]> git.ipfire.org Git - oddments/ddns.git/blobdiff - src/ddns/providers.py
dy.fi: Use HTTPS to perform updates.
[oddments/ddns.git] / src / ddns / providers.py
index a36651ede616914431534f0f78e4865dc3568281..f1fed2265c6c62510f3207039cf26f007fa3deca 100644 (file)
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python
+#!/usr/bin/python3
 ###############################################################################
 #                                                                             #
 # ddns - A dynamic DNS client for IPFire                                      #
-# Copyright (C) 2012 IPFire development team                                  #
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2017 IPFire development team                             #
 #                                                                             #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify        #
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by        #
 #                                                                             #
 ###############################################################################
 
+import datetime
 import logging
+import os
 import subprocess
-import urllib2
+import urllib.request
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.parse
 import xml.dom.minidom
 
-from i18n import _
+from .i18n import _
 
 # Import all possible exception types.
 from .errors import *
@@ -57,23 +61,25 @@ class DDNSProvider(object):
 
        DEFAULT_SETTINGS = {}
 
-       # Automatically register all providers.
-       class __metaclass__(type):
-               def __init__(provider, name, bases, dict):
-                       type.__init__(provider, name, bases, dict)
+       # holdoff time - Number of days no update is performed unless
+       # the IP address has changed.
+       holdoff_days = 30
 
-                       # The main class from which is inherited is not registered
-                       # as a provider.
-                       if name == "DDNSProvider":
-                               return
+       # holdoff time for update failures - Number of days no update
+       # is tried after the last one has failed.
+       holdoff_failure_days = 0.5
 
-                       if not all((provider.handle, provider.name, provider.website)):
-                               raise DDNSError(_("Provider is not properly configured"))
+       # True if the provider is able to remove records, too.
+       # Required to remove AAAA records if IPv6 is absent again.
+       can_remove_records = True
 
-                       assert not _providers.has_key(provider.handle), \
-                               "Provider '%s' has already been registered" % provider.handle
-
-                       _providers[provider.handle] = provider
+       @staticmethod
+       def supported():
+               """
+                       Should be overwritten to check if the system the code is running
+                       on has all the required tools to support this provider.
+               """
+               return True
 
        def __init__(self, core, **settings):
                self.core = core
@@ -83,11 +89,27 @@ class DDNSProvider(object):
                self.settings = self.DEFAULT_SETTINGS.copy()
                self.settings.update(settings)
 
+       def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
+               super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
+
+               if not all((cls.handle, cls.name, cls.website)):
+                       raise DDNSError(_("Provider is not properly configured"))
+
+               assert cls.handle not in _providers, \
+                       "Provider '%s' has already been registered" % cls.handle
+
+               # Register class
+               _providers[cls.handle] = cls
+
        def __repr__(self):
                return "<DDNS Provider %s (%s)>" % (self.name, self.handle)
 
        def __cmp__(self, other):
-               return cmp(self.hostname, other.hostname)
+               return (lambda a, b: (a > b)-(a < b))(self.hostname, other.hostname)
+
+       @property
+       def db(self):
+               return self.core.db
 
        def get(self, key, default=None):
                """
@@ -127,18 +149,113 @@ class DDNSProvider(object):
                if force:
                        logger.debug(_("Updating %s forced") % self.hostname)
 
-               # Check if we actually need to update this host.
-               elif self.is_uptodate(self.protocols):
-                       logger.debug(_("%s is already up to date") % self.hostname)
+               # Do nothing if the last update has failed or no update is required
+               elif self.has_failure or not self.requires_update:
                        return
 
                # Execute the update.
-               self.update()
+               try:
+                       self.update()
+
+               # 1) Catch network errors early, because we do not want to log
+               # them to the database. They are usually temporary and caused
+               # by the client side, so that we will retry quickly.
+               # 2) If there is an internet server error (HTTP code 500) on the
+               # provider's site, we will not log a failure and try again
+               # shortly.
+               except (DDNSNetworkError, DDNSInternalServerError):
+                       raise
+
+               # In case of any errors, log the failed request and
+               # raise the exception.
+               except DDNSError as e:
+                       self.core.db.log_failure(self.hostname, e)
+                       raise
+
+               logger.info(_("Dynamic DNS update for %(hostname)s (%(provider)s) successful") %
+                                       {"hostname": self.hostname, "provider": self.name})
+               self.core.db.log_success(self.hostname)
 
        def update(self):
+               for protocol in self.protocols:
+                       if self.have_address(protocol):
+                               self.update_protocol(protocol)
+                       elif self.can_remove_records:
+                               self.remove_protocol(protocol)
+
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
                raise NotImplementedError
 
-       def is_uptodate(self, protos):
+       def remove_protocol(self, proto):
+               if not self.can_remove_records:
+                       raise RuntimeError("can_remove_records is enabled, but remove_protocol() not implemented")
+
+               raise NotImplementedError
+
+       @property
+       def requires_update(self):
+               # If the IP addresses have changed, an update is required
+               if self.ip_address_changed(self.protocols):
+                       logger.debug(_("An update for %(hostname)s (%(provider)s) is performed because of an IP address change") %
+                       {"hostname": self.hostname, "provider": self.name})
+
+                       return True
+
+               # If the holdoff time has expired, an update is required, too
+               if self.holdoff_time_expired():
+                       logger.debug(_("An update for %(hostname)s (%(provider)s) is performed because the holdoff time has expired") %
+                                                {"hostname": self.hostname, "provider": self.name})
+
+                       return True
+
+               # Otherwise, we don't need to perform an update
+               logger.debug(_("No update required for %(hostname)s (%(provider)s)") %
+                                        {"hostname": self.hostname, "provider": self.name})
+
+               return False
+
+       @property
+       def has_failure(self):
+               """
+                       Returns True when the last update has failed and no retry
+                       should be performed, yet.
+               """
+               last_status = self.db.last_update_status(self.hostname)
+
+               # Return False if the last update has not failed.
+               if not last_status == "failure":
+                       return False
+
+               # If there is no holdoff time, we won't update ever again.
+               if self.holdoff_failure_days is None:
+                       logger.warning(_("An update has not been performed because earlier updates failed for %s") % self.hostname)
+                       logger.warning(_("There will be no retries"))
+
+                       return True
+
+               # Determine when the holdoff time ends
+               last_update = self.db.last_update(self.hostname, status=last_status)
+               holdoff_end = last_update + datetime.timedelta(days=self.holdoff_failure_days)
+
+               now = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+               if now < holdoff_end:
+                       failure_message = self.db.last_update_failure_message(self.hostname)
+
+                       logger.warning(_("An update has not been performed because earlier updates failed for %s") % self.hostname)
+
+                       if failure_message:
+                               logger.warning(_("Last failure message:"))
+
+                               for line in failure_message.splitlines():
+                                       logger.warning("  %s" % line)
+
+                       logger.warning(_("Further updates will be withheld until %s") % holdoff_end)
+
+                       return True
+
+               return False
+
+       def ip_address_changed(self, protos):
                """
                        Returns True if this host is already up to date
                        and does not need to change the IP address on the
@@ -146,18 +263,53 @@ class DDNSProvider(object):
                """
                for proto in protos:
                        addresses = self.core.system.resolve(self.hostname, proto)
-
                        current_address = self.get_address(proto)
 
