From f031610297e23e8e1675c33b47df855e557d25c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Momjian <bruce@momjian.us>
Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2007 16:45:05 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Move a few items into migration from the main changes
 section.  Indent 8.3 consistently.

---
 doc/src/sgml/release.sgml | 3708 ++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 1815 insertions(+), 1893 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/release.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/release.sgml
index adf8c931523..67aa28f5902 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/release.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/release.sgml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!-- $PostgreSQL: pgsql/doc/src/sgml/release.sgml,v 1.523 2007/10/18 06:07:23 neilc Exp $ -->
+<!-- $PostgreSQL: pgsql/doc/src/sgml/release.sgml,v 1.524 2007/10/18 16:45:05 momjian Exp $ -->
 <!--
 
 Typical markup:
@@ -35,2281 +35,2203 @@ do it for earlier branch release files.
 <appendix id="release">
  <title>Release Notes</title>
 
-  <sect1 id="release-8-3">
-   <title>Release 8.3</title>
+ <sect1 id="release-8-3">
+  <title>Release 8.3</title>
 
-   <note>
-    <title>Release date</title>
-    <simpara>2007-12-??</simpara>
-    <para>CURRENT AS OF 2007-10-03</>
-   </note>
+  <note>
+   <title>Release date</title>
+   <simpara>2007-12-??</simpara>
+   <para>CURRENT AS OF 2007-10-03</>
+  </note>
 
-   <sect2>
-    <title>Overview</title>
+  <sect2>
+   <title>Overview</title>
 
-    <para>
-     This release represents a major leap forward for
-     <productname>PostgreSQL</> by adding significant new functionality
-     and performance enhancements. This was made possible by a growing
-     community that has dramatically accelerated the pace of
-     development. This release adds the follow major capabilities:
+   <para>
+    This release represents a major leap forward for
+    <productname>PostgreSQL</> by adding significant new functionality
+    and performance enhancements. This was made possible by a growing
+    community that has dramatically accelerated the pace of
+    development. This release adds the follow major capabilities:
+   </para>
 
-    <itemizedlist>
+   <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Full text search now fully integrated into the core database
-        system
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Full text search now fully integrated into the core database
+      system
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Support for the SQL/XML standard, including new operators and a
-        new <type>XML</type> builtin type
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Support for the SQL/XML standard, including new operators and a
+      new <type>XML</type> builtin type
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Support for enumerated data types (<type>ENUM</type>)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Support for enumerated data types (<type>ENUM</type>)
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Universally Unique Identifier (<type>UUID</>) data type, similar
-        to that defined by RFC 4122
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Universally Unique Identifier (<type>UUID</>) data type, similar
+      to that defined by RFC 4122
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Arrays of composite types
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Arrays of composite types
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Control over whether <literal>NULL</>s sort first or last, using
-        <literal>ORDER BY ... NULLS FIRST/LAST</>
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Control over whether <literal>NULL</>s sort first or last, using
+      <literal>ORDER BY ... NULLS FIRST/LAST</>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Updatable cursors using <literal>UPDATE/DELETE WHERE CURRENT OF</>
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Updatable cursors using <literal>UPDATE/DELETE WHERE CURRENT OF</>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Server configuration parameters can now be set on a per-function
-        basis
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Server configuration parameters can now be set on a per-function
+      basis
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        User-defined types can now have type modifiers
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      User-defined types can now have type modifiers
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Automatically invalidate cached function code when table
-        definitions change or statistics are updated
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Automatically invalidate cached function code when table
+      definitions change or statistics are updated
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Numerous improvements in logging and statistics collection,
-        including the ability to emit postmaster log messages in
-        <acronym>CSV</> format, which can be loaded into a database
-        table for analysis
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Numerous improvements in logging and statistics collection,
+      including the ability to emit postmaster log messages in
+      <acronym>CSV</> format, which can be loaded into a database
+      table for analysis
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Support Security Service Provider Interface (SSPI) on
-        authentication for Windows and GSSAPI
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Support Security Service Provider Interface (SSPI) on
+      authentication for Windows and GSSAPI
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Multiple autovacuum worker processes, and other autovacuum improvements
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Multiple autovacuum worker processes, and other autovacuum improvements
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        The backend database server can now be compiled with
-        <productname>Microsoft Visual C++</>
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      The backend database server can now be compiled with
+      <productname>Microsoft Visual C++</>
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-    </itemizedlist>
+   </itemizedlist>
 
+   <para>
     Major performance improvements are listed below. Fortunately, most of
     these enhancements are automatic and do not require user changes or
     tuning:
+   </para>
 
-    <itemizedlist>
+  <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Asynchronous commit option allows transactions to be committed
-        but on-disk changes to be delayed
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Asynchronous commit option allows transactions to be committed
+      but on-disk changes to be delayed
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        <quote>Distributed</> checkpoints prevent I/O spikes during
-        checkpoints
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      <quote>Distributed</> checkpoints prevent I/O spikes during
+      checkpoints
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Heap-Only Tuples (<acronym>HOT</>) improves <command>UPDATE</>
-        space usage
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Heap-Only Tuples (<acronym>HOT</>) improves <command>UPDATE</>
+      space usage
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Just-in-time background writer strategy to improve disk write
-        efficiency
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Just-in-time background writer strategy to improve disk write
+      efficiency
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Reduction of both per-field and per-row storage requirements
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Reduction of both per-field and per-row storage requirements
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Prevent large sequential scans from forcing out more frequently
-        used cached pages
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Prevent large sequential scans from forcing out more frequently
+      used cached pages
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow large sequential scans to use cached pages from other
-        concurrent sequential scans
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Allow large sequential scans to use cached pages from other
+      concurrent sequential scans
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow <literal>ORDER BY ... LIMIT</> to be done without sorting
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Allow <literal>ORDER BY ... LIMIT</> to be done without sorting
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Use pseudo-transaction ids in read-only transactions
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Use pseudo-transaction ids in read-only transactions
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+   </itemizedlist>
 
-    </para>
+  </para>
 
-   </sect2>
+  </sect2>
 
-   <sect2>
-    <title>Migration to version 8.3</title>
+  <sect2>
+   <title>Migration to version 8.3</title>
 
-    <para>
-     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is
-     required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
-     release.
-    </para>
+   <para>
+    A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is
+    required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
+    release.
+   </para>
 
-    <para>
-     Observe the following incompatibilities:
-    </para>
+   <para>
+    Observe the following incompatibilities:
+   </para>
 
-    <itemizedlist>
+   <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> features have been moved into
-        the core server, with some minor syntax changes
-       </para>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> features have been moved into
+       the core server, with some minor syntax changes
+     </para>
 
-       <para>
-        XXX we need to provide a migration guide, at the very least
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <para>
+      XXX we need to provide a migration guide, at the very least
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Queries that previously automatically cast values to
-        <type>TEXT</type> might now need explicit casts
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Queries that previously automatically cast values to
+      <type>TEXT</type> might now need explicit casts (Peter, Tom)
+     </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Numerous changes in administrative server parameters
-       </para>
+     <para>
+      Data types other than <type>CHAR</> and <type>VARCHAR</> no
+      longer automatically cast to <type>TEXT</>, except in the
+      limited case of concatenation (<literal>||</>) where the other
+      input is textual. While this change will require additional
+      casts for some queries it also eliminates some unusual
+      behavior.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        <varname>bgwriter_lru_percent</>,
-        <varname>bgwriter_all_percent</>,
-        <varname>bgwriter_all_maxpages</>,
-        <varname>stats_start_collector</>, and
-        <varname>stats_reset_on_server_start</> are removed.
-        <varname>redirect_stderr</> is renamed to
-        <varname>logging_collector</>. 
-        <varname>stats_command_string</> is renamed to
-        <varname>track_activities</>.
-        <varname>stats_block_level</> and <varname>stats_row_level</>
-        are merged into <varname>track_counts</>.
-        A new boolean configuration parameter, <varname>archive_mode</>,
-        controls archiving. Autovacuum's default settings have changed.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Commenting out a parameter in <filename>postgresql.conf</> now
-        causes it to revert to its default value
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Numerous changes in administrative server parameters
+     </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        <literal>ARRAY(SELECT ...)</literal>, where <command>SELECT</>
-        returns no rows, now returns an empty array, rather than NULL
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <para>
+      <varname>bgwriter_lru_percent</>,
+      <varname>bgwriter_all_percent</>,
+      <varname>bgwriter_all_maxpages</>,
+      <varname>stats_start_collector</>, and
+      <varname>stats_reset_on_server_start</> are removed.
+      <varname>redirect_stderr</> is renamed to
+      <varname>logging_collector</>. 
+      <varname>stats_command_string</> is renamed to
+      <varname>track_activities</>.
+      <varname>stats_block_level</> and <varname>stats_row_level</>
+      are merged into <varname>track_counts</>.
+      A new boolean configuration parameter, <varname>archive_mode</>,
+      controls archiving. Autovacuum's default settings have changed.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        <literal>ORDER BY ... USING</> <replaceable>operator</> now must
-        use a less-than or greater-than <replaceable>operator</> that is
-        defined in a btree operator class
-       </para>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Commenting out a parameter in <filename>postgresql.conf</> now
+      causes it to revert to its default value (Joachim Wieland)
+     </para>
 
