is what)144 132 R -F0(lo)2.729 E(gin)-.1 E F1 .139(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.139 E F2 -2.639 E F1 .139(option causes)2.639 F F0(command)2.839 E F1 .139 +453.6 R .078(ginning of the zeroth ar)-.15 F .078(gument passed to)-.18 +F F0(command)2.779 E F1 5.079(.T).77 G(his)-5.079 E .139(is what)144 +465.6 R F0(lo)2.729 E(gin)-.1 E F1 .139(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.139 E F2 +2.639 E F1 .139(option causes)2.639 F F0(command)2.839 E F1 .139 (to be e)3.409 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .138(cuted with an empty en).15 F -(vironment.)-.4 E(If)144 144 Q F22.5 E F1 +(vironment.)-.4 E(If)144 477.6 Q F22.5 E F1 (is supplied, the shell passes)2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1(as the zeroth ar) 2.68 E(gument to the e)-.18 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted command.).15 E(If)144 -160.8 Q F0(command)3.245 E F1 .545(cannot be e)3.815 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +494.4 Q F0(command)3.245 E F1 .545(cannot be e)3.815 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .546(cuted for some reason, a non-interacti).15 F .846 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .546(hell e).15 F .546(xits, unless the)-.15 F F2(execfail)3.046 E F1 -1.22(shell option is enabled.)144 172.8 R 1.22 +1.22(shell option is enabled.)144 506.4 R 1.22 (In that case, it returns a non-zero status.)6.22 F 1.22(An interacti) 6.22 F 1.52 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.22(hell returns a).15 F -(non-zero status if the \214le cannot be e)144 184.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(non-zero status if the \214le cannot be e)144 518.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(subshell e)2.5 E(xits unconditionally if)-.15 E F2 -(exec)2.5 E F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E(If)144 201.6 Q F0(command)3.224 E +(exec)2.5 E F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E(If)144 535.2 Q F0(command)3.224 E F1 .524(is not speci\214ed, an)3.794 F 3.024(yr)-.15 G .524 (edirections tak)-3.024 F 3.024(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.024 G .525 -(ect in the current shell, and the return status).25 F(is 0.)144 213.6 Q +(ect in the current shell, and the return status).25 F(is 0.)144 547.2 Q (If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G -(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F2(exit)108 230.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A F1 -(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 230.4 R .096(xit with a status of) --.15 F F0(n)2.596 E F1 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F0(n)2.955 E F1 .095 +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F2(exit)108 564 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A F1(]) +A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 564 R .096(xit with a status of)-.15 F +F0(n)2.596 E F1 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F0(n)2.955 E F1 .095 (is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) --.15 F -.15(exe)144 242.4 S 2.5(cuted. An).15 F 2.5(yt)-.15 G(rap on) --2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F1(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F2(export)108 259.2 Q F1([)2.5 +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 576 S 2.5(cuted. An).15 F 2.5(yt)-.15 G(rap on)-2.5 +E F3(EXIT)2.5 E F1(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F2(export)108 592.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255fn)A F1 2.5(][).833 G F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 -(]] .)A 1.666(..)1.666 G F2(export \255p)108 271.2 Q F1 .256 -(The supplied)144 283.2 R F0(names)3.117 E F1 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257 +(]] .)A 1.666(..)1.666 G F2(export \255p)108 604.8 Q F1 .256 +(The supplied)144 616.8 R F0(names)3.117 E F1 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257 (ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 (vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.5 -(commands. If)144 295.2 R(the)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(option is gi)2.5 E +(commands. If)144 628.8 R(the)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(option is gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(n, the).15 E F0(names)2.86 E F1(refer to functions.)2.77 -E(The)144 312 Q F22.681 E F1 .181(option une)2.681 F .181 +E(The)144 645.6 Q F22.681 E F1 .181(option une)2.681 F .181 (xports, or remo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.681(st).15 G .181(he e)-2.681 F .181(xport attrib)-.15 F .181(ute, from each)-.2 F F0(name)2.68 E F1 5.18(.I)C 2.68(fn)-5.18 G(o)-2.68 E F0(names)3.04 E F1 .18(are gi)2.95 F --.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E .535(or if the)144 324 R F23.035 E F1 .536 -(option is supplied,)3.035 F F2(export)3.036 E F1 .536 +-.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E .535(or if the)144 657.6 R F23.035 E F1 +.536(option is supplied,)3.035 F F2(export)3.036 E F1 .536 (prints a list of names of all e)3.036 F .536(xported v)-.15 F .536 -(ariables on the stan-)-.25 F(dard output.)144 336 Q F2(export)144 352.8 -Q F1(allo)2.94 E .44(ws the v)-.25 F .44(alue of a v)-.25 F .44 +(ariables on the stan-)-.25 F(dard output.)144 669.6 Q F2(export)144 +686.4 Q F1(allo)2.94 E .44(ws the v)-.25 F .44(alue of a v)-.25 F .44 (ariable to be set when it is e)-.25 F .44(xported or une)-.15 F .44 -(xported by follo)-.15 F .44(wing the)-.25 F -.25(va)144 364.8 S .151 +(xported by follo)-.15 F .44(wing the)-.25 F -.25(va)144 698.4 S .151 (riable name with =).25 F F0(value)A F1 5.152(.T)C .152(his sets the v) -5.152 F .152(alue of the v)-.25 F .152(ariable to)-.25 F F0(value)2.652 -E F1 .152(while modifying the e)2.652 F(xport)-.15 E(attrib)144 376.8 Q +E F1 .152(while modifying the e)2.652 F(xport)-.15 E(attrib)144 710.4 Q (ute.)-.2 E F2(export)6.361 E F1 1.361(returns an e)3.861 F 1.361 (xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.36 -(lid option is encountered, one of the).25 F F0(names)144 388.8 Q F1 +(lid option is encountered, one of the).25 F F0(names)144 722.4 Q F1 (is not a v)2.5 E(alid shell v)-.25 E(ariable name, or)-.25 E F2 2.5 E F1(is supplied with a)2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1 -(that is not a function.)2.68 E F2(false)108 405.6 Q F1 -(Does nothing; returns a non-zero status.)144 405.6 Q F2(fc)108 422.4 Q -F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(ename)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255lnr)-2.5 E F1 2.5 +(that is not a function.)2.68 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24) +139.29 E(74)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 75 75 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(false)108 84 Q F1 +(Does nothing; returns a non-zero status.)144 84 Q F2(fc)108 100.8 Q F1 +([)2.5 E F2A F0(ename)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255lnr)-2.5 E F1 2.5 (][)C F0<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(last)-2.5 E F1(])A F2 -(fc \255s)108 434.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(pat)A F1(=)A F0 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F1 +(fc \255s)108 112.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(pat)A F1(=)A F0 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(cmd)-2.5 E F1(])A .431 -(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 446.4 R F0<8c72> +(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 124.8 R F0<8c72> 4.842 E(st)-.1 E F1(to)3.612 E F0(last)3.022 E F1 .432 (from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 -458.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F0 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +136.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F0 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) .45 G(t).1 E F1(and)3.321 E F0(last)2.731 E F1 .141 (may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) -144 470.4 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 +144 148.8 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E(is used as an of) -144 482.4 Q(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 E .747 -(When listing, a)144 499.2 R F0<8c72>3.247 E(st)-.1 E F1(or)3.247 E F0 +144 160.8 Q(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 E .747 +(When listing, a)144 177.6 R F0<8c72>3.247 E(st)-.1 E F1(or)3.247 E F0 (last)3.247 E F1 .746(of 0 is equi)3.247 F -.25(va)-.25 G .746 (lent to \2551 and \2550 is equi).25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .746 -(lent to the current command).25 F .778(\(usually the)144 511.2 R F2(fc) +(lent to the current command).25 F .778(\(usually the)144 189.6 R F2(fc) 3.278 E F1 .779(command\); otherwise 0 is equi)3.279 F -.25(va)-.25 G .779(lent to \2551 and \2550 is in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 3.279(lid. If).25 F F0(last)3.369 E F1 .779(is not speci-)3.959 F .513(\214ed, it is set \ to the current command for listing \(so that \231fc \255l \25510\232 pr\ -ints the last 10 commands\))144 523.2 R .766(and to)144 535.2 R F0<8c72> +ints the last 10 commands\))144 201.6 R .766(and to)144 213.6 R F0<8c72> 5.176 E(st)-.1 E F1 3.266(otherwise. If)3.946 F F0<8c72>5.176 E(st)-.1 E F1 .766(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the pre)3.946 F .766 -(vious command for editing and)-.25 F(\25516 for listing.)144 547.2 Q -.697(If the)144 564 R F23.197 E F1 .697 +(vious command for editing and)-.25 F(\25516 for listing.)144 225.6 Q +.697(If the)144 242.4 R F23.197 E F1 .697 (option is supplied, the commands are listed on the standard output.) 3.197 F(The)5.696 E F23.196 E F1 .696(option sup-)3.196 F -(presses the command numbers when listing.)144 576 Q(The)5 E F22.5 -E F1(option re)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rses the order of the commands.).15 -E(Otherwise,)144 592.8 Q F2(fc)2.902 E F1(in)2.902 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 2.902(st).1 G .402(he editor named by)-2.902 F F0(ename)3.092 E -F1 .402(on a \214le containing those commands.)3.082 F(If)5.402 E F0 -(ename)3.092 E F1 .542(is not supplied,)144 604.8 R F2(fc)3.042 E F1 -.542(uses the v)3.042 F .542(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.042 E F1 --.25(va)2.792 G .542(riable, and the v).25 F .542(alue of)-.25 F F3 -(EDIT)3.042 E(OR)-.162 E F1(if)2.791 E F3(FCEDIT)3.041 E F1(is)2.791 E -.212(not set.)144 616.8 R .212(If neither v)5.212 F .212 +(presses the command numbers when listing.)144 254.4 Q(The)5 E F2 +2.5 E F1(option re)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rses the order of the commands.) +.15 E(Otherwise,)144 271.2 Q F2(fc)2.902 E F1(in)2.902 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G 2.902(st).1 G .402(he editor named by)-2.902 F F0(ename) +3.092 E F1 .402(on a \214le containing those commands.)3.082 F(If)5.402 +E F0(ename)3.092 E F1 .542(is not supplied,)144 283.2 R F2(fc)3.042 E F1 +.542(uses the v)3.042 F .542(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(FCEDIT)3.042 E F1 -.25(va)2.792 G .542(riable, and the v).25 F .542 +(alue of)-.25 F F3(EDIT)3.042 E(OR)-.162 E F1(if)2.791 E F3(FCEDIT)3.041 +E F1(is)2.791 E .212(not set.)144 295.2 R .212(If neither v)5.212 F .212 (ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(fc)2.712 E F1(uses)2.712 E F0(vi.)4.378 E F1 .212(When editing is complete,)4.378 F F2(fc)2.712 E F1 .213 (reads the \214le containing)2.712 F -(the edited commands and echoes and e)144 628.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cutes them.).15 E .712(In the second form,)144 645.6 R F2(fc)3.212 E F1 +(the edited commands and echoes and e)144 307.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cutes them.).15 E .712(In the second form,)144 324 R F2(fc)3.212 E F1 (re-e)3.212 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F0(command)3.211 E F1 .711 (after replacing each instance of)3.211 F F0(pat)3.211 E F1(with)3.211 E -F0 -.37(re)3.211 G(p).37 E F1(.)A F0(Com-)5.711 E(mand)144 657.6 Q F1 +F0 -.37(re)3.211 G(p).37 E F1(.)A F0(Com-)5.711 E(mand)144 336 Q F1 (is interpreted the same as)2.5 E F0<8c72>2.5 E(st)-.1 E F1(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.826(Au)144 674.4 S .326 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.826(Au)144 352.8 S .326 (seful alias to use with)-2.826 F F2(fc)2.827 E F1 .327(is \231r="fc \ \255s"\232, so that typing \231r cc\232 runs the last command be)2.827 F -(ginning)-.15 E(with \231cc\232 and typing \231r\232 re-e)144 686.4 Q +(ginning)-.15 E(with \231cc\232 and typing \231r\232 re-e)144 364.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes the last command.).15 E .44 -(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 703.2 R .439 +(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 381.6 R .439 (alue is zero unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .439 (lid option is encountered or).25 F F0<8c72>4.849 E(st)-.1 E F1(or)3.619 -E F0(last)144.09 715.2 Q F1 .402(specify history lines out of range.) +E F0(last)144.09 393.6 Q F1 .402(specify history lines out of range.) 3.581 F .402(When editing and re-e)5.402 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .402 -(cuting a \214le of commands, the re-).15 F 2.421(turn v)144 727.2 R -2.421(alue is the v)-.25 F 2.421(alue of the last command e)-.25 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.421(cuted or f).15 F 2.42 -(ailure if an error occurs with the)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(74)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 75 75 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .884(temporary \214le.)144 84 R .884 -(If the second form is used, the return status is that of the re-e)5.884 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .885(cuted command,).15 F(unless)144 96 Q F0(cmd)2.7 E +(cuting a \214le of commands, the re-).15 F .574(turn v)144 405.6 R .574 +(alue is the v)-.25 F .573(alue of the last command e)-.25 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .573(cuted or f).15 F .573 +(ailure if an error occurs with the tempo-)-.1 F .685(rary \214le.)144 +417.6 R .685 +(If the second form is used, the return status is that of the re-e)5.685 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .686(cuted command, unless).15 F F0(cmd)144.2 429.6 Q F1(does not specify a v)3.27 E(alid history entry)-.25 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G -2.5(nw)-2.5 G(hich case)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(fc)2.5 E F1 -(returns a non-zero status.)2.5 E F2(fg)108 112.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F0 -(jobspec)A F1(])A(Resume)144 124.8 Q F0(jobspec)4.639 E F1 .399 +2.5(nw)-2.5 G(hich case)-2.5 E F2(fc)2.5 E F1 +(returns a non-zero status.)2.5 E F2(fg)108 446.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F0 +(jobspec)A F1(])A(Resume)144 458.4 Q F0(jobspec)4.639 E F1 .399 (in the fore)3.209 F .399(ground, and mak)-.15 F 2.899(ei)-.1 G 2.899 (tt)-2.899 G .399(he current job)-2.899 F 5.399(.I)-.4 G(f)-5.399 E F0 (jobspec)4.639 E F1 .399(is not present,)3.209 F F2(fg)2.898 E F1(uses) -2.898 E .247(the shell')144 136.8 R 2.747(sn)-.55 G .247(otion of the) +2.898 E .247(the shell')144 470.4 R 2.747(sn)-.55 G .247(otion of the) -2.747 F F0(curr)2.747 E .247(ent job)-.37 F F1 5.247(.T)C .247 (he return v)-5.247 F .247 (alue is that of the command placed into the fore-)-.25 F .098 -(ground, or f)144 148.8 R .098 +(ground, or f)144 482.4 R .098 (ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.598(,w)-.4 G .098 (hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.598 F F0(job-)4.337 E(spec)144 -160.8 Q F1(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F0(jobspec) +494.4 Q F1(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F0(jobspec) 4.24 E F1(speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E -(as started without job control.)-.1 E F2(getopts)108 177.6 Q F0 +(as started without job control.)-.1 E F2(getopts)108 511.2 Q F0 (optstring name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(]) --1.666 E F2(getopts)144 189.6 Q F1 .051(is used by shell scripts and fu\ +-1.666 E F2(getopts)144 523.2 Q F1 .051(is used by shell scripts and fu\ nctions to parse positional parameters and obtain options and)2.55 F -1.13(their ar)144 201.6 R(guments.)-.18 E F0(optstring)6.36 E F1 1.129(\ +1.13(their ar)144 535.2 R(guments.)-.18 E F0(optstring)6.36 E F1 1.129(\ contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is fol-) -3.85 F(lo)144 213.6 Q .656(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .656 +3.85 F(lo)144 547.2 Q .656(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .656 (xpected to ha)-.15 F .957 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.157(na).15 G -.18(rg)-3.157 G .657(ument, which should be separated from it).18 F(by white space.) -144 225.6 Q(The colon and question mark characters may not be used as o\ -ption characters.)5 E .032(Each time it is in)144 242.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(getopts)2.531 E F1 .031(places the ne)2.531 F -.031(xt option in the shell v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(name)2.891 E F1 -2.531(,i).18 G(nitializing)-2.531 E F0(name)2.891 E F1 .522 -(if it does not e)144 254.4 R .522(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.022(xo) --.15 G 3.022(ft)-3.022 G .522(he ne)-3.022 F .522(xt ar)-.15 F .522 -(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)3.023 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND)144 -266.4 Q F1 .079 +144 559.2 Q(The colon and question mark characters may not be used as o\ +ption characters.)5 E .032(Each time it is in)144 576 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(getopts)2.531 E F1 .031(places the ne)2.531 F .031 +(xt option in the shell v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(name)2.891 E F1 2.531 +(,i).18 G(nitializing)-2.531 E F0(name)2.891 E F1 .522(if it does not e) +144 588 R .522(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.022(xo)-.15 G 3.022(ft)-3.022 +G .522(he ne)-3.022 F .522(xt ar)-.15 F .522 +(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTIND)3.023 +E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND)144 600 Q F1 .079 (is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is in)2.33 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.579(d. When).1 F .079(an option requires) -2.579 F(an ar)144 278.4 Q(gument,)-.18 E F2(getopts)2.5 E F1 +2.579 F(an ar)144 612 Q(gument,)-.18 E F2(getopts)2.5 E F1 (places that ar)2.5 E(gument into the v)-.18 E(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)2.5 -E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F1 .647(The shell does not reset)144 295.2 R F3 +E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F1 .647(The shell does not reset)144 628.8 R F3 (OPTIND)3.147 E F1 .647 (automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple calls)2.897 F -(to)144 307.2 Q F2(getopts)2.5 E F1(within the same shell in)2.5 E -.2 +(to)144 640.8 Q F2(getopts)2.5 E F1(within the same shell in)2.5 E -.2 (vo)-.4 G(cation to use a ne).2 E 2.5(ws)-.25 G(et of parameters.)-2.5 E -.102(When it reaches the end of options,)144 324 R F2(getopts)2.602 E F1 --.15(ex)2.602 G .102(its with a return v).15 F .101 +.102(When it reaches the end of options,)144 657.6 R F2(getopts)2.602 E +F1 -.15(ex)2.602 G .102(its with a return v).15 F .101 (alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)5.101 E F1(is)2.351 E -(set to the inde)144 336 Q 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G +(set to the inde)144 669.6 Q 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G (he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 -(is set to ?.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 352.8 Q F1 .485 +(is set to ?.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 686.4 Q F1 .485 (normally parses the positional parameters, b)2.985 F .485 (ut if more ar)-.2 F .485(guments are supplied as)-.18 F F0(ar)3.315 E -(g)-.37 E F1 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 364.8 Q F2(getopts)2.5 E -F1(parses those instead.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 381.6 Q F1 .833 +(g)-.37 E F1 -.25(va)3.205 G(l-).25 E(ues,)144 698.4 Q F2(getopts)2.5 E +F1(parses those instead.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 715.2 Q F1 .833 (can report errors in tw)3.333 F 3.333(ow)-.1 G 3.333(ays. If)-3.433 F .833(the \214rst character of)3.333 F F0(optstring)3.563 E F1 .833 (is a colon,)3.553 F F2(getopts)3.333 E F1(uses)3.332 E F0(silent)144.34 -393.6 Q F1 .211(error reporting.)3.391 F .211(In normal operation,)5.211 +727.2 Q F1 .211(error reporting.)3.391 F .211(In normal operation,)5.211 F F2(getopts)2.712 E F1 .212 -(prints diagnostic messages when it encounters)2.712 F(in)144 405.6 Q --.25(va)-.4 G .32(lid options or missing option ar).25 F 2.82 -(guments. If)-.18 F .32(the v)2.82 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.82 E F1 -.32(is set to 0,)2.57 F F2(getopts)2.819 E F1 .319(does not)2.819 F -(display an)144 417.6 Q 2.5(ye)-.15 G(rror messages, e)-2.5 E -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F0 -(optstring)2.73 E F1(is not a colon.)2.72 E(If)144 434.4 Q F2(getopts) -2.672 E F1 .172(detects an in)2.672 F -.25(va)-.4 G .173 -(lid option, it places ? into).25 F F0(name)3.033 E F1 .173 -(and, if not silent, prints an error message)2.853 F 1.148(and unsets) -144 446.4 R F3(OPT)3.647 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F1(If)5.647 E F2(getopts) -3.647 E F1 1.147(is silent, it assigns the option character found to) -3.647 F F3(OPT)3.647 E(ARG)-.81 E F1(and)3.397 E -(does not print a diagnostic message.)144 458.4 Q .602(If a required ar) -144 475.2 R .602(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F2(getopts)3.102 E F1 -.602(is not silent, it sets the v)3.102 F .602(alue of)-.25 F F0(name) -3.102 E F1 .602(to a ques-)3.102 F 1.056(tion mark \()144 487.2 R F2(?) -.833 E F1 1.056(\), unsets).833 F F3(OPT)3.556 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(,)A F1 -1.056(and prints a diagnostic message.)3.306 F(If)6.056 E F2(getopts) -3.556 E F1 1.055(is silent, it sets the)3.556 F -.25(va)144 499.2 S -(lue of).25 E F0(name)2.5 E F1(to a colon \()2.5 E F2(:).833 E F1 2.5 -(\)a).833 G(nd sets)-2.5 E F3(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F1 -(to the option character found.)2.25 E F2(getopts)144 516 Q F1 .902 +(prints diagnostic messages when it encounters)2.712 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(75)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 76 76 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(in)144 84 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .32 +(lid options or missing option ar).25 F 2.82(guments. If)-.18 F .32 +(the v)2.82 F(ariable)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTERR)2.82 E F1 .32 +(is set to 0,)2.57 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)2.819 E F1 .319 +(does not)2.819 F(display an)144 96 Q 2.5(ye)-.15 G(rror messages, e) +-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G +(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F0(optstring)2.73 E F1(is not a colon.) +2.72 E(If)144 112.8 Q F3(getopts)2.672 E F1 .172(detects an in)2.672 F +-.25(va)-.4 G .173(lid option, it places ? into).25 F F0(name)3.033 E F1 +.173(and, if not silent, prints an error message)2.853 F 1.148 +(and unsets)144 124.8 R F2(OPT)3.647 E(ARG)-.81 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F1(If)5.647 E F3(getopts)3.647 E F1 1.147 +(is silent, it assigns the option character found to)3.647 F F2(OPT) +3.647 E(ARG)-.81 E F1(and)3.397 E(does not print a diagnostic message.) +144 136.8 Q .602(If a required ar)144 153.6 R .602 +(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F3(getopts)3.102 E F1 .602 +(is not silent, it sets the v)3.102 F .602(alue of)-.25 F F0(name)3.102 +E F1 .602(to a ques-)3.102 F 1.056(tion mark \()144 165.6 R F3(?).833 E +F1 1.056(\), unsets).833 F F2(OPT)3.556 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(,)A F1 1.056 +(and prints a diagnostic message.)3.306 F(If)6.056 E F3(getopts)3.556 E +F1 1.055(is silent, it sets the)3.556 F -.25(va)144 177.6 S(lue of).25 E +F0(name)2.5 E F1(to a colon \()2.5 E F3(:).833 E F1 2.5(\)a).833 G +(nd sets)-2.5 E F2(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F1 +(to the option character found.)2.25 E F3(getopts)144 194.4 Q F1 .902 (returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) 3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F -(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 528 Q F2(hash)108 544.8 -Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255lr)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(\214lename)2.5 E -F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255dt)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1(])A .636 -(Each time)144 556.8 R F2(hash)3.136 E F1 .636(is in)3.136 F -.2(vo)-.4 -G -.1(ke).2 G .636(d, it remembers the full pathname of the command).1 F -F0(name)3.496 E F1 .636(as determined)3.316 F 1.427 -(by searching the directories in)144 568.8 R F2($P)3.927 E -.95(AT)-.74 +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 206.4 Q F3(hash)108 +223.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F3(\255lr)A F1 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F0(\214lename) +2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F3(\255dt)-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1(])A +.636(Each time)144 235.2 R F3(hash)3.136 E F1 .636(is in)3.136 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .636(d, it remembers the full pathname of the command) +.1 F F0(name)3.496 E F1 .636(as determined)3.316 F 1.427 +(by searching the directories in)144 247.2 R F3($P)3.927 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 6.427(.A)C 1.727 -.15(ny p)-6.427 H(re).15 E 1.427 -(viously-remembered pathname associated with)-.25 F F0(name)144 580.8 Q -F1 .943(is discarded.)3.443 F .943(If the)5.943 F F23.443 E F1 -.942(option is supplied,)3.443 F F2(hash)3.442 E F1(uses)3.442 E F0 +(viously-remembered pathname associated with)-.25 F F0(name)144 259.2 Q +F1 .943(is discarded.)3.443 F .943(If the)5.943 F F33.443 E F1 +.942(option is supplied,)3.443 F F3(hash)3.442 E F1(uses)3.442 E F0 (\214lename)5.352 E F1 .942(as the full pathname of the)3.622 F -(command.)144 592.8 Q(The)144 609.6 Q F23.312 E F1 .812 +(command.)144 271.2 Q(The)144 288 Q F33.312 E F1 .812 (option causes the shell to for)3.312 F .813 -(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F .813(Assigning to the)5.813 F F2 +(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F .813(Assigning to the)5.813 F F3 -.74(PA)3.313 G(TH)-.21 E F1 -.25(va)3.313 G(ri-).25 E .278 -(able also clears all hashed \214lenames.)144 621.6 R(The)5.278 E F2 -2.778 E F1 .277(option causes the shell to for)2.778 F .277 -(get the remembered lo-)-.18 F(cation of each)144 633.6 Q F0(name)2.5 E -F1(.)A .107(If the)144 650.4 R F22.607 E F1 .107 -(option is supplied,)2.607 F F2(hash)2.607 E F1 .108 +(able also clears all hashed \214lenames.)144 300 R(The)5.278 E F3 +2.778 E F1 .277(option causes the shell to for)2.778 F .277 +(get the remembered lo-)-.18 F(cation of each)144 312 Q F0(name)2.5 E F1 +(.)A .107(If the)144 328.8 R F32.607 E F1 .107 +(option is supplied,)2.607 F F3(hash)2.607 E F1 .108 (prints the full pathname corresponding to each)2.607 F F0(name)2.608 E -F1 5.108(.I)C 2.608(fm)-5.108 G(ultiple)-2.608 E F0(name)144 662.4 Q F1 -(ar)3.154 E .654(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F23.154 E F1(,)A -F2(hash)3.154 E F1 .654(prints the)3.154 F F0(name)3.153 E F1 .653 +F1 5.108(.I)C 2.608(fm)-5.108 G(ultiple)-2.608 E F0(name)144 340.8 Q F1 +(ar)3.154 E .654(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F33.154 E F1(,)A +F3(hash)3.154 E F1 .654(prints the)3.154 F F0(name)3.153 E F1 .653 (before the corresponding hashed full)3.153 F 2.5(pathname. The)144 -674.4 R F22.5 E F1 +352.8 R F32.5 E F1 (option displays output in a format that may be reused as input.)2.5 E -1.19(If no ar)144 691.2 R 1.19(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -1.191(n, or if only).15 F F23.691 E F1 1.191(is supplied,)3.691 F -F2(hash)3.691 E F1 1.191(prints information about remembered)3.691 F -2.723(commands. The)144 703.2 R F22.723 E F1(,)A F22.723 E -F1 2.723(,a)C(nd)-2.723 E F22.723 E F1 .222 +1.19(If no ar)144 369.6 R 1.19(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.191(n, or if only).15 F F33.691 E F1 1.191(is supplied,)3.691 F +F3(hash)3.691 E F1 1.191(prints information about remembered)3.691 F +2.723(commands. The)144 381.6 R F32.723 E F1(,)A F32.723 E +F1 2.723(,a)C(nd)-2.723 E F32.723 E F1 .222 (options \(the options that act on the)2.723 F F0(name)2.722 E F1(ar) -2.722 E .222(guments\) are mutually)-.18 F -.15(ex)144 715.2 S(clusi).15 +2.722 E .222(guments\) are mutually)-.18 F -.15(ex)144 393.6 S(clusi).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.737(.O).15 G .737(nly one will be acti)-5.737 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 5.737(.I).15 G 3.238(fm)-5.737 G .738 -(ore than one is supplied,)-3.238 F F23.238 E F1 .738 -(has higher priority than)3.238 F F23.238 E F1(,)A(and both ha)144 -727.2 Q .3 -.15(ve h)-.2 H(igher priority than).15 E F22.5 E F1(.) -A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(75)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 76 76 +(ore than one is supplied,)-3.238 F F33.238 E F1 .738 +(has higher priority than)3.238 F F33.238 E F1(,)A(and both ha)144 +405.6 Q .3 -.15(ve h)-.2 H(igher priority than).15 E F32.5 E F1(.) +A(The return status is zero unless a)144 422.4 Q F0(name)2.86 E F1 +(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.).25 +E F3(help)108 439.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F3(\255dms)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(pattern) +-2.5 E F1(])A .867(Display helpful information about b)144 451.2 R .867 +(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F0(pattern)4.617 E F1 .866 +(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F3(help)3.366 E F1(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .611(help on all commands matching)144 +463.2 R F0(pattern)4.362 E F1 .612(as described belo)3.352 F .612 +(w; otherwise it displays a list of all the)-.25 F -.2(bu)144 475.2 S +(iltins and shell compound commands.).2 E(Options, if supplied, ha)144 +492 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E 2.5(wm)-.25 G(eanings:)-2.5 E F3 +144 508.8 Q F1(Display a short description of each)180 508.8 Q F0 +(pattern)2.5 E F3144 520.8 Q F1(Display the description of each) +180 520.8 Q F0(pattern)2.5 E F1(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G +(ormat)-2.5 E F3144 532.8 Q F1 +(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 532.8 Q F0(pattern)2.5 +E F1(If)144 549.6 Q F0(pattern)3.017 E F1 .516 +(contains pattern matching characters \(see)3.017 F F2 -.09(Pa)3.016 G +(tter).09 E 2.766(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.766 E F1(abo)2.766 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 3.016(\)i).15 G(t')-3.016 E 3.016(st)-.55 G .516 +(reated as a shell)-3.016 F(pattern and)144 561.6 Q F3(help)2.5 E F1 +(prints the description of each help topic matching)2.5 E F0(pattern)2.5 +E F1(.)A .248(If not, and)144 578.4 R F0(pattern)2.748 E F1 -.15(ex) +2.748 G .249(actly matches the name of a help topic,).15 F F3(help)2.749 +E F1 .249(prints the description associated)2.749 F .055 +(with that topic.)144 590.4 R(Otherwise,)5.055 E F3(help)2.555 E F1 .054 +(performs pre\214x matching and prints the descriptions of all match-) +2.554 F(ing help topics.)144 602.4 Q +(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 619.2 Q F0 +(pattern)3.75 E F1(.).24 E F3(history [)108 636 Q F0(n)A F3(])A +(history \255c)108 648 Q(history \255d)108 660 Q F0(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E +F3(history \255d)108 672 Q F0(start)2.5 E F1(-)A F0(end)A F3 +(history \255anrw)108 684 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(\214lename)A F1(])A F3 +(history \255p)108 696 Q F0(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 +E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24) +139.29 E(76)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 77 77 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(The return status is zero unless a)144 84 Q F0 -(name)2.86 E F1(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid option is supplied.).25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(help)108 100.8 Q F1 -([)2.5 E F2(\255dms)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(pattern)-2.5 E F1(])A .867 -(Display helpful information about b)144 112.8 R .867(uiltin commands.) --.2 F(If)5.867 E F0(pattern)4.617 E F1 .866(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F2 -(help)3.366 E F1(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 -E 1.093(help on all commands matching)144 124.8 R F0(pattern)4.843 E F1 -3.593(;o).24 G 1.093(therwise it displays a list of all the b)-3.593 F -1.094(uiltins and shell)-.2 F(compound commands.)144 136.8 Q F2144 -148.8 Q F1(Display a short description of each)180 148.8 Q F0(pattern) -2.5 E F2144 160.8 Q F1(Display the description of each)180 160.8 Q -F0(pattern)2.5 E F1(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat)-2.5 E F2 -144 172.8 Q F1(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 -172.8 Q F0(pattern)2.5 E F1 -(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 189.6 Q F0 -(pattern)3.75 E F1(.).24 E F2(history [)108 206.4 Q F0(n)A F2(])A -(history \255c)108 218.4 Q(history \255d)108 230.4 Q F0(of)2.5 E(fset) --.18 E F2(history \255d)108 242.4 Q F0(start)2.5 E F1(-)A F0(end)A F2 -(history \255anrw)108 254.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(\214lename)A F1(])A F2 -(history \255p)108 266.4 Q F0(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g) --.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2(history \255s)108 278.4 Q F0(ar) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(history \255s)108 84 Q F0(ar) 2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E --.4(Wi)144 290.4 S .832 -(th no options, display the command history list with numbers.).4 F .831 -(Entries pre\214x)5.831 F .831(ed with a)-.15 F F2(*)3.331 E F1(ha)3.331 -E -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.081(been modi\214ed.)144 302.4 R 1.082(An ar)6.081 F +-.4(Wi)144 96 S .831 +(th no options, display the command history list with numbers.).4 F .832 +(Entries pre\214x)5.831 F .832(ed with a)-.15 F F2(*)3.332 E F1(ha)3.332 +E -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.082(been modi\214ed.)144 108 R 1.082(An ar)6.082 F 1.082(gument of)-.18 F F0(n)3.942 E F1 1.082(lists only the last)3.822 F F0(n)3.942 E F1 3.582(entries. If)3.822 F 1.082(the shell v)3.582 F -(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIME-)3.582 E(FORMA)144 314.4 Q +(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIME-)3.581 E(FORMA)144 120 Q (T)-.855 E F1 .464 -(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.715 F F0 -(strftime)3.304 E F1 .464(\(3\) to display the time stamp).18 F 1.715 -(associated with each displayed history entry)144 326.4 R 6.715(.I)-.65 -G(f)-6.715 E F2(history)4.216 E F1(uses)4.216 E F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)4.216 E -(T)-.855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 1.716(it does not)3.966 F -(print an interv)144 338.4 Q +(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.714 F F0 +(strftime)3.304 E F1 .465(\(3\) to display the time stamp).18 F 1.716 +(associated with each displayed history entry)144 132 R 6.716(.I)-.65 G +(f)-6.716 E F2(history)4.215 E F1(uses)4.215 E F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)4.215 E +(T)-.855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 1.715(it does not)3.965 F +(print an interv)144 144 Q (ening space between the formatted time stamp and the history entry)-.15 -E(.)-.65 E(If)144 355.2 Q F0(\214lename)3.37 E F1 .87(is supplied,)3.37 -F F2(history)3.37 E F1 .869 -(uses it as the name of the history \214le; if not, it uses the v)3.37 F -.869(alue of)-.25 F F3(HISTFILE)144 367.2 Q F4(.)A F1(If)4.938 E F0 -(\214lename)2.938 E F1 .438(is not supplied and)2.938 F F3(HISTFILE) +E(.)-.65 E(If)144 160.8 Q F0(\214lename)3.369 E F1 .869(is supplied,) +3.369 F F2(history)3.369 E F1 .87 +(uses it as the name of the history \214le; if not, it uses the v)3.369 +F .87(alue of)-.25 F F3(HISTFILE)144 172.8 Q F4(.)A F1(If)4.939 E F0 +(\214lename)2.939 E F1 .438(is not supplied and)2.939 F F3(HISTFILE) 2.938 E F1 .438(is unset or null, the)2.688 F F2 .438 -(\255a, \255n, \255r)2.938 F(,)-.92 E F1(and)2.939 E F22.939 E F1 -(op-)2.939 E(tions ha)144 379.2 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25 -(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)144 396 Q .3 -.15(ve t) --.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 408 Q F1 .018 -(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 408 R .017 +(\255a, \255n, \255r)2.938 F(,)-.92 E F1(and)2.938 E F22.938 E F1 +(op-)2.938 E(tions ha)144 184.8 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25 +(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)144 201.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t) +-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 213.6 Q F1 .017 +(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 213.6 R .018 (This can be used with the other options to)5.018 F -(replace the history list.)180 420 Q F2144 432 Q F0(of)2.5 E(fset) --.18 E F1 .389(Delete the history entry at position)180 444 R F0(of) -2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F1 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F0(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E -F1 .389(is ne)2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.89(,i).15 -G 2.89(ti)-2.89 G 2.89(si)-2.89 G .39(nterpreted as relati)-2.89 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .599(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 -456 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .598 -(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 468 Q 2.5(,a) +(replace the history list.)180 225.6 Q F2144 237.6 Q F0(of)2.5 E +(fset)-.18 E F1 .39(Delete the history entry at position)180 249.6 R F0 +(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F1 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F0(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 +E F1 .389(is ne)2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i) +.15 G 2.889(ti)-2.889 G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati) +-2.889 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598 +(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 261.6 R -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599 +(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 273.6 Q 2.5(,a) -.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G (efers to the current)-2.5 E F2(history \255d)2.5 E F1(command.)2.5 E F2 -144 480 Q F0(start)2.5 E F1A F0(end)A F1 1.25 -(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 492 R F0 +144 285.6 Q F0(start)2.5 E F1A F0(end)A F1 1.25 +(Delete the range of history entries between positions)180 297.6 R F0 (start)3.75 E F1(and)3.75 E F0(end)3.75 E F1 3.75(,i)C(nclusi)-3.75 E --.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180 504 -Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F0(start) -2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0(end)2.5 E F1(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 -E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F2144 516 Q F1 .776(Append the \231ne)180 -516 R .776(w\232 history lines to the history \214le.)-.25 F .775 -(These are history lines entered since)5.776 F(the be)180 528 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 6.25(.P).15 G(ositi)-6.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(and ne)180 +309.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E F0 +(start)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E F0(end)2.5 E F1 +(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F2 +144 321.6 Q F1 .775(Append the \231ne)180 321.6 R .776 +(w\232 history lines to the history \214le.)-.25 F .776 +(These are history lines entered since)5.776 F(the be)180 333.6 Q (ginning of the current)-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1(session, b)2.5 E -(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F2144 540 Q -F1 .732(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\ - and add them to the current)180 540 R .143(history list.)180 552 R .143 -(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)5.143 F -.142(ginning of the current)-.15 F F2(bash)180 564 Q F1(session.)2.5 E -F2144 576 Q F1(Read the history \214le and append its contents to\ - the current history list.)180 576 Q F2144 588 Q F1 -(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 588 Q -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le.).15 E F2144 600 Q F1 .625 -(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 600 R(wing)-.25 E F0(ar) -3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .626(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F -.469(output, without storing the results in the history list.)180 612 R -(Each)5.469 E F0(ar)2.969 E(g)-.37 E F1 .468(must be quoted to disable) -2.968 F(normal history e)180 624 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2144 636 Q F1 -.362(Store the)180 636 R F0(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .363 -(in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363 -(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 648 Q -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore adding the)-2.5 E F0(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F1(.) -.27 E 1.153(If the)144 664.8 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.653 E(T)-.855 E F1 --.25(va)3.402 G 1.152(riable is set,).25 F F2(history)3.652 E F1 1.152 -(writes the time stamp information associated)3.652 F .188 -(with each history entry to the history \214le, mark)144 676.8 R .189 -(ed with the history comment character as described)-.1 F(abo)144 688.8 -Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.265(.W).15 G .264 -(hen the history \214le is read, lines be)-5.265 F .264 +(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F2144 345.6 +Q F1 .733(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214\ +le and add them to the current)180 345.6 R .142(history list.)180 357.6 +R .143(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)5.142 +F .143(ginning of the current)-.15 F F2(bash)180 369.6 Q F1(session.)2.5 +E F2144 381.6 Q F1(Read the history \214le and append its content\ +s to the current history list.)180 381.6 Q F2144 393.6 Q F1 +(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 393.6 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le.).15 E F2144 405.6 Q F1 +.626(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 405.6 R(wing)-.25 E +F0(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .625(and display the result on the standard) +3.125 F .468(output, without storing the results in the history list.) +180 417.6 R(Each)5.469 E F0(ar)2.969 E(g)-.37 E F1 .469 +(must be quoted to disable)2.969 F(normal history e)180 429.6 Q +(xpansion.)-.15 E F2144 441.6 Q F1 .363(Store the)180 441.6 R F0 +(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .363(in the history list as a single entry) +3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362(he last command in the history list is) +-5.363 F(remo)180 453.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore adding the) +-2.5 E F0(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F1(.).27 E 1.152(If the)144 470.4 R F3 +(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.652 E(T)-.855 E F1 -.25(va)3.402 G 1.152 +(riable is set,).25 F F2(history)3.652 E F1 1.152 +(writes the time stamp information associated)3.652 F .189 +(with each history entry to the history \214le, mark)144 482.4 R .188 +(ed with the history comment character as described)-.1 F(abo)144 494.4 +Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.264(.W).15 G .264 +(hen the history \214le is read, lines be)-5.264 F .265 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F(wed)-.25 E (immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 -700.8 Q(wing history entry)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .051(The return v)144 717.6 R +506.4 Q(wing history entry)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .052(The return v)144 523.2 R .051(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .051 (lid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writ-).25 F -1.586(ing the history \214le, an in)144 729.6 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E -F0(of)4.086 E(fset)-.18 E F1 1.586(or range is supplied as an ar)4.086 F -1.586(gument to)-.18 F F24.086 E F1 4.086(,o)C 4.086(rt)-4.086 G -1.586(he history)-4.086 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 -E(76)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 77 77 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E -.15(ex)144 84 S(pansion supplied as an ar).15 E -(gument to)-.18 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.5 E F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.) -.1 E F2(jobs)108 100.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255lnprs)A F1 2.5(][)C F0 -(jobspec)A F1 -3.332 1.666(... ])2.5 H F2(jobs \255x)108 112.8 Q F0 -(command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F1 -3.332 1.666(... ]) -2.5 H(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 124.8 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H -2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 136.8 Q F1 -(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 136.8 Q F2 -144 148.8 Q F1 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) -180 148.8 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 -F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 160.8 Q F2 -144 172.8 Q F1(List only the process ID of the job')180 172.8 Q 2.5(sp) --.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2144 184.8 Q F1 -(Display only running jobs.)180 184.8 Q F2144 196.8 Q F1 -(Display only stopped jobs.)180 196.8 Q(If)144 213.6 Q F0(jobspec)5.19 E +.706(ing the history \214le, an in)144 535.2 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E +F0(of)3.207 E(fset)-.18 E F1 .707(or range is supplied as an ar)3.207 F +.707(gument to)-.18 F F23.207 E F1 3.207(,o)C 3.207(rt)-3.207 G +.707(he history e)-3.207 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion supplied as an ar)144 547.2 +Q(gument to)-.18 E F22.5 E F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F2(jobs)108 +564 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255lnprs)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(jobspec)A F1 -3.332 1.666 +(... ])2.5 H F2(jobs \255x)108 576 Q F0(command)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar) +2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F1 -3.332 1.666(... ])2.5 H +(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 588 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5 +(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 600 Q F1 +(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 600 Q F2 +144 612 Q F1 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha)180 +612 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 F +.193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 624 Q F2144 +636 Q F1(List only the process ID of the job')180 636 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G +(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2144 648 Q F1 +(Display only running jobs.)180 648 Q F2144 660 Q F1 +(Display only stopped jobs.)180 660 Q(If)144 676.8 Q F0(jobspec)5.19 E F1 .95(is supplied,)3.76 F F2(jobs)3.45 E F1 .95 (restricts output to information about that job)3.45 F 5.95(.T)-.4 G .95 -(he return status is 0)-5.95 F(unless an in)144 225.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +(he return status is 0)-5.95 F(unless an in)144 688.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G (lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F0 -(jobspec)4.24 E F1(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 242.4 R F2 -2.894 E F1 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F2(jobs)2.894 E F1 .394 +(jobspec)4.24 E F1(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 705.6 R F2 +2.895 E F1 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F2(jobs)2.894 E F1 .394 (replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F0(jobspec)4.634 E F1 .394(found in)3.204 -F F0(command)3.094 E F1(or)3.664 E F0(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .395 -(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 254.4 Q +F F0(command)3.094 E F1(or)3.664 E F0(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F1 .394 +(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 717.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F0(command)2.7 E F1 2.5(,p).77 G(assing it) -2.5 E F0(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F1 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E -(xit status.)-.15 E F2(kill)108 271.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(sigspec) -2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F22.5 E F0(signum)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F22.5 E F0 -(sigspec)A F1(])A F0(id)2.5 E F1 2.5([.)2.5 G -3.332 1.666(.. ])-.834 H -F2(kill \255l)108 283.2 Q F1(|)A F2A F1([)2.5 E F0(sigspec)A F1(|) -2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F1(])A .662 -(Send the signal speci\214ed by)144 295.2 R F0(sigspec)3.501 E F1(or) -3.471 E F0(signum)3.501 E F1 .661(to the processes named by each)3.481 F -F0(id)3.171 E F1 5.661(.E).77 G(ach)-5.661 E F0(id)3.171 E F1(may)3.931 -E .294(be a job speci\214cation)144 307.2 R F0(jobspec)2.794 E F1 .294 -(or a process ID)2.794 F F0(pid)2.794 E F1(.)A F0(sigspec)5.634 E F1 -.295(is either a case-insensiti)3.105 F .595 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .295 -(ignal name).15 F .465(such as)144 319.2 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL) -2.965 E F1 .465(\(with or without the)2.715 F F3(SIG)2.965 E F1 .464 -(pre\214x\) or a signal number;)2.715 F F0(signum)3.304 E F1 .464 -(is a signal number)3.284 F(.)-.55 E(If)144 331.2 Q F0(sigspec)2.84 E F1 +(xit status.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(77) +188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 78 78 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(kill)108 84 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 +A F0(sigspec)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F22.5 E F0(signum)2.5 E F1(|) +2.5 E F22.5 E F0(sigspec)A F1(])A F0(id)2.5 E F1 2.5([.)2.5 G -3.332 +1.666(.. ])-.834 H F2(kill \255l)108 96 Q F1(|)A F2A F1([)2.5 E F0 +(sigspec)A F1(|)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F1(])A .661 +(Send the signal speci\214ed by)144 108 R F0(sigspec)3.501 E F1(or)3.471 +E F0(signum)3.501 E F1 .661(to the processes named by each)3.481 F F0 +(id)3.171 E F1 5.662(.E).77 G(ach)-5.662 E F0(id)3.172 E F1(may)3.932 E +.295(be a job speci\214cation)144 120 R F0(jobspec)2.795 E F1 .294 +(or a process ID)2.795 F F0(pid)2.794 E F1(.)A F0(sigspec)5.634 E F1 +.294(is either a case-insensiti)3.104 F .594 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .294 +(ignal name).15 F .464(such as)144 132 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL) +2.964 E F1 .464(\(with or without the)2.714 F F3(SIG)2.964 E F1 .465 +(pre\214x\) or a signal number;)2.714 F F0(signum)3.305 E F1 .465 +(is a signal number)3.285 F(.)-.55 E(If)144 144 Q F0(sigspec)2.84 E F1 (is not supplied, then)2.81 E F2(kill)2.5 E F1(sends)2.5 E F3(SIGTERM) -2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(The)144 348 Q F22.873 E F1 .374 -(option lists the signal names.)2.873 F .374(If an)5.374 F 2.874(ya)-.15 -G -.18(rg)-2.874 G .374(uments are supplied when).18 F F22.874 E -F1 .374(is gi)2.874 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F2(kill)2.874 E F1 .374 -(lists the)2.874 F .12(names of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 -360 R .119(guments, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.119 E F0 --.2(ex)2.619 G(it_status).2 E F1(ar)2.619 E(-)-.2 E .799(gument to)144 -372 R F23.299 E F1 .799 -(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.299 F .8 -(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .381 -(nated by a signal; if it is supplied,)144 384 R F2(kill)2.881 E F1 .381 -(prints the name of the signal that caused the process to ter)2.881 F(-) --.2 E(minate.)144 396 Q F2(kill)6.09 E F1 1.09(assumes that process e) -3.59 F 1.091(xit statuses are greater than 128; an)-.15 F 1.091 -(ything less than that is a)-.15 F(signal number)144 408 Q 5(.T)-.55 G +2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(The)144 160.8 Q F22.874 E F1 +.374(option lists the signal names.)2.874 F .374(If an)5.374 F 2.874(ya) +-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.874 G .374(uments are supplied when).18 F F2 +2.874 E F1 .374(is gi)2.874 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F2(kill)2.874 E F1 +.373(lists the)2.873 F .119 +(names of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 172.8 R .119 +(guments, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.12 E F0 -.2(ex)2.62 G +(it_status).2 E F1(ar)2.62 E(-)-.2 E .8(gument to)144 184.8 R F2 +3.3 E F1 .8(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)3.3 F +.799(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .381 +(nated by a signal; if it is supplied,)144 196.8 R F2(kill)2.881 E F1 +.381(prints the name of the signal that caused the process to ter)2.881 +F(-)-.2 E(minate.)144 208.8 Q F2(kill)6.091 E F1 1.091 +(assumes that process e)3.591 F 1.091 +(xit statuses are greater than 128; an)-.15 F 1.09 +(ything less than that is a)-.15 F(signal number)144 220.8 Q 5(.T)-.55 G (he)-5 E F22.5 E F1(option is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to) -.25 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(kill)144 424.8 Q F1 .277 -(returns true if at least one signal w)2.777 F .277 +.25 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(kill)144 237.6 Q F1 .277 +(returns true if at least one signal w)2.776 F .277 (as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .277(alse if an error occurs or an in) --.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is encountered.)144 436.8 Q F2(let) -108 453.6 Q F0(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666 -(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Each)144 465.6 Q F0(ar)3.992 E(g)-.37 E F1 1.162 +-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is encountered.)144 249.6 Q F2(let) +108 266.4 Q F0(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar)A(g)-.37 E F1 1.666 +(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Each)144 278.4 Q F0(ar)3.993 E(g)-.37 E F1 1.162 (is e)3.882 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.162(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F 1.162 (xpression \(see)-.15 F F3 1.162(ARITHMETIC EV)3.662 F(ALU)-1.215 E --.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F1(abo)3.412 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.663(\). If) -.15 F(the last)144 477.6 Q F0(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)2.72 G +-.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F1(abo)3.412 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.662(\). If) +.15 F(the last)144 290.4 Q F0(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F1 -.25(eva)2.72 G (luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F1(returns 1; otherwise)2.5 E F2(let) -2.5 E F1(returns 0.)2.5 E F2(local)108 494.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(option)A F1 +2.5 E F1(returns 0.)2.5 E F2(local)108 307.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(option)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(value)A F1 2.5(].)C -3.332 1.666 -(.. | \255 ])-.834 H -.15(Fo)144 506.4 S 2.614(re).15 G .114(ach ar) --2.614 F .114(gument, create a local v)-.18 F .114(ariable named)-.25 F -F0(name)2.974 E F1 .113(and assign it)2.794 F F0(value)2.903 E F1 5.113 -(.T).18 G(he)-5.113 E F0(option)2.613 E F1 .113(can be an)2.613 F(y)-.15 -E .909(of the options accepted by)144 518.4 R F2(declar)3.409 E(e)-.18 E -F1 5.909(.W)C(hen)-5.909 E F2(local)3.409 E F1 .91 +(.. | \255 ])-.834 H -.15(Fo)144 319.2 S 2.613(re).15 G .113(ach ar) +-2.613 F .113(gument, create a local v)-.18 F .113(ariable named)-.25 F +F0(name)2.973 E F1 .114(and assign it)2.794 F F0(value)2.904 E F1 5.114 +(.T).18 G(he)-5.114 E F0(option)2.614 E F1 .114(can be an)2.614 F(y)-.15 +E .91(of the options accepted by)144 331.2 R F2(declar)3.41 E(e)-.18 E +F1 5.91(.W)C(hen)-5.91 E F2(local)3.409 E F1 .909 (is used within a function, it causes the v)3.409 F(ariable)-.25 E F0 -(name)144.36 530.4 Q F1 .441(to ha)3.121 F .741 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .441 -(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F .44 -(It is an error to use)5.44 F F2(local)2.94 E F1 -(when not within a function.)144 542.4 Q(If)144 559.2 Q F0(name)3.08 E -F1 .58(is \255, it mak)3.08 F .581 +(name)144.36 343.2 Q F1 .44(to ha)3.12 F .74 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .44 +(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F .441 +(It is an error to use)5.441 F F2(local)2.941 E F1 +(when not within a function.)144 355.2 Q(If)144 372 Q F0(name)3.081 E F1 +.581(is \255, it mak)3.081 F .58 (es the set of shell options local to the function in which)-.1 F F2 -(local)3.081 E F1 .581(is in)3.081 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .581 -(d: an).1 F(y)-.15 E .352(shell options changed using the)144 571.2 R F2 -(set)2.851 E F1 -.2(bu)2.851 G .351 -(iltin inside the function after the call to).2 F F2(local)2.851 E F1 -.351(are restored to)2.851 F .324(their original v)144 583.2 R .324 -(alues when the function returns.)-.25 F .324 -(The restore is performed as if a series of)5.324 F F2(set)2.825 E F1 -(com-)2.825 E(mands were e)144 595.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(local)3.08 E F1 .58(is in)3.08 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .58(d: an).1 +F(y)-.15 E .351(shell options changed using the)144 384 R F2(set)2.851 E +F1 -.2(bu)2.851 G .351(iltin inside the function after the call to).2 F +F2(local)2.851 E F1 .352(are restored to)2.852 F .325(their original v) +144 396 R .324(alues when the function returns.)-.25 F .324 +(The restore is performed as if a series of)5.324 F F2(set)2.824 E F1 +(com-)2.824 E(mands were e)144 408 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted to restore the v).15 E -(alues that were in place before the function.)-.25 E -.4(Wi)144 612 S +(alues that were in place before the function.)-.25 E -.4(Wi)144 424.8 S (th no operands,).4 E F2(local)2.5 E F1(writes a list of local v)2.5 E (ariables to the standard output.)-.25 E .341 -(The return status is 0 unless)144 628.8 R F2(local)2.841 E F1 .341 +(The return status is 0 unless)144 441.6 R F2(local)2.841 E F1 .341 (is used outside a function, an in)2.841 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F0 -(name)3.201 E F1 .341(is supplied, or)3.021 F F0(name)2.841 E F1 -(is a readonly v)144 640.8 Q(ariable.)-.25 E F2(logout [)108 657.6 Q F0 -(n)A F2(])A F1(Exit a login shell, returning a status of)144 669.6 Q F0 +(name)3.201 E F1 .341(is supplied, or)3.021 F F0(name)2.842 E F1 +(is a readonly v)144 453.6 Q(ariable.)-.25 E F2(logout [)108 470.4 Q F0 +(n)A F2(])A F1(Exit a login shell, returning a status of)144 482.4 Q F0 (n)2.5 E F1(to the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent.)-2.5 E F2 -(map\214le)108 686.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(delim)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C +(map\214le)108 499.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(delim)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(count)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(origin)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(count)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(fd)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 (callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(quantum)2.5 E F1 -2.5(][)C F0(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1(])A F2 -.18(re)108 698.4 S(adarray) +2.5(][)C F0(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1(])A F2 -.18(re)108 511.2 S(adarray) .18 E F1([)2.5 E F2A F0(delim)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 (count)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(origin)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 -2.5 E F0(count)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 -2.5 E F0(fd)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(callbac)2.5 E(k) -.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(quantum)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(arr) --2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1(])A .328 -(Read lines from the standard input, or from \214le descriptor)144 710.4 -R F0(fd)4.798 E F1 .328(if the)3.598 F F22.829 E F1 .329 -(option is supplied, into the)2.829 F(inde)144 722.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.49(da).15 G .99(rray v)-3.49 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(arr)3.82 E(ay)-.15 E -F1 5.99(.T).32 G .989(he v)-5.99 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.489 E F1 -.989(is the def)3.239 F(ault)-.1 E F0(arr)3.489 E(ay)-.15 E F1 5.989(.O) -C .989(ptions, if supplied,)-5.989 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(77)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 78 78 +-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F1(])A .329 +(Read lines from the standard input, or from \214le descriptor)144 523.2 +R F0(fd)4.798 E F1 .328(if the)3.598 F F22.828 E F1 .328 +(option is supplied, into the)2.828 F(inde)144 535.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.489(da).15 G .989(rray v)-3.489 F(ariable)-.25 E F0(arr)3.819 E(ay) +-.15 E F1 5.989(.T).32 G .989(he v)-5.989 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE) +3.489 E F1 .989(is the def)3.239 F(ault)-.1 E F0(arr)3.49 E(ay)-.15 E F1 +5.99(.O)C .99(ptions, if supplied,)-5.99 F(ha)144 547.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t) +-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 559.2 Q F1 .282 +(Use the \214rst character of)180 559.2 R F0(delim)2.782 E F1 .281 +(to terminate each input line, rather than ne)2.781 F 2.781(wline. If) +-.25 F F0(delim)2.781 E F1(is the empty string,)180 571.2 Q F2 +(map\214le)2.5 E F1(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character) +2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2144 583.2 Q F1(Cop)180 583.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 +(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F0(count)2.7 E F1 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F0(count) +2.5 E F1(is 0, cop)2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G(ll lines.)-2.5 E F2144 595.2 +Q F1(Be)180 595.2 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F0(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F1 +(at inde)2.82 E(x)-.15 E F0(origin)2.73 E F1 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E +(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F2144 607.2 +Q F1(Discard the \214rst)180 607.2 Q F0(count)2.5 E F1(lines read.)2.5 E +F2144 619.2 Q F1(Remo)180 619.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing) +.15 E F0(delim)2.5 E F1(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E +(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F2144 631.2 Q F1 +(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 631.2 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F2144 643.2 Q F1(Ev)180 +643.2 Q(aluate)-.25 E F0(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F1(each time)3.17 E F0 +(quantum)2.5 E F1(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F22.5 E F1 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F0(quantum)2.75 E F1(.).32 E F2144 655.2 +Q F1(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 655.2 Q +F0(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F1(.).67 E(If)144 672 Q F22.967 E F1 .467 +(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F22.967 E F1 2.967(,t)C .467 +(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F0 +(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F1 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 684 R 2.762(xo)-.15 G +2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be assig\ +ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274 +(as additional ar)144 696 R(guments.)-.18 E F0(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E +F1 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 +(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275 +(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 708 Q(GNU Bash 5.3) +72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(78)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 79 79 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(ha)144 84 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 96 Q F1 .281 -(Use the \214rst character of)180 96 R F0(delim)2.781 E F1 .281 -(to terminate each input line, rather than ne)2.781 F 2.782(wline. 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starting at the \214rst)5.851 F .848 -(directory listed by)144 331.2 R F2(dirs)3.348 E F1 3.348(,s)C(o)-3.348 +(directory listed by)144 153.6 R F2(dirs)3.348 E F1 3.348(,s)C(o)-3.348 E F2(popd)3.348 E F1 .848(is equi)3.348 F -.25(va)-.25 G .848 (lent to \231popd +0.).25 F 5.848<9a57>-.7 G .848(ith no ar)-6.248 F (guments,)-.18 E F2(popd)3.348 E F1(remo)3.348 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E -1.143(the top directory from the stack, and changes to the ne)144 343.2 -R 3.642(wt)-.25 G 1.142(op directory)-3.642 F 6.142(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg) --6.142 G 1.142(uments, if supplied,).18 F(ha)144 355.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t) --.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 367.2 Q F1 .504 -(Suppress the normal change of directory when remo)180 367.2 R .504 +1.142(the top directory from the stack, and changes to the ne)144 165.6 +R 3.643(wt)-.25 G 1.143(op directory)-3.643 F 6.143(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg) +-6.143 G 1.143(uments, if supplied,).18 F(ha)144 177.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t) +-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 189.6 Q F1 .504 +(Suppress the normal change of directory when remo)180 189.6 R .504 (ving directories from the stack, only)-.15 F(manipulate the stack.)180 -379.2 Q F2(+)144 391.2 Q F0(n)A F1(Remo)180 391.2 Q .684 -.15(ve t)-.15 -H(he).15 E F0(n)2.884 E F1 .383 +201.6 Q F2(+)144 213.6 Q F0(n)A F1(Remo)180 213.6 Q .683 -.15(ve t)-.15 +H(he).15 E F0(n)2.883 E F1 .383 (th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .383(wn by)-.25 F F2 -(dirs)2.883 E F1 2.883(,s)C .383(tarting with zero,)-2.883 F .776 -(from the stack.)180 403.2 R -.15(Fo)5.776 G 3.276(re).15 G .776 -(xample: \231popd +0\232 remo)-3.426 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.276(st).15 G -.777(he \214rst directory)-3.276 F 3.277<2c99>-.65 G .777 -(popd +1\232 the sec-)-3.277 F(ond.)180 415.2 Q F2144 427.2 Q F0(n)A -F1(Remo)180 427.2 Q .336 -.15(ve t)-.15 H(he).15 E F0(n)2.536 E F1 .036 -(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B .035(wn by)-.25 F F2 -(dirs)2.535 E F1 2.535(,s)C .035(tarting with zero.)-2.535 F -.15(Fo)180 -439.2 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample: \231popd \2550\232 remo)-2.65 E -.15(ve) +(dirs)2.883 E F1 2.883(,s)C .384(tarting with zero,)-2.883 F .777 +(from the stack.)180 225.6 R -.15(Fo)5.777 G 3.277(re).15 G .777 +(xample: \231popd +0\232 remo)-3.427 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.276(st).15 G +.776(he \214rst directory)-3.276 F 3.276<2c99>-.65 G .776 +(popd +1\232 the sec-)-3.276 F(ond.)180 237.6 Q F2144 249.6 Q F0(n)A +F1(Remo)180 249.6 Q .335 -.15(ve t)-.15 H(he).15 E F0(n)2.535 E F1 .036 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B .036(wn by)-.25 F F2 +(dirs)2.536 E F1 2.536(,s)C .036(tarting with zero.)