From dca8d5fe10c1cc42f7a91847d8bc38a404a7826d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Elliot Jay Stocks Date: Fri, 24 Mar 2023 16:01:55 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] GFK 2023 improvements (#5771) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit * Fixing Cyrillic alt text * Fixing typo that crept in with recent `script` edits * Adding new `writing_system` entry * New excerpt for `script` * Renaming `script` URL slug * Adding "alt_ids" for renamed `script` entry * Update accessibility_extra.svg * a11y copy edits based on Susanna’s edits to the G Doc * Correcting internal references to `script` + `writing_system` * Replacing old "script_writing_system" links with "writing_system" --------- Co-authored-by: nathan-williams --- .../glossary/terms/alphabet/content.md | 2 +- .../knowledge/glossary/terms/cjk/content.md | 2 +- .../glossary/terms/cyrillic/content.md | 4 +- .../glossary/terms/letters/content.md | 2 +- .../content.md | 4 +- .../images/thumbnail.svg | 0 .../glossary/terms/script/term.textproto | 7 ++++ .../knowledge/glossary/terms/tofu/content.md | 2 +- .../glossary/terms/writing_system/content.md | 13 ++++++ .../terms/writing_system/images/thumbnail.svg | 1 + .../term.textproto | 4 +- .../content.md | 2 +- .../lesson.textproto | 2 +- .../an_introduction_to_hangeul/content.md | 4 +- .../lesson.textproto | 2 +- .../lesson.textproto | 2 +- .../lessons_from_hangeul/lesson.textproto | 2 +- .../lesson.textproto | 2 +- .../content.md | 4 +- .../content.md | 41 ++++++++++++------- .../images/accessibility_extra.svg | 33 ++++++++++++++- .../cjk_typesetting_rules/lesson.textproto | 2 +- .../japanese_typography_basics/content.md | 2 +- .../lesson.textproto | 2 +- .../content.md | 2 +- .../lesson.textproto | 2 +- .../lesson.textproto | 2 +- .../lesson.textproto | 2 +- .../lesson.textproto | 2 +- .../language_support_in_fonts/content.md | 2 +- .../lesson.textproto | 2 +- 31 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-) rename cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/{script_writing_system => script}/content.md (74%) rename cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/{script_writing_system => script}/images/thumbnail.svg (100%) create mode 100644 cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script/term.textproto create mode 100644 cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/writing_system/content.md create mode 100644 cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/writing_system/images/thumbnail.svg rename cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/{script_writing_system => writing_system}/term.textproto (57%) diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/alphabet/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/alphabet/content.md index 2c9edfd04a..03324a0bec 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/alphabet/content.md +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/alphabet/content.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -An alphabet typically refers to a [writing system](/glossary/script_writing_system) in which the elemental speech sounds of a language (phonemes) are represented by a set of graphical units, called [letters](/glossary/letters). An individual member of the set is called a letter. +An alphabet typically refers to a [writing system](/glossary/writing_system) in which the elemental speech sounds of a language (phonemes) are represented by a set of graphical units, called [letters](/glossary/letters). An individual member of the set is called a letter.
diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/cjk/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/cjk/content.md index 907b3256fb..af28b405a5 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/cjk/content.md +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/cjk/content.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -CJK is the shorthand collective name for the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean [writing systems](/glossary/script_writing_system), all of which include Chinese [characters](/glossary/character) and derivatives. The “C” represents both the traditional version and simplified version of Chinese; the “J” represents Japanese Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji (the latter being Chinese characters used in Japanese); and the “K” represents the Korean Hangeul and Hanja (the latter being Chinese characters used in Korean). +CJK is the shorthand collective name for the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean [writing systems](/glossary/writing_system), all of which include Chinese [characters](/glossary/character) and derivatives. The “C” represents both the traditional version and simplified version of Chinese; the “J” represents Japanese Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji (the latter being Chinese characters used in Japanese); and the “K” represents the Korean Hangeul and Hanja (the latter being Chinese characters used in Korean).
diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/cyrillic/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/cyrillic/content.md index fbef738c03..518ca90083 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/cyrillic/content.md +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/cyrillic/content.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -Cyrillic is a [writing system](/glossary/script_writing_system), named after the missionary work of St. Cyril in the first Bulgarian Empire. The original Cyrillic script was based on uppercase [Greek](/glossary/greek_script) [letterforms](/glossary/letterform). +Cyrillic is a [writing system](/glossary/writing_system), named after the missionary work of St. Cyril in the first Bulgarian Empire. The original Cyrillic script was based on uppercase [Greek](/glossary/greek_script) [letterforms](/glossary/letterform).