-       <para>
-        This restriction was added to prevent unexpected results.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <para>
+      Previously commenting out a value kept the value unchanged until
+      the next server restart.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        The array name for a base data type is no longer required to
-        be the data type name with an underscore prefix
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      <literal>ARRAY(SELECT ...)</literal>, where <command>SELECT</>
+      returns no rows, now returns an empty array, rather than NULL
+      (Tom)
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Non-superuser database owners now have privileges to add trusted
-        procedural languages in their databases by default
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      <literal>ORDER BY ... USING</> <replaceable>operator</> now must
+      use a less-than or greater-than <replaceable>operator</> that is
+      defined in a btree operator class (???)
+     </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        <command>SET LOCAL</command> changes now persist until
-        the end of the top-most transaction, unless rolled back
-       </para>
+     <para>
+      This restriction was added to prevent unexpected results.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      The array name for a base data type is no longer required to
+      be the data type name with an underscore prefix
+     </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Commands that are disallowed in transaction blocks are now also
-        disallowed in multiple-statement query strings
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <para>
+      The old naming convention is still honored when possible, but
+      client code should no longer depending on it. Application code
+      should use the new <literal>pg_type.typarray</literal> column to
+      determine the array data type.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add additional checks for invalidly-encoded multibyte strings
-       </para>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      <command>SET LOCAL</command> changes now persist until
+      the end of the top-most transaction, unless rolled back (Tom)
+     </para>
 
-       <para>
-        For example, <function>chr()</function> has additional checks.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <para>
+      Previously <command>SET LOCAL</command>'s effects reverted
+      during subtransaction commit and <command>RELEASE</>.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        <function>convert()</function> encoding has changed behavior
-       </para>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Commands that are disallowed in transaction blocks are now also
+      disallowed in multiple-statement query strings (Tom)
+     </para>
 
-       <para>
-        <type>bytea</> is now used for strings that do not match the
-        server encoding, and <function>convert_from</> and
-        <function>convert_to</> have been added for consistency.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <para>
+      For example, <literal>BEGIN; DROP DATABASE; COMMIT</> will now be
+      rejected even if submitted as a single query message.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Restrict object size functions to users who have reasonable
-        permissions to view such information
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      More checks for invalidly-encoded data (Andrew)
+     </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        New C macros for handling variable-length data values
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <para>
+      This change plugs some holes that existed in literal backslash
+      escape string processing and <command>COPY</command> escape
+      processing. Now the de-escaped string is rechecked to see if the
+      result created an invalid multi-byte character.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-    </itemizedlist>
-   </sect2>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Ensure that <function>chr()</function> cannot create invalidly
+      encoded values (Andrew)
+     </para>
 
-   <sect2>
-    <title>Changes</title>
+     <para>
+      In UTF8-encoded databases the argument is processed as a Unicode
+      code point. In other multi-byte encodings the argument must
+      designate a 7-bit ASCII character, or an error is raised. Zero
+      also causes an error. <function>ascii()</function> has been
+      adjusted as well to match this behavior.
 
-    <para>
-     Below you will find a detailed account of the
-     changes between <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.3 and
-     the previous major release.
     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title>Performance Improvements</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
-
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Asynchronous commit option allows transactions to be committed
-        but on-disk changes to be delayed (Simon)
-       </para>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Adjust <function>convert()</function> behavior to ensure encoding
+      validity (Andrew)
+     </para>
 
-       <para>
-        This feature dramatically increases performance for data
-        modification queries. The disadvantage is that because on-disk
-        changes are delayed, if the operating system crashes before data
-        is written to the disk, committed data will be lost. This is
-        useful only for applications that can accept some data loss.
-        Unlike <varname>fsync</varname>, asynchronous commit does not
-        risk database corruption; the worst case is that after an
-        operating system crash the last few reportedly-committed
-        transactions will be missing.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <para>
+      The two argument form of <function>convert()</function> has been
+      removed. The three argument form now takes a <type>BYTEA</type>
+      first argument and returns a <type>BYTEA</type>. To cover this
+      loss three new functions are introduced:
+     </para>
 
+     <itemizedlist>
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        <quote>Distributed</> checkpoints prevent I/O spikes during
-        checkpoints (Itagaki Takahiro and Heikki Linnakangas)
-       </para>
-
-       <para>
-        Previously all modified buffers were forced to disk at
-        checkpoint time, causing an I/O spike and decreasing server
-        performance. This new capability spreads checkpoint activity out
-        between checkpoints, reducing peak I/O usage. (User-requested
-        and shutdown checkpoints are still immediately written to disk.)
+        <function>convert_from(bytea, name)</function> returns
+        <type>TEXT</> &mdash; converts the first argument from the named
+        encoding to the database encoding.
        </para>
       </listitem>
 
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        Heap-Only Tuples (<acronym>HOT</>) improves <command>UPDATE</>
-        space usage (Pavan Deolasee, with ideas from many others)
-       </para>
-
-       <para>
-        To allow high concurrency <productname>PostgreSQL</> retains old
-        versions of updated rows. Previously only <command>VACUUM</>
-        could reuse space taken by dead rows. With <acronym>HOT</> dead
-        row space can be reused at the time of <command>UPDATE</> or
-        <command>INSERT</>. This allows for more consistent performance.
-        <acronym>HOT</> even allows deleted row space reuse.
-        <command>UPDATE</> space reuse is only possible if no modified
-        columns are indexed.
+        <function>convert_to(text, name)</function> returns
+        <type>BYTEA</> &mdash; converts the first argument from the
+        database encoding to the named encoding.
        </para>
       </listitem>
 
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        Just-in-time background writer strategy to improve disk write
-        efficiency (Greg Smith, Itagaki Takahiro)
-       </para>
-
-       <para>
-        This basically makes the background writer self-tuning.
+        <function>length(bytea, name)</function> returns
+        <type>INTEGER</> &mdash; gives the length of the first
+        argument in characters in the named encoding.
        </para>
       </listitem>
+     </itemizedlist>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Reduction of both per-field and per-row storage requirements
-        (Greg Stark)
-       </para>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Remove <literal>convert(argument USING conversion_name)</literal>
+      (Andrew)
+     </para>
 
-       <para>
-        Variable-length data types with data values less then 128 bytes
-        will see a decrease of 3-6 bytes. For example, two
-        <type>CHAR(1)</type> fields now take 4 bytes instead of 16. Rows
-        are also 4 bytes shorter.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <para>
+      Its behavior did not match the SQL standard and could not be
+      implemented in this release.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Use pseudo-transaction ids in read-only transactions (Florian Pflug)
-       </para>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      <function>convert()</function> encoding has changed behavior
+     </para>
 
-       <para>
-        This reduces transaction overhead for read-only transactions,
-        and reduces the necessity of vacuuming for transaction id
-        wrap-around. Other transaction performance improvements were
-        also made that should improve concurrency.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Create a dedicated <acronym>WAL</> writer process to off-load
-        WAL-writing work from backends (Simon)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Restrict object size functions to users who have reasonable
+      permissions to view such information (Tom)
+     </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Skip unnecessary WAL writes for <command>CLUSTER</command> and
-        <command>COPY</command> (Simon)
-       </para>
+     <para>
+      For example, <function>pg_database_size()</function> now
+      requires <literal>CONNECT</> permission, which is granted to
+      everyone by default. <function>pg_tablespace_size()</function>
+      requires <literal>CREATE</> permission in the tablespace, or the
+      tablespace is the default tablespace for the database.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        Unless WAL archiving is enabled, it is possible to just
-        <function>fsync()</> the table at the end of the command,
-        increasing performance. Additional WAL efficiencies were also
-        added.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      New C macros for handling variable-length data values (Greg
+      Stark, Tom)
+     </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Prevent large sequential scans from forcing out more frequently
-        used cached pages (Simon, Heikki, Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <para>
+      The new <function>SET_VARSIZE()</> macro <emphasis>must</> be
+      used to set the length of generated values. Also, it might be
+      necessary to expand (<quote>de-TOAST</quote>) input values in
+      additional places.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow large sequential scans to use cached pages from other
-        concurrent sequential scans (Jeff Davis)
-       </para>
+   </itemizedlist>
+  </sect2>
 
-       <para>
-        This is accomplished by starting the new sequential scan in the
-        middle of the table (where the other sequential scan is already
-        in-progress) and wrapping around to the beginning to finish.
-        This may affect the order in which rows are returned in a
-        non-<literal>ORDER BY</> query.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+ <sect2>
+  <title>Changes</title>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Reduce overhead of populating the statistics tables. (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   <para>
+    Below you will find a detailed account of the
+    changes between <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.3 and
+    the previous major release.
+   </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow <literal>ORDER BY ... LIMIT</> to be done without sorting
-        (Greg Stark)
-       </para>
+   <sect3>
+    <title>Performance Improvements</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-       <para>
-        This is done by scanning the table and using a filter to save
-        the few requested rows, rather than sorting the entire table.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Asynchronous commit option allows transactions to be committed
+       but on-disk changes to be delayed (Simon)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Improve hash join performance for cases with many NULLs (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This feature dramatically increases performance for data
+       modification queries. The disadvantage is that because on-disk
+       changes are delayed, if the operating system crashes before data
+       is written to the disk, committed data will be lost. This is
+       useful only for applications that can accept some data loss.
+       Unlike <varname>fsync</varname>, asynchronous commit does not
+       risk database corruption; the worst case is that after an
+       operating system crash the last few reportedly-committed
+       transactions will be missing.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       <quote>Distributed</> checkpoints prevent I/O spikes during
+       checkpoints (Itagaki Takahiro and Heikki Linnakangas)
+      </para>
 
