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  23 <CENTER><A HREF="#CONTENTS"><IMG SRC="images/cups-large.gif" BORDER="0" WIDTH="431" HEIGHT="511"><BR>
  24 <H1>CUPS Software Users Manual</H1></A><BR>
  25 CUPS-SUM-1.2.0<BR>
  26 Easy Software Products<BR>
  27 Copyright 1997-2003, All Rights Reserved<BR>
  28 </CENTER>
  29 <HR>
  30 <H1 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="CONTENTS">Table of Contents</A></H1>
  31 <BR>
  32 <BR><B><A HREF="#1">Preface</A></B>
  33 <UL>
  34 <LI><A HREF="#1_1">System Overview</A></LI>
  35 <LI><A HREF="#1_2">Document Overview</A></LI>
  36 <LI><A HREF="#1_3">Notation Conventions</A></LI>
  37 <LI><A HREF="#1_4">Abbreviations</A></LI>
  38 <LI><A HREF="#1_5">Other References</A></LI>
  39 </UL>
  40 <B><A HREF="#OVERVIEW">1 - Printing System Overview</A></B>
  41 <UL>
  42 <LI><A HREF="#2_1">The Printing Problem</A></LI>
  43 <LI><A HREF="#2_2">The Technology</A></LI>
  44 <LI><A HREF="#2_3">Jobs</A></LI>
  45 <LI><A HREF="#2_4">Classes</A></LI>
  46 <LI><A HREF="#2_5">Filters</A></LI>
  47 <LI><A HREF="#2_6">Backends</A></LI>
  48 <LI><A HREF="#2_7">Printer Drivers</A></LI>
  49 <LI><A HREF="#2_8">Networking</A></LI>
  50 </UL>
  51 <B><A HREF="#USING_SYSTEM">2 - Using the Printing System</A></B>
  52 <UL>
  53 <LI><A HREF="#3_1">Submitting Files for Printing</A></LI>
  54 <LI><A HREF="#3_2">Choosing a Printer</A></LI>
  55 <LI><A HREF="#3_3">Setting Printer Options</A></LI>
  56 <LI><A HREF="#3_4">Printing Multiple Copies</A></LI>
  57 <LI><A HREF="#3_5">Checking the Printer Status from the Command-Line</A></LI>
  58 <LI><A HREF="#3_6">Checking the Printer Status from the Web</A></LI>
  59 <LI><A HREF="#3_7">Canceling a Print Job</A></LI>
  60 </UL>
  61 <B><A HREF="#STANDARD_OPTIONS">3 - Standard Printer Options</A></B>
  62 <UL>
  63 <LI><A HREF="#4_1">General Options</A></LI>
  64 <UL>
  65 <LI><A HREF="#4_1_1">Selecting the Media Size, Type, and Source</A></LI>
  66 <LI><A HREF="#4_1_2">Setting the Orientation</A></LI>
  67 <LI><A HREF="#4_1_3">Printing On Both Sides of the Paper</A></LI>
  68 </UL>
  69 <LI><A HREF="#4_2">Banner Options</A></LI>
  70 <UL>
  71 <LI><A HREF="#4_2_1">Selecting the Banner Page(s)</A></LI>
  72 </UL>
  73 <LI><A HREF="#4_3">Document Options</A></LI>
  74 <UL>
  75 <LI><A HREF="#4_3_1">Selecting a Range of Pages</A></LI>
  76 <LI><A HREF="#4_3_2">Selecting Even or Odd Pages</A></LI>
  77 <LI><A HREF="#4_3_3">N-Up Printing</A></LI>
  78 <LI><A HREF="#4_3_4">Setting the Brightness</A></LI>
  79 <LI><A HREF="#4_3_5">Setting the Gamma Correction</A></LI>
  80 </UL>
  81 <LI><A HREF="#4_4">Text Options</A></LI>
  82 <UL>
  83 <LI><A HREF="#4_4_1">Setting the Number of Characters Per Inch</A></LI>
  84 <LI><A HREF="#4_4_2">Setting the Number of Lines Per Inch</A></LI>
  85 <LI><A HREF="#4_4_3">Setting the Number of Columns</A></LI>
  86 <LI><A HREF="#4_4_4">Setting the Page Margins</A></LI>
  87 <LI><A HREF="#4_4_5">Pretty Printing</A></LI>
  88 </UL>
  89 <LI><A HREF="#4_5">Image Options</A></LI>
  90 <UL>