-![The phrase “настоящий мастер научной фантастики”—which translates in English to “a true master of science fiction”—set in three different typefaces that support the Cyrillic script.](images/thumbnail.svg) +![The phrase “истински майстор на научната фантастика”—which translates in English to “a true master of science fiction”—set in three different typefaces that support the Cyrillic script.](images/thumbnail.svg)
diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/letters/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/letters/content.md index b72ac2c8e2..9f5515da78 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/letters/content.md +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/letters/content.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -The set of graphical symbols used to represent speech sounds in an [alphabetic](/glossary/alphabet) [writing system](/glossary/script_writing_system) are generally referred to as letters. +The set of graphical symbols used to represent speech sounds in an [alphabetic](/glossary/alphabet) [writing system](/glossary/writing_system) are generally referred to as letters.
diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script_writing_system/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script/content.md similarity index 74% rename from cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script_writing_system/content.md rename to cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script/content.md index e831598725..8b33e709a8 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script_writing_system/content.md +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script/content.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -A script (not to be confused with the [“script” classification](/glossary/script_typeface_style) of [typefaces](/glossary/typeface)) is a visual representation of verbal speech, and, when combined with a set of usage conventions (known as an orthography), is one of the main components of a writing system. +A script (not to be confused with the [“script” classification](/glossary/script_typeface_style) of [typefaces](/glossary/typeface)) is a visual representation of verbal speech, and, when combined with a set of usage conventions (known as an orthography), is one of the main components of a [writing system](/glossary/writing_system). Scripts can be used by one or more languages. For instance, although English, French, German, Norwegian, and Portuguese are distinct languages—with their own alphabets, conventions, and [diacritic](/glossary/diacritic_accent_marks) usage—they all use the [Latin](/glossary/latin) script. @@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ Scripts can be used by one or more languages. For instance, although English, Fr
-Other scripts systems include [Greek](/glossary/greek_script) (upon which Latin is based), [Cyrillic](/glossary/cyrillic) (originally based on uppercase Greek forms), Arabic, Korean, Indic scripts from South and South East Asia, Han characters, and the traditional scripts of Africa. +Other scripts include [Greek](/glossary/greek_script) (upon which Latin is based), [Cyrillic](/glossary/cyrillic) (originally based on uppercase Greek forms), Arabic, Korean, Indic scripts from South and South East Asia, Han characters, and the traditional scripts of Africa. diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script_writing_system/images/thumbnail.svg b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script/images/thumbnail.svg similarity index 100% rename from cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script_writing_system/images/thumbnail.svg rename to cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script/images/thumbnail.svg diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script/term.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script/term.textproto new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..84783a6ba2 --- /dev/null +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script/term.textproto @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +alt_ids: "writing_system" +name: "Script" +excerpt: "A visual representation of verbal speech, which, when combined with usage conventions, constitutes a writing system." +related_lessons: "language_support_in_fonts" +related_lessons: "choosing_reliable_typefaces" +related_lessons: "an_overview_of_latin_type_anatomy" +related_content_urls: "https://www.youtube.com/embed/ro6XnC_U-I8" diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/tofu/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/tofu/content.md index cf69d40d43..8238a6b3d4 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/tofu/content.md +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/tofu/content.md @@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ When a [character](/glossary/character) is not present in a [font](/glossary/fon Software for general use, such as web browsers and Microsoft Word, use font fallback systems to make tofu rare. Professional applications, such as Adobe Creative Cloud suite, inform users when a character is not available in the selected font. -Tofu should be avoided at all costs and is arguably worse than no text appearing at all, because it makes the [text](/glossary/text_copy) inaccessible and the author or brand appear unprofessional. The [Noto fonts](https://fonts.google.com/noto/fonts) (“no tofu”) are an attempt to provide fonts for as many [writing systems](/glossary/script_writing_system) as possible, whether as the intended fonts or as fallback fonts. +Tofu should be avoided at all costs and is arguably worse than no text appearing at all, because it makes the [text](/glossary/text_copy) inaccessible and the author or brand appear unprofessional. The [Noto fonts](https://fonts.google.com/noto/fonts) (“no tofu”) are an attempt to provide fonts for as many [writing systems](/glossary/writing_system) as possible, whether as the intended fonts or as fallback fonts. diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/writing_system/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/writing_system/content.