-    </sect3>
+      <para>
+       Previously all modified buffers were forced to disk at
+       checkpoint time, causing an I/O spike and decreasing server
+       performance. This new capability spreads checkpoint activity out
+       between checkpoints, reducing peak I/O usage. (User-requested
+       and shutdown checkpoints are still immediately written to disk.)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title>Server Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Heap-Only Tuples (<acronym>HOT</>) improves <command>UPDATE</>
+       space usage (Pavan Deolasee, with ideas from many others)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Support multiple concurrent autovacuum processes (Alvaro, Itagaki
-        Takahiro)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       To allow high concurrency <productname>PostgreSQL</> retains old
+       versions of updated rows. Previously only <command>VACUUM</>
+       could reuse space taken by dead rows. With <acronym>HOT</> dead
+       row space can be reused at the time of <command>UPDATE</> or
+       <command>INSERT</>. This allows for more consistent performance.
+       <acronym>HOT</> even allows deleted row space reuse.
+       <command>UPDATE</> space reuse is only possible if no modified
+       columns are indexed.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This allows multiple vacuums to run concurrently, meaning
-        vacuuming of a large table will not prevent smaller tables from
-        being vacuumed at the same time. Autovacuum is now considered
-        mature and thus enabled by default. Several autovacuum
-        default parameter values were also updated.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Just-in-time background writer strategy to improve disk write
+       efficiency (Greg Smith, Itagaki Takahiro)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Autovacuum is now enabled by default (Alvaro)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       This basically makes the background writer self-tuning.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        Also, autovacuum now reports its activity start time in
-        <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Commenting out a parameter in <filename>postgresql.conf</> now
-        causes it to revert to its default value (Joachim Wieland)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Reduction of both per-field and per-row storage requirements
+       (Greg Stark)
+      </para>
 