-2.536 F -.15(Fo)180 +261.6 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample: \231popd \2550\232 remo)-2.65 E -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E 2.5<2c99>-.65 G -(popd \2551\232 the ne)-2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E 1.057 +(popd \2551\232 the ne)-2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E 1.058 (If the top element of the directory stack is modi\214ed, and the)144 -456 R F03.558 E F1 1.058(option w)3.558 F 1.058(as not 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.249(uses the)144 290.4 R F2 +(cd)2.749 E F1 -.2(bu)2.749 G .249 +(iltin to change to the directory at the top of the stack.).2 F .249 +(If the)5.249 F F2(cd)2.749 E F1 -.1(fa)2.749 G(ils,).1 E F2(popd)2.749 +E F1 .25(returns a)2.749 F(non-zero v)144 302.4 Q(alue.)-.25 E +(Otherwise,)144 319.2 Q F2(popd)3.572 E F1 1.072(returns f)3.572 F 1.072 +(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.072 +(lid option is supplied, the directory stack is empty).25 F 3.571(,o) +-.65 G(r)-3.571 E F0(n)3.571 E F1(speci\214es a non-e)144 331.2 Q +(xistent directory stack entry)-.15 E(.)-.65 E 1.45(If the)144 348 R F2 +(popd)3.95 E F1 1.45(command is successful,)3.95 F F2(bash)3.95 E F1 +(runs)3.951 E F2(dirs)3.951 E F1 1.451(to sho)3.951 F 3.951(wt)-.25 G +1.451(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.951 F +(stack, and the return status is 0.)144 360 Q F2(printf)108 376.8 Q F1 ([)2.5 E F2A F0(var)2.5 E F1(])A F0(format)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(ar) -A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A .357(Write the formatted)144 566.4 R F0(ar)2.857 -E(guments)-.37 E F1 .357 -(to the standard output under the control of the)2.857 F F0(format)2.858 -E F1 5.358(.T)C(he)-5.358 E F22.858 E F1(op-)2.858 E -(tion assigns the output to the v)144 578.4 Q(ariable)-.25 E F0(var)2.5 -E F1(rather than printing it to the standard output.)2.5 E(The)144 595.2 -Q F0(format)3.018 E F1 .517(is a character string which contains three \ -types of objects: plain characters, which are)3.018 F .704(simply copie\ +A(guments)-.37 E F1(])A .358(Write the formatted)144 388.8 R F0(ar)2.858 +E(guments)-.37 E F1 .358 +(to the standard output under the control of the)2.858 F F0(format)2.857 +E F1 5.357(.T)C(he)-5.357 E F22.857 E F1(op-)2.857 E +(tion assigns the output to the v)144 400.8 Q(ariable)-.25 E F0(var)2.5 +E F1(rather than printing it to the standard output.)2.5 E(The)144 417.6 +Q F0(format)3.017 E F1 .517(is a character string which contains three \ +types of objects: plain characters, which are)3.017 F .704(simply copie\ d to standard output, character escape sequences, which are con)144 -607.2 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .704(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard o\ +429.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard o\ utput, and format speci\214cations, each of which causes printing of th\ -e ne)144 619.2 R .036(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F0(ar)144 631.2 -Q(gument)-.37 E F1 7.824(.I)C 5.324(na)-7.824 G 2.824 -(ddition to the standard)-5.324 F F0(printf)6.575 E F1 2.825 -(\(3\) format characters)1.96 F F2(cCsSndiouxXeEfFgGaA)5.325 E F1(,)A F2 -(printf)144 643.2 Q F1(interprets the follo)2.5 E -(wing additional format speci\214ers:)-.25 E F2(%b)144 655.2 Q F1 -(causes)180 655.2 Q F2(printf)2.596 E F1 .096(to e)2.596 F .096 +e ne)144 441.6 R .037(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F0(ar)144 453.6 +Q(gument)-.37 E F1 7.825(.I)C 5.325(na)-7.825 G 2.825 +(ddition to the standard)-5.325 F F0(printf)6.574 E F1 2.824 +(\(3\) format characters)1.96 F F2(cCsSndiouxXeEfFgGaA)5.324 E F1(,)A F2 +(printf)144 465.6 Q F1(interprets the follo)2.5 E +(wing additional format speci\214ers:)-.25 E F2(%b)144 477.6 Q F1 +(causes)180 477.6 Q F2(printf)2.595 E F1 .096(to e)2.595 F .096 (xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F0(ar) -2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F1 .095(in the)2.595 F(same w)180 667.2 Q(ay as) --.1 E F2(echo \255e)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(%q)144 679.2 Q F1(causes)180 679.2 Q +2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F1 .096(in the)2.596 F(same w)180 489.6 Q(ay as) +-.1 E F2(echo \255e)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(%q)144 501.6 Q F1(causes)180 501.6 Q F2(printf)2.51 E F1 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F0(ar)2.51 E (gument)-.37 E F1 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F -(input.)180 691.2 Q F2(%q)5.544 E F1(and)3.044 E F2(%Q)3.044 E F1 .544 -(use the)3.044 F F2<240808>3.044 E F1 .544(quoting style if an)3.044 F -3.044(yc)-.15 G .543(haracters in the ar)-3.044 F .543 -(gument string re-)-.18 F 1.285 -(quire it, and backslash quoting otherwise.)180 703.2 R 1.286 -(If the format string uses 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F2(printf)4.403 E F1 1.904 +(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F0(datefmt) +4.404 E F1 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .334(string for)180 585.6 R F0 +(strftime)3.174 E F1 2.834(\(3\). 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If) +.1 F .746(no ar)180 621.6 R .746(gument is speci\214ed, con)-.18 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .746(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.247(sa).15 G 3.247(si) +-3.247 G 3.247<66ad>-3.247 G 3.247(1h)-3.247 G .747(ad been supplied.) +-3.247 F .747(This is an e)5.747 F(x-)-.15 E(ception to the usual)180 +633.6 Q F2(printf)2.5 E F1(beha)2.5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .946(The %b, \ +%q, and %T format speci\214ers all use the \214eld width and precision \ +ar)144 650.4 R .945(guments from the)-.18 F .338 +(format speci\214cation and write that man)144 662.4 R 2.838(yb)-.15 G +.338(ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.838 F .339 +(xpanded ar)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(gument, which usually contains more characters than the original.)144 +674.4 Q(The %n format speci\214er accepts a corresponding ar)144 691.2 Q +(gument that is treated as a shell v)-.18 E(ariable name.)-.25 E .394 +(The %s and %c format speci\214ers accept an l \(long\) modi\214er)144 +708 R 2.893(,w)-.4 G .393(hich forces them to con)-2.893 F -.15(ve)-.4 G +.393(rt the ar).15 F(-)-.2 E .32 +(gument string to a wide-character string and apply an)144 720 R 2.821 +(ys)-.15 G .321(upplied \214eld width and precision in terms)-2.821 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(79)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 80 80 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%Q)144 84 Q F1(lik)180 84 Q -(e)-.1 E F2(%q)2.5 E F1 2.5(,b)C(ut applies an)-2.7 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G -(upplied precision to the)-2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(gument)-.37 E F1 -(before quoting it.)2.5 E F2(%\()144 96 Q F0(datefmt)A F2(\)T)A F1 -(causes)180 108 Q F2(printf)4.404 E F1 1.904 -(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.404 F F0(datefmt) -4.404 E F1 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .333(string for)180 120 R F0 -(strftime)3.173 E F1 2.833(\(3\). The).18 F(corresponding)2.833 E F0(ar) -2.834 E(gument)-.37 E F1 .334(is an inte)2.834 F .334 -(ger representing the number)-.15 F .977(of seconds since the epoch.)180 -132 R .977(This format speci\214er recognizes tw)5.977 F 3.476(os)-.1 G -.976(pecial ar)-3.476 F .976(gument v)-.18 F(al-)-.25 E .602(ues: \2551\ - represents the current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w) -180 144 R .602(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.102(d. If).1 F -.747(no ar)180 156 R .747(gument is speci\214ed, con)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .747(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.247(sa).15 G 3.247(si)-3.247 G -3.247<66ad>-3.247 G 3.247(1h)-3.247 G .747(ad been supplied.)-3.247 F -.746(This is an e)5.746 F(x-)-.15 E(ception to the usual)180 168 Q F2 -(printf)2.5 E F1(beha)2.5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .946(The %b, %q, and %T\ - format speci\214ers all use the \214eld width and precision ar)144 -184.8 R .946(guments from the)-.18 F .339 -(format speci\214cation and write that man)144 196.8 R 2.838(yb)-.15 G -.338(ytes from \(or use that wide a \214eld for\) the e)-2.838 F .338 -(xpanded ar)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(gument, which usually contains more characters than the original.)144 -208.8 Q(The %n format speci\214er accepts a corresponding ar)144 225.6 Q -(gument that is treated as a shell v)-.18 E(ariable name.)-.25 E .393 -(The %s and %c format speci\214ers accept an l \(long\) modi\214er)144 -242.4 R 2.894(,w)-.4 G .394(hich forces them to con)-2.894 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .394(rt the ar).15 F(-)-.2 E .321 -(gument string to a wide-character string and apply an)144 254.4 R 2.821 -(ys)-.15 G .32(upplied \214eld width and precision in terms)-2.821 F -.308(of characters, not bytes.)144 266.4 R .308 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .309(of characters, not bytes.)144 84 R .308 (The %S and %C format speci\214ers are equi)5.308 F -.25(va)-.25 G .308 -(lent to %ls and %lc, respec-).25 F(ti)144 278.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 -E(.)-.65 E(Ar)144 295.2 Q .464(guments to non-string format speci\214er\ -s are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .463 -(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F .359(minus sign is allo)144 307.2 R -.359 +(lent to %ls and %lc, respec-).25 F(ti)144 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +(.)-.65 E(Ar)144 112.8 Q .463(guments to non-string format speci\214ers\ + are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .464(xcept that a leading plus or) +-.15 F .36(minus sign is allo)144 124.8 R .359 (wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) --.25 F .36(alue is the nu-)-.25 F(meric v)144 319.2 Q(alue of the follo) --.25 E(wing character)-.25 E 2.5(,u)-.4 G(sing the current locale.)-2.5 -E(The)144 336 Q F0(format)2.515 E F1 .015 -(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.515 F F0(ar)2.515 E -(guments)-.37 E F1 5.015(.I)C 2.514(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.514 E F0(format) -2.514 E F1 .014(requires more)2.514 F F0(ar)2.514 E(-)-.2 E(guments)144 -348 Q F1 .565(than are supplied, the e)3.065 F .566 +-.25 F .359(alue is the nu-)-.25 F(meric v)144 136.8 Q +(alue of the follo)-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E 2.5(,u)-.4 G +(sing the current locale.)-2.5 E(The)144 153.6 Q F0(format)2.514 E F1 +.015(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)2.514 F F0(ar)2.515 E +(guments)-.37 E F1 5.015(.I)C 2.515(ft)-5.015 G(he)-2.515 E F0(format) +2.515 E F1 .015(requires more)2.515 F F0(ar)2.515 E(-)-.2 E(guments)144 +165.6 Q F1 .566(than are supplied, the e)3.066 F .566 (xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .866 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.066(si) -.15 G 3.066(faz)-3.066 G .566(ero v)-3.066 F .566(alue or null string,) --.25 F .542(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 360 R .541 +.15 G 3.065(faz)-3.066 G .565(ero v)-3.065 F .565(alue or null string,) +-.25 F .541(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 177.6 R .541 (The return v)5.541 F .541(alue is zero on success, non-zero if an in) --.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .541(lid op-).25 F -(tion is supplied or a write or assignment error occurs.)144 372 Q F2 -(pushd)108 388.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F0(n)A F1 -2.5(][)C-2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A F2(pushd)108 400.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 -A F1 2.5(][)C F0(dir)-2.5 E F1(])A 1.049(Add a directory to the t\ -op of the directory stack, or rotate the stack, making the ne)144 412.8 -R 3.549(wt)-.25 G 1.049(op of the)-3.549 F .089(stack the current w)144 -424.8 R .089(orking directory)-.1 F 5.089(.W)-.65 G .089(ith no ar) --5.489 F(guments,)-.18 E F2(pushd)2.589 E F1 -.15(ex)2.588 G .088 -(changes the top tw).15 F 2.588(oe)-.1 G .088(lements of)-2.588 F -(the directory stack.)144 436.8 Q(Ar)5 E(guments, if supplied, ha)-.18 E -.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 -448.8 Q F1 .347(Suppress the normal change of directory when rotating o\ -r adding directories to the stack,)180 448.8 R -(only manipulate the stack.)180 460.8 Q F2(+)144 472.8 Q F0(n)A F1 .147 -(Rotate the stack so that the)180 472.8 R F0(n)2.647 E F1 .147 -(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B .147(wn by)-.25 -F F2(dirs)2.647 E F1(,)A(starting with zero\) is at the top.)180 484.8 Q -F2144 496.8 Q F0(n)A F1 .92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 496.8 -R F0(n)3.42 E F1 .92 +-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .542(lid op-).25 F +(tion is supplied or a write or assignment error occurs.)144 189.6 Q/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pushd)108 206.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C(+) +-2.5 E F0(n)A F1 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A F2(pushd)108 218.4 Q +F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(][)C F0(dir)-2.5 E F1(])A 1.049(Add a direc\ +tory to the top of the directory stack, or rotate the stack, making the\ + ne)144 230.4 R 3.549(wt)-.25 G 1.049(op of the)-3.549 F .088 +(stack the current w)144 242.4 R .088(orking directory)-.1 F 5.088(.W) +-.65 G .088(ith no ar)-5.488 F(guments,)-.18 E F2(pushd)2.589 E F1 -.15 +(ex)2.589 G .089(changes the top tw).15 F 2.589(oe)-.1 G .089 +(lements of)-2.589 F(the directory stack.)144 254.4 Q(Ar)5 E +(guments, if supplied, ha)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 266.4 Q F1 .347(Suppress the normal \ +change of directory when rotating or adding directories to the stack,) +180 266.4 R(only manipulate the stack.)180 278.4 Q F2(+)144 290.4 Q F0 +(n)A F1 .147(Rotate the stack so that the)180 290.4 R F0(n)2.647 E F1 +.147(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B .147(wn by) +-.25 F F2(dirs)2.648 E F1(,)A(starting with zero\) is at the top.)180 +302.4 Q F2144 314.4 Q F0(n)A F1 .92(Rotates the stack so that the) +180 314.4 R F0(n)3.42 E F1 .92 (th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 -F F2(dirs)180 508.8 Q F1 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) --2.5 E F0(dir)144.35 520.8 Q F1(Adds)180 520.8 Q F0(dir)2.85 E F1 -(to the directory stack at the top.)3.23 E .435 -(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 537.6 R F22.935 E -F1 .434(option w)2.934 F .434(as not supplied,)-.1 F F2(pushd)2.934 E F1 -.434(uses the)2.934 F F2(cd)2.934 E F1 -.2(bu)2.934 G .434(iltin to).2 F -(change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 549.6 Q(If the)5 E +F F2(dirs)180 326.4 Q F1 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) +-2.5 E F0(dir)144.35 338.4 Q F1(Adds)180 338.4 Q F0(dir)2.85 E F1 +(to the directory stack at the top.)3.23 E .434 +(After the stack has been modi\214ed, if the)144 355.2 R F22.934 E +F1 .434(option w)2.934 F .435(as not supplied,)-.1 F F2(pushd)2.935 E F1 +.435(uses the)2.935 F F2(cd)2.935 E F1 -.2(bu)2.935 G .435(iltin to).2 F +(change to the directory at the top of the stack.)144 367.2 Q(If the)5 E F2(cd)2.5 E F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils,).1 E F2(pushd)2.5 E F1 -(returns a non-zero v)2.5 E(alue.)-.25 E .907(Otherwise, if no ar)144 -566.4 R .908(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F2(pushd)3.408 E F1 .908 -(returns zero unless the directory stack is empty)3.408 F(.)-.65 E 1.478 -(When rotating the directory stack,)144 578.4 R F2(pushd)3.978 E F1 -1.477(returns zero unless the directory stack is empty or)3.977 F F0(n) -3.977 E F1(speci\214es a non-e)144 590.4 Q -(xistent directory stack element.)-.15 E 1.172(If the)144 607.2 R F2 -(pushd)3.672 E F1 1.172(command is successful,)3.672 F F2(bash)3.672 E -F1(runs)3.672 E F2(dirs)3.672 E F1 1.173(to sho)3.673 F 3.673(wt)-.25 G -1.173(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.673 F(stack.)144 619.2 Q -F2(pwd)108 636 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255LP)A F1(])A .845 -(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 648 R .845 -(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 -(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 -660 R F22.681 E F1 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F2 .181 -(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F1 .181(option to the)2.681 F F2(set) -2.681 E F1 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264(enabled. If) -144 672 R(the)3.264 E F23.264 E F1 .763 -(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 -F .763(The return)5.763 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ - reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 684 R -.25(va) --.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 696 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 -Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(79)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 80 80 +(returns a non-zero v)2.5 E(alue.)-.25 E .908(Otherwise, if no ar)144 +384 R .908(guments are supplied,)-.18 F F2(pushd)3.408 E F1 .908 +(returns zero unless the directory stack is empty)3.408 F(.)-.65 E 1.477 +(When rotating the directory stack,)144 396 R F2(pushd)3.977 E F1 1.477 +(returns zero unless the directory stack is empty or)3.977 F F0(n)3.978 +E F1(speci\214es a non-e)144 408 Q(xistent directory stack element.)-.15 +E 1.173(If the)144 424.8 R F2(pushd)3.673 E F1 1.173 +(command is successful,)3.673 F F2(bash)3.673 E F1(runs)3.673 E F2(dirs) +3.673 E F1 1.172(to sho)3.672 F 3.672(wt)-.25 G 1.172 +(he \214nal contents of the directory)-3.672 F(stack.)144 436.8 Q F2 +(pwd)108 453.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255LP)A F1(])A .844 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 465.6 R .845 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845 +(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144 +477.6 R F22.681 E F1 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F2 +.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F1 .181(option to the)2.681 F F2 +(set)2.681 E F1 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263 +(enabled. If)144 489.6 R(the)3.263 E F23.263 E F1 .763 +(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263 +F .764(The return)5.764 F .405(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 501.6 R -.25(va) +-.4 G .405(lid op-).25 F(tion is supplied.)144 513.6 Q F2 -.18(re)108 +530.4 S(ad).18 E F1([)2.5 E F2(\255Eers)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 +(aname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(delim)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 +-2.5 E F0(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(nc)2.5 E +(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s) +-.1 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 +-2.5 E F0(timeout)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(fd)2.5 E F1 +(])A([)108 542.4 Q F0(name)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .145 +(Read one line from the standard input, or from the \214le descriptor) +144 554.4 R F0(fd)2.646 E F1 .146(supplied as an ar)2.646 F .146 +(gument to the)-.18 F F2144 566.4 Q F1 .618 +(option, split it into w)3.119 F .618(ords as described abo)-.1 F .918 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.75(Wo)3.118 G .618(rd Splitting).75 F +F1 3.118(,a)C .618(nd assign the \214rst w)-3.118 F(ord)-.1 E .843 +(to the \214rst)144 578.4 R F0(name)3.703 E F1 3.343(,t).18 G .843 +(he second w)-3.343 F .844(ord to the second)-.1 F F0(name)3.704 E F1 +3.344(,a).18 G .844(nd so on.)-3.344 F .844(If there are more w)5.844 F +.844(ords than)-.1 F .052(names, the remaining w)144 590.4 R .052 +(ords and their interv)-.1 F .052 +(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F0(name)2.912 E F1 +5.052(.I).18 G 2.552(ft)-5.052 G(here)-2.552 E .54(are fe)144 602.4 R +.54(wer w)-.25 F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the r\ +emaining names are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 614.4 S 3.201 +(lues. The).25 F .701(characters in the v)3.201 F .701(alue of the)-.25 +F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.2 E F1 -.25(va)2.95 G .7 +(riable are used to split the line into w).25 F .7(ords using)-.1 F .955 +(the same rules the shell uses for e)144 626.4 R .956 +(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F 1.256 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 +-.75(Wo)3.456 G .956(rd Splitting).75 F F1 3.456(\). The)B(back-)3.456 E +1.184(slash character \()144 638.4 R F2(\\)A F1 3.684(\)r)C(emo)-3.684 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.684(sa).15 G 1.484 -.15(ny s)-3.684 H 1.184 +(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.183 +(xt character read and is used for line)-.15 F(continuation.)144 650.4 Q +(Options, if supplied, ha)144 667.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 679.2 Q F0(aname)2.5 E F1 1.025 +(The w)180 691.2 R 1.026 +(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) +-.25 E F0(aname)3.856 E F1 3.526(,s).18 G 1.026(tarting at 0.)-3.526 F +F0(aname)180.33 703.2 Q F1(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 +-.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 +(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(80)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 81 81 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)108 84 S(ad).18 E F1 -([)2.5 E F2(\255Eers)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(aname)2.5 E F1 2.5 -(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(delim)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(te)2.5 -E(xt)-.2 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 2.5(][)C F2 --2.5 E F0(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 -(timeout)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(fd)2.5 E F1(])A([)108 96 Q -F0(name)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E .146 -(Read one line from the standard input, or from the \214le descriptor) -144 108 R F0(fd)2.645 E F1 .145(supplied as an ar)2.645 F .145 -(gument to the)-.18 F F2144 120 Q F1 .618(option, split it into w) -3.118 F .618(ords as described abo)-.1 F .918 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 -E F2 -.75(Wo)3.118 G .618(rd Splitting).75 F F1 3.118(,a)C .618 -(nd assign the \214rst w)-3.118 F(ord)-.1 E .844(to the \214rst)144 132 -R F0(name)3.704 E F1 3.344(,t).18 G .844(he second w)-3.344 F .844 -(ord to the second)-.1 F F0(name)3.704 E F1 3.344(,a).18 G .844 -(nd so on.)-3.344 F .843(If there are more w)5.843 F .843(ords than)-.1 -F .052(names, the remaining w)144 144 R .052(ords and their interv)-.1 F -.052(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F0(name)2.912 E F1 -5.052(.I).18 G 2.552(ft)-5.052 G(here)-2.552 E .541(are fe)144 156 R -.541(wer w)-.25 F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the \ -remaining names are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 168 S 3.2 -(lues. The).25 F .7(characters in the v)3.2 F .7(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.2 E F1 -.25(va)2.95 G .701 -(riable are used to split the line into w).25 F .701(ords using)-.1 F -.956(the same rules the shell uses for e)144 180 R .956 -(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F 1.256 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 --.75(Wo)3.455 G .955(rd Splitting).75 F F1 3.455(\). The)B(back-)3.455 E -1.183(slash character \()144 192 R F2(\\)A F1 3.683(\)r)C(emo)-3.683 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 3.683(sa).15 G 1.484 -.15(ny s)-3.683 H 1.184 -(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.184 -(xt character read and is used for line)-.15 F(continuation.)144 204 Q -(Options, if supplied, ha)144 220.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 232.8 Q F0(aname)2.5 E F1 1.026 -(The w)180 244.8 R 1.026 -(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) --.25 E F0(aname)3.855 E F1 3.525(,s).18 G 1.025(tarting at 0.)-3.525 F -F0(aname)180.33 256.8 Q F1(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 --.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F0(name)2.5 E F1 -(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2144 268.8 Q F0(delim)2.5 E -F1 .502(The \214rst character of)180 280.8 R F0(delim)3.002 E F1 .503 -(terminates the input line, rather than ne)3.002 F 3.003(wline. If)-.25 -F F0(delim)3.003 E F1 .503(is the)3.003 F(empty string,)180 292.8 Q F2 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F0(delim)2.5 E +F1 .503(The \214rst character of)180 96 R F0(delim)3.003 E F1 .503 +(terminates the input line, rather than ne)3.003 F 3.002(wline. If)-.25 +F F0(delim)3.002 E F1 .502(is the)3.002 F(empty string,)180 108 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F1 (will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2 -144 304.8 Q F1 1.762 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 304.8 R F2 -.18 -(re)4.261 G(ad).18 E F1(uses)4.261 E F2 -.18(re)4.261 G(adline).18 E F1 -(\(see)4.261 E F3(READLINE)4.261 E F1(abo)180 316.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.573(\)t).15 G 3.573(oo)-3.573 G 1.073(btain the line.)-3.573 F F2 -(Readline)6.073 E F1 1.073(uses the current \(or def)3.573 F 1.074 -(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F 1.074(as not)-.1 F(pre)180 328.8 Q +144 120 Q F1 1.761 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 120 R F2 -.18(re) +4.262 G(ad).18 E F1(uses)4.262 E F2 -.18(re)4.262 G(adline).18 E F1 +(\(see)4.262 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)4.262 E F1(abo)180 132 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.574(\)t).15 G 3.574(oo)-3.574 G 1.074(btain the line.) +-3.574 F F2(Readline)6.074 E F1 1.073(uses the current \(or def)3.573 F +1.073(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F 1.073(as not)-.1 F(pre)180 144 Q (viously acti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b) -2.5 E(ut uses)-.2 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F1 1.1 -.55('s d)D -(ef).55 E(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F2144 340.8 Q F1 1.762 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 340.8 R F2 -.18 -(re)4.261 G(ad).18 E F1(uses)4.261 E F2 -.18(re)4.261 G(adline).18 E F1 -(\(see)4.261 E F3(READLINE)4.261 E F1(abo)180 352.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.573(\)t).15 G 3.573(oo)-3.573 G 1.073(btain the line.)-3.573 F F2 -(Readline)6.073 E F1 1.073(uses the current \(or def)3.573 F 1.074 -(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F 1.074(as not)-.1 F(pre)180 364.8 Q .042 +(ef).55 E(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F2144 156 Q F1 1.761 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 156 R F2 -.18(re) +4.262 G(ad).18 E F1(uses)4.262 E F2 -.18(re)4.262 G(adline).18 E F1 +(\(see)4.262 E F3(READLINE)4.262 E F1(abo)180 168 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.574 +(\)t).15 G 3.574(oo)-3.574 G 1.074(btain the line.)-3.574 F F2(Readline) +6.074 E F1 1.073(uses the current \(or def)3.573 F 1.073 +(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F 1.073(as not)-.1 F(pre)180 180 Q .042 (viously acti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.542(\)e).15 G .042 (diting settings, b)-2.542 F .042(ut uses bash')-.2 F 2.542(sd)-.55 G (ef)-2.542 E .042(ault completion, including program-)-.1 F -(mable completion.)180 376.8 Q F2144 388.8 Q F0(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E -F1(If)180 388.8 Q F2 -.18(re)3.313 G(adline).18 E F1 .814 -(is being used to read the line,)3.313 F F2 -.18(re)3.314 G(ad).18 E F1 -(places)3.314 E F0(te)3.314 E(xt)-.2 E F1 .814(into the editing b)3.314 -F(uf)-.2 E .814(fer before)-.25 F(editing be)180 400.8 Q(gins.)-.15 E F2 -144 412.8 Q F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 424.8 S -(ad).18 E F1 .323(returns after reading)2.823 F F0(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E -(s)-.1 E F1 .323(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323 -(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F .736 -(put, unless it encounters EOF or)180 436.8 R F2 -.18(re)3.236 G(ad).18 -E F1 .736(times out, b)3.236 F .737 -(ut honors a delimiter if it reads fe)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E(than)180 448.8 Q -F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1(characters before the delimiter)2.5 E -(.)-.55 E F2144 460.8 Q F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re) -180 472.8 S(ad).18 E F1 1.269(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 -E F0(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 1.269(characters rather than w) -3.769 F 1.269(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .172 -(line of input, unless it encounters EOF or)180 484.8 R F2 -.18(re)2.673 -G(ad).18 E F1 .173(times out.)2.673 F(An)5.173 E 2.673(yd)-.15 G .173 -(elimiter characters in the)-2.673 F 1.246 -(input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 496.8 R F2 -.18 -(re)3.746 G(ad).18 E F1 1.245(to return until it has read)3.746 F F0(nc) -3.745 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 2.566(characters. The)180 508.8 R .066 -(result is not split on the characters in)2.566 F F2(IFS)2.567 E F1 -2.567(;t)C .067(he intent is that the v)-2.567 F .067(ariable is)-.25 F -.895(assigned e)180 520.8 R .895 -(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .894 -(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F23.394 E F1(option)3.394 E -(belo)180 532.8 Q(w\).)-.25 E F2144 544.8 Q F0(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 -E F1(Display)180 556.8 Q F0(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 1.161 -(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) --3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 568.8 Q -2.5(yi)-.15 G(nput, b)-2.5 E -(ut only if input is coming from a terminal.)-.2 E F2144 580.8 Q -F1 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character)180 580.8 R 5.543 -(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F .492 -(the line.)180 592.8 R .492(In particular)5.492 F 2.992(,ab)-.4 G -(ackslash-ne)-2.992 E .493 -(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.)180 -604.8 Q F2144 616.8 Q F1(Silent mode.)180 616.8 Q +(mable completion.)180 192 Q F2144 204 Q F0(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F1 +(If)180 204 Q F2 -.18(re)3.314 G(adline).18 E F1 .814 +(is being used to read the line,)3.314 F F2 -.18(re)3.314 G(ad).18 E F1 +(places)3.314 E F0(te)3.314 E(xt)-.2 E F1 .813(into the editing b)3.314 +F(uf)-.2 E .813(fer before)-.25 F(editing be)180 216 Q(gins.)-.15 E F2 +144 228 Q F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 240 S(ad) +.18 E F1 .322(returns after reading)2.822 F F0(nc)2.823 E(har)-.15 E(s) +-.1 E F1 .323(characters rather than w)2.823 F .323 +(aiting for a complete line of in-)-.1 F .737 +(put, unless it encounters EOF or)180 252 R F2 -.18(re)3.236 G(ad).18 E +F1 .736(times out, b)3.236 F .736(ut honors a delimiter if it reads fe) +-.2 F(wer)-.25 E(than)180 264 Q F0(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 +(characters before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2144 276 Q F0(nc) +2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 288 S(ad).18 E F1 1.269 +(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F0(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E +(s)-.1 E F1 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27 +(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .173 +(line of input, unless it encounters EOF or)180 300 R F2 -.18(re)2.673 G +(ad).18 E F1 .173(times out.)2.673 F(An)5.172 E 2.672(yd)-.15 G .172 +(elimiter characters in the)-2.672 F 1.245 +(input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 312 R F2 -.18(re) +3.746 G(ad).18 E F1 1.246(to return until it has read)3.746 F F0(nc) +3.746 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 2.567(characters. The)180 324 R .067 +(result is not split on the characters in)2.567 F F2(IFS)2.566 E F1 +2.566(;t)C .066(he intent is that the v)-2.566 F .066(ariable is)-.25 F +.894(assigned e)180 336 R .894(xactly the characters read \(with the e) +-.15 F .895(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F23.395 E F1 +(option)3.395 E(belo)180 348 Q(w\).)-.25 E F2144 360 Q F0(pr)2.5 E +(ompt)-.45 E F1(Display)180 372 Q F0(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F1 1.161 +(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) +-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 384 Q 2.5 +(yi)-.15 G(nput, b)-2.5 E(ut only if input is coming from a terminal.) +-.2 E F2144 396 Q F1 .543 +(Backslash does not act as an escape character)180 396 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G +.544(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F .493(the line.) +180 408 R .493(In particular)5.493 F 2.993(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.993 +E .493(wline pair may not then be used as a line continua-)-.25 F(tion.) +180 420 Q F2144 432 Q F1(Silent mode.)180 432 Q (If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F2 -144 628.8 Q F0(timeout)2.5 E F1(Cause)180 640.8 Q F2 -.18(re)2.767 -G(ad).18 E F1 .267(to time out and return f)2.767 F .266 -(ailure if it does not read a complete line of input \(or a)-.1 F .468 -(speci\214ed number of characters\) within)180 652.8 R F0(timeout)2.968 -E F1(seconds.)2.968 E F0(timeout)5.468 E F1 .469(may be a decimal num-) -2.968 F .464(ber with a fractional portion follo)180 664.8 R .464 -(wing the decimal point.)-.25 F .463(This option is only ef)5.463 F -(fecti)-.25 E .763 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F2 -.18(re)180 676.8 S(ad) -.18 E F1 1.176(is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special\ - \214le; it has no ef)3.676 F 1.177(fect when)-.25 F .108 -(reading from re)180 688.8 R .108(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.108 E F2 --.18(re)2.608 G(ad).18 E F1 .108(times out, it sa)2.608 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -2.607(sa).15 G .407 -.15(ny p)-2.607 H .107 -(artial input read into the speci-).15 F .942(\214ed v)180 700.8 R -(ariable)-.25 E F0(name)3.442 E F1 3.442(,a)C .942(nd the e)-3.442 F -.942(xit status is greater than 128.)-.15 F(If)5.943 E F0(timeout)3.443 -E F1 .943(is 0,)3.443 F F2 -.18(re)3.443 G(ad).18 E F1(returns)3.443 E -(immediately)180 712.8 Q 3.26(,w)-.65 G .76(ithout trying to read an) --3.26 F 3.26(yd)-.15 G 3.26(ata. In)-3.26 F .759(this case, the e)3.259 -F .759(xit status is 0 if input is)-.15 F -.2(av)180 724.8 S +144 444 Q F0(timeout)2.5 E F1(Cause)180 456 Q F2 -.18(re)2.766 G +(ad).18 E F1 .266(to time out and return f)2.766 F .266 +(ailure if it does not read a complete line of input \(or a)-.1 F .469 +(speci\214ed number of characters\) within)180 468 R F0(timeout)2.968 E +F1(seconds.)2.968 E F0(timeout)5.468 E F1 .468(may be a decimal num-) +2.968 F .463(ber with a fractional portion follo)180 480 R .464 +(wing the decimal point.)-.25 F .464(This option is only ef)5.464 F +(fecti)-.25 E .764 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F2 -.18(re)180 492 S(ad).18 +E F1 1.176(is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \ +\214le; it has no ef)3.677 F 1.176(fect when)-.25 F .107 +(reading from re)180 504 R .107(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.107 E F2 -.18 +(re)2.607 G(ad).18 E F1 .107(times out, it sa)2.607 F -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.608(sa).15 G .408 -.15(ny p)-2.608 H .108 +(artial input read into the speci-).15 F .943(\214ed v)180 516 R +(ariable)-.25 E F0(name)3.443 E F1 3.443(,a)C .943(nd the e)-3.443 F +.943(xit status is greater than 128.)-.15 F(If)5.942 E F0(timeout)3.442 +E F1 .942(is 0,)3.442 F F2 -.18(re)3.442 G(ad).18 E F1(returns)3.442 E +(immediately)180 528 Q 3.259(,w)-.65 G .759(ithout trying to read an) +-3.259 F 3.259(yd)-.15 G 3.259(ata. In)-3.259 F .759(this case, the e) +3.259 F .76(xit status is 0 if input is)-.15 F -.2(av)180 540 S (ailable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor)-.05 E 2.5(,o)-.4 G 2.5 (rt)-2.5 G(he read will return EOF)-2.5 E 2.5(,n)-.8 G -(on-zero otherwise.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12) -136.795 E(80)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 81 81 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1 -(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 84 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1 +(on-zero otherwise.)-2.5 E F2144 552 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1 +(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 552 Q F0(fd)2.5 E F1 (instead of the standard input.)2.5 E(Other than the case where)144 -100.8 Q F0(delim)2.5 E F1(is the empty string,)2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G +568.8 Q F0(delim)2.5 E F1(is the empty string,)2.5 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G (ad).18 E F1(ignores an)2.5 E 2.5(yN)-.15 G(UL characters in the input.) --2.5 E .96(If no)144 117.6 R F0(names)3.82 E F1 .96(are supplied,)3.73 F -F2 -.18(re)3.46 G(ad).18 E F1 .961 -(assigns the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.461 F .961 -(ut otherwise)-.2 F(unmodi\214ed, to the v)144 129.6 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F3 -9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.5 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .033 -(The e)144 146.4 R .033 -(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F F2 -.18 -(re)2.532 G(ad).18 E F1 .032(times out \(in which case the status is) -2.532 F .31(greater than 128\), a v)144 158.4 R .311 -(ariable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v)-.25 F -.311(ariable\) occurs, or)-.25 F(an in)144 170.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +-2.5 E .961(If no)144 585.6 R F0(names)3.821 E F1 .961(are supplied,) +3.731 F F2 -.18(re)3.461 G(ad).18 E F1 .961 +(assigns the line read, without the ending delimiter b)3.461 F .96 +(ut otherwise)-.2 F(unmodi\214ed, to the v)144 597.6 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3 +(REPL)2.5 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .032(The e)144 614.4 +R .032(xit status is zero, unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)-.15 F +F2 -.18(re)2.532 G(ad).18 E F1 .033 +(times out \(in which case the status is)2.532 F .311 +(greater than 128\), a v)144 626.4 R .311 +(ariable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v)-.25 F .31 +(ariable\) occurs, or)-.25 F(an in)144 638.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G (lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar).25 E(gument to)-.18 E F2 -2.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.18(re)108 187.2 S(adonly).18 E F1([)2.5 E F2 +2.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.18(re)108 655.2 S(adonly).18 E F1([)2.5 E F2 (\255aAf)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1([=)A F0(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1 2.5(].)C 1.666(..)-.834 G(])-1.666 E .77(The gi)144 -199.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F0(names)3.27 E F1 .77(are mark)3.27 F +667.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F0(names)3.27 E F1 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F0(names)3.63 E -F1 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F .445 -(quent assignment or unset.)144 211.2 R .446(If the)5.446 F F2 +F1 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F .446 +(quent assignment or unset.)144 679.2 R .446(If the)5.446 F F2 2.946 E F1 .446(option is supplied, each)2.946 F F0(name)2.946 E F1 .446 -(refers to a shell function.)2.946 F(The)5.446 E F2144 223.2 Q F1 -.383(option restricts the v)2.883 F .383(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15 +(refers to a shell function.)2.946 F(The)5.445 E F2144 691.2 Q F1 +.382(option restricts the v)2.882 F .382(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.883(da).15 G .383(rrays; the)-2.883 F F22.883 E F1 -.382(option restricts the v)2.883 F .382(ariables to associa-)-.25 F(ti) -144 235.2 Q 1.558 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.758(rrays. If).15 F 1.258 +.383(option restricts the v)2.883 F .383(ariables to associa-)-.25 F(ti) +144 703.2 Q 1.558 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.758(rrays. If).15 F 1.258 (both options are supplied,)3.758 F F23.758 E F1(tak)3.758 E 1.258 (es precedence.)-.1 F 1.258(If no)6.258 F F0(name)4.118 E F1(ar)3.938 E -1.258(guments are sup-)-.18 F .412(plied, or if the)144 247.2 R F2 -2.912 E F1 .412(option is supplied, print a list of all readonly names.) -2.912 F .411(The other options may be)5.411 F .327 +1.258(guments are sup-)-.18 F .411(plied, or if the)144 715.2 R F2 +2.911 E F1 .412(option is supplied, print a list of all readonly names.) +2.911 F .412(The other options may be)5.412 F .327 (used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly names.) -144 259.2 R(The)5.327 E F22.827 E F1 .327(option displays output) -2.827 F(in a format that may be reused as input.)144 271.2 Q F2 -.18(re) -144 288 S(adonly).18 E F1(allo)2.653 E .153(ws the v)-.25 F .153 -(alue of a v)-.25 F .153 -(ariable to be set at the same time the readonly attrib)-.25 F .152 -(ute is changed)-.2 F .687(by follo)144 300 R .687(wing the v)-.25 F -.687(ariable name with =)-.25 F F0(value)A F1 5.688(.T)C .688 -(his sets the v)-5.688 F .688(alue of the v)-.25 F .688(ariable is to) --.25 F F0(value)3.188 E F1(while)3.188 E(modifying the readonly attrib) -144 312 Q(ute.)-.2 E .303(The return status is 0 unless an in)144 328.8 -R -.25(va)-.4 G .303(lid option is encountered, one of the).25 F F0 -(names)3.162 E F1 .302(is not a v)3.072 F .302(alid shell)-.25 F -.25 -(va)144 340.8 S(riable name, or).25 E F22.5 E F1 +144 727.2 R(The)5.326 E F22.826 E F1 .326(option displays output) +2.826 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(81)188.45 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 82 82 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(in a format that may be reused as input.)144 84 Q +/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)144 100.8 S(adonly).18 E F1(allo)2.652 E +.152(ws the v)-.25 F .153(alue of a v)-.25 F .153 +(ariable to be set at the same time the readonly attrib)-.25 F .153 +(ute is changed)-.2 F .688(by follo)144 112.8 R .688(wing the v)-.25 F +.688(ariable name with =)-.25 F F0(value)A F1 5.688(.T)C .688 +(his sets the v)-5.688 F .687(alue of the v)-.25 F .687(ariable is to) +-.25 F F0(value)3.187 E F1(while)3.187 E(modifying the readonly attrib) +144 124.8 Q(ute.)-.2 E .302(The return status is 0 unless an in)144 +141.6 R -.25(va)-.4 G .303(lid option is encountered, one of the).25 F +F0(names)3.163 E F1 .303(is not a v)3.073 F .303(alid shell)-.25 F -.25 +(va)144 153.6 S(riable name, or).25 E F22.5 E F1 (is supplied with a)2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1(that is not a function.)2.68 -E F2 -.18(re)108 357.6 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A -.182(Stop e)144 369.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .182 +E F2 -.18(re)108 170.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A F1(])A +.183(Stop e)144 182.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .182 (cuting a shell function or sourced \214le and return the v).15 F .182 (alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F0(n)3.042 E F1 .182(to its caller)2.922 F -5.183(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.183 E F0(n)3.043 E F1 .589 -(is omitted, the return status is that of the last command e)144 381.6 R +5.182(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.182 E F0(n)3.042 E F1 .589 +(is omitted, the return status is that of the last command e)144 194.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.089(cuted. If).15 F F2 -.18(re)3.089 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F1 .589(is e)3.089 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .588(cuted by a trap).15 F -(handler)144 393.6 Q 3.469(,t)-.4 G .969 +E F1 .589(is e)3.089 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .589(cuted by a trap).15 F +(handler)144 206.4 Q 3.47(,t)-.4 G .969 (he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) --3.469 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .97(cuted before the).15 F .13(trap handler)144 -405.6 R 5.13(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.13 E F2 -.18(re)2.63 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 -.13(is e)2.63 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .13(cuted during a).15 F F2(DEB)2.629 E -(UG)-.1 E F1 .129(trap, the last command used to determine the)2.629 F -(status is the last command e)144 417.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +-3.47 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .969(cuted before the).15 F .129(trap handler)144 +218.4 R 5.129(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.129 E F2 -.18(re)2.629 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E +F1 .129(is e)2.629 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .129(cuted during a).15 F F2(DEB) +2.629 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .13(trap, the last command used to determine the) +2.629 F(status is the last command e)144 230.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted by the trap handler before).15 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n) -.15 E F1 -.1(wa)2.5 G 2.5(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.) -.1 E(When)144 434.4 Q F2 -.18(re)3.817 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 1.317 -(is used to terminate e)3.817 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.318 -(cution of a script being e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.318(cuted by the).15 -F F2(.)3.818 E F1(\()6.318 E F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1 3.818(\)c)C(om-) --3.818 E .808(mand, it causes the shell to stop e)144 446.4 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .807(cuting that script and return either).15 F F0(n)3.667 E F1 -.807(or the e)3.547 F .807(xit status of the)-.15 F .314(last command e) -144 458.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .314(cuted within the script as the e).15 F -.314(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.315 E F0(n)2.815 E F1 .315 -(is supplied, the return)2.815 F -.25(va)144 470.4 S -(lue is its least signi\214cant 8 bits.).25 E(An)144 487.2 Q 3.176(yc) --.15 G .676(ommand associated with the)-3.176 F F2(RETURN)3.176 E F1 -.675(trap is e)3.175 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .675(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe) --.15 G .675(cution resumes after the).15 F(function or script.)144 499.2 -Q .948(The return status is non-zero if)144 516 R F2 -.18(re)3.449 G -(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 .949(is supplied a non-numeric ar)3.449 F .949 -(gument, or is used outside a)-.18 F(function and not during e)144 528 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cution of a script by).15 E F2(.)2.5 E F1(or)3.333 E F2 -(sour)2.5 E(ce)-.18 E F1(.)A F2(set)108 544.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 +.1 E(When)144 247.2 Q F2 -.18(re)3.818 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 1.318 +(is used to terminate e)3.818 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.317 +(cution of a script being e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.317(cuted by the).15 +F F2(.)3.817 E F1(\()6.317 E F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1 3.817(\)c)C(om-) +-3.817 E .807(mand, it causes the shell to stop e)144 259.2 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .807(cuting that script and return either).15 F F0(n)3.668 E F1 +.808(or the e)3.548 F .808(xit status of the)-.15 F .315(last command e) +144 271.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .315(cuted within the script as the e).15 F +.314(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.314 E F0(n)2.814 E F1 .314 +(is supplied, the return)2.814 F -.25(va)144 283.2 S +(lue is its least signi\214cant 8 bits.).25 E(An)144 300 Q 3.175(yc)-.15 +G .675(ommand associated with the)-3.175 F F2(RETURN)3.175 E F1 .675 +(trap is e)3.175 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .676(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .676(cution resumes after the).15 F(function or script.)144 312 Q .949 +(The return status is non-zero if)144 328.8 R F2 -.18(re)3.449 G(tur).18 +E(n)-.15 E F1 .949(is supplied a non-numeric ar)3.449 F .948 +(gument, or is used outside a)-.18 F(function and not during e)144 340.8 +Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution of a script by).15 E F2(.)2.5 E F1(or)3.333 E F2 +(sour)2.5 E(ce)-.18 E F1(.)A F2(set)108 357.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F2 (\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(option\255name) 2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0 -(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2(set)108 556.8 Q F1 +(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2(set)108 369.6 Q F1 ([)2.5 E F2(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F1 2.5(][)C F2(+o)-2.5 E F0 (option\255name)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E F2 -(set \255o)108 568.8 Q(set +o)108 580.8 Q F1 -.4(Wi)144 580.8 S .574 -(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .574(alue of each shell v) --.25 F .573(ariable in a format that can be reused)-.25 F .113 -(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 592.8 R 2.613 +(set \255o)108 381.6 Q(set +o)108 393.6 Q F1 -.4(Wi)144 393.6 S .573 +(thout options, display the name and v).4 F .573(alue of each shell v) +-.25 F .574(ariable in a format that can be reused)-.25 F .113 +(as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 405.6 R 2.613 (ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.613 G .113 -(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.113 E .958 -(posix mode, only shell v)144 604.8 R .958(ariables are listed.)-.25 F -.957(The output is sorted according to the current locale.)5.957 F .58 -(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 616.8 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G .581 -(et or unset shell attrib)-3.081 F 3.081(utes. An)-.2 F 3.081(ya)-.15 G --.18(rg)-3.081 G .581(uments remaining after op-).18 F .161 -(tion processing are treated as v)144 628.8 R .161 +(riables cannot be reset.).25 F(In)5.112 E .957 +(posix mode, only shell v)144 417.6 R .957(ariables are listed.)-.25 F +.958(The output is sorted according to the current locale.)5.957 F .581 +(When options are speci\214ed, the)144 429.6 R 3.081(ys)-.15 G .581 +(et or unset shell attrib)-3.081 F 3.081(utes. An)-.2 F 3.08(ya)-.15 G +-.18(rg)-3.08 G .58(uments remaining after op-).18 F .16 +(tion processing are treated as v)144 441.6 R .161 (alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order)-.25 F -2.66(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.66 E F2($1)2.66 E F1(,)A F2($2)144 640.8 Q F1 2.5(,.) -C 1.666(..)-.834 G(,)-1.666 E F2($)2.5 E F0(n)A F1 5(.O)C +2.661(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.661 E F2($1)2.661 E F1(,)A F2($2)144 453.6 Q F1 2.5 +(,.)C 1.666(..)-.834 G(,)-1.666 E F2($)2.5 E F0(n)A F1 5(.O)C (ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 652.8 Q F1 1.377(Each v)184 652.8 R +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 465.6 Q F1 1.378(Each v)184 465.6 R 1.377(ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib) --.15 F 1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 664.8 Q(ed for e)-.1 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.377(xport attrib) +-.15 F 1.377(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 477.6 Q(ed for e)-.1 E (xport to the en)-.15 E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F2 -144 676.8 Q F1 .132 -(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 676.8 R -2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E .48 -(primary prompt or after a fore)184 688.8 R .48 +144 489.6 Q F1 .131 +(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 489.6 R +2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E .48 +(primary prompt or after a fore)184 501.6 R .48 (ground command terminates.)-.15 F .48(This is ef)5.48 F(fecti)-.25 E .78 -.15(ve o)-.25 H .48(nly when).15 F(job control is enabled.)184 -700.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(81)185.955 E 0 -Cg EP -%%Page: 82 82 +513.6 Q F2144 525.6 Q F1 .087(Exit immediately if a)184 525.6 R F0 +(pipeline)2.587 E F1 .087(\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F0 +.088(simple command)2.588 F F1 .088(\), a)B F0(list)2.588 E F1 2.588(,o) +C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 537.6 Q F0 1.521(compound command)4.021 F F1(\(see) +4.021 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.521(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F1(abo)3.771 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e).15 F 1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 +F .079(The shell does not e)184 549.6 R .079(xit if the command that f) +-.15 F .08(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 +561.6 Q .175(wing a)-.25 F F2(while)2.675 E F1(or)2.675 E F2(until)2.675 +E F1(reserv)2.675 E .175(ed w)-.15 F .174(ord, part of the test follo) +-.1 F .174(wing the)-.25 F F2(if)2.674 E F1(or)2.674 E F2(elif)2.674 E +F1(reserv)2.674 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 573.6 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F +3.081(yc)-.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a) +.15 F F2(&&)3.081 E F1(or)3.081 E F2(||)3.081 E F1 .582(list e)3.082 F +.582(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E 1.207(the \214nal)184 +585.6 R F2(&&)3.707 E F1(or)3.706 E F2(||)3.706 E F1 3.706(,a)C 1.506 +-.15(ny c)-3.706 H 1.206(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F 1.206 +(ut the last \(subject to the state of the)-.2 F F2(pipefail)184 597.6 Q +F1 1.307(shell option\), or if the command')3.807 F 3.807(sr)-.55 G +1.307(eturn v)-3.807 F 1.307(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.308 +(rted with).15 F F2(!)3.808 E F1 6.308(.I)C 3.808(fa)-6.308 G .274(comp\ +ound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero status because a \ +command)184 609.6 R -.1(fa)184 621.6 S .194(iled while).1 F F2 +2.694 E F1 -.1(wa)2.694 G 2.694(sb).1 G .194 +(eing ignored, the shell does not e)-2.694 F 2.695(xit. A)-.15 F .195 +(trap on)2.695 F F2(ERR)2.695 E F1 2.695(,i)C 2.695(fs)-2.695 G .195 +(et, is e)-2.695 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .59(cuted before the shell e) +184 633.6 R 3.09(xits. This)-.15 F .59(option applies to the shell en) +3.09 F .59(vironment and each sub-)-.4 F 1.491(shell en)184 645.6 R +1.491(vironment separately \(see)-.4 F F3 1.492(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR) +3.992 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F1(abo)3.742 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\),).15 E +(and may cause subshells to e)184 657.6 Q(xit before e)-.15 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuting all the commands in the subshell.).15 E .999 +(If a compound command or shell function e)184 674.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.999(cutes in a conte).15 F .998(xt where)-.15 F F23.498 E F1 .998 +(is being ig-)3.498 F .089(nored, none of the commands e)184 686.4 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .089(cuted within the compound command or function body) +.15 F .503(will be af)184 698.4 R .503(fected by the)-.25 F F2 +3.002 E F1 .502(setting, e)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(ni).15 G(f) +-3.002 E F23.002 E F1 .502(is set and a command returns a f)3.002 +F .502(ailure sta-)-.1 F 4.183(tus. If)184 710.4 R 4.183(ac)4.183 G +1.683(ompound command or shell function sets)-4.183 F F24.184 E F1 +1.684(while e)4.184 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.684(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt) +-.15 E(where)184 722.4 Q F23.154 E F1 .654 +(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.154 F .953 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .953 +-.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(82)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 83 83 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F1 .088 -(Exit immediately if a)184 84 R F0(pipeline)2.588 E F1 .087 -(\(which may consist of a single)2.588 F F0 .087(simple command)2.587 F -F1 .087(\), a)B F0(list)2.587 E F1 2.587(,o)C(r)-2.587 E(a)184 96 Q F0 -1.52(compound command)4.02 F F1(\(see)4.021 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.521 -(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F1(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e).15 F -1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .08(The shell does not e)184 -108 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .079 -(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 120 Q -1.654(wing a)-.25 F F2(while)4.154 E F1(or)4.154 E F2(until)4.154 E F1 --.1(ke)4.154 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.655 -(wing the)-.25 F F2(if)4.155 E F1(or)4.155 E F2(elif)4.155 E F1(reserv) -4.155 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 132 S .582(rds, part of an).1 F 3.082(yc) --.15 G .582(ommand e)-3.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F2 -(&&)3.081 E F1(or)3.081 E F2(||)3.081 E F1 .581(list e)3.081 F .581 -(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E 1.206(the \214nal)184 144 R -F2(&&)3.706 E F1(or)3.706 E F2(||)3.706 E F1 3.706(,a)C 1.506 -.15(ny c) --3.706 H 1.206(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F 1.206 -(ut the last \(subject to the state of the)-.2 F F2(pipefail)184 156 Q -F1 1.308(shell option\), or if the command')3.808 F 3.807(sr)-.55 G -1.307(eturn v)-3.807 F 1.307(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.307 -(rted with).15 F F2(!)3.807 E F1 6.307(.I)C 3.807(fa)-6.307 G .274(comp\ -ound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero status because a \ -command)184 168 R -.1(fa)184 180 S .195(iled while).1 F F22.695 E -F1 -.1(wa)2.695 G 2.695(sb).1 G .195(eing ignored, the shell does not e) --2.695 F 2.694(xit. A)-.15 F .194(trap on)2.694 F F2(ERR)2.694 E F1 -2.694(,i)C 2.694(fs)-2.694 G .194(et, is e)-2.694 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 -E .59(cuted before the shell e)184 192 R 3.09(xits. This)-.15 F .59 -(option applies to the shell en)3.09 F .59(vironment and each sub-)-.4 F -1.492(shell en)184 204 R 1.492(vironment separately \(see)-.4 F F3 1.492 -(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)3.992 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F1(abo)3.741 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(\),).15 E(and may cause subshells to e)184 216 Q(xit before e) --.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting all the commands in the subshell.).15 E -.998(If a compound command or shell function e)184 232.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G .999(cutes in a conte).15 F .999(xt where)-.15 F F23.499 E F1 -.999(is being ig-)3.499 F .089(nored, none of the commands e)184 244.8 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .089(cuted within the compound command or function body) -.15 F .502(will be af)184 256.8 R .502(fected by the)-.25 F F2 -3.002 E F1 .502(setting, e)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.002(ni).15 G(f) --3.002 E F23.002 E F1 .502(is set and a command returns a f)3.002 -F .503(ailure sta-)-.1 F 4.184(tus. If)184 268.8 R 4.184(ac)4.184 G -1.684(ompound command or shell function sets)-4.184 F F24.183 E F1 -1.683(while e)4.183 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.683(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt) --.15 E(where)184 280.8 Q F23.153 E F1 .653 -(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.153 F .954 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .954 --.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .654(ect until the compound command).25 F -(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 292.8 Q F2 -144 304.8 Q F1(Disable pathname e)184 304.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2 -144 316.8 Q F1 .988(Remember the location of commands as the)184 -316.8 R 3.488(ya)-.15 G .988(re look)-3.488 F .988(ed up for e)-.1 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.488(cution. This).15 F .987(is en-)3.487 F -(abled by def)184 328.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2144 340.8 Q F1 .513 -(All ar)184 340.8 R .514 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E +(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 84 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF144 96 Q F1(Disable pathname e)184 96 Q(xpansion.) +-.15 E F2144 108 Q F1 .988 +(Remember the location of commands as the)184 108 R 3.488(ya)-.15 G .988 +(re look)-3.488 F .988(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.488 +(cution. This).15 F .988(is en-)3.488 F(abled by def)184 120 Q(ault.)-.1 +E F2144 132 Q F1 .514(All ar)184 132 R .514 (guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 -F .514(vironment for a)-.4 F -(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 352.8 Q F2 -144 364.8 Q F1 .149(Monitor mode.)184 364.8 R .149 -(Job control is enabled.)5.149 F .148(This option is on by def)5.149 F -.148(ault for interacti)-.1 F .448 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .65 -(on systems that support it \(see)184 376.8 R F3 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F -(OL)-.27 E F1(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .651 -(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .679(process group.)184 388.8 R -.678(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containin\ -g its)5.679 F -.15(ex)184 400.8 S(it status.).15 E F2144 412.8 Q -F1 .652(Read commands b)184 412.8 R .652(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .652(cute them.).15 F .653 -(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.652 F(syntax errors.)184 -424.8 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 -E F2144 436.8 Q F0(option\255name)2.5 E F1(The)184 448.8 Q F0 +F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F +(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 144 Q F2 +144 156 Q F1 .148(Monitor mode.)184 156 R .148 +(Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F +.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .651 +(on systems that support it \(see)184 168 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .651 +(JOB CONTR)3.151 F(OL)-.27 E F1(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151 +(\). All).15 F .65(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .678 +(process group.)184 180 R .679(When a background job completes, the she\ +ll prints a line containing its)5.678 F -.15(ex)184 192 S(it status.).15 +E F2144 204 Q F1 .653(Read commands b)184 204 R .653(ut do not e) +-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cute them.).15 F .652 +(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 +216 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E +F2144 228 Q F0(option\255name)2.5 E F1(The)184 240 Q F0 (option\255name)2.5 E F1(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 -(allexport)184 460.8 Q F1(Same as)224 472.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -(braceexpand)184 484.8 Q F1(Same as)224 496.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -(emacs)184 508.8 Q F1 .089 -(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 508.8 R 2.589 -(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 -(when the shell is interacti)224 520.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G +(allexport)184 252 Q F1(Same as)224 264 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 +(braceexpand)184 276 Q F1(Same as)224 288 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 +(emacs)184 300 Q F1 .089(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf) +224 300 R 2.589(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 +E .95(when the shell is interacti)224 312 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F2(\255\255noediting) -3.45 E F1 2.5(option. This)224 532.8 R(also af)2.5 E +3.45 E F1 2.5(option. This)224 324 R(also af)2.5 E (fects the editing interf)-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G -(ad \255e).18 E F1(.)A F2(err)184 544.8 Q(exit)-.18 E F1(Same as)224 -544.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(errtrace)184 556.8 Q F1(Same as)224 -556.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(functrace)184 568.8 Q F1(Same as)224 -580.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(hashall)184 592.8 Q F1(Same as)224 592.8 -Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(histexpand)184 604.8 Q F1(Same as)224 616.8 Q -F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(history)184 628.8 Q F1 .587 -(Enable command history)224 628.8 R 3.087(,a)-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G -.587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(HIST) -3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .587 -(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 640.8 Q(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 --.