-                       # If no addresses for the given protocol exist, we
-                       # are fine...
-                       if current_address is None and not addresses:
+                       # Handle if the system has not got any IP address from a protocol
+                       # (i.e. had full dual-stack connectivity which it has not any more)
+                       if current_address is None:
+                               # If addresses still exists in the DNS system and if this provider
+                               # is able to remove records, we will do that.
+                               if addresses and self.can_remove_records:
+                                       return True
+
+                               # Otherwise, we cannot go on...
                                continue
 
                        if not current_address in addresses:
-                               return False
+                               return True
 
-               return True
+               return False
+
+       def holdoff_time_expired(self):
+               """
+                       Returns true if the holdoff time has expired
+                       and the host requires an update
+               """
+               # If no holdoff days is defined, we cannot go on
+               if not self.holdoff_days:
+                       return False
+
+               # Get the timestamp of the last successfull update
+               last_update = self.db.last_update(self.hostname, status="success")
+
+               # If no timestamp has been recorded, no update has been
+               # performed. An update should be performed now.
+               if not last_update:
+                       return True
+
+               # Determine when the holdoff time ends
+               holdoff_end = last_update + datetime.timedelta(days=self.holdoff_days)
+
+               now = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+
+               if now >= holdoff_end:
+                       logger.debug("The holdoff time has expired for %s" % self.hostname)
+                       return True
+               else:
+                       logger.debug("Updates for %s are held off until %s" %
+                                                (self.hostname, holdoff_end))
+                       return False
 
        def send_request(self, *args, **kwargs):
                """
@@ -172,6 +324,18 @@ class DDNSProvider(object):
                """
                return self.core.system.get_address(proto) or default
 
+       def have_address(self, proto):
+               """
+                       Returns True if an IP address for the given protocol
+                       is known and usable.
+               """
+               address = self.get_address(proto)
+
+               if address:
+                       return True
+
+               return False
+
 
 class DDNSProtocolDynDNS2(object):
        """
@@ -185,23 +349,28 @@ class DDNSProtocolDynDNS2(object):
        # http://dyn.com/support/developers/api/perform-update/
        # http://dyn.com/support/developers/api/return-codes/
 
-       def _prepare_request_data(self):
+       # The DynDNS protocol version 2 does not allow to remove records
+       can_remove_records = False
+
+       def prepare_request_data(self, proto):
                data = {
                        "hostname" : self.hostname,
-                       "myip"     : self.get_address("ipv4"),
+                       "myip"     : self.get_address(proto),
                }
 
                return data
 
-       def update(self):
-               data = self._prepare_request_data()
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
+               data = self.prepare_request_data(proto)
 
+               return self.send_request(data)
+
+       def send_request(self, data):
                # Send update to the server.
-               response = self.send_request(self.url, data=data,
-                       username=self.username, password=self.password)
+               response = DDNSProvider.send_request(self, self.url, data=data, username=self.username, password=self.password)
 
                # Get the full response message.
-               output = response.read()
+               output = response.read().decode()
 
                # Handle success messages.
                if output.startswith("good") or output.startswith("nochg"):
@@ -210,16 +379,20 @@ class DDNSProtocolDynDNS2(object):
                # Handle error codes.
                if output == "badauth":
                        raise DDNSAuthenticationError
-               elif output == "aduse":
+               elif output == "abuse":
                        raise DDNSAbuseError
                elif output == "notfqdn":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("No valid FQDN was given."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("No valid FQDN was given"))
                elif output == "nohost":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Specified host does not exist."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Specified host does not exist"))
                elif output == "911":
                        raise DDNSInternalServerError
                elif output == "dnserr":
-                       raise DDNSInternalServerError(_("DNS error encountered."))
+                       raise DDNSInternalServerError(_("DNS error encountered"))
+               elif output == "badagent":
+                       raise DDNSBlockedError
+               elif output == "badip":
+                       raise DDNSBlockedError
 
                # If we got here, some other update error happened.
                raise DDNSUpdateError(_("Server response: %s") % output)
@@ -231,7 +404,7 @@ class DDNSResponseParserXML(object):
                will be sent by various providers. This class uses the python
                shipped XML minidom module to walk through the XML tree and return
                a requested element.
-        """
+       """
 
        def get_xml_tag_value(self, document, content):
                # Send input to the parser.
@@ -266,6 +439,7 @@ class DDNSProviderAllInkl(DDNSProvider):
        # http://all-inkl.goetze.it/v01/ddns-mit-einfachen-mitteln/
 
        url = "http://dyndns.kasserver.com"
+       can_remove_records = False
 
        def update(self):
                # There is no additional data required so we directly can
@@ -273,7 +447,7 @@ class DDNSProviderAllInkl(DDNSProvider):
                response = self.send_request(self.url, username=self.username, password=self.password)
 
                # Get the full response message.
-               output = response.read()
+               output = response.read().decode()
 
                # Handle success messages.
                if output.startswith("good") or output.startswith("nochg"):
@@ -290,6 +464,19 @@ class DDNSProviderBindNsupdate(DDNSProvider):
 
        DEFAULT_TTL = 60
 
+       @staticmethod
+       def supported():
+               # Search if the nsupdate utility is available
+               paths = os.environ.get("PATH")
+
+               for path in paths.split(":"):
+                       executable = os.path.join(path, "nsupdate")
+
+                       if os.path.exists(executable):
+                               return True
+
+               return False
+
        def update(self):
                scriptlet = self.__make_scriptlet()
 
@@ -298,9 +485,7 @@ class DDNSProviderBindNsupdate(DDNSProvider):
                # -t sets the timeout
                command = ["nsupdate", "-v", "-t", "60"]
 
-               p = subprocess.Popen(command, shell=True,
-                       stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
-               )
+               p = subprocess.Popen(command, shell=True, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
                stdout, stderr = p.communicate(scriptlet)
 
                if p.returncode == 0:
@@ -316,6 +501,11 @@ class DDNSProviderBindNsupdate(DDNSProvider):
                if server:
                        scriptlet.append("server %s" % server)
 
+               # Set the DNS zone the host should be added to.
+               zone = self.get("zone", None)
+               if zone:
+                       scriptlet.append("zone %s" % zone)
+
                key = self.get("key", None)
                if key:
                        secret = self.get("secret")
@@ -349,6 +539,136 @@ class DDNSProviderBindNsupdate(DDNSProvider):
                return "\n".join(scriptlet)
 