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6b7ab499df --- /dev/null +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/writing_system/content.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +A writing system is the combination of a [script](/glossary/script) (a visual representation of verbal speech, not to be confused with the [“script” classification](/glossary/script_typeface_style) of [typefaces](/glossary/typeface)) and a set of usage conventions (known as an orthography). + +Scripts can be used by one or more languages. For instance, although English, French, German, Norwegian, and Portuguese are distinct languages—with their own alphabets, conventions, and [diacritic](/glossary/diacritic_accent_marks) usage—they all use the [Latin](/glossary/latin) script. + +
+ +![A montage of multiple scripts from around the world.](images/thumbnail.svg) + +
Typefaces: EB Garamond, Roboto Slab, Comfortaa, Open Sans, Noto Serif, Noto Sans
+ +
+ +Other scripts include [Greek](/glossary/greek_script) (upon which Latin is based), [Cyrillic](/glossary/cyrillic) (originally based on uppercase Greek forms), Arabic, Korean, Indic scripts from South and South East Asia, Han characters, and the traditional scripts of Africa. diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/writing_system/images/thumbnail.svg b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/writing_system/images/thumbnail.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8c475a4bcd --- /dev/null +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/writing_system/images/thumbnail.svg @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script_writing_system/term.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/writing_system/term.textproto similarity index 57% rename from cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script_writing_system/term.textproto rename to cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/writing_system/term.textproto index cc0cbb4647..f9f0a31027 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/script_writing_system/term.textproto +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/glossary/terms/writing_system/term.textproto @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -name: "Script (writing system)" -excerpt: "A collective way of describing a writing system used by multiple languages, not to be confused with the “script” classification of typefaces." +name: "Writing system" +excerpt: "The combination of a script and a set of usage conventions." related_lessons: "language_support_in_fonts" related_lessons: "choosing_reliable_typefaces" related_lessons: "an_overview_of_latin_type_anatomy" diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_alphabet_for_reading_and_writing/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_alphabet_for_reading_and_writing/content.md index c5243da2f0..a2d4d351be 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_alphabet_for_reading_and_writing/content.md +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_alphabet_for_reading_and_writing/content.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Alphabets can differ not only in terms of the designs and functions of individua For example, as you’re reading this sentence in English, you’ll recognize that the letters are placed one after another, with [spaces](/glossary/spaces) and punctuation used to demarcate word boundaries. -While these [orthographic](/glossary/script_writing_system) conventions may seem intuitive for those who are literate in English, other alphabets use a variety of approaches when combining letters into larger units. +While these [orthographic](/glossary/writing_system) conventions may seem intuitive for those who are literate in English, other alphabets use a variety of approaches when combining letters into larger units. When considering how the letters of Hangeul should be combined, King Sejong ultimately decided that they should be assembled into syllable blocks, with one block equal to one syllable for any word. diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_alphabet_for_reading_and_writing/lesson.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_alphabet_for_reading_and_writing/lesson.textproto index 3810ddc6a6..79628fb115 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_alphabet_for_reading_and_writing/lesson.textproto +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_alphabet_for_reading_and_writing/lesson.textproto @@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ prev_lessons: "making_the_details_matter" next_lessons: "lessons_from_hangeul" related_terms: "alphabet" related_terms: "letters" -related_terms: "script_writing_system" +related_terms: "writing_system" excerpt: "Part 4 in our in-depth look at the creation of Hangeul, the Korean alphabet." diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_introduction_to_hangeul/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_introduction_to_hangeul/content.md index 37a0702332..88a024d32e 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_introduction_to_hangeul/content.md +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_introduction_to_hangeul/content.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Since the invention of writing in Mesopotamia more than 5000 years ago, there ha ![Texts in four scripts.](images/thumbnail.svg)
-
A montage of texts written in Sumerian, Egyptian, Chinese, and Meso-American [scripts](/glossary/script_writing_system), intended to show the our species’ creativity and ingenuity in devising alphabets.
+
A montage of texts written in Sumerian, Egyptian, Chinese, and Meso-American [scripts](/glossary/script), intended to show the our species’ creativity and ingenuity in devising alphabets.