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2(ignor)184 652.8 Q(eeof)-.18 E F1 .821 -(The ef)224 664.8 R .822 +(ad \255e).18 E F1(.)A F2(err)184 336 Q(exit)-.18 E F1(Same as)224 336 Q +F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(errtrace)184 348 Q F1(Same as)224 348 Q F2 +2.5 E F1(.)A F2(functrace)184 360 Q F1(Same as)224 372 Q F22.5 E +F1(.)A F2(hashall)184 384 Q F1(Same as)224 384 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 +(histexpand)184 396 Q F1(Same as)224 408 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 +(history)184 420 Q F1 .586(Enable command history)224 420 R 3.087(,a) +-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 +H(nder).15 E F3(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F1 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 432 Q +(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2(ignor)184 +444 Q(eeof)-.18 E F1 .822(The ef)224 456 R .822 (fect is as if the shell command \231IGNOREEOF=10\232 had been e)-.25 F --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 676.8 Q F2(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables) --.92 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 -.1(ke)184 688.8 S(yw).1 -E(ord)-.1 E F1(Same as)224 700.8 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(82)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 83 83 +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 468 Q F2(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables) +-.92 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 -.1(ke)184 480 S(yw).1 E +(ord)-.1 E F1(Same as)224 492 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(monitor)184 504 +Q F1(Same as)224 504 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noclob)184 516 Q(ber)-.1 +E F1(Same as)224 528 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noexec)184 540 Q F1 +(Same as)224 540 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noglob)184 552 Q F1(Same as) +224 552 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(nolog)184 564 Q F1(Currently ignored.) +224 564 Q F2(notify)184 576 Q F1(Same as)224 576 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A +F2(nounset)184 588 Q F1(Same as)224 588 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 +(onecmd)184 600 Q F1(Same as)224 600 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(ph)184 +612 Q(ysical)-.15 E F1(Same as)224 612 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 +(pipefail)184 624 Q F1 1.029(If set, the return v)224 624 R 1.029 +(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.03 +(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 636 R +1.136 +(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) +-.15 F -.15(ex)224 648 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G +(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(posix)184 660 Q F1 +.754(Enable posix mode; change the beha)224 660 R .755(vior of)-.2 F F2 +(bash)3.255 E F1 .755(where the def)3.255 F .755(ault operation)-.1 F +(dif)224 672 Q .491(fers from the)-.25 F F4(POSIX)2.991 E F1 .491 +(standard to match the standard.)2.741 F(See)5.491 E F3 .491(SEE ALSO) +2.991 F F1(belo)2.741 E(w)-.25 E .954 +(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 684 R 3.455(wp)-.25 G +.955(osix mode af)-3.455 F .955(fects bash')-.25 F 3.455(sb)-.55 G(e-) +-3.455 E(ha)224 696 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(83)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 84 84 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(monitor)184 84 Q F1(Same as) -224 84 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noclob)184 96 Q(ber)-.1 E F1(Same as) -224 108 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noexec)184 120 Q F1(Same as)224 120 Q -F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(noglob)184 132 Q F1(Same as)224 132 Q F2 -2.5 E F1(.)A F2(nolog)184 144 Q F1(Currently ignored.)224 144 Q F2 -(notify)184 156 Q F1(Same as)224 156 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(nounset) -184 168 Q F1(Same as)224 168 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(onecmd)184 180 Q -F1(Same as)224 180 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(ph)184 192 Q(ysical)-.15 E -F1(Same as)224 192 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(pipefail)184 204 Q F1 1.03 -(If set, the return v)224 204 R 1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F -1.029(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.136(mand to e)224 216 -R 1.136 -(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) --.15 F -.15(ex)224 228 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G -(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(posix)184 240 Q F1 -2.091(Change the beha)224 240 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F2(bash)4.591 E F1 -2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 -(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 -252 R F0 1.212(posix mode)B F1 3.712(\). See)B/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F1(belo)3.463 E(w)-.25 E .955 -(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 264 R 3.454(wp)-.25 G -.954(osix mode af)-3.454 F .954(fects bash')-.25 F 3.454(sb)-.55 G(e-) --3.454 E(ha)224 276 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F2(pri)184 288 Q(vileged)-.1 E -F1(Same as)224 300 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(ve)184 312 S(rbose).1 E -F1(Same as)224 312 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(vi)184 324 Q F1 .209 -(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 324 R 2.709(ace. This) --.1 F .209(also af)2.709 F .21(fects the editing in-)-.25 F(terf)224 336 -Q(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F1(.)A F2(xtrace) -184 348 Q F1(Same as)224 348 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A(If)184 360 Q F2 -2.766 E F1 .266(is supplied with no)2.766 F F0(option\255name) -2.765 E F1(,)A F2(set)2.765 E F1 .265 -(prints the current shell option settings.)2.765 F(If)5.265 E F2(+o) -2.765 E F1 .078(is supplied with no)184 372 R F0(option\255name)2.578 E -F1(,)A F2(set)2.578 E F1 .079(prints a series of)2.579 F F2(set)2.579 E -F1 .079(commands to recreate the cur)2.579 F(-)-.2 E -(rent option settings on the standard output.)184 384 Q F2144 396 -Q F1 -.45(Tu)184 396 S 3.278(rn on).45 F F0(privile)7.028 E -.1(ge)-.4 G -(d).1 E F1 5.777(mode. In)6.548 F 3.277 -(this mode, the shell does not read the)5.777 F F3($ENV)5.777 E F1(and) -5.527 E F3($B)184 408 Q(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F1 .018 -(\214les, shell functions are not inherited from the en)2.267 F .018 -(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHEL-)2.518 E(LOPTS)184 420 Q/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.59 G(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.59 -E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F1(and)2.59 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.84 E F1 --.25(va)2.589 G .339(riables, if the).25 F 2.839(ya)-.15 G .339 -(ppear in the en)-2.839 F(vi-)-.4 E .02(ronment, are ignored.)184 432 R -.021(If the shell is started with the ef)5.02 F(fecti)-.25 E .321 -.15 -(ve u)-.25 H .021(ser \(group\) id not equal to).15 F .043 -(the real user \(group\) id, and the)184 444 R F22.543 E F1 .043 +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pri)184 84 Q(vileged)-.1 E F1 +(Same as)224 96 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2 -.1(ve)184 108 S(rbose).1 E F1 +(Same as)224 108 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A F2(vi)184 120 Q F1 .209 +(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 120 R 2.709(ace. This) +-.1 F .209(also af)2.709 F .209(fects the editing in-)-.25 F(terf)224 +132 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F1(.)A F2 +(xtrace)184 144 Q F1(Same as)224 144 Q F22.5 E F1(.)A(If)184 156 Q +F22.765 E F1 .265(is supplied with no)2.765 F F0(option\255name) +2.765 E F1(,)A F2(set)2.765 E F1 .266 +(prints the current shell option settings.)2.765 F(If)5.266 E F2(+o) +2.766 E F1 .079(is supplied with no)184 168 R F0(option\255name)2.579 E +F1(,)A F2(set)2.579 E F1 .079(prints a series of)2.579 F F2(set)2.579 E +F1 .078(commands to recreate the cur)2.578 F(-)-.2 E +(rent option settings on the standard output.)184 180 Q F2144 192 +Q F1 -.45(Tu)184 192 S 3.277(rn on).45 F F0(privile)7.027 E -.1(ge)-.4 G +(d).1 E F1 5.777(mode. In)6.547 F 3.277 +(this mode, the shell does not read the)5.777 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +($ENV)5.778 E F1(and)5.528 E F3($B)184 204 Q(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F1 .018 +(\214les, shell functions are not inherited from the en)2.268 F .018 +(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHEL-)2.517 E(LOPTS)184 216 Q/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.589 G(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP) +2.589 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F1(and)2.589 E F3(GLOBIGNORE) +2.839 E F1 -.25(va)2.589 G .339(riables, if the).25 F 2.84(ya)-.15 G .34 +(ppear in the en)-2.84 F(vi-)-.4 E .021(ronment, are ignored.)184 228 R +.021(If the shell is started with the ef)5.021 F(fecti)-.25 E .32 -.15 +(ve u)-.25 H .02(ser \(group\) id not equal to).15 F .043 +(the real user \(group\) id, and the)184 240 R F22.543 E F1 .043 (option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.543 F .043(en and the) --.1 F(ef)184 456 Q(fecti)-.25 E .878 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .579 +-.1 F(ef)184 252 Q(fecti)-.25 E .879 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .579 (ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .579(If the)5.579 F F2 3.079 E F1 .579(option is supplied at startup, the ef-)3.079 F(fecti)184 -468 Q 1.21 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .91(ser id is not reset.).15 F -.45(Tu)5.91 +264 Q 1.21 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .91(ser id is not reset.).15 F -.45(Tu)5.91 G .91(rning this option of).45 F 3.41(fc)-.25 G .91(auses the ef)-3.41 F (fecti)-.25 E 1.21 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .91(ser and group).15 F -(ids to be set to the real user and group ids.)184 480 Q F2144 492 -Q F1(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 492 Q -(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F2144 504 Q -F1(Exit after reading and e)184 504 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting one command.).15 E F2144 516 Q F1 -.35(Tr)184 516 S .662 +(ids to be set to the real user and group ids.)184 276 Q F2144 288 +Q F1(Enable restricted shell mode.)184 288 Q +(This option cannot be unset once it has been set.)5 E F2144 300 Q +F1(Exit after reading and e)184 300 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting one command.).15 E F2144 312 Q F1 -.35(Tr)184 312 S .663 (eat unset v).35 F .662(ariables and parameters other than the special \ -parameters \231@\232 and \231*\232, or)-.25 F .349(array v)184 528 R +parameters \231@\232 and \231*\232, or)-.25 F .348(array v)184 324 R .348(ariables subscripted with \231@\232 or \231*\232, as an error when\ - performing parameter e)-.25 F(x-)-.15 E 2.89(pansion. If)184 540 R -.15 -(ex)2.89 G .391(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F .391 -(ariable or parameter)-.25 F 2.891(,t)-.4 G .391(he shell prints an) --2.891 F(error message, and, if not interacti)184 552 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(,e).15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F2144 564 Q F1 -(Print shell input lines as the)184 564 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E -F2144 576 Q F1 .315(After e)184 576 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F0 + performing parameter e)-.25 F(x-)-.15 E 2.891(pansion. If)184 336 R +-.15(ex)2.891 G .391(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F .391 +(ariable or parameter)-.25 F 2.89(,t)-.4 G .39(he shell prints an)-2.89 +F(error message, and, if not interacti)184 348 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e) +.15 G(xits with a non-zero status.)-2.65 E F2144 360 Q F1 +(Print shell input lines as the)184 360 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E +F2144 372 Q F1 .315(After e)184 372 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F0 .315(simple command)2.815 F F1(,)A F2 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F1 (command,)2.815 E F2(case)2.815 E F1(command,)2.815 E F2(select)2.815 E -F1(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 588 R F2 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r) +F1(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 384 R F2 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r) .25 E F1 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F1(follo)3.486 E 1.236 -(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 600 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E +(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 396 Q(xpanded ar)-.15 E (guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list, to the standard error)-.1 E(.) --.55 E F2144 612 Q F1 1.206(The shell performs brace e)184 612 R -1.206(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F2 1.205(Brace Expansion)3.705 F F1(abo) -3.705 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.705(\). This).15 F 1.205(is on by de-)3.705 F --.1(fa)184 624 S(ult.).1 E F2144 636 Q F1 .213(If set,)184 636 R -F2(bash)2.713 E F1 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214 +-.55 E F2144 408 Q F1 1.205(The shell performs brace e)184 408 R +1.205(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F2 1.205(Brace Expansion)3.705 F F1(abo) +3.705 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.706(\). This).15 F 1.206(is on by de-)3.706 F +-.1(fa)184 420 S(ult.).1 E F2144 432 Q F1 .214(If set,)184 432 R +F2(bash)2.714 E F1 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214 (rwrite an e).15 F .214(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F2(>)2.714 E F1 -(,)A F2(>&)2.714 E F1 2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F2(<>)2.714 E F1 .214 -(redirection opera-)2.714 F 3.148(tors. Using)184 648 R .648 +(,)A F2(>&)2.714 E F1 2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F2(<>)2.713 E F1 .213 +(redirection opera-)2.713 F 3.148(tors. Using)184 444 R .648 (the redirection operator)3.148 F F2(>|)3.148 E F1 .648(instead of)3.148 F F2(>)3.148 E F1 .648(will o)3.148 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .648 -(rride this and force the cre-).15 F(ation of an output \214le.)184 660 -Q F2144 672 Q F1 .103(If set, an)184 672 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103 -(rap on)-2.603 F F2(ERR)2.603 E F1 .104 -(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603 -F .839(mands e)184 684 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15 -F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(ERR)3.338 E F1 .838 -(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 696 Q -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(83)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 84 84 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F1(Enable)184 -84 Q F2(!)3.031 E F1 .531(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531 -(This option is on by def)5.531 F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 -F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2144 108 Q F1 .96 -(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 108 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 -(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959 -(cuting commands such as).15 F F2(cd)3.459 E F1 1.452 -(that change the current w)184 120 R 1.452(orking directory)-.1 F 6.452 -(.I)-.65 G 3.953(tu)-6.452 G 1.453(ses the ph)-3.953 F 1.453 -(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.335(stead. By)184 132 R(def) -3.335 E(ault,)-.1 E F2(bash)3.334 E F1(follo)3.334 E .834 +(rride this and force the cre-).15 F(ation of an output \214le.)184 456 +Q F2144 468 Q F1 .104(If set, an)184 468 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104 +(rap on)-2.604 F F2(ERR)2.604 E F1 .103 +(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 +F .838(mands e)184 480 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(ERR)3.338 E F1 .839 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 492 Q F2 +144 504 Q F1(Enable)184 504 Q F2(!)3.032 E F1 .532 +(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 516 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F2144 528 Q F1 .959 +(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 528 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 +(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96 +(cuting commands such as).15 F F2(cd)3.46 E F1 1.453 +(that change the current w)184 540 R 1.453(orking directory)-.1 F 6.453 +(.I)-.65 G 3.952(tu)-6.453 G 1.452(ses the ph)-3.952 F 1.452 +(ysical directory structure in-)-.05 F 3.334(stead. By)184 552 R(def) +3.334 E(ault,)-.1 E F2(bash)3.334 E F1(follo)3.334 E .834 (ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F -(mands which change the current directory)184 144 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 -156 Q F1 .89(If set, an)184 156 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F2 +(mands which change the current directory)184 564 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 +576 Q F1 .89(If set, an)184 576 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F2 (DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)3.39 E F2(RETURN)3.39 E F1 .89 (are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 -(substitutions, and commands e)184 168 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 (cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F2(DEB)4.432 E -(UG)-.1 E F1(and)4.432 E F2(RETURN)184 180 Q F1 -(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F2144 192 Q -F1 .909(If no ar)184 192 R .909(guments follo)-.18 F 3.409(wt)-.25 G -.909(his option, unset the positional parameters.)-3.409 F .91 -(Otherwise, set the)5.909 F(positional parameters to the)184 204 Q F0 +(UG)-.1 E F1(and)4.432 E F2(RETURN)184 600 Q F1 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F2144 612 Q +F1 .91(If no ar)184 612 R .909(guments follo)-.18 F 3.409(wt)-.25 G .909 +(his option, unset the positional parameters.)-3.409 F .909 +(Otherwise, set the)5.909 F(positional parameters to the)184 624 Q F0 (ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F1(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G (ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F22.5 E F1(.)A F2144 -216 Q F1 1.368(Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining)184 -216 R F0(ar)3.868 E(g)-.37 E F1 3.867(st)C 3.867(ot)-3.867 G 1.367 -(he positional parameters.)-3.867 F(The)184 228 Q F22.848 E F1 -(and)2.848 E F22.848 E F1 .349(options are turned of)2.848 F 2.849 -(f. If)-.25 F .349(there are no)2.849 F F0(ar)2.849 E(g)-.37 E F1 .349 -(s, the positional parameters re-)B(main unchanged.)184 240 Q .425 -(The options are of)144 256.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef) +636 Q F1 1.367(Signal the end of options, and assign all remaining)184 +636 R F0(ar)3.868 E(g)-.37 E F1 3.868(st)C 3.868(ot)-3.868 G 1.368 +(he positional parameters.)-3.868 F(The)184 648 Q F22.849 E F1 +(and)2.849 E F22.849 E F1 .349(options are turned of)2.849 F 2.849 +(f. If)-.25 F .349(there are no)2.849 F F0(ar)2.849 E(g)-.37 E F1 .348 +(s, the positional parameters re-)B(main unchanged.)184 660 Q .425 +(The options are of)144 676.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef) -2.925 E .425(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 -(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177 -(to be turned of)144 268.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 688.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 (options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) --.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .654 -(current set of options may be found in)144 280.8 R F2<24ad>3.153 E F1 -5.653(.T)C .653(he return status is al)-5.653 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .653 -(ys zero unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .653(lid op-).25 F -(tion is encountered.)144 292.8 Q F2(shift)108 309.6 Q F1([)2.5 E F0(n)A -F1(])A .596(Rename positional parameters from)144 321.6 R F0(n)3.097 E +-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .653 +(current set of options may be found in)144 700.8 R F2<24ad>3.153 E F1 +5.653(.T)C .653(he return status is al)-5.653 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .654 +(ys zero unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .654(lid op-).25 F +(tion is encountered.)144 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(84)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 85 85 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shift)108 84 Q F1([)2.5 E F0 +(n)A F1(])A .597(Rename positional parameters from)144 96 R F0(n)3.097 E F1 .597(+1 .)B -2.735 1.666(.. t)1.666 H(o)-1.666 E F2 .597($1 .)3.097 F 1.666(..)1.666 G(.)-1.666 E F1 -.15(Pa)5.597 G .597 -(rameters represented by the numbers).15 F F2($#)3.097 E F1(do)144 333.6 -Q .079(wn to)-.25 F F2($#)2.579 E F1A F0(n)A F1 .078(+1 are unset.)B +(rameters represented by the numbers).15 F F2($#)3.096 E F1(do)144 108 Q +.078(wn to)-.25 F F2($#)2.578 E F1A F0(n)A F1 .078(+1 are unset.)B F0(n)5.438 E F1 .078(must be a non-ne)2.818 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .378 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .078(umber less than or equal to).15 F F2($#)2.578 -E F1 5.078(.I)C(f)-5.078 E F0(n)2.938 E F1 .078(is 0, no)2.818 F .502 -(parameters are changed.)144 345.6 R(If)5.502 E F0(n)3.362 E F1 .502 -(is not gi)3.242 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F -(If)5.503 E F0(n)3.363 E F1 .503(is greater than)3.243 F F2($#)3.003 E -F1 3.003(,t)C .503(he posi-)-3.003 F .46 -(tional parameters are not changed.)144 357.6 R .46 +E F1 5.078(.I)C(f)-5.078 E F0(n)2.938 E F1 .079(is 0, no)2.818 F .503 +(parameters are changed.)144 120 R(If)5.503 E F0(n)3.363 E F1 .503 +(is not gi)3.243 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F +(If)5.502 E F0(n)3.362 E F1 .502(is greater than)3.242 F F2($#)3.002 E +F1 3.002(,t)C .502(he posi-)-3.002 F .46 +(tional parameters are not changed.)144 132 R .46 (The return status is greater than zero if)5.46 F F0(n)3.32 E F1 .46 (is greater than)3.2 F F2($#)2.96 E F1(or)2.96 E -(less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 369.6 Q F2(shopt)108 386.4 Q F1([)2.5 -E F2(\255pqsu)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(optname)-2.5 E -F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(To)144 398.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F +(less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 144 Q F2(shopt)108 160.8 Q F1([)2.5 E +F2(\255pqsu)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(optname)-2.5 E +F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(To)144 172.8 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E -5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375 -(listed belo)144 410.4 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H -2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F22.875 E F1 .375 +5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374 +(listed belo)144 184.8 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H +2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F22.874 E F1 .375 (option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 -F F22.875 E F1 .374(option to the)2.875 F F2(set)2.874 E F1 -.2 -(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F(mand.)144 422.4 Q -.4(Wi)144 439.2 S -.547(th no options, or with the).4 F F23.048 E F1 .548 +F F22.875 E F1 .375(option to the)2.875 F F2(set)2.875 E F1 -.2 +(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F(mand.)144 196.8 Q -.4(Wi)144 213.6 S +.548(th no options, or with the).4 F F23.048 E F1 .548 (option, display a list of all settable options, with an indication of) -3.048 F .675(whether or not each is set; if an)144 451.2 R(y)-.15 E F0 -(optnames)3.175 E F1 .674 +3.048 F .674(whether or not each is set; if an)144 225.6 R(y)-.15 E F0 +(optnames)3.175 E F1 .675 (are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.)3.175 F(The) -144 463.2 Q F22.5 E F1 +144 237.6 Q F22.5 E F1 (option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.)2.5 E -(Other options ha)144 480 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 492 Q F1(Enable \(set\) each)180 492 -Q F0(optname)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 504 Q F1(Disable \(unset\) each) -180 504 Q F0(optname)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 516 Q F1 .003(Suppresses \ -normal output \(quiet mode\); the return status indicates whether the) -180 516 R F0(optname)2.504 E F1(is)2.504 E .042(set or unset.)180 528 R -.042(If multiple)5.042 F F0(optname)2.542 E F1(ar)2.542 E .042 -(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F22.542 E F1 2.542(,t)C .042 -(he return status is zero)-2.542 F(if all)180 540 Q F0(optnames)2.5 E F1 -(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F2144 552 Q F1 -(Restricts the v)180 552 Q(alues of)-.25 E F0(optname)2.5 E F1 -(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(option to the)2.5 -E F2(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 568.8 R F2 -3.124 E F1(or)3.124 E F23.124 E F1 .624(is used with no) +(Other options ha)144 254.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 266.4 Q F1(Enable \(set\) each)180 +266.4 Q F0(optname)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 278.4 Q F1 +(Disable \(unset\) each)180 278.4 Q F0(optname)2.5 E F1(.)A F2144 +290.4 Q F1 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ +tus indicates whether the)180 290.4 R F0(optname)2.503 E F1(is)2.503 E +.042(set or unset.)180 302.4 R .042(If multiple)5.042 F F0(optname)2.542 +E F1(ar)2.542 E .042(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F22.542 E F1 +2.542(,t)C .042(he return status is zero)-2.542 F(if all)180 314.4 Q F0 +(optnames)2.5 E F1(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F2144 +326.4 Q F1(Restricts the v)180 326.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F0(optname)2.5 E +F1(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(option to the) +2.5 E F2(set)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 343.2 +R F23.125 E F1(or)3.124 E F23.124 E F1 .624(is used with no) 3.124 F F0(optname)3.124 E F1(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F2(shopt)3.124 -E F1(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .984 -(set or unset, respecti)144 580.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.984(.U) --.65 G .984(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.984 F F2(shopt)3.484 E F1 .983 -(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.483 F -.1(fa)144 592.8 S(ult.) -.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 -609.6 R F0(optnames)4.044 E F1 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) -4.045 F .696 +E F1(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F .983 +(set or unset, respecti)144 355.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.983(.U) +-.65 G .983(nless otherwise noted, the)-5.983 F F2(shopt)3.484 E F1 .984 +(options are disabled \(unset\) by de-)3.484 F -.1(fa)144 367.2 S(ult.) +.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 384 +R F0(optnames)4.044 E F1 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.044 F +.696 (When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) -144 621.6 R F0(optname)3.196 E F1 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695 -(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 633.6 Q(The list of)144 650.4 Q F2(shopt) -2.5 E F1(options is:)2.5 E F2(array_expand_once)144 667.2 Q F1 1.831 -(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 679.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G -1.832(luation of associati).25 F 2.132 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.832(nd inde) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.332(da).15 G 1.832(rray sub-)-4.332 F .025 -(scripts during arithmetic e)184 691.2 R .025(xpression e)-.15 F -.25 +144 396 R F0(optname)3.196 E F1 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696(alid shell) +-.25 F(option.)144 408 Q(The list of)144 424.8 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F1 +(options is:)2.5 E F2(array_expand_once)144 441.6 Q F1 1.832 +(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 453.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G +1.832(luation of associati).25 F 2.131 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.831(nd inde) +.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.331(da).15 G 1.831(rray sub-)-4.331 F .025 +(scripts during arithmetic e)184 465.6 R .025(xpression e)-.15 F -.25 (va)-.25 G .025(luation, while e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .025(cuting b).15 -F .025(uiltins that can perform)-.2 F -.25(va)184 703.2 S +F .025(uiltins that can perform)-.2 F -.25(va)184 477.6 S (riable assignments, and while e).25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting b).15 E -(uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(84)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 85 85 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(assoc_expand_once)144 84 Q F1 -(Deprecated; a synon)184 96 Q(ym for)-.15 E F2(array_expand_once)2.5 E -F1(.)A F2(autocd)144 108 Q F1 .199 -(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 108 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment to the)184 120 Q F2(cd)2.5 E F1 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +(uiltins that perform array dereferencing.)-.2 E F2(assoc_expand_once) +144 489.6 Q F1(Deprecated; a synon)184 501.6 Q(ym for)-.15 E F2 +(array_expand_once)2.5 E F1(.)A F2(autocd)144 513.6 Q F1 .2 +(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 513.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment to the)184 525.6 Q F2(cd)2.5 E F1 2.5(command. This)2.5 F (option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F2(bash_sour)144 132 Q(ce_fullpath)-.18 E F1 .124 -(If set, \214lenames added to the)184 144 R F2 -.3(BA)2.624 G(SH_SOURCE) -.3 E F1 .124(array v)2.624 F .124(ariable are con)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G -.123(rted to full path-).15 F(names \(see)184 156 Q F2(Shell V)2.5 E -(ariables)-.92 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(cdable_v)144 -168 Q(ars)-.1 E F1 .155(If set, an ar)184 180 R .155(gument to the)-.18 -F F2(cd)2.655 E F1 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156 +F2(bash_sour)144 537.6 Q(ce_fullpath)-.18 E F1 .124 +(If set, \214lenames added to the)184 549.6 R F2 -.3(BA)2.624 G +(SH_SOURCE).3 E F1 .124(array v)2.624 F .124(ariable are con)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .124(rted to full path-).15 F(names \(see)184 561.6 Q F2 +(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F1(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 +(cdable_v)144 573.6 Q(ars)-.1 E F1 .156(If set, an ar)184 585.6 R .156 +(gument to the)-.18 F F2(cd)2.656 E F1 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 (iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F -(name of a v)184 192 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E -(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F2(cdspell)144 204 Q F1 -1.293(If set, the)184 204 R F2(cd)3.793 E F1 1.293(command attempts to \ -correct minor errors in the spelling of a directory)3.793 F 3.982 -(component. Minor)184 216 R 1.482 +(name of a v)184 597.6 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F2(cdspell)144 609.6 Q F1 +1.292(If set, the)184 609.6 R F2(cd)3.792 E F1 1.293(command attempts t\ +o correct minor errors in the spelling of a directory)3.792 F 3.982 +(component. Minor)184 621.6 R 1.482 (errors include transposed characters, a missing character)3.982 F 3.982 -(,a)-.4 G 1.482(nd one)-3.982 F -.15(ex)184 228 S .973(tra character).15 -F 5.973(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.973 E F2(cd)3.473 E F1 .972 +(,a)-.4 G 1.482(nd one)-3.982 F -.15(ex)184 633.6 S .972(tra character) +.15 F 5.972(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.972 E F2(cd)3.472 E F1 .972 (corrects the directory name, it prints the corrected \214lename, and) -3.473 F(the command proceeds.)184 240 Q +3.472 F(the command proceeds.)184 645.6 Q (This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F2(checkhash)144 252 Q F1 .736(If set,)184 264 R F2(bash)3.236 E -F1 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.236 F .737 -(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 276 -Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E(xists,)-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1 -(performs a normal path search.)2.5 E F2(checkjobs)144 288 Q F1 .449 -(If set,)184 300 R F2(bash)2.949 E F1 .449(lists the status of an)2.949 -F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448 -(xiting an interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.783(shell. If)184 312 R(an) -2.783 E 2.783(yj)-.15 G .283(obs are running,)-2.783 F F2(bash)2.784 E -F1 .284(defers the e)2.784 F .284(xit until a second e)-.15 F .284 -(xit is attempted with-)-.15 F .835(out an interv)184 324 R .835 +.15 E F2(checkhash)144 657.6 Q F1 .737(If set,)184 669.6 R F2(bash)3.237 +E F1 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736 +(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 +681.6 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E(xists,)-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E +F1(performs a normal path search.)2.5 E F2(checkjobs)144 693.6 Q F1 .448 +(If set,)184 705.6 R F2(bash)2.948 E F1 .448(lists the status of an) +2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F +.449(xiting an interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.784(shell. If)184 717.6 +R(an)2.784 E 2.784(yj)-.15 G .284(obs are running,)-2.784 F F2(bash) +2.784 E F1 .284(defers the e)2.784 F .284(xit until a second e)-.15 F +.283(xit is attempted with-)-.15 F .834(out an interv)184 729.6 R .834 (ening command \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .835(JOB CONTR)3.335 F -(OL)-.27 E F1(abo)3.085 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.334(\). The).15 F .834 -(shell al)3.334 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .834(ys postpones).1 F -.15(ex)184 336 S -(iting if an).15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F2 -(checkwinsize)144 348 Q F1 1.09(If set,)184 360 R F2(bash)3.59 E F1 1.09 -(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09(ize after each e)-3.59 F -1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F -(necessary)184 372 Q 2.938(,u)-.65 G .438(pdates the v)-2.938 F .438 -(alues of)-.25 F F3(LINES)2.938 E F1(and)2.688 E F3(COLUMNS)2.938 E/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 .437(using the \214le descriptor associ-)2.688 -F(ated with the standard error if it is a terminal.)184 384 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(cmdhist)144 396 Q F1 -.172(If set,)184 396 R F2(bash)2.672 E F1 .172(attempts to sa)2.672 F -.472 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .173 +(OL)-.27 E F1(abo)3.085 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.335(\). The).15 F .835 +(shell al)3.335 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .835(ys postpones).1 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(85)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 86 86 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E -.15(ex)184 84 S(iting if an).15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G +(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(checkwinsize)144 96 Q F1 +1.09(If set,)184 108 R F2(bash)3.59 E F1 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F +3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09(ize after each e)-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F +1.09(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 120 Q 2.937(,u)-.65 G +.437(pdates the v)-2.937 F .437(alues of)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(LINES)2.938 E F1(and)2.688 E F3(COLUMNS)2.938 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(,)A F1 .438(using the \214le descriptor associ-)2.688 F +(ated with the standard error if it is a terminal.)184 132 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(cmdhist)144 144 Q F1 +.173(If set,)184 144 R F2(bash)2.673 E F1 .173(attempts to sa)2.673 F +.473 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .172 (ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history en-).15 F(try) -184 408 Q 5.597(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.597 F .597 +184 156 Q 5.596(.T)-.65 G .597(his allo)-5.596 F .597 (ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F .597 -(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 420 S 1.287(ult, b).1 +(This option is enabled by de-)5.597 F -.1(fa)184 168 S 1.288(ult, b).1 F 1.288(ut only has an ef)-.2 F 1.288 -(fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F 1.588 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(HIST)184 432 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F4(.)A F2 -(compat31)144 444 Q(compat32)144 456 Q(compat40)144 468 Q(compat41)144 -480 Q(compat42)144 492 Q(compat43)144 504 Q(compat44)144 516 Q(compat50) -144 528 Q F1 .889(These control aspects of the shell')184 540 R 3.389 -(sc)-.55 G .889(ompatibility mode \(see)-3.389 F F3 .889(SHELL COMP) -3.389 F -.855(AT)-.666 G(IBILITY).855 E(MODE)184 552 Q F1(belo)2.25 E -(w\).)-.25 E F2(complete_fullquote)144 564 Q F1 .653(If set,)184 576 R -F2(bash)3.153 E F1 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lenames \ -and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.525(forming completion.) -184 588 R 1.524(If not set,)6.525 F F2(bash)4.024 E F1(remo)4.024 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524(etacharacters such as the dollar sign) --4.024 F 2.667(from the set of characters that will be quoted in comple\ -ted \214lenames when these)184 600 R .029 -(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 612 R .028 -(ariable references in w)-.25 F .028(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .028 -(This means)5.028 F 1.072(that dollar signs in v)184 624 R 1.073 +(fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F 1.587 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(HIST)184 180 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F4(.)A F2 +(compat31)144 192 Q(compat32)144 204 Q(compat40)144 216 Q(compat41)144 +228 Q(compat42)144 240 Q(compat43)144 252 Q(compat44)144 264 Q F1 .889 +(These control aspects of the shell')184 276 R 3.389(sc)-.55 G .889 +(ompatibility mode \(see)-3.389 F F3 .889(SHELL COMP)3.389 F -.855(AT) +-.666 G(IBILITY).855 E(MODE)184 288 Q F1(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 +(complete_fullquote)144 300 Q F1 .654(If set,)184 312 R F2(bash)3.153 E +F1 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lenames and directory na\ +mes when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.524(forming completion.)184 324 R 1.524 +(If not set,)6.524 F F2(bash)4.024 E F1(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +4.024(sm).15 G 1.524(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F +2.667(from the set of characters that will be quoted in completed \214l\ +enames when these)184 336 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 +348 R .028(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 +F .029(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 360 R 1.073 (ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 (xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 -(ev e)184 636 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 +(ev e)184 372 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 (ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F -6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.122(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 +6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 (only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 -648 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 660 Q +384 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 396 Q (ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E -(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F2(dir)144 672 Q(expand)-.18 E F1 .487 -(If set,)184 684 R F2(bash)2.987 E F1 .486 +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F2(dir)144 408 Q(expand)-.18 E F1 .486 +(If set,)184 420 R F2(bash)2.986 E F1 .486 (replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F -.486(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F 1.25(ing \214lename completion.)184 -696 R 1.25(This changes the contents of the)6.25 F F2 -.18(re)3.75 G +.487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F 1.25(ing \214lename completion.)184 +432 R 1.25(This changes the contents of the)6.25 F F2 -.18(re)3.75 G (adline).18 E F1 1.25(editing b)3.75 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 6.25(.I)-.55 -G(f)-6.25 E(not set,)184 708 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1(attempts to preserv)2.5 -E 2.5(ew)-.15 G(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(85)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 86 86 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dirspell)144 84 Q F1 .859 -(If set,)184 84 R F2(bash)3.359 E F1 .858 -(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858 +G(f)-6.25 E(not set,)184 444 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1(attempts to preserv)2.5 +E 2.5(ew)-.15 G(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F2(dirspell)144 456 Q F1 .858 +(If set,)184 456 R F2(bash)3.358 E F1 .858 +(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 (ord completion if)-.1 F -(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 96 Q(xist.)-.15 E -F2(dotglob)144 108 Q F1 1.087(If set,)184 108 R F2(bash)3.587 E F1 1.088 +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 468 Q(xist.)-.15 E +F2(dotglob)144 480 Q F1 1.088(If set,)184 480 R F2(bash)3.588 E F1 1.088 (includes \214lenames be)3.588 F 1.088 (ginning with a \231.\232 in the results of pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 -E 2.5(sion. The)184 120 R(\214lenames)2.5 E F0(.)4.166 E F1(and)4.166 E +E 2.5(sion. The)184 492 R(\214lenames)2.5 E F0(.)4.166 E F1(and)4.166 E F0(..)4.166 E F1(must al)4.166 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be matched e).1 E (xplicitly)-.15 E 2.5(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F2 -(dotglob)2.5 E F1(is set.)2.5 E F2(execfail)144 132 Q F1 .517 -(If set, a non-interacti)184 132 R .817 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .517 +(dotglob)2.5 E F1(is set.)2.5 E F2(execfail)144 504 Q F1 .516 +(If set, a non-interacti)184 504 R .816 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .516 (hell will not e).15 F .516(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.516(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an ar).15 F(-)-.2 E(gument to the) -184 144 Q F2(exec)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G 2.5(iltin. An).2 F(interacti)2.5 +.517(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an ar).15 F(-)-.2 E(gument to the) +184 516 Q F2(exec)2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G 2.5(iltin. An).2 F(interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F2(exec)2.5 E -F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F2(expand_aliases)144 156 Q F1 .716 -(If set, aliases are e)184 168 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F -1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E -/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .717(This option is enabled)5.217 F -(by def)184 180 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F2(extdeb)144 192 Q(ug)-.2 E F1 .17(If set at shell in)184 204 R --.2(vo)-.4 G .17(cation, or in a shell startup \214le, arrange to e).2 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .17(cute the deb).15 F .17(ugger pro\214le)-.2 F 1.081 -(before the shell starts, identical to the)184 216 R F23.582 -E(ugger)-.2 E F1 3.582(option. If)3.582 F 1.082(set after in)3.582 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G 1.082(cation, be-).2 F(ha)184 228 Q +F1 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F2(expand_aliases)144 528 Q F1 .717 +(If set, aliases are e)184 540 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F +1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(ALIASES)3.217 E F4(.)A F1 .716 +(This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 552 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 +E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2(extdeb)144 564 Q(ug)-.2 E F1 .17 +(If set at shell in)184 576 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .17 +(cation, or in a shell startup \214le, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.17(cute the deb).15 F .17(ugger pro\214le)-.2 F 1.082 +(before the shell starts, identical to the)184 588 R F23.582 +E(ugger)-.2 E F1 3.581(option. If)3.581 F 1.081(set after in)3.581 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G 1.081(cation, be-).2 F(ha)184 600 Q (vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F2(1.)184 -240 Q F1(The)220 240 Q F24.251 E F1 1.751(option to the)4.251 F F2 +612 Q F1(The)220 612 Q F24.25 E F1 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F2 (declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 (iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F -(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 252 Q -(gument.)-.18 E F2(2.)184 264 Q F1 1.667(If the command run by the)220 -264 R F2(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F1 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F -1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 276 -Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(3.)184 288 Q F1 .841 -(If the command run by the)220 288 R F2(DEB)3.341 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .841 -(trap returns a v)3.341 F .84(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 -(exe)220 300 S .488 +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 624 Q +(gument.)-.18 E F2(2.)184 636 Q F1 1.667(If the command run by the)220 +636 R F2(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F1 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F +1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 648 +Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(3.)184 660 Q F1 .84 +(If the command run by the)220 660 R F2(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F1 .841 +(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 +(exe)220 672 S .488 (cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F2(.)2.988 E F1(or)2.988 E F2 -(sour)220 312 Q(ce)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(sour)220 684 Q(ce)-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F1(.)A F2(4.)184 324 Q F3 -.27(BA)220 324 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F1 -(and)3.154 E F3 -.27(BA)3.404 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1 .904 -(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 336 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(5.)184 348 Q F1 1.637(Function tracing is e\ -nabled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 348 R -(shells in)220 360 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F2 -(\()2.5 E F0(command)2.5 E F2(\))2.5 E F1(inherit the)2.5 E F2(DEB)2.5 E -(UG)-.1 E F1(and)2.5 E F2(RETURN)2.5 E F1(traps.)2.5 E F2(6.)184 372 Q -F1 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell function\ -s, and subshells)220 372 R(in)220 384 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw) -.1 G(ith)-2.5 E F2(\()2.5 E F0(command)2.5 E F2(\))2.5 E F1(inherit the) -2.5 E F2(ERR)2.5 E F1(trap.)2.5 E F2(extglob)144 396 Q F1 .856 -(If set, enable the e)184 396 R .856 -(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F 1.157 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.1(Pa)3.357 G(thname).1 E(Expansion)184 408 Q F1 -(.)A F2(extquote)144 420 Q F1 .86(If set,)184 432 R F2($)3.36 E F1<08>A +(n)-.15 E F1(.)A F2(4.)184 696 Q F3 -.27(BA)220 696 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F1 +(and)3.153 E F3 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1 .904 +(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 708 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E +(86)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 87 87 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(5.)184 84 Q F1 1.637(Functio\ +n tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-) +220 84 R(shells in)220 96 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith) +-2.5 E F2(\()2.5 E F0(command)2.5 E F2(\))2.5 E F1(inherit the)2.5 E F2 +(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F1(and)2.5 E F2(RETURN)2.5 E F1(traps.)2.5 E F2(6.) +184 108 Q F1 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shel\ +l functions, and subshells)220 108 R(in)220 120 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 +G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F2(\()2.5 E F0(command)2.5 E F2(\))2.5 E F1 +(inherit the)2.5 E F2(ERR)2.5 E F1(trap.)2.5 E F2(extglob)144 132 Q F1 +.857(If set, enable the e)184 132 R .856 +(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F 1.156 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.1(Pa)3.356 G(thname).1 E(Expansion)184 144 Q F1 +(.)A F2(extquote)144 156 Q F1 .86(If set,)184 168 R F2($)3.36 E F1<08>A F0(string)A F1 3.36<0861>C(nd)-3.36 E F2($)3.36 E F1(")A F0(string)A F1 3.36("q)C .86(uoting is performed within)-3.36 F F2(${)3.36 E F0(par)A (ameter)-.15 E F2(})A F1 -.15(ex)3.36 G .86(pansions en-).15 F -(closed in double quotes.)184 444 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E -(ault.)-.1 E F2(failglob)144 456 Q F1 .242(If set, patterns which f)184 -456 R .243(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F .243 -(xpansion result in an e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion error)184 468 Q(.)-.55 -E F2 -.25(fo)144 480 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F1 .937 -(If set, the suf)184 492 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the)-.15 F -F3(FIGNORE)3.436 E F1 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w)-.25 F -.936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 504 R .32 -(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32 -(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 3.239 -(pletions. See)184 516 R F2 .739(Shell V)3.239 F(ariables)-.92 E F1(abo) -3.238 E 1.038 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .738(or a description of).15 F F3 -(FIGNORE)3.238 E F4(.)A F1 .738(This option is en-)5.238 F(abled by def) -184 528 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(globasciiranges)144 540 Q F1 2.518 -(If set, range e)184 552 R 2.519 -(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.519(et e)-.1 F 2.519 -(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 -.09(Pa)5.019 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E -(Matching)184 564 Q F1(abo)2.965 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.215(\)b).15 G(eha) --3.215 E 1.015 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214 +(closed in double quotes.)184 180 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E +(ault.)-.1 E F2(failglob)144 192 Q F1 .243(If set, patterns which f)184 +192 R .243(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F .243 +(xpansion result in an e)-.15 F(x-)-.15 E(pansion error)184 204 Q(.)-.55 +E F2 -.25(fo)144 216 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F1 .936 +(If set, the suf)184 228 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the)-.15 F +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)3.436 E F1 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936 +(ariable cause w)-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32 +(when performing w)184 240 R .32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32 +(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 3.238(pletions. See)184 252 R F2 +.738(Shell V)3.238 F(ariables)-.92 E F1(abo)3.238 E 1.038 -.15(ve f)-.15 +H .738(or a description of).15 F F3(FIGNORE)3.238 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 +SF(.)A F1 .739(This option is en-)5.238 F(abled by def)184 264 Q(ault.) +-.1 E F2(globasciiranges)144 276 Q F1 2.519(If set, range e)184 288 R +2.519(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F +2.518(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E +(Matching)184 300 Q F1(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha) +-3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214 (nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.) --3.214 F .987(That is, pattern matching does not tak)184 576 R 3.487(et) +-3.214 F .987(That is, pattern matching does not tak)184 312 R 3.487(et) -.1 G .987(he current locale')-3.487 F 3.487(sc)-.55 G .987 -(ollating sequence into ac-)-3.487 F 1.552(count, so)184 588 R F2(b) -4.052 E F1 1.552(will not collate between)4.052 F F2(A)4.051 E F1(and) -4.051 E F2(B)4.051 E F1 4.051(,a)C 1.551(nd upper)-4.051 F 1.551 -(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E 1.551(-case ASCII)-.2 F -(characters will collate together)184 600 Q(.)-.55 E F2(globskipdots)144 -612 Q F1 .727(If set, pathname e)184 624 R .727(xpansion will ne)-.15 F +(ollating sequence into ac-)-3.487 F 1.551(count, so)184 324 R F2(b) +4.051 E F1 1.551(will not collate between)4.051 F F2(A)4.051 E F1(and) +4.051 E F2(B)4.052 E F1 4.052(,a)C 1.552(nd upper)-4.052 F 1.552 +(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E 1.552(-case ASCII)-.2 F +(characters will collate together)184 336 Q(.)-.55 E F2(globskipdots)144 +348 Q F1 .727(If set, pathname e)184 360 R .727(xpansion will ne)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.227(rm).15 G .727(atch the \214lenames)-3.227 F F0(.) 4.893 E F1(and)4.893 E F0(..)4.893 E F1 3.227(,e)1.666 G -.15(ve)-3.477 -G 3.227(ni).15 G 3.227(ft)-3.227 G .728(he pattern)-3.227 F(be)184 636 Q +G 3.227(ni).15 G 3.227(ft)-3.227 G .727(he pattern)-3.227 F(be)184 372 Q (gins with a \231.\232.)-.15 E(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.) --.1 E F2(globstar)144 648 Q F1 .519(If set, the pattern)184 648 R F2(**) -3.019 E F1 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F -.518(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 -(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 660 R .431 -(If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F2(/)2.932 E F1 -2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184 -672 Q F2(gnu_errfmt)144 684 Q F1(If set, shell error messages are writt\ -en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 696 Q(GNU Bash 5.3)72 -768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(86)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 87 87 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(histappend)144 84 Q F1 .676 +-.1 E F2(globstar)144 384 Q F1 .518(If set, the pattern)184 384 R F2(**) +3.018 E F1 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F +.519(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .432 +(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 396 R .431 +(If the pattern is follo)5.432 F .431(wed by a)-.25 F F2(/)2.931 E F1 +2.931(,o)C .431(nly directories)-2.931 F(and subdirectories match.)184 +408 Q F2(gnu_errfmt)144 420 Q F1(If set, shell error messages are writt\ +en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 432 Q F2(histappend)144 +444 Q F1 .676 (If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 -96 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)3.176 E F1 --.25(va)2.926 G(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 108 Q -(xits, rather than o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F2 -(histr)144 120 Q(eedit)-.18 E F1 .117(If set, and)184 132 R F2 -.18(re) -2.617 G(adline).18 E F1 .118(is being used, the user is gi)2.617 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.618(nt).15 G .118(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-2.618 F -.118(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 144 Q F2(histv)144 156 Q -(erify)-.1 E F1 .403(If set, and)184 168 R F2 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 -E F1 .403 +456 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HISTFILE)3.177 E F1 -.25(va)2.927 G +(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 468 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F2(histr)144 480 Q(eedit)-.18 +E F1 .118(If set, and)184 492 R F2 -.18(re)2.618 G(adline).18 E F1 .118 +(is being used, the user is gi)2.618 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.618(nt).15 G +.117(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-2.618 F .117(ailed his-)-.1 F +(tory substitution.)184 504 Q F2(histv)144 516 Q(erify)-.1 E F1 .402 +(If set, and)184 528 R F2 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F1 .403 (is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) -2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 180 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 -(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F2 -.18(re)3.162 -G(adline).18 E F1(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 192 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 540 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 +(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F2 -.18(re)3.161 +G(adline).18 E F1(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 552 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F2 -(hostcomplete)144 204 Q F1 1.182(If set, and)184 216 R F2 -.18(re)3.682 -G(adline).18 E F1 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F2(bash)3.682 E F1 1.181 -(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184 -228 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F2(@)3.881 E F1 1.381 -(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F2(Completing)3.881 E F1(under)3.881 E -F3(READLINE)3.881 E F1(abo)184 240 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F -(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(huponexit)144 252 Q F1(If set,) -184 264 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1(will send)2.5 E F3(SIGHUP)2.5 E F1 +(hostcomplete)144 564 Q F1 1.181(If set, and)184 576 R F2 -.18(re)3.681 +G(adline).18 E F1 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F2(bash)3.682 E F1 1.182 +(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F 1.381(when a w)184 +588 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F2(@)3.881 E F1 1.381 +(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F2(Completing)3.88 E F1(under)3.88 E +F3(READLINE)3.88 E F1(abo)184 600 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F +(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(huponexit)144 612 Q F1(If set,) +184 624 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F1(will send)2.5 E F3(SIGHUP)2.5 E F1 (to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) -.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F2(inherit_err)144 276 Q(exit)-.18 E F1 .22 -(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 288 R .219(alue of the) --.25 F F2(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F1 .219(option, instead of unsetting) -2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 300 Q 2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F +.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F2(inherit_err)144 636 Q(exit)-.18 E F1 .219 +(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 648 R .219(alue of the) +-.25 F F2(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F1 .22(option, instead of unsetting) +2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 660 Q 2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F (option is enabled when posix mode is enabled.)2.5 E F2(interacti)144 -312 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F1 .208(In an interacti)184 324 R .508 --.15(ve s)-.25 H .208(hell, a w).15 F .209(ord be)-.1 F .209 -(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#)2.709 E F1 .209(causes that w)2.709 F .209 +672 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F1 .209(In an interacti)184 684 R .509 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .209(hell, a w).15 F .209(ord be)-.1 F .209 +(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#)2.709 E F1 .209(causes that w)2.709 F .208 (ord and all remaining char)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .612 -(acters on that line to be ignored, as in a non-interacti)184 336 R .912 --.15(ve s)-.25 H .612(hell \(see).15 F F3(COMMENTS)3.112 E F1(abo)2.862 -E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 348 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F2(lastpipe)144 360 Q F1 .066 -(If set, and job control is not acti)184 360 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t) +(acters on that line to be ignored, as in a non-interacti)184 696 R .912 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .612(hell \(see).15 F F3(COMMENTS)3.113 E F1(abo)2.863 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 708 Q +(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(87)188.45 E +0 Cg EP +%%Page: 88 88 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(lastpipe)144 84 Q F1 .066 +(If set, and job control is not acti)184 84 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t) .15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted in the background in the current shell en) -184 372 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F2(lithist)144 384 Q F1 .655(If set, and the) -184 384 R F2(cmdhist)3.155 E F1 .654 +184 96 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F2(lithist)144 108 Q F1 .654(If set, and the) +184 108 R F2(cmdhist)3.154 E F1 .654 (option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -3.154(dt).15 G 3.154(ot)-3.154 G .654(he history)-3.154 F -(with embedded ne)184 396 Q +3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)-3.155 F +(with embedded ne)184 120 Q (wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F2 -(localv)144 408 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F1 .421(If set, local v)184 420 R +(localv)144 132 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F1 .422(If set, local v)184 144 R .422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422 (utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184 -432 S .174(ists at a pre).15 F .174(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 -(yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .173 -(The nameref attrib)5.173 F .173(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 444 Q -F2(localv)144 456 Q(ar_unset)-.1 E F1 .328(If set, calling)184 468 R F2 -(unset)2.828 E F1 .328(on local v)2.828 F .329(ariables in pre)-.25 F -.329(vious function scopes marks them so subse-)-.25 F .365 -(quent lookups \214nd them unset until that function returns.)184 480 R -.364(This is identical to the beha)5.364 F(v-)-.2 E -(ior of unsetting local v)184 492 Q -(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F2(login_shell)144 504 Q +156 S .173(ists at a pre).15 F .173(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 +(yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .174 +(The nameref attrib)5.174 F .174(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 168 Q +F2(localv)144 180 Q(ar_unset)-.1 E F1 .329(If set, calling)184 192 R F2 +(unset)2.829 E F1 .329(on local v)2.829 F .329(ariables in pre)-.25 F +.328(vious function scopes marks them so subse-)-.25 F .364 +(quent lookups \214nd them unset until that function returns.)184 204 R +.365(This is identical to the beha)5.364 F(v-)-.2 E +(ior of unsetting local v)184 216 Q +(ariables at the current function scope.)-.25 E F2(login_shell)144 228 Q F1 .486 (The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 -516 R F3(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F1(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 528 S(lue may not be changed.).25 -E F2(mailwar)144 540 Q(n)-.15 E F1 .815(If set, and a \214le that)184 -552 R F2(bash)3.315 E F1 .814 -(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F --.1(wa)184 564 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed,)-.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1 +240 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F1(abo) +2.736 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 252 S +(lue may not be changed.).25 E F2(mailwar)144 264 Q(n)-.15 E F1 .814 +(If set, and a \214le that)184 276 R F2(bash)3.314 E F1 .815 +(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F +-.1(wa)184 288 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed,)-.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F1 (displays the message \231The mail in)2.5 E F0(mail\214le)2.5 E F1 -(has been read\232.)2.5 E F2(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 576 Q F1 .609 -(If set, and)184 588 R F2 -.18(re)3.109 G(adline).18 E F1 .609 +(has been read\232.)2.5 E F2(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 300 Q F1 .61 +(If set, and)184 312 R F2 -.18(re)3.11 G(adline).18 E F1 .609 (is being used,)3.109 F F2(bash)3.109 E F1 .609(does not search)3.109 F -F3 -.666(PA)3.109 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .61(for possible completions)2.86 F -(when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 600 Q F2(nocaseglob) -144 612 Q F1 .437(If set,)184 624 R F2(bash)2.937 E F1 .436 -(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.937 F .736 -.15(ve f)-.25 -H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 636 S +F3 -.666(PA)3.109 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .609(for possible completions)2.859 F +(when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 324 Q F2(nocaseglob) +144 336 Q F1 .436(If set,)184 348 R F2(bash)2.936 E F1 .436 +(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25 +H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 360 S (pansion \(see).15 E F2 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F1(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(nocasematch)144 648 Q F1 1.193(If set,)184 -660 R F2(bash)3.693 E F1 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) -3.693 F 1.494 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.194(ashion when performing matching).05 -F .551(while e)184 672 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(case)3.051 E F1 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2(nocasematch)144 372 Q F1 1.194(If set,)184 +384 R F2(bash)3.694 E F1 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) +3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 +F .551(while e)184 396 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(case)3.051 E F1 (or)3.051 E F2([[)3.051 E F1 .551 (conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 F -.1 -(wo)184 684 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\ -le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 696 Q -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(87)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 88 88 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(noexpand_translation)144 84 Q -F1 .67(If set,)184 96 R F2(bash)3.17 E F1 .669 -(encloses the translated results of)3.169 F F2($")3.169 E F1 1.666(...)C -F2(")-1.666 E F1 .669(quoting in single quotes instead of)3.169 F -(double quotes.)184 108 Q +(wo)184 408 S .623(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\ +le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 420 Q F2 +(noexpand_translation)144 432 Q F1 .669(If set,)184 444 R F2(bash)3.169 +E F1 .669(encloses the translated results of)3.169 F F2($")3.169 E F1 +1.666(...)C F2(")-1.666 E F1 .669(quoting in single quotes instead of) +3.169 F(double quotes.)184 456 Q (If the string is not translated, this has no ef)5 E(fect.)-.25 E F2 -(nullglob)144 120 Q F1 1.581(If set, pathname e)184 132 R 1.581 +(nullglob)144 468 Q F1 1.581(If set, pathname e)184 480 R 1.581 (xpansion patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.15 F F2 -.1(Pa)4.081 G -1.581(thname Expansion).1 F F1(abo)184 144 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)e).15 -G(xpand to nothing and are remo)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d, rather than e) -.15 E(xpanding to themselv)-.15 E(es.)-.15 E F2(patsub_r)144 156 Q -(eplacement)-.18 E F1 .106(If set,)184 168 R F2(bash)2.606 E F1 -.15(ex) -2.606 G .106(pands occurrences of).15 F F2(&)2.606 E F1 .105 -(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to)2.606 F .527 -(the te)184 180 R .527(xt matched by the pattern, as described under) --.15 F F2 -.1(Pa)3.028 G .528(rameter Expansion).1 F F1(abo)3.028 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 5.528(.T).15 G(his)-5.528 E(option is enabled by def)184 192 -Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(pr)144 204 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F1 .767 -(If set, enable the programmable completion f)184 216 R .766 -(acilities \(see)-.1 F F2(Pr)3.266 E .766(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F -F1(abo)184 228 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F -(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(pr)144 240 Q +1.58(thname Expansion).1 F F1(abo)184 492 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)e).15 G +(xpand to nothing and are remo)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d, rather than e) +.15 E(xpanding to themselv)-.15 E(es.)-.15 E F2(patsub_r)144 504 Q +(eplacement)-.18 E F1 .105(If set,)184 516 R F2(bash)2.605 E F1 -.15(ex) +2.605 G .105(pands occurrences of).15 F F2(&)2.606 E F1 .106 +(in the replacement string of pattern substitution to)2.606 F .528 +(the te)184 528 R .528(xt matched by the pattern, as described under) +-.15 F F2 -.1(Pa)3.027 G .527(rameter Expansion).1 F F1(abo)3.027 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 5.527(.T).15 G(his)-5.527 E(option is enabled by def)184 540 +Q(ault.)-.1 E F2(pr)144 552 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F1 .766 +(If set, enable the programmable completion f)184 564 R .767 +(acilities \(see)-.1 F F2(Pr)3.267 E .767(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F +F1(abo)184 576 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F +(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F2(pr)144 588 Q (ogcomp_alias)-.18 E F1 2.124 -(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 252 R F2(bash)4.624 -E F1 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 264 Q 3.11(th) +(If set, and programmable completion is enabled,)184 600 R F2(bash)4.624 +E F1 2.124(treats a command name that)4.624 F(doesn')184 612 Q 3.11(th) -.18 G -2.25 -.2(av e)-3.11 H(an)3.31 E 3.11(yc)-.15 G .61 (ompletions as a possible alias and attempts alias e)-3.11 F 3.11 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F .61(it has)3.11 F 1.473(an alias,)184 276 R F2 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F .61(it has)3.11 F 1.473(an alias,)184 624 R F2 (bash)3.973 E F1 1.473 (attempts programmable completion using the command w)3.973 F 1.473 -(ord resulting)-.1 F(from the e)184 288 Q(xpanded alias.)