 
+class DDNSProviderChangeIP(DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "changeip.com"
+       name      = "ChangeIP.com"
+       website   = "https://changeip.com"
+       protocols = ("ipv4",)
+
+       # Detailed information about the update api can be found here.
+       # http://www.changeip.com/accounts/knowledgebase.php?action=displayarticle&id=34
+
+       url = "https://nic.changeip.com/nic/update"
+       can_remove_records = False
+
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
+               data = {
+                       "hostname" : self.hostname,
+                       "myip"     : self.get_address(proto),
+               }
+
+               # Send update to the server.
+               try:
+                       response = self.send_request(self.url, username=self.username, password=self.password, data=data)
+
+               # Handle error codes.
+               except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+                       if e.code == 422:
+                               raise DDNSRequestError(_("Domain not found."))
+
+                       raise
+
+               # Handle success message.
+               if response.code == 200:
+                       return
+
+               # If we got here, some other update error happened.
+               raise DDNSUpdateError(_("Server response: %s") % output)
+
+
+class DDNSProviderDesecIO(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "desec.io"
+       name      = "desec.io"
+       website   = "https://www.desec.io"
+       protocols = ("ipv6", "ipv4",)
+
+       # ipv4 / ipv6 records are automatically removed when the update
+       # request originates from the respectively other protocol and no
+       # address is explicitly provided for the unused protocol.
+
+       url = "https://update.dedyn.io"
+
+       # desec.io sends the IPv6 and IPv4 address in one request
+
+       def update(self):
+               data = DDNSProtocolDynDNS2.prepare_request_data(self, "ipv4")
+
+               # This one supports IPv6
+               myipv6 = self.get_address("ipv6")
+
+               # Add update information if we have an IPv6 address.
+               if myipv6:
+                       data["myipv6"] = myipv6
+
+               self.send_request(data)
+
+
+class DDNSProviderDDNSS(DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "ddnss.de"
+       name      = "DDNSS"
+       website   = "http://www.ddnss.de"
+       protocols = ("ipv4",)
+
+       # Detailed information about how to send the update request and possible response
+       # codes can be obtained from here.
+       # http://www.ddnss.de/info.php
+       # http://www.megacomputing.de/2014/08/dyndns-service-response-time/#more-919
+
+       url = "http://www.ddnss.de/upd.php"
+       can_remove_records = False
+
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
+               data = {
+                       "ip"   : self.get_address(proto),
+                       "host" : self.hostname,
+               }
+
+               # Check if a token has been set.
+               if self.token:
+                       data["key"] = self.token
+
+               # Check if username and hostname are given.
+               elif self.username and self.password:
+                       data.update({
+                               "user" : self.username,
+                               "pwd"  : self.password,
+                       })
+
+               # Raise an error if no auth details are given.
+               else:
+                       raise DDNSConfigurationError
+
+               # Send update to the server.
+               response = self.send_request(self.url, data=data)
+
+               # This provider sends the response code as part of the header.
+               header = response.info()
+
+               # Get status information from the header.
+               output = header.getheader('ddnss-response')
+
+               # Handle success messages.
+               if output == "good" or output == "nochg":
+                       return
+
+               # Handle error codes.
+               if output == "badauth":
+                       raise DDNSAuthenticationError
+               elif output == "notfqdn":
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("No valid FQDN was given"))
+               elif output == "nohost":
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Specified host does not exist"))
+               elif output == "911":
+                       raise DDNSInternalServerError
+               elif output == "dnserr":
+                       raise DDNSInternalServerError(_("DNS error encountered"))
+               elif output == "disabled":
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Account disabled or locked"))
+
+               # If we got here, some other update error happened.
+               raise DDNSUpdateError
+
+
 class DDNSProviderDHS(DDNSProvider):
        handle    = "dhs.org"
        name      = "DHS International"
@@ -359,19 +679,19 @@ class DDNSProviderDHS(DDNSProvider):
        # grabed from source code of ez-ipudate.
 
        url = "http://members.dhs.org/nic/hosts"
+       can_remove_records = False
 
-       def update(self):
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
                data = {
                        "domain"       : self.hostname,
-                       "ip"           : self.get_address("ipv4"),
+                       "ip"           : self.get_address(proto),
                        "hostcmd"      : "edit",
                        "hostcmdstage" : "2",
                        "type"         : "4",
                }
 
                # Send update to the server.
-               response = self.send_request(self.url, username=self.username, password=self.password,
-                       data=data)
+               response = self.send_request(self.url, username=self.username, password=self.password, data=data)
 
                # Handle success messages.
                if response.code == 200:
@@ -391,19 +711,19 @@ class DDNSProviderDNSpark(DDNSProvider):
        # https://dnspark.zendesk.com/entries/31229348-Dynamic-DNS-API-Documentation
 
        url = "https://control.dnspark.com/api/dynamic/update.php"
+       can_remove_records = False
 
-       def update(self):
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
                data = {
                        "domain" : self.hostname,
-                       "ip"     : self.get_address("ipv4"),
+                       "ip"     : self.get_address(proto),
                }
 
                # Send update to the server.
-               response = self.send_request(self.url, username=self.username, password=self.password,
-                       data=data)
+               response = self.send_request(self.url, username=self.username, password=self.password, data=data)
 
                # Get the full response message.
-               output = response.read()
+               output = response.read().decode()
 
                # Handle success messages.
                if output.startswith("ok") or output.startswith("nochange"):
@@ -417,13 +737,13 @@ class DDNSProviderDNSpark(DDNSProvider):
                elif output == "blocked":
                        raise DDNSBlockedError
                elif output == "nofqdn":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("No valid FQDN was given."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("No valid FQDN was given"))
                elif output == "nohost":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid hostname specified."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid hostname specified"))
                elif output == "notdyn":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Hostname not marked as a dynamic host."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Hostname not marked as a dynamic host"))
                elif output == "invalid":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid IP address has been sent."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid IP address has been sent"))
 
                # If we got here, some other update error happened.
                raise DDNSUpdateError
@@ -439,10 +759,11 @@ class DDNSProviderDtDNS(DDNSProvider):
        # http://www.dtdns.com/dtsite/updatespec
 
        url = "https://www.dtdns.com/api/autodns.cfm"
+       can_remove_records = False
 
-       def update(self):
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
                data = {
-                       "ip" : self.get_address("ipv4"),
+                       "ip" : self.get_address(proto),
                        "id" : self.hostname,
                        "pw" : self.password
                }
@@ -451,7 +772,7 @@ class DDNSProviderDtDNS(DDNSProvider):
                response = self.send_request(self.url, data=data)
 