+      <para>
+       Variable-length data types with data values less then 128 bytes
+       will see a decrease of 3-6 bytes. For example, two
+       <type>CHAR(1)</type> fields now take 4 bytes instead of 16. Rows
+       are also 4 bytes shorter.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        Previously commenting out a value kept the value unchanged until
-        the next server restart.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Use pseudo-transaction ids in read-only transactions (Florian Pflug)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Automatically invalidate cached function code when table
-        definitions change or statistics are updated (Tom)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       This reduces transaction overhead for read-only transactions,
+       and reduces the necessity of vacuuming for transaction id
+       wrap-around. Other transaction performance improvements were
+       also made that should improve concurrency.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        Previously PL/PgSQL functions that referenced temporary tables
-        would fail if the temporary table was dropped and recreated
-        between function invocations, unless <literal>EXECUTE</> was
-        used.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Create a dedicated <acronym>WAL</> writer process to off-load
+       WAL-writing work from backends (Simon)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Support Security Service Provider Interface (SSPI)
-        authentication on Windows (Magnus)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Skip unnecessary WAL writes for <command>CLUSTER</command> and
+       <command>COPY</command> (Simon)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add support for GSSAPI authentication (Henry Hotz, Magnus)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       Unless WAL archiving is enabled, it is possible to just
+       <function>fsync()</> the table at the end of the command,
+       increasing performance. Additional WAL efficiencies were also
+       added.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Support a global SSL configuration file (Victor Wagner)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Prevent large sequential scans from forcing out more frequently
+       used cached pages (Simon, Heikki, Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <varname>ssl_ciphers</> parameter to control accepted SSL ciphers
-        (Victor Wagner)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow large sequential scans to use cached pages from other
+       concurrent sequential scans (Jeff Davis)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add new encodings EUC_JIS_2004 and SHIFT_JIS_2004, along with new
-        conversions between EUC_JIS_2004, SHIFT_JIS_2004 and UTF-8 (Tatsuo)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This is accomplished by starting the new sequential scan in the
+       middle of the table (where the other sequential scan is already
+       in-progress) and wrapping around to the beginning to finish.
+       This may affect the order in which rows are returned in a
+       non-<literal>ORDER BY</> query.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Make JOHAB encoding client-only (Tatsuo)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Reduce overhead of populating the statistics tables. (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        JOHAB cannot safely be used as a server-side encoding.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow <literal>ORDER BY ... LIMIT</> to be done without sorting
+       (Greg Stark)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow logfile creation in CSV format (Arul Shaji, Greg Smith,
-        Andrew Dunstan)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This is done by scanning the table and using a filter to save
+       the few requested rows, rather than sorting the entire table.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <varname>log_autovacuum_min_duration</varname> parameter to
-        support configurable logging of autovacuum actions (Simon, Alvaro)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Improve hash join performance for cases with many NULLs (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <varname>log_lock_waits</varname> parameter to log long wait
-        times (Simon)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <varname>log_temp_files</varname> parameter to log usage of
-        temporary files (Bill Moran)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   </sect3>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <varname>log_checkpoints</varname> parameter to improve logging
-        of checkpoints (Greg Smith, Heikki)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   <sect3>
+    <title>Server Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        <varname>log_line_prefix</varname> escapes <literal>%s</literal>
-        and <literal>%c</literal> can now be used in all processes
-        (Andrew)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Support multiple concurrent autovacuum processes (Alvaro, Itagaki
+       Takahiro)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Use our own timezone support for formatting timestamps displayed in
-        the server log (Tom)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       This allows multiple vacuums to run concurrently, meaning
+       vacuuming of a large table will not prevent smaller tables from
+       being vacuumed at the same time. Autovacuum is now considered
+       mature and thus enabled by default. Several autovacuum
+       default parameter values were also updated.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This avoids Windows-specific problems with localized time zone
-        names that are in the wrong encoding. There is a new
-        <varname>log_timezone</> parameter that controls the timezone
-        used in log messages, independent of the client-visible
-        <varname>timezone</> parameter.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Autovacuum is now enabled by default (Alvaro)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Change the timestamps recorded in transaction WAL records from
-        time_t to TimestampTz representation (Tom)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       Also, autovacuum now reports its activity start time in
+       <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This provides sub-second resolution in WAL, which can be useful for
-        point-in-time recovery.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        New boolean configuration parameter, <varname>archive_mode</>,
-        controls archiving (Simon)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Automatically invalidate cached function code when table
+       definitions change or statistics are updated (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        Previously setting <varname>archive_command</> to an empty
-        string turned off archiving. Now <varname>archive_mode</> turns
-        archiving on and off. This is useful for stopping archiving
-        temporarily.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       Previously PL/PgSQL functions that referenced temporary tables
+       would fail if the temporary table was dropped and recreated
+       between function invocations, unless <literal>EXECUTE</> was
+       used.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Improve ability to create warm standby servers using archiving
-        (Simon)
-       </para>
-      
-       <para>
-        Allow the warm standby server to pass the earliest needed WAL
-        file to the recovery script to allow automatic removal of
-        unneeded WAL files. This is done using
-        <varname>restore_command</varname> <literal>%r</> in
-        <filename>recovery.conf</filename>.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Support Security Service Provider Interface (SSPI)
+       authentication on Windows (Magnus)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <varname>log_restartpoints</varname> archive recovery option
-        to emit a log message at each recovery restart point (Simon)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add support for GSSAPI authentication (Henry Hotz, Magnus)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Last transaction end time is now logged at end of recovery and at
-        each logged restart point (Simon)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Support a global SSL configuration file (Victor Wagner)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add a <varname>temp_tablespaces</varname> parameter to control
-        the tablespaces for temporary tables and files (Jaime Casanova,
-        Albert Cervera, Bernd Helmle)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <varname>ssl_ciphers</> parameter to control accepted SSL ciphers
+       (Victor Wagner)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This parameters allows a list of tablespaces to be specified
-        which enables spreading the I/O load across multiple
-        tablespaces. A random tablespace is chosen each time a temporary
-        object is created. Temporary files are not stored in
-        per-database <filename>pgsql_tmp/</filename> directories anymore
-        but in per-tablespace directories.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add new encodings EUC_JIS_2004 and SHIFT_JIS_2004, along with new
+       conversions between EUC_JIS_2004, SHIFT_JIS_2004 and UTF-8 (Tatsuo)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        New system view <literal>pg_stat_bgwriter</literal> displays
-        statistics about the background writer activity (Magnus)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Make JOHAB encoding client-only (Tatsuo)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add new columns for database-wide tuple statistics to
-        <literal>pg_stat_database</literal> (Magnus)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       JOHAB cannot safely be used as a server-side encoding.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add an <literal>xact_start</literal> column to
-        <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Neil)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow logfile creation in CSV format (Arul Shaji, Greg Smith,
+       Andrew Dunstan)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This makes it easier to identify long-running transactions.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <varname>log_autovacuum_min_duration</varname> parameter to
+       support configurable logging of autovacuum actions (Simon, Alvaro)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <literal>n_live_tuples</> and <literal>n_dead_tuples</> columns
-        to <literal>pg_stat_all_tables</literal> and related views (Glen
-        Parker)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <varname>log_lock_waits</varname> parameter to log long wait
+       times (Simon)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Remove <varname>stats_start_collector</varname> parameter (Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <varname>log_temp_files</varname> parameter to log usage of
+       temporary files (Bill Moran)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        We now always start the collector process, unless prevented by a
-        problem with setting up the stats UDP socket.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <varname>log_checkpoints</varname> parameter to improve logging
+       of checkpoints (Greg Smith, Heikki)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Remove <varname>stats_reset_on_server_start</varname> parameter (Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       <varname>log_line_prefix</varname> escapes <literal>%s</literal>
+       and <literal>%c</literal> can now be used in all processes
+       (Andrew)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This was removed because <function>pg_stat_reset()</function>
-        can be used for this purpose.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Use our own timezone support for formatting timestamps displayed in
+       the server log (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Merge <varname>stats_block_level</> and <varname>stats_row_level</>
-        parameters into a single parameter <varname>track_counts</>,
-        which controls all messages sent to the collector process (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This avoids Windows-specific problems with localized time zone
+       names that are in the wrong encoding. There is a new
+       <varname>log_timezone</> parameter that controls the timezone
+       used in log messages, independent of the client-visible
+       <varname>timezone</> parameter.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Rename <varname>stats_command_string</varname> parameter to
-        <varname>track_activities</varname> (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Change the timestamps recorded in transaction WAL records from
+       time_t to TimestampTz representation (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Limit the amount of information reported when a user is dropped
-        (Alvaro)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       This provides sub-second resolution in WAL, which can be useful for
+       point-in-time recovery.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       New boolean configuration parameter, <varname>archive_mode</>,
+       controls archiving (Simon)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        Previously, dropping (or attempting to drop) a user who owned many
-        objects could result in extremely large <literal>NOTICE</literal> or
-        <literal>ERROR</literal> messages listing all these objects; this
-        caused problems for some client applications.  The length of the
-        list is now limited, although a full list is still sent to the
-        server log.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       Previously setting <varname>archive_command</> to an empty
+       string turned off archiving. Now <varname>archive_mode</> turns
+       archiving on and off. This is useful for stopping archiving
+       temporarily.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Arrange to put TOAST tables belonging to temporary tables into
-        special schemas named
-        <literal>pg_toast_temp_<replaceable>nnn</></literal> (Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Improve ability to create warm standby servers using archiving
+       (Simon)
+      </para>
+     
+      <para>
+       Allow the warm standby server to pass the earliest needed WAL
+       file to the recovery script to allow automatic removal of
+       unneeded WAL files. This is done using
+       <varname>restore_command</varname> <literal>%r</> in
+       <filename>recovery.conf</filename>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This allows low-level code to recognize that these tables are
-        temporary, which enables various optimizations such as not
-        WAL-logging changes and using local rather than shared buffers
-        for access. This also fixes a bug where backends unexpectedly
-        held open file references to temporary tables.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <varname>log_restartpoints</varname> archive recovery option
+       to emit a log message at each recovery restart point (Simon)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Fix problem that a constant flow of new connection requests could
-        indefinitely delay the postmaster from completing a shutdown or
-        crash restart (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Last transaction end time is now logged at end of recovery and at
+       each logged restart point (Simon)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow <command>CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY</command> to ignore
-        transactions in other databases (Simon)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add a <varname>temp_tablespaces</varname> parameter to control
+       the tablespaces for temporary tables and files (Jaime Casanova,
+       Albert Cervera, Bernd Helmle)
+      </para>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+      <para>
+       This parameters allows a list of tablespaces to be specified
+       which enables spreading the I/O load across multiple
+       tablespaces. A random tablespace is chosen each time a temporary
+       object is created. Temporary files are not stored in
+       per-database <filename>pgsql_tmp/</filename> directories anymore
+       but in per-tablespace directories.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    </sect3>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       New system view <literal>pg_stat_bgwriter</literal> displays
+       statistics about the background writer activity (Magnus)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title>Query Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add new columns for database-wide tuple statistics to
+       <literal>pg_stat_database</literal> (Magnus)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Text search capability is now in core Postgres (Teodor, Oleg)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add an <literal>xact_start</literal> column to
+       <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Neil)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        This features was previously in <filename>contrib/tsearch2</>.
-        It has been improved, moved into the server, and is now installed
-        by default.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This makes it easier to identify long-running transactions.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Control over whether <literal>NULL</>s sort first or last, using
-        <literal>ORDER BY ... NULLS FIRST/LAST</> (Teodor, Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <literal>n_live_tuples</> and <literal>n_dead_tuples</> columns
+       to <literal>pg_stat_all_tables</literal> and related views (Glen
+       Parker)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow ascending/descending (<literal>ASC</>/<literal>DESC</>)
-        control during index creation (Teodor, Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Remove <varname>stats_start_collector</varname> parameter (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        Previously a query using <literal>ORDER BY</> with mixed
-        <literal>ASC</>/<literal>DESC</> specifiers could not fully use
-        an index. Now an index can be fully used in such cases if the
-        index was created with matching
-        <literal>ASC</>/<literal>DESC</> specifictions.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       We now always start the collector process, unless prevented by a
+       problem with setting up the stats UDP socket.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Updatable cursors using <literal>UPDATE/DELETE WHERE CURRENT
-        OF</> (Arul Shaji, Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Remove <varname>stats_reset_on_server_start</varname> parameter (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        This eliminates the need to reference a primary key to update or
-        delete rows returned by a cursor.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This was removed because <function>pg_stat_reset()</function>
+       can be used for this purpose.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow <literal>FOR UPDATE</literal> in cursors (Arul Shaji, Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Merge <varname>stats_block_level</> and <varname>stats_row_level</>
+       parameters into a single parameter <varname>track_counts</>,
+       which controls all messages sent to the collector process (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Queries that previously automatically cast values to
-        <type>TEXT</type> might now need explicit casts (Peter, Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Rename <varname>stats_command_string</varname> parameter to
+       <varname>track_activities</varname> (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Limit the amount of information reported when a user is dropped
+       (Alvaro)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        Data types other than <type>CHAR</> and <type>VARCHAR</> no
-        longer automatically cast to <type>TEXT</>, except in the
-        limited case of concatenation (<literal>||</>) where the other
-        input is textual. While this change will require additional
-        casts for some queries it also eliminates some unusual
-        behavior.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       Previously, dropping (or attempting to drop) a user who owned many
+       objects could result in extremely large <literal>NOTICE</literal> or
+       <literal>ERROR</literal> messages listing all these objects; this
+       caused problems for some client applications.  The length of the
+       list is now limited, although a full list is still sent to the
+       server log.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Create a general mechanism that supports casts to and from the
-        standard string types (<type>TEXT</type>, <type>VARCHAR</type>,
-        <type>CHAR</type>) for <emphasis>every</emphasis> datatype, by
-        invoking the datatype's I/O functions (Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Arrange to put TOAST tables belonging to temporary tables into
+       special schemas named
+       <literal>pg_toast_temp_<replaceable>nnn</></literal> (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        XXX? bjm These new casts are assignment-only in the to-string direction,
-        explicit-only in the other, and therefore should create no
-        surprising behavior.  Remove a bunch of thereby-obsoleted
-        datatype-specific casting functions.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This allows low-level code to recognize that these tables are
+       temporary, which enables various optimizations such as not
+       WAL-logging changes and using local rather than shared buffers
+       for access. This also fixes a bug where backends unexpectedly
+       held open file references to temporary tables.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        <literal>ARRAY(SELECT ...)</literal>, where <command>SELECT</>
-        returns no rows, now returns an empty array, rather than NULL
-        (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Fix problem that a constant flow of new connection requests could
+       indefinitely delay the postmaster from completing a shutdown or
+       crash restart (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow <literal>col IS NULL</> to use an index (Teodor)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow <command>CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY</command> to ignore
+       transactions in other databases (Simon)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow limited hashing when using two different data types (Tom)
-       </para>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-       <para>
-        This allows hash joins, hash indexes, hashed subplans, and hash
-        aggregation to be used in situations involving cross-data-type
-        comparisons, if the data types have compatible hash functions.
-        Current cross-data-type hashing support exists for
-        <type>SMALLINT</type>/<type>INTEGER</type>/<type>BIGINT</type>,
-        and for <type>FLOAT4</type>/<type>FLOAT8</type>.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   </sect3>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Improve optimizer logic for detecting when variables are equal
-        in a <literal>WHERE</> clause (Tom)
-       </para>
+   <sect3>
+    <title>Query Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-       <para>
-        This allows mergejoins to work with descending sort orders, and
-        improves recognition of redundant sort columns.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Text search capability is now in core Postgres (Teodor, Oleg)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Improve performance when planning large inheritance trees when
-        most tables are excluded by constraints (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This features was previously in <filename>contrib/tsearch2</>.
+       It has been improved, moved into the server, and is now installed
+       by default.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Remove the undocumented <literal>!!=</> (not in) operator (Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Control over whether <literal>NULL</>s sort first or last, using
+       <literal>ORDER BY ... NULLS FIRST/LAST</> (Teodor, Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        <literal>NOT IN (SELECT ...)</literal> is the proper way to
-        perform this operation.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow ascending/descending (<literal>ASC</>/<literal>DESC</>)
+       control during index creation (Teodor, Tom)
+      </para>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+      <para>
+       Previously a query using <literal>ORDER BY</> with mixed
+       <literal>ASC</>/<literal>DESC</> specifiers could not fully use
+       an index. Now an index can be fully used in such cases if the
+       index was created with matching
+       <literal>ASC</>/<literal>DESC</> specifictions.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    </sect3>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Updatable cursors using <literal>UPDATE/DELETE WHERE CURRENT
+       OF</> (Arul Shaji, Tom)
+      </para>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+      <para>
+       This eliminates the need to reference a primary key to update or
+       delete rows returned by a cursor.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow <literal>FOR UPDATE</literal> in cursors (Arul Shaji, Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        Support arrays of composite types (David Fetter, Andrew, Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Create a general mechanism that supports casts to and from the
+       standard string types (<type>TEXT</type>, <type>VARCHAR</type>,
+       <type>CHAR</type>) for <emphasis>every</emphasis> datatype, by
+       invoking the datatype's I/O functions (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        Arrays of rowtypes of regular tables and views are now
-        supported, but not for system catalogs, sequences, or TOAST
-        tables.
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       XXX? bjm These new casts are assignment-only in the to-string direction,
+       explicit-only in the other, and therefore should create no
+       surprising behavior.  Remove a bunch of thereby-obsoleted
+       datatype-specific casting functions.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow <literal>col IS NULL</> to use an index (Teodor)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        The array name for a base data type is no longer required to
-        be the data type name with an underscore prefix
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow limited hashing when using two different data types (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        The old naming convention is still honored when possible, but
-        client code should no longer depending on it. Application code
-        should use the new <literal>pg_type.typarray</literal> column to
-        determine the array data type.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Server configuration parameters can now be set on a per-function
-        basis (Tom)
-       </para>
-
-       <para>
-        For example, functions can now set their own
-        <varname>search_path</> to prevent unexpected behavior if a
-        different <varname>search_path</> exists at run-time.  Security
-        definer functions should set <varname>search_path</varname> to
-        avoid security loopholes.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This allows hash joins, hash indexes, hashed subplans, and hash
+       aggregation to be used in situations involving cross-data-type
+       comparisons, if the data types have compatible hash functions.
+       Current cross-data-type hashing support exists for
+       <type>SMALLINT</type>/<type>INTEGER</type>/<type>BIGINT</type>,
+       and for <type>FLOAT4</type>/<type>FLOAT8</type>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <literal>COST</literal> and <literal>ROWS</literal> options to
-        <command>CREATE/ALTER FUNCTION</command> (Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Improve optimizer logic for detecting when variables are equal
+       in a <literal>WHERE</> clause (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        This allows simple control of the estimated cost of a function
-        call and control over the estimated number of rows returned by a
-        set-returning function.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This allows mergejoins to work with descending sort orders, and
+       improves recognition of redundant sort columns.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow triggers and rules to be deactivated in groups using a
-        session variable, for replication purposes (Jan)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Improve performance when planning large inheritance trees when
+       most tables are excluded by constraints (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This allows replication systems to disable triggers and rewrite
-        rules as a group without modifying the system catalogs directly.
-        The behavior is controlled by <command>ALTER TABLE</> and a new
-        parameter <varname>session_replication_role</varname>.
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Remove the undocumented <literal>!!=</> (not in) operator (Tom)
       </para>
 