-.15 E F2(pr) -144 300 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F1 1.448(If set, prompt strings under) -184 312 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.447 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 324 S .17 -(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17 -(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.671 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F1(abo)2.421 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 336 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2 -.18(re) -144 348 S(stricted_shell).18 E F1 1.069 +(ord resulting)-.1 F(from the e)184 636 Q(xpanded alias.)-.15 E F2(pr) +144 648 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F1 1.447(If set, prompt strings under) +184 660 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 672 S +.171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17 +(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F F3(PR)2.67 E +(OMPTING)-.27 E F1(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E +(This option is enabled by def)184 684 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)144 696 +S(stricted_shell).18 E F1 1.069 (The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) -184 360 R F3 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F1(belo)184 372 Q 2.86 -(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36 -(This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 384 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E -F2(shift_v)144 396 Q(erbose)-.1 E F1 .502(If set, the)184 408 R F2 -(shift)3.002 E F1 -.2(bu)3.002 G .501 -(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .501 -(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 420 Q F2(sour) -144 432 Q(cepath)-.18 E F1 .77(If set, the)184 444 R F2(.)3.27 E F1(\() -3.27 E F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1 3.27(\)b)C .77(uiltin uses the v)-3.47 F -.771(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.271 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .771 -(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.021 F .422 -(\214le supplied as an ar)184 456 R .422(gument when the)-.18 F F2 -2.921 E F1 .421(option is not supplied.)2.921 F .421 -(This option is enabled)5.421 F(by def)184 468 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2 -.1(va) -144 480 S(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F1 .74(If set, the shell automatica\ -lly closes \214le descriptors assigned using the)184 492 R F0({varname}) -3.24 E F1(redi-)3.24 E .424(rection syntax \(see)184 504 R F3 +184 708 R F3 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F1(belo)184 720 Q 4.178 +(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678(lue may not be changed.).25 F +1.678(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(88)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 89 89 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E -.15(exe)184 84 S(cuted, allo).15 E +(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G +(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(shift_v)144 96 Q(erbose)-.1 E F1 .501(If set, the)184 108 R F2(shift) +3.001 E F1 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 +(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 120 Q F2(sour) +144 132 Q(cepath)-.18 E F1 .771(If set, the)184 144 R F2(.)3.271 E F1 +(\()3.271 E F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F1 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) +-3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH) +-.189 E F1 .77(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F .421 +(\214le supplied as an ar)184 156 R .421(gument when the)-.18 F F2 +2.921 E F1 .421(option is not supplied.)2.921 F .422 +(This option is enabled)5.422 F(by def)184 168 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2 -.1(va) +144 180 S(rr).1 E(edir_close)-.18 E F1 .74(If set, the shell automatica\ +lly closes \214le descriptors assigned using the)184 192 R F0({varname}) +3.24 E F1(redi-)3.24 E .423(rection syntax \(see)184 204 R F3 (REDIRECTION)2.924 E F1(abo)2.674 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.924(\)i).15 G .424 (nstead of lea)-2.924 F .424(ving them open when the com-)-.2 F -(mand completes.)184 516 Q F2(xpg_echo)144 528 Q F1 .073(If set, the)184 -540 R F2(echo)2.574 E F1 -.2(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin e).2 F .074 +(mand completes.)184 216 Q F2(xpg_echo)144 228 Q F1 .074(If set, the)184 +240 R F2(echo)2.574 E F1 -.2(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin e).2 F .074 (xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 F 2.574(ault. If)-.1 F -(the)2.574 E F2(posix)2.574 E F1(shell)2.574 E(option is also enabled,) -184 552 Q F2(echo)2.5 E F1(does not interpret an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G -(ptions.)-2.5 E F2(suspend)108 568.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1(])A .91 -(Suspend the e)144 580.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .91 +(the)2.574 E F2(posix)2.573 E F1(shell)2.573 E(option is also enabled,) +184 252 Q F2(echo)2.5 E F1(does not interpret an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G +(ptions.)-2.5 E F2(suspend)108 268.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1(])A .909 +(Suspend the e)144 280.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .909 (cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.41(sa).15 G -F3(SIGCONT)-.001 E F1 3.409(signal. A)3.159 F .909 -(login shell, or a shell)3.409 F 1.043 -(without job control enabled, cannot be suspended; the)144 592.8 R F2 -3.543 E F1 1.043(option will o)3.543 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.044 -(rride this and force the).15 F 2.744(suspension. The)144 604.8 R .244(\ +F3(SIGCONT)A F1 3.41(signal. A)3.16 F .91(login shell, or a shell)3.41 F +1.044(without job control enabled, cannot be suspended; the)144 292.8 R +F23.543 E F1 1.043(option will o)3.543 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.043 +(rride this and force the).15 F 2.743(suspension. The)144 304.8 R .244(\ return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell or job control is \ -not enabled and)2.744 F F2144 616.8 Q F1(is not supplied.)2.5 E F2 -(test)108 633.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F2([)108 645.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 -G(pr).2 E F2(])2.5 E F1 .877(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 -645.6 R .878(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878 -(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F0 -.2(ex)144 657.6 +not enabled and)2.743 F F2144 316.8 Q F1(is not supplied.)2.5 E F2 +(test)108 333.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F2([)108 345.6 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 +G(pr).2 E F2(])2.5 E F1 .878(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 +345.6 R .877(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .877 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F0 -.2(ex)144 357.6 S(pr).2 E F1 5.53(.E).73 G .53 (ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 -(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.36 -(primaries described abo)144 669.6 R 1.66 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 -(CONDITION)3.86 E 1.36(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A -F2(test)5.86 E F1 1.361(does not accept an)3.86 F 3.861(yo)-.15 G(p-) --3.861 E(tions, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 681.6 Q +(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 1.361 +(primaries described abo)144 369.6 R 1.661 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E +F3(CONDITION)3.861 E 1.36(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +A F2(test)5.86 E F1 1.36(does not accept an)3.86 F 3.86(yo)-.15 G(p-) +-3.86 E(tions, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 381.6 Q (gument of)-.18 E F22.5 E F1(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 -E .786(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 698.4 R .785 +E .785(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 398.4 R .786 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 2.93 -(dence. The)144 710.4 R -.25(eva)2.93 G .43 +(dence. The)144 410.4 R -.25(eva)2.93 G .43 (luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .43(guments; see belo)-.18 F -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(test)6.08 E F1 .43(uses operator prece-)2.93 F -(dence when there are \214v)144 722.4 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G -(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12) -136.795 E(88)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 89 89 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)144 84 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G -(pr).2 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 84 S(ue if).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1 -(is f)3.23 E(alse.)-.1 E F2(\()144 96 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F2(\)) -2.5 E F1(Returns the v)180 96 Q(alue of)-.25 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -F1 5(.T)C(his may be used to o)-5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -(rride normal operator precedence.).15 E F0 -.2(ex)144 108 S(pr1).2 E F1 -2.5 E F2(a)A F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 120 S +(dence when there are \214v)144 422.4 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G +(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F2(!)144 434.4 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +F1 -.35(Tr)180 434.4 S(ue if).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(is f)3.23 +E(alse.)-.1 E F2(\()144 446.4 Q F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F2(\))2.5 E F1 +(Returns the v)180 446.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1 5 +(.T)C(his may be used to o)-5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(rride normal operator precedence.).15 E F0 -.2(ex)144 458.4 S(pr1).2 E +F12.5 E F2(a)A F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 470.4 S (ue if both).35 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F1(and)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G -(pr2).2 E F1(are true.)2.52 E F0 -.2(ex)144 132 S(pr1).2 E F12.5 E -F2(o)A F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 144 S(ue if either).35 E -F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F1(or)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1 -(is true.)2.52 E F2(test)144 160.8 Q F1(and)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F1 -.25 +(pr2).2 E F1(are true.)2.52 E F0 -.2(ex)144 482.4 S(pr1).2 E F12.5 E +F2(o)A F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1 -.35(Tr)180 494.4 S(ue if either).35 +E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F1(or)2.5 E F0 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F1 +(is true.)2.52 E F2(test)144 511.2 Q F1(and)2.5 E F2([)2.5 E F1 -.25 (eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E (xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E -(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 177.6 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) -180 189.6 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 201.6 S -.18 -(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 213.6 Q -(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 -E 2.5(2a)144 225.6 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) -180 237.6 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.87 E F1 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 -F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 -(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 249.6 R .38 -(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 -261.6 Q .553(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 .552 -(the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F -.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 273.6 Q +(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 528 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e)180 +540 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 552 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(ument).18 E(The e)180 564 Q(xpression is true if and only if the ar) +-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 E 2.5(2a)144 576 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)180 588 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F2(!) +2.87 E F1 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 F .37 +(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 +(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 600 R .38 +(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 612 Q .552 +(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F1 .552(the e)2.802 F .552 +(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552 +(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 624 Q (alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 285.6 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 297.6 R .236 +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 636 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 648 R .236 (wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 (If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 -(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 309.6 R 1.155 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F -F4(,)A F1(the)3.104 E .578(result of the e)180 321.6 R .578(xpression i\ -s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F -(guments)-.18 E 1.333(as operands.)180 333.6 R(The)6.333 E F23.833 -E F1(and)3.833 E F23.832 E F1 1.332 +(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 660 R 1.155 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A +F1(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 672 R .578(xpression is the res\ +ult of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F(guments) +-.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 684 R(The)6.332 E F23.832 E F1(and) +3.832 E F23.832 E F1 1.333 (operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 -(three ar)180 345.6 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 -F .558(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)3.058 E F1 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F -.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F -(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180 -357.6 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .52 -(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()3.02 E F1 .52(and the third)3.02 -F(ar)180 369.6 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.985 E F1 -2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 -(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E -(wise, the e)180 381.6 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 -393.6 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .43(The follo)180 405.6 R .43 -(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .429 -(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .429(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)2.929 E F1 2.929 -(,t)C .429(he re-)-2.929 F 1.314(sult is the ne)180 417.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 -G 1.314(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F 1.314 -(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.902 -(ments. If)180 429.6 R .402(the \214rst ar)2.902 F .401(gument is e)-.18 -F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()2.901 E F1 .401(and the fourth ar)2.901 F .401 -(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.901 E F1 2.901(,t)C .401 -(he result is)-2.901 F 1.235(the tw)180 441.6 R(o-ar)-.1 E 1.236 +(three ar)180 696 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F +.558(gument is)-.18 F F2(!)3.058 E F1 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558 +(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 +E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180 708 R 3.021 +(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521(gument is e)-.18 F +(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()3.021 E F1 .521(and the third)3.021 F(ar)180 720 Q +2.9(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))5.4 E F1 5.399(,t)C 2.899 +(he result is the one-ar)-5.399 F 2.899(gument test of the second ar) +-.18 F(gument.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E +(89)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 90 90 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(Otherwise, the e)180 84 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E +(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 96 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .429(The follo) +180 108 R .429(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F +.43(If the \214rst ar)5.429 F .43(gument is)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(!)2.93 E F1 2.93(,t)C .43(he re-)-2.93 F 1.315(sult is the ne)180 120 R +-.05(ga)-.15 G 1.314(tion of the three-ar).05 F 1.314(gument e)-.18 F +1.314(xpression composed of the remaining ar)-.15 F(gu-)-.18 E 2.901 +(ments. If)180 132 R .401(the \214rst ar)2.901 F .401(gument is e)-.18 F +(xactly)-.15 E F2(\()2.901 E F1 .401(and the fourth ar)2.901 F .401 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(\))2.901 E F1 2.902(,t)C .402 +(he result is)-2.902 F 1.236(the tw)180 144 R(o-ar)-.1 E 1.236 (gument test of the second and third ar)-.18 F 3.736 -(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.236(the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpression is)-.15 -F(parsed and e)180 453.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G +(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.235(the e)3.736 F 1.235(xpression is)-.15 +F(parsed and e)180 156 Q -.25(va)-.25 G (luated according to precedence using the rules listed abo).25 E -.15 -(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 465.6 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E -(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 477.6 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e) --.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 -(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 -489.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E .163 -(When the shell is in posix mode, or if the e)144 506.4 R .163 +(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 168 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments) +-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 180 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G 1.635(luated according to precedence using the rules listed) +.25 F(abo)180 192 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E .163 +(When the shell is in posix mode, or if the e)144 208.8 R .163 (xpression is part of the)-.15 F F2([[)2.663 E F1 .163(command, the) -2.663 F F2(<)2.663 E F1(and)2.663 E F2(>)2.663 E F1(opera-)2.663 E .669 -(tors sort using the current locale.)144 518.4 R .669 +2.663 F F2(<)2.663 E F1(and)2.662 E F2(>)2.662 E F1(opera-)2.662 E .669 +(tors sort using the current locale.)144 220.8 R .669 (If the shell is not in posix mode, the)5.669 F F2(test)3.169 E F1(and) -3.169 E F2([)3.169 E F1 .668(commands sort)3.169 F(le)144 530.4 Q -(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E .006 -(The historical operator)144 547.2 R .006 +3.169 E F2([)3.169 E F1 .669(commands sort)3.169 F(le)144 232.8 Q +(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E .007 +(The historical operator)144 249.6 R .006 (-precedence parsing with 4 or more ar)-.2 F .006 -(guments can lead to ambiguities when)-.18 F .632 -(it encounters strings that look lik)144 559.2 R 3.132(ep)-.1 G 3.132 -(rimaries. The)-3.132 F .632(POSIX standard has deprecated the)3.132 F -F23.132 E F1(and)3.132 E F23.132 E F1 .885 -(primaries and enclosing e)144 571.2 R .886 +(guments can lead to ambiguities when)-.18 F .841 +(it encounters strings that look lik)144 261.6 R 3.341(ep)-.1 G 3.341 +(rimaries. The)-3.341 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSIX)3.341 E F1 .841 +(standard has deprecated the)3.091 F F23.342 E F1(and)3.342 E F2 +3.342 E F1 .886(primaries and enclosing e)144 273.6 R .886 (xpressions within parentheses.)-.15 F .886 -(Scripts should no longer use them.)5.886 F(It')5.886 E(s)-.55 E .066 -(much more reliable to restrict test in)144 583.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .066 +(Scripts should no longer use them.)5.886 F(It')5.885 E(s)-.55 E .066 +(much more reliable to restrict test in)144 285.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .066 (cations to a single primary).2 F 2.566(,a)-.65 G .066 -(nd to replace uses of)-2.566 F F22.566 E F1(and)2.566 E F2 -2.566 E F1(with the shell')144 595.2 Q(s)-.55 E F2(&&)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E -F2(||)2.5 E F1(list operators.)2.5 E F2(times)108 612 Q F1 1.229(Print \ -the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes r\ -un from the shell.)144 612 R(The return status is 0.)144 624 Q F2(trap) -108 640.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255lpP)A F1 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E F0(action)A F1 -(])A F0(sigspec)2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(The)144 652.8 Q F0 -(action)4.332 E F1 1.501(is a command that is read and e)4.242 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.501(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.001 -(sa).15 G 1.801 -.15(ny o)-4.001 H 4.001(ft).15 G 1.501(he signals) --4.001 F F0(sigspec)144.34 664.8 Q F1 5.708(.I).31 G(f)-5.708 E F0 -(action)3.538 E F1 .709(is absent \(and there is a single)3.449 F F0 +(nd to replace uses of)-2.566 F F22.566 E F1(and)2.567 E F2 +2.567 E F1(with the shell')144 297.6 Q(s)-.55 E F2(&&)2.5 E F1(and)2.5 E +F2(||)2.5 E F1(list operators.)2.5 E F2(times)108 314.4 Q F1 1.229(Prin\ +t the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes\ + run from the shell.)144 314.4 R(The return status is 0.)144 326.4 Q F2 +(trap)108 343.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255lpP)A F1 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E F0 +(action)A F1(])A F0(sigspec)2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(The)144 +355.2 Q F0(action)4.331 E F1 1.501(is a command that is read and e)4.241 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.501(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +4.001(sa).15 G 1.802 -.15(ny o)-4.001 H 4.002(ft).15 G 1.502(he signals) +-4.002 F F0(sigspec)144.34 367.2 Q F1 5.709(.I).31 G(f)-5.709 E F0 +(action)3.539 E F1 .709(is absent \(and there is a single)3.449 F F0 (sigspec)3.209 E F1 3.209(\)o)C(r)-3.209 E F23.209 E F1 3.209(,e)C -.709(ach speci\214ed)-3.209 F F0(sigspec)3.209 E F1 .709(is reset to) -3.209 F .293(the v)144 676.8 R .292(alue it had when the shell w)-.25 F +.709(ach speci\214ed)-3.209 F F0(sigspec)3.209 E F1 .708(is reset to) +3.209 F .292(the v)144 379.2 R .292(alue it had when the shell w)-.25 F .292(as started.)-.1 F(If)5.292 E F0(action)3.122 E F1 .292 (is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.032 F F0(sigspec) -144.34 688.8 Q F1(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)2.81 -E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(s.).1 E .165(If no ar)144 705.6 R .165 +144.34 391.2 Q F1(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)2.81 +E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(s.).1 E .165(If no ar)144 408 R .165 (guments are supplied,)-.18 F F2(trap)2.665 E F1 .165 (displays the actions associated with each trapped signal as a set)2.665 -F(of)144 717.6 Q F2(trap)2.57 E F1 .069(commands that can be reused as \ -shell input to restore the current signal dispositions.)2.57 F(If)5.069 -E F22.569 E F1 .473(is gi)144 729.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .473(n, and) -.15 F F0(action)3.303 E F1 .473(is not present, then)3.213 F F2(trap) -2.973 E F1 .473(displays the actions associated with each)2.973 F F0 -(sigspec)3.314 E F1(or)3.284 E(,)-.4 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(89)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 90 90 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .364 -(if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of)144 84 R/F2 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF(trap)2.864 E F1 .363 -(commands that can be reused as shell)2.864 F .207 -(input to restore the current signal dispositions.)144 96 R(The)5.207 E +F(of)144 420 Q F2(trap)2.569 E F1 .069(commands that can be reused as s\ +hell input to restore the current signal dispositions.)2.569 F(If)5.07 E +F22.57 E F1 .474(is gi)144 432 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .474(n, and).15 F +F0(action)3.303 E F1 .473(is not present, then)3.213 F F2(trap)2.973 E +F1 .473(displays the actions associated with each)2.973 F F0(sigspec) +3.313 E F1(or)3.283 E(,)-.4 E .363 +(if none are supplied, for all trapped signals, as a set of)144 444 R F2 +(trap)2.864 E F1 .364(commands that can be reused as shell)2.864 F .207 +(input to restore the current signal dispositions.)144 456 R(The)5.207 E F22.707 E F1 .207(option beha)2.707 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.707(ss).15 G -(imilarly)-2.707 E 2.707(,b)-.65 G .208(ut displays only)-2.907 F 1.553 -(the actions associated with each)144 108 R F0(sigspec)4.052 E F1(ar) -4.052 E(gument.)-.18 E F26.552 E F1 1.552(requires at least one) -4.052 F F0(sigspec)4.052 E F1(ar)4.052 E(gument.)-.18 E(The)144 120 Q F2 -2.779 E F1(or)2.779 E F22.779 E F1 .279 -(options may be used in a subshell en)2.779 F .28 -(vironment \(e.g., command substitution\) and, as)-.4 F .239 -(long as the)144 132 R 2.739(ya)-.15 G .239(re used before)-2.739 F F2 -(trap)2.739 E F1 .238(is used to change a signal')2.739 F 2.738(sh)-.55 -G .238(andling, will display the state of its)-2.738 F(parent')144 144 Q -2.5(st)-.55 G(raps.)-2.5 E(The)144 160.8 Q F22.515 E F1 .016 +(imilarly)-2.707 E 2.707(,b)-.65 G .207(ut displays only)-2.907 F 1.552 +(the actions associated with each)144 468 R F0(sigspec)4.052 E F1(ar) +4.052 E(gument.)-.18 E F26.552 E F1 1.553(requires at least one) +4.052 F F0(sigspec)4.053 E F1(ar)4.053 E(gument.)-.18 E(The)144 480 Q F2 +2.78 E F1(or)2.78 E F22.78 E F1 .279 +(options may be used in a subshell en)2.78 F .279 +(vironment \(e.g., command substitution\) and, as)-.4 F .238 +(long as the)144 492 R 2.738(ya)-.15 G .238(re used before)-2.738 F F2 +(trap)2.738 E F1 .238(is used to change a signal')2.738 F 2.739(sh)-.55 +G .239(andling, will display the state of its)-2.739 F(parent')144 504 Q +2.5(st)-.55 G(raps.)-2.5 E(The)144 520.8 Q F22.516 E F1 .016 (option prints a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers.) -2.515 F(Each)5.016 E F0(sigspec)2.856 E F1 .016(is either)2.826 F 2.615 -(as)144 172.8 S .115(ignal name de\214ned in <)-2.615 F F0(signal.h)A F1 -.114(>, or a signal number)B 5.114(.S)-.55 G .114 -(ignal names are case insensiti)-5.114 F .414 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .114 -(nd the).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)144 184.8 Q F1 .782 -(pre\214x is optional.)3.032 F(If)5.782 E F23.282 E F1 .782 -(is supplied with no)3.282 F F0(sigspec)3.282 E F1(ar)3.282 E .783 -(guments, it prints a list of v)-.18 F .783(alid signal)-.25 F(names.) -144 196.8 Q .017(If a)144 213.6 R F0(sigspec)2.857 E F1(is)2.827 E F3 -(EXIT)2.517 E F1(\(0\),)2.267 E F0(action)2.847 E F1 .017(is e)2.757 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .017(cuted on e).15 F .016(xit from the shell.)-.15 F -.016(If a)5.016 F F0(sigspec)2.856 E F1(is)2.826 E F3(DEB)2.516 E(UG) --.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(action)2.596 E F1(is)2.756 E -.15 -(exe)144 225.6 S .797(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F0 -.797(simple command)3.297 F F1(,)A F0(for)3.297 E F1(command,)3.297 E F0 -(case)3.298 E F1(command,)3.298 E F0(select)3.298 E F1 .798 -(command, \(\( arith-)3.298 F .574 -(metic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic)144 237.6 R F0(for) -3.073 E F1 .573(command, and before the \214rst command)3.073 F -.15 -(exe)144 249.6 S 1.98(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F3 1.98 +2.516 F(Each)5.015 E F0(sigspec)2.855 E F1 .015(is either)2.825 F 2.614 +(as)144 532.8 S .114(ignal name de\214ned in <)-2.614 F F0(signal.h)A F1 +.114(>, or a signal number)B 5.114(.S)-.55 G .115 +(ignal names are case insensiti)-5.114 F .415 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .115 +(nd the).15 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)144 544.8 Q F1 .783 +(pre\214x is optional.)3.033 F(If)5.783 E F23.283 E F1 .782 +(is supplied with no)3.283 F F0(sigspec)3.282 E F1(ar)3.282 E .782 +(guments, it prints a list of v)-.18 F .782(alid signal)-.25 F(names.) +144 556.8 Q .016(If a)144 573.6 R F0(sigspec)2.856 E F1(is)2.826 E F4 +(EXIT)2.516 E F1(\(0\),)2.266 E F0(action)2.846 E F1 .016(is e)2.756 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .016(cuted on e).15 F .017(xit from the shell.)-.15 F +.017(If a)5.017 F F0(sigspec)2.857 E F1(is)2.827 E F4(DEB)2.517 E(UG) +-.09 E F3(,)A F0(action)2.597 E F1(is)2.757 E -.15(exe)144 585.6 S .798 +(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F0 .798(simple command) +3.298 F F1(,)A F0(for)3.298 E F1(command,)3.298 E F0(case)3.297 E F1 +(command,)3.297 E F0(select)3.297 E F1 .797(command, \(\( arith-)3.297 F +.573(metic command, [[ conditional command, arithmetic)144 597.6 R F0 +(for)3.073 E F1 .574(command, and before the \214rst command)3.073 F +-.15(exe)144 609.6 S 1.98(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F4 1.98 (SHELL GRAMMAR)4.48 F F1(abo)4.23 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.48(\). Refer).15 F -1.98(to the description of the)4.48 F F2(extdeb)144 261.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F1 -.385(shell option \(see)2.885 F F2(shopt)2.884 E F1(abo)2.884 E -.15(ve) +1.98(to the description of the)4.48 F F2(extdeb)144 621.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F1 +.384(shell option \(see)2.884 F F2(shopt)2.884 E F1(abo)2.884 E -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.884(\)f).15 G .384(or details of its ef)-2.884 F .384 (fect on the)-.25 F F2(DEB)2.884 E(UG)-.1 E F1 2.884(trap. If)2.884 F(a) -2.884 E F0(sigspec)3.224 E F1(is)144 273.6 Q F3(RETURN)2.802 E F4(,)A F0 -(action)2.882 E F1 .302(is e)3.042 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .302 +2.885 E F0(sigspec)3.225 E F1(is)144 633.6 Q F4(RETURN)2.803 E F3(,)A F0 +(action)2.883 E F1 .303(is e)3.043 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .302 (cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.303(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.803 E F1(or)2.803 E F2(sour)2.803 E(ce) --.18 E F1 -.2(bu)144 285.6 S(iltins \214nishes e).2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting.).15 E .349(If a)144 302.4 R F0(sigspec)3.189 E F1(is)3.159 E F3 -(ERR)2.849 E F4(,)A F0(action)2.929 E F1 .349(is e)3.089 F -.15(xe)-.15 +.302(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.802 E F1(or)2.802 E F2(sour)2.802 E(ce) +-.18 E F1 -.2(bu)144 645.6 S(iltins \214nishes e).2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting.).15 E .348(If a)144 662.4 R F0(sigspec)3.188 E F1(is)3.159 E F4 +(ERR)2.849 E F3(,)A F0(action)2.929 E F1 .349(is e)3.089 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .349(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.849(rap).15 G .349 -(ipeline \(which may consist of a single simple)-2.849 F .164 +(ipeline \(which may consist of a single simple)-2.849 F .165 (command\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255zero e)144 -314.4 R .165(xit status, subject to the follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E 2.577 -(conditions. The)144 326.4 R F3(ERR)2.577 E F1 .077(trap is not e)2.327 -F -.15(xe)-.15 G .077(cuted if the f).15 F .076 -(ailed command is part of the command list imme-)-.1 F .506 -(diately follo)144 338.4 R .506(wing a)-.25 F F2(while)3.006 E F1(or) -3.006 E F2(until)3.006 E F1 -.1(ke)3.006 G(yw)-.05 E .506 -(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F0(if)3.016 E F1 .506 -(statement, part of a command)4.966 F -.15(exe)144 350.4 S .807 -(cuted in a).15 F F2(&&)3.307 E F1(or)3.307 E F2(||)3.307 E F1 .807 -(list e)3.307 F .807(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .807 -(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F2(&&)3.307 E F1(or)3.307 E F2(||)3.307 E F1 -3.307(,a)C 1.106 -.15(ny c)-3.307 H .806(ommand in a).15 F .758 -(pipeline b)144 362.4 R .758(ut the last \(subject to the state of the) --.2 F F2(pipefail)3.258 E F1 .759(shell option\), or if the command') -3.258 F 3.259(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.259 E -.25(va)144 374.4 S -(lue is being in).25 E -.15(ve)-.4 G(rted using).15 E F2(!)2.5 E F1 5 -(.T)C(hese are the same conditions obe)-5 E(yed by the)-.15 E F2(err)2.5 -E(exit)-.18 E F1(\()2.5 E F2A F1 2.5(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E .07 -(When the shell is not interacti)144 391.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.57(,s).15 -G .069 +674.4 R .164(xit status, subject to the follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E 2.576 +(conditions. The)144 686.4 R F4(ERR)2.576 E F1 .076(trap is not e)2.326 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .076(cuted if the f).15 F .077 +(ailed command is part of the command list imme-)-.1 F .315 +(diately follo)144 698.4 R .315(wing a)-.25 F F2(while)2.815 E F1(or) +2.815 E F2(until)2.814 E F1(reserv)2.814 E .314(ed w)-.15 F .314 +(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F0(if)2.824 E F1 .314 +(statement, part of a com-)4.774 F .435(mand e)144 710.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G .435(cuted in a).15 F F2(&&)2.935 E F1(or)2.935 E F2(||)2.935 E F1 +.435(list e)2.935 F .435(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .435 +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F2(&&)2.935 E F1(or)2.935 E F2(||)2.935 E F1 +2.935(,a)C .735 -.15(ny c)-2.935 H(ommand).15 E 1.225(in a pipeline b) +144 722.4 R 1.225(ut the last \(subject to the state of the)-.2 F F2 +(pipefail)3.725 E F1 1.225(shell option\), or if the command')3.725 F(s) +-.55 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(90)188.45 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 91 91 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .789(return v)144 84 R .789(alue is being in)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G .789(rted using).15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.289 E F1 +5.789(.T)C .789(hese are the same conditions obe)-5.789 F .79 +(yed by the)-.15 F F2(err)3.29 E(exit)-.18 E F1(\()3.29 E F2A F1 +(\))A(option.)144 96 Q .07(When the shell is not interacti)144 112.8 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.57(,s).15 G .069 (ignals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.) --2.57 F(Interacti)144 403.2 Q .951 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .651 +-2.57 F(Interacti)144 124.8 Q .951 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .651 (hells permit trapping signals ignored on entry).15 F 5.651(.T)-.65 G .652(rapped signals that are not being ig-)-6.001 F .577 -(nored are reset to their original v)144 415.2 R .576 +(nored are reset to their original v)144 136.8 R .576 (alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .576 -(vironment when one is created.)-.4 F(The return status is f)144 427.2 Q +(vironment when one is created.)-.4 F(The return status is f)144 148.8 Q (alse if an)-.1 E(y)-.15 E F0(sigspec)2.84 E F1(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid; otherwise).25 E F2(trap)2.5 E F1(returns true.)2.5 E F2(true)108 -444 Q F1(Does nothing, returns a 0 status.)144 444 Q F2(type)108 460.8 Q -F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aftpP)A F1(])A F0(name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0(name)A F1 -1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Indicate ho)144 472.8 Q 2.5(we)-.25 G(ach) --2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1 -.1(wo)2.68 G -(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 E .8(If the)144 489.6 +165.6 Q F1(Does nothing, returns a 0 status.)144 165.6 Q F2(type)108 +182.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255aftpP)A F1(])A F0(name)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 +(name)A F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Indicate ho)144 194.4 Q 2.5(we) +-.25 G(ach)-2.5 E F0(name)2.86 E F1 -.1(wo)2.68 G +(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 E .8(If the)144 211.2 R F23.3 E F1 .8(option is used,)3.3 F F2(type)3.3 E F1 .801 (prints a string which is one of)3.3 F F0(alias)3.631 E F1(,).27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.301 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F1(,).77 E F0(function)5.271 E F1(,) .24 E F0 -.2(bu)3.301 G(iltin).2 E F1 3.301(,o).24 G(r)-3.301 E F0 -(\214le)145.91 501.6 Q F1(if)3.622 E F0(name)3.802 E F1 .942 +(\214le)145.91 223.2 Q F1(if)3.622 E F0(name)3.802 E F1 .942 (is an alias, shell reserv)3.622 F .942(ed w)-.15 F .942 (ord, function, b)-.1 F .942(uiltin, or e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .942 (cutable \214le, respecti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.942(.I)-.65 G -(f)-5.942 E(the)144 513.6 Q F0(name)2.86 E F1(is not found,)2.68 E F2 +(f)-5.942 E(the)144 235.2 Q F0(name)2.86 E F1(is not found,)2.68 E F2 (type)2.5 E F1(prints nothing and returns a non-zero e)2.5 E -(xit status.)-.15 E 1.482(If the)144 530.4 R F23.982 E F1 1.482 +(xit status.)-.15 E 1.482(If the)144 252 R F23.982 E F1 1.482 (option is used,)3.982 F F2(type)3.982 E F1 1.482 (either returns the pathname of the e)3.982 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.483 (cutable \214le that w).15 F 1.483(ould be)-.1 F .441 -(found by searching)144 542.4 R F2($P)2.941 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 +(found by searching)144 264 R F2($P)2.941 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F1 (for)2.941 E F0(name)3.301 E F1 .441 (or nothing if \231type \255t name\232 w)3.121 F .44(ould not return)-.1 F F0(\214le)4.85 E F1 5.44(.T).18 G(he)-5.44 E F22.94 E F1 .205 -(option forces a)144 554.4 R F3 -.666(PA)2.705 G(TH)-.189 E F1 .205 -(search for each)2.455 F F0(name)2.705 E F1 2.705(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.955 G -2.705(ni).15 G 2.706<6699>-2.705 G .206(type \255t name\232 w)-2.706 F -.206(ould not return)-.1 F F0(\214le)4.616 E F1 5.206(.I).18 G(f)-5.206 -E F0(name)2.706 E F1 .242(is present in the table of hashed commands,) -144 566.4 R F22.742 E F1(and)2.742 E F22.742 E F1 .241 -(print the hashed v)2.742 F .241(alue, which is not neces-)-.25 F -(sarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)144 578.4 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G -(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F1 .652(If the)144 595.2 R F23.152 E F1 .652 -(option is used,)3.152 F F2(type)3.153 E F1 .653 +(option forces a)144 276 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.705 G(TH) +-.189 E F1 .205(search for each)2.455 F F0(name)2.705 E F1 2.705(,e)C +-.15(ve)-2.955 G 2.705(ni).15 G 2.706<6699>-2.705 G .206 +(type \255t name\232 w)-2.706 F .206(ould not return)-.1 F F0(\214le) +4.616 E F1 5.206(.I).18 G(f)-5.206 E F0(name)2.706 E F1 .242 +(is present in the table of hashed commands,)144 288 R F22.742 E +F1(and)2.742 E F22.742 E F1 .241(print the hashed v)2.742 F .241 +(alue, which is not neces-)-.25 F +(sarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)144 300 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G +(TH)-.189 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 .652(If the)144 316.8 R F2 +3.152 E F1 .652(option is used,)3.152 F F2(type)3.153 E F1 .653 (prints all of the places that contain a command named)3.153 F F0(name) 3.513 E F1 5.653(.T).18 G(his)-5.653 E .736(includes aliases, reserv)144 -607.2 R .736(ed w)-.15 F .736(ords, functions, and b)-.1 F .736 +328.8 R .736(ed w)-.15 F .736(ords, functions, and b)-.1 F .736 (uiltins, b)-.2 F .736(ut the path search options \()-.2 F F2A F1 (and)3.235 E F23.235 E F1(\))A .291 -(can be supplied to restrict the output to e)144 619.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +(can be supplied to restrict the output to e)144 340.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cutable \214les.).15 F F2(type)5.292 E F1 .292 (does not consult the table of hashed)2.792 F(commands when using)144 -631.2 Q F22.5 E F1(with)2.5 E F22.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C +352.8 Q F22.5 E F1(with)2.5 E F22.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C (nd only performs a)-2.5 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F1(search for) -2.25 E F0(name)2.5 E F1(.)A(The)144 648 Q F22.758 E F1 .257 +2.25 E F0(name)2.5 E F1(.)A(The)144 369.6 Q F22.758 E F1 .257 (option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)2.758 F F2 (command)2.757 E F1 -.2(bu)2.757 G(iltin.).2 E F2(type)5.257 E F1 .257 -(returns true if)2.757 F(all of the ar)144 660 Q(guments are found, f) +(returns true if)2.757 F(all of the ar)144 381.6 Q(guments are found, f) -.18 E(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F2(ulimit)108 -676.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255HS)A F1(])A F22.5 E(ulimit)108 688.8 Q +398.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255HS)A F1(])A F22.5 E(ulimit)108 410.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255HS)A F1 2.5(][)C F2(\255bcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPR)-2.5 E -(T)-.4 E F1([)2.5 E F0(limit)A F1(]])A(Pro)144 700.8 Q .278 +(T)-.4 E F1([)2.5 E F0(limit)A F1(]])A(Pro)144 422.4 Q .278 (vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.778(rt).15 G .278 (he resources a)-2.778 F -.25(va)-.2 G .278 (ilable to the shell and to processes it starts, on systems that).25 F -(allo)144 712.8 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(uch control.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 -Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(90)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 91 91 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(The)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.694 E F1 -(and)2.694 E F22.694 E F1 .193 +(allo)144 434.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G(uch control.)-2.5 E(The)144 451.2 Q F2 +2.694 E F1(and)2.694 E F22.694 E F1 .193 (options specify whether the hard or soft limit is set for the gi)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(nr).15 G 2.693(esource. A)-2.693 F(hard)2.693 E .497(limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a sof\ -t limit may be increased up to the)144 96 R -.25(va)144 108 S +t limit may be increased up to the)144 463.2 R -.25(va)144 475.2 S (lue of the hard limit.).25 E(If neither)5 E F22.5 E F1(nor)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(is speci\214ed,)2.5 E F2(ulimit)2.5 E F1 -(sets both the soft and hard limits.)2.5 E .402(The v)144 124.8 R .402 +(sets both the soft and hard limits.)2.5 E .402(The v)144 492 R .402 (alue of)-.25 F F0(limit)2.992 E F1 .402(can be a number in the unit sp\ eci\214ed for the resource or one of the special v)3.582 F(al-)-.25 E -(ues)144 136.8 Q F2(hard)3.018 E F1(,)A F2(soft)3.018 E F1 3.018(,o)C(r) +(ues)144 504 Q F2(hard)3.018 E F1(,)A F2(soft)3.018 E F1 3.018(,o)C(r) -3.018 E F2(unlimited)3.018 E F1 3.018(,w)C .518 (hich stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no) --3.018 F 1.056(limit, respecti)144 148.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.056 +-3.018 F 1.056(limit, respecti)144 516 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.056 (.I)-.65 G(f)-6.056 E F0(limit)3.646 E F1 1.056(is omitted,)4.236 F F2 (ulimit)3.555 E F1 1.055(prints the current v)3.555 F 1.055 (alue of the soft limit of the re-)-.25 F .636(source, unless the)144 -160.8 R F23.137 E F1 .637(option is gi)3.137 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.137(n. When).15 F .637 +528 R F23.137 E F1 .637(option is gi)3.137 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.137 +(n. When).15 F .637 (more than one resource is speci\214ed, the limit name)3.137 F -(and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 172.8 Q 2.5 +(and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the v)144 540 Q 2.5 (alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2 -144 184.8 Q F1(Report all current limits; no limits are set.)180 -184.8 Q F2144 196.8 Q F1(The maximum sock)180 196.8 Q(et b)-.1 E -(uf)-.2 E(fer size.)-.25 E F2144 208.8 Q F1 -(The maximum size of core \214les created.)180 208.8 Q F2144 220.8 -Q F1(The maximum size of a process')180 220.8 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) --2.5 E(gment.)-.15 E F2144 232.8 Q F1 -(The maximum scheduling priority \(\231nice\232\).)180 232.8 Q F2 -144 244.8 Q F1 +144 552 Q F1(Report all current limits; no limits are set.)180 552 +Q F2144 564 Q F1(The maximum sock)180 564 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer size.)-.25 E F2144 576 Q F1 +(The maximum size of core \214les created.)180 576 Q F2144 588 Q +F1(The maximum size of a process')180 588 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E +(gment.)-.15 E F2144 600 Q F1 +(The maximum scheduling priority \(\231nice\232\).)180 600 Q F2144 +612 Q F1 (The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children.)180 -244.8 Q F2144 256.8 Q F1(The maximum number of pending signals.) -180 256.8 Q F2144 268.8 Q F1 -(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.)180 268.8 Q F2 -144 280.8 Q F1(The maximum size that may be lock)180 280.8 Q -(ed into memory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E F2144 292.8 Q F1 -(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 292.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G -(ystems do not honor this limit\).)-2.5 E F2144 304.8 Q F1 .791(T\ -he maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) -180 304.8 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F -(be set\).)180 316.8 Q F2144 328.8 Q F1 -(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\).)180 328.8 Q -F2144 340.8 Q F1 -(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.)180 340.8 Q F2 -144 352.8 Q F1(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 352.8 -Q(.)-.65 E F2144 364.8 Q F1(The maximum stack size.)180 364.8 Q F2 -144 376.8 Q F1(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.)180 -376.8 Q F2144 388.8 Q F1(The maximum number of processes a)180 -388.8 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E(.)-.55 E F2144 -400.8 Q F1 .47(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 400.8 R -.25 -(va)-.2 G .47(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F -(its children.)180 412.8 Q F2144 424.8 Q F1 -(The maximum number of \214le locks.)180 424.8 Q F2144 436.8 Q F1 -(The maximum number of pseudoterminals.)180 436.8 Q F2144 448.8 Q -F1(The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in mic\ -roseconds.)180 448.8 Q F2144 460.8 Q F1 -(The maximum number of threads.)180 460.8 Q(If)144 477.6 Q F0(limit) -3.062 E F1 .471(is supplied, and the)3.651 F F22.971 E F1 .471 +612 Q F2144 624 Q F1(The maximum number of pending signals.)180 +624 Q F2144 636 Q F1 +(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.)180 636 Q F2 +144 648 Q F1(The maximum size that may be lock)180 648 Q(ed into memory) +-.1 E(.)-.65 E F2144 660 Q F1(The maximum resident set size \(man) +180 660 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ystems do not honor this limit\).)-2.5 E F2 +144 672 Q F1 .791(The maximum number of open \214le descriptors \ +\(most systems do not allo)180 672 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F +.79(alue to)-.25 F(be set\).)180 684 Q F2144 696 Q F1 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\).)180 696 Q +(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(91)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 92 92 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F1 +(The maximum number of bytes in)180 84 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSIX)2.5 +E F1(message queues.)2.25 E F2144 96 Q F1 +(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 96 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 +108 Q F1(The maximum stack size.)180 108 Q F2144 120 Q F1 +(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.)180 120 Q F2144 132 Q +F1(The maximum number of processes a)180 132 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to a single user).25 E(.)-.55 E F2144 144 Q F1 .47 +(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 144 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 +(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children.)180 +156 Q F2144 168 Q F1(The maximum number of \214le locks.)180 168 Q +F2144 180 Q F1(The maximum number of pseudoterminals.)180 180 Q F2 +144 192 Q F1(The maximum time a real-time process can run before \ +blocking, in microseconds.)180 192 Q F2144 204 Q F1 +(The maximum number of threads.)180 204 Q(If)144 220.8 Q F0(limit)3.062 +E F1 .471(is supplied, and the)3.651 F F22.971 E F1 .471 (option is not used,)2.971 F F0(limit)2.971 E F1 .471(is the ne)2.971 F 2.971(wv)-.25 G .471(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.221 F -(If no option is supplied, then)144 489.6 Q F22.5 E F1 -(is assumed.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)144 506.4 S .388 +(If no option is supplied, then)144 232.8 Q F22.5 E F1 +(is assumed.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)144 249.6 S .388 (lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .388(xcept for)-.15 F F2 2.888 E F1 2.888(,w)C .388(hich is in seconds;)-2.888 F F2 -2.888 E F1 2.888(,w)C .389(hich is in microsec-)-2.888 F(onds;)144 518.4 +2.888 E F1 2.888(,w)C .389(hich is in microsec-)-2.888 F(onds;)144 261.6 Q F23.287 E F1 3.287(,w)C .787 (hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-3.287 F F23.287 E F1(,)A F2 3.287 E F1(,)A F23.287 E F1(,)A F23.287 E F1(,)A F2 3.286 E F1 3.286(,a)C(nd)-3.286 E F23.286 E F1 3.286(,w)C -.786(hich are unscaled)-3.286 F -.25(va)144 530.4 S .498 +.786(hich are unscaled)-3.286 F -.25(va)144 273.6 S .498 (lues; and, when in posix mode,).25 F F22.998 E F1(and)2.998 E F2 2.998 E F1 2.998(,w)C .498(hich are in 512-byte increments.)-2.998 -F .499(The return status)5.498 F(is 0 unless an in)144 542.4 Q -.25(va) +F .499(The return status)5.498 F(is 0 unless an in)144 285.6 Q -.25(va) -.4 G(lid option or ar).25 E (gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a ne)-.18 E 2.5 -(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F2(umask)108 559.2 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5 +(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F2(umask)108 302.4 Q F1([)2.5 E F2A F1 2.5 (][)C F2-2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0(mode)-2.5 E F1(])A .792 -(Set the user \214le-creation mask to)144 571.2 R F0(mode)3.672 E F1 +(Set the user \214le-creation mask to)144 314.4 R F0(mode)3.672 E F1 5.792(.I).18 G(f)-5.792 E F0(mode)3.672 E F1(be)3.472 E .791 (gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ -pted by)144 583.2 R F0 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F1(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -595.2 Q F0(mode)3.032 E F1 .152(is omitted,)2.832 F F2(umask)2.652 E F1 +pted by)144 326.4 R F0 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F1(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +338.4 Q F0(mode)3.032 E F1 .152(is omitted,)2.832 F F2(umask)2.652 E F1 .152(prints the current v)2.652 F .152(alue of the mask.)-.25 F(The) 5.152 E F22.651 E F1 .151(option without a)2.651 F F0(mode)2.651 E F1(ar)2.651 E(-)-.2 E .394 -(gument prints the mask in a symbolic format; the def)144 607.2 R .394 +(gument prints the mask in a symbolic format; the def)144 350.4 R .394 (ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.394(.I)-.55 G 2.894(ft)-5.394 G (he)-2.894 E F22.894 E F1(op-)2.894 E .329(tion is supplied, and) -144 619.2 R F0(mode)3.209 E F1 .329 +144 362.4 R F0(mode)3.209 E F1 .329 (is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.009 -F .329(The re-)5.329 F .15(turn status is zero if the mode w)144 631.2 R +F .329(The re-)5.329 F .15(turn status is zero if the mode w)144 374.4 R .151(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 F F0(mode)2.651 E F1(ar)2.651 E .151(gument w)-.18 F .151(as supplied, and)-.1 F(non-zero otherwise.) -144 643.2 Q F2(unalias)108 660 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F1 2.5(][)C F0 -(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Remo)144 672 Q .707 -.15 +144 386.4 Q F2(unalias)108 403.2 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F1 2.5(][)C F0 +(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E(Remo)144 415.2 Q .707 -.15 (ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F0(name)2.907 E F1 .406 (from the list of de\214ned aliases.)2.907 F(If)5.406 E F22.906 E F1 .406(is supplied, remo)2.906 F .706 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .406 -(ll alias de\214nitions.).15 F(The return v)144 684 Q +(ll alias de\214nitions.).15 F(The return v)144 427.2 Q (alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F0(name)2.86 E F1 -(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F2(unset)108 700.8 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F2(unset)108 444 Q F1<5bad>2.5 E F2 (fv)A F1 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C F0(name)-2.5 E F1 1.666 -(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.15(Fo)144 712.8 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F0 +(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.15(Fo)144 456 S 3.803(re).15 G(ach)-3.803 E F0 (name)4.163 E F1 3.803(,r).18 G(emo)-3.803 E 1.603 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.303(he corresponding v).15 F 1.303(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.303 (If the)6.303 F F23.804 E F1 1.304(option is gi)3.804 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F0(name)144.36 724.8 Q F1 .069 +-.25 G 1.304(n, each).15 F F0(name)144.36 468 Q F1 .069 (refers to a shell v)2.749 F .069(ariable, and that v)-.25 F .069 (ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.569(d. If).15 F F22.569 E F1 .069(is speci\214ed, each)2.569 F F0(name)2.929 E F1 .068(refers to) -2.748 F(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(91)185.955 E 0 -Cg EP -%%Page: 92 92 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E 2.565(as)144 84 S .065 +2.748 F 2.565(as)144 480 S .065 (hell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)-2.565 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.566(d. If).15 F(the)2.566 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.566 E -F1 .066(option is supplied, and)2.566 F F0(name)2.566 E F1 .066(is a) -2.566 F -.25(va)144 96 S .875(riable with the).25 F F0(namer)3.375 E(ef) --.37 E F1(attrib)3.375 E(ute,)-.2 E F0(name)3.375 E F1 .875 +-.15 G 2.566(d. If).15 F(the)2.566 E F22.566 E F1 .066 +(option is supplied, and)2.566 F F0(name)2.566 E F1 .066(is a)2.566 F +-.25(va)144 492 S .875(riable with the).25 F F0(namer)3.375 E(ef)-.37 E +F1(attrib)3.375 E(ute,)-.2 E F0(name)3.375 E F1 .875 (will be unset rather than the v)3.375 F .874(ariable it references.) --.25 F F25.874 E F1 1.216(has no ef)144 108 R 1.216(fect if the) +-.25 F F25.874 E F1 1.216(has no ef)144 504 R 1.216(fect if the) -.25 F F23.716 E F1 1.216(option is supplied.)3.716 F 1.216 (Read-only v)6.216 F 1.217(ariables and functions may not be unset.)-.25 -F .714(When v)144 120 R .714(ariables or functions are remo)-.25 F -.15 +F .714(When v)144 516 R .714(ariables or functions are remo)-.25 F -.15 (ve)-.15 G .714(d, the).15 F 3.214(ya)-.15 G .714(re also remo)-3.214 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.213(df).15 G .713(rom the en)-3.213 F .713 -(vironment passed to)-.4 F 1.003(subsequent commands.)144 132 R 1.003 +(vironment passed to)-.4 F 1.003(subsequent commands.)144 528 R 1.003 (If no options are supplied, each)6.003 F F0(name)3.503 E F1 1.003 (refers to a v)3.503 F 1.003(ariable; if there is no)-.25 F -.25(va)144 -144 S .177(riable by that name, a function with that name, if an).25 F +540 S .177(riable by that name, a function with that name, if an).25 F 1.477 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 2.677(su).65 G 2.676(nset. Some)-2.677 F .176 -(shell v)2.676 F .176(ariables may not be)-.25 F 2.804(unset. If)144 156 -R(an)2.804 E 2.804(yo)-.15 G(f)-2.804 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA) -2.804 G(SH_ALIASES).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.554 G -(SH_ARGV0).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.554 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27 -(BA)2.555 G(SH_COMMAND).27 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.555 G(SH_SUB-).27 E -(SHELL)144 168 Q F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.79 G(SHPID).27 E F4(,)A F3(COMP_W) -2.79 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F4(,)A F3(DIRST)2.79 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E -F4(,)A F3(EPOCHREAL)2.79 E(TIME)-.828 E F4(,)A F3(EPOCHSECONDS)2.79 E F4 -(,)A F3(FUNCN)144 180 Q(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.367 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4 -(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.368 E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)4.368 E F4(,)A F3(RANDOM)4.368 -E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)4.368 E F4(,)A F1(or)4.368 E F3(SRANDOM)4.618 E F1 -2.118(are unset,)4.368 F(the)144 192 Q 2.742(yl)-.15 G .242 +(shell v)2.676 F .176(ariables may not be)-.25 F 2.804(unset. If)144 552 +R(an)2.804 E 2.804(yo)-.15 G(f)-2.804 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA) +2.804 G(SH_ALIASES).27 E F3(,)A F4 -.27(BA)2.554 G(SH_ARGV0).27 E F3(,)A +F4 -.27(BA)2.554 G(SH_CMDS).27 E F3(,)A F4 -.27(BA)2.555 G(SH_COMMAND) +.27 E F3(,)A F4 -.27(BA)2.555 G(SH_SUB-).27 E(SHELL)144 564 Q F3(,)A F4 +-.27(BA)2.79 G(SHPID).27 E F3(,)A F4(COMP_W)2.79 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F3 +(,)A F4(DIRST)2.79 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F3(,)A F4(EPOCHREAL)2.79 E +(TIME)-.828 E F3(,)A F4(EPOCHSECONDS)2.79 E F3(,)A F4(FUNCN)144 576 Q +(AME)-.18 E F3(,)A F4(GR)4.367 E(OUPS)-.27 E F3(,)A F4(HISTCMD)4.368 E +F3(,)A F4(LINENO)4.368 E F3(,)A F4(RANDOM)4.368 E F3(,)A F4(SECONDS) +4.368 E F3(,)A F1(or)4.368 E F4(SRANDOM)4.618 E F1 2.118(are unset,) +4.368 F(the)144 588 Q 2.742(yl)-.15 G .242 (ose their special properties, e)-2.742 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.741(ni).15 G 2.741(ft)-2.741 G(he)-2.741 E 2.741(ya)-.15 G .241 (re subsequently reset.)-2.741 F .241(The e)5.241 F .241 -(xit status is true unless)-.15 F(a)144 204 Q F0(name)2.86 E F1 -(is readonly or may not be unset.)2.68 E F2(wait)108 220.8 Q F1([)2.5 E +(xit status is true unless)-.15 F(a)144 600 Q F0(name)2.86 E F1 +(is readonly or may not be unset.)2.68 E F2(wait)108 616.8 Q F1([)2.5 E F2(\255fn)A F1 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0(varname)2.5 E F1 2.5(][)C F0 -(id)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(Wa)144 232.8 S 1.008 +(id)-2.5 E F1 1.666(...)2.5 G(])-1.666 E -.8(Wa)144 628.8 S 1.008 (it for each speci\214ed child process).8 F F0(id)3.508 E F1 1.008 (and return the termination status of the last)3.508 F F0(id)3.509 E F1 6.009(.E)C(ach)-6.009 E F0(id)3.509 E F1 .5(may be a process ID)144 -244.8 R F0(pid)3 E F1 .5(or a job speci\214cation)3 F F0(jobspec)2.999 E +640.8 R F0(pid)3 E F1 .5(or a job speci\214cation)3 F F0(jobspec)2.999 E F1 2.999(;i)C 2.999(faj)-2.999 G .499(obspec is supplied,)-2.999 F F2 (wait)2.999 E F1 -.1(wa)2.999 G .499(its for all).1 F -(processes in the job)144 256.8 Q(.)-.4 E .386(If no options or)144 -273.6 R F0(id)2.886 E F1 2.886(sa)C .386(re supplied,)-2.886 F F2(wait) +(processes in the job)144 652.8 Q(.)-.4 E .386(If no options or)144 +669.6 R F0(id)2.886 E F1 2.886(sa)C .386(re supplied,)-2.886 F F2(wait) 2.886 E F1 -.1(wa)2.886 G .386 (its for all running background jobs and the last-e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted).15 E(process substitution, if its process id is the same as)144 -285.6 Q F2($!)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd the return status is zero.)-2.5 E .47 -(If the)144 302.4 R F22.97 E F1 .47(option is supplied,)2.97 F F2 +681.6 Q F2($!)2.5 E F1 2.5(,a)C(nd the return status is zero.)-2.5 E .47 +(If the)144 698.4 R F22.97 E F1 .47(option is supplied,)2.97 F F2 (wait)2.97 E F1 -.1(wa)2.97 G .47(its for an).1 F 2.97(yo)-.15 G .47 (ne of the gi)-2.97 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F0(id)2.97 E F1 2.97(so)C 1.27 -.4(r, i)-2.97 H 2.97(fn).4 G(o)-2.97 E F0(id)2.97 E F1 2.97(sa)C .47(re supplied, an)-2.97 F(y)-.15 E .481 -(job or process substitution, to complete and returns its e)144 314.4 R +(job or process substitution, to complete and returns its e)144 710.4 R .482(xit status.)-.15 F .482(If none of the supplied)5.482 F F0(id)2.982 -E F1 2.982(si)C 2.982(sa)-2.982 G .376(child of the shell, or if no)144 -326.4 R F0(id)2.876 E F1 2.876(sa)C .376 -(re supplied and the shell has no unw)-2.876 F .375 -(aited-for children, the e)-.1 F .375(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus is 127.)144 -338.4 Q .346(If the)144 355.2 R F22.846 E F1 .347 -(option is supplied,)2.846 F F2(wait)2.847 E F1 .347 +E F1 2.982(si)C 2.982(sa)-2.982 G 1.338(child of the shell, or if no)144 +722.4 R F0(id)3.838 E F1 3.838(sa)C 1.338 +(re supplied and the shell has no unw)-3.838 F 1.337 +(aited-for children, the e)-.1 F(xit)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q +(2025 February 24)139.29 E(92)188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 93 93 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(status is 127.)144 84 Q .346(If the)144 100.8 R/F2 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.846 E F1 .347(option is supplied,)2.846 F F2 +(wait)2.847 E F1 .347 (assigns the process or job identi\214er of the job for which the e) -2.847 F(xit)-.15 E .006(status is returned to the v)144 367.2 R(ariable) +2.847 F(xit)-.15 E .006(status is returned to the v)144 112.8 R(ariable) -.25 E F0(varname)2.506 E F1 .006(named by the option ar)2.506 F 2.506 (gument. The)-.18 F -.25(va)2.506 G .006(riable, which can-).25 F .224 -(not be readonly)144 379.2 R 2.724(,w)-.65 G .224 +(not be readonly)144 124.8 R 2.724(,w)-.65 G .224 (ill be unset initially)-2.724 F 2.724(,b)-.65 G .224(efore an)-2.724 F 2.724(ya)-.15 G 2.724(ssignment. This)-2.724 F .225 -(is useful only when used with)2.725 F(the)144 391.2 Q F22.5 E F1 -(option.)2.5 E .533(Supplying the)144 408 R F23.033 E F1 .533 +(is useful only when used with)2.725 F(the)144 136.8 Q F22.5 E F1 +(option.)2.5 E .533(Supplying the)144 153.6 R F23.033 E F1 .533 (option, when job control is enabled, forces)3.033 F F2(wait)3.033 E F1 .533(to w)3.033 F .533(ait for each)-.1 F F0(id)3.033 E F1 .532 (to terminate)3.033 F(before returning its status, instead of returning\ - when it changes status.)144 420 Q .311(If none of the)144 436.8 R F0 + when it changes status.)144 165.6 Q .311(If none of the)144 182.4 R F0 (id)2.811 E F1 2.811(ss)C .311(pecify one of the shell')-2.811 F 2.811 (sa)-.55 G(cti)-2.811 E .611 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .311 (hild processes, the return status is 127.).15 F(If)5.311 E F2(wait) -2.812 E F1 .153(is interrupted by a signal, an)144 448.8 R(y)-.15 E F0 +2.812 E F1 .153(is interrupted by a signal, an)144 194.4 R(y)-.15 E F0 (varname)2.653 E F1 .153 (will remain unset, and the return status will be greater than)2.653 F -.21(128, as described under)144 460.8 R F2(SIGN)2.71 E(ALS)-.2 E F1(abo) +.21(128, as described under)144 206.4 R F2(SIGN)2.71 E(ALS)-.2 E F1(abo) 2.71 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.21(.O).15 G .21 (therwise, the return status is the e)-5.21 F .21 -(xit status of the last)-.15 F F0(id)144 472.8 Q F1(.)A/F5 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL COMP)72 489.6 Q -1.04(AT)-.81 G(IBILITY MODE)1.04 -E F1 1.355(Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a)108 501.6 R F0 1.355 +(xit status of the last)-.15 F F0(id)144 218.4 Q F1(.)A/F3 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL COMP)72 235.2 Q -1.04(AT)-.81 G(IBILITY MODE)1.04 +E F1 1.355(Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a)108 247.2 R F0 1.355 (shell compatibility le)3.855 F(vel)-.15 E F1 3.855(,s)C 1.354 -(peci\214ed as a set of options to the shopt)-3.855 F -.2(bu)108 513.6 S +(peci\214ed as a set of options to the shopt)-3.855 F -.2(bu)108 259.2 S .621(iltin \().2 F F2(compat31)A F1(,)A F2(compat32)3.121 E F1(,)A F2 (compat40)3.121 E F1(,)A F2(compat41)3.121 E F1 3.121(,a)C .621 (nd so on\).)-3.121 F .622(There is only one current compatibility)5.622 -F(le)108 525.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.058<6c8a>.15 G .557 +F(le)108 271.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.058<6c8a>.15 G .557 (each option is mutually e)-.001 F(xclusi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.557 (.T).15 G .557(he compatibility le)-5.557 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.057(li).15 G 3.057(si)-3.057 G .557(ntended to allo)-3.057 F 3.057(wu)-.25 G .557 -(sers to select be-)-3.057 F(ha)108 537.6 Q 1.083(vior from pre)-.2 F +(sers to select be-)-3.057 F(ha)108 283.2 Q 1.083(vior from pre)-.2 F 1.083(vious v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions that is incompatible with ne)-.15 F 1.083(wer v)-.25 F 1.083(ersions while the)-.15 F 3.584(ym)-.15 G 1.084 -(igrate scripts to use)-3.584 F(current features and beha)108 549.6 Q +(igrate scripts to use)-3.584 F(current features and beha)108 295.2 Q (vior)-.2 E 5(.I)-.55 G(t')-5 E 2.5(si)-.55 G (ntended to be a temporary solution.)-2.5 E 1.457 -(This section does not mention beha)108 566.4 R 1.457 +(This section does not mention beha)108 312 R 1.457 (vior that is standard for a particular v)-.2 F 1.456 (ersion \(e.g., setting)-.15 F F2(compat32)3.956 E F1 .445 -(means that quoting the right hand side of the re)108 578.4 R(ge)-.15 E +(means that quoting the right hand side of the re)108 324 R(ge)-.15 E .446(xp matching operator quotes special re)-.15 F(ge)-.15 E .446 -(xp characters in)-.15 F(the w)108 590.4 Q(ord, which is def)-.1 E +(xp characters in)-.15 F(the w)108 336 Q(ord, which is def)-.1 E (ault beha)-.1 E(vior in bash-3.2 and subsequent v)-.2 E(ersions\).)-.15 -E .523(If a user enables, say)108 607.2 R(,)-.65 E F2(compat32)3.023 E +E .523(If a user enables, say)108 352.8 R(,)-.65 E F2(compat32)3.023 E F1 3.023(,i)C 3.023(tm)-3.023 G .523(ay af)-3.023 F .523(fect the beha) -.25 F .523(vior of other compatibility le)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .522 (ls up to and includ-).15 F .259(ing the current compatibility le)108 -619.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.759(l. The).15 F .259 +364.