                # Get the full response message.
-               output = response.read()
+               output = response.read().decode()
 
                # Remove all leading and trailing whitespace.
                output = output.strip()
@@ -462,27 +783,57 @@ class DDNSProviderDtDNS(DDNSProvider):
 
                # Handle error codes.
                if output == "No hostname to update was supplied.":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("No hostname specified."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("No hostname specified"))
 
                elif output == "The hostname you supplied is not valid.":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid hostname specified."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid hostname specified"))
 
                elif output == "The password you supplied is not valid.":
                        raise DDNSAuthenticationError
 
                elif output == "Administration has disabled this account.":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Account has been disabled."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Account has been disabled"))
 
                elif output == "Illegal character in IP.":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid IP address has been sent."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid IP address has been sent"))
 
                elif output == "Too many failed requests.":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Too many failed requests."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Too many failed requests"))
 
                # If we got here, some other update error happened.
                raise DDNSUpdateError
 
 
+class DDNSProviderDuckDNS(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "duckdns.org"
+       name      = "Duck DNS"
+       website   = "http://www.duckdns.org/"
+       protocols = ("ipv4",)
+
+       # Information about the format of the request is to be found
+       # https://www.duckdns.org/install.jsp
+
+       url = "https://www.duckdns.org/nic/update"
+
+
+class DDNSProviderDyFi(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "dy.fi"
+       name      = "dy.fi"
+       website   = "https://www.dy.fi/"
+       protocols = ("ipv4",)
+
+       # Information about the format of the request is to be found
+       # https://www.dy.fi/page/clients?lang=en
+       # https://www.dy.fi/page/specification?lang=en
+
+       url = "https://www.dy.fi/nic/update"
+
+       # Please only send automatic updates when your IP address changes,
+       # or once per 5 to 6 days to refresh the address mapping (they will
+       # expire if not refreshed within 7 days).
+       holdoff_days = 6
+
+
 class DDNSProviderDynDNS(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
        handle    = "dyndns.org"
        name      = "Dyn"
@@ -496,6 +847,55 @@ class DDNSProviderDynDNS(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
        url = "https://members.dyndns.org/nic/update"
 
 
+class DDNSProviderDomainOffensive(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "do.de"
+       name      = "Domain-Offensive"
+       website   = "https://www.do.de/"
+       protocols = ("ipv6", "ipv4")
+
+       # Detailed information about the request and response codes
+       # are available on the providers webpage.
+       # https://www.do.de/wiki/FlexDNS_-_Entwickler
+
+       url = "https://ddns.do.de/"
+
+class DDNSProviderDynUp(DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "dynup.de"
+       name      = "DynUp.DE"
+       website   = "http://dynup.de/"
+       protocols = ("ipv4",)
+
+       # Information about the format of the HTTPS request is to be found
+       # https://dyndnsfree.de/user/hilfe.php
+
+       url = "https://dynup.de/dyn.php"
+       can_remove_records = False
+
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
+               data = {
+                       "username" : self.username,
+                       "password" : self.password,
+                       "hostname" : self.hostname,
+                       "print" : '1',
+               }
+
+               # Send update to the server.
+               response = self.send_request(self.url, data=data)
+
+               # Get the full response message.
+               output = response.read().decode()
+
+               # Remove all leading and trailing whitespace.
+               output = output.strip()
+
+               # Handle success messages.
+               if output.startswith("I:OK"):
+                       return
+
+               # If we got here, some other update error happened.
+               raise DDNSUpdateError
+
+
 class DDNSProviderDynU(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
        handle    = "dynu.com"
        name      = "Dynu"
@@ -508,46 +908,143 @@ class DDNSProviderDynU(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
 
        url = "https://api.dynu.com/nic/update"
 
-       def _prepare_request_data(self):
-               data = DDNSProviderDynDNS._prepare_request_data(self)
+       # DynU sends the IPv6 and IPv4 address in one request
+
+       def update(self):
+               data = DDNSProtocolDynDNS2.prepare_request_data(self, "ipv4")
 
                # This one supports IPv6
-               data.update({
-                       "myipv6"   : self.get_address("ipv6"),
-               })
+               myipv6 = self.get_address("ipv6")
 
-               return data
+               # Add update information if we have an IPv6 address.
+               if myipv6:
+                       data["myipv6"] = myipv6
 
+               self.send_request(data)
 
-class DDNSProviderEasyDNS(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+
+class DDNSProviderEasyDNS(DDNSProvider):
        handle    = "easydns.com"
        name      = "EasyDNS"
        website   = "http://www.easydns.com/"
        protocols = ("ipv4",)
 
-       # There is only some basic documentation provided by the vendor,
-       # also searching the web gain very poor results.
-       # http://mediawiki.easydns.com/index.php/Dynamic_DNS
+       # Detailed information about the request and response codes
+       # (API 1.3) are available on the providers webpage.
+       # https://fusion.easydns.com/index.php?/Knowledgebase/Article/View/102/7/dynamic-dns
 
        url = "http://api.cp.easydns.com/dyn/tomato.php"
 
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
+               data = {
+                       "myip"     : self.get_address(proto, "-"),
+                       "hostname" : self.hostname,
+               }
+
+               # Send update to the server.
+               response = self.send_request(self.url, data=data, username=self.username, password=self.password)
+
+               # Get the full response message.
+               output = response.read().decode()
+
+               # Remove all leading and trailing whitespace.
+               output = output.strip()
+
+               # Handle success messages.
+               if output.startswith("NOERROR"):
+                       return
+
+               # Handle error codes.
+               if output.startswith("NOACCESS"):
+                       raise DDNSAuthenticationError
+
+               elif output.startswith("NOSERVICE"):
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Dynamic DNS is not turned on for this domain"))
+
+               elif output.startswith("ILLEGAL INPUT"):
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid data has been sent"))
+
+               elif output.startswith("TOOSOON"):
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Too frequent update requests have been sent"))
+
+               # If we got here, some other update error happened.
+               raise DDNSUpdateError
+
+
+class DDNSProviderDomopoli(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "domopoli.de"
+       name      = "domopoli.de"
+       website   = "http://domopoli.de/"
+       protocols = ("ipv4",)
+
+       # https://www.domopoli.de/?page=howto#DynDns_start
+
+       url = "http://dyndns.domopoli.de/nic/update"
+
+
+class DDNSProviderDynsNet(DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "dyns.net"
+       name      = "DyNS"
+       website   = "http://www.dyns.net/"
+       protocols = ("ipv4",)
+       can_remove_records = False
+
+       # There is very detailed informatio about how to send the update request and
+       # the possible response codes. (Currently we are using the v1.1 proto)
+       # http://www.dyns.net/documentation/technical/protocol/
+
+       url = "http://www.dyns.net/postscript011.php"
+
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
+               data = {
+                       "ip"       : self.get_address(proto),
+                       "host"     : self.hostname,
+                       "username" : self.username,
+                       "password" : self.password,
+               }
+
+               # Send update to the server.
+               response = self.send_request(self.url, data=data)
+
+               # Get the full response message.
+               output = response.read().decode()
+
+               # Handle success messages.
+               if output.startswith("200"):
+                       return
+
+               # Handle error codes.
+               if output.startswith("400"):
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Malformed request has been sent"))
+               elif output.startswith("401"):
+                       raise DDNSAuthenticationError
+               elif output.startswith("402"):
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Too frequent update requests have been sent"))
+               elif output.startswith("403"):
+                       raise DDNSInternalServerError
+
+               # If we got here, some other update error happened.
+               raise DDNSUpdateError(_("Server response: %s") % output)
+
 