-       <para>
-        <application>psql</application>'s <literal>\d</literal> command
-        and <application>pg_dump</application> have been enhanced
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       <literal>NOT IN (SELECT ...)</literal> is the proper way to
+       perform this operation.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        User-defined types can now have type modifiers (Teodor, Tom)
-       </para>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-       <para>
-        This allows a user type to take a modifier when
-        being created, e.g. <type>SSNUM(7)</>.  Previously only
-        predefined system data types would allow this, e.g.
-        <type>CHAR(4)</>.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   </sect3>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Foreign keys now must match indexable conditions for
-        cross-data-type references (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   <sect3>
+    <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
 
-    </sect3>
+      <para>
+       Support arrays of composite types (David Fetter, Andrew, Tom)
+      </para>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title>Utility Command Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+      <para>
+       Arrays of rowtypes of regular tables and views are now
+       supported, but not for system catalogs, sequences, or TOAST
+       tables.
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Non-superuser database owners now have privileges to add trusted
-        procedural languages in their databases by default (Jeremy Drake)
-       </para>
+     </listitem>
 
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Server configuration parameters can now be set on a per-function
+       basis (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        While this is reasonably safe, some administrators may wish to
-        revoke the privilege. It is controlled by
-        <structname>pg_pltemplate</>.<structfield>tmpldbacreate</>.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       For example, functions can now set their own
+       <varname>search_path</> to prevent unexpected behavior if a
+       different <varname>search_path</> exists at run-time.  Security
+       definer functions should set <varname>search_path</varname> to
+       avoid security loopholes.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        <command>SET LOCAL</command> changes now persist until
-        the end of the top-most transaction, unless rolled back (Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <literal>COST</literal> and <literal>ROWS</literal> options to
+       <command>CREATE/ALTER FUNCTION</command> (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        Previously <command>SET LOCAL</command>'s effects reverted
-        during subtransaction commit and <command>RELEASE</>.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This allows simple control of the estimated cost of a function
+       call and control over the estimated number of rows returned by a
+       set-returning function.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow a session's current parameter setting to be used as the
-        default for future sessions (Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow triggers and rules to be deactivated in groups using a
+       session variable, for replication purposes (Jan)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        This is done with <literal>SET ... FROM CURRENT</literal> in
-        <command>CREATE/ALTER FUNCTION</command>, <command>ALTER
-        DATABASE</command>, or <command>ALTER ROLE</command>.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This allows replication systems to disable triggers and rewrite
+       rules as a group without modifying the system catalogs directly.
+       The behavior is controlled by <command>ALTER TABLE</> and a new
+       parameter <varname>session_replication_role</varname>.
+     </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Implement new commands <command>DISCARD ALL</command>,
-        <command>DISCARD PLANS</command>, <command>DISCARD
-        TEMPORARY</command>, <command>CLOSE ALL</command>, and
-        <command>DEALLOCATE ALL</command> (Marko Kreen, Neil)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       <application>psql</application>'s <literal>\d</literal> command
+       and <application>pg_dump</application> have been enhanced
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        These commands simplify resetting a database session to its initial
-        state, and are particularly useful for connection-pooling software.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       User-defined types can now have type modifiers (Teodor, Tom)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow <command>ALTER VIEW ... RENAME TO</command> and <command>ALTER
-        SEQUENCE ... RENAME TO</command> (David Fetter, Neil)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       This allows a user type to take a modifier when
+       being created, e.g. <type>SSNUM(7)</>.  Previously only
+       predefined system data types would allow this, e.g.
+       <type>CHAR(4)</>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        Previously this could only be done via <command>ALTER TABLE ...
-        RENAME TO</command>.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Foreign keys now must match indexable conditions for
+       cross-data-type references (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Implement <command>CREATE TABLE LIKE ...  INCLUDING
-        INDEXES</command> (Trevor Hardcastle, Nikhil S, Neil)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Make <command>CLUSTER</command> MVCC-safe (Heikki Linnakangas)
-       </para>
+   </sect3>
 
-       <para>
-        Formerly, <command>CLUSTER</command> would discard all tuples
-        that were committed dead, even if there were still transactions
-        that should be able to see them under the visibility rules.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   <sect3>
+    <title>Utility Command Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add new syntax for <command>CLUSTER</command>: <literal>CLUSTER
-        <replaceable>table</> USING <replaceable>index</></literal>
-        (Holger Schurig)
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Non-superuser database owners now have privileges to add trusted
+       procedural languages in their databases by default (Jeremy Drake)
       </para>
 
-       <para>
-        The old <command>CLUSTER</command> syntax is still supported, but
-        the new form is considered more logical.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       While this is reasonably safe, some administrators may wish to
+       revoke the privilege. It is controlled by
+       <structname>pg_pltemplate</>.<structfield>tmpldbacreate</>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Fix <command>EXPLAIN</command> so it can show more complex plans (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow a session's current parameter setting to be used as the
+       default for future sessions (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Commands that are disallowed in transaction blocks are now also
-        disallowed in multiple-statement query strings (Tom)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       This is done with <literal>SET ... FROM CURRENT</literal> in
+       <command>CREATE/ALTER FUNCTION</command>, <command>ALTER
+       DATABASE</command>, or <command>ALTER ROLE</command>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Implement new commands <command>DISCARD ALL</command>,
+       <command>DISCARD PLANS</command>, <command>DISCARD
+       TEMPORARY</command>, <command>CLOSE ALL</command>, and
+       <command>DEALLOCATE ALL</command> (Marko Kreen, Neil)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        For example, <literal>BEGIN; DROP DATABASE; COMMIT</> will now be
-        rejected even if submitted as a single query message.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       These commands simplify resetting a database session to its initial
+       state, and are particularly useful for connection-pooling software.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Make CREATE/DROP/RENAME DATABASE wait briefly for other backends
-        to exit before failing (Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow <command>ALTER VIEW ... RENAME TO</command> and <command>ALTER
+       SEQUENCE ... RENAME TO</command> (David Fetter, Neil)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        This increases the likelihood that these commands will succeed.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       Previously this could only be done via <command>ALTER TABLE ...
+       RENAME TO</command>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Prevent <command>NOTIFY</command>/<command>LISTEN</command>/<command>UNLISTEN</command>
-        from accepting schema-qualified names (Bruce)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Implement <command>CREATE TABLE LIKE ...  INCLUDING
+       INDEXES</command> (Trevor Hardcastle, Nikhil S, Neil)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        Formerly, these commands accepted <quote>schema.relation</> but
-        ignored the schema part, which was confusing.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Make <command>CLUSTER</command> MVCC-safe (Heikki Linnakangas)
+      </para>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+      <para>
+       Formerly, <command>CLUSTER</command> would discard all tuples
+       that were committed dead, even if there were still transactions
+       that should be able to see them under the visibility rules.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    </sect3>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add new syntax for <command>CLUSTER</command>: <literal>CLUSTER
+       <replaceable>table</> USING <replaceable>index</></literal>
+       (Holger Schurig)
+     </para>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title>Data Type and Function Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+      <para>
+       The old <command>CLUSTER</command> syntax is still supported, but
+       the new form is considered more logical.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Support for the SQL/XML standard, including new operators and a
-        new <type>XML</type> builtin type (Nikolay Samokhvalov, Peter)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Fix <command>EXPLAIN</command> so it can show more complex plans (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Support for enumerated data types (<type>ENUM</type>) (Tom Dunstan)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Make CREATE/DROP/RENAME DATABASE wait briefly for other backends
+       to exit before failing (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        This is accomplished by creating a new data type with an
-        <literal>ENUM</> clause, e.g.
-        <literal>CREATE TYPE mood AS ENUM ('sad', 'ok', 'happy')</>.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This increases the likelihood that these commands will succeed.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Universally Unique Identifier (<type>UUID</>) data type, similar
-        to that defined by RFC 4122 (Gevik Babakhani, Neil)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Prevent <command>NOTIFY</command>/<command>LISTEN</command>/<command>UNLISTEN</command>
+       from accepting schema-qualified names (Bruce)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Widen the <type>MONEY</type> data type to 64 bits (D'Arcy Cain)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       Formerly, these commands accepted <quote>schema.relation</> but
+       ignored the schema part, which was confusing.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This greatly increases the range of supported <type>MONEY</>
-        values.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add new regexp functions <function>regexp_matches()</function>,
-        <function>regexp_split_to_array()</function>, and
-        <function>regexp_split_to_table()</function> (Jeremy Drake, Neil)
-       </para>
+   </sect3>
 