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.759(l. The).15 F .259 (idea is that each compatibility le)2.759 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.76(lc).15 G .26(ontrols beha)-2.76 F .26(vior that changed)-.2 F 1.646(in that v)108 -631.2 R 1.646(ersion of)-.15 F F2(bash)4.146 E F1 4.146(,b)C 1.646 +376.8 R 1.646(ersion of)-.15 F F2(bash)4.146 E F1 4.146(,b)C 1.646 (ut that beha)-4.346 F 1.646(vior may ha)-.2 F 1.946 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.646(een present in earlier v).15 F 4.146(ersions. F)-.15 F 1.645 (or instance, the)-.15 F .76 -(change to use locale-based comparisons with the)108 643.2 R F2([[)3.261 +(change to use locale-based comparisons with the)108 388.8 R F2([[)3.261 E F1 .761(command came in bash-4.1, and earlier v)3.261 F .761 (ersions used)-.15 F 1.905(ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling)108 -655.2 R F2(compat32)4.405 E F1 1.904 +400.8 R F2(compat32)4.405 E F1 1.904 (will enable ASCII-based comparisons as well.)4.405 F(That)6.904 E .295 -(granularity may not be suf)108 667.2 R .296 +(granularity may not be suf)108 412.8 R .296 (\214cient for all uses, and as a result users should emplo)-.25 F 2.796 (yc)-.1 G .296(ompatibility le)-2.796 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .296(ls care-).15 -F(fully)108 679.2 Q 5(.R)-.65 G(ead the documentation for a particular \ +F(fully)108 424.8 Q 5(.R)-.65 G(ead the documentation for a particular \ feature to \214nd out the current beha)-5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .532 -(Bash-4.3 introduced a ne)108 696 R 3.032(ws)-.25 G .531(hell v)-3.032 F -(ariable:)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)3.031 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F4(.) -.855 E F1 .531(The v)5.031 F .531(alue assigned to this v)-.25 F .531 -(ariable \(a decimal)-.25 F -.15(ve)108 708 S .107(rsion number lik).15 -F 2.607(e4)-.1 G .107(.2, or an inte)-2.607 F .107 -(ger corresponding to the)-.15 F F2(compat)2.608 E F0(NN)A F1 .108 -(option, lik)2.608 F 2.608(e4)-.1 G .108(2\) determines the com-)-2.608 -F(patibility le)108 720 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q -(2024 December 12)136.795 E(92)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 93 93 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E .734(Starting with bash-4.4,)108 84 R/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.233 E F1(be)3.233 E -.05(ga)-.15 G 3.233(nd).05 -G .733(eprecating older compatibility le)-3.233 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.233 -(ls. Ev).15 F(entually)-.15 E 3.233(,t)-.65 G .733(he options will be) --3.233 F(remo)108 96 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(nf)-2.5 G -.2 -(avo)-2.6 G 2.5(ro).2 G(f)-2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)2.5 G -(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.).855 E F1 1.44 -(Bash-5.0 w)108 112.8 R 1.44(as the \214nal v)-.1 F 1.44 -(ersion for which there w)-.15 F 1.441(as an indi)-.1 F 1.441 +(Bash-4.3 introduced a ne)108 441.6 R 3.032(ws)-.25 G .531(hell v)-3.032 +F(ariable:)-.25 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)3.031 G(SH_COMP).27 E +-.855(AT)-.666 G/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.).855 E F1 .531(The v)5.031 F +.531(alue assigned to this v)-.25 F .531(ariable \(a decimal)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)108 453.6 S .107(rsion number lik).15 F 2.607(e4)-.1 G .107 +(.2, or an inte)-2.607 F .107(ger corresponding to the)-.15 F F2(compat) +2.608 E F0(NN)A F1 .108(option, lik)2.608 F 2.608(e4)-.1 G .108 +(2\) determines the com-)-2.608 F(patibility le)108 465.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G(l.).15 E .734(Starting with bash-4.4,)108 482.4 R F2(bash)3.233 E F1 +(be)3.233 E -.05(ga)-.15 G 3.233(nd).05 G .733 +(eprecating older compatibility le)-3.233 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.233(ls. Ev) +.15 F(entually)-.15 E 3.233(,t)-.65 G .733(he options will be)-3.233 F +(remo)108 494.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(di).15 G 2.5(nf)-2.5 G -.2(avo)-2.6 +G 2.5(ro).2 G(f)-2.5 E F4 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G +F5(.).855 E F1 1.44(Bash-5.0 w)108 511.2 R 1.44(as the \214nal v)-.1 F +1.44(ersion for which there w)-.15 F 1.441(as an indi)-.1 F 1.441 (vidual shopt option for the pre)-.25 F 1.441(vious v)-.25 F(ersion.) --.15 E F3 -.27(BA)108 124.8 S(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F1 +-.15 E F4 -.27(BA)108 523.2 S(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F1 (is the only mechanism to control the compatibility le)3.105 E -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.5(li).15 G 2.5(nv)-2.5 G(ersions ne)-2.65 E(wer than bash-5.0.) --.25 E 1.614(The follo)108 141.6 R 1.613(wing table describes the beha) +-.25 E 1.614(The follo)108 540 R 1.613(wing table describes the beha) -.25 F 1.613(vior changes controlled by each compatibility le)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 4.113(ls).15 G 4.113(etting. The)-4.113 F F2(compat)108 153.6 -Q F0(NN)A F1 1.186 +(ve)-.25 G 4.113(ls).15 G 4.113(etting. The)-4.113 F F2(compat)108 552 Q +F0(NN)A F1 1.186 (tag is used as shorthand for setting the compatibility le)3.685 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.686(lt).15 G(o)-3.686 E F0(NN)3.686 E F1 1.186 -(using one of the follo)3.686 F(wing)-.25 E 3.807(mechanisms. F)108 -165.6 R 1.307(or v)-.15 F 1.307 +(using one of the follo)3.686 F(wing)-.25 E 3.807(mechanisms. F)108 564 +R 1.307(or v)-.15 F 1.307 (ersions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.806(lm).15 G 1.306(ay be set using the corresponding)-3.806 F F2 -(compat)108 177.6 Q F0(NN)A F1 .502(shopt option.)3.002 F -.15(Fo)5.502 -G 3.002(rb).15 G .502(ash-4.3 and later v)-3.002 F .502(ersions, the) --.15 F F3 -.27(BA)3.002 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F1 -.25(va) -3.607 G .502(riable is preferred, and it).25 F -(is required for bash-5.1 and later v)108 189.6 Q(ersions.)-.15 E F2 -(compat31)108 206.4 Q F1<83>144 218.4 Q(Quoting the rhs of the)180 218.4 +(compat)108 576 Q F0(NN)A F1 .502(shopt option.)3.002 F -.15(Fo)5.502 G +3.002(rb).15 G .502(ash-4.3 and later v)-3.002 F .502(ersions, the)-.15 +F F4 -.27(BA)3.002 G(SH_COMP).27 E -.855(AT)-.666 G F1 -.25(va)3.607 G +.502(riable is preferred, and it).25 F +(is required for bash-5.1 and later v)108 588 Q(ersions.)-.15 E F2 +(compat31)108 604.8 Q F1<83>144 616.8 Q(Quoting the rhs of the)180 616.8 Q F2([[)2.5 E F1(command')2.5 E 2.5(sr)-.55 G -.15(eg)-2.5 G -.15(ex).15 G 2.5(pm).15 G(atching operator \(=\001\) has no special ef)-2.5 E -(fect.)-.25 E F2(compat32)108 235.2 Q F1<83>144 247.2 Q(The)180 247.2 Q +(fect.)-.25 E F2(compat32)108 633.6 Q F1<83>144 645.6 Q(The)180 645.6 Q F2(<)3.251 E F1(and)3.251 E F2(>)3.251 E F1 .751(operators to the)3.251 F F2([[)3.251 E F1 .75 (command do not consider the current locale when com-)3.251 F -(paring strings; the)180 259.2 Q 2.5(yu)-.15 G(se ASCII ordering.)-2.5 E -F2(compat40)108 276 Q F1<83>144 288 Q(The)180 288 Q F2(<)3.25 E F1(and) -3.25 E F2(>)3.25 E F1 .75(operators to the)3.25 F F2([[)3.251 E F1 .751 -(command do not consider the current locale when com-)3.251 F .496 -(paring strings; the)180 300 R 2.996(yu)-.15 G .496(se ASCII ordering.) --2.996 F F2(Bash)5.495 E F1 -.15(ve)2.995 G .495 -(rsions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col-).15 F 1.173(lation and)180 312 -R F0(str)4.013 E(cmp)-.37 E F1 1.173 +(paring strings; the)180 657.6 Q 2.5(yu)-.15 G(se ASCII ordering.)-2.5 E +F2(compat40)108 674.4 Q F1<83>144 686.4 Q(The)180 686.4 Q F2(<)3.25 E F1 +(and)3.25 E F2(>)3.25 E F1 .75(operators to the)3.25 F F2([[)3.251 E F1 +.751(command do not consider the current locale when com-)3.251 F .496 +(paring strings; the)180 698.4 R 2.996(yu)-.15 G .496 +(se ASCII ordering.)-2.996 F F2(Bash)5.495 E F1 -.15(ve)2.995 G .495 +(rsions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col-).15 F 1.173(lation and)180 +710.4 R F0(str)4.013 E(cmp)-.37 E F1 1.173 (\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale').19 F 3.674(sc)-.55 G -1.174(ollation sequence and)-3.674 F F0(str)180.34 324 Q(coll)-.37 E F1 -(\(3\).).51 E F2(compat41)108 340.8 Q F1<83>144 352.8 Q(In)180 352.8 Q -F0(posix)3.754 E F1(mode,)3.754 E F2(time)3.754 E F1 1.254(may be follo) -3.754 F 1.253(wed by options and still be recognized as a reserv)-.25 F -(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)180 364.8 S(rd \(this is POSIX interpretation 267\).) -.1 E<83>144 376.8 Q(In)180 376.8 Q F0(posix)2.673 E F1 .174 -(mode, the parser requires that an e)2.673 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.674(nn).15 -G .174(umber of single quotes occur in the)-2.674 F F0(wor)2.674 E(d) --.37 E F1 .282(portion of a double-quoted parameter e)180 388.8 R .282 +1.174(ollation sequence and)-3.674 F F0(str)180.34 722.4 Q(coll)-.37 E +F1(\(3\).).51 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(93) +188.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 94 94 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(compat41)108 84 Q F1<83>144 +96 Q 1.216(In posix mode,)180 96 R F2(time)3.716 E F1 1.216 +(may be follo)3.716 F 1.216 +(wed by options and still be recognized as a reserv)-.25 F(ed)-.15 E -.1 +(wo)180 108 S(rd \(this is).1 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSIX)2.5 E F1 +(interpretation 267\).)2.25 E<83>144 120 Q(In)180 120 Q F0(posix)2.673 E +F1 .174(mode, the parser requires that an e)2.673 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.674 +(nn).15 G .174(umber of single quotes occur in the)-2.674 F F0(wor)2.674 +E(d)-.37 E F1 .282(portion of a double-quoted parameter e)180 132 R .282 (xpansion and treats them specially)-.15 F 2.781(,s)-.65 G 2.781(ot) --2.781 G .281(hat charac-)-2.781 F(ters within the single quotes are co\ -nsidered quoted \(this is POSIX interpretation 221\).)180 400.8 Q F2 -(compat42)108 417.6 Q F1<83>144 429.6 Q .753(The replacement string in \ -double-quoted pattern substitution does not under)180 429.6 R .753 -(go quote re-)-.18 F(mo)180 441.6 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l, as it does in v) -.25 E(ersions after bash-4.2.)-.15 E<83>144 453.6 Q .514 -(In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when e)180 453.6 R +-2.781 G .281(hat charac-)-2.781 F +(ters within the single quotes are considered quoted \(this is)180 144 Q +F3(POSIX)2.5 E F1(interpretation 221\).)2.25 E F2(compat42)108 160.8 Q +F1<83>144 172.8 Q .753(The replacement string in double-quoted pattern \ +substitution does not under)180 172.8 R .753(go quote re-)-.18 F(mo)180 +184.8 Q -.25(va)-.15 G(l, as it does in v).25 E(ersions after bash-4.2.) +-.15 E<83>144 196.8 Q .514 +(In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when e)180 196.8 R .514(xpanding the)-.15 F F0(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F1 .513(portion of) -3.013 F 3.39(ad)180 465.6 S .89(ouble-quoted parameter e)-3.39 F .89 -(xpansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other)-.15 F 2.355 -(special character \(this is part of POSIX interpretation 221\); in lat\ -er v)180 477.6 R 2.355(ersions, single)-.15 F -(quotes are not special within double-quoted w)180 489.6 Q(ord e)-.1 E -(xpansions.)-.15 E F2(compat43)108 506.4 Q F1<83>144 518.4 Q -.8(Wo)180 -518.4 S .374(rd e).8 F .374(xpansion errors are considered non-f)-.15 F -.374(atal errors that cause the current command to)-.1 F -.1(fa)180 -530.4 S .605(il, e).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.105(ni).15 G 3.105(np)-3.105 G -.605(osix mode \(the def)-3.105 F .605(ault beha)-.1 F .605 -(vior is to mak)-.2 F 3.105(et)-.1 G .605(hem f)-3.105 F .605 -(atal errors that cause the)-.1 F(shell to e)180 542.4 Q(xit\).)-.15 E -<83>144 554.4 Q .195(When e)180 554.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .196 +3.013 F 3.39(ad)180 208.8 S .89(ouble-quoted parameter e)-3.39 F .89 +(xpansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or other)-.15 F .215 +(special character \(this is part of)180 220.8 R F3(POSIX)2.715 E F1 +.214(interpretation 221\); in later v)2.465 F .214 +(ersions, single quotes)-.15 F(are not special within double-quoted w) +180 232.8 Q(ord e)-.1 E(xpansions.)-.15 E F2(compat43)108 249.6 Q F1<83> +144 261.6 Q -.8(Wo)180 261.6 S .374(rd e).8 F .374 +(xpansion errors are considered non-f)-.15 F .374 +(atal errors that cause the current command to)-.1 F -.1(fa)180 273.6 S +.605(il, e).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.105(ni).15 G 3.105(np)-3.105 G .605 +(osix mode \(the def)-3.105 F .605(ault beha)-.1 F .605(vior is to mak) +-.2 F 3.105(et)-.1 G .605(hem f)-3.105 F .605 +(atal errors that cause the)-.1 F(shell to e)180 285.6 Q(xit\).)-.15 E +<83>144 297.6 Q .195(When e)180 297.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .196 (cuting a shell function, the loop state \(while/until/etc.\)).15 F .196 (is not reset, so)5.196 F F2(br)2.696 E(eak)-.18 E F1(or)2.696 E F2 -(continue)180 566.4 Q F1 1.167 +(continue)180 309.6 Q F1 1.167 (in that function will break or continue loops in the calling conte) 3.667 F 3.666(xt. Bash-4.4)-.15 F(and later reset the loop state to pre) -180 578.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this.).15 E F2(compat44)108 595.2 Q F1<83> -144 607.2 Q .481(The shell sets up the v)180 607.2 R .481(alues used by) --.25 F F3 -.27(BA)2.981 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1(and)2.731 E F3 -.27(BA)2.981 -G(SH_ARGC).27 E F1 .481(so the)2.731 F 2.981(yc)-.15 G .481(an e)-2.981 -F(xpand)-.15 E(to the shell')180 619.2 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G +180 321.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this.).15 E F2(compat44)108 338.4 Q F1<83> +144 350.4 Q .481(The shell sets up the v)180 350.4 R .481(alues used by) +-.25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)2.981 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F1(and)2.731 E +F4 -.27(BA)2.981 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F1 .481(so the)2.731 F 2.981(yc)-.15 G +.481(an e)-2.981 F(xpand)-.15 E(to the shell')180 362.4 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G (ositional parameters e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fe)-2.5 G -(xtended deb)-2.65 E(ugging mode is not enabled.)-.2 E<83>144 631.2 Q -3.855(As)180 631.2 S 1.355(ubshell inherits loops from its parent conte) +(xtended deb)-2.65 E(ugging mode is not enabled.)-.2 E<83>144 374.4 Q +3.855(As)180 374.4 S 1.355(ubshell inherits loops from its parent conte) -3.855 F 1.354(xt, so)-.15 F F2(br)3.854 E(eak)-.18 E F1(or)3.854 E F2 (continue)3.854 E F1 1.354(will cause the)3.854 F(subshell to e)180 -643.2 Q 2.5(xit. 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that ef)180 144 R 1.321(fect, e)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.821(nw).15 G 1.321 +F 1.32(tional message to that ef)180 511.2 R 1.321(fect, e)-.25 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.821(nw).15 G 1.321 (hen producing output that can be reused as input.)-3.821 F -(Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the)180 156 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF2.5 E F1(option is supplied.)2.5 E F3(compat51)108 172.8 Q F1 -<83>144 184.8 Q(The)180 184.8 Q F3(unset)2.955 E F1 -.2(bu)2.955 G .455 -(iltin treats attempts to unset array subscripts).2 F F3(@)2.954 E F1 -(and)2.954 E F3(*)2.954 E F1(dif)2.954 E .454(ferently depending)-.25 F -(on whether the array is inde)180 196.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(do).15 G -2.5(ra)-2.5 G(ssociati)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,a).15 G(nd dif)-2.5 E -(ferently than in pre)-.25 E(vious v)-.25 E(ersions.)-.15 E<83>144 208.8 -Q .234(Arithmetic commands \()180 208.8 R F3(\(\()2.734 E F1 1.666(...)C -F3(\)\))-1.666 E F1 2.734(\)a)2.734 G .234(nd the e)-2.734 F .234 -(xpressions in an arithmetic for statement can be)-.15 F -.15(ex)180 -220.8 S(panded more than once.).15 E<83>144 232.8 Q .251 -(Expressions used as ar)180 232.8 R .251 -(guments to arithmetic operators in the)-.18 F F3([[)2.751 E F1 .25 -(conditional command can)2.751 F(be e)180 244.8 Q -(xpanded more than once.)-.15 E<83>144 256.8 Q(The e)180 256.8 Q +(Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the)180 523.2 Q F22.5 E F1 +(option is supplied.)2.5 E F2(compat51)108 540 Q F1<83>144 552 Q(The)180 +552 Q F2(unset)2.955 E F1 -.2(bu)2.955 G .455 +(iltin treats attempts to unset array subscripts).2 F F2(@)2.954 E F1 +(and)2.954 E F2(*)2.954 E F1(dif)2.954 E .454(ferently depending)-.25 F +(on whether the array is inde)180 564 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5 +(ra)-2.5 G(ssociati)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,a).15 G(nd dif)-2.5 E +(ferently than in pre)-.25 E(vious v)-.25 E(ersions.)-.15 E<83>144 576 Q +.234(Arithmetic commands \()180 576 R F2(\(\()2.734 E F1 1.666(...)C F2 +(\)\))-1.666 E F1 2.734(\)a)2.734 G .234(nd the e)-2.734 F .234 +(xpressions in an arithmetic for statement can be)-.15 F -.15(ex)180 588 +S(panded more than once.).15 E<83>144 600 Q .251(Expressions used as ar) +180 600 R .251(guments to arithmetic operators in the)-.18 F F2([[)2.751 +E F1 .25(conditional command can)2.751 F(be e)180 612 Q +(xpanded more than once.)-.15 E<83>144 624 Q(The e)180 624 Q (xpressions in substring parameter brace e)-.15 E(xpansion can be e)-.15 -E(xpanded more than once.)-.15 E<83>144 268.8 Q(The e)180 268.8 Q -(xpressions in the)-.15 E F3($\(\()2.5 E F1 1.666(...)C F3(\)\))-1.666 E +E(xpanded more than once.)-.15 E<83>144 636 Q(The e)180 636 Q +(xpressions in the)-.15 E F2($\(\()2.5 E F1 1.666(...)C F2(\)\))-1.666 E F1 -.1(wo)2.5 G(rd e).1 E(xpansion can be e)-.15 E -(xpanded more than once.)-.15 E<83>144 280.8 Q(Arithmetic e)180 280.8 Q +(xpanded more than once.)-.15 E<83>144 648 Q(Arithmetic e)180 648 Q (xpressions used as inde)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G (rray subscripts can be e)-2.5 E(xpanded more than once.)-.15 E<83>144 -292.8 Q F3 .605(test \255v)180 292.8 R F1 3.105(,w)C .605(hen gi)-3.105 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.105(na).15 G 3.105(na)-3.105 G -.18(rg)-3.105 G .605 -(ument of).18 F F3(A[@])3.105 E F1 3.105(,w)C(here)-3.105 E F3(A)3.105 E +660 Q F2 .605(test \255v)180 660 R F1 3.105(,w)C .605(hen gi)-3.105 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.105(na).15 G 3.105(na)-3.105 G -.18(rg)-3.105 G .605 +(ument of).18 F F2(A[@])3.105 E F1 3.105(,w)C(here)-3.105 E F2(A)3.105 E F1 .606(is an e)3.105 F .606(xisting associati)-.15 F .906 -.15(ve a) -.25 H(rray).15 E 3.106(,w)-.65 G(ill)-3.106 E .714 -(return true if the array has an)180 304.8 R 3.214(ys)-.15 G .714 +(return true if the array has an)180 672 R 3.214(ys)-.15 G .714 (et elements.)-3.214 F .714(Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a k) -5.714 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(named)180 316.8 Q F3(@)2.5 E F1(.)A<83>144 328.8 Q -1.362(The ${)180 328.8 R F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F3([:]=)A F0(value)A F1 +5.714 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(named)180 684 Q F2(@)2.5 E F1(.)A<83>144 696 Q +1.362(The ${)180 696 R F0(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2([:]=)A F0(value)A F1 3.862(}w)C 1.362(ord e)-3.962 F 1.362(xpansion will return)-.15 F F0 (value)3.862 E F1 3.862(,b)C 1.363(efore an)-3.862 F 3.863(yv)-.15 G -(ariable-spe-)-4.113 E .623(ci\214c transformations ha)180 340.8 R .923 +(ariable-spe-)-4.113 E .623(ci\214c transformations ha)180 708 R .923 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .623(een performed \(e.g., con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .623 (rting to lo).15 F 3.123(wercase\). Bash-5.2)-.25 F(will)3.123 E -(return the \214nal v)180 352.8 Q(alue assigned to the v)-.25 E -(ariable.)-.25 E<83>144 364.8 Q -.15(Pa)180 364.8 S .945 +(return the \214nal v)180 720 Q(alue assigned to the v)-.25 E(ariable.) +-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(94)188.45 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 95 95 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E<83>144 84 Q -.15(Pa)180 84 S .945 (rsing command substitutions will beha).15 F 1.245 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.445 (si).15 G 3.446(fe)-3.445 G .946(xtended globbing \(see the description) --3.596 F .339(of the)180 376.8 R F3(shopt)2.839 E F1 -.2(bu)2.839 G .339 -(iltin abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.839(\)i).15 G 2.839(se)-2.839 G .338 -(nabled, so that parsing a command substitution containing)-2.839 F .022 -(an e)180 388.8 R .022(xtglob pattern \(say)-.15 F 2.522(,a)-.65 G 2.522 -(sp)-2.522 G .022(art of a shell function\) will not f)-2.522 F 2.523 -(ail. This)-.1 F .023(assumes the intent is)2.523 F .04(to enable e)180 -400.8 R .039(xtglob before the command is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .039 -(cuted and w).15 F .039(ord e)-.1 F .039(xpansions are performed.)-.15 F -(It)5.039 E .4(will f)180 412.8 R .4(ail at w)-.1 F .4(ord e)-.1 F .4 -(xpansion time if e)-.15 F .4(xtglob hasn')-.15 F 2.9(tb)-.18 G .4 -(een enabled by the time the command)-2.9 F(is e)180 424.8 Q -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted.).15 E F3(compat52)108 441.6 Q F1<83>144 453.6 Q(The)180 -453.6 Q F3(test)3.168 E F1 -.2(bu)3.168 G .667 +-3.596 F .339(of the)180 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt)2.839 E F1 -.2 +(bu)2.839 G .339(iltin abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.839(\)i).15 G 2.839(se) +-2.839 G .338(nabled, so that parsing a command substitution containing) +-2.839 F .022(an e)180 108 R .022(xtglob pattern \(say)-.15 F 2.522(,a) +-.65 G 2.522(sp)-2.522 G .022(art of a shell function\) will not f) +-2.522 F 2.523(ail. 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F1 .483(treats an)2.983 F 2.984 +196.8 Q .483(If the)180 196.8 R F22.983 E F1(or)2.983 E F2 +2.983 E F1 .483(option is supplied to the)2.983 F F2(bind)2.983 E F1 -.2 +(bu)2.983 G(iltin,).2 E F2(bind)2.983 E F1 .483(treats an)2.983 F 2.984 (ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.984 G .484(uments remain-).18 F .339 (ing after option processing as bindable command names, and displays an) -180 489.6 R 2.839(yk)-.15 G .639 -.15(ey s)-2.939 H(equences).15 E -(bound to those commands, instead of treating the ar)180 501.6 Q -(guments as k)-.18 E .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(equences to bind.).15 E/F4 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 518.4 Q F1(If)108 530.4 Q F3(bash) -3.571 E F1 1.071(is started with the name)3.571 F F3(rbash)3.571 E F1 -3.571(,o)C 3.571(rt)-3.571 G(he)-3.571 E F33.571 E F1 1.071 +180 208.8 R 2.839(yk)-.15 G .639 -.15(ey s)-2.939 H(equences).15 E +(bound to those commands, instead of treating the ar)180 220.8 Q +(guments as k)-.18 E .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H(equences to bind.).15 E/F3 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 237.6 Q F1(If)108 249.6 Q F2(bash) +3.571 E F1 1.071(is started with the name)3.571 F F2(rbash)3.571 E F1 +3.571(,o)C 3.571(rt)-3.571 G(he)-3.571 E F23.571 E F1 1.071 (option is supplied at in)3.571 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.071 (cation, the shell becomes).2 F F0 -.37(re)3.572 G(-).37 E(stricted)108 -542.4 Q F1 5.445(.A)C .445(restricted shell is used to set up an en)-2.5 +261.6 Q F1 5.445(.A)C .445(restricted shell is used to set up an en)-2.5 F .445(vironment more controlled than the standard shell.)-.4 F .445 -(It be-)5.445 F(ha)108 554.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(si).15 G(dentically to) --2.5 E F3(bash)2.5 E F1(with the e)2.5 E(xception that the follo)-.15 E -(wing are disallo)-.25 E(wed or not performed:)-.25 E<83>108 571.2 Q -(Changing directories with)144 571.2 Q F3(cd)2.5 E F1(.)A<83>108 588 Q -(Setting or unsetting the v)144 588 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(SHELL)2.5 E/F5 -9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2 -.666(PA)2.25 G(TH)-.189 E F5(,)A F2(HISTFILE) -2.25 E F5(,)A 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2.5(,B)C(rian F)-2.5 +E(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E F0(The Gnu Readline Libr)108 624 Q +(ary)-.15 E F1 2.5(,B)C(rian F)-2.5 E(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E +F0(The Gnu History Libr)108 636 Q(ary)-.15 E F1 2.5(,B)C(rian F)-2.5 E +(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E F0 -.8(Po)108 648 S(rtable Oper).8 E (ating System Interface \(POSIX\) P)-.15 E(art 2: Shell and Utilities) --.8 E F1 2.5(,I)C(EEE \212)-2.5 E(http://pubs.opengroup.or)144 307.2 Q -(g/onlinepubs/9799919799/)-.18 E(http://tiswww)108 319.2 Q +-.8 E F1 2.5(,I)C(EEE \212)-2.5 E(http://pubs.opengroup.or)144 660 Q +(g/onlinepubs/9799919799/)-.18 E(http://tiswww)108 672 Q (.case.edu/\001chet/bash/POSIX \212 a description of posix mode)-.65 E -F0(sh)108 331.2 Q F1(\(1\),)A F0(ksh)2.5 E F1(\(1\),)A F0(csh)2.5 E F1 -(\(1\))A F0(emacs)108 343.2 Q F1(\(1\),)A F0(vi)2.5 E F1(\(1\))A F0 -.37 -(re)108 355.2 S(adline).37 E F1(\(3\))A F4(FILES)72 372 Q F0(/bin/bash) -109.666 384 Q F1(The)144 396 Q F3(bash)2.5 E F1 -.15(exe)2.5 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10/Times-Roman@0 SF +138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) +.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E F0 -.37(re)108 84 S(adline).37 E F1(\(3\))A/F2 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(FILES)72 100.8 Q F0(/bin/bash)109.666 112.8 Q F1 +(The)144 124.8 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F1 -.15(exe)2.5 G +(cutable).15 E F0(/etc/pr)109.666 136.8 Q(o\214le)-.45 E F1 +(The systemwide initialization \214le, e)144 148.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted for login shells).15 E F0(\001/.bash_pr)109.666 160.8 Q(o\214le) +-.45 E F1(The personal initialization \214le, e)144 172.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cuted for login shells).15 E F0(\001/.bashr)109.666 184.8 Q(c)-.37 E +F1(The indi)144 196.8 Q(vidual per)-.25 E(-interacti)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G(-shell startup \214le).15 E F0(\001/.bash_lo)109.666 208.8 Q(gout)-.1 +E F1(The indi)144 220.8 Q(vidual login shell cleanup \214le, e)-.25 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted when a login shell e).15 E(xits)-.15 E F0 +(\001/.bash_history)109.666 232.8 Q F1(The def)144 244.8 Q(ault 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E(TS)-.438 E F1 .567 -(If you \214nd a b)108 638.4 R .568(ug in)-.2 F F3(bash)3.068 E F1 3.068 +-.25 G(rsity).15 E(chet.rame)108 338.4 Q(y@case.edu)-.15 E F2 -.11(BU)72 +355.2 S 2.738(GR).11 G(EPOR)-2.738 E(TS)-.438 E F1 .567 +(If you \214nd a b)108 367.2 R .568(ug in)-.2 F F3(bash)3.068 E F1 3.068 (,y)C .568(ou should report it.)-3.068 F .568 (But \214rst, you should mak)5.568 F 3.068(es)-.1 G .568 (ure that it really is a b)-3.068 F .568(ug, and)-.2 F 5.626 -(that it appears in the latest v)108 650.4 R 5.625(ersion of)-.15 F F3 +(that it appears in the latest v)108 379.2 R 5.625(ersion of)-.15 F F3 (bash)8.125 E F1 10.625(.T)C 5.625(he latest v)-10.625 F 5.625 (ersion is al)-.15 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 5.625(ys a).1 F -.25(va)-.2 G 5.625 -(ilable from).25 F F0(ftp://ftp.gnu.or)108 662.4 Q(g/pub/gnu/bash/)-.37 +(ilable from).25 F F0(ftp://ftp.gnu.or)108 391.2 Q(g/pub/gnu/bash/)-.37 E F1(and)2.5 E F0(http://git.savannah.gnu.or)2.5 E (g/cgit/bash.git/snapshot/bash-master)-.37 E(.tar)-1.11 E(.gz)-1.11 E F1 -(.)A .41(Once you ha)108 679.2 R .71 -.15(ve d)-.2 H .41 +(.)A .41(Once you ha)108 408 R .71 -.15(ve d)-.2 H .41 (etermined that a b).15 F .41(ug actually e)-.2 F .411(xists, use the) -.15 F F0(bashb)3.181 E(ug)-.2 E F1 .411(command to submit a b)3.131 F -.411(ug report.)-.2 F(If)5.411 E .022(you ha)108 691.2 R .322 -.15 +.411(ug report.)-.2 F(If)5.411 E .022(you ha)108 420 R .322 -.15 (ve a \214)-.2 H .021(x, you are encouraged to mail that as well!).15 F -1.1(Yo)5.021 G 2.521(um)1.1 G .021 (ay send suggestions and \231philosophical\232 b)-2.521 F(ug)-.2 E -(reports to)108 703.2 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F1 +(reports to)108 432 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F1 (or post them to the Usenet ne)2.5 E(wsgroup)-.25 E F3(gnu.bash.b)2.5 E -(ug)-.2 E F1(.)A(ALL b)108 720 Q(ug reports should include:)-.2 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(95)185.955 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 96 96 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(BA)72 48 S(SH).25 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -138.32(\(1\) General).95 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E F0 -.25(BA)140.82 G(SH) -.25 E F1(\(1\)).95 E(The v)108 84 Q(ersion number of)-.15 E/F2 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F1(The hardw)108 96 Q -(are and operating system)-.1 E(The compiler used to compile)108 108 Q -2.5(Ad)108 120 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E(viour)-.2 E -2.5(As)108 132 S(hort script or \231recipe\232 which e)-2.5 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(rcises the b).15 E(ug)-.2 E F0(bashb)108.27 148.8 Q(ug)-.2 E F1 +(ug)-.2 E F1(.)A(ALL b)108 448.8 Q(ug reports should include:)-.2 E +(The v)108 465.6 Q(ersion number of)-.15 E F3(bash)2.5 E F1(The hardw) +108 477.6 Q(are and operating system)-.1 E(The compiler used to compile) +108 489.6 Q 2.5(Ad)108 501.6 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E +(vior)-.2 E 2.5(As)108 513.6 S(hort script or \231recipe\232 which e) +-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(rcises the b).15 E(ug)-.2 E F0(bashb)108.27 530.4 +Q(ug)-.2 E F1 (inserts the \214rst three items automatically into the template it pro) 2.72 E(vides for \214ling a b)-.15 E(ug report.)-.2 E(Comments and b)108 -165.6 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2 +547.2 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2 E F0 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et.r).15 E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F1(.) -.25 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.11(BU)72 182.4 S(GS).11 E F1(It')108 -194.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.868 -(There are some subtle dif)108 211.2 R 1.868(ferences between)-.25 F F2 +.25 E F2 -.11(BU)72 564 S(GS).11 E F1(It')108 576 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G +(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.868 +(There are some subtle dif)108 592.8 R 1.868(ferences between)-.25 F F3 (bash)4.369 E F1 1.869(and traditional v)4.369 F 1.869(ersions of)-.15 F -F2(sh)4.369 E F1 4.369(,m)C 1.869(ostly because of the)-4.369 F/F4 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 223.2 Q F1(speci\214cation.)2.25 E -(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 240 Q(Shell b)108 256.8 Q +F3(sh)4.369 E F1 4.369(,m)C 1.869(ostly because of the)-4.369 F/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSIX)108 604.8 Q F1(speci\214cation.)2.25 E +(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 621.6 Q(Shell b)108 638.4 Q (uiltin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.)-.2 E .146 (Compound commands and command lists of the form \231a ; b ; c\232 are \ -not handled gracefully when combined)108 273.6 R .5 -(with process suspension.)108 285.6 R .5 +not handled gracefully when combined)108 655.2 R .5 +(with process suspension.)108 667.2 R .5 (When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.5 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .5(cutes the ne).15 F .5(xt command in)-.15 F .941 -(the list or breaks out of an)108 297.6 R 3.441(ye)-.15 G .941 +(the list or breaks out of an)108 679.2 R 3.441(ye)-.15 G .941 (xisting loops.)-3.591 F .941(It suf)5.941 F .941 (\214ces to enclose the command in parentheses to force it)-.25 F .824(\ into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit, or to start the comman\ -d in the background and immedi-)108 309.6 R -(ately bring it into the fore)108 321.6 Q(ground.)-.15 E(Array v)108 -338.4 Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E -(GNU Bash 5.3)72 768 Q(2024 December 12)136.795 E(96)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +d in the background and immedi-)108 691.2 R +(ately bring it into the fore)108 703.2 Q(ground.)-.15 E(Array v)108 720 +Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.3)72 +768 Q(2025 February 24)139.29 E(96)188.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Trailer end %%EOF diff --git a/doc/bashref.aux b/doc/bashref.aux index 46edb33b0..23ab6a51c 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.aux +++ b/doc/bashref.aux @@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ @xrdef{Conditional Constructs-pg}{12} @xrdef{Command Grouping-title}{Grouping Commands} @xrdef{Command Grouping-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.5.3} -@xrdef{Command Grouping-pg}{17} @xrdef{Coprocesses-title}{Coprocesses} @xrdef{Coprocesses-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.6} +@xrdef{Command Grouping-pg}{18} @xrdef{Coprocesses-pg}{18} @xrdef{GNU Parallel-title}{GNU Parallel} @xrdef{GNU Parallel-snt}{Section@tie 3.2.7} @@ -99,91 +99,91 @@ @xrdef{Shell Parameter Expansion-pg}{27} @xrdef{Command Substitution-title}{Command Substitution} @xrdef{Command Substitution-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.4} -@xrdef{Command Substitution-pg}{35} +@xrdef{Command Substitution-pg}{36} @xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-title}{Arithmetic Expansion} @xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.5} @xrdef{Process Substitution-title}{Process Substitution} @xrdef{Process Substitution-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.6} -@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-pg}{36} +@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-pg}{37} +@xrdef{Process Substitution-pg}{37} @xrdef{Word Splitting-title}{Word Splitting} @xrdef{Word Splitting-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.7} -@xrdef{Process Substitution-pg}{37} -@xrdef{Word Splitting-pg}{37} @xrdef{Filename Expansion-title}{Filename Expansion} @xrdef{Filename Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.8} +@xrdef{Word Splitting-pg}{38} @xrdef{Pattern Matching-title}{Pattern Matching} @xrdef{Pattern Matching-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.8.1} -@xrdef{Filename Expansion-pg}{38} -@xrdef{Pattern Matching-pg}{38} +@xrdef{Filename Expansion-pg}{39} +@xrdef{Pattern Matching-pg}{39} @xrdef{Quote Removal-title}{Quote Removal} @xrdef{Quote Removal-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.9} @xrdef{Redirections-title}{Redirections} @xrdef{Redirections-snt}{Section@tie 3.6} -@xrdef{Quote Removal-pg}{40} -@xrdef{Redirections-pg}{40} +@xrdef{Quote Removal-pg}{41} +@xrdef{Redirections-pg}{41} @xrdef{Executing Commands-title}{Executing Commands} @xrdef{Executing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 3.7} @xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-title}{Simple Command Expansion} @xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.1} -@xrdef{Executing Commands-pg}{44} -@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-pg}{44} +@xrdef{Executing Commands-pg}{45} +@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-pg}{45} @xrdef{Command Search and Execution-title}{Command Search and Execution} @xrdef{Command Search and Execution-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.2} @xrdef{Command Execution Environment-title}{Command Execution Environment} @xrdef{Command Execution Environment-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.3} -@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-pg}{45} -@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-pg}{45} +@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-pg}{46} +@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-pg}{46} @xrdef{Environment-title}{Environment} @xrdef{Environment-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.4} +@xrdef{Environment-pg}{47} @xrdef{Exit Status-title}{Exit Status} @xrdef{Exit Status-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.5} -@xrdef{Environment-pg}{47} -@xrdef{Exit Status-pg}{47} +@xrdef{Exit Status-pg}{48} @xrdef{Signals-title}{Signals} @xrdef{Signals-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.6} -@xrdef{Signals-pg}{48} +@xrdef{Signals-pg}{49} @xrdef{Shell Scripts-title}{Shell Scripts} @xrdef{Shell Scripts-snt}{Section@tie 3.8} -@xrdef{Shell Scripts-pg}{49} +@xrdef{Shell Scripts-pg}{50} @xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-title}{Shell Builtin Commands} @xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-snt}{Chapter@tie 4} @xrdef{Bourne Shell Builtins-title}{Bourne Shell Builtins} @xrdef{Bourne Shell Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 4.1} -@xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-pg}{51} -@xrdef{Bourne Shell Builtins-pg}{51} +@xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-pg}{52} +@xrdef{Bourne Shell Builtins-pg}{52} @xrdef{Bash Builtins-title}{Bash Builtin Commands} @xrdef{Bash Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 4.2} -@xrdef{Bash Builtins-pg}{60} +@xrdef{Bash Builtins-pg}{61} @xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-title}{Modifying Shell Behavior} @xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-snt}{Section@tie 4.3} @xrdef{The Set Builtin-title}{The Set Builtin} @xrdef{The Set Builtin-snt}{Section@tie 4.3.1} -@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-pg}{72} -@xrdef{The Set Builtin-pg}{73} +@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-pg}{73} +@xrdef{The Set Builtin-pg}{74} @xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-title}{The Shopt Builtin} @xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-snt}{Section@tie 4.3.2} -@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-pg}{77} +@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-pg}{78} @xrdef{Special Builtins-title}{Special Builtins} @xrdef{Special Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 4.4} -@xrdef{Special Builtins-pg}{84} +@xrdef{Special Builtins-pg}{85} @xrdef{Shell Variables-title}{Shell Variables} @xrdef{Shell Variables-snt}{Chapter@tie 5} @xrdef{Bourne Shell Variables-title}{Bourne Shell Variables} @xrdef{Bourne Shell Variables-snt}{Section@tie 5.1} @xrdef{Bash Variables-title}{Bash Variables} @xrdef{Bash Variables-snt}{Section@tie 5.2} -@xrdef{Shell Variables-pg}{85} -@xrdef{Bourne Shell Variables-pg}{85} -@xrdef{Bash Variables-pg}{86} +@xrdef{Shell Variables-pg}{86} +@xrdef{Bourne Shell Variables-pg}{86} +@xrdef{Bash Variables-pg}{87} @xrdef{Bash Features-title}{Bash Features} @xrdef{Bash Features-snt}{Chapter@tie 6} @xrdef{Invoking Bash-title}{Invoking Bash} @xrdef{Invoking Bash-snt}{Section@tie 6.1} -@xrdef{Bash Features-pg}{99} -@xrdef{Invoking Bash-pg}{99} +@xrdef{Bash Features-pg}{100} +@xrdef{Invoking Bash-pg}{100} @xrdef{Bash Startup Files-title}{Bash Startup Files} @xrdef{Bash Startup Files-snt}{Section@tie 6.2} -@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-pg}{101} +@xrdef{Bash Startup Files-pg}{102} @xrdef{Interactive Shells-title}{Interactive Shells} @xrdef{Interactive Shells-snt}{Section@tie 6.3} @xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-title}{What is an Interactive Shell?} @@ -192,199 +192,199 @@ @xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-snt}{Section@tie 6.3.2} @xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-title}{Interactive Shell Behavior} @xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-snt}{Section@tie 6.3.3} -@xrdef{Interactive Shells-pg}{103} -@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-pg}{103} -@xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-pg}{103} -@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-pg}{103} +@xrdef{Interactive Shells-pg}{104} +@xrdef{What is an Interactive Shell?-pg}{104} +@xrdef{Is this Shell Interactive?-pg}{104} +@xrdef{Interactive Shell Behavior-pg}{104} @xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-title}{Bash Conditional Expressions} @xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-snt}{Section@tie 6.4} -@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-pg}{104} +@xrdef{Bash Conditional Expressions-pg}{105} @xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-title}{Shell Arithmetic} @xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-snt}{Section@tie 6.5} -@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-pg}{106} +@xrdef{Shell Arithmetic-pg}{107} @xrdef{Aliases-title}{Aliases} @xrdef{Aliases-snt}{Section@tie 6.6} +@xrdef{Aliases-pg}{109} @xrdef{Arrays-title}{Arrays} @xrdef{Arrays-snt}{Section@tie 6.7} -@xrdef{Aliases-pg}{108} -@xrdef{Arrays-pg}{109} +@xrdef{Arrays-pg}{110} @xrdef{The Directory Stack-title}{The Directory Stack} @xrdef{The Directory Stack-snt}{Section@tie 6.8} @xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-title}{Directory Stack Builtins} @xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 6.8.1} -@xrdef{The Directory Stack-pg}{111} -@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-pg}{111} +@xrdef{The Directory Stack-pg}{112} +@xrdef{Directory Stack Builtins-pg}{112} @xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-title}{Controlling the Prompt} @xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-snt}{Section@tie 6.9} -@xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-pg}{112} +@xrdef{Controlling the Prompt-pg}{114} @xrdef{The Restricted Shell-title}{The Restricted Shell} @xrdef{The Restricted Shell-snt}{Section@tie 6.10} +@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-pg}{115} @xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-title}{Bash and POSIX} @xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-snt}{Section@tie 6.11} -@xrdef{The Restricted Shell-pg}{114} -@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-pg}{115} +@xrdef{Bash POSIX Mode-pg}{116} @xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-title}{Shell Compatibility Mode} @xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-snt}{Section@tie 6.12} -@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-pg}{120} +@xrdef{Shell Compatibility Mode-pg}{121} @xrdef{Job Control-title}{Job Control} @xrdef{Job Control-snt}{Chapter@tie 7} @xrdef{Job Control Basics-title}{Job Control Basics} @xrdef{Job Control Basics-snt}{Section@tie 7.1} -@xrdef{Job Control-pg}{123} -@xrdef{Job Control Basics-pg}{123} +@xrdef{Job Control-pg}{125} +@xrdef{Job Control Basics-pg}{125} @xrdef{Job Control Builtins-title}{Job Control Builtins} @xrdef{Job Control Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 7.2} -@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-pg}{124} +@xrdef{Job Control Builtins-pg}{126} @xrdef{Job Control Variables-title}{Job Control Variables} @xrdef{Job Control Variables-snt}{Section@tie 7.3} -@xrdef{Job Control Variables-pg}{127} +@xrdef{Job Control Variables-pg}{129} @xrdef{Command Line Editing-title}{Command Line Editing} @xrdef{Command Line Editing-snt}{Chapter@tie 8} @xrdef{Introduction and Notation-title}{Introduction to Line Editing} @xrdef{Introduction and Notation-snt}{Section@tie 8.1} @xrdef{Readline Interaction-title}{Readline Interaction} @xrdef{Readline Interaction-snt}{Section@tie 8.2} -@xrdef{Command Line Editing-pg}{128} -@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-pg}{128} -@xrdef{Readline Interaction-pg}{128} +@xrdef{Command Line Editing-pg}{130} +@xrdef{Introduction and Notation-pg}{130} +@xrdef{Readline Interaction-pg}{130} @xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-title}{Readline Bare Essentials} @xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.1} @xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-title}{Readline Movement Commands} @xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.2} -@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-pg}{129} -@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-pg}{129} +@xrdef{Readline Bare Essentials-pg}{131} +@xrdef{Readline Movement Commands-pg}{131} @xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-title}{Readline Killing Commands} @xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.3} @xrdef{Readline Arguments-title}{Readline Arguments} @xrdef{Readline Arguments-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.4} @xrdef{Searching-title}{Searching for Commands in the History} @xrdef{Searching-snt}{Section@tie 8.2.5} -@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-pg}{130} -@xrdef{Readline Arguments-pg}{130} +@xrdef{Readline Killing Commands-pg}{132} +@xrdef{Readline Arguments-pg}{132} @xrdef{Readline Init File-title}{Readline Init File} @xrdef{Readline Init File-snt}{Section@tie 8.3} @xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-title}{Readline Init File Syntax} @xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.1} -@xrdef{Searching-pg}{131} -@xrdef{Readline Init File-pg}{131} -@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-pg}{131} +@xrdef{Searching-pg}{133} +@xrdef{Readline Init File-pg}{133} +@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-pg}{133} @xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-title}{Conditional Init Constructs} @xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.2} -@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-pg}{141} +@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-pg}{143} @xrdef{Sample Init File-title}{Sample Init File} @xrdef{Sample Init File-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.3} -@xrdef{Sample Init File-pg}{142} +@xrdef{Sample Init File-pg}{144} @xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-title}{Bindable Readline Commands} @xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.4} @xrdef{Commands For Moving-title}{Commands For Moving} @xrdef{Commands For Moving-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.1} -@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-pg}{145} -@xrdef{Commands For Moving-pg}{145} +@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-pg}{147} +@xrdef{Commands For Moving-pg}{147} @xrdef{Commands For History-title}{Commands For Manipulating The History} @xrdef{Commands For History-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.2} -@xrdef{Commands For History-pg}{146} +@xrdef{Commands For History-pg}{148} @xrdef{Commands For Text-title}{Commands For Changing Text} @xrdef{Commands For Text-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.3} -@xrdef{Commands For Text-pg}{148} +@xrdef{Commands For Text-pg}{150} @xrdef{Commands For Killing-title}{Killing And Yanking} @xrdef{Commands For Killing-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.4} -@xrdef{Commands For Killing-pg}{149} +@xrdef{Commands For Killing-pg}{151} @xrdef{Numeric Arguments-title}{Specifying Numeric Arguments} @xrdef{Numeric Arguments-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.5} @xrdef{Commands For Completion-title}{Letting Readline Type For You} @xrdef{Commands For Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.6} -@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-pg}{151} -@xrdef{Commands For Completion-pg}{151} +@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-pg}{153} +@xrdef{Commands For Completion-pg}{153} @xrdef{Keyboard Macros-title}{Keyboard Macros} @xrdef{Keyboard Macros-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.7} @xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-title}{Some Miscellaneous Commands} @xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.8} -@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-pg}{153} -@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{153} +@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-pg}{155} +@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{155} @xrdef{Readline vi Mode-title}{Readline vi Mode} @xrdef{Readline vi Mode-snt}{Section@tie 8.5} @xrdef{Programmable Completion-title}{Programmable Completion} @xrdef{Programmable Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.6} -@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{156} -@xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{156} +@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{158} +@xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{158} @xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-title}{Programmable Completion Builtins} @xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 8.7} -@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{159} +@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{161} @xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-title}{A Programmable Completion Example} @xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-snt}{Section@tie 8.8} -@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-pg}{163} +@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-pg}{165} @xrdef{Using History Interactively-title}{Using History Interactively} @xrdef{Using History Interactively-snt}{Chapter@tie 9} @xrdef{Bash History Facilities-title}{Bash History Facilities} @xrdef{Bash History Facilities-snt}{Section@tie 9.1} -@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{166} -@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{166} +@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{168} +@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{168} @xrdef{Bash History Builtins-title}{Bash History Builtins} @xrdef{Bash History Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 9.2} -@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{167} +@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{169} @xrdef{History Interaction-title}{History Expansion} @xrdef{History Interaction-snt}{Section@tie 9.3} -@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{169} +@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{171} @xrdef{Event Designators-title}{Event Designators} @xrdef{Event Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.1} -@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{170} +@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{172} @xrdef{Word Designators-title}{Word Designators} @xrdef{Word Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.2} @xrdef{Modifiers-title}{Modifiers} @xrdef{Modifiers-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.3} -@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{171} -@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{172} +@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{173} +@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{174} @xrdef{Installing Bash-title}{Installing Bash} @xrdef{Installing Bash-snt}{Chapter@tie 10} @xrdef{Basic Installation-title}{Basic Installation} @xrdef{Basic Installation-snt}{Section@tie 10.1} -@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{173} -@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{173} +@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{175} +@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{175} @xrdef{Compilers and Options-title}{Compilers and Options} @xrdef{Compilers and Options-snt}{Section@tie 10.2} @xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-title}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures} @xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-snt}{Section@tie 10.3} @xrdef{Installation Names-title}{Installation Names} @xrdef{Installation Names-snt}{Section@tie 10.4} -@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{174} -@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{174} +@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{176} +@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{176} @xrdef{Specifying the System Type-title}{Specifying the System Type} @xrdef{Specifying the System Type-snt}{Section@tie 10.5} @xrdef{Sharing Defaults-title}{Sharing Defaults} @xrdef{Sharing Defaults-snt}{Section@tie 10.6} @xrdef{Operation Controls-title}{Operation Controls} @xrdef{Operation Controls-snt}{Section@tie 10.7} -@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{175} -@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{175} -@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{175} +@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{177} +@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{177} +@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{177} @xrdef{Optional Features-title}{Optional Features} @xrdef{Optional Features-snt}{Section@tie 10.8} -@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{176} -@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{176} +@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{178} +@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{178} @xrdef{Reporting Bugs-title}{Reporting Bugs} @xrdef{Reporting Bugs-snt}{Appendix@tie @char65{}} -@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{182} +@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{184} @xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-title}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell} @xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-snt}{Appendix@tie @char66{}} -@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{183} +@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{185} @xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-title}{GNU Free Documentation License} @xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-snt}{Appendix@tie @char67{}} -@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{190} +@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{192} @xrdef{Indexes-title}{Indexes} @xrdef{Indexes-snt}{Appendix@tie @char68{}} @xrdef{Builtin Index-title}{Index of Shell Builtin Commands} @xrdef{Builtin Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.1} -@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{198} -@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{198} +@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{200} +@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{200} @xrdef{Reserved Word Index-title}{Index of Shell Reserved Words} @xrdef{Reserved Word Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.2} @xrdef{Variable Index-title}{Parameter and Variable Index} @xrdef{Variable Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.3} -@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{199} -@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{200} +@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{201} +@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{202} @xrdef{Function Index-title}{Function Index} @xrdef{Function Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.4} -@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{202} +@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{204} @xrdef{Concept Index-title}{Concept Index} @xrdef{Concept Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.5} -@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{204} +@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{206} diff --git a/doc/bashref.bt b/doc/bashref.bt index 14cc5184f..1519637c5 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.bt +++ b/doc/bashref.bt @@ -1,61 +1,61 @@ -\entry{:}{51}{\code {:}} -\entry{.}{51}{\code {.}} -\entry{break}{52}{\code {break}} -\entry{cd}{52}{\code {cd}} -\entry{continue}{53}{\code {continue}} -\entry{eval}{53}{\code {eval}} -\entry{exec}{53}{\code {exec}} -\entry{exit}{53}{\code {exit}} -\entry{export}{53}{\code {export}} -\entry{false}{54}{\code {false}} -\entry{getopts}{54}{\code {getopts}} -\entry{hash}{55}{\code {hash}} -\entry{pwd}{55}{\code {pwd}} -\entry{readonly}{55}{\code {readonly}} -\entry{return}{56}{\code {return}} -\entry{shift}{56}{\code {shift}} -\entry{test}{56}{\code {test}} -\entry{[}{56}{\code {[}} -\entry{times}{58}{\code {times}} -\entry{trap}{58}{\code {trap}} -\entry{true}{59}{\code {true}} -\entry{umask}{59}{\code {umask}} -\entry{unset}{59}{\code {unset}} -\entry{alias}{60}{\code {alias}} -\entry{bind}{60}{\code {bind}} -\entry{builtin}{62}{\code {builtin}} -\entry{caller}{62}{\code {caller}} -\entry{command}{62}{\code {command}} -\entry{declare}{63}{\code {declare}} -\entry{echo}{64}{\code {echo}} -\entry{enable}{65}{\code {enable}} -\entry{help}{66}{\code {help}} -\entry{let}{66}{\code {let}} -\entry{local}{66}{\code {local}} -\entry{logout}{67}{\code {logout}} -\entry{mapfile}{67}{\code {mapfile}} -\entry{printf}{67}{\code {printf}} -\entry{read}{68}{\code {read}} -\entry{readarray}{70}{\code {readarray}} -\entry{source}{70}{\code {source}} -\entry{type}{70}{\code {type}} -\entry{typeset}{71}{\code {typeset}} -\entry{ulimit}{71}{\code {ulimit}} -\entry{unalias}{72}{\code {unalias}} -\entry{set}{73}{\code {set}} -\entry{shopt}{77}{\code {shopt}} -\entry{dirs}{111}{\code {dirs}} -\entry{popd}{111}{\code {popd}} -\entry{pushd}{112}{\code {pushd}} -\entry{bg}{124}{\code {bg}} -\entry{fg}{125}{\code {fg}} -\entry{jobs}{125}{\code {jobs}} -\entry{kill}{125}{\code {kill}} -\entry{wait}{126}{\code {wait}} -\entry{disown}{126}{\code {disown}} -\entry{suspend}{126}{\code {suspend}} -\entry{compgen}{159}{\code {compgen}} -\entry{complete}{159}{\code {complete}} -\entry{compopt}{162}{\code {compopt}} -\entry{fc}{167}{\code {fc}} -\entry{history}{167}{\code {history}} +\entry{:}{52}{\code {:}} +\entry{.}{52}{\code {.}} +\entry{break}{53}{\code {break}} +\entry{cd}{53}{\code {cd}} +\entry{continue}{54}{\code {continue}} +\entry{eval}{54}{\code {eval}} +\entry{exec}{54}{\code {exec}} +\entry{exit}{54}{\code {exit}} +\entry{export}{54}{\code {export}} +\entry{false}{55}{\code {false}} +\entry{getopts}{55}{\code {getopts}} +\entry{hash}{56}{\code {hash}} +\entry{pwd}{56}{\code {pwd}} +\entry{readonly}{56}{\code {readonly}} +\entry{return}{57}{\code {return}} +\entry{shift}{57}{\code {shift}} +\entry{test}{57}{\code {test}} +\entry{[}{57}{\code {[}} +\entry{times}{59}{\code {times}} +\entry{trap}{59}{\code {trap}} +\entry{true}{60}{\code {true}} +\entry{umask}{60}{\code {umask}} +\entry{unset}{61}{\code {unset}} +\entry{alias}{61}{\code {alias}} +\entry{bind}{61}{\code {bind}} +\entry{builtin}{63}{\code {builtin}} +\entry{caller}{63}{\code {caller}} +\entry{command}{63}{\code {command}} +\entry{declare}{64}{\code {declare}} +\entry{echo}{65}{\code {echo}} +\entry{enable}{66}{\code {enable}} +\entry{help}{67}{\code {help}} +\entry{let}{67}{\code {let}} +\entry{local}{67}{\code {local}} +\entry{logout}{68}{\code {logout}} +\entry{mapfile}{68}{\code {mapfile}} +\entry{printf}{68}{\code {printf}} +\entry{read}{69}{\code {read}} +\entry{readarray}{71}{\code {readarray}} +\entry{source}{71}{\code {source}} +\entry{type}{71}{\code {type}} +\entry{typeset}{72}{\code {typeset}} +\entry{ulimit}{72}{\code {ulimit}} +\entry{unalias}{73}{\code {unalias}} +\entry{set}{74}{\code {set}} +\entry{shopt}{78}{\code {shopt}} +\entry{dirs}{112}{\code {dirs}} +\entry{popd}{113}{\code {popd}} +\entry{pushd}{113}{\code {pushd}} +\entry{bg}{126}{\code {bg}} +\entry{fg}{127}{\code {fg}} +\entry{jobs}{127}{\code {jobs}} +\entry{kill}{127}{\code {kill}} +\entry{wait}{128}{\code {wait}} +\entry{disown}{128}{\code {disown}} +\entry{suspend}{128}{\code {suspend}} +\entry{compgen}{161}{\code {compgen}} +\entry{complete}{161}{\code {complete}} +\entry{compopt}{164}{\code {compopt}} +\entry{fc}{169}{\code {fc}} +\entry{history}{169}{\code {history}} diff --git a/doc/bashref.bts b/doc/bashref.bts index 614e4a895..585532311 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.bts +++ b/doc/bashref.bts @@ -1,82 +1,82 @@ \initial {.} -\entry{\code {.}}{51} +\entry{\code {.}}{52} \initial {:} -\entry{\code {:}}{51} +\entry{\code {:}}{52} \initial {[} -\entry{\code {[}}{56} +\entry{\code {[}}{57} \initial {A} -\entry{\code {alias}}{60} +\entry{\code {alias}}{61} \initial {B} -\entry{\code {bg}}{124} -\entry{\code {bind}}{60} -\entry{\code {break}}{52} -\entry{\code {builtin}}{62} +\entry{\code {bg}}{126} +\entry{\code {bind}}{61} +\entry{\code {break}}{53} +\entry{\code {builtin}}{63} \initial {C} -\entry{\code {caller}}{62} -\entry{\code {cd}}{52} -\entry{\code {command}}{62} -\entry{\code {compgen}}{159} -\entry{\code {complete}}{159} -\entry{\code {compopt}}{162} -\entry{\code {continue}}{53} +\entry{\code {caller}}{63} +\entry{\code {cd}}{53} +\entry{\code {command}}{63} +\entry{\code {compgen}}{161} +\entry{\code {complete}}{161} +\entry{\code {compopt}}{164} +\entry{\code {continue}}{54} \initial {D} -\entry{\code {declare}}{63} -\entry{\code {dirs}}{111} -\entry{\code {disown}}{126} +\entry{\code {declare}}{64} +\entry{\code {dirs}}{112} +\entry{\code {disown}}{128} \initial {E} -\entry{\code {echo}}{64} -\entry{\code {enable}}{65} -\entry{\code {eval}}{53} -\entry{\code {exec}}{53} -\entry{\code {exit}}{53} -\entry{\code {export}}{53} +\entry{\code {echo}}{65} +\entry{\code {enable}}{66} +\entry{\code {eval}}{54} +\entry{\code {exec}}{54} +\entry{\code {exit}}{54} +\entry{\code {export}}{54} \initial {F} -\entry{\code {false}}{54} -\entry{\code {fc}}{167} -\entry{\code {fg}}{125} +\entry{\code {false}}{55} +\entry{\code {fc}}{169} +\entry{\code {fg}}{127} \initial {G} -\entry{\code {getopts}}{54} +\entry{\code {getopts}}{55} \initial {H} -\entry{\code {hash}}{55} -\entry{\code {help}}{66} -\entry{\code {history}}{167} +\entry{\code {hash}}{56} +\entry{\code {help}}{67} +\entry{\code {history}}{169} \initial {J} -\entry{\code {jobs}}{125} +\entry{\code {jobs}}{127} \initial {K} -\entry{\code {kill}}{125} +\entry{\code {kill}}{127} \initial {L} -\entry{\code {let}}{66} -\entry{\code {local}}{66} -\entry{\code {logout}}{67} +\entry{\code {let}}{67} +\entry{\code {local}}{67} +\entry{\code {logout}}{68} \initial {M} -\entry{\code {mapfile}}{67} +\entry{\code {mapfile}}{68} \initial {P} -\entry{\code {popd}}{111} -\entry{\code {printf}}{67} -\entry{\code {pushd}}{112} -\entry{\code {pwd}}{55} +\entry{\code {popd}}{113} +\entry{\code {printf}}{68} +\entry{\code {pushd}}{113} +\entry{\code {pwd}}{56} \initial {R} -\entry{\code {read}}{68} -\entry{\code {readarray}}{70} -\entry{\code {readonly}}{55} -\entry{\code {return}}{56} +\entry{\code {read}}{69} +\entry{\code {readarray}}{71} +\entry{\code {readonly}}{56} +\entry{\code {return}}{57} \initial {S} -\entry{\code {set}}{73} -\entry{\code {shift}}{56} -\entry{\code {shopt}}{77} -\entry{\code {source}}{70} -\entry{\code {suspend}}{126} +\entry{\code {set}}{74} +\entry{\code {shift}}{57} +\entry{\code {shopt}}{78} +\entry{\code {source}}{71} +\entry{\code {suspend}}{128} \initial {T} -\entry{\code {test}}{56} -\entry{\code {times}}{58} -\entry{\code {trap}}{58} -\entry{\code {true}}{59} -\entry{\code {type}}{70} -\entry{\code {typeset}}{71} +\entry{\code {test}}{57} +\entry{\code {times}}{59} +\entry{\code {trap}}{59} +\entry{\code {true}}{60} +\entry{\code {type}}{71} +\entry{\code {typeset}}{72} \initial {U} -\entry{\code {ulimit}}{71} -\entry{\code {umask}}{59} -\entry{\code {unalias}}{72} -\entry{\code {unset}}{59} +\entry{\code {ulimit}}{72} +\entry{\code {umask}}{60} +\entry{\code {unalias}}{73} +\entry{\code {unset}}{61} \initial {W} -\entry{\code {wait}}{126} +\entry{\code {wait}}{128} diff --git a/doc/bashref.cp b/doc/bashref.cp index 3810ef0a0..55742a4c9 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.cp +++ b/doc/bashref.cp @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ \entry{commands, compound}{11}{commands, compound} \entry{commands, looping}{12}{commands, looping} \entry{commands, conditional}{12}{commands, conditional} -\entry{commands, grouping}{17}{commands, grouping} +\entry{commands, grouping}{18}{commands, grouping} \entry{coprocess}{18}{coprocess} \entry{shell function}{19}{shell function} \entry{functions, shell}{19}{functions, shell} @@ -55,76 +55,76 @@ \entry{expansion, tilde}{26}{expansion, tilde} \entry{parameter expansion}{27}{parameter expansion} \entry{expansion, parameter}{27}{expansion, parameter} -\entry{command substitution}{35}{command substitution} -\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{36}{expansion, arithmetic} -\entry{arithmetic expansion}{36}{arithmetic expansion} +\entry{command substitution}{36}{command substitution} +\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{37}{expansion, arithmetic} +\entry{arithmetic expansion}{37}{arithmetic expansion} \entry{process substitution}{37}{process substitution} -\entry{word splitting}{37}{word splitting} -\entry{expansion, filename}{38}{expansion, filename} -\entry{expansion, pathname}{38}{expansion, pathname} -\entry{filename expansion}{38}{filename expansion} -\entry{pathname expansion}{38}{pathname expansion} -\entry{pattern matching}{38}{pattern matching} -\entry{matching, pattern}{38}{matching, pattern} -\entry{redirection}{40}{redirection} -\entry{command expansion}{44}{command expansion} -\entry{command execution}{45}{command execution} -\entry{command search}{45}{command search} -\entry{execution environment}{45}{execution environment} +\entry{word splitting}{38}{word splitting} +\entry{expansion, filename}{39}{expansion, filename} +\entry{expansion, pathname}{39}{expansion, pathname} +\entry{filename expansion}{39}{filename expansion} +\entry{pathname expansion}{39}{pathname expansion} +\entry{pattern matching}{39}{pattern matching} +\entry{matching, pattern}{39}{matching, pattern} +\entry{redirection}{41}{redirection} +\entry{command expansion}{45}{command expansion} +\entry{command execution}{46}{command execution} +\entry{command search}{46}{command search} +\entry{execution environment}{46}{execution environment} \entry{environment}{47}{environment} -\entry{exit status}{47}{exit status} -\entry{signal handling}{48}{signal handling} -\entry{shell script}{49}{shell script} -\entry{special builtin}{84}{special builtin} -\entry{login shell}{101}{login shell} -\entry{interactive shell}{101}{interactive shell} -\entry{startup files}{101}{startup files} -\entry{interactive shell}{103}{interactive shell} -\entry{shell, interactive}{103}{shell, interactive} -\entry{expressions, conditional}{104}{expressions, conditional} -\entry{arithmetic, shell}{106}{arithmetic, shell} -\entry{shell arithmetic}{106}{shell arithmetic} -\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{106}{expressions, arithmetic} -\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{106}{evaluation, arithmetic} -\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{106}{arithmetic evaluation} -\entry{arithmetic operators}{107}{arithmetic operators} -\entry{unary arithmetic operators}{107}{unary arithmetic operators} -\entry{binary arithmetic operators}{107}{binary arithmetic operators} -\entry{conditional arithmetic operator}{107}{conditional arithmetic operator} -\entry{bitwise arithmetic operators}{107}{bitwise arithmetic operators} -\entry{alias expansion}{108}{alias expansion} -\entry{arrays}{109}{arrays} -\entry{directory stack}{111}{directory stack} -\entry{prompting}{112}{prompting} -\entry{restricted shell}{114}{restricted shell} -\entry{POSIX description}{115}{POSIX description} -\entry{POSIX Mode}{115}{POSIX Mode} -\entry{Compatibility Level}{120}{Compatibility Level} -\entry{Compatibility Mode}{120}{Compatibility Mode} -\entry{job control}{123}{job control} -\entry{foreground}{123}{foreground} -\entry{background}{123}{background} -\entry{suspending jobs}{123}{suspending jobs} -\entry{Readline, how to use}{127}{Readline, how to use} -\entry{interaction, readline}{128}{interaction, readline} -\entry{notation, readline}{129}{notation, readline} -\entry{command editing}{129}{command editing} -\entry{editing command lines}{129}{editing command lines} -\entry{killing text}{130}{killing text} -\entry{yanking text}{130}{yanking text} -\entry{kill ring}{130}{kill ring} -\entry{initialization file, readline}{131}{initialization file, readline} -\entry{variables, readline}{132}{variables, readline} -\entry{programmable completion}{156}{programmable completion} -\entry{completion builtins}{159}{completion builtins} -\entry{History, how to use}{165}{History, how to use} -\entry{command history}{166}{command history} -\entry{history list}{166}{history list} -\entry{history builtins}{167}{history builtins} -\entry{history expansion}{169}{history expansion} -\entry{event designators}{170}{event designators} -\entry{history events}{170}{history events} -\entry{installation}{173}{installation} -\entry{configuration}{173}{configuration} -\entry{Bash installation}{173}{Bash installation} -\entry{Bash configuration}{173}{Bash configuration} +\entry{exit status}{48}{exit status} +\entry{signal handling}{49}{signal handling} +\entry{shell script}{50}{shell script} +\entry{special builtin}{85}{special builtin} +\entry{login shell}{102}{login shell} +\entry{interactive shell}{102}{interactive shell} +\entry{startup files}{102}{startup files} +\entry{interactive shell}{104}{interactive shell} +\entry{shell, interactive}{104}{shell, interactive} +\entry{expressions, conditional}{105}{expressions, conditional} +\entry{arithmetic, shell}{107}{arithmetic, shell} +\entry{shell arithmetic}{107}{shell arithmetic} +\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{107}{expressions, arithmetic} +\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{107}{evaluation, arithmetic} +\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{107}{arithmetic evaluation} +\entry{arithmetic operators}{108}{arithmetic operators} +\entry{unary arithmetic operators}{108}{unary arithmetic operators} +\entry{binary arithmetic operators}{108}{binary arithmetic operators} +\entry{conditional arithmetic operator}{108}{conditional arithmetic operator} +\entry{bitwise arithmetic operators}{108}{bitwise arithmetic operators} +\entry{alias expansion}{109}{alias expansion} +\entry{arrays}{110}{arrays} +\entry{directory stack}{112}{directory stack} +\entry{prompting}{114}{prompting} +\entry{restricted shell}{115}{restricted shell} +\entry{POSIX description}{116}{POSIX description} +\entry{POSIX Mode}{116}{POSIX Mode} +\entry{Compatibility Level}{121}{Compatibility Level} +\entry{Compatibility Mode}{121}{Compatibility Mode} +\entry{job control}{125}{job control} +\entry{foreground}{125}{foreground} +\entry{background}{125}{background} +\entry{suspending jobs}{125}{suspending jobs} +\entry{Readline, how to use}{129}{Readline, how to use} +\entry{interaction, readline}{130}{interaction, readline} +\entry{notation, readline}{131}{notation, readline} +\entry{command editing}{131}{command editing} +\entry{editing command lines}{131}{editing command lines} +\entry{killing text}{132}{killing text} +\entry{yanking text}{132}{yanking text} +\entry{kill ring}{132}{kill ring} +\entry{initialization file, readline}{133}{initialization file, readline} +\entry{variables, readline}{134}{variables, readline} +\entry{programmable completion}{158}{programmable completion} +\entry{completion builtins}{161}{completion builtins} +\entry{History, how to use}{167}{History, how to use} +\entry{command history}{168}{command history} +\entry{history list}{168}{history list} +\entry{history builtins}{169}{history builtins} +\entry{history expansion}{171}{history expansion} +\entry{event designators}{172}{event designators} +\entry{history events}{172}{history events} +\entry{installation}{175}{installation} +\entry{configuration}{175}{configuration} +\entry{Bash installation}{175}{Bash installation} +\entry{Bash configuration}{175}{Bash configuration} diff --git a/doc/bashref.cps b/doc/bashref.cps index 1739914e4..0fd1e8c9a 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.cps +++ b/doc/bashref.cps @@ -1,98 +1,98 @@ \initial {A} -\entry{alias expansion}{108} -\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{106} -\entry{arithmetic expansion}{36} -\entry{arithmetic operators}{107} -\entry{arithmetic, shell}{106} -\entry{arrays}{109} +\entry{alias expansion}{109} +\entry{arithmetic evaluation}{107} +\entry{arithmetic expansion}{37} +\entry{arithmetic operators}{108} +\entry{arithmetic, shell}{107} +\entry{arrays}{110} \initial {B} -\entry{background}{123} -\entry{Bash configuration}{173} -\entry{Bash installation}{173} -\entry{binary arithmetic operators}{107} -\entry{bitwise arithmetic operators}{107} +\entry{background}{125} +\entry{Bash configuration}{175} +\entry{Bash installation}{175} +\entry{binary arithmetic operators}{108} +\entry{bitwise arithmetic operators}{108} \entry{Bourne shell}{5} \entry{brace expansion}{25} \entry{builtin}{3} \initial {C} -\entry{command editing}{129} -\entry{command execution}{45} -\entry{command expansion}{44} -\entry{command history}{166} -\entry{command search}{45} -\entry{command substitution}{35} +\entry{command editing}{131} +\entry{command execution}{46} +\entry{command expansion}{45} +\entry{command history}{168} +\entry{command search}{46} +\entry{command substitution}{36} \entry{command timing}{10} \entry{commands, compound}{11} \entry{commands, conditional}{12} -\entry{commands, grouping}{17} +\entry{commands, grouping}{18} \entry{commands, lists}{11} \entry{commands, looping}{12} \entry{commands, pipelines}{10} \entry{commands, shell}{9} \entry{commands, simple}{9} \entry{comments, shell}{9} -\entry{Compatibility Level}{120} -\entry{Compatibility Mode}{120} -\entry{completion builtins}{159} -\entry{conditional arithmetic operator}{107} -\entry{configuration}{173} +\entry{Compatibility Level}{121} +\entry{Compatibility Mode}{121} +\entry{completion builtins}{161} +\entry{conditional arithmetic operator}{108} +\entry{configuration}{175} \entry{control operator}{3} \entry{coprocess}{18} \initial {D} -\entry{directory stack}{111} +\entry{directory stack}{112} \entry{dollar-single quote quoting}{6} \initial {E} -\entry{editing command lines}{129} +\entry{editing command lines}{131} \entry{environment}{47} -\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{106} -\entry{event designators}{170} -\entry{execution environment}{45} -\entry{exit status}{3, 47} +\entry{evaluation, arithmetic}{107} +\entry{event designators}{172} +\entry{execution environment}{46} +\entry{exit status}{3, 48} \entry{expansion}{24} -\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{36} +\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{37} \entry{expansion, brace}{25} -\entry{expansion, filename}{38} +\entry{expansion, filename}{39} \entry{expansion, parameter}{27} -\entry{expansion, pathname}{38} +\entry{expansion, pathname}{39} \entry{expansion, tilde}{26} -\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{106} -\entry{expressions, conditional}{104} +\entry{expressions, arithmetic}{107} +\entry{expressions, conditional}{105} \initial {F} \entry{field}{3} \entry{filename}{3} -\entry{filename expansion}{38} -\entry{foreground}{123} +\entry{filename expansion}{39} +\entry{foreground}{125} \entry{functions, shell}{19} \initial {H} -\entry{history builtins}{167} -\entry{history events}{170} -\entry{history expansion}{169} -\entry{history list}{166} -\entry{History, how to use}{165} +\entry{history builtins}{169} +\entry{history events}{172} +\entry{history expansion}{171} +\entry{history list}{168} +\entry{History, how to use}{167} \initial {I} \entry{identifier}{3} -\entry{initialization file, readline}{131} -\entry{installation}{173} -\entry{interaction, readline}{128} -\entry{interactive shell}{101, 103} +\entry{initialization file, readline}{133} +\entry{installation}{175} +\entry{interaction, readline}{130} +\entry{interactive shell}{102, 104} \entry{internationalization}{7} \entry{internationalized scripts}{8} \initial {J} \entry{job}{3} -\entry{job control}{3, 123} +\entry{job control}{3, 125} \initial {K} -\entry{kill ring}{130} -\entry{killing text}{130} +\entry{kill ring}{132} +\entry{killing text}{132} \initial {L} \entry{localization}{7} -\entry{login shell}{101} +\entry{login shell}{102} \initial {M} -\entry{matching, pattern}{38} +\entry{matching, pattern}{39} \entry{metacharacter}{3} \initial {N} \entry{name}{3} \entry{native languages}{7} -\entry{notation, readline}{129} +\entry{notation, readline}{131} \initial {O} \entry{operator, shell}{3} \initial {P} @@ -100,50 +100,50 @@ \entry{parameters}{22} \entry{parameters, positional}{23} \entry{parameters, special}{23} -\entry{pathname expansion}{38} -\entry{pattern matching}{38} +\entry{pathname expansion}{39} +\entry{pattern matching}{39} \entry{pipeline}{10} \entry{POSIX}{3} -\entry{POSIX description}{115} -\entry{POSIX Mode}{115} +\entry{POSIX description}{116} +\entry{POSIX Mode}{116} \entry{process group}{3} \entry{process group ID}{3} \entry{process substitution}{37} -\entry{programmable completion}{156} -\entry{prompting}{112} +\entry{programmable completion}{158} +\entry{prompting}{114} \initial {Q} \entry{quoting}{6} \entry{quoting, ANSI}{6} \initial {R} -\entry{Readline, how to use}{127} -\entry{redirection}{40} +\entry{Readline, how to use}{129} +\entry{redirection}{41} \entry{reserved word}{4} \entry{reserved words}{9} -\entry{restricted shell}{114} +\entry{restricted shell}{115} \entry{return status}{4} \initial {S} -\entry{shell arithmetic}{106} +\entry{shell arithmetic}{107} \entry{shell function}{19} -\entry{shell script}{49} +\entry{shell script}{50} \entry{shell variable}{22} -\entry{shell, interactive}{103} +\entry{shell, interactive}{104} \entry{signal}{4} -\entry{signal handling}{48} -\entry{special builtin}{4, 84} -\entry{startup files}{101} +\entry{signal handling}{49} +\entry{special builtin}{4, 85} +\entry{startup files}{102} \entry{string translations}{8} -\entry{suspending jobs}{123} +\entry{suspending jobs}{125} \initial {T} \entry{tilde expansion}{26} \entry{token}{4} \entry{translation, native languages}{7} \initial {U} -\entry{unary arithmetic operators}{107} +\entry{unary arithmetic operators}{108} \initial {V} \entry{variable, shell}{22} -\entry{variables, readline}{132} +\entry{variables, readline}{134} \initial {W} \entry{word}{4} -\entry{word splitting}{37} +\entry{word splitting}{38} \initial {Y} -\entry{yanking text}{130} +\entry{yanking text}{132} diff --git a/doc/bashref.dvi b/doc/bashref.dvi index 67a7f12c62c42467d58150ec405a5e874b6fc6bd..2d29cec03174e2e372ea9f4a5371eb7a01b004f3 100644 GIT binary patch delta 40142 zc-n-$cVHC7_W;h$&h8};NJ0vP-fI#_gU|`RhbFz`l3bF5OL`0O|doz1U@bmrse*dtS-I;lB-n@BzhHdY5*z|3O z)eQpUBHKqtM#p!Kii(O}QKd>1$+a`LnRC>$2ANNy`Z=G6noP;I9HVWvQ!Yx2ZXX?