 class DDNSProviderEnomCom(DDNSResponseParserXML, DDNSProvider):
        handle    = "enom.com"
        name      = "eNom Inc."
        website   = "http://www.enom.com/"
+       protocols = ("ipv4",)
 
        # There are very detailed information about how to send an update request and
        # the respone codes.
        # http://www.enom.com/APICommandCatalog/
 
        url = "https://dynamic.name-services.com/interface.asp"
+       can_remove_records = False
 
-       def update(self):
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
                data = {
                        "command"        : "setdnshost",
                        "responsetype"   : "xml",
-                       "address"        : self.get_address("ipv4"),
+                       "address"        : self.get_address(proto),
                        "domainpassword" : self.password,
                        "zone"           : self.hostname
                }
@@ -556,7 +1053,7 @@ class DDNSProviderEnomCom(DDNSResponseParserXML, DDNSProvider):
                response = self.send_request(self.url, data=data)
 
                # Get the full response message.
-               output = response.read()
+               output = response.read().decode()
 
                # Handle success messages.
                if self.get_xml_tag_value(output, "ErrCount") == "0":
@@ -568,7 +1065,7 @@ class DDNSProviderEnomCom(DDNSResponseParserXML, DDNSProvider):
                if errorcode == "304155":
                        raise DDNSAuthenticationError
                elif errorcode == "304153":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Domain not found."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Domain not found"))
 
                # If we got here, some other update error happened.
                raise DDNSUpdateError
@@ -583,10 +1080,11 @@ class DDNSProviderEntryDNS(DDNSProvider):
        # Some very tiny details about their so called "Simple API" can be found
        # here: https://entrydns.net/help
        url = "https://entrydns.net/records/modify"
+       can_remove_records = False
 
-       def update(self):
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
                data = {
-                       "ip" : self.get_address("ipv4")
+                       "ip" : self.get_address(proto),
                }
 
                # Add auth token to the update url.
@@ -594,10 +1092,10 @@ class DDNSProviderEntryDNS(DDNSProvider):
 
                # Send update to the server.
                try:
-                       response = self.send_request(url, method="PUT", data=data)
+                       response = self.send_request(url, data=data)
 
                # Handle error codes
-               except urllib2.HTTPError, e:
+               except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
                        if e.code == 404:
                                raise DDNSAuthenticationError
 
@@ -622,16 +1120,11 @@ class DDNSProviderFreeDNSAfraidOrg(DDNSProvider):
        # No information about the request or response could be found on the vendor
        # page. All used values have been collected by testing.
        url = "https://freedns.afraid.org/dynamic/update.php"
+       can_remove_records = False
 
-       @property
-       def proto(self):
-               return self.get("proto")
-
-       def update(self):
-               address = self.get_address(self.proto)
-
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
                data = {
-                       "address" : address,
+                       "address" : self.get_address(proto),
                }
 
                # Add auth token to the update url.
@@ -641,7 +1134,7 @@ class DDNSProviderFreeDNSAfraidOrg(DDNSProvider):
                response = self.send_request(url, data=data)
 
                # Get the full response message.
-               output = response.read()
+               output = response.read().decode()
 
                # Handle success messages.
                if output.startswith("Updated") or "has not changed" in output:
@@ -651,16 +1144,111 @@ class DDNSProviderFreeDNSAfraidOrg(DDNSProvider):
                if output == "ERROR: Unable to locate this record":
                        raise DDNSAuthenticationError
                elif "is an invalid IP address" in output:
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid IP address has been sent."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid IP address has been sent"))
 
                # If we got here, some other update error happened.
                raise DDNSUpdateError
 
 
+class DDNSProviderItsdns(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+               handle    = "inwx.com"
+               name      = "INWX"
+               website   = "https://www.inwx.com"
+               protocols = ("ipv6", "ipv4")
+
+               # Information about the format of the HTTP request is to be found
+               # here: https://www.inwx.com/en/nameserver2/dyndns (requires login)
+               # Notice: The URL is the same for: inwx.com|de|at|ch|es
+
+               url = "https://dyndns.inwx.com/nic/update"
+
+
+class DDNSProviderItsdns(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+               handle    = "itsdns.de"
+               name      = "it's DNS"
+               website   = "http://www.itsdns.de/"
+               protocols = ("ipv6", "ipv4")
+
+               # Information about the format of the HTTP request is to be found
+               # here: https://www.itsdns.de/dynupdatehelp.htm
+
+               url = "https://www.itsdns.de/update.php"
+
+
+class DDNSProviderJoker(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+               handle  = "joker.com"
+               name    = "Joker.com Dynamic DNS"
+               website = "https://joker.com/"
+               protocols = ("ipv4",)
+
+               # Information about the request can be found here:
+               # https://joker.com/faq/content/11/427/en/what-is-dynamic-dns-dyndns.html
+               # Using DynDNS V2 protocol over HTTPS here
+
+               url = "https://svc.joker.com/nic/update"
+
+
+class DDNSProviderKEYSYSTEMS(DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "key-systems.net"
+       name      = "dynamicdns.key-systems.net"
+       website   = "https://domaindiscount24.com/"
+       protocols = ("ipv4",)
+
+       # There are only information provided by the domaindiscount24 how to
+       # perform an update with HTTP APIs
+       # https://www.domaindiscount24.com/faq/dynamic-dns
+       # examples: https://dynamicdns.key-systems.net/update.php?hostname=hostname&password=password&ip=auto
+       #           https://dynamicdns.key-systems.net/update.php?hostname=hostname&password=password&ip=213.x.x.x&mx=213.x.x.x
+
+       url = "https://dynamicdns.key-systems.net/update.php"
+       can_remove_records = False
+
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
+               address = self.get_address(proto)
+               data = {
+                       "hostname"      : self.hostname,
+                       "password"      : self.password,
+                       "ip"            : address,
+               }
+
+               # Send update to the server.
+               response = self.send_request(self.url, data=data)
+
+               # Get the full response message.
+               output = response.read().decode()
+
+               # Handle success messages.
+               if "code = 200" in output:
+                       return
+
+               # Handle error messages.
+               if "abuse prevention triggered" in output:
+                       raise DDNSAbuseError
+               elif "invalid password" in output:
+                       raise DDNSAuthenticationError
+               elif "Authorization failed" in output:
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid hostname specified"))
+
+               # If we got here, some other update error happened.
+               raise DDNSUpdateError
+
+
+class DDNSProviderGoogle(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+        handle    = "domains.google.com"
+        name      = "Google Domains"
+        website   = "https://domains.google.com/"
+        protocols = ("ipv4",)
+
+        # Information about the format of the HTTP request is to be found
+        # here: https://support.google.com/domains/answer/6147083?hl=en
+
+        url = "https://domains.google.com/nic/update"
+
+
 class DDNSProviderLightningWireLabs(DDNSProvider):
        handle    = "dns.lightningwirelabs.com"
        name      = "Lightning Wire Labs DNS Service"
-       website   = "http://dns.lightningwirelabs.com/"
+       website   = "https://dns.lightningwirelabs.com/"
 