All the world’s subsequent alphabets have, at a minimum, been informed by these early examples, and nearly all have been direct adaptations. @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ In [the next article](/lesson/designing_for_learnability), we’ll explore how r ## A note about terminology -For the sake of simplicity, I refer to all [writing systems](/glossary/script_writing_system) as [alphabets](/glossary/alphabet), and to the graphic symbols of writing systems as [*letters*](/glossary/letters), even in cases where these terms are technically incorrect. +For the sake of simplicity, I refer to all [writing systems](/glossary/writing_system) as [alphabets](/glossary/alphabet), and to the graphic symbols of writing systems as [*letters*](/glossary/letters), even in cases where these terms are technically incorrect. My goal in doing so is to illustrate the story of Hangeul without having introduce too much linguistic terminology, especially because the main ideas I’d like to share do not depend critically on making distinctions that might otherwise be important to scholars. diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_introduction_to_hangeul/lesson.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_introduction_to_hangeul/lesson.textproto index 12a864c458..1772d47b24 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_introduction_to_hangeul/lesson.textproto +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/an_introduction_to_hangeul/lesson.textproto @@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ topics: "type_history" next_lessons: "designing_for_learnability" related_terms: "alphabet" related_terms: "letters" -related_terms: "script_writing_system" +related_terms: "writing_system" excerpt: "Part 1 in our in-depth look at the creation of Hangeul, the Korean alphabet." diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/designing_for_learnability/lesson.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/designing_for_learnability/lesson.textproto index fe32498936..0c8d240c5a 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/designing_for_learnability/lesson.textproto +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/designing_for_learnability/lesson.textproto @@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ prev_lessons: "an_introduction_to_hangeul" next_lessons: "making_the_details_matter" related_terms: "alphabet" related_terms: "letters" -related_terms: "script_writing_system" +related_terms: "writing_system" excerpt: "Part 2 in our in-depth look at the creation of Hangeul, the Korean alphabet." diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/lessons_from_hangeul/lesson.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/lessons_from_hangeul/lesson.textproto index e47b92ef10..5f37f38464 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/lessons_from_hangeul/lesson.textproto +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/lessons_from_hangeul/lesson.textproto @@ -9,5 +9,5 @@ topics: "type_history" prev_lessons: "an_alphabet_for_reading_and_writing" related_terms: "alphabet" related_terms: "letters" -related_terms: "script_writing_system" +related_terms: "writing_system" excerpt: "Part 5 in our in-depth look at the creation of Hangeul, the Korean alphabet." diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/making_the_details_matter/lesson.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/making_the_details_matter/lesson.textproto index 1f392cc89b..cd26d5f044 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/making_the_details_matter/lesson.textproto +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/designing_hangeul/lessons/making_the_details_matter/lesson.textproto @@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ prev_lessons: "designing_for_learnability" next_lessons: "an_alphabet_for_reading_and_writing" related_terms: "alphabet" related_terms: "letters" -related_terms: "script_writing_system" +related_terms: "writing_system" excerpt: "Part 3 in our in-depth look at the creation of Hangeul, the Korean alphabet." diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/readability_and_accessibility/lessons/how_type_influences_readability/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/readability_and_accessibility/lessons/how_type_influences_readability/content.md index 90417e7162..7baaf7644b 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/readability_and_accessibility/lessons/how_type_influences_readability/content.md +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/readability_and_accessibility/lessons/how_type_influences_readability/content.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -Reading is a complex cognitive process that involves working out what meanings are represented by a set of symbols in a [writing system](https://fonts.google.com/knowledge/glossary/script_writing_system), such as the [Latin alphabet](https://fonts.google.com/knowledge/glossary/latin). Scholars researching how people read can have expertise in a broad range of areas such as psychology, linguistics, semiotics, literary critics, vision sciences, and anthropology. This article is a brief overview of how people read focusing on how those with normal or corrected vision (with glasses/spectacles or contact lenses) read letters, words, phrases and longer texts. (It does not cover the use of braille.) This overview also introduces how typographic decisions can influence the process of reading. +Reading is a complex cognitive process that involves working out what meanings are represented by a set of symbols in a [writing system](https://fonts.google.com/knowledge/glossary/writing_system), such as the [Latin alphabet](https://fonts.google.com/knowledge/glossary/latin). Scholars researching how people read can have expertise in a broad range of areas such as psychology, linguistics, semiotics, literary critics, vision sciences, and anthropology. This article is a brief overview of how people read focusing on how those with normal or corrected vision (with glasses/spectacles or contact lenses) read letters, words, phrases and longer texts. (It does not cover the use of braille.) This overview also introduces how typographic decisions can influence the process of reading. Reading is what we do, while [readability](https://fonts.google.com/knowledge/glossary/readability) refers to qualities of a text that make reading easier. This includes content decisions, or format decisions, which help a reader to easily engage with and comprehend the message intended by the author. Poor readability can obscure, change, or convince the reader never even engage with the author's message. @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Written language is a complex code in which combinations of letters, or characte For children, learning to read normally starts with becoming aware of how words sound, known as phonological processing. This awareness is coupled with matching sounds and letters. A beginner English reader learns the connections between the 26 letters of the alphabet and the approximately 44 sounds of spoken English (the phonemes). Learners actively explore different ways of reading as they become expert readers. Successful readers build the ability to recognize most words automatically and read fluently, by paying attention to grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure. -Adults learning a new language or a new [script (writing system)](https://fonts.google.com/knowledge/glossary/script_writing_system) go through a similar process of learning the relationship between the symbols, sounds, and syntax for constructing relationships between ideas. People learning to read are often simultaneously learning to write. As people learn to read and recognize words, they practice producing letters and words in written form. +Adults learning a new language or a new [writing system](https://fonts.google.com/knowledge/glossary/writing_system) go through a similar process of learning the relationship between the symbols, sounds, and syntax for constructing relationships between ideas. People learning to read are often simultaneously learning to write. As people learn to read and recognize words, they practice producing letters and words in written form. To choose a typeface that supports people learning to read and write, find out if there are any fonts that are approved by local educational authorities, such as the [Foundation Fonts for Australian Schools](https://fonts.googleblog.com/) and [Japanese Universal Design fonts](https://fonts.googleblog.com/2022/04/morisawa-biz-universal-design-ud.html). diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/readability_and_accessibility/lessons/introducing_accessibility_in_typography/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/readability_and_accessibility/lessons/introducing_accessibility_in_typography/content.md index 9ae6f76c46..9d2d5a917c 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/readability_and_accessibility/lessons/introducing_accessibility_in_typography/content.md +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/readability_and_accessibility/lessons/introducing_accessibility_in_typography/content.md @@ -7,41 +7,52 @@ First, let’s make sure we define **legibility** and **readability**. Both are
-![Two columns of text, with the left column showing examples of indistinct letter shapes and tight line height that causes clashes, and the right showing better distinguishable shapes (to show legibility) and a more open line height (to show readability).](images/thumbnail.svg) +![Two columns of text in red and black.](images/thumbnail.svg)
-
Top row: A comparison between less legible type set in Gill Sans and Prosto One (left) with more legible type set in Raleway and Noto Sans (right). Bottom row: A comparison between less readable type (left) with more readable type (right). Both paragraphs are set in Roboto and share the same line-height value, but different font-size values.