& zw^3UB&(>9}=j!UAB}=5a@`vprvaGT3bQ$WI3K zO*K2rR*NexGA7(f{l3gJ+8wT(?A1fBq#7NjRQG>IbK_{(@GEPY`(fwo?d=CusroRc zN>xBrP06xnM!AN_)yR`L*Lc|_#g*KZ9mL;vRl)C7s;pYIM*3p&=u$H~8B{g6WU(66 zM2auj)9Q@?sY6M>PGcmgW64{c&G;~MT`9r0H@l@uQm2x?x{t%h$ewwU6y+*SXfH*U z)a-Q;{wTTEd!8gkmt^+Ml%$xFANw_ehwEv7H~i}wunt~D417(JVoN?6^fo?54T;3Z zt3!uKQk?6%VQT=xkt?^+P87KidVWVVx)E}LX=zR3jW<+Pg*v}A;u<>6? 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zysgg_S^%K*3S9*#6R$#t1n@T3=x<GU*D$hL2d2+iv!On`re_joT6pYz z`Wis=1Ns3tL_gHQBYFZFAp*)#17`libZV0Gu6@$$W}f|6(_rH#v>2#9ctWF~PkR0X zz{L0cqosVFA`mH0bt-Ak=%4(@XVjS|K8Jp{@HQ{#dBAr5m!3nF-TjxAKyvd-=w1t- z_X;&9n!l#DSUKBS9Byb_bC@=uni|FbVVT*|Pi4zzcTl z9Przyu(ODjNZ2J%ZXcCdY04i&SvORE0b_?jffK8-a&Q8X_RI_WV4edTjJsH6j_f_O z=}vWKja~B432Fn{KhCT+rmMNIp<4Ka@vf`~n*1R*l+7ecYcia6@Taxd8K8c+HY^DsRo+0Ehc+SS?hCOL?jM5|K>4mU|@9qC$s7mkKyrhB8HtZpe9ztu_7A~vfo7J zj@1$-K>^6rVJd5mvQ3`GW*DH2&l4FQ$~iTYwZlnH^(3Z6pE@&_b=4N(Kd?N!c;v_e zHVakOA%)GyuhzwxR2D6RxGmDyIvMC+&tSgTM!QVZv7hL$jCH~Cj4U<-mFKvUjldTf z2|4TtD(|b+z@UER{PE=%EIdw{lV0rJ68!rYhB7(1{DV|d@Zk&FFG@w>8nAt`WV!s8 G{`-Fi)-Z?w diff --git a/doc/bashref.fn b/doc/bashref.fn index 356b46010..085b67902 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.fn +++ b/doc/bashref.fn @@ -1,116 +1,116 @@ -\entry{beginning-of-line (C-a)}{145}{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}} -\entry{end-of-line (C-e)}{145}{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}} -\entry{forward-char (C-f)}{145}{\code {forward-char (C-f)}} -\entry{backward-char (C-b)}{145}{\code {backward-char (C-b)}} -\entry{forward-word (M-f)}{145}{\code {forward-word (M-f)}} -\entry{backward-word (M-b)}{145}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}} -\entry{shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}{145}{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}} -\entry{shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}{145}{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}} -\entry{previous-screen-line ()}{146}{\code {previous-screen-line ()}} -\entry{next-screen-line ()}{146}{\code {next-screen-line ()}} -\entry{clear-display (M-C-l)}{146}{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}} -\entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{146}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}} -\entry{redraw-current-line ()}{146}{\code {redraw-current-line ()}} -\entry{accept-line (Newline or Return)}{146}{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}} -\entry{previous-history (C-p)}{146}{\code {previous-history (C-p)}} -\entry{next-history (C-n)}{146}{\code {next-history (C-n)}} -\entry{beginning-of-history (M-<)}{146}{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}} -\entry{end-of-history (M->)}{146}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}} -\entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{146}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}} -\entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{146}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}} -\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{147}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}} -\entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{147}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}} -\entry{history-search-backward ()}{147}{\code {history-search-backward ()}} -\entry{history-search-forward ()}{147}{\code {history-search-forward ()}} -\entry{history-substring-search-backward ()}{147}{\code {history-substring-search-backward ()}} -\entry{history-substring-search-forward ()}{147}{\code {history-substring-search-forward ()}} -\entry{yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}{147}{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}} -\entry{yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}{147}{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}} -\entry{operate-and-get-next (C-o)}{148}{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}} -\entry{fetch-history ()}{148}{\code {fetch-history ()}} -\entry{end-of-file (usually C-d)}{148}{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}} -\entry{delete-char (C-d)}{148}{\code {delete-char (C-d)}} -\entry{backward-delete-char (Rubout)}{148}{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}} -\entry{forward-backward-delete-char ()}{148}{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}} -\entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{148}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}} -\entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{148}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}} -\entry{bracketed-paste-begin ()}{148}{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}} -\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{149}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}} -\entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{149}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}} -\entry{shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}{149}{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}} -\entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{149}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}} -\entry{downcase-word (M-l)}{149}{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}} -\entry{capitalize-word (M-c)}{149}{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}} -\entry{overwrite-mode ()}{149}{\code {overwrite-mode ()}} -\entry{kill-line (C-k)}{149}{\code {kill-line (C-k)}} -\entry{backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}{149}{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}} -\entry{unix-line-discard (C-u)}{149}{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}} -\entry{kill-whole-line ()}{150}{\code {kill-whole-line ()}} -\entry{kill-word (M-d)}{150}{\code {kill-word (M-d)}} -\entry{backward-kill-word (M-DEL)}{150}{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}} -\entry{shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}{150}{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}} -\entry{shell-backward-kill-word ()}{150}{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}} -\entry{unix-word-rubout (C-w)}{150}{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}} -\entry{unix-filename-rubout ()}{150}{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}} -\entry{delete-horizontal-space ()}{150}{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}} -\entry{kill-region ()}{150}{\code {kill-region ()}} -\entry{copy-region-as-kill ()}{150}{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}} -\entry{copy-backward-word ()}{150}{\code {copy-backward-word ()}} -\entry{copy-forward-word ()}{150}{\code {copy-forward-word ()}} -\entry{yank (C-y)}{150}{\code {yank (C-y)}} -\entry{yank-pop (M-y)}{150}{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}} -\entry{digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ...{} M--)}{151}{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}} -\entry{universal-argument ()}{151}{\code {universal-argument ()}} -\entry{complete (TAB)}{151}{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}} -\entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{151}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}} -\entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{151}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}} -\entry{menu-complete ()}{151}{\code {menu-complete ()}} -\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{152}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}} -\entry{export-completions ()}{152}{\code {export-completions ()}} -\entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{152}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}} -\entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{152}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}} -\entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{152}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}} -\entry{complete-username (M-~)}{152}{\code {complete-username (M-~)}} -\entry{possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}{152}{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}} -\entry{complete-variable (M-$)}{152}{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}} -\entry{possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}{152}{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}} -\entry{complete-hostname (M-@)}{152}{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}} -\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{153}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}} -\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{153}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}} -\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{153}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}} -\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{153}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}} -\entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{153}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}} -\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\indexlbrace })}{153}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}} -\entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{153}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}} -\entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{153}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}} -\entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{153}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}} -\entry{print-last-kbd-macro ()}{153}{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}} -\entry{re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}{153}{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}} -\entry{abort (C-g)}{153}{\code {abort (C-g)}} -\entry{do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-x, ...{})}{154}{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}} -\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{154}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}} -\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{154}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}} -\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{154}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}} -\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{154}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}} -\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{154}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}} -\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{154}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}} -\entry{character-search (C-])}{154}{\code {character-search (C-])}} -\entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{154}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}} -\entry{skip-csi-sequence ()}{154}{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}} -\entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{154}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}} -\entry{dump-functions ()}{155}{\code {dump-functions ()}} -\entry{dump-variables ()}{155}{\code {dump-variables ()}} -\entry{dump-macros ()}{155}{\code {dump-macros ()}} -\entry{execute-named-command (M-x)}{155}{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}} -\entry{spell-correct-word (C-x s)}{155}{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}} -\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{155}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}} -\entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{155}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}} -\entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{155}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}} -\entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{155}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}} -\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{155}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}} -\entry{magic-space ()}{156}{\code {magic-space ()}} -\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{156}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}} -\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{156}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}} -\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{156}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}} -\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}{156}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}} -\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{156}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}} +\entry{beginning-of-line (C-a)}{147}{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}} +\entry{end-of-line (C-e)}{147}{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}} +\entry{forward-char (C-f)}{147}{\code {forward-char (C-f)}} +\entry{backward-char (C-b)}{147}{\code {backward-char (C-b)}} +\entry{forward-word (M-f)}{147}{\code {forward-word (M-f)}} +\entry{backward-word (M-b)}{147}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}} +\entry{shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}{147}{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}} +\entry{shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}{147}{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}} +\entry{previous-screen-line ()}{148}{\code {previous-screen-line ()}} +\entry{next-screen-line ()}{148}{\code {next-screen-line ()}} +\entry{clear-display (M-C-l)}{148}{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}} +\entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{148}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}} +\entry{redraw-current-line ()}{148}{\code {redraw-current-line ()}} +\entry{accept-line (Newline or Return)}{148}{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}} +\entry{previous-history (C-p)}{148}{\code {previous-history (C-p)}} +\entry{next-history (C-n)}{148}{\code {next-history (C-n)}} +\entry{beginning-of-history (M-<)}{148}{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}} +\entry{end-of-history (M->)}{148}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}} +\entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{148}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}} +\entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{149}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}} +\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{149}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}} +\entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{149}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}} +\entry{history-search-backward ()}{149}{\code {history-search-backward ()}} +\entry{history-search-forward ()}{149}{\code {history-search-forward ()}} +\entry{history-substring-search-backward ()}{149}{\code {history-substring-search-backward ()}} +\entry{history-substring-search-forward ()}{149}{\code {history-substring-search-forward ()}} +\entry{yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}{149}{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}} +\entry{yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}{149}{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}} +\entry{operate-and-get-next (C-o)}{150}{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}} +\entry{fetch-history ()}{150}{\code {fetch-history ()}} +\entry{end-of-file (usually C-d)}{150}{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}} +\entry{delete-char (C-d)}{150}{\code {delete-char (C-d)}} +\entry{backward-delete-char (Rubout)}{150}{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}} +\entry{forward-backward-delete-char ()}{150}{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}} +\entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{150}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}} +\entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{150}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}} +\entry{bracketed-paste-begin ()}{150}{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}} +\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{151}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}} +\entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{151}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}} +\entry{shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}{151}{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}} +\entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{151}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}} +\entry{downcase-word (M-l)}{151}{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}} +\entry{capitalize-word (M-c)}{151}{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}} +\entry{overwrite-mode ()}{151}{\code {overwrite-mode ()}} +\entry{kill-line (C-k)}{151}{\code {kill-line (C-k)}} +\entry{backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}{152}{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}} +\entry{unix-line-discard (C-u)}{152}{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}} +\entry{kill-whole-line ()}{152}{\code {kill-whole-line ()}} +\entry{kill-word (M-d)}{152}{\code {kill-word (M-d)}} +\entry{backward-kill-word (M-DEL)}{152}{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}} +\entry{shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}{152}{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}} +\entry{shell-backward-kill-word ()}{152}{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}} +\entry{unix-word-rubout (C-w)}{152}{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}} +\entry{unix-filename-rubout ()}{152}{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}} +\entry{delete-horizontal-space ()}{152}{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}} +\entry{kill-region ()}{152}{\code {kill-region ()}} +\entry{copy-region-as-kill ()}{152}{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}} +\entry{copy-backward-word ()}{152}{\code {copy-backward-word ()}} +\entry{copy-forward-word ()}{152}{\code {copy-forward-word ()}} +\entry{yank (C-y)}{152}{\code {yank (C-y)}} +\entry{yank-pop (M-y)}{153}{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}} +\entry{digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ...{} M--)}{153}{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}} +\entry{universal-argument ()}{153}{\code {universal-argument ()}} +\entry{complete (TAB)}{153}{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}} +\entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{153}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}} +\entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{153}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}} +\entry{menu-complete ()}{153}{\code {menu-complete ()}} +\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{154}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}} +\entry{export-completions ()}{154}{\code {export-completions ()}} +\entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{154}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}} +\entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{154}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}} +\entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{154}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}} +\entry{complete-username (M-~)}{154}{\code {complete-username (M-~)}} +\entry{possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}{154}{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}} +\entry{complete-variable (M-$)}{154}{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}} +\entry{possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}{154}{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}} +\entry{complete-hostname (M-@)}{154}{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}} +\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{155}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}} +\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{155}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}} +\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{155}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}} +\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{155}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}} +\entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{155}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}} +\entry{complete-into-braces (M-{\indexlbrace })}{155}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}} +\entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{155}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}} +\entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{155}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}} +\entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{155}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}} +\entry{print-last-kbd-macro ()}{155}{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}} +\entry{re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}{155}{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}} +\entry{abort (C-g)}{155}{\code {abort (C-g)}} +\entry{do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-x, ...{})}{156}{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}} +\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{156}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}} +\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{156}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}} +\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{156}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}} +\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{156}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}} +\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{156}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}} +\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{156}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}} +\entry{character-search (C-])}{156}{\code {character-search (C-])}} +\entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{156}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}} +\entry{skip-csi-sequence ()}{156}{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}} +\entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{156}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}} +\entry{dump-functions ()}{157}{\code {dump-functions ()}} +\entry{dump-variables ()}{157}{\code {dump-variables ()}} +\entry{dump-macros ()}{157}{\code {dump-macros ()}} +\entry{execute-named-command (M-x)}{157}{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}} +\entry{spell-correct-word (C-x s)}{157}{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}} +\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{157}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}} +\entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{157}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}} +\entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{157}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}} +\entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{157}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}} +\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{157}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}} +\entry{magic-space ()}{158}{\code {magic-space ()}} +\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{158}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}} +\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{158}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}} +\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{158}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}} +\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}{158}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}} +\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{158}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}} diff --git a/doc/bashref.fns b/doc/bashref.fns index 5dfd879c8..8a3822804 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.fns +++ b/doc/bashref.fns @@ -1,136 +1,136 @@ \initial {A} -\entry{\code {abort (C-g)}}{153} -\entry{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}{146} -\entry{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{156} +\entry{\code {abort (C-g)}}{155} +\entry{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}{148} +\entry{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{158} \initial {B} -\entry{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}{145} -\entry{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}{148} -\entry{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}{149} -\entry{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}{150} -\entry{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}{145} -\entry{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}{146} -\entry{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}{145} -\entry{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}}{148} +\entry{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}{147} +\entry{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}{150} +\entry{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}{152} +\entry{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}{152} +\entry{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}{147} +\entry{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}{148} +\entry{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}{147} +\entry{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}}{150} \initial {C} -\entry{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{153} -\entry{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{149} -\entry{\code {character-search (C-])}}{154} -\entry{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{154} -\entry{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}{146} -\entry{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{146} -\entry{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}{151} -\entry{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{153} -\entry{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{152} -\entry{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{152} -\entry{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{153} -\entry{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{152} -\entry{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{152} -\entry{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{150} -\entry{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}{150} -\entry{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}{150} +\entry{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{155} +\entry{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{151} +\entry{\code {character-search (C-])}}{156} +\entry{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{156} +\entry{\code {clear-display (M-C-l)}}{148} +\entry{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{148} +\entry{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}{153} +\entry{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{155} +\entry{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{154} +\entry{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{154} +\entry{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{155} +\entry{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{154} +\entry{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{154} +\entry{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{152} +\entry{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}{152} +\entry{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}{152} \initial {D} -\entry{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}{153} -\entry{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}{148} -\entry{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}{152} -\entry{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}{150} -\entry{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}{151} -\entry{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{156} -\entry{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{154} -\entry{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}{149} -\entry{\code {dump-functions ()}}{155} -\entry{\code {dump-macros ()}}{155} -\entry{\code {dump-variables ()}}{155} -\entry{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{153} +\entry{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}{155} +\entry{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}{150} +\entry{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}{154} +\entry{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}{152} +\entry{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}{153} +\entry{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{158} +\entry{\code {do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{156} +\entry{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}{151} +\entry{\code {dump-functions ()}}{157} +\entry{\code {dump-macros ()}}{157} +\entry{\code {dump-variables ()}}{157} +\entry{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{155} \initial {E} -\entry{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}{156} -\entry{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}{153} -\entry{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}{148} -\entry{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{146} -\entry{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{145} -\entry{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{154} -\entry{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}{155} -\entry{\code {export-completions ()}}{152} +\entry{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)}}{158} +\entry{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}{155} +\entry{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}{150} +\entry{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{148} +\entry{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{147} +\entry{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{156} +\entry{\code {execute-named-command (M-x)}}{157} +\entry{\code {export-completions ()}}{154} \initial {F} -\entry{\code {fetch-history ()}}{148} -\entry{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{148} -\entry{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}{145} -\entry{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{146} -\entry{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{145} +\entry{\code {fetch-history ()}}{150} +\entry{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{150} +\entry{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}{147} +\entry{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{149} +\entry{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{147} \initial {G} -\entry{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{155} -\entry{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{155} -\entry{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{155} +\entry{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{157} +\entry{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{157} +\entry{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{157} \initial {H} -\entry{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{156} -\entry{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{155} -\entry{\code {history-search-backward ()}}{147} -\entry{\code {history-search-forward ()}}{147} -\entry{\code {history-substring-search-backward ()}}{147} -\entry{\code {history-substring-search-forward ()}}{147} +\entry{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{158} +\entry{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{157} +\entry{\code {history-search-backward ()}}{149} +\entry{\code {history-search-forward ()}}{149} +\entry{\code {history-substring-search-backward ()}}{149} +\entry{\code {history-substring-search-forward ()}}{149} \initial {I} -\entry{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}{154} -\entry{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}{151} -\entry{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{156} +\entry{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}{156} +\entry{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}{153} +\entry{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{158} \initial {K} -\entry{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}{149} -\entry{\code {kill-region ()}}{150} -\entry{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}{150} -\entry{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}{150} +\entry{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}{151} +\entry{\code {kill-region ()}}{152} +\entry{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}{152} +\entry{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}{152} \initial {M} -\entry{\code {magic-space ()}}{156} -\entry{\code {menu-complete ()}}{151} -\entry{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{152} +\entry{\code {magic-space ()}}{158} +\entry{\code {menu-complete ()}}{153} +\entry{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{154} \initial {N} -\entry{\code {next-history (C-n)}}{146} -\entry{\code {next-screen-line ()}}{146} -\entry{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{147} -\entry{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{147} +\entry{\code {next-history (C-n)}}{148} +\entry{\code {next-screen-line ()}}{148} +\entry{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{149} +\entry{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{149} \initial {O} -\entry{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{148} -\entry{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{149} +\entry{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{150} +\entry{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{151} \initial {P} -\entry{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{153} -\entry{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}{151} -\entry{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}{152} -\entry{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{153} -\entry{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}{152} -\entry{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{152} -\entry{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{154} -\entry{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{146} -\entry{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}{146} -\entry{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}{153} +\entry{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{155} +\entry{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}{153} +\entry{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}{154} +\entry{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{155} +\entry{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}{154} +\entry{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{154} +\entry{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{156} +\entry{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{148} +\entry{\code {previous-screen-line ()}}{148} +\entry{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}{155} \initial {Q} -\entry{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{148} +\entry{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{150} \initial {R} -\entry{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}{153} -\entry{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}{146} -\entry{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}{146} -\entry{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{154} +\entry{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}{155} +\entry{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}{148} +\entry{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}{148} +\entry{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{156} \initial {S} -\entry{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}{148} -\entry{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{154} -\entry{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}{150} -\entry{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}}{145} -\entry{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{155} -\entry{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}}{145} -\entry{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}}{150} -\entry{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}}{149} -\entry{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}{154} -\entry{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}{155} -\entry{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{153} +\entry{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}{150} +\entry{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{156} +\entry{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}{152} +\entry{\code {shell-backward-word (M-C-b)}}{147} +\entry{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{157} +\entry{\code {shell-forward-word (M-C-f)}}{147} +\entry{\code {shell-kill-word (M-C-d)}}{152} +\entry{\code {shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)}}{151} +\entry{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}{156} +\entry{\code {spell-correct-word (C-x s)}}{157} +\entry{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{155} \initial {T} -\entry{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{154} -\entry{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{149} -\entry{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{149} +\entry{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{156} +\entry{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{151} +\entry{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{151} \initial {U} -\entry{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{154} -\entry{\code {universal-argument ()}}{151} -\entry{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}{150} -\entry{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}{149} -\entry{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}{150} -\entry{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}{149} +\entry{\code 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+(ecial)h(meaning)630 3285 y(from)j(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(c)m(haracter.) 41 b(This)25 b(means)h(that)h(after)g(the)f(shell's)g(w)m(ord)g -(expansions)630 3285 y(complete)i(\(see)f(Section)g(3.5)h([Shell)e +(expansions)630 3395 y(complete)i(\(see)f(Section)g(3.5)h([Shell)e (Expansions],)h(page)g(24\),)i(an)m(y)d(bac)m(kslashes)i(remain-)630 -3395 y(ing)44 b(in)f(parts)g(of)h(the)g(pattern)f(that)h(w)m(ere)g +3504 y(ing)44 b(in)f(parts)g(of)h(the)g(pattern)f(that)h(w)m(ere)g (originally)h(not)f(quoted)g(can)g(remo)m(v)m(e)h(the)630 -3504 y(sp)s(ecial)29 b(meaning)g(of)g(pattern)f(c)m(haracters.)42 +3614 y(sp)s(ecial)29 b(meaning)g(of)g(pattern)f(c)m(haracters.)42 b(If)28 b(an)m(y)h(part)g(of)f(the)h(pattern)g(is)f(quoted,)i(the)630 -3614 y(shell)h(do)s(es)f(its)g(b)s(est)g(to)i(ensure)d(that)i(the)g +3724 y(shell)h(do)s(es)f(its)g(b)s(est)g(to)i(ensure)d(that)i(the)g (regular)f(expression)h(treats)g(those)g(remaining)630 -3724 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y(second)e(t)m(w)m(o)i(the)e(bac)m(kslash)h(will)f +(in)g(the)630 5011 y(second)e(t)m(w)m(o)i(the)e(bac)m(kslash)h(will)f (b)s(e)g(part)g(of)g(the)g(pattern)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed.)40 -b(In)26 b(the)i(\014rst)630 5011 y(t)m(w)m(o)33 b(examples,)f(the)g +b(In)26 b(the)i(\014rst)630 5121 y(t)m(w)m(o)33 b(examples,)f(the)g (pattern)f(passed)g(to)h(the)g(regular)f(expression)h(parser)e(is)i(`)p -Ft(\\.)p Fu('.)43 b(The)630 5121 y(bac)m(kslash)35 b(remo)m(v)m(es)g +Ft(\\.)p Fu('.)43 b(The)630 5230 y(bac)m(kslash)35 b(remo)m(v)m(es)g (the)g(sp)s(ecial)f(meaning)h(from)e(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(',)j(so)e(the)h (literal)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')g(matc)m(hes.)53 b(In)630 -5230 y(the)35 b(second)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(examples,)h(the)f(pattern)f -(passed)g(to)h(the)f(regular)h(expression)f(parser)630 -5340 y(has)26 b(the)g(bac)m(kslash)g(quoted)g(\(e.g.,)j(`)p -Ft(\\\\\\.)p Fu('\),)e(whic)m(h)e(will)h(not)g(matc)m(h)h(the)f -(string,)h(since)f(it)p eop end +5340 y(the)35 b(second)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(examples,)h(the)f(pattern)f +(passed)g(to)h(the)f(regular)h(expression)f(parser)p +eop end %%Page: 17 23 TeXDict begin 17 22 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(17)630 299 -y(do)s(es)31 b(not)g(con)m(tain)h(a)g(bac)m(kslash.)43 -b(If)31 b(the)g(string)g(in)g(the)g(\014rst)f(examples)i(w)m(ere)g(an)m -(ything)630 408 y(other)f(than)f(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(',)h(sa)m(y)g(`)p -Ft(a)p Fu(',)g(the)f(pattern)h(w)m(ould)f(not)h(matc)m(h,)g(b)s(ecause) -g(the)f(quoted)h(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')f(in)630 518 y(the)h(pattern)f(loses)h -(its)g(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)g(of)f(matc)m(hing)i(an)m(y)e(single)h(c)m -(haracter.)630 647 y(Brac)m(k)m(et)d(expressions)d(in)g(regular)h -(expressions)f(can)h(b)s(e)e(sources)i(of)f(errors)g(as)h(w)m(ell,)i -(since)630 756 y(c)m(haracters)43 b(that)f(are)g(normally)g(sp)s(ecial) -g(in)f(regular)h(expressions)f(lose)i(their)e(sp)s(ecial)630 -866 y(meanings)24 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(brac)m(k)m(ets.)40 +y(has)26 b(the)g(bac)m(kslash)g(quoted)g(\(e.g.,)j(`)p +Ft(\\\\\\.)p Fu('\),)e(whic)m(h)e(will)h(not)g(matc)m(h)h(the)f +(string,)h(since)f(it)630 408 y(do)s(es)31 b(not)g(con)m(tain)h(a)g +(bac)m(kslash.)43 b(If)31 b(the)g(string)g(in)g(the)g(\014rst)f +(examples)i(w)m(ere)g(an)m(ything)630 518 y(other)f(than)f(`)p +Ft(.)p Fu(',)h(sa)m(y)g(`)p Ft(a)p Fu(',)g(the)f(pattern)h(w)m(ould)f +(not)h(matc)m(h,)g(b)s(ecause)g(the)f(quoted)h(`)p Ft(.)p +Fu(')f(in)630 628 y(the)h(pattern)f(loses)h(its)g(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning) +g(of)f(matc)m(hing)i(an)m(y)e(single)h(c)m(haracter.)630 +781 y(Brac)m(k)m(et)d(expressions)d(in)g(regular)h(expressions)f(can)h +(b)s(e)e(sources)i(of)f(errors)g(as)h(w)m(ell,)i(since)630 +891 y(c)m(haracters)43 b(that)f(are)g(normally)g(sp)s(ecial)g(in)f +(regular)h(expressions)f(lose)i(their)e(sp)s(ecial)630 +1000 y(meanings)24 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(brac)m(k)m(ets.)40 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)27 b(y)m(ou)e(can)f(use)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i -(expressions)f(to)g(matc)m(h)630 975 y(sp)s(ecial)31 +(expressions)f(to)g(matc)m(h)630 1110 y(sp)s(ecial)31 b(pattern)g(c)m(haracters)h(without)f(quoting)g(them,)f(so)h(they)g -(are)g(sometimes)h(useful)630 1085 y(for)e(this)g(purp)s(ose.)630 -1214 y(Though)f(it)i(migh)m(t)g(seem)f(lik)m(e)i(a)e(strange)h(w)m(a)m +(are)g(sometimes)h(useful)630 1220 y(for)e(this)g(purp)s(ose.)630 +1373 y(Though)f(it)i(migh)m(t)g(seem)f(lik)m(e)i(a)e(strange)h(w)m(a)m (y)g(to)g(write)f(it,)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)g(pattern)g(will)630 -1323 y(matc)m(h)g(a)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')g(in)f(the)g(string:)870 -1452 y Ft([[)47 b(.)h(=~)f([.])g(]])630 1580 y Fu(The)30 +1483 y(matc)m(h)g(a)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')g(in)f(the)g(string:)870 +1637 y Ft([[)47 b(.)h(=~)f([.])g(]])630 1790 y Fu(The)30 b(shell)g(p)s(erforms)f(an)m(y)i(w)m(ord)f(expansions)g(b)s(efore)g -(passing)g(the)g(pattern)h(to)g(the)f(reg-)630 1690 y(ular)44 +(passing)g(the)g(pattern)h(to)g(the)f(reg-)630 1900 y(ular)44 b(expression)g(functions,)k(so)d(y)m(ou)f(can)h(assume)f(that)h(the)g -(shell's)g(quoting)f(tak)m(es)630 1800 y(precedence.)63 +(shell's)g(quoting)f(tak)m(es)630 2009 y(precedence.)63 b(As)37 b(noted)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)j(the)d(regular)f(expression)h -(parser)f(will)h(in)m(terpret)g(an)m(y)630 1909 y(unquoted)30 +(parser)f(will)h(in)m(terpret)g(an)m(y)630 2119 y(unquoted)30 b(bac)m(kslashes)h(remaining)g(in)g(the)g(pattern)f(after)i(shell)e -(expansion)h(according)630 2019 y(to)40 b(its)g(o)m(wn)f(rules.)68 +(expansion)h(according)630 2229 y(to)40 b(its)g(o)m(wn)f(rules.)68 b(The)39 b(in)m(ten)m(tion)i(is)e(to)h(a)m(v)m(oid)h(making)f(shell)f -(programmers)g(quote)630 2128 y(things)31 b(t)m(wice)h(as)f(m)m(uc)m(h) +(programmers)g(quote)630 2338 y(things)31 b(t)m(wice)h(as)f(m)m(uc)m(h) f(as)h(p)s(ossible,)g(so)g(shell)g(quoting)g(should)f(b)s(e)g -(su\016cien)m(t)h(to)g(quote)630 2238 y(sp)s(ecial)g(pattern)f(c)m -(haracters)i(where)e(that's)h(necessary)-8 b(.)630 2367 +(su\016cien)m(t)h(to)g(quote)630 2448 y(sp)s(ecial)g(pattern)f(c)m +(haracters)i(where)e(that's)h(necessary)-8 b(.)630 2601 y(The)39 b(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b Ft(BASH_REMATCH)c Fu(records)j(whic)m(h)g(parts)g(of)g(the)h(string)f(matc)m(hed)630 -2476 y(the)34 b(pattern.)51 b(The)33 b(elemen)m(t)i(of)f +2711 y(the)34 b(pattern.)51 b(The)33 b(elemen)m(t)i(of)f Ft(BASH_REMATCH)d Fu(with)i(index)g(0)h(con)m(tains)h(the)f(p)s(ortion) -630 2586 y(of)39 b(the)g(string)g(matc)m(hing)h(the)g(en)m(tire)f +630 2821 y(of)39 b(the)g(string)g(matc)m(hing)h(the)g(en)m(tire)f (regular)h(expression.)66 b(Substrings)37 b(matc)m(hed)j(b)m(y)630 -2695 y(paren)m(thesized)k(sub)s(expressions)e(within)i(the)g(regular)g -(expression)g(are)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(in)f(the)630 2805 y(remaining)33 +2930 y(paren)m(thesized)k(sub)s(expressions)e(within)i(the)g(regular)g +(expression)g(are)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(in)f(the)630 3040 y(remaining)33 b Ft(BASH_REMATCH)c Fu(indices.)49 b(The)32 b(elemen)m(t)i(of)f -Ft(BASH_REMATCH)d Fu(with)i(index)g Fr(n)630 2914 y Fu(is)e(the)h(p)s +Ft(BASH_REMATCH)d Fu(with)i(index)g Fr(n)630 3149 y Fu(is)e(the)h(p)s (ortion)f(of)g(the)h(string)f(matc)m(hing)i(the)e Fr(n)p -Fu(th)g(paren)m(thesized)h(sub)s(expression.)630 3043 +Fu(th)g(paren)m(thesized)h(sub)s(expression.)630 3303 y(Bash)26 b(sets)h Ft(BASH_REMATCH)c Fu(in)j(the)g(global)i(scop)s(e;)f (declaring)g(it)g(as)g(a)f(lo)s(cal)i(v)-5 b(ariable)27 -b(will)630 3153 y(lead)k(to)g(unexp)s(ected)f(results.)630 -3281 y(Expressions)23 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined)i(using)f(the)h +b(will)630 3413 y(lead)k(to)g(unexp)s(ected)f(results.)630 +3566 y(Expressions)23 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined)i(using)f(the)h (follo)m(wing)h(op)s(erators,)g(listed)f(in)f(decreasing)630 -3391 y(order)30 b(of)g(precedence:)630 3538 y Ft(\()g -Fj(expression)e Ft(\))1110 3648 y Fu(Returns)i(the)h(v)-5 +3676 y(order)30 b(of)g(precedence:)630 3874 y Ft(\()g +Fj(expression)e Ft(\))1110 3983 y Fu(Returns)i(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(expression)p Fu(.)42 b(This)30 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e 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b(it)h(w)m(aits)g(un)m(til)f(that)h @@ -11776,8 +11849,8 @@ f(con)m(taining)h(shell)f(commands.)40 b(When)29 b(suc)m(h)g(a)h (\014le)g(is)f(used)g(as)h(the)g(\014rst)150 2983 y(non-option)c (argumen)m(t)h(when)e(in)m(v)m(oking)i(Bash,)g(and)f(neither)g(the)g Ft(-c)g Fu(nor)f Ft(-s)h Fu(option)g(is)g(supplied)f(\(see)150 -3092 y(Section)39 b(6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)h(page)f(99\),)i -(Bash)d(reads)g(and)f(executes)i(commands)f(from)f(the)i(\014le,)150 +3092 y(Section)35 b(6.1)h([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)g(page)f(100\),)j +(Bash)c(reads)h(and)f(executes)i(commands)e(from)g(the)h(\014le,)150 3202 y(then)29 b(exits.)42 b(This)28 b(mo)s(de)i(of)f(op)s(eration)i (creates)g(a)f(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell.)41 b(If)29 b(the)h(\014lename)f(do)s(es)h(not)150 3312 y(con)m(tain)g(an)m(y)e @@ -11811,11 +11884,11 @@ g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(to)h(in)m(terpret)e(the)h(script,)h(with)e(the)h (exception)h(that)f(the)150 5230 y(lo)s(cations)25 b(of)g(commands)e 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+(terminates)h(due)e(to)i(a)330 2639 y(signal.)41 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m (e)34 b(shells)d(prin)m(t)f(status)g(messages)i(after)e(a)h(foreground) -f(job)g(completes.)154 1237 y(26.)61 b(Bash)38 b(p)s(ermanen)m(tly)g +f(job)g(completes.)154 2781 y(26.)61 b(Bash)38 b(p)s(ermanen)m(tly)g (remo)m(v)m(es)i(jobs)d(from)h(the)h(jobs)e(table)i(after)g(notifying)g -(the)f(user)g(of)g(their)330 1347 y(termination)c(via)g(the)f +(the)f(user)g(of)g(their)330 2890 y(termination)c(via)g(the)f Ft(wait)f Fu(or)h Ft(jobs)f Fu(builtins.)49 b(It)33 b(remo)m(v)m(es)i -(the)e(job)g(from)g(the)g(jobs)g(list)g(after)330 1456 +(the)e(job)g(from)g(the)g(jobs)g(list)g(after)330 3000 y(notifying)g(the)f(user)g(of)g(its)g(termination,)i(but)e(the)g (status)h(is)f(still)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)34 b(via)f -Ft(wait)p Fu(,)f(as)g(long)330 1566 y(as)f Ft(wait)e -Fu(is)h(supplied)f(a)i Fm(pid)f Fu(argumen)m(t.)154 1696 +Ft(wait)p Fu(,)f(as)g(long)330 3110 y(as)f Ft(wait)e +Fu(is)h(supplied)f(a)i Fm(pid)f Fu(argumen)m(t.)154 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b(default)g(history)g(\014le)g(is)g +3864 y(29.)61 b(The)29 b(default)g(history)g(\014le)g(is)g Ft(~/.sh_history)d Fu(\(this)j(is)g(the)g(default)h(v)-5 -b(alue)29 b(the)h(shell)f(assigns)g(to)330 2395 y Ft($HISTFILE)p -Fu(\).)154 2525 y(30.)61 b(The)30 b(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)h +b(alue)29 b(the)h(shell)f(assigns)g(to)330 3973 y Ft($HISTFILE)p +Fu(\).)154 4115 y(30.)61 b(The)30 b(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)h (do)s(es)e(not)h(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(history)f(expansion)h(within)f(a)h -(double-quoted)g(string,)330 2634 y(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h -Ft(histexpand)d Fu(option)i(is)h(enabled.)154 2765 y(31.)61 +(double-quoted)g(string,)330 4225 y(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h +Ft(histexpand)d Fu(option)i(is)h(enabled.)154 4367 y(31.)61 b(When)48 b(prin)m(ting)g(shell)h(function)f(de\014nitions)g(\(e.g.,)55 b(b)m(y)48 b Ft(type)p Fu(\),)k(Bash)d(do)s(es)f(not)h(prin)m(t)f(the) -330 2874 y Ft(function)28 b Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord)j(unless)f(necessary)-8 -b(.)154 3004 y(32.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)41 b(shells)d(exit)h(if)f -(a)g(syn)m(tax)g(error)g(in)f(an)h(arithmetic)h(expansion)f(results)f -(in)h(an)330 3114 y(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(expression.)154 -3244 y(33.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g(a)f -(parameter)h(expansion)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)154 3374 -y(34.)61 b(If)24 b(a)g Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtin)f(returns)f -(an)h(error)g(status,)i(a)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(exits.)39 -b(The)24 b(fatal)330 3484 y(errors)30 b(are)h(those)f(listed)h(in)f -(the)h Fm(posix)e Fu(standard,)h(and)g(include)g(things)g(lik)m(e)i -(passing)e(incorrect)330 3593 y(options,)43 b(redirection)d(errors,)i -(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(assignmen)m(t)g(errors)e(for)g(assignmen)m(ts)i -(preceding)f(the)330 3703 y(command)30 b(name,)h(and)f(so)g(on.)154 -3833 y(35.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e -(an)h(error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g -(error)e(o)s(ccurs)330 3943 y(when)38 b(no)h(command)g(name)g(follo)m -(ws)i(the)e(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(ts.)69 b(A)39 -b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(t)330 4052 y(error)30 -b(o)s(ccurs,)g(for)g(example,)i(when)d(trying)i(to)g(assign)f(a)h(v)-5 -b(alue)31 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)154 4182 -y(36.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e(an)h -(error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)e -(o)s(ccurs)330 4292 y(in)g(an)g(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(t)g -(preceding)e(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(builtin,)f(but)g(not)g(with)h(an)m(y)f -(other)h(simple)330 4402 y(command.)38 b(F)-8 b(or)23 -b(an)m(y)g(other)g(simple)g(command,)h(the)f(shell)g(ab)s(orts)f -(execution)i(of)f(that)g(command,)330 4511 y(and)44 b(execution)i(con)m -(tin)m(ues)g(at)g(the)f(top)g(lev)m(el)h(\()p Ft(")p -Fu(the)f(shell)h(shall)f(not)g(p)s(erform)e(an)m(y)i(further)330 -4621 y(pro)s(cessing)30 b(of)h(the)f(command)g(in)g(whic)m(h)h(the)f -(error)g(o)s(ccurred)p Ft(")p Fu(\).)154 4751 y(37.)61 -b(A)43 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(exits)h(with)f(an)f(error)h -(status)g(if)g(the)g(iteration)h(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(in)f(a)g -Ft(for)330 4861 y Fu(statemen)m(t)30 b(or)f(the)g(selection)h(v)-5 -b(ariable)30 b(in)e(a)h Ft(select)e Fu(statemen)m(t)k(is)d(a)h -(readonly)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(or)e(has)330 4970 y(an)i(in)m(v)-5 -b(alid)31 b(name.)154 5100 y(38.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 +330 4476 y Ft(function)28 b Fu(reserv)m(ed)j(w)m(ord)f(unless)f +(necessary)-8 b(.)154 4618 y(32.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)41 +b(shells)d(exit)h(if)f(a)g(syn)m(tax)g(error)g(in)f(an)h(arithmetic)h +(expansion)f(results)f(in)h(an)330 4728 y(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 +b(expression.)154 4869 y(33.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 +b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g(a)f(parameter)h(expansion)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.) +154 5011 y(34.)61 b(If)24 b(a)g Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtin)f +(returns)f(an)h(error)g(status,)i(a)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e +(exits.)39 b(The)24 b(fatal)330 5121 y(errors)30 b(are)h(those)f +(listed)h(in)f(the)h Fm(posix)e Fu(standard,)h(and)g(include)g(things)g +(lik)m(e)i(passing)e(incorrect)330 5230 y(options,)43 +b(redirection)d(errors,)i(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(assignmen)m(t)g(errors)e +(for)g(assignmen)m(ts)i(preceding)f(the)330 5340 y(command)30 +b(name,)h(and)f(so)g(on.)p eop end +%%Page: 119 125 +TeXDict begin 119 124 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 +b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(119)154 299 y(35.)61 +b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e(an)h(error)g +(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)e(o)s +(ccurs)330 408 y(when)38 b(no)h(command)g(name)g(follo)m(ws)i(the)e +(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(ts.)69 b(A)39 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 +b(assignmen)m(t)330 518 y(error)30 b(o)s(ccurs,)g(for)g(example,)i +(when)d(trying)i(to)g(assign)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f +(v)-5 b(ariable.)154 650 y(36.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j +(shell)d(exits)h(with)e(an)h(error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 +b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)e(o)s(ccurs)330 +759 y(in)g(an)g(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(t)g(preceding)e(a)h(sp)s +(ecial)g(builtin,)f(but)g(not)g(with)h(an)m(y)f(other)h(simple)330 +869 y(command.)38 b(F)-8 b(or)23 b(an)m(y)g(other)g(simple)g(command,)h +(the)f(shell)g(ab)s(orts)f(execution)i(of)f(that)g(command,)330 +978 y(and)44 b(execution)i(con)m(tin)m(ues)g(at)g(the)f(top)g(lev)m(el) +h(\()p Ft(")p Fu(the)f(shell)h(shall)f(not)g(p)s(erform)e(an)m(y)i +(further)330 1088 y(pro)s(cessing)30 b(of)h(the)f(command)g(in)g(whic)m +(h)h(the)f(error)g(o)s(ccurred)p Ft(")p Fu(\).)154 1219 +y(37.)61 b(A)43 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(exits)h(with)f(an)f +(error)h(status)g(if)g(the)g(iteration)h(v)-5 b(ariable)44 +b(in)f(a)g Ft(for)330 1329 y Fu(statemen)m(t)30 b(or)f(the)g(selection) +h(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(in)e(a)h Ft(select)e Fu(statemen)m(t)k(is)d(a)h +(readonly)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(or)e(has)330 1439 y(an)i(in)m(v)-5 +b(alid)31 b(name.)154 1570 y(38.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g Fr(\014lename)k Fu(in)30 b Ft(.)g -Fr(\014lename)36 b Fu(is)31 b(not)f(found.)154 5230 y(39.)61 +Fr(\014lename)36 b Fu(is)31 b(not)f(found.)154 1702 y(39.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)27 b(shells)c(exit)i(if)e(there)h(is)f(a)h(syn) m(tax)g(error)f(in)g(a)h(script)f(read)g(with)h(the)f -Ft(.)g Fu(or)h Ft(source)330 5340 y Fu(builtins,)30 b(or)g(in)g(a)h -(string)g(pro)s(cessed)e(b)m(y)i(the)f Ft(eval)f Fu(builtin.)p -eop end -%%Page: 118 124 -TeXDict begin 118 123 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 -b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(118)154 299 y(40.)61 -b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)33 b(shells)d(exit)g(if)g(the)f +Ft(.)g Fu(or)h Ft(source)330 1811 y Fu(builtins,)30 b(or)g(in)g(a)h +(string)g(pro)s(cessed)e(b)m(y)i(the)f Ft(eval)f Fu(builtin.)154 +1943 y(40.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)33 b(shells)d(exit)g(if)g(the)f Ft(export)p Fu(,)g Ft(readonly)e Fu(or)j Ft(unset)e Fu(builtin)h -(commands)g(get)i(an)330 408 y(argumen)m(t)j(that)f(is)g(not)h(a)f(v)-5 -b(alid)34 b(iden)m(ti\014er,)g(and)e(they)i(are)f(not)g(op)s(erating)h -(on)f(shell)g(functions.)330 518 y(These)d(errors)g(force)h(an)f(exit)h -(b)s(ecause)g(these)g(are)f(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins.)154 -653 y(41.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)23 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)e +(commands)g(get)i(an)330 2052 y(argumen)m(t)j(that)f(is)g(not)h(a)f(v) +-5 b(alid)34 b(iden)m(ti\014er,)g(and)e(they)i(are)f(not)g(op)s +(erating)h(on)f(shell)g(functions.)330 2162 y(These)d(errors)g(force)h +(an)f(exit)h(b)s(ecause)g(these)g(are)f(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins.)154 +2293 y(41.