-       <para>
-        These functions provide access to the regex groups,
-        <literal>\(.*\)</> , and allows splitting a string on a POSIX
-        regular expression.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   <sect3>
+    <title>Data Type and Function Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <function>lo_truncate()</function> function for large object
-        truncation (Kris Jurka)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Support for the SQL/XML standard, including new operators and a
+       new <type>XML</type> builtin type (Nikolay Samokhvalov, Peter)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Implement <function>width_bucket()</function> for the float8 data
-        type (Neil)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Support for enumerated data types (<type>ENUM</type>) (Tom Dunstan)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <function>pg_stat_clear_snapshot()</function> to discard
-        statistics snapshots collected during the current transaction
-        (Tom)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       This is accomplished by creating a new data type with an
+       <literal>ENUM</> clause, e.g.
+       <literal>CREATE TYPE mood AS ENUM ('sad', 'ok', 'happy')</>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        The first request for statistics in a transaction takes a
-        statistics snapshot that doesn't change during the transaction.
-        This function allows the snapshot to be discarded and a new
-        snapshot loaded during the next statistics query. This is
-        particularly useful for PL/PgSQL functions which are confined to
-        a single transaction.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Universally Unique Identifier (<type>UUID</>) data type, similar
+       to that defined by RFC 4122 (Gevik Babakhani, Neil)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <literal>isodow</> option to <function>EXTRACT()</> and
-        <function>date_part()</> (Bruce)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Widen the <type>MONEY</type> data type to 64 bits (D'Arcy Cain)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        This is the day of the week, with Sunday as seven.
-        (<literal>dow</> returns Sunday as zero.)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This greatly increases the range of supported <type>MONEY</>
+       values.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <literal>ID</> (ISO day of week) and <literal>IDDD</> (ISO
-        day of year) format types for <function>to_char()</>,
-        <function>to_date()</> and <function>to_timestamp()</> (Brendan
-        Jurd)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add new regexp functions <function>regexp_matches()</function>,
+       <function>regexp_split_to_array()</function>, and
+       <function>regexp_split_to_table()</function> (Jeremy Drake, Neil)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Make <function>to_timestamp()</> and <function>to_date()</>
-        assume <quote>TM</quote> (trim) for potentially variable-width
-        fields (Bruce)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       These functions provide access to the regex groups,
+       <literal>\(.*\)</> , and allows splitting a string on a POSIX
+       regular expression.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This matches Oracle behavior.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <function>lo_truncate()</function> function for large object
+       truncation (Kris Jurka)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Fix off-by-one conversion in to_date()/to_timestamp() 'D' fields
-        (Bruce)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Implement <function>width_bucket()</function> for the float8 data
+       type (Neil)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Fix <type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type> to handle
-        <literal>Infinity</> and <literal>NAN</> (not a number)
-        consistently (Bruce)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <function>pg_stat_clear_snapshot()</function> to discard
+       statistics snapshots collected during the current transaction
+       (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        The code formerly was not consistent about distinguishing
-        <literal>Infinity</> from overflow conditions.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       The first request for statistics in a transaction takes a
+       statistics snapshot that doesn't change during the transaction.
+       This function allows the snapshot to be discarded and a new
+       snapshot loaded during the next statistics query. This is
+       particularly useful for PL/PgSQL functions which are confined to
+       a single transaction.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Make <function>setseed()</function> return void, rather than a
-        useless integer value (Neil)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <literal>isodow</> option to <function>EXTRACT()</> and
+       <function>date_part()</> (Bruce)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add a hash function for <type>NUMERIC</type> (Neil)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       This is the day of the week, with Sunday as seven.
+       (<literal>dow</> returns Sunday as zero.)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This allows hash indexes and hash-based plans to be used with
-        <type>NUMERIC</type>.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <literal>ID</> (ISO day of week) and <literal>IDDD</> (ISO
+       day of year) format types for <function>to_char()</>,
+       <function>to_date()</> and <function>to_timestamp()</> (Brendan
+       Jurd)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Improve efficiency of
-        <literal>LIKE</literal>/<literal>ILIKE</literal>, especially for
-        multi-byte character sets like UTF8 (Andrew, Itagaki Takahiro)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Make <function>to_timestamp()</> and <function>to_date()</>
+       assume <quote>TM</quote> (trim) for potentially variable-width
+       fields (Bruce)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow leading and trailing whitespace for <type>BOOLEAN</type>
-        values (Neil)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This matches Oracle behavior.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        More checks for invalidly-encoded data (Andrew)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Fix off-by-one conversion in to_date()/to_timestamp() 'D' fields
+       (Bruce)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This change plugs some holes that existed in literal backslash
-        escape string processing and <command>COPY</command> escape
-        processing. Now the de-escaped string is rechecked to see if the
-        result created an invalid multi-byte character.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Fix <type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type> to handle
+       <literal>Infinity</> and <literal>NAN</> (not a number)
+       consistently (Bruce)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Ensure that <function>chr()</function> cannot create invalidly
-        encoded values (Andrew)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       The code formerly was not consistent about distinguishing
+       <literal>Infinity</> from overflow conditions.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        In UTF8-encoded databases the argument is processed as a Unicode
-        code point. In other multi-byte encodings the argument must
-        designate a 7-bit ASCII character, or an error is raised. Zero
-        also causes an error. <function>ascii()</function> has been
-        adjusted as well to match this behavior.
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Make <function>setseed()</function> return void, rather than a
+       useless integer value (Neil)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add a hash function for <type>NUMERIC</type> (Neil)
       </para>
-      </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Adjust <function>convert()</function> behavior to ensure encoding
-        validity (Andrew)
-       </para>
+      <para>
+       This allows hash indexes and hash-based plans to be used with
+       <type>NUMERIC</type>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        The two argument form of <function>convert()</function> has been
-        removed. The three argument form now takes a <type>BYTEA</type>
-        first argument and returns a <type>BYTEA</type>. To cover this
-        loss three new functions are introduced:
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Improve efficiency of
+       <literal>LIKE</literal>/<literal>ILIKE</literal>, especially for
+       multi-byte character sets like UTF8 (Andrew, Itagaki Takahiro)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <itemizedlist>
-        <listitem>
-         <para>
-          <function>convert_from(bytea, name)</function> returns
-          <type>TEXT</> &mdash; converts the first argument from the named
-          encoding to the database encoding.
-         </para>
-        </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow leading and trailing whitespace for <type>BOOLEAN</type>
+       values (Neil)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-        <listitem>
-         <para>
-          <function>convert_to(text, name)</function> returns
-          <type>BYTEA</> &mdash; converts the first argument from the
-          database encoding to the named encoding.
-         </para>
-        </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Make <function>currtid()</function> functions require
+       <literal>SELECT</literal> privileges on the target table (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-        <listitem>
-         <para>
-          <function>length(bytea, name)</function> returns
-          <type>INTEGER</> &mdash; gives the length of the first
-          argument in characters in the named encoding.
-         </para>
-        </listitem>
-       </itemizedlist>
-      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Remove <literal>convert(argument USING conversion_name)</literal>
-        (Andrew)
-       </para>
+   </sect3>
 
-       <para>
-        Its behavior did not match the SQL standard and could not be
-        implemented in this release.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   <sect3>
+    <title>PL/PgSQL Server-Side Language Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Restrict object size functions to users who have reasonable
-        permissions to view such information (Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add scrollable cursor support by adding directional control to
+       PL/PgSQL's <command>FETCH</command> (Pavel Stehule)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        For example, <function>pg_database_size()</function> now
-        requires <literal>CONNECT</> permission, which is granted to
-        everyone by default. <function>pg_tablespace_size()</function>
-        requires <literal>CREATE</> permission in the tablespace, or the
-        tablespace is the default tablespace for the database.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add support for <literal>IN</literal> as an alternative to
+       <literal>FROM</literal> in PL/PgSQL's <command>FETCH</command>
+       statement, for consistency with the backend's
+       <command>FETCH</command> command (Pavel Stehule)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Make <function>currtid()</function> functions require
-        <literal>SELECT</literal> privileges on the target table (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <command>MOVE</command> to PL/PgSQL (Magnus, Pavel Stehule,
+       Neil)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Implement <command>RETURN QUERY</command> (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
+      </para>
 
-    </sect3>
+      <para>
+       This adds convenient syntax for PL/PgSQL set-returning functions
+       that want to return the result of a query, rather than using
+       <command>RETURN NEXT</command>. <command>RETURN QUERY</command>
+       is more efficient too.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title>PL/PgSQL Server-Side Language Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow function parameter names to be qualified with the
+       function's name(Tom)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add scrollable cursor support by adding directional control to
-        PL/PgSQL's <command>FETCH</command> (Pavel Stehule)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       For example, <literal>myfunc.myvar</>. This is particularly
+       useful for specifying variables in a query where the variable
+       name might match a column name.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add support for <literal>IN</literal> as an alternative to
-        <literal>FROM</literal> in PL/PgSQL's <command>FETCH</command>
-        statement, for consistency with the backend's
-        <command>FETCH</command> command (Pavel Stehule)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Tighten requirements for <literal>FOR</literal> loop
+       <literal>STEP</> values (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <command>MOVE</command> to PL/PgSQL (Magnus, Pavel Stehule,
-        Neil)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       Prevent non-positive <literal>STEP</> values, and handle
+       loop overflows.
+      </para>
+       
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Implement <command>RETURN QUERY</command> (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Improve accuracy when reporting syntax error locations (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This adds convenient syntax for PL/PgSQL set-returning functions
-        that want to return the result of a query, rather than using
-        <command>RETURN NEXT</command>. <command>RETURN QUERY</command>
-        is more efficient too.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow function parameter names to be qualified with the
-        function's name(Tom)
-       </para>
+   </sect3>
 