        # Information about the format of the HTTPS request is to be found
        # https://dns.lightningwirelabs.com/knowledge-base/api/ddns
@@ -668,27 +1256,17 @@ class DDNSProviderLightningWireLabs(DDNSProvider):
        url = "https://dns.lightningwirelabs.com/update"
 
        def update(self):
+               # Raise an error if no auth details are given.
+               if not self.token:
+                       raise DDNSConfigurationError
+
                data =  {
                        "hostname" : self.hostname,
+                       "token"    : self.token,
                        "address6" : self.get_address("ipv6", "-"),
                        "address4" : self.get_address("ipv4", "-"),
                }
 
-               # Check if a token has been set.
-               if self.token:
-                       data["token"] = self.token
-
-               # Check for username and password.
-               elif self.username and self.password:
-                       data.update({
-                               "username" : self.username,
-                               "password" : self.password,
-                       })
-
-               # Raise an error if no auth details are given.
-               else:
-                       raise DDNSConfigurationError
-
                # Send update to the server.
                response = self.send_request(self.url, data=data)
 
@@ -700,6 +1278,37 @@ class DDNSProviderLightningWireLabs(DDNSProvider):
                raise DDNSUpdateError
 
 
+class DDNSProviderLoopia(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "loopia.se"
+       name      = "Loopia AB"
+       website   = "https://www.loopia.com"
+       protocols = ("ipv4",)
+
+       # Information about the format of the HTTP request is to be found
+       # here: https://support.loopia.com/wiki/About_the_DynDNS_support
+
+       url = "https://dns.loopia.se/XDynDNSServer/XDynDNS.php"
+
+
+class DDNSProviderMyOnlinePortal(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "myonlineportal.net"
+       name      = "myonlineportal.net"
+       website   = "https:/myonlineportal.net/"
+
+       # Information about the request and response can be obtained here:
+       # https://myonlineportal.net/howto_dyndns
+
+       url = "https://myonlineportal.net/updateddns"
+
+       def prepare_request_data(self, proto):
+               data = {
+                       "hostname" : self.hostname,
+                       "ip"     : self.get_address(proto),
+               }
+
+               return data
+
+
 class DDNSProviderNamecheap(DDNSResponseParserXML, DDNSProvider):
        handle    = "namecheap.com"
        name      = "Namecheap"
@@ -711,13 +1320,17 @@ class DDNSProviderNamecheap(DDNSResponseParserXML, DDNSProvider):
        # https://community.namecheap.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=6772
 
        url = "https://dynamicdns.park-your-domain.com/update"
+       can_remove_records = False
 
-       def update(self):
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
                # Namecheap requires the hostname splitted into a host and domain part.
                host, domain = self.hostname.split(".", 1)
 
+               # Get and store curent IP address.
+               address = self.get_address(proto)
+
                data = {
-                       "ip"       : self.get_address("ipv4"),
+                       "ip"       : address,
                        "password" : self.password,
                        "host"     : host,
                        "domain"   : domain
@@ -727,10 +1340,10 @@ class DDNSProviderNamecheap(DDNSResponseParserXML, DDNSProvider):
                response = self.send_request(self.url, data=data)
 
                # Get the full response message.
-               output = response.read()
+               output = response.read().decode()
 
                # Handle success messages.
-               if self.get_xml_tag_value(output, "IP") == self.get_address("ipv4"):
+               if self.get_xml_tag_value(output, "IP") == address:
                        return
 
                # Handle error codes.
@@ -739,9 +1352,9 @@ class DDNSProviderNamecheap(DDNSResponseParserXML, DDNSProvider):
                if errorcode == "304156":
                        raise DDNSAuthenticationError
                elif errorcode == "316153":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Domain not found."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Domain not found"))
                elif errorcode == "316154":
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Domain not active."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Domain not active"))
                elif errorcode in ("380098", "380099"):
                        raise DDNSInternalServerError
 
@@ -751,35 +1364,60 @@ class DDNSProviderNamecheap(DDNSResponseParserXML, DDNSProvider):
 
 class DDNSProviderNOIP(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
        handle    = "no-ip.com"
-       name      = "No-IP"
-       website   = "http://www.no-ip.com/"
+       name      = "NoIP"
+       website   = "http://www.noip.com/"
        protocols = ("ipv4",)
 
        # Information about the format of the HTTP request is to be found
-       # here: http://www.no-ip.com/integrate/request and
-       # here: http://www.no-ip.com/integrate/response
+       # here: http://www.noip.com/integrate/request and
+       # here: http://www.noip.com/integrate/response
+
+       url = "http://dynupdate.noip.com/nic/update"
 
-       url = "http://dynupdate.no-ip.com/nic/update"
+       def prepare_request_data(self, proto):
+               assert proto == "ipv4"
 
-       def _prepare_request_data(self):
                data = {
                        "hostname" : self.hostname,
-                       "address"  : self.get_address("ipv4"),
+                       "address"  : self.get_address(proto),
                }
 
                return data
 
 
+class DDNSProviderNowDNS(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "now-dns.com"
+       name      = "NOW-DNS"
+       website   = "http://now-dns.com/"
+       protocols = ("ipv6", "ipv4")
+
+       # Information about the format of the request is to be found
+       # but only can be accessed by register an account and login
+       # https://now-dns.com/?m=api
+
+       url = "https://now-dns.com/update"
+
+
 class DDNSProviderNsupdateINFO(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
        handle    = "nsupdate.info"
        name      = "nsupdate.info"
-       website   = "http://www.nsupdate.info/"
+       website   = "http://nsupdate.info/"
        protocols = ("ipv6", "ipv4",)
 