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)23 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)e Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins)f(p)s(ersist)g(in)f(the)i(shell)f -(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 763 y(after)31 b(the)f(builtin)g(completes.)154 -898 y(42.)61 b(The)31 b Ft(command)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s(es)g(not)h(prev) -m(en)m(t)f(builtins)g(that)h(tak)m(e)h(assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m(ts)h -(as)f(ar-)330 1008 y(gumen)m(ts)40 b(from)e(expanding)h(them)g(as)h -(assignmen)m(t)g(statemen)m(ts;)46 b(when)38 b(not)i(in)f -Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)330 1118 y(declaration)29 b(commands)d(lose)i +(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 2403 y(after)31 b(the)f(builtin)g(completes.)154 +2534 y(42.)61 b(The)31 b Ft(command)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s(es)g(not)h +(prev)m(en)m(t)f(builtins)g(that)h(tak)m(e)h(assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m +(ts)h(as)f(ar-)330 2644 y(gumen)m(ts)40 b(from)e(expanding)h(them)g(as) +h(assignmen)m(t)g(statemen)m(ts;)46 b(when)38 b(not)i(in)f +Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)330 2754 y(declaration)29 b(commands)d(lose)i (their)g(assignmen)m(t)g(statemen)m(t)h(expansion)e(prop)s(erties)f -(when)g(pre-)330 1227 y(ceded)31 b(b)m(y)f Ft(command)p -Fu(.)154 1363 y(43.)61 b(Enabling)21 b Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)g(has)g +(when)g(pre-)330 2863 y(ceded)31 b(b)m(y)f Ft(command)p +Fu(.)154 2995 y(43.)61 b(Enabling)21 b Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)g(has)g (the)g(e\013ect)i(of)e(setting)i(the)e Ft(inherit_errexit)d -Fu(option,)23 b(so)f(subshells)330 1472 y(spa)m(wned)27 +Fu(option,)23 b(so)f(subshells)330 3104 y(spa)m(wned)27 b(to)i(execute)g(command)e(substitutions)h(inherit)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(of)g(the)g Ft(-e)f Fu(option)h(from)g(the)330 -1582 y(paren)m(t)37 b(shell.)62 b(When)37 b(the)g Ft(inherit_errexit)c +3214 y(paren)m(t)37 b(shell.)62 b(When)37 b(the)g Ft(inherit_errexit)c Fu(option)38 b(is)f(not)h(enabled,)h(Bash)e(clears)h(the)g -Ft(-e)330 1691 y Fu(option)31 b(in)f(suc)m(h)g(subshells.)154 -1827 y(44.)61 b(Enabling)32 b Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)h(has)g(the)h +Ft(-e)330 3324 y Fu(option)31 b(in)f(suc)m(h)g(subshells.)154 +3455 y(44.)61 b(Enabling)32 b Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)h(has)g(the)h (e\013ect)g(of)g(setting)g(the)g Ft(shift_verbose)28 -b Fu(option,)34 b(so)e(n)m(umeric)330 1936 y(argumen)m(ts)f(to)g +b Fu(option,)34 b(so)e(n)m(umeric)330 3565 y(argumen)m(ts)f(to)g Ft(shift)f Fu(that)h(exceed)h(the)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(p)s (ositional)g(parameters)g(will)g(result)g(in)f(an)330 -2046 y(error)g(message.)154 2181 y(45.)61 b(Enabling)29 +3674 y(error)g(message.)154 3806 y(45.)61 b(Enabling)29 b Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)g(has)g(the)h(e\013ect)h(of)e(setting)i(the)e Ft(interactive_comments)24 b Fu(option)30 b(\(see)330 -2291 y(Section)h(3.1.3)h([Commen)m(ts],)g(page)f(9\).)154 -2426 y(46.)61 b(The)21 b Ft(.)h Fu(and)f Ft(source)f +3915 y(Section)h(3.1.3)h([Commen)m(ts],)g(page)f(9\).)154 +4047 y(46.)61 b(The)21 b Ft(.)h Fu(and)f Ft(source)f Fu(builtins)h(do)g(not)h(searc)m(h)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(directory)h -(for)g(the)g(\014lename)f(argumen)m(t)330 2536 y(if)30 +(for)g(the)g(\014lename)f(argumen)m(t)330 4156 y(if)30 b(it)h(is)g(not)f(found)f(b)m(y)i(searc)m(hing)g Ft(PATH)p -Fu(.)154 2671 y(47.)61 b(When)43 b(the)g Ft(alias)f Fu(builtin)g +Fu(.)154 4288 y(47.)61 b(When)43 b(the)g Ft(alias)f Fu(builtin)g (displa)m(ys)i(alias)g(de\014nitions,)i(it)d(do)s(es)g(not)g(displa)m -(y)h(them)f(with)g(a)330 2781 y(leading)31 b(`)p Ft(alias)e +(y)h(them)f(with)g(a)330 4398 y(leading)31 b(`)p Ft(alias)e Fu(')i(unless)f(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied.)154 -2916 y(48.)61 b(The)27 b Ft(bg)g Fu(builtin)g(uses)g(the)h(required)f +4529 y(48.)61 b(The)27 b Ft(bg)g Fu(builtin)g(uses)g(the)h(required)f (format)h(to)g(describ)s(e)f(eac)m(h)i(job)e(placed)h(in)f(the)h(bac)m -(kground,)330 3026 y(whic)m(h)h(do)s(es)g(not)g(include)g(an)g +(kground,)330 4639 y(whic)m(h)h(do)s(es)g(not)g(include)g(an)g (indication)h(of)f(whether)f(the)h(job)g(is)g(the)h(curren)m(t)e(or)h -(previous)g(job.)154 3161 y(49.)61 b(When)35 b(the)h +(previous)g(job.)154 4770 y(49.)61 b(When)35 b(the)h Ft(cd)e Fu(builtin)h(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)g(in)f(logical)j(mo)s(de,)e -(and)f(the)h(pathname)f(constructed)g(from)330 3271 y +(and)f(the)h(pathname)f(constructed)g(from)330 4880 y Ft($PWD)i Fu(and)h(the)h(directory)f(name)h(supplied)e(as)i(an)f (argumen)m(t)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(refer)h(to)g(an)f(existing)330 -3380 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b Ft(cd)d Fu(will)i(fail)g(instead)g(of)f +4989 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b Ft(cd)d Fu(will)i(fail)g(instead)g(of)f (falling)h(bac)m(k)h(to)f(ph)m(ysical)g(mo)s(de.)154 -3516 y(50.)61 b(When)37 b(the)h Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)g(cannot)h(c)m +5121 y(50.)61 b(When)37 b(the)h Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)g(cannot)h(c)m (hange)h(a)f(directory)g(b)s(ecause)g(the)g(length)g(of)f(the)h -(pathname)330 3625 y(constructed)27 b(from)g Ft($PWD)f +(pathname)330 5230 y(constructed)27 b(from)g Ft($PWD)f Fu(and)h(the)g(directory)h(name)f(supplied)f(as)i(an)f(argumen)m(t)g -(exceeds)h Ft(PATH_)330 3735 y(MAX)h Fu(when)h(canonicalized,)j +(exceeds)h Ft(PATH_)330 5340 y(MAX)h Fu(when)h(canonicalized,)j Ft(cd)c Fu(will)i(attempt)h(to)f(use)f(the)g(supplied)f(directory)i -(name.)154 3870 y(51.)61 b(When)41 b(the)g Ft(xpg_echo)e -Fu(option)i(is)g(enabled,)j(Bash)d(do)s(es)g(not)g(attempt)h(to)g(in)m -(terpret)f(an)m(y)h(ar-)330 3980 y(gumen)m(ts)i(to)g -Ft(echo)e Fu(as)i(options.)81 b Ft(echo)42 b Fu(displa)m(ys)h(eac)m(h)i -(argumen)m(t)f(after)g(con)m(v)m(erting)h(escap)s(e)330 -4089 y(sequences.)154 4225 y(52.)61 b(The)38 b Ft(export)f -Fu(and)g Ft(readonly)f 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y(53.)61 b(When)35 b(listing)g(the)g(history)-8 +b(,)36 b(the)f Ft(fc)g Fu(builtin)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(include)g(an)f +(indication)i(of)f(whether)f(or)330 1017 y(not)d(a)f(history)h(en)m +(try)f(has)g(b)s(een)g(mo)s(di\014ed.)154 1157 y(54.)61 +b(The)30 b(default)g(editor)h(used)f(b)m(y)g Ft(fc)g +Fu(is)g Ft(ed)p Fu(.)154 1297 y(55.)61 b Ft(fc)30 b Fu(treats)h(extra)g +(argumen)m(ts)g(as)f(an)h(error)f(instead)g(of)h(ignoring)g(them.)154 +1437 y(56.)61 b(If)38 b(there)h(are)g(to)s(o)g(man)m(y)g(argumen)m(ts)g +(supplied)e(to)i Ft(fc)30 b(-s)p Fu(,)40 b Ft(fc)e Fu(prin)m(ts)g(an)h +(error)f(message)i(and)330 1547 y(returns)29 b(failure.)154 +1687 y(57.)61 b(The)23 b(output)f(of)i(`)p Ft(kill)29 +b(-l)p Fu(')23 b(prin)m(ts)f(all)i(the)g(signal)f(names)g(on)g(a)h +(single)g(line,)h(separated)e(b)m(y)g(spaces,)330 1797 +y(without)30 b(the)h(`)p Ft(SIG)p Fu(')f(pre\014x.)154 +1937 y(58.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(kill)f Fu(builtin)h(do)s(es)g(not)h(accept) +h(signal)f(names)f(with)g(a)h(`)p Ft(SIG)p 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b(the)f(do)s(cumen)m(tation)h(for)g +(a)f(particular)h(feature)g(to)g(\014nd)e(out)h(the)h(curren)m(t)f(b)s +(eha)m(vior.)275 665 y(Bash-4.3)44 b(in)m(tro)s(duced)e(a)h(new)f +(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable:)65 b Ft(BASH_COMPAT)p Fu(.)75 +b(The)42 b(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(assigned)g(to)g(this)150 +775 y(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(\(a)g(decimal)h(v)m(ersion)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er) +f(lik)m(e)j(4.2,)g(or)e(an)h(in)m(teger)g(corresp)s(onding)f(to)h(the)f +Ft(compat)p Fr(NN)150 884 y Fu(option,)g(lik)m(e)h(42\))f(determines)g +(the)f(compatibilit)m(y)j(lev)m(el.)275 1032 y(Starting)h(with)g +(bash-4.4,)i(Bash)f(b)s(egan)f(deprecating)h(older)f(compatibilit)m(y)j +(lev)m(els.)54 b(Ev)m(en)m(tually)-8 b(,)150 1141 y(the)31 +b(options)f(will)h(b)s(e)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(in)f(fa)m(v)m(or)i(of)e +Ft(BASH_COMPAT)p Fu(.)275 1289 y(Bash-5.0)39 b(w)m(as)f(the)g(\014nal)g +(v)m(ersion)g(for)g(whic)m(h)f(there)h(w)m(as)g(an)g(individual)f +(shopt)h(option)g(for)g(the)150 1398 y(previous)31 b(v)m(ersion.)43 +b Ft(BASH_COMPAT)29 b Fu(is)i(the)g(only)g(mec)m(hanism)h(to)g(con)m +(trol)h(the)e(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(el)g(in)150 1508 +y(v)m(ersions)e(new)m(er)f(than)g(bash-5.0.)275 1655 +y(The)24 b(follo)m(wing)i(table)g(describ)s(es)e(the)i(b)s(eha)m(vior)f +(c)m(hanges)h(con)m(trolled)g(b)m(y)f(eac)m(h)h(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev) +m(el)150 1765 y(setting.)43 b(The)30 b Ft(compat)p Fr(NN)39 +b Fu(tag)32 b(is)f(used)f(as)h(shorthand)e(for)h(setting)i(the)f +(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(el)f(to)g Fr(NN)150 1874 y +Fu(using)37 b(one)h(of)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(mec)m(hanisms.)63 +b(F)-8 b(or)39 b(v)m(ersions)f(prior)f(to)h(bash-5.0,)j(the)d +(compatibilit)m(y)150 1984 y(lev)m(el)d(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)e(set)i(using)e +(the)i(corresp)s(onding)e Ft(compat)p Fr(NN)41 b Fu(shopt)33 +b(option.)50 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(bash-4.3)f(and)g(later)150 +2093 y(v)m(ersions,)40 b(the)e Ft(BASH_COMPAT)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(is)e(preferred,)i(and)e(it)i(is)f(required)f(for)g -(bash-5.1)i(and)e(later)150 5187 y(v)m(ersions.)150 5340 -y Ft(compat31)p eop end -%%Page: 121 127 -TeXDict begin 121 126 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 -b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(121)705 299 y Fq(\017)60 -b Fu(Quoting)32 b(the)f(rhs)g(of)g(the)h Ft([[)e Fu(command's)i(regexp) -f(matc)m(hing)i(op)s(erator)f(\(=)p Ft(~)p Fu(\))f(has)810 -408 y(no)f(sp)s(ecial)h(e\013ect)150 558 y Ft(compat40)705 -687 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)32 b(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p -Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)h(to)g(the)f Ft([[)g Fu(command)g(do)g(not)g -(consider)h(the)f(curren)m(t)810 797 y(lo)s(cale)41 b(when)d(comparing) -i(strings;)k(they)c(use)f(ASCI)s(I)f(ordering.)67 b(Bash)40 -b(v)m(ersions)810 907 y(prior)f(to)i(bash-4.1)f(use)g(ASCI)s(I)e -(collation)k(and)d(strcmp\(3\);)45 b(bash-4.1)c(and)e(later)810 -1016 y(use)30 b(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(cale's)i(collation)h(sequence)d -(and)g(strcoll\(3\).)150 1166 y Ft(compat41)705 1295 -y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(In)28 b(p)s(osix)g(mo)s(de,)h Ft(time)e -Fu(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)f(options)g(and)e(still)j(b) -s(e)e(recognized)i(as)810 1405 y(a)h(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)g(\(this)h -(is)f Fm(posix)g Fu(in)m(terpretation)i(267\).)705 1534 -y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(In)36 b(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de,)j(the)e(parser)g -(requires)g(that)h(an)f(ev)m(en)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(single)h -(quotes)810 1644 y(o)s(ccur)28 b(in)g(the)h Fr(w)m(ord)i -Fu(p)s(ortion)d(of)h(a)g(double-quoted)f($)p Fi({)6 b -Fu(.)23 b(.)f(.)11 b Fi(})29 b Fu(parameter)g(expansion)810 -1753 y(and)34 b(treats)h(them)f(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(,)37 -b(so)e(that)g(c)m(haracters)g(within)f(the)h(single)g(quotes)g(are)810 -1863 y(considered)30 b(quoted)h(\(this)f(is)h Fm(posix)e -Fu(in)m(terpretation)j(221\).)150 2012 y Ft(compat42)705 -2142 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)45 b(replacemen)m(t)i(string)f(in)f +(bash-5.1)i(and)e(later)150 2203 y(v)m(ersions.)150 2381 +y Ft(compat31)705 2522 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Quoting)32 b(the)f(rhs)g(of)g +(the)h Ft([[)e Fu(command's)i(regexp)f(matc)m(hing)i(op)s(erator)f(\(=) +p Ft(~)p Fu(\))f(has)810 2632 y(no)f(sp)s(ecial)h(e\013ect)150 +2804 y Ft(compat40)705 2945 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)32 +b(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)h(to)g(the)f +Ft([[)g Fu(command)g(do)g(not)g(consider)h(the)f(curren)m(t)810 +3055 y(lo)s(cale)41 b(when)d(comparing)i(strings;)k(they)c(use)f(ASCI)s +(I)f(ordering.)67 b(Bash)40 b(v)m(ersions)810 3164 y(prior)f(to)i +(bash-4.1)f(use)g(ASCI)s(I)e(collation)k(and)d(strcmp\(3\);)45 +b(bash-4.1)c(and)e(later)810 3274 y(use)30 b(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s +(cale's)i(collation)h(sequence)d(and)g(strcoll\(3\).)150 +3446 y Ft(compat41)705 3587 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(In)35 b +Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)j Ft(time)d Fu(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i +(b)m(y)f(options)g(and)e(still)j(b)s(e)e(recognized)810 +3696 y(as)c(a)f(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)f(\(this)h(is)f +Fm(posix)g Fu(in)m(terpretation)h(267\).)705 3837 y Fq(\017)60 +b Fu(In)33 b Fm(posix)h Fu(mo)s(de,)h(the)f(parser)g(requires)g(that)g +(an)g(ev)m(en)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(single)f(quotes)810 +3947 y(o)s(ccur)28 b(in)g(the)h Fr(w)m(ord)i Fu(p)s(ortion)d(of)h(a)g +(double-quoted)f($)p Fi({)6 b Fu(.)23 b(.)f(.)11 b Fi(})29 +b Fu(parameter)g(expansion)810 4056 y(and)34 b(treats)h(them)f(sp)s +(ecially)-8 b(,)37 b(so)e(that)g(c)m(haracters)g(within)f(the)h(single) +g(quotes)g(are)810 4166 y(considered)30 b(quoted)h(\(this)f(is)h +Fm(posix)e Fu(in)m(terpretation)j(221\).)150 4338 y Ft(compat42)705 +4479 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)45 b(replacemen)m(t)i(string)f(in)f (double-quoted)h(pattern)f(substitution)g(do)s(es)h(not)810 -2252 y(undergo)30 b(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)32 b(as)e(it)h(do)s(es)f -(in)g(v)m(ersions)h(after)g(bash-4.2.)705 2381 y Fq(\017)60 -b Fu(In)38 b(p)s(osix)g(mo)s(de,)j(single)e(quotes)h(are)f(considered)f -(sp)s(ecial)i(when)d(expanding)i(the)810 2491 y Fr(w)m(ord)d -Fu(p)s(ortion)c(of)g(a)h(double-quoted)g($)p Fi({)6 b -Fu(.)22 b(.)h(.)11 b Fi(})33 b Fu(parameter)g(expansion)f(and)g(can)h -(b)s(e)810 2600 y(used)40 b(to)i(quote)g(a)f(closing)h(brace)f(or)g -(other)h(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracter)i(\(this)e(is)g(part)g(of)810 -2710 y Fm(posix)36 b Fu(in)m(terpretation)h(221\);)42 +4589 y(undergo)30 b(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)32 b(as)e(it)h(do)s(es)f +(in)g(v)m(ersions)h(after)g(bash-4.2.)705 4729 y Fq(\017)60 +b Fu(In)36 b Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)j(single)e(quotes)h(are)g +(considered)f(sp)s(ecial)h(when)e(expanding)h(the)810 +4839 y Fr(w)m(ord)g Fu(p)s(ortion)c(of)g(a)h(double-quoted)g($)p +Fi({)6 b Fu(.)22 b(.)h(.)11 b Fi(})33 b Fu(parameter)g(expansion)f(and) +g(can)h(b)s(e)810 4949 y(used)40 b(to)i(quote)g(a)f(closing)h(brace)f +(or)g(other)h(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracter)i(\(this)e(is)g(part)g(of)810 +5058 y Fm(posix)36 b Fu(in)m(terpretation)h(221\);)42 b(in)36 b(later)h(v)m(ersions,)h(single)f(quotes)g(are)g(not)f(sp)s -(ecial)810 2819 y(within)30 b(double-quoted)g(w)m(ord)g(expansions.)150 -2969 y Ft(compat43)705 3098 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(W)-8 b(ord)32 -b(expansion)g(errors)g(are)g(considered)g(non-fatal)h(errors)e(that)i -(cause)f(the)g(cur-)810 3208 y(ren)m(t)c(command)g(to)h(fail,)h(ev)m -(en)f(in)e(p)s(osix)h(mo)s(de)g(\(the)g(default)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(is)g -(to)h(mak)m(e)810 3318 y(them)h(fatal)i(errors)e(that)h(cause)g(the)f -(shell)h(to)g(exit\).)705 3447 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(When)36 -b(executing)h(a)f(shell)g(function,)h(the)f(lo)s(op)g(state)h -(\(while/un)m(til/etc.\))61 b(is)36 b(not)810 3557 y(reset,)e(so)g -Ft(break)d Fu(or)i Ft(continue)e Fu(in)h(that)i(function)f(will)g -(break)g(or)g(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(lo)s(ops)810 3666 y(in)h(the)g(calling)h -(con)m(text.)57 b(Bash-4.4)37 b(and)d(later)i(reset)g(the)f(lo)s(op)g -(state)i(to)e(prev)m(en)m(t)810 3776 y(this.)150 3925 -y Ft(compat44)705 4055 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)38 b(shell)g(sets)g(up)g -(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(used)g(b)m(y)g Ft(BASH_ARGV)d -Fu(and)j Ft(BASH_ARGC)d Fu(so)k(they)810 4164 y(can)26 -b(expand)f(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)g(ev)m(en)h -(if)e(extended)h(debugging)810 4274 y(mo)s(de)k(is)g(not)h(enabled.)705 -4403 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(A)38 b(subshell)f(inherits)g(lo)s(ops)h(from)f -(its)h(paren)m(t)g(con)m(text,)k(so)c Ft(break)e Fu(or)i -Ft(continue)810 4513 y Fu(will)d(cause)g(the)f(subshell)f(to)i(exit.)54 +(ecial)810 5168 y(within)30 b(double-quoted)g(w)m(ord)g(expansions.)150 +5340 y Ft(compat43)p eop end +%%Page: 123 129 +TeXDict begin 123 128 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 +b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(123)705 299 y Fq(\017)60 +b Fu(W)-8 b(ord)32 b(expansion)g(errors)g(are)g(considered)g(non-fatal) +h(errors)e(that)i(cause)f(the)g(cur-)810 408 y(ren)m(t)26 +b(command)g(to)h(fail,)h(ev)m(en)f(in)f Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)h(\(the)g +(default)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(is)g(to)h(mak)m(e)810 518 +y(them)j(fatal)i(errors)e(that)h(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit\).)705 +647 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(When)36 b(executing)h(a)f(shell)g(function,)h +(the)f(lo)s(op)g(state)h(\(while/un)m(til/etc.\))61 b(is)36 +b(not)810 757 y(reset,)e(so)g Ft(break)d Fu(or)i Ft(continue)e +Fu(in)h(that)i(function)f(will)g(break)g(or)g(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(lo)s +(ops)810 866 y(in)h(the)g(calling)h(con)m(text.)57 b(Bash-4.4)37 +b(and)d(later)i(reset)g(the)f(lo)s(op)g(state)i(to)e(prev)m(en)m(t)810 +976 y(this.)150 1124 y Ft(compat44)705 1253 y Fq(\017)60 +b Fu(The)38 b(shell)g(sets)g(up)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)38 +b(used)g(b)m(y)g Ft(BASH_ARGV)d Fu(and)j Ft(BASH_ARGC)d +Fu(so)k(they)810 1363 y(can)26 b(expand)f(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(p)s +(ositional)g(parameters)g(ev)m(en)h(if)e(extended)h(debugging)810 +1472 y(mo)s(de)k(is)g(not)h(enabled.)705 1601 y Fq(\017)60 +b Fu(A)38 b(subshell)f(inherits)g(lo)s(ops)h(from)f(its)h(paren)m(t)g +(con)m(text,)k(so)c Ft(break)e Fu(or)i Ft(continue)810 +1711 y Fu(will)d(cause)g(the)f(subshell)f(to)i(exit.)54 b(Bash-5.0)36 b(and)d(later)j(reset)f(the)f(lo)s(op)h(state)g(to)810 -4623 y(prev)m(en)m(t)c(the)g(exit.)705 4752 y Fq(\017)60 +1820 y(prev)m(en)m(t)c(the)g(exit.)705 1949 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(V)-8 b(ariable)27 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)e(builtins)g(lik)m (e)i Ft(export)d Fu(and)i Ft(readonly)d Fu(that)j(set)810 -4862 y(attributes)37 b(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(to)g(a\013ect)g(v)-5 +2059 y(attributes)37 b(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(to)g(a\013ect)g(v)-5 b(ariables)37 b(with)g(the)f(same)h(name)g(in)g(the)f(calling)810 -4971 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t)31 b(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h(shell)g(is)f(not)h -(in)f(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de.)150 5121 y Ft(compat50)f(\(set)h(using)g -(BASH_COMPAT\))705 5230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash-5.1)29 +2168 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t)31 b(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h(shell)g(is)f(not)h +(in)f Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de.)150 2317 y Ft(compat50)f(\(set)h(using)g +(BASH_COMPAT\))705 2426 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash-5.1)29 b(c)m(hanged)g(the)f(w)m(a)m(y)g Ft($RANDOM)e Fu(is)i(generated)h(to)f -(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(sligh)m(tly)h(more)810 5340 y(randomness.)39 +(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(sligh)m(tly)h(more)810 2536 y(randomness.)39 b(If)30 b(the)f(shell)h(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(el)f(is)f(set)g(to)h -(50)f(or)g(lo)m(w)m(er,)h(it)f(rev)m(erts)p eop end -%%Page: 122 128 -TeXDict begin 122 127 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 -b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(122)810 299 y(to)28 -b(the)g(metho)s(d)f(from)g(bash-5.0)h(and)f(previous)g(v)m(ersions,)i -(so)e(seeding)h(the)g(random)810 408 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)36 -b(generator)j(b)m(y)e(assigning)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 -b(to)g Ft(RANDOM)e Fu(will)i(pro)s(duce)e(the)i(same)810 -518 y(sequence)31 b(as)f(in)g(bash-5.0.)705 653 y Fq(\017)60 -b Fu(If)22 b(the)g(command)g(hash)f(table)i(is)f(empt)m(y)-8 -b(,)25 b(Bash)d(v)m(ersions)g(prior)g(to)h(bash-5.1)f(prin)m(ted)810 -762 y(an)29 b(informational)i(message)g(to)f(that)g(e\013ect,)h(ev)m -(en)g(when)d(pro)s(ducing)g(output)h(that)810 872 y(can)40 -b(b)s(e)g(reused)f(as)h(input.)69 b(Bash-5.1)42 b(suppresses)c(that)j -(message)g(when)e(the)i Ft(-l)810 981 y Fu(option)31 -b(is)f(supplied.)150 1141 y Ft(compat51)e(\(set)h(using)g -(BASH_COMPAT\))705 1250 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)38 b Ft(unset)g -Fu(builtin)g(will)h(unset)f(the)h(arra)m(y)g Ft(a)g Fu(giv)m(en)g(an)g -(argumen)m(t)g(lik)m(e)h(`)p Ft(a[@])p Fu('.)810 1360 -y(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(unset)f(an)g(elemen)m(t)i(with)e(k)m(ey)i(`)p -Ft(@)p Fu(')e(\(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)k(arra)m(ys\))d(or)f(remo)m(v)m(e)810 -1469 y(all)h(the)g(elemen)m(ts)h(without)e(unsetting)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g -(\(indexed)f(arra)m(ys\).)705 1604 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Arithmetic)31 -b(commands)f(\()h(\(\()6 b(.)23 b(.)f(.)11 b(\)\))31 -b(\))g(and)f(the)g(expressions)g(in)g(an)h(arithmetic)g(for)810 -1714 y(statemen)m(t)h(can)f(b)s(e)f(expanded)f(more)i(than)f(once.)705 -1848 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Expressions)20 b(used)f(as)i(argumen)m(ts)g(to)g -(arithmetic)h(op)s(erators)f(in)f(the)h Ft([[)f Fu(conditional)810 -1958 y(command)30 b(can)h(b)s(e)f(expanded)f(more)i(than)f(once.)705 -2092 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)31 b(expressions)g(in)h(substring)e -(parameter)i(brace)g(expansion)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(expanded)810 -2202 y(more)g(than)f(once.)705 2336 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)35 -b(expressions)g(in)g(the)h($\(\()42 b(.)22 b(.)g(.)47 -b(\)\))36 b(w)m(ord)f(expansion)h(can)f(b)s(e)g(expanded)g(more)810 -2446 y(than)30 b(once.)705 2580 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Arithmetic)33 -b(expressions)f(used)g(as)h(indexed)e(arra)m(y)i(subscripts)e(can)i(b)s -(e)f(expanded)810 2690 y(more)f(than)f(once.)705 2824 -y Fq(\017)60 b Ft(test)29 b(-v)p Fu(,)35 b(when)f(giv)m(en)h(an)g -(argumen)m(t)g(of)f(`)p Ft(A[@])p Fu(',)h(where)f Fr(A)h -Fu(is)f(an)h(existing)g(asso-)810 2934 y(ciativ)m(e)h(arra)m(y)-8 -b(,)37 b(will)d(return)f(true)g(if)h(the)h(arra)m(y)f(has)g(an)m(y)g -(set)g(elemen)m(ts.)53 b(Bash-5.2)810 3044 y(will)31 -b(lo)s(ok)g(for)f(and)g(rep)s(ort)f(on)i(a)f(k)m(ey)i(named)d(`)p -Ft(@)p Fu('.)705 3178 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)40 b($)p -Fi({)p Fr(parameter)7 b Fu([:]=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)5 b -Fi(})42 b Fu(w)m(ord)e(expansion)f(will)i(return)d Fr(v)-5 -b(alue)p Fu(,)43 b(b)s(efore)d(an)m(y)810 3288 y(v)-5 -b(ariable-sp)s(eci\014c)34 b(transformations)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)e -(p)s(erformed)f(\(e.g.,)36 b(con)m(v)m(erting)e(to)810 -3397 y(lo)m(w)m(ercase\).)43 b(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(return)e(the)i +(50)f(or)g(lo)m(w)m(er,)h(it)f(rev)m(erts)810 2645 y(to)e(the)g(metho)s +(d)f(from)g(bash-5.0)h(and)f(previous)g(v)m(ersions,)i(so)e(seeding)h +(the)g(random)810 2755 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)36 b(generator)j(b)m(y)e +(assigning)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(to)g Ft(RANDOM)e Fu(will)i(pro)s +(duce)e(the)i(same)810 2865 y(sequence)31 b(as)f(in)g(bash-5.0.)705 +2993 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(If)22 b(the)g(command)g(hash)f(table)i(is)f +(empt)m(y)-8 b(,)25 b(Bash)d(v)m(ersions)g(prior)g(to)h(bash-5.1)f +(prin)m(ted)810 3103 y(an)29 b(informational)i(message)g(to)f(that)g +(e\013ect,)h(ev)m(en)g(when)d(pro)s(ducing)g(output)h(that)810 +3213 y(can)40 b(b)s(e)g(reused)f(as)h(input.)69 b(Bash-5.1)42 +b(suppresses)c(that)j(message)g(when)e(the)i Ft(-l)810 +3322 y Fu(option)31 b(is)f(supplied.)150 3471 y Ft(compat51)e(\(set)h +(using)g(BASH_COMPAT\))705 3580 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)38 +b Ft(unset)g Fu(builtin)g(will)h(unset)f(the)h(arra)m(y)g +Ft(a)g Fu(giv)m(en)g(an)g(argumen)m(t)g(lik)m(e)h(`)p +Ft(a[@])p Fu('.)810 3690 y(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(unset)f(an)g(elemen)m +(t)i(with)e(k)m(ey)i(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')e(\(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)k(arra)m +(ys\))d(or)f(remo)m(v)m(e)810 3799 y(all)h(the)g(elemen)m(ts)h(without) +e(unsetting)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g(\(indexed)f(arra)m(ys\).)705 +3928 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Arithmetic)31 b(commands)f(\()h(\(\()6 +b(.)23 b(.)f(.)11 b(\)\))31 b(\))g(and)f(the)g(expressions)g(in)g(an)h +(arithmetic)g(for)810 4038 y(statemen)m(t)h(can)f(b)s(e)f(expanded)f +(more)i(than)f(once.)705 4167 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Expressions)20 +b(used)f(as)i(argumen)m(ts)g(to)g(arithmetic)h(op)s(erators)f(in)f(the) +h Ft([[)f Fu(conditional)810 4276 y(command)30 b(can)h(b)s(e)f +(expanded)f(more)i(than)f(once.)705 4405 y Fq(\017)60 +b Fu(The)31 b(expressions)g(in)h(substring)e(parameter)i(brace)g +(expansion)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(expanded)810 4515 y(more)g(than)f(once.)705 +4644 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)35 b(expressions)g(in)g(the)h($\(\()42 +b(.)22 b(.)g(.)47 b(\)\))36 b(w)m(ord)f(expansion)h(can)f(b)s(e)g +(expanded)g(more)810 4753 y(than)30 b(once.)705 4882 +y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Arithmetic)33 b(expressions)f(used)g(as)h(indexed)e +(arra)m(y)i(subscripts)e(can)i(b)s(e)f(expanded)810 4992 +y(more)f(than)f(once.)705 5121 y Fq(\017)60 b Ft(test)29 +b(-v)p Fu(,)35 b(when)f(giv)m(en)h(an)g(argumen)m(t)g(of)f(`)p +Ft(A[@])p Fu(',)h(where)f Fr(A)h Fu(is)f(an)h(existing)g(asso-)810 +5230 y(ciativ)m(e)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)37 b(will)d(return)f(true)g(if)h +(the)h(arra)m(y)f(has)g(an)m(y)g(set)g(elemen)m(ts.)53 +b(Bash-5.2)810 5340 y(will)31 b(lo)s(ok)g(for)f(and)g(rep)s(ort)f(on)i +(a)f(k)m(ey)i(named)d(`)p Ft(@)p Fu('.)p eop end +%%Page: 124 130 +TeXDict begin 124 129 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 +b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(124)705 299 y Fq(\017)60 +b Fu(the)40 b($)p Fi({)p Fr(parameter)7 b Fu([:]=)p Fr(v)-5 +b(alue)5 b Fi(})42 b Fu(w)m(ord)e(expansion)f(will)i(return)d +Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)43 b(b)s(efore)d(an)m(y)810 408 +y(v)-5 b(ariable-sp)s(eci\014c)34 b(transformations)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s +(een)e(p)s(erformed)f(\(e.g.,)36 b(con)m(v)m(erting)e(to)810 +518 y(lo)m(w)m(ercase\).)43 b(Bash-5.2)32 b(will)f(return)e(the)i (\014nal)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(assigned)f(to)i(the)e(v)-5 -b(ariable.)705 3532 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(P)m(arsing)40 b(command)f +b(ariable.)705 653 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(P)m(arsing)40 b(command)f (substitutions)f(will)i(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)g(as)f(if)g(extended)g -(globbing)h(\(see)810 3641 y(Section)e(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f -(Builtin],)j(page)f(77\))g(is)f(enabled,)i(so)e(that)g(parsing)g(a)810 -3751 y(command)24 b(substitution)g(con)m(taining)h(an)f(extglob)i +(globbing)h(\(see)810 762 y(Section)e(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f(Builtin],) +j(page)f(78\))g(is)f(enabled,)i(so)e(that)g(parsing)g(a)810 +872 y(command)24 b(substitution)g(con)m(taining)h(an)f(extglob)i (pattern)e(\(sa)m(y)-8 b(,)27 b(as)d(part)g(of)g(a)h(shell)810 -3861 y(function\))30 b(will)h(not)g(fail.)41 b(This)30 +981 y(function\))30 b(will)h(not)g(fail.)41 b(This)30 b(assumes)g(the)h(in)m(ten)m(t)g(is)g(to)g(enable)g(extglob)g(b)s -(efore)810 3970 y(the)i(command)f(is)g(executed)h(and)f(w)m(ord)g +(efore)810 1091 y(the)i(command)f(is)g(executed)h(and)f(w)m(ord)g (expansions)g(are)h(p)s(erformed.)45 b(It)33 b(will)f(fail)810 -4080 y(at)42 b(w)m(ord)f(expansion)h(time)g(if)f(extglob)i(hasn't)e(b)s -(een)g(enabled)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(time)g(the)810 4189 y(command)30 -b(is)h(executed.)150 4349 y Ft(compat52)d(\(set)h(using)g -(BASH_COMPAT\))705 4458 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)23 b Ft(test)g +1200 y(at)42 b(w)m(ord)f(expansion)h(time)g(if)f(extglob)i(hasn't)e(b)s +(een)g(enabled)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(time)g(the)810 1310 y(command)30 +b(is)h(executed.)150 1469 y Ft(compat52)d(\(set)h(using)g +(BASH_COMPAT\))705 1579 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)23 b Ft(test)g Fu(builtin)g(uses)h(its)g(historical)h(algorithm)g(to)f(parse)g(paren)m -(thesized)g(sub)s(ex-)810 4568 y(pressions)30 b(when)f(giv)m(en)i -(\014v)m(e)g(or)f(more)h(argumen)m(ts.)705 4702 y Fq(\017)60 +(thesized)g(sub)s(ex-)810 1689 y(pressions)30 b(when)f(giv)m(en)i +(\014v)m(e)g(or)f(more)h(argumen)m(ts.)705 1823 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(If)25 b(the)h Ft(-p)f Fu(or)h Ft(-P)f Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied)e (to)j(the)f Ft(bind)e Fu(builtin,)i Ft(bind)f Fu(treats)i(an)m(y)f -(argu-)810 4812 y(men)m(ts)h(remaining)g(after)h(option)f(pro)s +(argu-)810 1933 y(men)m(ts)h(remaining)g(after)h(option)f(pro)s (cessing)g(as)g(bindable)f(command)h(names,)h(and)810 -4922 y(displa)m(ys)k(an)m(y)f(k)m(ey)i(sequences)f(b)s(ound)d(to)j -(those)g(commands,)g(instead)g(of)g(treating)810 5031 +2042 y(displa)m(ys)k(an)m(y)f(k)m(ey)i(sequences)f(b)s(ound)d(to)j +(those)g(commands,)g(instead)g(of)g(treating)810 2152 y(the)f(argumen)m(ts)f(as)h(k)m(ey)g(sequences)g(to)g(bind.)705 -5166 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(In)m(teractiv)m(e)41 b(shells)d(will)h(notify)g +2286 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(In)m(teractiv)m(e)41 b(shells)d(will)h(notify)g (the)f(user)g(of)h(completed)g(jobs)f(while)g(sourcing)h(a)810 -5275 y(script.)i(New)m(er)31 b(v)m(ersions)f(defer)g(noti\014cation)i +2396 y(script.)i(New)m(er)31 b(v)m(ersions)f(defer)g(noti\014cation)i (un)m(til)f(script)f(execution)i(completes.)p eop end -%%Page: 123 129 -TeXDict begin 123 128 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(123)150 299 +%%Page: 125 131 +TeXDict begin 125 130 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(125)150 299 y Fp(7)80 b(Job)54 b(Con)l(trol)150 551 y Fu(This)25 b(c)m(hapter)i(discusses)f(what)g(job)f(con)m(trol)j(is,)f(ho)m(w)f(it) h(w)m(orks,)g(and)f(ho)m(w)g(Bash)g(allo)m(ws)h(y)m(ou)g(to)g(access) @@ -17309,9 +17427,9 @@ b(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)h(in)m(tro)s(duces)150 (used)f(to)h(start)h(it,)g(or)f(using)g(a)g(substring)e(that)j(app)s (ears)e(in)g(its)h(command)g(line.)57 b(F)-8 b(or)p eop end -%%Page: 124 130 -TeXDict begin 124 129 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 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Ft(shell-transpose-words)25 b(\(M-C-t\))630 2036 +y Fu(Drag)33 b(the)g(w)m(ord)f(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(past)g(the)h +(w)m(ord)f(after)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(mo)m(ving)f(p)s(oin)m(t)f(past)g +(that)630 2146 y(w)m(ord)c(as)h(w)m(ell.)41 b(If)27 b(the)i(insertion)f +(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)f(at)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f(line,)i(this)e(transp)s +(oses)g(the)630 2255 y(last)j(t)m(w)m(o)h(w)m(ords)d(on)i(the)f(line.) +41 b(W)-8 b(ord)31 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)h(the)h(same)f(as)h +Ft(shell-forward-)630 2365 y(word)e Fu(and)h Ft(shell-backward-word)p +Fu(.)150 2533 y Ft(upcase-word)d(\(M-u\))630 2642 y Fu(Upp)s(ercase)32 +b(the)g(curren)m(t)g(\(or)g(follo)m(wing\))i(w)m(ord.)45 +b(With)32 b(a)g(negativ)m(e)j(argumen)m(t,)e(upp)s(er-)630 +2752 y(case)e(the)g(previous)f(w)m(ord,)g(but)g(do)g(not)h(mo)m(v)m(e)h +(the)e(cursor.)150 2919 y Ft(downcase-word)d(\(M-l\))630 +3029 y Fu(Lo)m(w)m(ercase)c(the)f(curren)m(t)f(\(or)h(follo)m(wing\))i +(w)m(ord.)37 b(With)22 b(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t,)g(lo)m(w)m 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-630 518 y([History)31 b(In)m(teraction],)i(page)e(169\).)150 +630 518 y([History)31 b(In)m(teraction],)i(page)e(171\).)150 682 y Ft(alias-expand-line)26 b(\(\))630 792 y Fu(P)m(erform)e(alias)i (expansion)e(on)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(line)h(\(see)g(Section)h(6.6)f -([Aliases],)j(page)d(108\).)150 956 y Ft(history-and-alias-expand)o +([Aliases],)j(page)d(109\).)150 956 y Ft(history-and-alias-expand)o (-lin)o(e)f(\(\))630 1065 y Fu(P)m(erform)30 b(history)h(and)e(alias)j (expansion)e(on)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line.)150 1230 y Ft(insert-last-argument)25 b(\(M-.)k(or)h(M-_\))630 1339 @@ -19519,7 +19639,7 @@ b(The)34 b(Readline)g Ft(vi)g Fu(mo)s(de)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)i(as)f(sp)s Fm(posix)g Fu(standard.)275 2871 y(Y)-8 b(ou)33 b(can)g(use)g(the)g(`)p Ft(set)d(-o)g(emacs)p Fu(')h(and)i(`)p Ft(set)d(-o)f(vi)p Fu(')k(commands)g(\(see)g(Section)h(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)150 -2981 y(Builtin],)25 b(page)e(72\))g(to)h(switc)m(h)e(in)m(teractiv)m +2981 y(Builtin],)25 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b(Otherwise,)43 b(once)d(a)h(compsp)s(ec)e(has)150 1113 y(b)s(een)30 b(found,)f(Bash)h(uses)g(it)h(to)g(generate)h(the)f(list)g(of)f(matc)m (hing)i(w)m(ords.)275 1270 y(First,)g(Bash)f(p)s(erforms)f(the)i @@ -19587,7 +19707,7 @@ b(When)40 b(the)h Ft(-f)f Fu(or)g Ft(-d)g Fu(option)h(is)f(used)g(for) 150 1489 y(\014lename)c(or)f(directory)h(name)f(completion,)k(Bash)c (uses)g(shell)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b Ft(FIGNORE)c Fu(to)j(\014lter)g(the)150 1598 y(matc)m(hes.)42 b(See)30 -b(Section)i(5.2)f([Bash)g(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(86,)h(for)e(a)h +b(Section)i(5.2)f([Bash)g(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(87,)h(for)e(a)h (description)f(of)h Ft(FIGNORE)p Fu(.)275 1755 y(Next,)j(programmable)g (completion)g(generates)h(matc)m(hes)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)i(a)f (pathname)g(expansion)150 1864 y(pattern)38 b(supplied)f(as)h(an)g @@ -19613,7 +19733,7 @@ b(ariable)32 b(expansion,)f(command)f(substitution,)i(and)150 (\(see)h(Section)f(3.5)g([Shell)g(Expansions],)g(page)g(24\).)40 b(The)150 2898 y(results)23 b(are)h(split)g(using)f(the)h(rules)f (describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)g(Section)f(3.5.7)h([W)-8 -b(ord)24 b(Splitting],)i(page)e(37\).)150 3007 y(The)j(results)h(of)f +b(ord)24 b(Splitting],)i(page)e(38\).)150 3007 y(The)j(results)h(of)f (the)h(expansion)g(are)g(pre\014x-matc)m(hed)g(against)h(the)f(w)m(ord) f(b)s(eing)g(completed,)j(and)d(the)150 3117 y(matc)m(hing)k(w)m(ords)f (b)s(ecome)h(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)275 3273 y(After)e(these)g @@ -19625,7 +19745,7 @@ b(When)39 b(the)g(command)g(or)g(function)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)k Ft(COMP_LINE)p Fu(,)e Ft(COMP_POINT)p Fu(,)f Ft(COMP_KEY)p Fu(,)i(and)f Ft(COMP_TYPE)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariables)35 b(as)h(de-)150 3602 y(scrib)s(ed)22 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(\(see)h(Section)f(5.2)h([Bash)f -(V)-8 b(ariables],)26 b(page)e(86\).)39 b(If)22 b(a)h(shell)g(function) +(V)-8 b(ariables],)26 b(page)e(87\).)39 b(If)22 b(a)h(shell)g(function) f(is)h(b)s(eing)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)150 3712 y(Bash)29 b(also)g(sets)g(the)g Ft(COMP_WORDS)d Fu(and)i Ft(COMP_CWORD)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariables.)41 b(When)29 b(the)f(function)h(or)f(command)150 @@ -19645,7 +19765,7 @@ Fu(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(\014rst.)53 b(The)35 b(function)f(ma)m(y)h (use)g(an)m(y)g(of)g(the)g(shell)150 4635 y(facilities,)50 b(including)44 b(the)h Ft(compgen)d Fu(and)i Ft(compopt)e Fu(builtins)i(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w)h(\(see)i(Section)f(8.7)150 -4745 y([Programmable)31 b(Completion)h(Builtins],)f(page)h(159\),)g(to) +4745 y([Programmable)31 b(Completion)h(Builtins],)f(page)h(161\),)g(to) g(generate)g(the)f(matc)m(hes.)42 b(It)31 b(m)m(ust)g(put)f(the)150 4855 y(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(in)f(the)h Ft(COMPREPLY)d Fu(arra)m(y)j(v)-5 b(ariable,)31 b(one)g(p)s(er)e(arra)m(y)i(elemen)m @@ -19657,9 +19777,9 @@ b(command)e(substitution.)39 b(It)25 b(should)f(prin)m(t)h(a)g(list)h 5230 y(output.)39 b(Bac)m(kslash)27 b(will)g(escap)s(e)f(a)g(newline,)h (if)f(necessary)-8 b(.)40 b(These)26 b(are)g(added)f(to)i(the)f(set)g (of)g(p)s(ossible)150 5340 y(completions.)p 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(from)e(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)f Ft(COMPREPLY)1110 @@ -20003,9 +20123,9 @@ s(eci\014cation)630 5034 y(exists,)31 b(or)g(an)f(error)g(o)s(ccurs)g y Ft(compopt)870 5340 y(compopt)46 b([-o)h Fj(option)p Ft(])f([-DEI])g([+o)h Fj(option)p Ft(])e([)p Fj(name)p Ft(])p eop end -%%Page: 163 169 -TeXDict begin 163 168 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 -b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(163)630 299 y(Mo)s(dify)33 +%%Page: 165 171 +TeXDict begin 165 170 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 +b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(165)630 299 y(Mo)s(dify)33 b(completion)h(options)g(for)f(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)39 b Fu(according)34 b(to)g(the)f Fr(option)p Fu(s,)i(or)e(for)g(the)630 408 y(curren)m(tly-executing)46 b(completion)f(if)f(no)f @@ -20057,9 +20177,9 @@ Ft(cd)f Fu(do)s(es)g(b)s(ey)m(ond)g(accepting)j(basic)e(directory)g ([Tilde)g(Expansion],)g(page)g(26\),)i(searc)m(hing)e(directories)g(in) e Fr($CDP)-8 b(A)g(TH)p Fu(,)150 3433 y(whic)m(h)21 b(is)h(describ)s 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m(h)g(manipulate)g(the)h(history)f(list)h(and)f(history)g(\014le.)150 @@ -20322,7 +20442,7 @@ Fu(command)h(is)g Ft(r='fc)e(-s')p Fu(,)h(so)h(that)h(t)m(yping)f(`)p Ft(r)f(cc)p Fu(')630 4167 y(runs)35 b(the)h(last)h(command)f(b)s (eginning)g(with)g Ft(cc)f Fu(and)h(t)m(yping)g(`)p Ft(r)p Fu(')h(re-executes)h(the)e(last)630 4277 y(command)30 -b(\(see)h(Section)h(6.6)f([Aliases],)h(page)g(108\).)630 +b(\(see)h(Section)h(6.6)f([Aliases],)h(page)g(109\).)630 4406 y(If)40 b(the)i(\014rst)e(form)g(is)h(used,)i(the)e(return)f(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(is)g(zero)h(unless)e(an)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)42 b(option)f(is)630 4515 y(encoun)m(tered)f(or)f Fr(\014rst)i @@ -20338,9 +20458,9 @@ b(alue)36 b(of)g(the)g(last)630 4734 y(command)31 b(executed)i(or)e Ft(fc)e Fu(returns)630 5063 y(a)31 b(non-zero)g(status.)150 5211 y Ft(history)870 5340 y(history)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])p eop end -%%Page: 168 174 -TeXDict begin 168 173 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41 -b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 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b(b)s(eginning)g(with)f(the)i(history)f(commen)m(t)h(c)m @@ -20441,7 +20561,7 @@ Fu(\(also)i(referred)d(to)j(as)f(history)f(substitution)h(where)f m(teractiv)m(e)k(shells,)d(and)f(can)g(b)s(e)g(disabled)g(using)150 1888 y(the)36 b Ft(+H)f Fu(option)h(to)g(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(command)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)f(Set)f -(Builtin],)j(page)e(72\).)150 1997 y(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)h(shells)d +(Builtin],)j(page)e(74\).)150 1997 y(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)h(shells)d (do)g(not)g(p)s(erform)e(history)i(expansion)g(b)m(y)g(default,)h(but)e (it)i(can)f(b)s(e)f(enabled)150 2107 y(with)d Ft(set)g(-H)p Fu(.)275 2256 y(History)h(expansions)f(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(w)m(ords)g @@ -20499,9 +20619,9 @@ h(escap)s(e)g(the)g(history)f(expansion)150 5230 y(c)m(haracter,)e(but) (as)e(quoted)h(if)g(it)g(immediately)150 5340 y(precedes)30 b(the)h(closing)g(double)f(quote)h(in)f(a)h(double-quoted)g(string.)p eop end -%%Page: 170 176 -TeXDict begin 170 175 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41 -b(Using)30 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b(Designators)150 3213 @@ -20583,78 +20703,80 @@ Fr(string)45 b Fu(is)38 b(missing,)i(this)e(uses)f(the)h(string)f(from) h(the)630 5340 y(most)31 b(recen)m(t)g(searc)m(h;)g(it)g(is)g(an)f (error)g(if)g(there)h(is)f(no)h(previous)e(searc)m(h)i(string.)p eop end -%%Page: 171 177 -TeXDict begin 171 176 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41 -b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(171)150 +%%Page: 173 179 +TeXDict begin 173 178 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41 +b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(173)150 299 y Ft(^)p Fj(string1)p Ft(^)p Fj(string2)p Ft(^)630 408 y Fu(Quic)m(k)32 b(Substitution.)44 b(Rep)s(eat)32 b(the)g(last)h(command,)f(replacing)g Fr(string1)40 b Fu(with)31 b Fr(string2)p Fu(.)630 518 y(Equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g Ft(!!:s^)p Fj(string1)p Ft(^)p Fj(string2)p Ft(^)p -Fu(.)150 682 y Ft(!#)384 b Fu(The)30 b(en)m(tire)h(command)f(line)h(t)m -(yp)s(ed)f(so)h(far.)150 886 y Fk(9.3.2)63 b(W)-10 b(ord)41 -b(Designators)150 1033 y Fu(W)-8 b(ord)28 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y(page)g(38\).)225 4982 y Fq(\017)60 +(hing],)330 4843 y(page)g(39\).)225 4982 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(It)22 b(is)g(p)s(ossible)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)23 b(and)f(a)g(function)g(with)g(the)g(same)g(name;)j Ft(sh)d Fu(do)s(es)g(not)g(separate)330 5092 y(the)31 @@ -21609,53 +21732,53 @@ Fu(Bash)30 b(functions)e(are)i(p)s(ermitted)f(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(lo)s (cal)g(v)-5 b(ariables)30 b(using)f(the)g Ft(local)f Fu(builtin,)i(and)e(th)m(us)330 5340 y(users)i(can)g(write)h(useful)e (recursiv)m(e)i(functions)f(\(see)h(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],) -g(page)g(60\).)p eop end -%%Page: 186 192 -TeXDict begin 186 191 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 +g(page)g(61\).)p eop end +%%Page: 188 194 +TeXDict begin 188 193 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31 -b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(186)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 +b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(188)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)44 b(p)s(erforms)e(\014lename)i(expansion)f(on)h(\014lenames) 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Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)32 b(implemen)m(ts)f(the)h(`)p +(41\).)225 1148 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)32 b(implemen)m(ts)f(the)h(`)p Ft([n]<&)p Fj(word)p Fu(')d(and)i(`)p Ft([n]>&)p Fj(word)p Fu(')e(redirection)j(op)s(erators,)g(whic)m(h)f(mo)m(v)m(e)330 1258 y(one)g(\014le)f(descriptor)g(to)h(another.)225 1395 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)25 b(treats)h(a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i (\014lenames)g(sp)s(ecially)g(when)f(they)h(are)g(used)f(in)g (redirection)i(op)s(erators)330 1504 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(3.6)f -([Redirections],)h(page)f(40\).)225 1641 y Fq(\017)60 +([Redirections],)h(page)f(41\).)225 1641 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)32 b(pro)m(vides)h(the)f Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(ar)7 b Fi(})p Ft(<)p Fr(w)m(ord)36 b Fu(capabilit)m(y)e(to)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h (the)e(shell)h(allo)s(cate)i(\014le)d(descriptors)g(for)330 1751 y(redirections)42 b(and)e(assign)i(them)f(to)h Fr(v)-5 -b(ar)47 b Fu(\(see)42 b(Section)g(3.6)g([Redirections],)k(page)c(40\).) +b(ar)47 b Fu(\(see)42 b(Section)g(3.6)g([Redirections],)k(page)c(41\).) 74 b(This)330 1861 y(w)m(orks)30 b(with)g(m)m(ultiple)h(redirection)h (op)s(erators.)225 1998 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)33 b(can)f(op)s(en)g (net)m(w)m(ork)i(connections)f(to)h(arbitrary)e(mac)m(hines)h(and)f (services)h(with)f(the)h(redi-)330 2107 y(rection)e(op)s(erators)g -(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)h([Redirections],)g(page)f(40\).)225 +(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)h([Redirections],)g(page)f(41\).)225 2244 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)29 b Ft(noclobber)e Fu(option)j(is)g(a)m(v) -5 b(ailable)32 b(to)e(a)m(v)m(oid)h(o)m(v)m(erwriting)g(existing)g (\014les)e(with)h(output)f(redi-)330 2354 y(rection)39 -b(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)i(page)e(72\).)66 +b(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)i(page)e(74\).)66 b(The)38 b(`)p Ft(>|)p Fu(')h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)330 2463 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(o)m(v)m(erride)h Ft(noclobber)p Fu(.)225 2600 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(V)-8 b(ariable)25 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)e(commands)h(a\013ect)h(only)f(that)g (command,)h(ev)m(en)f(builtins)g(and)330 2710 y(functions)36 -b(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.4)h([En)m(vironmen)m(t],)h(page)e(46\).)60 +b(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.4)h([En)m(vironmen)m(t],)h(page)e(47\).)60 b(In)35 b Ft(sh)p Fu(,)j(all)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(assignmen)m(ts)330 2819 y(preceding)30 b(commands)g(are)h(global)h(unless)d(the)i(command) f(is)h(executed)g(from)f(the)g(\014le)h(system.)225 2956 @@ -21670,7 +21793,7 @@ y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)34 b(implemen)m(ts)h(a)g Ft(csh)p Fu(-lik)m(e)g(directory)f(stac)m(k,)j(and)d(pro)m(vides)g(the)g Ft(pushd)p Fu(,)g Ft(popd)p Fu(,)g(and)g Ft(dirs)330 3422 y Fu(builtins)d(to)i(manipulate)f(it)h(\(see)g(Section)f(6.8)h -([The)f(Directory)h(Stac)m(k],)h(page)f(111\).)47 b(Bash)32 +([The)f(Directory)h(Stac)m(k],)h(page)f(112\).)47 b(Bash)32 b(also)330 3532 y(mak)m(es)f(the)g(directory)g(stac)m(k)g(visible)g(as) g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f Ft(DIRSTACK)f Fu(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)225 3669 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)25 b(allo)m(ws)h(a)g @@ -21678,38 +21801,38 @@ b(ariable.)225 3669 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)25 b(allo)m(ws)h(a)g (name,)i(and)d(pro)m(vides)h(access)h(to)330 3778 y(that)34 b(builtin's)f(functionalit)m(y)h(within)f(the)g(function)g(via)h(the)f Ft(builtin)f Fu(and)g Ft(command)g Fu(builtins)330 3888 -y(\(see)f(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(60\).)225 +y(\(see)f(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(61\).)225 4025 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)44 b(includes)f(the)g Ft(caller)f -Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)f(Builtins],)j(page)d(60\),) +Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)f(Builtins],)j(page)d(61\),) k(whic)m(h)330 4134 y(displa)m(ys)29 b(the)g(con)m(text)i(of)e(an)m(y)g (activ)m(e)i(subroutine)d(call)j(\(a)e(shell)g(function)g(or)g(a)g (script)g(executed)330 4244 y(with)h(the)h Ft(.)f Fu(or)g Ft(source)f Fu(builtins\).)40 b(This)30 b(supp)s(orts)e(the)j(Bash)f (debugger.)225 4381 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)34 b(Bash)g Ft(cd)g Fu(and)f Ft(pwd)g Fu(builtins)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)g 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-y([Job)i(Con)m(trol)g(Builtins],)i(page)e(124\))i(or)d(suppress)f +y([Job)i(Con)m(trol)g(Builtins],)i(page)e(126\))i(or)d(suppress)f (sending)i Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(to)i(a)g(job)g(when)f(the)h(shell)330 5340 y(exits)d(as)g(the)f(result)h(of)f(a)h Ft(SIGHUP)p Fu(.)p eop end -%%Page: 187 193 -TeXDict begin 187 192 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 +%%Page: 189 195 +TeXDict begin 189 194 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31 -b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(187)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 +b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(189)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)40 b Ft(enable)e Fu(builtin)i(\(see)h(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)f -(Builtins],)k(page)c(60\))i(can)e(enable)h(or)f(disable)330 +(Builtins],)k(page)c(61\))i(can)e(enable)h(or)f(disable)330 408 y(individual)28 b(builtins)h(and)f(implemen)m(ts)i(supp)s(ort)d (for)i(dynamically)h(loading)g(builtin)e(commands)330 518 y(from)i(shared)g(ob)5 b(jects.)225 661 y Fq(\017)60 @@ -21718,14 +21841,14 @@ b Fu(The)26 b(Bash)h 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b(arious)24 b(attributes)g(set)g(in)f(a)h(format)g(that)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(as)h @@ -21739,28 +21862,28 @@ e(name)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(asso)s(ciated)j(with)d(an)h(arbitrary)f (\014lename,)330 1968 y(ev)m(en)30 b(when)e(that)h(\014lename)g(cannot) h(b)s(e)e(found)g(b)m(y)h(searc)m(hing)g(the)g Ft($PATH)p Fu(,)g(using)f(`)p Ft(hash)h(-p)p Fu(')g(\(see)330 2078 -y(Section)i(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(51\).)225 +y(Section)i(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(52\).)225 2221 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)27 b(includes)f(a)i Ft(help)d Fu(builtin)i(for)f(quic)m(k)h(reference)h(to)f(shell)g(facilities)i -(\(see)f(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)330 2330 y(Builtins],)j(page)g(60\).)225 +(\(see)f(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)330 2330 y(Builtins],)j(page)g(61\).)225 2474 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)27 b(includes)f(the)h Ft(mapfile)e Fu(builtin)i(to)g(quic)m(kly)h(read)e(the)h(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e(a)g (\014le)g(in)m(to)h(an)e(indexed)330 2583 y(arra)m(y)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 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b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)21 b Fb(23)150 1650 y(pathname)k(expansion)18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -h(:)f(:)g(:)32 b Fb(37)150 1738 y(pattern)25 b(matc)n(hing)c +h(:)f(:)g(:)32 b Fb(39)150 1738 y(pattern)25 b(matc)n(hing)c Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)34 -b Fb(38)150 1825 y(pip)r(eline)10 b Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g +b Fb(39)150 1825 y(pip)r(eline)10 b Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)24 b Fb(10)150 1912 y(POSIX)e Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) @@ -23876,22 +23999,22 @@ g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g 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Fc(:)h(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g -(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(36)150 +(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(37)150 2435 y(programmable)i(completion)8 b Fc(:)14 b(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)23 -b Fb(156)150 2522 y(prompting)15 b Fc(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g +b Fb(158)150 2522 y(prompting)15 b Fc(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)30 b Fb(112)146 +g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)30 b Fb(114)146 2765 y Fs(Q)150 2881 y Fb(quoting)16 b Fc(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 @@ -23900,10 +24023,10 @@ b Fb(6)150 2968 y(quoting,)26 b(ANSI)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)34 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-g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(49)2025 687 +g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(50)2025 687 y(shell)h(v)l(ariable)7 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fb(22)2025 777 y(shell,)k(in)n (teractiv)n(e)18 b Fc(:)c(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -33 b Fb(103)2025 867 y(signal)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g +33 b Fb(104)2025 867 y(signal)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(4)2025 956 y(signal)f(handling)6 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)21 b Fb(48)2025 1046 +g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)21 b Fb(49)2025 1046 y(sp)r(ecial)27 b(builtin)16 b Fc(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(4,)26 b(83)2025 1136 y(startup)f(\014les)8 +g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(4,)26 b(85)2025 1136 y(startup)f(\014les)8 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)23 b Fb(101)2025 1226 y(string)j(translations)8 b +g(:)23 b Fb(102)2025 1226 y(string)j(translations)8 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)23 b Fb(8)2025 1313 y(susp)r(ending)i(jobs)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(123)2021 1610 y Fs(T)2025 +g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(125)2021 1610 y Fs(T)2025 1734 y Fb(tilde)h(expansion)7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fb(26)2025 1823 y(tok)n(en)17 @@ -23955,22 +24078,22 @@ y(translation,)27 b(nativ)n(e)e(languages)c Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(7)2021 2207 y Fs(U)2025 2329 y Fb(unary)25 b(arithmetic)h(op)r (erators)10 b Fc(:)15 b(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g -(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(107)2021 2626 y Fs(V)2025 +(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(108)2021 2626 y Fs(V)2025 2750 y Fb(v)l(ariable,)h(shell)14 b Fc(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(22)2025 2837 y(v)l(ariables,)f(readline)7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f -(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fb(132)2021 3134 y Fs(W)2025 3258 y Fb(w)n(ord)10 +(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fb(134)2021 3134 y Fs(W)2025 3258 y Fb(w)n(ord)10 b Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(4)2025 3345 y(w)n(ord)h(splitting)9 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g -(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)24 b Fb(37)2021 3642 y +(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)24 b Fb(38)2021 3642 y Fs(Y)2025 3763 y Fb(y)n(anking)h(text)13 b Fc(:)f(:)h(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(130)p +g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(132)p eop end %%Trailer diff --git a/doc/bashref.texi b/doc/bashref.texi index 7333ef137..f5e1ffc27 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.texi +++ b/doc/bashref.texi @@ -1164,6 +1164,8 @@ as if it were within double quotes, but unescaped double quote characters in @var{expression} are not treated specially and are removed. +Since this can potentially result in empty strings, +this command treats those as expressions that evaluate to 0. If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1. @@ -2935,6 +2937,10 @@ specially and are removed. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated. +Since the way Bash handles double quotes +can potentially result in empty strings, +arithmetic expansion treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below @@ -8383,6 +8389,11 @@ respectively. @var{Arg1} and @var{arg2} may be positive or negative integers. When used with the @code{[[} command, @var{arg1} and @var{arg2} are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). +Since the expansions the @code{[[} command performs on +@var{arg1} and @var{arg2} +can potentially result in empty strings, +arithmetic expression evaluation treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. @end table @node Shell Arithmetic @@ -8601,8 +8612,24 @@ and are zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. -An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to -using the syntax +The shell performs +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal +on indexed array subscripts. +Since this +can potentially result in empty strings, +subscript indexing treats +those as expressions that evaluate to 0. + +The shell performs +tilde expansion, +parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, +command substitution, and quote removal +on associative array subscripts. +Empty strings cannot be used as associative array keys. + +Bash automatically creates an indexed array +if any variable is assigned to using the syntax @example @var{name}[@var{subscript}]=@var{value} @end example @@ -9857,6 +9884,9 @@ To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, each process has a @dfn{process group @sc{id}}, and the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal process group @sc{id}. +This terminal process group @sc{id} is associated with the +@dfn{controlling terminal}. + Processes that have the same process group ID are said to be part of the same @dfn{process group}. Members of the foreground process group (processes whose @@ -9865,14 +9895,18 @@ process group @sc{id} is equal to the current terminal process group Processes in the foreground process group are said to be foreground processes. Background processes -are those whose process group @sc{id} differs from the terminal's; +are those whose process group @sc{id} differs from the +controlling terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. -Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if -the user so specifies with @code{stty tostop}, write to the terminal. -Background processes which attempt to -read from (write to when @code{tostop} is in effect) the -terminal are sent a @code{SIGTTIN} (@code{SIGTTOU}) -signal by the kernel's terminal driver, +Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, +if the user so specifies with +@code{stty tostop}, +write to the controlling terminal. +The system sends a +@code{SIGTTIN} (@code{SIGTTOU}) +signal to background processes which attempt to +read from (write to when @code{tostop} is in effect) +the terminal, which, unless caught, suspends the process. If the operating system on which Bash is running supports diff --git a/doc/bashref.toc b/doc/bashref.toc index 2ae0ec4bf..005c17dcc 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.toc +++ b/doc/bashref.toc @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ @numsubsecentry{Compound Commands}{3.2.5}{Compound Commands}{11} @numsubsubsecentry{Looping Constructs}{3.2.5.1}{Looping Constructs}{12} @numsubsubsecentry{Conditional Constructs}{3.2.5.2}{Conditional Constructs}{12} -@numsubsubsecentry{Grouping Commands}{3.2.5.3}{Command Grouping}{17} +@numsubsubsecentry{Grouping Commands}{3.2.5.3}{Command Grouping}{18} @numsubsecentry{Coprocesses}{3.2.6}{Coprocesses}{18} @numsubsecentry{GNU Parallel}{3.2.7}{GNU Parallel}{19} @numsecentry{Shell Functions}{3.3}{Shell Functions}{19} @@ -31,113 +31,113 @@ @numsubsecentry{Brace Expansion}{3.5.1}{Brace Expansion}{25} @numsubsecentry{Tilde Expansion}{3.5.2}{Tilde Expansion}{26} @numsubsecentry{Shell Parameter Expansion}{3.5.3}{Shell Parameter Expansion}{27} -@numsubsecentry{Command Substitution}{3.5.4}{Command Substitution}{35} -@numsubsecentry{Arithmetic Expansion}{3.5.5}{Arithmetic Expansion}{36} +@numsubsecentry{Command Substitution}{3.5.4}{Command Substitution}{36} +@numsubsecentry{Arithmetic Expansion}{3.5.5}{Arithmetic Expansion}{37} @numsubsecentry{Process Substitution}{3.5.6}{Process Substitution}{37} -@numsubsecentry{Word Splitting}{3.5.7}{Word Splitting}{37} -@numsubsecentry{Filename Expansion}{3.5.8}{Filename Expansion}{38} -@numsubsubsecentry{Pattern Matching}{3.5.8.1}{Pattern Matching}{38} -@numsubsecentry{Quote Removal}{3.5.9}{Quote Removal}{40} -@numsecentry{Redirections}{3.6}{Redirections}{40} +@numsubsecentry{Word Splitting}{3.5.7}{Word Splitting}{38} +@numsubsecentry{Filename Expansion}{3.5.8}{Filename Expansion}{39} +@numsubsubsecentry{Pattern Matching}{3.5.8.1}{Pattern Matching}{39} +@numsubsecentry{Quote Removal}{3.5.9}{Quote Removal}{41} +@numsecentry{Redirections}{3.6}{Redirections}{41} @numsubsecentry{Redirecting Input}{3.6.1}{}{42} -@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Output}{3.6.2}{}{42} -@numsubsecentry{Appending Redirected Output}{3.6.3}{}{42} -@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.4}{}{42} -@numsubsecentry{Appending Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.5}{}{42} -@numsubsecentry{Here Documents}{3.6.6}{}{43} -@numsubsecentry{Here Strings}{3.6.7}{}{43} -@numsubsecentry{Duplicating File Descriptors}{3.6.8}{}{43} -@numsubsecentry{Moving File Descriptors}{3.6.9}{}{44} -@numsubsecentry{Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing}{3.6.10}{}{44} -@numsecentry{Executing Commands}{3.7}{Executing Commands}{44} -@numsubsecentry{Simple Command Expansion}{3.7.1}{Simple Command Expansion}{44} -@numsubsecentry{Command Search and Execution}{3.7.2}{Command Search and Execution}{45} -@numsubsecentry{Command Execution Environment}{3.7.3}{Command Execution Environment}{45} +@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Output}{3.6.2}{}{43} +@numsubsecentry{Appending Redirected Output}{3.6.3}{}{43} +@numsubsecentry{Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.4}{}{43} +@numsubsecentry{Appending Standard Output and Standard Error}{3.6.5}{}{43} +@numsubsecentry{Here Documents}{3.6.6}{}{44} +@numsubsecentry{Here Strings}{3.6.7}{}{44} +@numsubsecentry{Duplicating File Descriptors}{3.6.8}{}{44} +@numsubsecentry{Moving File Descriptors}{3.6.9}{}{45} +@numsubsecentry{Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing}{3.6.10}{}{45} +@numsecentry{Executing Commands}{3.7}{Executing Commands}{45} +@numsubsecentry{Simple Command Expansion}{3.7.1}{Simple Command Expansion}{45} +@numsubsecentry{Command Search and Execution}{3.7.2}{Command Search and Execution}{46} +@numsubsecentry{Command Execution Environment}{3.7.3}{Command Execution Environment}{46} @numsubsecentry{Environment}{3.7.4}{Environment}{47} -@numsubsecentry{Exit Status}{3.7.5}{Exit Status}{47} -@numsubsecentry{Signals}{3.7.6}{Signals}{48} -@numsecentry{Shell Scripts}{3.8}{Shell Scripts}{49} -@numchapentry{Shell Builtin Commands}{4}{Shell Builtin Commands}{51} -@numsecentry{Bourne Shell Builtins}{4.1}{Bourne Shell Builtins}{51} -@numsecentry{Bash Builtin Commands}{4.2}{Bash Builtins}{60} -@numsecentry{Modifying Shell Behavior}{4.3}{Modifying Shell Behavior}{72} -@numsubsecentry{The Set Builtin}{4.3.1}{The Set Builtin}{73} -@numsubsecentry{The Shopt Builtin}{4.3.2}{The Shopt Builtin}{77} -@numsecentry{Special Builtins}{4.4}{Special Builtins}{84} -@numchapentry{Shell Variables}{5}{Shell Variables}{85} -@numsecentry{Bourne Shell Variables}{5.1}{Bourne Shell Variables}{85} -@numsecentry{Bash Variables}{5.2}{Bash Variables}{86} -@numchapentry{Bash Features}{6}{Bash Features}{99} -@numsecentry{Invoking Bash}{6.1}{Invoking Bash}{99} -@numsecentry{Bash Startup Files}{6.2}{Bash Startup Files}{101} -@numsecentry{Interactive Shells}{6.3}{Interactive Shells}{103} -@numsubsecentry{What is an Interactive Shell?}{6.3.1}{What is an Interactive Shell?}{103} -@numsubsecentry{Is this Shell Interactive?}{6.3.2}{Is this Shell Interactive?}{103} -@numsubsecentry{Interactive Shell Behavior}{6.3.3}{Interactive Shell Behavior}{103} -@numsecentry{Bash Conditional Expressions}{6.4}{Bash Conditional Expressions}{104} -@numsecentry{Shell Arithmetic}{6.5}{Shell Arithmetic}{106} -@numsecentry{Aliases}{6.6}{Aliases}{108} -@numsecentry{Arrays}{6.7}{Arrays}{109} -@numsecentry{The Directory Stack}{6.8}{The Directory Stack}{111} -@numsubsecentry{Directory Stack Builtins}{6.8.1}{Directory Stack Builtins}{111} -@numsecentry{Controlling the Prompt}{6.9}{Controlling the Prompt}{112} -@numsecentry{The Restricted Shell}{6.10}{The Restricted Shell}{114} -@numsecentry{Bash and POSIX}{6.11}{Bash POSIX Mode}{115} -@numsubsecentry{What is POSIX?}{6.11.1}{}{115} -@numsubsecentry{Bash POSIX Mode}{6.11.2}{}{115} -@numsecentry{Shell Compatibility Mode}{6.12}{Shell Compatibility Mode}{120} -@numchapentry{Job Control}{7}{Job Control}{123} -@numsecentry{Job Control Basics}{7.1}{Job Control Basics}{123} -@numsecentry{Job Control Builtins}{7.2}{Job Control Builtins}{124} -@numsecentry{Job Control Variables}{7.3}{Job Control Variables}{127} -@numchapentry{Command Line Editing}{8}{Command Line Editing}{128} -@numsecentry{Introduction to Line Editing}{8.1}{Introduction and Notation}{128} -@numsecentry{Readline Interaction}{8.2}{Readline Interaction}{128} -@numsubsecentry{Readline Bare Essentials}{8.2.1}{Readline Bare Essentials}{129} -@numsubsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{8.2.2}{Readline Movement Commands}{129} -@numsubsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{8.2.3}{Readline Killing Commands}{130} -@numsubsecentry{Readline Arguments}{8.2.4}{Readline Arguments}{130} -@numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8.2.5}{Searching}{131} -@numsecentry{Readline Init File}{8.3}{Readline Init File}{131} -@numsubsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{8.3.1}{Readline Init File Syntax}{131} -@numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{141} -@numsubsecentry{Sample Init File}{8.3.3}{Sample Init File}{142} -@numsecentry{Bindable Readline Commands}{8.4}{Bindable Readline Commands}{145} -@numsubsecentry{Commands For Moving}{8.4.1}{Commands For Moving}{145} -@numsubsecentry{Commands For Manipulating The History}{8.4.2}{Commands For History}{146} -@numsubsecentry{Commands For Changing Text}{8.4.3}{Commands For Text}{148} -@numsubsecentry{Killing And Yanking}{8.4.4}{Commands For Killing}{149} -@numsubsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{8.4.5}{Numeric Arguments}{151} -@numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{151} -@numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{153} -@numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{153} -@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{156} -@numsecentry{Programmable Completion}{8.6}{Programmable Completion}{156} -@numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{159} -@numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{163} -@numchapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{Using History Interactively}{166} -@numsecentry{Bash History Facilities}{9.1}{Bash History Facilities}{166} -@numsecentry{Bash History Builtins}{9.2}{Bash History Builtins}{167} -@numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{169} -@numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{170} -@numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{171} -@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{172} -@numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{173} -@numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{173} -@numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{174} -@numsecentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10.3}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{174} -@numsecentry{Installation Names}{10.4}{Installation Names}{175} -@numsecentry{Specifying the System Type}{10.5}{Specifying the System Type}{175} -@numsecentry{Sharing Defaults}{10.6}{Sharing Defaults}{175} -@numsecentry{Operation Controls}{10.7}{Operation Controls}{176} -@numsecentry{Optional Features}{10.8}{Optional Features}{176} -@appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{182} -@appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{183} -@appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{188} -@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{190} -@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{198} -@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{198} -@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{199} -@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{200} -@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{202} -@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{204} +@numsubsecentry{Exit Status}{3.7.5}{Exit Status}{48} +@numsubsecentry{Signals}{3.7.6}{Signals}{49} +@numsecentry{Shell Scripts}{3.8}{Shell Scripts}{50} +@numchapentry{Shell Builtin Commands}{4}{Shell Builtin Commands}{52} +@numsecentry{Bourne Shell Builtins}{4.1}{Bourne Shell Builtins}{52} +@numsecentry{Bash Builtin Commands}{4.2}{Bash Builtins}{61} +@numsecentry{Modifying Shell Behavior}{4.3}{Modifying Shell Behavior}{73} +@numsubsecentry{The Set Builtin}{4.3.1}{The Set Builtin}{74} +@numsubsecentry{The Shopt Builtin}{4.3.2}{The Shopt Builtin}{78} +@numsecentry{Special Builtins}{4.4}{Special Builtins}{85} +@numchapentry{Shell Variables}{5}{Shell Variables}{86} +@numsecentry{Bourne Shell Variables}{5.1}{Bourne Shell Variables}{86} +@numsecentry{Bash Variables}{5.2}{Bash Variables}{87} +@numchapentry{Bash Features}{6}{Bash Features}{100} +@numsecentry{Invoking Bash}{6.1}{Invoking Bash}{100} +@numsecentry{Bash Startup Files}{6.2}{Bash Startup Files}{102} +@numsecentry{Interactive Shells}{6.3}{Interactive Shells}{104} +@numsubsecentry{What is an Interactive Shell?}{6.3.1}{What is an Interactive Shell?}{104} +@numsubsecentry{Is this Shell Interactive?}{6.3.2}{Is this Shell Interactive?