  91 <LI><A HREF="#4_5_1">Positioning the Image</A></LI>
  92 <LI><A HREF="#4_5_2">Scaling the Image</A></LI>
  93 <LI><A HREF="#4_5_3">Adjusting the Hue (Tint) of an Image</A></LI>
  94 <LI><A HREF="#4_5_4">Adjusting the Saturation (Color) of an Image</A></LI>
  95 </UL>
  96 <LI><A HREF="#4_6">HP-GL/2 Options</A></LI>
  97 <UL>
  98 <LI><A HREF="#4_6_1">Printing in Black</A></LI>
  99 <LI><A HREF="#4_6_2">Fitting the Plot on the Page</A></LI>
 100 <LI><A HREF="#4_6_3">Setting the Default Pen Width</A></LI>
 101 </UL>
 102 <LI><A HREF="#4_7">Raw or Unfiltered Output</A></LI>
 103 </UL>
 104 <B><A HREF="#SAVING_OPTIONS">4 - Saving Printer Options and Defaults</A></B>
 105 <UL>
 106 <LI><A HREF="#5_1">Printer Options</A></LI>
 107 <LI><A HREF="#5_2">Setting Options for a Specific Printer</A></LI>
 108 <LI><A HREF="#5_3">Removing Options</A></LI>
 109 <LI><A HREF="#5_4">Viewing the Current Defaults</A></LI>
 110 <LI><A HREF="#5_5">Viewing Options for a Specific Printer</A></LI>
 111 <LI><A HREF="#5_6">Setting the Default Printer</A></LI>
 112 <LI><A HREF="#5_7">Printer Instances</A></LI>
 113 <LI><A HREF="#5_8">Removing Instances</A></LI>
 114 </UL>
 115 <B><A HREF="#LICENSE">A - Software License Agreement</A></B>
 116 <UL>
 117 <LI><A HREF="#6_1">Common UNIX Printing System License Agreement</A></LI>
 118 <UL>
 119 <LI><A HREF="#6_1_1">Introduction</A></LI>
 120 <LI><A HREF="#6_1_2">License Exceptions</A></LI>
 121 <LI><A HREF="#6_1_3">Trademarks</A></LI>
 122 <LI><A HREF="#6_1_4">Binary Distribution Rights</A></LI>
 123 <LI><A HREF="#6_1_5">Support</A></LI>
 124 </UL>
 125 <LI><A HREF="#6_2">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A></LI>
 126 <LI><A HREF="#6_3">GNU LIBRARY GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A></LI>
 127 </UL>
 128 <HR>
 129 <H1 ALIGN="RIGHT"><A NAME="1">Preface</A></H1>
 130 <P>This software users manual describes how to use the Common UNIX
 131  Printing System<SUP>TM</SUP> (&quot;CUPS<SUP>TM</SUP>&quot;) Version 1.2.0.</P>
 132 <H2><A NAME="1_1">System Overview</A></H2>
 133 <P>CUPS provides a portable printing layer for UNIX&reg;-based operating
 134  systems. It has been developed by<A HREF="http://www.easysw.com"> Easy
 135  Software Products</A> to promote a standard printing solution for all
 136  UNIX vendors and users. CUPS provides the System V and Berkeley
 137  command-line interfaces.</P>
 138 <P>CUPS uses the Internet Printing Protocol (&quot;IPP&quot;) as the basis for
 139  managing print jobs and queues. The Line Printer Daemon (&quot;LPD&quot;) Server
 140  Message Block (&quot;SMB&quot;), and AppSocket (a.k.a. JetDirect) protocols are
 141  also supported with reduced functionality. CUPS adds network printer
 142  browsing and PostScript Printer Description (&quot;PPD&quot;) based printing
 143  options to support real-world printing under UNIX.</P>
 144 <P>CUPS also includes a customized version of GNU Ghostscript (currently
 145  based off GNU Ghostscript 5.50) and an image file RIP that are used to
 146  support non-PostScript printers. Sample drivers for HP and EPSON