        # Information about the format of the HTTP request can be found
-       # after login on the provider user intrface and here:
+       # after login on the provider user interface and here:
        # http://nsupdateinfo.readthedocs.org/en/latest/user.html
 
+       url = "https://nsupdate.info/nic/update"
+
+       # TODO nsupdate.info can actually do this, but the functionality
+       # has not been implemented here, yet.
+       can_remove_records = False
+
+       # After a failed update, there will be no retries
+       # https://bugzilla.ipfire.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10603
+       holdoff_failure_days = None
+
        # Nsupdate.info uses the hostname as user part for the HTTP basic auth,
        # and for the password a so called secret.
        @property
@@ -788,25 +1426,31 @@ class DDNSProviderNsupdateINFO(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
 
        @property
        def password(self):
-               return self.get("secret")
+               return self.token or self.get("secret")
 
-       @property
-       def proto(self):
-               return self.get("proto")
+       def prepare_request_data(self, proto):
+               data = {
+                       "myip" : self.get_address(proto),
+               }
 
-       @property
-       def url(self):
-               # The update URL is different by the used protocol.
-               if self.proto == "ipv4":
-                       return "https://ipv4.nsupdate.info/nic/update"
-               elif self.proto == "ipv6":
-                       return "https://ipv6.nsupdate.info/nic/update"
-               else:
-                       raise DDNSUpdateError(_("Invalid protocol has been given"))
+               return data
+
+
+class DDNSProviderOpenDNS(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "opendns.com"
+       name      = "OpenDNS"
+       website   = "http://www.opendns.com"
+
+       # Detailed information about the update request and possible
+       # response codes can be obtained from here:
+       # https://support.opendns.com/entries/23891440
 
-       def _prepare_request_data(self):
+       url = "https://updates.opendns.com/nic/update"
+
+       def prepare_request_data(self, proto):
                data = {
-                       "myip" : self.get_address(self.proto),
+                       "hostname" : self.hostname,
+                       "myip"     : self.get_address(proto),
                }
 
                return data
@@ -826,8 +1470,8 @@ class DDNSProviderOVH(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
 
        url = "https://www.ovh.com/nic/update"
 
-       def _prepare_request_data(self):
-               data = DDNSProtocolDynDNS2._prepare_request_data(self)
+       def prepare_request_data(self, proto):
+               data = DDNSProtocolDynDNS2.prepare_request_data(self, proto)
                data.update({
                        "system" : "dyndns",
                })
@@ -845,6 +1489,7 @@ class DDNSProviderRegfish(DDNSProvider):
        # https://www.regfish.de/domains/dyndns/dokumentation
 
        url = "https://dyndns.regfish.de/"
+       can_remove_records = False
 
        def update(self):
                data = {
@@ -862,7 +1507,7 @@ class DDNSProviderRegfish(DDNSProvider):
                        data["ipv4"] = address4
 
                # Raise an error if none address is given.
-               if not data.has_key("ipv6") and not data.has_key("ipv4"):
+               if "ipv6" not in data and "ipv4" not in data:
                        raise DDNSConfigurationError
 
                # Check if a token has been set.
@@ -872,7 +1517,7 @@ class DDNSProviderRegfish(DDNSProvider):
                # Raise an error if no token and no useranem and password
                # are given.
                elif not self.username and not self.password:
-                       raise DDNSConfigurationError(_("No Auth details specified."))
+                       raise DDNSConfigurationError(_("No Auth details specified"))
 
                # HTTP Basic Auth is only allowed if no token is used.
                if self.token:
@@ -880,11 +1525,10 @@ class DDNSProviderRegfish(DDNSProvider):
                        response = self.send_request(self.url, data=data)
                else:
                        # Send update to the server.
-                       response = self.send_request(self.url, username=self.username, password=self.password,
-                               data=data)
+                       response = self.send_request(self.url, username=self.username, password=self.password, data=data)
 
                # Get the full response message.
-               output = response.read()
+               output = response.read().decode()
 
                # Handle success messages.
                if "100" in output or "101" in output:
@@ -894,11 +1538,11 @@ class DDNSProviderRegfish(DDNSProvider):
                if "401" or "402" in output:
                        raise DDNSAuthenticationError
                elif "408" in output:
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid IPv4 address has been sent."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid IPv4 address has been sent"))
                elif "409" in output:
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid IPv6 address has been sent."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid IPv6 address has been sent"))
                elif "412" in output:
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("No valid FQDN was given."))
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("No valid FQDN was given"))
                elif "414" in output:
                        raise DDNSInternalServerError
 
@@ -906,6 +1550,17 @@ class DDNSProviderRegfish(DDNSProvider):
                raise DDNSUpdateError
 
 
+class DDNSProviderSchokokeksDNS(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "schokokeks.org"
+       name      = "Schokokeks"
+       website   = "http://www.schokokeks.org/"
+       protocols = ("ipv4",)
+
+       # Information about the format of the request is to be found
+       # https://wiki.schokokeks.org/DynDNS
+       url = "https://dyndns.schokokeks.org/nic/update"
+
+
 class DDNSProviderSelfhost(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
        handle    = "selfhost.de"
        name      = "Selfhost.de"
@@ -914,8 +1569,8 @@ class DDNSProviderSelfhost(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
 
        url = "https://carol.selfhost.de/nic/update"
 
-       def _prepare_request_data(self):
-               data = DDNSProviderDynDNS._prepare_request_data(self)
+       def prepare_request_data(self, proto):
+               data = DDNSProtocolDynDNS2.prepare_request_data(self, proto)
                data.update({
                        "hostname" : "1",
                })
@@ -923,11 +1578,45 @@ class DDNSProviderSelfhost(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
                return data
 
 
+class DDNSProviderServercow(DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "servercow.de"
+       name      = "servercow.de"
+       website   = "https://servercow.de/"
+       protocols = ("ipv4", "ipv6")
+
+       url = "https://www.servercow.de/dnsupdate/update.php"
+       can_remove_records = False
+
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
+               data = {
+                       "ipaddr"   : self.get_address(proto),
+                       "hostname" : self.hostname,
+                       "username" : self.username,
+                       "pass"     : self.password,
+               }
+
+               # Send request to provider
+               response = self.send_request(self.url, data=data)
+
+               # Read response
+               output = response.read().decode()
+
+               # Server responds with OK if update was successful
+               if output.startswith("OK"):
+                       return
+
+               # Catch any errors
+               elif output.startswith("FAILED - Authentication failed"):
+                       raise DDNSAuthenticationError
+
+               # If we got here, some other update error happened
+               raise DDNSUpdateError(output)
+
+
 class DDNSProviderSPDNS(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
        handle    = "spdns.org"
-       name      = "SPDNS"
-       website   = "http://spdns.org/"
-       protocols = ("ipv4",)
+       name      = "SPDYN"
+       website   = "https://www.spdyn.de/"
 