+
Top row: A comparison between less legible type set in Gill Sans and Prosto One (left) with more legible type set in Raleway and Noto Sans (right). Bottom row: A comparison between less readable type (left) with more readable type (right). Both paragraphs are set in Roboto and share the same absolute value of line-height for 9 lines, but different font-size values.
## Choosing accessible type -[Accessible typography](https://www.visionaustralia.org/business-consulting/digital-access/blog/typography-in-inclusive-design-part-1#2) considerations start with choosing [type](/glossary/type). There is no single answer for which fonts are most accessible, but there *are* some indications of what could make a typeface more accessible to some people. +[Accessible typography](https://www.visionaustralia.org/business-consulting/digital-access/blog/typography-in-inclusive-design-part-1#2) considerations start with choosing type. When selecting typefaces, seek out designs that have legibility built in alongside the other attributes you like. There is no single answer about which fonts are most accessible for everyone, but there are some things that can make a typeface more accessible to some people. -Some popular fonts, such as [Poppins](https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Poppins), have proven to be readable with individuals who have cognitive disabilities. Of course, you can also select a [typeface](/glossary/typeface) that has legibility built into its design, like [Lexend](https://design.google/library/lexend-readability/), or [Atkinson Hyperlegible](https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Atkinson+Hyperlegible), for example. +The examples in this section are for languages using the Latin writing system. However, the same principles of choosing typefaces where similar shapes in two or more characters are made more different or even unique do apply to other writing systems, especially within character groups like letterforms, numerals, punctuation marks, and symbols. -(The examples in this section are for languages using the [Latin](/glossary/latin) [writing system](/glossary/script_writing_system). However, the same principles of choosing typefaces with distinct [letterforms](/glossary/letterform) (the unique shape of a letter), [numerals](/glossary/numerals_figures), punctuation marks, and [symbols](/glossary/icon_symbol) should apply to other writing systems.) +The type designers who created [Lexend](https://design.google/library/lexend-readability/) and [Atkinson Hyperlegible](https://material.io/blog/atkinson-hyperlegible-design) created these typefaces with specific designs that are intended to be easier to read. Other fonts, such as Poppins, have also become popular with individuals who have visual or cognitive disabilities. +## Checking legibility + +[Counters](/glossary/counter), the white space within letters such as “o,” “e,” and “c,” can play a role in legibility. When the counters are open, there is more white space inside the letter and the letters may appear larger. Open counters can make it easier for the reader to differentiate similarly shaped letters, such as the “c” and “e”. + +
+ +![The letters “c,”, “o,” and “e” in different typefaces, showing the varying counter shapes.](images/accessibility_extra.svg) + +
+
Left (in red lines): Lowercase “c,” “o,” and “e” with closed counters. Right (in blue lines): Lowercase “c,” “o,” and “e” with open counters.