 147  printers are included that use these filters.</P>
 148
 149 <!-- NEED 2in -->
 150 <H2><A NAME="1_2">Document Overview</A></H2>
 151 <P>This software users manual is organized into the following sections:</P>
 152 <UL>
 153 <LI><A HREF="#OVERVIEW">1 - Printing System Overview</A></LI>
 154 <LI><A HREF="#USING_SYSTEM">2 - Using the Printing System</A></LI>
 155 <LI><A HREF="#STANDARD_OPTIONS">3 - Standard Printer Options</A></LI>
 156 <LI><A HREF="#SAVING_OPTIONS">4 - Saving Printer Options and Defaults</A>
 157 </LI>
 158 <LI><A HREF="#LICENSE">A - Software License Agreement</A></LI>
 159 </UL>
 160 <H2><A NAME="1_3">Notation Conventions</A></H2>
 161 <P>Various font and syntax conventions are used in this guide. Examples
 162  and their meanings and uses are explained below:
 163 <CENTER>
 164 <TABLE WIDTH="80%">
 165 <TR><TH>Example</TH><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TH>Description</TH></TR>
 166 <TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 167 <TR VALIGN="TOP"><TD><CODE>lpstat</CODE>
 168 <BR> <CODE>lpstat(1)</CODE></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>The names of commands;
 169  the first mention of a command or function in a chapter is followed by
 170  a manual page section number.</TD></TR>
 171 <TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 172 <TR VALIGN="TOP"><TD><VAR>/var</VAR>
 173 <BR><VAR> /usr/share/cups/data/testprint.ps</VAR></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>
 174 File and directory names.</TD></TR>
 175 <TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 176 <TR VALIGN="TOP"><TD NOWRAP><TT>Request ID is Printer-123</TT></TD><TD>
 177 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>Screen output.</TD></TR>
 178 <TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 179 <TR VALIGN="TOP"><TD NOWRAP><KBD>lp -d printer filename ENTER</KBD></TD><TD>
 180 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>Literal user input; special keys like <KBD>ENTER</KBD> are
 181  in ALL CAPS.</TD></TR>
 182 <TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
 183 <TR VALIGN="TOP"><TD>12.3</TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD>Numbers in the text are
 184  written using the period (.) to indicate the decimal point.</TD></TR>
 185 </TABLE>
 186 </CENTER>
 187
 188 <!-- NEED 3in -->
 189 </P>
 190 <H2><A NAME="1_4">Abbreviations</A></H2>
 191  The following abbreviations are used throughout this manual:
 192 <UL>
 193 <DL>
 194 <DT>kb</DT>
 195 <DD>Kilobytes, or 1024 bytes
 196 <BR>&nbsp;</DD>
 197 <DT>Mb</DT>
 198 <DD>Megabytes, or 1048576 bytes
 199 <BR>&nbsp;</DD>
 200 <DT>Gb</DT>
 201 <DD>Gigabytes, or 1073741824 bytes
 202 <BR>&nbsp;</DD>
 203 </DL>
 204 </UL>
 205 <H2><A NAME="1_5">Other References</A></H2>
 206 <UL>
 207 <DL>
 208 <DT>CUPS Software Administrators Manual</DT>
 209 <DD>An administration guide for the CUPS software.
 210 <BR>&nbsp;</DD>
 211 <DT>CUPS Software Programmers Manual</DT>
 212 <DD>A programmer guide for interfacing with and/or extending the CUPS
 213  software.