-       <para>
-        For example, <literal>myfunc.myvar</>. This is particularly
-        useful for specifying variables in a query where the variable
-        name might match a column name.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   <sect3>
+    <title>PL/Perl Server-Side Language Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Tighten requirements for <literal>FOR</literal> loop
-        <literal>STEP</> values (Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow type-name arguments to <function>spi_prepare()</function> to
+       be data type aliases in addition to names in
+       <literal>pg_type</literal> (Andrew)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        Prevent non-positive <literal>STEP</> values, and handle
-        loop overflows.
-       </para>
-        
-      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Improve accuracy when reporting syntax error locations (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   </sect3>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+   <sect3>
+    <title>PL/Python Server-Side Language Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-    </sect3>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Enable PL/PythonU to compile on Python 2.5 (Marko Kreen)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title>PL/Perl Server-Side Language Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow type-name arguments to <function>plpy.prepare()</function> to
+       be data type aliases in addition to names in
+       <literal>pg_type</literal> (Andrew)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow type-name arguments to <function>spi_prepare()</function> to
-        be data type aliases in addition to names in
-        <literal>pg_type</literal> (Andrew)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Support a true boolean type in compatible Python versions
+       (Python 2.3 and later) (Marko Kreen)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-    </sect3>
+   </sect3>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title>PL/Python Server-Side Language Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+   <sect3>
+    <title>PL/Tcl Server-Side Language Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Enable PL/PythonU to compile on Python 2.5 (Marko Kreen)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow type-name arguments to <function>spi_prepare</> to 
+       be data type aliases in addition to names in
+       <literal>pg_type</literal> (Andrew)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow type-name arguments to <function>plpy.prepare()</function> to
-        be data type aliases in addition to names in
-        <literal>pg_type</literal> (Andrew)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Fix problems with thread-enabled <filename>libtcl</> spawning
+       multiple threads within the backend (Steve Marshall, Paul Bayer,
+       Doug Knight)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Support a true boolean type in compatible Python versions
-        (Python 2.3 and later) (Marko Kreen)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This caused all sorts of unpleasantness.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-    </sect3>
+   </sect3>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title>PL/Tcl Server-Side Language Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+   <sect3>
+    <title><link linkend="APP-PSQL"><application>psql</></link> Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow type-name arguments to <function>spi_prepare</> to 
-        be data type aliases in addition to names in
-        <literal>pg_type</literal> (Andrew)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       List disabled triggers separately in <literal>\d</literal> output
+       (Brendan Jurd)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Fix problems with thread-enabled <filename>libtcl</> spawning
-        multiple threads within the backend (Steve Marshall, Paul Bayer,
-        Doug Knight)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Show aggregate return types in <literal>\da</literal> output
+       (Greg Sabino Mullane)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        This caused all sorts of unpleasantness.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add the function's volatility to the output of
+       <literal>\df+</literal> (Neil)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       In <literal>\d</literal> patterns, always match <literal>$</literal>
+       literally (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    </sect3>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <literal>\prompt</literal> capability (Chad Wagner)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title><link linkend="APP-PSQL"><application>psql</></link> Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow <literal>\pset</literal>, <literal>\t</literal>, and
+       <literal>\x</literal> to use <literal>on</>/<literal>off</>,
+       rather than just toggling (Chad Wagner)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        List disabled triggers separately in <literal>\d</literal> output
-        (Brendan Jurd)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <literal>\sleep</> capability (Jan)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Show aggregate return types in <literal>\da</literal> output
-        (Greg Sabino Mullane)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Enable <literal>\timing</> output for <literal>\copy</> (Andrew)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add the function's volatility to the output of
-        <literal>\df+</literal> (Neil)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Improve <literal>\timing</literal> resolution on Windows
+       (Itagaki Takahiro)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        In <literal>\d</literal> patterns, always match <literal>$</literal>
-        literally (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Flush <literal>\o</> output after each backslash command (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <literal>\prompt</literal> capability (Chad Wagner)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow <literal>\pset</literal>, <literal>\t</literal>, and
-        <literal>\x</literal> to use <literal>on</>/<literal>off</>,
-        rather than just toggling (Chad Wagner)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   </sect3>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <literal>\sleep</> capability (Jan)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   <sect3>
+    <title><link linkend="APP-PGDUMP"><application>pg_dump</></link> Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Enable <literal>\timing</> output for <literal>\copy</> (Andrew)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <literal>--tablespaces-only</> and <literal>--roles-only</>
+       options to <application>pg_dumpall</application> (Dave Page)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Improve <literal>\timing</literal> resolution on Windows
-        (Itagaki Takahiro)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add an output file option to
+       <application>pg_dumpall</application> (Dave Page)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Flush <literal>\o</> output after each backslash command (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This is primarily useful on Windows, where output redirection of
+       child <application>pg_dump</application> processes does not work.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow <application>pg_dumpall</> to accept an initial-connection
+       database name rather than the default
+       <literal>template1</literal> (Dave Page)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    </sect3>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       In <literal>-n</> and <literal>-t</> switches, always match
+       <literal>$</literal> literally (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title><link linkend="APP-PGDUMP"><application>pg_dump</></link> Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Improve performance when a database has many thousands of objects (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <literal>--tablespaces-only</> and <literal>--roles-only</>
-        options to <application>pg_dumpall</application> (Dave Page)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add an output file option to
-        <application>pg_dumpall</application> (Dave Page)
-       </para>
+   </sect3>
 
-       <para>
-        This is primarily useful on Windows, where output redirection of
-        child <application>pg_dump</application> processes does not work.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   <sect3>
+    <title>Other Client Application Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow <application>pg_dumpall</> to accept an initial-connection
-        database name rather than the default
-        <literal>template1</literal> (Dave Page)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       In <application>initdb</>, allow the location of the
+       <filename>pg_xlog</filename> directory location to be specified
+       (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        In <literal>-n</> and <literal>-t</> switches, always match
-        <literal>$</literal> literally (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Enable core dump generation in <application>pg_regress</> and
+       <application>pg_ctl</>, if possible (Andrew)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Improve performance when a database has many thousands of objects (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow Control-C to cancel <application>clusterdb</>,
+       <application>reindexdb</>, and <application>vacuumdb</> (Itagaki
+       Takahiro, Magnus)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
-
-    </sect3>
-
-    <sect3>
-     <title>Other Client Application Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
-
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        In <application>initdb</>, allow the location of the
-        <filename>pg_xlog</filename> directory location to be specified
-        (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Enable core dump generation in <application>pg_regress</> and
-        <application>pg_ctl</>, if possible (Andrew)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow Control-C to cancel <application>clusterdb</>,
-        <application>reindexdb</>, and <application>vacuumdb</> (Itagaki
-        Takahiro, Magnus)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Suppress command tag output for <application>createdb</>,
-        <application>createuser</>, <application>dropdb</>,
-        <application>dropuser</> (Peter)
-       </para>
-
-       <para>
-        The <literal>--quiet</> option is ignored and will be removed in 8.4.
-        Progress messages when acting on all databases now go to stdout
-        instead of stderr because they are not actually errors.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
-
-     </itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Suppress command tag output for <application>createdb</>,
+       <application>createuser</>, <application>dropdb</>,
+       <application>dropuser</> (Peter)
+      </para>
 
-    </sect3>
+      <para>
+       The <literal>--quiet</> option is ignored and will be removed in 8.4.
+       Progress messages when acting on all databases now go to stdout
+       instead of stderr because they are not actually errors.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title><link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</></link> Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Interpret the <literal>dbName</> parameter of
-        <function>PQsetdbLogin()</> as a <literal>conninfo</> string if
-        it contains an equals sign (Andrew)
-       </para>
+   </sect3>
 
-       <para>
-        This allows use of <literal>conninfo</> strings in client
-        programs that still use <literal>PQsetdbLogin()</>.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   <sect3>
+    <title><link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</></link> Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Support a global <acronym>SSL</> configuration file (Victor
-        Wagner)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Interpret the <literal>dbName</> parameter of
+       <function>PQsetdbLogin()</> as a <literal>conninfo</> string if
+       it contains an equals sign (Andrew)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add environment variable <varname>PGSSLKEY</> to control
-        <acronym>SSL</> hardware keys (Victor Wagner)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This allows use of <literal>conninfo</> strings in client
+       programs that still use <literal>PQsetdbLogin()</>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <function>lo_truncate()</function> for large object
-        truncation (Kris Jurka)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Support a global <acronym>SSL</> configuration file (Victor
+       Wagner)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <function>PQconnectionUsedPassword()</function> that returns
-        true if the server required a password (Joe Conway)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add environment variable <varname>PGSSLKEY</> to control
+       <acronym>SSL</> hardware keys (Victor Wagner)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-       <para>
-        If this returns true and the connection failed a client
-        application should prompt the user for a password.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <function>lo_truncate()</function> for large object
+       truncation (Kris Jurka)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <function>PQconnectionUsedPassword()</function> that returns
+       true if the server required a password (Joe Conway)
+      </para>
 
-    </sect3>
+      <para>
+       If this returns true and the connection failed a client
+       application should prompt the user for a password.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title><link linkend="ecpg"><application>ecpg</></link> Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Major rewrite to use V3 frontend/backend protocol (Michael)
-       </para>
+   </sect3>
 
-       <para>
-        This adds server-side prepared statements.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   <sect3>
+    <title><link linkend="ecpg"><application>ecpg</></link> Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Use native threads, instead of pthreads, on Windows (Magnus)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Major rewrite to use V3 frontend/backend protocol (Michael)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Improve thread-safety of ecpglib (Itagaki Takahiro)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This adds server-side prepared statements.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Have ecpg libraries exporting only API symbols (Michael)
-        Win32 only?  XXX
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Use native threads, instead of pthreads, on Windows (Magnus)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Improve thread-safety of ecpglib (Itagaki Takahiro)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    </sect3>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Have ecpg libraries exporting only API symbols (Michael)
+       Win32 only?  XXX
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title><application>Windows</> Port</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        The backend database server can now be compiled with
-        <productname>Microsoft Visual C++</> (Magnus and others)
-       </para>
+   </sect3>
 