## Checking readability -Mirroring, or flipping, occurs when readers flip or mirror letters and numbers that are the same form when flipped horizontally. For example, a reader could mistake a lowercase letter “b” for a lowercase “d." Instead of reading the word “bog,” the reader will think the word is “dog.” +Mirroring or flipping is when readers find it difficult to read a character because it looks like another when flipped or rotated. For example, a reader could mistake a lowercase letter “b” for a lowercase “d” or “6” for “9”. Instead of reading the word “bog,” the reader will think the word is “dog.” -A different and more pervasive issue among people with dyslexia and other reading difficulties is the transpositioning of letters. For example, a reader may mistake the words “lion” for “loin,” or “line” for “lien.” Transposition is a common experience for people with dyslexia and other reading difficulties, and does not disappear with age. +A different and more pervasive challenge among people with dyslexia and other reading difficulties is the transpositioning of letters. For example, the word “loin” may appear as “lion” or the word “lien” may appear as “line.” -To reduce the chances of a reader confusing letters, words and numbers, check the following character pairs to make sure they are distinct enough from each other: +To reduce mirroring and transpositioning, check character pairs like these to make sure they are distinct enough from each other: - qp - db - 0O - nu - il1I +- 69 - a8 - a6 - 6g - rn, m -When selecting a typeface—especially a [sans serif](/glossary/sans_serif)—it’s useful to assess the similarities or differences between the uppercase “L,” lowercase “l,” and numeral “1” characters because these letters and numbers look very similar. +When selecting a typeface—especially a [sans serif](/glossary/sans_serif)—it’s useful to assess the similarities or differences between the uppercase “L,” lowercase “l,” and numeral “1” characters because these letters and numbers all have the same simple structure of a single vertical stem. In addition to structural changes like serifs on the “1” or a tail on the “l”, subtle differences in height or stroke width can also improve legibility. -Many shapes are simply mirrored without any further alteration. Lowercase “b,” “d,” “p,” and “q” are the most commonly confused letters. Subtle edits to the letterforms may help to differentiate them as the correct characters. +Many shapes are simply mirrored without any further alteration. Lowercase “b,” “d,” “p,” and “q” are the most commonly confused letters. Subtle edits to these letterforms help to differentiate them, such as changes to stroke contrast or counter width. Structural changes are even better.
@@ -57,7 +68,7 @@ Many shapes are simply mirrored without any further alteration. Lowercase “b,
Comparison of “b,” ”d,” “q,” “p,” “a,” “8,” “6,” “g,” “a,” “6,” “1,” “I,” and “l” in Roboto, Abyssinica SIL, Intern Tights, Open Sans, Noto Sans Mono, and Noto Sans Japanese.
-Look for letters that can be clearly distinguished. For people with moderate to more severe vision impairment, the characters “o,” ”c,” “e,” or “a” can be easily confused, which in turn makes words harder to identify. +Look for letters that can be clearly distinguished. For people with moderate to severe vision impairment, the characters “o,” ”c,” “e,” or “a” can be easily confused, which in turn makes words harder to identify.
@@ -66,9 +77,11 @@ Look for letters that can be clearly distinguished. For people with moderate to
From left to right: The typefaces Andika, Lexend, and Atkinson Hyperlegible show how effective they are in differentiating potentially confusing character combinations.
-With our typeface(s) chosen, let’s move on to accessibility considerations for typesetting. The first place to start is to look at the structure of our content. For web typography, that means ensuring that the HTML is marked up with the most appropriate elements, headings have the right level (h1, h2, etc.), and that the hierarchy looks as expected with the default styles used by the browser before we dive into any bespoke CSS. +## Accessible typography beyond typefaces + +With our typeface(s) chosen, let’s move on to accessibility considerations for typesetting. The first place to start is to look at the structure of our content. For web typography, that means ensuring that the HTML is marked up with the most appropriate elements, such as headings with the right levels (h1, h2, etc.), and that the hierarchy looks as expected with the default styles used by the browser before we dive into any bespoke CSS. -Semantically structured HTML is not only good general practice, but it also means we’ll be making our content readable by assistive technologies that take advantage of the markup. For example, [screen readers](https://www.afb.org/blindness-and-low-vision/using-technology/assistive-technology-products/screen-readers)—assistive software that allows text to be dictated to users with visual or cognitive impairments, such as Google’s TalkBack on Android, Apple’s VoiceOver on iOS, and Freedom Scientific’s JAWS on desktop—rely on the semantic HTML to give the reader critical information about structure that they cannot see visually. Many text-to-speech tools, such as Microsoft Immersive Reader and Snap & Read, provide visual and audio supports together. These products rely on semantic information for determining how these supports look and sound. These software programs use either a [braille display](https://www.afb.org/node/16207/refreshable-braille-displays) or read text aloud. +Semantically structured HTML is not only good general practice, but it also means we’ll be making our content readable by assistive technologies that take advantage of the markup. For example, [screen readers](https://www.afb.org/blindness-and-low-vision/using-technology/assistive-technology-products/screen-readers)—assistive software that allows text to be dictated to users with visual or cognitive impairments, such as Google’s TalkBack on Android, Apple’s VoiceOver on iOS, and Freedom Scientific’s JAWS for Microsoft Windows—rely on the semantic HTML to give the reader critical information about structure that they cannot see visually. Many text-to-speech tools, such as Microsoft Immersive Reader and Snap & Read, provide visual and audio support together. These products rely on semantic information for determining how these supports look and sound. These software programs use either a [braille display](https://www.afb.org/node/16207/refreshable-braille-displays) or read text aloud. The HTML reflects the visual hierarchy by reading the content from the top left (Step 1) to the top right (Step 2), bottom left (Step 3) to bottom right (Step 4). @@ -77,7 +90,7 @@ The HTML reflects the visual hierarchy by reading the content from the top left ![Arrows showing zig-zag direction.](images/accessibility_5.svg)
-
Example code for displaying the images in a screen reader-friendly hierarchy
+
Example code for displaying the images in a screen reader-friendly hierarchy.