        # Detailed information about request and response codes are provided
        # by the vendor. They are using almost the same mechanism and status
@@ -936,7 +1625,15 @@ class DDNSProviderSPDNS(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
        # http://wiki.securepoint.de/index.php/SPDNS_FAQ
        # http://wiki.securepoint.de/index.php/SPDNS_Update-Tokens
 
-       url = "https://update.spdns.de/nic/update"
+       url = "https://update.spdyn.de/nic/update"
+
+       @property
+       def username(self):
+               return self.get("username") or self.hostname
+
+       @property
+       def password(self):
+               return self.get("password") or self.token
 
 
 class DDNSProviderStrato(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
@@ -950,6 +1647,15 @@ class DDNSProviderStrato(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
 
        url = "https://dyndns.strato.com/nic/update"
 
+       def prepare_request_data(self, proto):
+               data = DDNSProtocolDynDNS2.prepare_request_data(self, proto)
+               data.update({
+                       "mx" : "NOCHG",
+                       "backupmx" : "NOCHG"
+               })
+
+               return data
+
 
 class DDNSProviderTwoDNS(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
        handle    = "twodns.de"
@@ -963,9 +1669,11 @@ class DDNSProviderTwoDNS(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
 
        url = "https://update.twodns.de/update"
 
-       def _prepare_request_data(self):
+       def prepare_request_data(self, proto):
+               assert proto == "ipv4"
+
                data = {
-                       "ip" : self.get_address("ipv4"),
+                       "ip"       : self.get_address(proto),
                        "hostname" : self.hostname
                }
 
@@ -995,20 +1703,28 @@ class DDNSProviderVariomedia(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
 
        url = "https://dyndns.variomedia.de/nic/update"
 
-       @property
-       def proto(self):
-               return self.get("proto")
-
-       def _prepare_request_data(self):
+       def prepare_request_data(self, proto):
                data = {
                        "hostname" : self.hostname,
-                       "myip"     : self.get_address(self.proto)
+                       "myip"     : self.get_address(proto),
                }
 
                return data
 
 
-class DDNSProviderZoneedit(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+class DDNSProviderXLhost(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
+        handle    = "xlhost.de"
+        name     = "XLhost"
+        website   = "http://xlhost.de/"
+        protocols = ("ipv4",)
+
+        # Information about the format of the HTTP request is to be found
+        # here: https://xlhost.de/faq/index_html?topicId=CQA2ELIPO4SQ
+
+        url = "https://nsupdate.xlhost.de/"
+
+
+class DDNSProviderZoneedit(DDNSProvider):
        handle    = "zoneedit.com"
        name      = "Zoneedit"
        website   = "http://www.zoneedit.com"
@@ -1021,22 +1737,17 @@ class DDNSProviderZoneedit(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
 
        url = "https://dynamic.zoneedit.com/auth/dynamic.html"
 
-       @property
-       def proto(self):
-               return self.get("proto")
-
-       def update(self):
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
                data = {
-                       "dnsto" : self.get_address(self.proto),
+                       "dnsto" : self.get_address(proto),
                        "host"  : self.hostname
                }
 
                # Send update to the server.
-               response = self.send_request(self.url, username=self.username, password=self.password,
-                       data=data)
+               response = self.send_request(self.url, username=self.username, password=self.password, data=data)
 
                # Get the full response message.
-               output = response.read()
+               output = response.read().decode()
 
                # Handle success messages.
                if output.startswith("<SUCCESS"):
@@ -1046,9 +1757,104 @@ class DDNSProviderZoneedit(DDNSProtocolDynDNS2, DDNSProvider):
                if output.startswith("invalid login"):
                        raise DDNSAuthenticationError
                elif output.startswith("<ERROR CODE=\"704\""):
-                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("No valid FQDN was given.")) 
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("No valid FQDN was given"))
                elif output.startswith("<ERROR CODE=\"702\""):
-                       raise DDNSInternalServerError
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Too frequent update requests have been sent"))
+
+               # If we got here, some other update error happened.
+               raise DDNSUpdateError
+
+
+class DDNSProviderDNSmadeEasy(DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "dnsmadeeasy.com"
+       name      = "DNSmadeEasy.com"
+       website   = "http://www.dnsmadeeasy.com/"
+       protocols = ("ipv4",)
+
+       # DNS Made Easy Nameserver Provider also offering Dynamic DNS
+       # Documentation can be found here:
+       # http://www.dnsmadeeasy.com/dynamic-dns/
+
+       url = "https://cp.dnsmadeeasy.com/servlet/updateip?"
+       can_remove_records = False
+
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
+               data = {
+                       "ip" : self.get_address(proto),
+                       "id" : self.hostname,
+                       "username" : self.username,
+                       "password" : self.password,
+               }
+
+               # Send update to the server.
+               response = self.send_request(self.url, data=data)
+
+               # Get the full response message.
+               output = response.read().decode()
+
+               # Handle success messages.
+               if output.startswith("success") or output.startswith("error-record-ip-same"):
+                       return
+
+               # Handle error codes.
+               if output.startswith("error-auth-suspend"):
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Account has been suspended"))
+
+               elif output.startswith("error-auth-voided"):
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Account has been revoked"))
+
+               elif output.startswith("error-record-invalid"):
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Specified host does not exist"))
+
+               elif output.startswith("error-auth"):
+                       raise DDNSAuthenticationError
+
+               # If we got here, some other update error happened.
+               raise DDNSUpdateError(_("Server response: %s") % output)
+
+
+class DDNSProviderZZZZ(DDNSProvider):
+       handle    = "zzzz.io"
+       name      = "zzzz"
+       website   = "https://zzzz.io"
+       protocols = ("ipv6", "ipv4",)
+
+       # Detailed information about the update request can be found here:
+       # https://zzzz.io/faq/
+
+       # Details about the possible response codes have been provided in the bugtracker:
+       # https://bugzilla.ipfire.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10584#c2
+
+       url = "https://zzzz.io/api/v1/update"
+       can_remove_records = False
+
+       def update_protocol(self, proto):
+               data = {
+                       "ip"    : self.get_address(proto),
+                       "token" : self.token,
+               }
+
+               if proto == "ipv6":
+                       data["type"] = "aaaa"
+
+               # zzzz uses the host from the full hostname as part
+               # of the update url.
+               host, domain = self.hostname.split(".", 1)
+
+               # Add host value to the update url.
+               url = "%s/%s" % (self.url, host)
+
+               # Send update to the server.
+               try:
+                       response = self.send_request(url, data=data)
+
+               # Handle error codes.
+               except DDNSNotFound:
+                       raise DDNSRequestError(_("Invalid hostname specified"))
+
+               # Handle success messages.
+               if response.code == 200:
+                       return
 
                # If we got here, some other update error happened.
                raise DDNSUpdateError