-       <para>
-         Windows executables made with Visual C++ might have better
-         stability and performance than those made with other tool sets.
-         Development and debugging tools familiar to Windows developers
-         will also work.  The client-only C++ build scripts have been
-         removed.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   <sect3>
+    <title><application>Windows</> Port</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow regression tests to be started by an <literal>admin</>
-        user (Magnus)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       The backend database server can now be compiled with
+       <productname>Microsoft Visual C++</> (Magnus and others)
+      </para>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Native shared memory implementation for Windows (Magnus)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+        Windows executables made with Visual C++ might have better
+        stability and performance than those made with other tool sets.
+        Development and debugging tools familiar to Windows developers
+        will also work.  The client-only C++ build scripts have been
+        removed.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow regression tests to be started by an <literal>admin</>
+       user (Magnus)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    </sect3>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Native shared memory implementation for Windows (Magnus)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title>Source Code Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        New C macros for handling variable-length data values (Greg
-        Stark, Tom)
-       </para>
+   </sect3>
 
-       <para>
-        The new <function>SET_VARSIZE()</> macro <emphasis>must</> be
-        used to set the length of generated values. Also, it might be
-        necessary to expand (<quote>de-TOAST</quote>) input values in
-        additional places.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+   <sect3>
+    <title>Source Code Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Rename macro <literal>DLLIMPORT</> to <literal>PGDLLIMPORT</> to
-        avoid conflicting with third party includes (like TCL) that
-        define DLLIMPORT (Magnus)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Rename macro <literal>DLLIMPORT</> to <literal>PGDLLIMPORT</> to
+       avoid conflicting with third party includes (like TCL) that
+       define DLLIMPORT (Magnus)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow execution of cursor commands through
-        <function>SPI_execute</function> (Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow execution of cursor commands through
+       <function>SPI_execute</function> (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        The macro <literal>SPI_ERROR_CURSOR</> still exists but will
-        never be returned.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       The macro <literal>SPI_ERROR_CURSOR</> still exists but will
+       never be returned.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        SPI plan pointers are now <literal>SPIPlanPtr</> instead of
-        <literal>void *</> (Tom)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       SPI plan pointers are now <literal>SPIPlanPtr</> instead of
+       <literal>void *</> (Tom)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        This does not break application code, but switching is
-        recommended to help catch simple programming mistakes.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       This does not break application code, but switching is
+       recommended to help catch simple programming mistakes.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add cursor-related functionality in SPI (Pavel Stehule)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add cursor-related functionality in SPI (Pavel Stehule)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        Allow access to the cursor-related planning options, and add
-        <command>FETCH</>/<command>MOVE</> routines.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow access to the cursor-related planning options, and add
+       <command>FETCH</>/<command>MOVE</> routines.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <application>configure</> <literal>--enable-profiling</>
-        to enable code profiling (works only with <application>gcc</>)
-        (Korry Douglas and Nikhil S)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <application>configure</> <literal>--enable-profiling</>
+       to enable code profiling (works only with <application>gcc</>)
+       (Korry Douglas and Nikhil S)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <application>configure</> <literal>--with-system-tzdata</>
-        to use the operating system time zone database (Peter)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <application>configure</> <literal>--with-system-tzdata</>
+       to use the operating system time zone database (Peter)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Create <quote>operator families</quote> improve planning of
-        queries involving cross-data-type comparisons (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Create <quote>operator families</quote> improve planning of
+       queries involving cross-data-type comparisons (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Support <command>gmake draft</command> when building the
-        <acronym>SGML</> documentation (Bruce)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Support <command>gmake draft</command> when building the
+       <acronym>SGML</> documentation (Bruce)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Update GIN <function>extractQuery()</> API to allow signalling
-        that nothing can satisfy the query (Teodor)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Update GIN <function>extractQuery()</> API to allow signalling
+       that nothing can satisfy the query (Teodor)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Move <literal>NAMEDATALEN</> definition from
-        <filename>postgres_ext.h</> to <filename>pg_config_manual.h</>
-        (Peter)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Move <literal>NAMEDATALEN</> definition from
+       <filename>postgres_ext.h</> to <filename>pg_config_manual.h</>
+       (Peter)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Change server startup log message from <quote>database system is
-        ready</quote> to <quote>database system is ready to accept
-        connections</quote>
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Change server startup log message from <quote>database system is
+       ready</quote> to <quote>database system is ready to accept
+       connections</quote>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Provide <function>strlcpy()</function> and
-        <function>strlcat()</function> on all platforms, and replace
-        error-prone uses of <function>strncpy()</function>,
-        <function>strncat()</function>, etc (Peter)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Provide <function>strlcpy()</function> and
+       <function>strlcat()</function> on all platforms, and replace
+       error-prone uses of <function>strncpy()</function>,
+       <function>strncat()</function>, etc (Peter)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Fix pgstats counting of live and dead tuples to recognize that
-        committed and aborted transactions have different effects (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Fix pgstats counting of live and dead tuples to recognize that
+       committed and aborted transactions have different effects (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Create hooks to let a loadable plugin monitor (or even replace) the
-        planner and create plans for hypothetical situations (Gurjeet
-        Singh, Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Create hooks to let a loadable plugin monitor (or even replace) the
+       planner and create plans for hypothetical situations (Gurjeet
+       Singh, Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Create a function variable <literal>join_search_hook</> to let plugins
-        override the join search order portion of the planner (Julius
-        Stroffek)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Create a function variable <literal>join_search_hook</> to let plugins
+       override the join search order portion of the planner (Julius
+       Stroffek)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add tas() support for Renesas' M32R processor (Kazuhiro Inaoka)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add tas() support for Renesas' M32R processor (Kazuhiro Inaoka)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Have <function>quote_identifier()</function> and
-        <application>pg_dump</application> not quote keywords that are
-        unreserved according to the grammar (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Have <function>quote_identifier()</function> and
+       <application>pg_dump</application> not quote keywords that are
+       unreserved according to the grammar (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Fix <acronym>PGXS</> so extensions can be built against Postgres
-        installations whose <application>pg_config</> program does not
-        appear first in the <varname>PATH</> (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Fix <acronym>PGXS</> so extensions can be built against Postgres
+       installations whose <application>pg_config</> program does not
+       appear first in the <varname>PATH</> (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Change the on-disk representation of the <type>NUMERIC</type>
-        data type so that the <structfield>sign_dscale</> word comes
-        before the weight (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Change the on-disk representation of the <type>NUMERIC</type>
+       data type so that the <structfield>sign_dscale</> word comes
+       before the weight (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Use <acronym>SYSV</> semaphores rather than POSIX on Darwin
-        &gt;= 6.0, i.e., OS X 10.2 and up (Chris Marcellino)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Use <acronym>SYSV</> semaphores rather than POSIX on Darwin
+       &gt;= 6.0, i.e., OS X 10.2 and up (Chris Marcellino)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-    </sect3>
+   </sect3>
 
-    <sect3>
-     <title>Contrib Changes</title>
-     <itemizedlist>
+   <sect3>
+    <title>Contrib Changes</title>
+    <itemizedlist>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <filename>/contrib/pageinspect</filename> module for low-level
-        page inspection (Simon, Heikki)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <filename>/contrib/pageinspect</filename> module for low-level
+       page inspection (Simon, Heikki)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <filename>/contrib/pg_standby</filename> module for warm standby
-        operation (Simon)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <filename>/contrib/pg_standby</filename> module for warm standby
+       operation (Simon)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add <filename>/contrib/uuid-ossp</filename> module for generating
-        <type>UUID</> values using the OSSP UUID library (Peter)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add <filename>/contrib/uuid-ossp</filename> module for generating
+       <type>UUID</> values using the OSSP UUID library (Peter)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        Use <application>configure</>
-        <literal>--with-ossp-uuid</literal> to activate. This takes
-        advantage of the new <type>UUID</type> builtin type.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       Use <application>configure</>
+       <literal>--with-ossp-uuid</literal> to activate. This takes
+       advantage of the new <type>UUID</type> builtin type.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Allow <application>pgbench</> to set the fillfactor (Pavan Deolasee)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Allow <application>pgbench</> to set the fillfactor (Pavan Deolasee)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add timestamps to <application>pgbench</> <literal>-l</> (Greg
-        Smith)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add timestamps to <application>pgbench</> <literal>-l</> (Greg
+       Smith)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add usage count statistics to
-        <filename>contrib/pgbuffercache</filename> (Greg Smith)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add usage count statistics to
+       <filename>contrib/pgbuffercache</filename> (Greg Smith)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add GIN support for <filename>hstore</> (Teodor)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add GIN support for <filename>hstore</> (Teodor)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Add GIN support for <filename>pg_trgm</> (Guillaume Smet, Teodor)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Add GIN support for <filename>pg_trgm</> (Guillaume Smet, Teodor)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Update OS/X startup scripts in
-        <filename>/contrib/start-scripts</filename> (Mark Cotner, David
-        Fetter)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Update OS/X startup scripts in
+       <filename>/contrib/start-scripts</filename> (Mark Cotner, David
+       Fetter)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Restrict <function>pgrowlocks()</function> and
-        <function>dblink_get_pkey()</function> to users who have
-        <literal>SELECT</literal> privilege on the target table (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Restrict <function>pgrowlocks()</function> and
+       <function>dblink_get_pkey()</function> to users who have
+       <literal>SELECT</literal> privilege on the target table (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        Restrict <filename>contrib/pgstattuple</filename> functions to
-        superusers (Tom)
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Restrict <filename>contrib/pgstattuple</filename> functions to
+       superusers (Tom)
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-      <listitem>
-       <para>
-        <filename>contrib/xml2</filename> is deprecated and planned for
-        removal in 8.4 (Peter)
-       </para>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       <filename>contrib/xml2</filename> is deprecated and planned for
+       removal in 8.4 (Peter)
+      </para>
 
-       <para>
-        The new XML support in core Postgres supersedes this module.
-       </para>
-      </listitem>
+      <para>
+       The new XML support in core Postgres supersedes this module.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
 
-     </itemizedlist>
+    </itemizedlist>
 
-    </sect3>
-   </sect2>
-  </sect1>
+   </sect3>
+  </sect2>
+ </sect1>
 
   <sect1 id="release-8-2-5">
    <title>Release 8.2.5</title>
-- 
2.39.5