```html
diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/readability_and_accessibility/lessons/introducing_accessibility_in_typography/images/accessibility_extra.svg b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/readability_and_accessibility/lessons/introducing_accessibility_in_typography/images/accessibility_extra.svg index 39b73c5afa..e82f5f2733 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/readability_and_accessibility/lessons/introducing_accessibility_in_typography/images/accessibility_extra.svg +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/readability_and_accessibility/lessons/introducing_accessibility_in_typography/images/accessibility_extra.svg @@ -1 +1,32 @@ - \ No newline at end of file + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/cjk_typesetting_rules/lesson.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/cjk_typesetting_rules/lesson.textproto index d4c2ccb728..30f95dd7de 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/cjk_typesetting_rules/lesson.textproto +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/cjk_typesetting_rules/lesson.textproto @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ reviewers: "Minjoo Ham" reviewers: "Shoko Mugikura" topics: "cjk" related_terms: "cjk" -related_terms: "script_writing_system" +related_terms: "writing_system" prev_lessons: "type_classification_in_cjk_korean" next_lessons: "japanese_typography_basics" excerpt: "There are four big differences in rules of typesetting between Latin and CJK fonts: Full-width versus monospaced, use of punctuation, balance of the type, and the existence of italic." diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/japanese_typography_basics/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/japanese_typography_basics/content.md index eb320b318d..633c6d4501 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/japanese_typography_basics/content.md +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/japanese_typography_basics/content.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -A lot of [writing systems](/glossary/script_writing_system) in the world use one script per language. But that’s not the case in Japan: When you write a sentence in Japanese, three different scripts can be used: Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji, a Japanified version of Chinese characters. And if you’re trying to develop a Japanese [typeface](/glossary/typeface), you also need to include the [Latin](/glossary/latin) alphabet and [figures](/glossary/numerals_figures), too. Japanese is the only script among [CJK](/glossary/cjk) that uses multiple scripts to form its language. +A lot of [writing systems](/glossary/writing_system) in the world use one script per language. But that’s not the case in Japan: When you write a sentence in Japanese, three different scripts can be used: Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji, a Japanified version of Chinese characters. And if you’re trying to develop a Japanese [typeface](/glossary/typeface), you also need to include the [Latin](/glossary/latin) alphabet and [figures](/glossary/numerals_figures), too. Japanese is the only script among [CJK](/glossary/cjk) that uses multiple scripts to form its language. So how did it become such a melting pot of scripts? And what kind of unique aspects does Japanese have? diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/japanese_typography_basics/lesson.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/japanese_typography_basics/lesson.textproto index 7970795158..512c04e5a5 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/japanese_typography_basics/lesson.textproto +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/japanese_typography_basics/lesson.textproto @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ reviewers: "Minjoo Ham" reviewers: "Shoko Mugikura" topics: "cjk" related_terms: "cjk" -related_terms: "script_writing_system" +related_terms: "writing_system" prev_lessons: "cjk_typesetting_rules" next_lessons: "the_evolution_of_hangeul_type_design" excerpt: "Japanese typesetting is complicated due to the use of three different kinds of scripts in one language. This article explains the fundamentals, from the structure of Japanese script to the kerning system called Tsume." diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/the_evolution_of_hangeul_type_design/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/the_evolution_of_hangeul_type_design/content.md index c5e69d8b38..af568d79df 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/the_evolution_of_hangeul_type_design/content.md +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/the_evolution_of_hangeul_type_design/content.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -Hangeul, the Korean [script](/glossary/script_writing_system), was created in 1443 and published in 1446. Until then, Korea borrowed Chinese characters to apply them to Korean sounds, as did Japan. Please read [“Type classification in CJK”](/lesson/type_classification_in_cjk_korean) for more information. +Hangeul, the Korean [script](/glossary/script), was created in 1443 and published in 1446. Until then, Korea borrowed Chinese characters to apply them to Korean sounds, as did Japan. Please read [“Type classification in CJK”](/lesson/type_classification_in_cjk_korean) for more information. ## A sans serif origin diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/the_evolution_of_hangeul_type_design/lesson.