}{104} +@numsubsecentry{Interactive Shell Behavior}{6.3.3}{Interactive Shell Behavior}{104} +@numsecentry{Bash Conditional Expressions}{6.4}{Bash Conditional Expressions}{105} +@numsecentry{Shell Arithmetic}{6.5}{Shell Arithmetic}{107} +@numsecentry{Aliases}{6.6}{Aliases}{109} +@numsecentry{Arrays}{6.7}{Arrays}{110} +@numsecentry{The Directory Stack}{6.8}{The Directory Stack}{112} +@numsubsecentry{Directory Stack Builtins}{6.8.1}{Directory Stack Builtins}{112} +@numsecentry{Controlling the Prompt}{6.9}{Controlling the Prompt}{114} +@numsecentry{The Restricted Shell}{6.10}{The Restricted Shell}{115} +@numsecentry{Bash and POSIX}{6.11}{Bash POSIX Mode}{116} +@numsubsecentry{What is POSIX?}{6.11.1}{}{116} +@numsubsecentry{Bash POSIX Mode}{6.11.2}{}{116} +@numsecentry{Shell Compatibility Mode}{6.12}{Shell Compatibility Mode}{121} +@numchapentry{Job Control}{7}{Job Control}{125} +@numsecentry{Job Control Basics}{7.1}{Job Control Basics}{125} +@numsecentry{Job Control Builtins}{7.2}{Job Control Builtins}{126} +@numsecentry{Job Control Variables}{7.3}{Job Control Variables}{129} +@numchapentry{Command Line Editing}{8}{Command Line Editing}{130} +@numsecentry{Introduction to Line Editing}{8.1}{Introduction and Notation}{130} +@numsecentry{Readline Interaction}{8.2}{Readline Interaction}{130} +@numsubsecentry{Readline Bare Essentials}{8.2.1}{Readline Bare Essentials}{131} +@numsubsecentry{Readline Movement Commands}{8.2.2}{Readline Movement Commands}{131} +@numsubsecentry{Readline Killing Commands}{8.2.3}{Readline Killing Commands}{132} +@numsubsecentry{Readline Arguments}{8.2.4}{Readline Arguments}{132} +@numsubsecentry{Searching for Commands in the History}{8.2.5}{Searching}{133} +@numsecentry{Readline Init File}{8.3}{Readline Init File}{133} +@numsubsecentry{Readline Init File Syntax}{8.3.1}{Readline Init File Syntax}{133} +@numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{143} +@numsubsecentry{Sample Init File}{8.3.3}{Sample Init File}{144} +@numsecentry{Bindable Readline Commands}{8.4}{Bindable Readline Commands}{147} +@numsubsecentry{Commands For Moving}{8.4.1}{Commands For Moving}{147} +@numsubsecentry{Commands For Manipulating The History}{8.4.2}{Commands For History}{148} +@numsubsecentry{Commands For Changing Text}{8.4.3}{Commands For Text}{150} +@numsubsecentry{Killing And Yanking}{8.4.4}{Commands For Killing}{151} +@numsubsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{8.4.5}{Numeric Arguments}{153} +@numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{153} +@numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{155} +@numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{155} +@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{158} +@numsecentry{Programmable Completion}{8.6}{Programmable Completion}{158} +@numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{161} +@numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{165} +@numchapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{Using History Interactively}{168} +@numsecentry{Bash History Facilities}{9.1}{Bash History Facilities}{168} +@numsecentry{Bash History Builtins}{9.2}{Bash History Builtins}{169} +@numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{171} +@numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{172} +@numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{173} +@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{174} +@numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{175} +@numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{175} +@numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{176} +@numsecentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10.3}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{176} +@numsecentry{Installation Names}{10.4}{Installation Names}{177} +@numsecentry{Specifying the System Type}{10.5}{Specifying the System Type}{177} +@numsecentry{Sharing Defaults}{10.6}{Sharing Defaults}{177} +@numsecentry{Operation Controls}{10.7}{Operation Controls}{178} +@numsecentry{Optional Features}{10.8}{Optional Features}{178} +@appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{184} +@appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{185} +@appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{190} +@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{192} +@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{200} +@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{200} +@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{201} +@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{202} +@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{204} +@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{206} diff --git a/doc/bashref.vr b/doc/bashref.vr index e9d8989ec..6fc037fdf 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.vr +++ b/doc/bashref.vr @@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ \entry{LC_MESSAGES}{8}{\code {LC_MESSAGES}} \entry{TEXTDOMAIN}{8}{\code {TEXTDOMAIN}} \entry{TEXTDOMAINDIR}{8}{\code {TEXTDOMAINDIR}} -\entry{*}{23}{\code {*}} -\entry{$*}{23}{\code {$*}} +\entry{*}{24}{\code {*}} +\entry{$*}{24}{\code {$*}} \entry{@}{24}{\code {@}} \entry{$@}{24}{\code {$@}} \entry{#}{24}{\code {#}} @@ -18,162 +18,162 @@ \entry{$!}{24}{\code {$!}} \entry{0}{24}{\code {0}} \entry{$0}{24}{\code {$0}} -\entry{CDPATH}{85}{\code {CDPATH}} -\entry{HOME}{85}{\code {HOME}} -\entry{IFS}{85}{\code {IFS}} -\entry{MAIL}{85}{\code {MAIL}} -\entry{MAILPATH}{85}{\code {MAILPATH}} -\entry{OPTARG}{85}{\code {OPTARG}} -\entry{OPTIND}{85}{\code {OPTIND}} -\entry{PATH}{85}{\code {PATH}} -\entry{PS1}{85}{\code {PS1}} -\entry{PS2}{85}{\code {PS2}} -\entry{_}{86}{\code {_}} -\entry{$_}{86}{\code {$_}} -\entry{BASH}{86}{\code {BASH}} -\entry{BASHOPTS}{86}{\code {BASHOPTS}} -\entry{BASHPID}{86}{\code {BASHPID}} -\entry{BASH_ALIASES}{86}{\code {BASH_ALIASES}} -\entry{BASH_ARGC}{86}{\code {BASH_ARGC}} -\entry{BASH_ARGV}{86}{\code {BASH_ARGV}} -\entry{BASH_ARGV0}{87}{\code {BASH_ARGV0}} -\entry{BASH_CMDS}{87}{\code {BASH_CMDS}} -\entry{BASH_COMMAND}{87}{\code {BASH_COMMAND}} -\entry{BASH_COMPAT}{87}{\code {BASH_COMPAT}} -\entry{BASH_ENV}{87}{\code {BASH_ENV}} -\entry{BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}{87}{\code {BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}} -\entry{BASH_LINENO}{88}{\code {BASH_LINENO}} -\entry{BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}{88}{\code {BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}} -\entry{BASH_MONOSECONDS}{88}{\code {BASH_MONOSECONDS}} -\entry{BASH_REMATCH}{88}{\code {BASH_REMATCH}} -\entry{BASH_SOURCE}{88}{\code {BASH_SOURCE}} -\entry{BASH_SUBSHELL}{88}{\code {BASH_SUBSHELL}} -\entry{BASH_TRAPSIG}{88}{\code {BASH_TRAPSIG}} -\entry{BASH_VERSINFO}{88}{\code {BASH_VERSINFO}} -\entry{BASH_VERSION}{89}{\code {BASH_VERSION}} -\entry{BASH_XTRACEFD}{89}{\code {BASH_XTRACEFD}} -\entry{CHILD_MAX}{89}{\code {CHILD_MAX}} -\entry{COLUMNS}{89}{\code {COLUMNS}} -\entry{COMP_CWORD}{89}{\code {COMP_CWORD}} -\entry{COMP_KEY}{89}{\code {COMP_KEY}} -\entry{COMP_LINE}{89}{\code {COMP_LINE}} -\entry{COMP_POINT}{90}{\code {COMP_POINT}} -\entry{COMP_TYPE}{90}{\code {COMP_TYPE}} -\entry{COMP_WORDBREAKS}{90}{\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}} -\entry{COMP_WORDS}{90}{\code {COMP_WORDS}} -\entry{COMPREPLY}{90}{\code {COMPREPLY}} -\entry{COPROC}{90}{\code {COPROC}} -\entry{DIRSTACK}{90}{\code {DIRSTACK}} -\entry{EMACS}{90}{\code {EMACS}} -\entry{ENV}{90}{\code {ENV}} -\entry{EPOCHREALTIME}{91}{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}} -\entry{EPOCHSECONDS}{91}{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}} -\entry{EUID}{91}{\code {EUID}} -\entry{EXECIGNORE}{91}{\code {EXECIGNORE}} -\entry{FCEDIT}{91}{\code {FCEDIT}} -\entry{FIGNORE}{91}{\code {FIGNORE}} -\entry{FUNCNAME}{91}{\code {FUNCNAME}} -\entry{FUNCNEST}{91}{\code {FUNCNEST}} -\entry{GLOBIGNORE}{91}{\code {GLOBIGNORE}} -\entry{GLOBSORT}{92}{\code {GLOBSORT}} -\entry{GROUPS}{92}{\code {GROUPS}} -\entry{histchars}{92}{\code {histchars}} -\entry{HISTCMD}{92}{\code {HISTCMD}} -\entry{HISTCONTROL}{93}{\code {HISTCONTROL}} -\entry{HISTFILE}{93}{\code {HISTFILE}} -\entry{HISTFILESIZE}{93}{\code {HISTFILESIZE}} -\entry{HISTIGNORE}{93}{\code {HISTIGNORE}} -\entry{HISTSIZE}{93}{\code {HISTSIZE}} -\entry{HISTTIMEFORMAT}{94}{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}} -\entry{HOSTFILE}{94}{\code {HOSTFILE}} -\entry{HOSTNAME}{94}{\code {HOSTNAME}} -\entry{HOSTTYPE}{94}{\code {HOSTTYPE}} -\entry{IGNOREEOF}{94}{\code {IGNOREEOF}} -\entry{INPUTRC}{94}{\code {INPUTRC}} -\entry{INSIDE_EMACS}{94}{\code {INSIDE_EMACS}} -\entry{LANG}{94}{\code {LANG}} -\entry{LC_ALL}{94}{\code {LC_ALL}} -\entry{LC_COLLATE}{94}{\code {LC_COLLATE}} -\entry{LC_CTYPE}{95}{\code {LC_CTYPE}} -\entry{LC_MESSAGES}{95}{\code {LC_MESSAGES}} -\entry{LC_NUMERIC}{95}{\code {LC_NUMERIC}} -\entry{LC_TIME}{95}{\code {LC_TIME}} -\entry{LINENO}{95}{\code {LINENO}} -\entry{LINES}{95}{\code {LINES}} -\entry{MACHTYPE}{95}{\code {MACHTYPE}} -\entry{MAILCHECK}{95}{\code {MAILCHECK}} -\entry{MAPFILE}{95}{\code {MAPFILE}} -\entry{OLDPWD}{95}{\code {OLDPWD}} -\entry{OPTERR}{95}{\code {OPTERR}} -\entry{OSTYPE}{95}{\code {OSTYPE}} -\entry{PIPESTATUS}{95}{\code {PIPESTATUS}} -\entry{POSIXLY_CORRECT}{95}{\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}} -\entry{PPID}{96}{\code {PPID}} -\entry{PROMPT_COMMAND}{96}{\code {PROMPT_COMMAND}} -\entry{PROMPT_DIRTRIM}{96}{\code {PROMPT_DIRTRIM}} -\entry{PS0}{96}{\code {PS0}} -\entry{PS3}{96}{\code {PS3}} -\entry{PS4}{96}{\code {PS4}} -\entry{PWD}{96}{\code {PWD}} -\entry{RANDOM}{96}{\code {RANDOM}} -\entry{READLINE_ARGUMENT}{96}{\code {READLINE_ARGUMENT}} -\entry{READLINE_LINE}{96}{\code {READLINE_LINE}} -\entry{READLINE_MARK}{96}{\code {READLINE_MARK}} -\entry{READLINE_POINT}{97}{\code {READLINE_POINT}} -\entry{REPLY}{97}{\code {REPLY}} -\entry{SECONDS}{97}{\code {SECONDS}} -\entry{SHELL}{97}{\code {SHELL}} -\entry{SHELLOPTS}{97}{\code {SHELLOPTS}} -\entry{SHLVL}{97}{\code {SHLVL}} -\entry{SRANDOM}{97}{\code {SRANDOM}} -\entry{TIMEFORMAT}{97}{\code {TIMEFORMAT}} -\entry{TMOUT}{98}{\code {TMOUT}} -\entry{TMPDIR}{98}{\code {TMPDIR}} -\entry{UID}{98}{\code {UID}} -\entry{auto_resume}{127}{\code {auto_resume}} -\entry{active-region-start-color}{132}{\code {active-region-start-color}} -\entry{active-region-end-color}{132}{\code {active-region-end-color}} -\entry{bell-style}{132}{\code {bell-style}} -\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{133}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}} -\entry{blink-matching-paren}{133}{\code {blink-matching-paren}} -\entry{colored-completion-prefix}{133}{\code {colored-completion-prefix}} -\entry{colored-stats}{133}{\code {colored-stats}} -\entry{comment-begin}{133}{\code {comment-begin}} -\entry{completion-display-width}{133}{\code {completion-display-width}} -\entry{completion-ignore-case}{133}{\code {completion-ignore-case}} -\entry{completion-map-case}{133}{\code {completion-map-case}} -\entry{completion-prefix-display-length}{133}{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}} -\entry{completion-query-items}{134}{\code {completion-query-items}} -\entry{convert-meta}{134}{\code {convert-meta}} -\entry{disable-completion}{134}{\code {disable-completion}} -\entry{echo-control-characters}{134}{\code {echo-control-characters}} -\entry{editing-mode}{134}{\code {editing-mode}} -\entry{emacs-mode-string}{134}{\code {emacs-mode-string}} -\entry{enable-active-region The}{135}{\code {enable-active-region The}} -\entry{enable-bracketed-paste}{135}{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}} -\entry{enable-keypad}{135}{\code {enable-keypad}} -\entry{enable-meta-key}{135}{\code {enable-meta-key}} -\entry{expand-tilde}{135}{\code {expand-tilde}} -\entry{force-meta-prefix}{135}{\code {force-meta-prefix}} -\entry{history-preserve-point}{136}{\code {history-preserve-point}} -\entry{history-size}{136}{\code {history-size}} -\entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{136}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}} -\entry{input-meta}{136}{\code {input-meta}} -\entry{meta-flag}{136}{\code {meta-flag}} -\entry{isearch-terminators}{136}{\code {isearch-terminators}} -\entry{keymap}{136}{\code {keymap}} -\entry{mark-modified-lines}{137}{\code {mark-modified-lines}} -\entry{mark-symlinked-directories}{137}{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}} -\entry{match-hidden-files}{137}{\code {match-hidden-files}} -\entry{menu-complete-display-prefix}{137}{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}} -\entry{output-meta}{137}{\code {output-meta}} -\entry{page-completions}{137}{\code {page-completions}} -\entry{revert-all-at-newline}{138}{\code {revert-all-at-newline}} -\entry{search-ignore-case}{138}{\code {search-ignore-case}} -\entry{show-all-if-ambiguous}{138}{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}} -\entry{show-all-if-unmodified}{138}{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}} -\entry{show-mode-in-prompt}{138}{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}} -\entry{skip-completed-text}{138}{\code {skip-completed-text}} -\entry{vi-cmd-mode-string}{138}{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}} -\entry{vi-ins-mode-string}{139}{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}} -\entry{visible-stats}{139}{\code {visible-stats}} +\entry{CDPATH}{86}{\code {CDPATH}} +\entry{HOME}{86}{\code {HOME}} +\entry{IFS}{86}{\code {IFS}} +\entry{MAIL}{86}{\code {MAIL}} +\entry{MAILPATH}{86}{\code {MAILPATH}} +\entry{OPTARG}{86}{\code {OPTARG}} +\entry{OPTIND}{86}{\code {OPTIND}} +\entry{PATH}{86}{\code {PATH}} +\entry{PS1}{86}{\code {PS1}} +\entry{PS2}{86}{\code {PS2}} +\entry{_}{87}{\code {_}} +\entry{$_}{87}{\code {$_}} +\entry{BASH}{87}{\code {BASH}} +\entry{BASHOPTS}{87}{\code {BASHOPTS}} +\entry{BASHPID}{87}{\code {BASHPID}} +\entry{BASH_ALIASES}{87}{\code {BASH_ALIASES}} +\entry{BASH_ARGC}{87}{\code {BASH_ARGC}} +\entry{BASH_ARGV}{88}{\code {BASH_ARGV}} +\entry{BASH_ARGV0}{88}{\code {BASH_ARGV0}} +\entry{BASH_CMDS}{88}{\code {BASH_CMDS}} +\entry{BASH_COMMAND}{88}{\code {BASH_COMMAND}} +\entry{BASH_COMPAT}{88}{\code {BASH_COMPAT}} +\entry{BASH_ENV}{88}{\code {BASH_ENV}} +\entry{BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}{89}{\code {BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}} +\entry{BASH_LINENO}{89}{\code {BASH_LINENO}} +\entry{BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}{89}{\code {BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}} +\entry{BASH_MONOSECONDS}{89}{\code {BASH_MONOSECONDS}} +\entry{BASH_REMATCH}{89}{\code {BASH_REMATCH}} +\entry{BASH_SOURCE}{89}{\code {BASH_SOURCE}} +\entry{BASH_SUBSHELL}{89}{\code {BASH_SUBSHELL}} +\entry{BASH_TRAPSIG}{89}{\code {BASH_TRAPSIG}} +\entry{BASH_VERSINFO}{89}{\code {BASH_VERSINFO}} +\entry{BASH_VERSION}{90}{\code {BASH_VERSION}} +\entry{BASH_XTRACEFD}{90}{\code {BASH_XTRACEFD}} +\entry{CHILD_MAX}{90}{\code {CHILD_MAX}} +\entry{COLUMNS}{90}{\code {COLUMNS}} +\entry{COMP_CWORD}{90}{\code {COMP_CWORD}} +\entry{COMP_KEY}{90}{\code {COMP_KEY}} +\entry{COMP_LINE}{91}{\code {COMP_LINE}} +\entry{COMP_POINT}{91}{\code {COMP_POINT}} +\entry{COMP_TYPE}{91}{\code {COMP_TYPE}} +\entry{COMP_WORDBREAKS}{91}{\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}} +\entry{COMP_WORDS}{91}{\code {COMP_WORDS}} +\entry{COMPREPLY}{91}{\code {COMPREPLY}} +\entry{COPROC}{91}{\code {COPROC}} +\entry{DIRSTACK}{91}{\code {DIRSTACK}} +\entry{EMACS}{92}{\code {EMACS}} +\entry{ENV}{92}{\code {ENV}} +\entry{EPOCHREALTIME}{92}{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}} +\entry{EPOCHSECONDS}{92}{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}} +\entry{EUID}{92}{\code {EUID}} +\entry{EXECIGNORE}{92}{\code {EXECIGNORE}} +\entry{FCEDIT}{92}{\code {FCEDIT}} +\entry{FIGNORE}{92}{\code {FIGNORE}} +\entry{FUNCNAME}{92}{\code {FUNCNAME}} +\entry{FUNCNEST}{93}{\code {FUNCNEST}} +\entry{GLOBIGNORE}{93}{\code {GLOBIGNORE}} +\entry{GLOBSORT}{93}{\code {GLOBSORT}} +\entry{GROUPS}{93}{\code {GROUPS}} +\entry{histchars}{93}{\code {histchars}} +\entry{HISTCMD}{94}{\code {HISTCMD}} +\entry{HISTCONTROL}{94}{\code {HISTCONTROL}} +\entry{HISTFILE}{94}{\code {HISTFILE}} +\entry{HISTFILESIZE}{94}{\code {HISTFILESIZE}} +\entry{HISTIGNORE}{94}{\code {HISTIGNORE}} +\entry{HISTSIZE}{95}{\code {HISTSIZE}} +\entry{HISTTIMEFORMAT}{95}{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}} +\entry{HOSTFILE}{95}{\code {HOSTFILE}} +\entry{HOSTNAME}{95}{\code {HOSTNAME}} +\entry{HOSTTYPE}{95}{\code {HOSTTYPE}} +\entry{IGNOREEOF}{95}{\code {IGNOREEOF}} +\entry{INPUTRC}{95}{\code {INPUTRC}} +\entry{INSIDE_EMACS}{95}{\code {INSIDE_EMACS}} +\entry{LANG}{95}{\code {LANG}} +\entry{LC_ALL}{95}{\code {LC_ALL}} +\entry{LC_COLLATE}{96}{\code {LC_COLLATE}} +\entry{LC_CTYPE}{96}{\code {LC_CTYPE}} +\entry{LC_MESSAGES}{96}{\code {LC_MESSAGES}} +\entry{LC_NUMERIC}{96}{\code {LC_NUMERIC}} +\entry{LC_TIME}{96}{\code {LC_TIME}} +\entry{LINENO}{96}{\code {LINENO}} +\entry{LINES}{96}{\code {LINES}} +\entry{MACHTYPE}{96}{\code {MACHTYPE}} +\entry{MAILCHECK}{96}{\code {MAILCHECK}} +\entry{MAPFILE}{96}{\code {MAPFILE}} +\entry{OLDPWD}{96}{\code {OLDPWD}} +\entry{OPTERR}{96}{\code {OPTERR}} +\entry{OSTYPE}{96}{\code {OSTYPE}} +\entry{PIPESTATUS}{96}{\code {PIPESTATUS}} +\entry{POSIXLY_CORRECT}{97}{\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}} +\entry{PPID}{97}{\code {PPID}} +\entry{PROMPT_COMMAND}{97}{\code {PROMPT_COMMAND}} +\entry{PROMPT_DIRTRIM}{97}{\code {PROMPT_DIRTRIM}} +\entry{PS0}{97}{\code {PS0}} +\entry{PS3}{97}{\code {PS3}} +\entry{PS4}{97}{\code {PS4}} +\entry{PWD}{97}{\code {PWD}} +\entry{RANDOM}{97}{\code {RANDOM}} +\entry{READLINE_ARGUMENT}{97}{\code {READLINE_ARGUMENT}} +\entry{READLINE_LINE}{97}{\code {READLINE_LINE}} +\entry{READLINE_MARK}{98}{\code {READLINE_MARK}} +\entry{READLINE_POINT}{98}{\code {READLINE_POINT}} +\entry{REPLY}{98}{\code {REPLY}} +\entry{SECONDS}{98}{\code {SECONDS}} +\entry{SHELL}{98}{\code {SHELL}} +\entry{SHELLOPTS}{98}{\code {SHELLOPTS}} +\entry{SHLVL}{98}{\code {SHLVL}} +\entry{SRANDOM}{98}{\code {SRANDOM}} +\entry{TIMEFORMAT}{98}{\code {TIMEFORMAT}} +\entry{TMOUT}{99}{\code {TMOUT}} +\entry{TMPDIR}{99}{\code {TMPDIR}} +\entry{UID}{99}{\code {UID}} +\entry{auto_resume}{129}{\code {auto_resume}} +\entry{active-region-start-color}{134}{\code {active-region-start-color}} +\entry{active-region-end-color}{134}{\code {active-region-end-color}} +\entry{bell-style}{134}{\code {bell-style}} +\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{135}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}} +\entry{blink-matching-paren}{135}{\code {blink-matching-paren}} +\entry{colored-completion-prefix}{135}{\code {colored-completion-prefix}} +\entry{colored-stats}{135}{\code {colored-stats}} +\entry{comment-begin}{135}{\code {comment-begin}} +\entry{completion-display-width}{135}{\code {completion-display-width}} +\entry{completion-ignore-case}{135}{\code {completion-ignore-case}} +\entry{completion-map-case}{135}{\code {completion-map-case}} +\entry{completion-prefix-display-length}{135}{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}} +\entry{completion-query-items}{136}{\code {completion-query-items}} +\entry{convert-meta}{136}{\code {convert-meta}} +\entry{disable-completion}{136}{\code {disable-completion}} +\entry{echo-control-characters}{136}{\code {echo-control-characters}} +\entry{editing-mode}{136}{\code {editing-mode}} +\entry{emacs-mode-string}{136}{\code {emacs-mode-string}} +\entry{enable-active-region The}{137}{\code {enable-active-region The}} +\entry{enable-bracketed-paste}{137}{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}} +\entry{enable-keypad}{137}{\code {enable-keypad}} +\entry{enable-meta-key}{137}{\code {enable-meta-key}} +\entry{expand-tilde}{137}{\code {expand-tilde}} +\entry{force-meta-prefix}{137}{\code {force-meta-prefix}} +\entry{history-preserve-point}{138}{\code {history-preserve-point}} +\entry{history-size}{138}{\code {history-size}} +\entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{138}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}} +\entry{input-meta}{138}{\code {input-meta}} +\entry{meta-flag}{138}{\code {meta-flag}} +\entry{isearch-terminators}{138}{\code {isearch-terminators}} +\entry{keymap}{138}{\code {keymap}} +\entry{mark-modified-lines}{139}{\code {mark-modified-lines}} +\entry{mark-symlinked-directories}{139}{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}} +\entry{match-hidden-files}{139}{\code {match-hidden-files}} +\entry{menu-complete-display-prefix}{139}{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}} +\entry{output-meta}{139}{\code {output-meta}} +\entry{page-completions}{139}{\code {page-completions}} +\entry{revert-all-at-newline}{140}{\code {revert-all-at-newline}} +\entry{search-ignore-case}{140}{\code {search-ignore-case}} +\entry{show-all-if-ambiguous}{140}{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}} +\entry{show-all-if-unmodified}{140}{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}} +\entry{show-mode-in-prompt}{140}{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}} +\entry{skip-completed-text}{140}{\code {skip-completed-text}} +\entry{vi-cmd-mode-string}{140}{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}} +\entry{vi-ins-mode-string}{141}{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}} +\entry{visible-stats}{141}{\code {visible-stats}} diff --git a/doc/bashref.vrs b/doc/bashref.vrs index 2f21daaa7..6b2896c5b 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.vrs +++ b/doc/bashref.vrs @@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ \entry{\code {$!}}{24} \entry{\code {$#}}{24} \entry{\code {$$}}{24} -\entry{\code {$*}}{23} +\entry{\code {$*}}{24} \entry{\code {$-}}{24} \entry{\code {$?}}{24} \entry{\code {$@}}{24} -\entry{\code {$_}}{86} +\entry{\code {$_}}{87} \entry{\code {$0}}{24} \initial {*} -\entry{\code {*}}{23} +\entry{\code {*}}{24} \initial {-} \entry{\code {-}}{24} \initial {?} @@ -22,184 +22,184 @@ \initial {@} \entry{\code {@}}{24} \initial {_} -\entry{\code {_}}{86} +\entry{\code {_}}{87} \initial {0} \entry{\code {0}}{24} \initial {A} -\entry{\code {active-region-end-color}}{132} -\entry{\code {active-region-start-color}}{132} -\entry{\code {auto_resume}}{127} +\entry{\code {active-region-end-color}}{134} +\entry{\code {active-region-start-color}}{134} +\entry{\code {auto_resume}}{129} \initial {B} -\entry{\code {BASH}}{86} -\entry{\code {BASH_ALIASES}}{86} -\entry{\code {BASH_ARGC}}{86} -\entry{\code {BASH_ARGV}}{86} -\entry{\code {BASH_ARGV0}}{87} -\entry{\code {BASH_CMDS}}{87} -\entry{\code {BASH_COMMAND}}{87} -\entry{\code {BASH_COMPAT}}{87} -\entry{\code {BASH_ENV}}{87} -\entry{\code {BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}}{87} -\entry{\code {BASH_LINENO}}{88} -\entry{\code {BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}}{88} -\entry{\code {BASH_MONOSECONDS}}{88} -\entry{\code {BASH_REMATCH}}{88} -\entry{\code {BASH_SOURCE}}{88} -\entry{\code {BASH_SUBSHELL}}{88} -\entry{\code {BASH_TRAPSIG}}{88} -\entry{\code {BASH_VERSINFO}}{88} -\entry{\code {BASH_VERSION}}{89} -\entry{\code {BASH_XTRACEFD}}{89} -\entry{\code {BASHOPTS}}{86} -\entry{\code {BASHPID}}{86} -\entry{\code {bell-style}}{132} -\entry{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{133} -\entry{\code {blink-matching-paren}}{133} +\entry{\code {BASH}}{87} +\entry{\code {BASH_ALIASES}}{87} +\entry{\code {BASH_ARGC}}{87} +\entry{\code {BASH_ARGV}}{88} +\entry{\code {BASH_ARGV0}}{88} +\entry{\code {BASH_CMDS}}{88} +\entry{\code {BASH_COMMAND}}{88} +\entry{\code {BASH_COMPAT}}{88} +\entry{\code {BASH_ENV}}{88} +\entry{\code {BASH_EXECUTION_STRING}}{89} +\entry{\code {BASH_LINENO}}{89} +\entry{\code {BASH_LOADABLES_PATH}}{89} +\entry{\code {BASH_MONOSECONDS}}{89} +\entry{\code {BASH_REMATCH}}{89} +\entry{\code {BASH_SOURCE}}{89} +\entry{\code {BASH_SUBSHELL}}{89} +\entry{\code {BASH_TRAPSIG}}{89} +\entry{\code {BASH_VERSINFO}}{89} +\entry{\code {BASH_VERSION}}{90} +\entry{\code {BASH_XTRACEFD}}{90} +\entry{\code {BASHOPTS}}{87} +\entry{\code {BASHPID}}{87} +\entry{\code {bell-style}}{134} +\entry{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}{135} +\entry{\code {blink-matching-paren}}{135} \initial {C} -\entry{\code {CDPATH}}{85} -\entry{\code {CHILD_MAX}}{89} -\entry{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}{133} -\entry{\code {colored-stats}}{133} -\entry{\code {COLUMNS}}{89} -\entry{\code {comment-begin}}{133} -\entry{\code {COMP_CWORD}}{89} -\entry{\code {COMP_KEY}}{89} -\entry{\code {COMP_LINE}}{89} -\entry{\code {COMP_POINT}}{90} -\entry{\code {COMP_TYPE}}{90} -\entry{\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}}{90} -\entry{\code {COMP_WORDS}}{90} -\entry{\code {completion-display-width}}{133} -\entry{\code {completion-ignore-case}}{133} -\entry{\code {completion-map-case}}{133} -\entry{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}{133} -\entry{\code {completion-query-items}}{134} -\entry{\code {COMPREPLY}}{90} -\entry{\code {convert-meta}}{134} -\entry{\code {COPROC}}{90} +\entry{\code {CDPATH}}{86} +\entry{\code {CHILD_MAX}}{90} +\entry{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}{135} +\entry{\code {colored-stats}}{135} +\entry{\code {COLUMNS}}{90} +\entry{\code {comment-begin}}{135} +\entry{\code {COMP_CWORD}}{90} +\entry{\code {COMP_KEY}}{90} +\entry{\code {COMP_LINE}}{91} +\entry{\code {COMP_POINT}}{91} +\entry{\code {COMP_TYPE}}{91} +\entry{\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}}{91} +\entry{\code {COMP_WORDS}}{91} +\entry{\code {completion-display-width}}{135} +\entry{\code {completion-ignore-case}}{135} +\entry{\code {completion-map-case}}{135} +\entry{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}{135} +\entry{\code {completion-query-items}}{136} +\entry{\code {COMPREPLY}}{91} +\entry{\code {convert-meta}}{136} +\entry{\code {COPROC}}{91} \initial {D} -\entry{\code {DIRSTACK}}{90} -\entry{\code {disable-completion}}{134} +\entry{\code {DIRSTACK}}{91} +\entry{\code {disable-completion}}{136} \initial {E} -\entry{\code {echo-control-characters}}{134} -\entry{\code {editing-mode}}{134} -\entry{\code {emacs-mode-string}}{134} -\entry{\code {EMACS}}{90} -\entry{\code {enable-active-region The}}{135} -\entry{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}{135} -\entry{\code {enable-keypad}}{135} -\entry{\code {enable-meta-key}}{135} -\entry{\code {ENV}}{90} -\entry{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}}{91} -\entry{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}}{91} -\entry{\code {EUID}}{91} -\entry{\code {EXECIGNORE}}{91} -\entry{\code {expand-tilde}}{135} +\entry{\code {echo-control-characters}}{136} +\entry{\code {editing-mode}}{136} +\entry{\code {emacs-mode-string}}{136} +\entry{\code {EMACS}}{92} +\entry{\code {enable-active-region The}}{137} +\entry{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}{137} +\entry{\code {enable-keypad}}{137} +\entry{\code {enable-meta-key}}{137} +\entry{\code {ENV}}{92} +\entry{\code {EPOCHREALTIME}}{92} +\entry{\code {EPOCHSECONDS}}{92} +\entry{\code {EUID}}{92} +\entry{\code {EXECIGNORE}}{92} +\entry{\code {expand-tilde}}{137} \initial {F} -\entry{\code {FCEDIT}}{91} -\entry{\code {FIGNORE}}{91} -\entry{\code {force-meta-prefix}}{135} -\entry{\code {FUNCNAME}}{91} -\entry{\code {FUNCNEST}}{91} +\entry{\code {FCEDIT}}{92} +\entry{\code {FIGNORE}}{92} +\entry{\code {force-meta-prefix}}{137} +\entry{\code {FUNCNAME}}{92} +\entry{\code {FUNCNEST}}{93} \initial {G} -\entry{\code {GLOBIGNORE}}{91} -\entry{\code {GLOBSORT}}{92} -\entry{\code {GROUPS}}{92} +\entry{\code {GLOBIGNORE}}{93} +\entry{\code {GLOBSORT}}{93} +\entry{\code {GROUPS}}{93} \initial {H} -\entry{\code {histchars}}{92} -\entry{\code {HISTCMD}}{92} -\entry{\code {HISTCONTROL}}{93} -\entry{\code {HISTFILE}}{93} -\entry{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}{93} -\entry{\code {HISTIGNORE}}{93} -\entry{\code {history-preserve-point}}{136} -\entry{\code {history-size}}{136} -\entry{\code {HISTSIZE}}{93} -\entry{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}{94} -\entry{\code {HOME}}{85} -\entry{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}{136} -\entry{\code {HOSTFILE}}{94} -\entry{\code {HOSTNAME}}{94} -\entry{\code {HOSTTYPE}}{94} +\entry{\code {histchars}}{93} +\entry{\code {HISTCMD}}{94} +\entry{\code {HISTCONTROL}}{94} +\entry{\code {HISTFILE}}{94} +\entry{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}{94} +\entry{\code {HISTIGNORE}}{94} +\entry{\code {history-preserve-point}}{138} +\entry{\code {history-size}}{138} +\entry{\code {HISTSIZE}}{95} +\entry{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}{95} +\entry{\code {HOME}}{86} +\entry{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}{138} +\entry{\code {HOSTFILE}}{95} +\entry{\code {HOSTNAME}}{95} +\entry{\code {HOSTTYPE}}{95} \initial {I} -\entry{\code {IFS}}{85} -\entry{\code {IGNOREEOF}}{94} -\entry{\code {input-meta}}{136} -\entry{\code {INPUTRC}}{94} -\entry{\code {INSIDE_EMACS}}{94} -\entry{\code {isearch-terminators}}{136} +\entry{\code {IFS}}{86} +\entry{\code {IGNOREEOF}}{95} +\entry{\code {input-meta}}{138} +\entry{\code {INPUTRC}}{95} +\entry{\code {INSIDE_EMACS}}{95} +\entry{\code {isearch-terminators}}{138} \initial {K} -\entry{\code {keymap}}{136} +\entry{\code {keymap}}{138} \initial {L} -\entry{\code {LANG}}{8, 94} -\entry{\code {LC_ALL}}{94} -\entry{\code {LC_COLLATE}}{94} -\entry{\code {LC_CTYPE}}{95} -\entry{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}{8, 95} -\entry{\code {LC_NUMERIC}}{95} -\entry{\code {LC_TIME}}{95} -\entry{\code {LINENO}}{95} -\entry{\code {LINES}}{95} +\entry{\code {LANG}}{8, 95} +\entry{\code {LC_ALL}}{95} +\entry{\code {LC_COLLATE}}{96} +\entry{\code {LC_CTYPE}}{96} +\entry{\code {LC_MESSAGES}}{8, 96} +\entry{\code {LC_NUMERIC}}{96} +\entry{\code {LC_TIME}}{96} +\entry{\code {LINENO}}{96} +\entry{\code {LINES}}{96} \initial {M} -\entry{\code {MACHTYPE}}{95} -\entry{\code {MAIL}}{85} -\entry{\code {MAILCHECK}}{95} -\entry{\code {MAILPATH}}{85} -\entry{\code {MAPFILE}}{95} -\entry{\code {mark-modified-lines}}{137} -\entry{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}{137} -\entry{\code {match-hidden-files}}{137} -\entry{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}{137} -\entry{\code {meta-flag}}{136} +\entry{\code {MACHTYPE}}{96} +\entry{\code {MAIL}}{86} +\entry{\code {MAILCHECK}}{96} +\entry{\code {MAILPATH}}{86} +\entry{\code {MAPFILE}}{96} +\entry{\code {mark-modified-lines}}{139} +\entry{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}{139} +\entry{\code {match-hidden-files}}{139} +\entry{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}{139} +\entry{\code {meta-flag}}{138} \initial {O} -\entry{\code {OLDPWD}}{95} -\entry{\code {OPTARG}}{85} -\entry{\code {OPTERR}}{95} -\entry{\code {OPTIND}}{85} -\entry{\code {OSTYPE}}{95} -\entry{\code {output-meta}}{137} +\entry{\code {OLDPWD}}{96} +\entry{\code {OPTARG}}{86} +\entry{\code {OPTERR}}{96} +\entry{\code {OPTIND}}{86} +\entry{\code {OSTYPE}}{96} +\entry{\code {output-meta}}{139} \initial {P} -\entry{\code {page-completions}}{137} -\entry{\code {PATH}}{85} -\entry{\code {PIPESTATUS}}{95} -\entry{\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}}{95} -\entry{\code {PPID}}{96} -\entry{\code {PROMPT_COMMAND}}{96} -\entry{\code {PROMPT_DIRTRIM}}{96} -\entry{\code {PS0}}{96} -\entry{\code {PS1}}{85} -\entry{\code {PS2}}{85} -\entry{\code {PS3}}{96} -\entry{\code {PS4}}{96} -\entry{\code {PWD}}{96} +\entry{\code {page-completions}}{139} +\entry{\code {PATH}}{86} +\entry{\code {PIPESTATUS}}{96} +\entry{\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}}{97} +\entry{\code {PPID}}{97} +\entry{\code {PROMPT_COMMAND}}{97} +\entry{\code {PROMPT_DIRTRIM}}{97} +\entry{\code {PS0}}{97} +\entry{\code {PS1}}{86} +\entry{\code {PS2}}{86} +\entry{\code {PS3}}{97} +\entry{\code {PS4}}{97} +\entry{\code {PWD}}{97} \initial {R} -\entry{\code {RANDOM}}{96} -\entry{\code {READLINE_ARGUMENT}}{96} -\entry{\code {READLINE_LINE}}{96} -\entry{\code {READLINE_MARK}}{96} -\entry{\code {READLINE_POINT}}{97} -\entry{\code {REPLY}}{97} -\entry{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}{138} +\entry{\code {RANDOM}}{97} +\entry{\code {READLINE_ARGUMENT}}{97} +\entry{\code {READLINE_LINE}}{97} +\entry{\code {READLINE_MARK}}{98} +\entry{\code {READLINE_POINT}}{98} +\entry{\code {REPLY}}{98} +\entry{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}{140} \initial {S} -\entry{\code {search-ignore-case}}{138} -\entry{\code {SECONDS}}{97} -\entry{\code {SHELL}}{97} -\entry{\code {SHELLOPTS}}{97} -\entry{\code {SHLVL}}{97} -\entry{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}{138} -\entry{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}{138} -\entry{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}{138} -\entry{\code {skip-completed-text}}{138} -\entry{\code {SRANDOM}}{97} +\entry{\code {search-ignore-case}}{140} +\entry{\code {SECONDS}}{98} +\entry{\code {SHELL}}{98} +\entry{\code {SHELLOPTS}}{98} +\entry{\code {SHLVL}}{98} +\entry{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}{140} +\entry{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}{140} +\entry{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}{140} +\entry{\code {skip-completed-text}}{140} +\entry{\code {SRANDOM}}{98} \initial {T} \entry{\code {TEXTDOMAIN}}{8} \entry{\code {TEXTDOMAINDIR}}{8} -\entry{\code {TIMEFORMAT}}{97} -\entry{\code {TMOUT}}{98} -\entry{\code {TMPDIR}}{98} +\entry{\code {TIMEFORMAT}}{98} +\entry{\code {TMOUT}}{99} +\entry{\code {TMPDIR}}{99} \initial {U} -\entry{\code {UID}}{98} +\entry{\code {UID}}{99} \initial {V} -\entry{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}{138} -\entry{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}{139} -\entry{\code {visible-stats}}{139} +\entry{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}{140} +\entry{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}{141} +\entry{\code {visible-stats}}{141} diff --git a/doc/builtins.0 b/doc/builtins.0 index dc07b3cbd..a92b17d72 100644 --- a/doc/builtins.0 +++ b/doc/builtins.0 @@ -1354,20 +1354,20 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR in _b_a_s_h(1)), exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list immediately following - a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the - iiff or eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed - in a &&&& or |||| list except the command following the fi- - nal &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last - (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or - if the command's return value is being inverted with !!. - If a compound command other than a subshell returns a - non-zero status because a command failed while --ee was - being ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, - if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option - applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- - ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT in - _b_a_s_h(1)), and may cause subshells to exit before execut- - ing all the commands in the subshell. + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill reserved word, part of the test follow- + ing the iiff or eelliiff reserved words, part of any command + executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command following + the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the + last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell op- + tion), or if the command's return value is being in- + verted with !!. If a compound command other than a sub- + shell returns a non-zero status because a command failed + while --ee was being ignored, the shell does not exit. A + trap on EERRRR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. + This option applies to the shell environment and each + subshell environment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN + EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT in _b_a_s_h(1)), and may cause subshells to exit + before executing all the commands in the subshell. If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands @@ -1975,18 +1975,19 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following - a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, - part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command - following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the - last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell option), or if - the command's return value is being inverted using !!. These are - the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) option. + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill reserved word, part of the test in an _i_f state- + ment, part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the + command following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline + but the last (subject to the state of the ppiippeeffaaiill shell op- + tion), or if the command's return value is being inverted using + !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) op- + tion. When the shell is not interactive, signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Interactive shells permit trapping signals ignored on entry. Trapped signals that are not - being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell - or subshell environment when one is created. The return status + being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell + or subshell environment when one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. ttrruuee Does nothing, returns a 0 status. @@ -1995,61 +1996,61 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if used as a command name. - If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a string which is one of - _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, - shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re- - spectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, ttyyppee prints nothing and + If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a string which is one of + _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, + shell reserved word, function, builtin, or executable file, re- + spectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, ttyyppee prints nothing and returns a non-zero exit status. - If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the pathname of - the executable file that would be found by searching $$PPAATTHH for - _n_a_m_e or nothing if would not return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces - a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if would not return _f_i_l_e. If + If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the pathname of + the executable file that would be found by searching $$PPAATTHH for + _n_a_m_e or nothing if would not return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces + a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if would not return _f_i_l_e. If _n_a_m_e is present in the table of hashed commands, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. - If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that - contain a command named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases, reserved - words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (--pp - and --PP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable - files. ttyyppee does not consult the table of hashed commands when + If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that + contain a command named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases, reserved + words, functions, and builtins, but the path search options (--pp + and --PP) can be supplied to restrict the output to executable + files. ttyyppee does not consult the table of hashed commands when using --aa with --pp, and only performs a PPAATTHH search for _n_a_m_e. The --ff option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the ccoomm-- - mmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are + mmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] --aa uulliimmiitt [--HHSS] [--bbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPRRTT [_l_i_m_i_t]] - Provides control over the resources available to the shell and + Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to processes it starts, on systems that allow such control. - The --HH and --SS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is + The --HH and --SS options specify whether the hard or soft limit is set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up - to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- + to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- fied, uulliimmiitt sets both the soft and hard limits. The value of _l_i_m_i_t can be a number in the unit specified for the - resource or one of the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, - which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, - and no limit, respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, uulliimmiitt prints - the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the - --HH option is given. When more than one resource is specified, - the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the + resource or one of the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, + which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, + and no limit, respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, uulliimmiitt prints + the current value of the soft limit of the resource, unless the + --HH option is given. When more than one resource is specified, + the limit name and unit, if appropriate, are printed before the value. Other options are interpreted as follows: --aa Report all current limits; no limits are set. --bb The maximum socket buffer size. --cc The maximum size of core files created. --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment. --ee The maximum scheduling priority ( - --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children. --ii The maximum number of pending signals. --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated. --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory. - --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor + --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit). --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not allow this value to be set). @@ -2058,146 +2059,146 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority. --ss The maximum stack size. --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. - --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single + --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single user. - --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the + --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on some systems, to its children. --xx The maximum number of file locks. --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals. - --RR The maximum time a real-time process can run before + --RR The maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking, in microseconds. --TT The maximum number of threads. - If _l_i_m_i_t is supplied, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is - the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup- + If _l_i_m_i_t is supplied, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is + the new value of the specified resource. If no option is sup- plied, then --ff is assumed. - Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, which is in - seconds; --RR, which is in microseconds; --pp, which is in units of - 512-byte blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled - values; and, when in posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in - 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid + Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, which is in + seconds; --RR, which is in microseconds; --pp, which is in units of + 512-byte blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled + values; and, when in posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in + 512-byte increments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] - Set the user file-creation mask to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with a + Set the user file-creation mask to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is in- - terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by + terpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, uummaasskk prints the current value of the mask. The --SS option without a _m_o_d_e argument prints the mask in a symbolic format; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in - a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero - if the mode was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was + a form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero + if the mode was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, and non-zero otherwise. uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is - supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is + Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is + supplied, remove all alias definitions. The return value is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...] - For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. + For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable, - and that variable is removed. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e - refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re- - moved. If the --nn option is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable - with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the - variable it references. --nn has no effect if the --ff option is - supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset. - When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed - from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op- - tions are supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is - no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is - unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of + and that variable is removed. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e + refers to a shell function, and the function definition is re- + moved. If the --nn option is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable + with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the + variable it references. --nn has no effect if the --ff option is + supplied. Read-only variables and functions may not be unset. + When variables or functions are removed, they are also removed + from the environment passed to subsequent commands. If no op- + tions are supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is + no variable by that name, a function with that name, if any, is + unset. Some shell variables may not be unset. If any of BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS, BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00, BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS, BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD, BBAASSHH__SSUUBB-- - SSHHEELLLL, BBAASSHHPPIIDD, CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK, EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE, - EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, LLIINNEENNOO, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECC-- - OONNDDSS, or SSRRAANNDDOOMM are unset, they lose their special properties, - even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true + SSHHEELLLL, BBAASSHHPPIIDD, CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK, EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE, + EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, LLIINNEENNOO, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECC-- + OONNDDSS, or SSRRAANNDDOOMM are unset, they lose their special properties, + even if they are subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is readonly or may not be unset. wwaaiitt [--ffnn] [--pp _v_a_r_n_a_m_e] [_i_d ...] Wait for each specified child process _i_d and return the termina- - tion status of the last _i_d. Each _i_d may be a process ID _p_i_d or - a job specification _j_o_b_s_p_e_c; if a jobspec is supplied, wwaaiitt + tion status of the last _i_d. Each _i_d may be a process ID _p_i_d or + a job specification _j_o_b_s_p_e_c; if a jobspec is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for all processes in the job. - If no options or _i_ds are supplied, wwaaiitt waits for all running - background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if + If no options or _i_ds are supplied, wwaaiitt waits for all running + background jobs and the last-executed process substitution, if its process id is the same as $$!!, and the return status is zero. - If the --nn option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any one of the + If the --nn option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any one of the given _i_ds or, if no _i_ds are supplied, any job or process substi- tution, to complete and returns its exit status. If none of the - supplied _i_ds is a child of the shell, or if no _i_ds are supplied - and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is + supplied _i_ds is a child of the shell, or if no _i_ds are supplied + and the shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127. - If the --pp option is supplied, wwaaiitt assigns the process or job - identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to - the variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e named by the option argument. The vari- - able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before - any assignment. This is useful only when used with the --nn op- + If the --pp option is supplied, wwaaiitt assigns the process or job + identifier of the job for which the exit status is returned to + the variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e named by the option argument. The vari- + able, which cannot be readonly, will be unset initially, before + any assignment. This is useful only when used with the --nn op- tion. - Supplying the --ff option, when job control is enabled, forces - wwaaiitt to wait for each _i_d to terminate before returning its sta- + Supplying the --ff option, when job control is enabled, forces + wwaaiitt to wait for each _i_d to terminate before returning its sta- tus, instead of returning when it changes status. - If none of the _i_ds specify one of the shell's active child - processes, the return status is 127. If wwaaiitt is interrupted by - a signal, any _v_a_r_n_a_m_e will remain unset, and the return status + If none of the _i_ds specify one of the shell's active child + processes, the return status is 127. If wwaaiitt is interrupted by + a signal, any _v_a_r_n_a_m_e will remain unset, and the return status will be greater than 128, as described under SSIIGGNNAALLSS in _b_a_s_h(1). Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last _i_d. SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE - Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _s_h_e_l_l _c_o_m_p_a_t_i_b_i_l_i_t_y _l_e_v_e_l, speci- + Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a _s_h_e_l_l _c_o_m_p_a_t_i_b_i_l_i_t_y _l_e_v_e_l, speci- fied as a set of options to the shopt builtin (ccoommppaatt3311, ccoommppaatt3322, ccoomm-- - ppaatt4400, ccoommppaatt4411, and so on). There is only one current compatibility + ppaatt4400, ccoommppaatt4411, and so on). There is only one current compatibility level -- each option is mutually exclusive. The compatibility level is - intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that - is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use - current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu- + intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions that + is incompatible with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use + current features and behavior. It's intended to be a temporary solu- tion. - This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu- - lar version (e.g., setting ccoommppaatt3322 means that quoting the right hand - side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters - in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver- + This section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu- + lar version (e.g., setting ccoommppaatt3322 means that quoting the right hand + side of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters + in the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and subsequent ver- sions). - If a user enables, say, ccoommppaatt3322, it may affect the behavior of other - compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility - level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior - that changed in that version of bbaasshh, but that behavior may have been - present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale- - based comparisons with the [[[[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier + If a user enables, say, ccoommppaatt3322, it may affect the behavior of other + compatibility levels up to and including the current compatibility + level. The idea is that each compatibility level controls behavior + that changed in that version of bbaasshh, but that behavior may have been + present in earlier versions. For instance, the change to use locale- + based comparisons with the [[[[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling ccoommppaatt3322 will enable - ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi- - cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility - levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to + ASCII-based comparisons as well. That granularity may not be suffi- + cient for all uses, and as a result users should employ compatibility + levels carefully. Read the documentation for a particular feature to find out the current behavior. - Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT. The value as- + Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT. The value as- signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte- - ger corresponding to the ccoommppaatt_N_N option, like 42) determines the com- + ger corresponding to the ccoommppaatt_N_N option, like 42) determines the com- patibility level. Starting with bash-4.4, bbaasshh began deprecating older compatibility lev- els. Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT. - Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt - option for the previous version. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is the only mechanism to + Bash-5.0 was the final version for which there was an individual shopt + option for the previous version. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is the only mechanism to control the compatibility level in versions newer than bash-5.0. - The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each + The following table describes the behavior changes controlled by each compatibility level setting. The ccoommppaatt_N_N tag is used as shorthand for setting the compatibility level to _N_N using one of the following mecha- - nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be - set using the corresponding ccoommppaatt_N_N shopt option. For bash-4.3 and - later versions, the BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT variable is preferred, and it is re- + nisms. For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may be + set using the corresponding ccoommppaatt_N_N shopt option. For bash-4.3 and + later versions, the BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT variable is preferred, and it is re- quired for bash-5.1 and later versions. ccoommppaatt3311 @@ -2205,118 +2206,118 @@ SSHHEELLLL CCOOMMPPAATTIIBBIILLIITTYY MMOODDEE ator (=) has no special effect. ccoommppaatt3322 - +o The << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider + +o The << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII ordering. ccoommppaatt4400 - +o The << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider + +o The << and >> operators to the [[[[ command do not consider the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII ordering. BBaasshh versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col- - lation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current + lation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). ccoommppaatt4411 - +o In posix mode, ttiimmee may be followed by options and still + +o In posix mode, ttiimmee may be followed by options and still be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre- tation 267). +o In _p_o_s_i_x mode, the parser requires that an even number of - single quotes occur in the _w_o_r_d portion of a double- - quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so - that characters within the single quotes are considered + single quotes occur in the _w_o_r_d portion of a double- + quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially, so + that characters within the single quotes are considered quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221). ccoommppaatt4422 +o The replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu- - tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver- + tion does not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver- sions after bash-4.2. - +o In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when - expanding the _w_o_r_d portion of a double-quoted parameter - expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or - other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre- - tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not + +o In posix mode, single quotes are considered special when + expanding the _w_o_r_d portion of a double-quoted parameter + expansion and can be used to quote a closing brace or + other special character (this is part of POSIX interpre- + tation 221); in later versions, single quotes are not special within double-quoted word expansions. ccoommppaatt4433 - +o Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors - that cause the current command to fail, even in posix - mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors + +o Word expansion errors are considered non-fatal errors + that cause the current command to fail, even in posix + mode (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit). - +o When executing a shell function, the loop state + +o When executing a shell function, the loop state (while/until/etc.) is not reset, so bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in that function will break or continue loops in the calling context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to pre- vent this. ccoommppaatt4444 - +o The shell sets up the values used by BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV and - BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC so they can expand to the shell's positional - parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en- + +o The shell sets up the values used by BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV and + BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC so they can expand to the shell's positional + parameters even if extended debugging mode is not en- abled. - +o A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so - bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee will cause the subshell to exit. - Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the + +o A subshell inherits loops from its parent context, so + bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee will cause the subshell to exit. + Bash-5.0 and later reset the loop state to prevent the exit - +o Variable assignments preceding builtins like eexxppoorrtt and + +o Variable assignments preceding builtins like eexxppoorrtt and rreeaaddoonnllyy that set attributes continue to affect variables with the same name in the calling environment even if the shell is not in posix mode. ccoommppaatt5500 - +o Bash-5.1 changed the way $$RRAANNDDOOMM is generated to intro- - duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil- + +o Bash-5.1 changed the way $$RRAANNDDOOMM is generated to intro- + duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibil- ity level is set to 50 or lower, it reverts to the method - from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran- - dom number generator by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM will + from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the ran- + dom number generator by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM will produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0. - +o If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior - to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef- - fect, even when producing output that can be reused as - input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the --ll op- + +o If the command hash table is empty, bash versions prior + to bash-5.1 printed an informational message to that ef- + fect, even when producing output that can be reused as + input. Bash-5.1 suppresses that message when the --ll op- tion is supplied. ccoommppaatt5511 - +o The uunnsseett builtin treats attempts to unset array sub- - scripts @@ and ** differently depending on whether the ar- - ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in + +o The uunnsseett builtin treats attempts to unset array sub- + scripts @@ and ** differently depending on whether the ar- + ray is indexed or associative, and differently than in previous versions. +o Arithmetic commands ( ((((...)))) ) and the expressions in an arithmetic for statement can be expanded more than once. - +o Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in - the [[[[ conditional command can be expanded more than + +o Expressions used as arguments to arithmetic operators in + the [[[[ conditional command can be expanded more than once. - +o The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion + +o The expressions in substring parameter brace expansion can be expanded more than once. +o The expressions in the $$((((...)))) word expansion can be ex- panded more than once. - +o Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts + +o Arithmetic expressions used as indexed array subscripts can be expanded more than once. - +o tteesstt --vv, when given an argument of AA[[@@]], where AA is an + +o tteesstt --vv, when given an argument of AA[[@@]], where AA is an existing associative array, will return true if the array - has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report + has any set elements. Bash-5.2 will look for and report on a key named @@. +o The ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[[::]]==_v_a_l_u_e} word expansion will return - _v_a_l_u_e, before any variable-specific transformations have + _v_a_l_u_e, before any variable-specific transformations have been performed (e.g., converting to lowercase). Bash-5.2 will return the final value assigned to the variable. - +o Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended + +o Parsing command substitutions will behave as if extended globbing (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin above) - is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con- + is enabled, so that parsing a command substitution con- taining an extglob pattern (say, as part of a shell func- - tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en- - able extglob before the command is executed and word ex- - pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion - time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com- + tion) will not fail. This assumes the intent is to en- + able extglob before the command is executed and word ex- + pansions are performed. It will fail at word expansion + time if extglob hasn't been enabled by the time the com- mand is executed. ccoommppaatt5522 - +o The tteesstt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse - parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar- + +o The tteesstt builtin uses its historical algorithm to parse + parenthesized subexpressions when given five or more ar- guments. - +o If the --pp or --PP option is supplied to the bbiinndd builtin, + +o If the --pp or --PP option is supplied to the bbiinndd builtin, bbiinndd treats any arguments remaining after option process- - ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se- - quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the + ing as bindable command names, and displays any key se- + quences bound to those commands, instead of treating the arguments as key sequences to bind. 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11 11:04:12 EST 2025 +@set LASTCHANGE Mon Feb 24 16:09:32 EST 2025 @set EDITION 5.3 @set VERSION 5.3 -@set UPDATED 11 February 2025 +@set UPDATED 24 February 2025 @set UPDATED-MONTH February 2025 diff --git a/execute_cmd.c b/execute_cmd.c index 03931c6c0..6b2b20cf2 100644 --- a/execute_cmd.c +++ b/execute_cmd.c @@ -776,6 +776,14 @@ execute_command_internal (COMMAND *command, int asynchronous, int pipe_in, int p if (user_subshell && ignore_return == 0 && invert == 0 && exit_immediately_on_error && exec_result != EXECUTION_SUCCESS) { + /* Update BASH_COMMAND before running any traps, + including the exit trap, since we are going to exit + the shell. */ + if (signal_in_progress (DEBUG_TRAP) == 0 && running_trap == 0) + { + FREE (the_printed_command_except_trap); + the_printed_command_except_trap = savestring (the_printed_command); + } run_pending_traps (); jump_to_top_level (ERREXIT); } diff --git a/lib/malloc/malloc.c b/lib/malloc/malloc.c index e11e54599..13eb21858 100644 --- a/lib/malloc/malloc.c +++ b/lib/malloc/malloc.c @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ /* malloc.c - dynamic memory allocation for bash. */ -/* Copyright (C) 1985-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 1985-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne-Again SHell. diff --git a/lib/malloc/memtest.c b/lib/malloc/memtest.c index 911567f92..3f8ec58ce 100644 --- a/lib/malloc/memtest.c +++ b/lib/malloc/memtest.c @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ * gcc -g -o x x.o xmalloc.o lib/malloc/libmalloc.a */ -/* Copyright (C) 2002-2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 2002-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell. diff --git a/lib/malloc/table.h b/lib/malloc/table.h index 604fefcc1..c79892d7b 100644 --- a/lib/malloc/table.h +++ b/lib/malloc/table.h @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ /* table.h - definitions for tables for keeping track of allocated memory */ -/* Copyright (C) 2001-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +/* Copyright (C) 2001-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne-Again SHell. diff --git a/lib/sh/oslib.c b/lib/sh/oslib.c index 6c5052d03..3cb39808e 100644 --- a/lib/sh/oslib.c +++ b/lib/sh/oslib.c @@ -241,6 +241,8 @@ getmaxgroups (void) if (maxgroups > 0) return maxgroups; + /* can also use getgroups (0, NULL) */ + #if defined (HAVE_SYSCONF) && defined (_SC_NGROUPS_MAX) maxgroups = sysconf (_SC_NGROUPS_MAX); #else diff --git a/redir.c b/redir.c index 98137492c..918e878d3 100644 --- a/redir.c +++ b/redir.c @@ -465,7 +465,11 @@ here_document_to_fd (WORD_DESC *redirectee, enum r_instruction ri) #if defined (F_GETPIPE_SZ) if (fcntl (herepipe[1], F_GETPIPE_SZ, 0) < document_len) - goto use_tempfile; + { + close (herepipe[0]); + close (herepipe[1]); + goto use_tempfile; + } #endif r = heredoc_write (herepipe[1], document, document_len); @@ -484,6 +488,7 @@ here_document_to_fd (WORD_DESC *redirectee, enum r_instruction ri) use_tempfile: + /* TAG: use anonfiles here in a future version. */ fd = sh_mktmpfd ("sh-thd", MT_USERANDOM|MT_USETMPDIR, &filename); /* If we failed for some reason other than the file existing, abort */ diff --git a/shell.c b/shell.c index df2311323..b3b51d1dd 100644 --- a/shell.c +++ b/shell.c @@ -1312,14 +1312,14 @@ uidget (void) (void) getresuid (¤t_user.uid, ¤t_user.euid, ¤t_user.saveuid); #else current_user.uid = getuid (); - current_user.euid = geteuid (); + current_user.euid = current_user.saveuid = geteuid (); #endif #if HAVE_SETRESGID (void) getresgid (¤t_user.gid, ¤t_user.egid, ¤t_user.savegid); #else current_user.gid = getgid (); - current_user.egid = getegid (); + current_user.egid = current_user.savegid = getegid (); #endif if (current_user.uid != u) -- 2.47.2