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/the_evolution_of_hangeul_type_design/lesson.textproto index 7cc3ea1cd5..a6ee19f1dd 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/the_evolution_of_hangeul_type_design/lesson.textproto +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/the_evolution_of_hangeul_type_design/lesson.textproto @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ reviewers: "Minjoo Ham" reviewers: "Shoko Mugikura" topics: "cjk" related_terms: "cjk" -related_terms: "script_writing_system" +related_terms: "writing_system" prev_lessons: "japanese_typography_basics" next_lessons: "an_introduction_to_hangeul" excerpt: "The Korean script Hangeul is one of the youngest scripts, but the evolution was so fast and unique from other scripts. Let’s look at how Hangeul design was developed over the years." diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/type_classification_in_cjk_chinese/lesson.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/type_classification_in_cjk_chinese/lesson.textproto index 32d706ef2d..148e634d24 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/type_classification_in_cjk_chinese/lesson.textproto +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/type_classification_in_cjk_chinese/lesson.textproto @@ -5,6 +5,6 @@ reviewers: "Minjoo Ham" reviewers: "Shoko Mugikura" topics: "cjk" related_terms: "cjk" -related_terms: "script_writing_system" +related_terms: "writing_system" next_lessons: "type_classification_in_cjk_japanese" excerpt: "Here, we look at how CJK scripts are classified differently from Latin, and also from each other, with a focus on Chinese." diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/type_classification_in_cjk_japanese/lesson.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/type_classification_in_cjk_japanese/lesson.textproto index 98057633d7..437f533422 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/type_classification_in_cjk_japanese/lesson.textproto +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/type_classification_in_cjk_japanese/lesson.textproto @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ reviewers: "Minjoo Ham" reviewers: "Shoko Mugikura" topics: "cjk" related_terms: "cjk" -related_terms: "script_writing_system" +related_terms: "writing_system" prev_lessons: "type_classification_in_cjk_chinese" next_lessons: "type_classification_in_cjk_korean" excerpt: "Here, we look at how CJK scripts are classified differently from Latin, and also from each other, with a focus on Japanese." diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/type_classification_in_cjk_korean/lesson.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/type_classification_in_cjk_korean/lesson.textproto index ed59382f84..e06aa2a084 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/type_classification_in_cjk_korean/lesson.textproto +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/type_in_china_japan_and_korea/lessons/type_classification_in_cjk_korean/lesson.textproto @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ reviewers: "Minjoo Ham" reviewers: "Shoko Mugikura" topics: "cjk" related_terms: "cjk" -related_terms: "script_writing_system" +related_terms: "writing_system" prev_lessons: "type_classification_in_cjk_japanese" next_lessons: "cjk_typesetting_rules" excerpt: "Here, we look at how CJK scripts are classified differently from Latin, and also from each other, with a focus on Korean." diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/using_type/lessons/language_support_in_fonts/content.md b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/using_type/lessons/language_support_in_fonts/content.md index cae60cf4d6..07dc6e18e3 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/using_type/lessons/language_support_in_fonts/content.md +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/using_type/lessons/language_support_in_fonts/content.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ Each written language uses its own set of [characters](/glossary/character). And if our UI uses multiple languages, then our [typography](/glossary/typography) should vary depending on the language. -[Scripts, or writing systems](/glossary/script_writing_system), are groups that contain characters used by one or more languages. For instance, although English, French, German, Norwegian, and Portuguese are distinct languages—with their own alphabets, conventions, and [diacritic](/glossary/diacritic_accent_marks) usage—they all use the [Latin script](/glossary/latin). Other writing systems include Greek (upon which Latin is based), Cyrillic, Arabic, Korean, Thai, the various scripts of Africa, the closely related Devanagari and Bengali, and the Han characters in use in various Asian languages, including Chinese and also Japanese. +[Scripts](/glossary/script), are groups that contain characters used by one or more languages. For instance, although English, French, German, Norwegian, and Portuguese are distinct languages—with their own alphabets, conventions, and [diacritic](/glossary/diacritic_accent_marks) usage—they all use the [Latin script](/glossary/latin). Other writing systems include Greek (upon which Latin is based), Cyrillic, Arabic, Korean, Thai, the various scripts of Africa, the closely related Devanagari and Bengali, and the Han characters in use in various Asian languages, including Chinese and also Japanese.
diff --git a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/using_type/lessons/language_support_in_fonts/lesson.textproto b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/using_type/lessons/language_support_in_fonts/lesson.textproto index a32b1d3d64..25cb68496e 100644 --- a/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/using_type/lessons/language_support_in_fonts/lesson.textproto +++ b/cc-by-sa/knowledge/modules/using_type/lessons/language_support_in_fonts/lesson.textproto @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ topics: "language_support" topics: "essentials" prev_lessons: "choosing_reliable_typefaces" next_lessons: "choosing_a_suitable_line_height" -related_terms: "script_writing_system" +related_terms: "writing_system" related_terms: "glyph" related_terms: "line_height_leading" related_terms: "unicode" -- 2.47.3