 214 <BR>&nbsp;</DD>
 215 </DL>
 216 </UL>
 217 <H1 ALIGN="RIGHT"><A NAME="OVERVIEW">1 - Printing System Overview</A></H1>
 218 <P>This chapter provides an overview of how the Common UNIX Printing
 219  System works.</P>
 220 <H2><A NAME="2_1">The Printing Problem</A></H2>
 221 <P>For years<I> the printing problem</I> has plagued UNIX. Unlike
 222  Microsoft&reg; Windows&reg; or Mac OS, UNIX has no standard interface or system
 223  in place for supporting printers. Among the solutions currently
 224  available, the Berkeley and System V printing systems are the most
 225  prevalent.</P>
 226 <P>These printing systems support line printers (text only) or
 227  PostScript printers (text and graphics), and with some coaxing they can
 228  be made to support a full range of printers and file formats. However,
 229  because each varient of the UNIX operating system uses a different
 230  printing system than the next developing printer drivers for a wide
 231  range of printers and operating systems is extremely difficult. That
 232  combined with the limited volume of customers for each UNIX varient has
 233  forced most printer vendors to give up supporting UNIX entirely.</P>
 234 <P>CUPS is designed to eliminate<I> the printing problem</I>. One common
 235  printing system can be used by all UNIX varients to support the
 236  printing needs of users. Printer vendors can use its modular filter
 237  interface to develop a single driver program that supports a wide range
 238  of file formats with little or no effort. Since CUPS provides both the
 239  System V and Berkeley printing commands, users (and applications) can
 240  reap the benefits of this new technology with no changes.</P>
 241 <H2><A NAME="2_2">The Technology</A></H2>
 242 <P>CUPS is based upon an emerging Internet standard called the Internet
 243  Printing Protocol. IPP has been embraced by dozens of printer and
 244  printer server manufacturers and is supported by Microsoft Windows
 245  2000.</P>
 246 <P>IPP defines a standard protocol for printing as well as managing
 247  print jobs and printer options like media size, resolution, and so
 248  forth. Like all IP-based protocols, IPP can be used locally or over the
 249  Internet to printers hundreds or thousands of miles away. Unlike other
 250  protocols, however, IPP also supports access control, authentication,
 251  and encryption, making it a much more capable and secure printing
 252  solution than older ones.</P>
 253 <P>IPP is layered on top of the Hyper-Text Transport Protocol (&quot;HTTP&quot;)
 254  which is the basis of web servers on the Internet. This allows users to
 255  view documentation, check status information on a printer or server,
 256  and manage their printers, classes, and jobs using their web browser.</P>
 257 <P>CUPS provides a complete IPP/1.1 based printing system that provides
 258  Basic, Digest, and local certificate authentication and user, domain,
 259  or IP-based access control. TLS encryption will be available in future
 260  versions of CUPS.</P>
 261 <H2><A NAME="2_3">Jobs</A></H2>
 262 <P>Each file or set of files that is submitted for printing is called a<I>
 263  job</I>. Jobs are identified by a unique number starting at 1 and are
 264  assigned to a particular destination, usually a printer. Jobs can also
 265  have options associated with them such as media size, number of copies,
 266  and priority.</P>
 267 <H2><A NAME="2_4">Classes</A></H2>
 268 <P>CUPS supports collections of printers known as<I> classes</I>. Jobs
 269  sent to a class are forwarded to the first available printer in the
 270  class.</P>
 271 <H2><A NAME="2_5">Filters</A></H2>
 272 <P>Filters allow a user or application to print many types of files
 273  without extra effort. Print jobs sent to a CUPS server are filtered
 274  before sending them to a printer. Some filters convert job files to
 275  different formats that the printer can understand. Others perform page
 276  selection and ordering tasks.</P>
 277 <P>CUPS provides filters for printing many types of image files, HP-GL/2
 278  files, PDF files, and text files. CUPS also supplies PostScript and
 279  image file Raster Image Processor (&quot;RIP&quot;) filters that convert
 280  PostScript or image files into bitmaps that can be sent to a raster
 281  printer.</P>
 282 <H2><A NAME="2_6">Backends</A></H2>
 283 <P>Backends perform the most important task of all - they send the
 284  filtered print data to the printer.</P>
 285 <P>CUPS provides backends for printing over parallel, serial, and USB
 286  ports, and over the network via the IPP, JetDirect (AppSocket), and
 287  Line Printer Daemon (&quot;LPD&quot;) protocols. Additional backends are
 288  available in network service packages such as the SMB backend included
 289  with the popular SAMBA software.</P>
 290 <P>Backends are also used to determine the available devices. On startup
 291  each backend is asked for a list of devices it supports, and any
 292  information that is available. This allows the parallel backend to tell
 293  CUPS that an EPSON Stylus Color 600 printer is attached to parallel
 294  port 1, for example.</P>
 295 <H2><A NAME="2_7">Printer Drivers</A></H2>
 296 <P>Printer drivers in CUPS consist of one of more filters specific to a
 297  printer. CUPS includes sample printer drivers for Hewlett-Packard
 298  LaserJet and DeskJet printers and EPSON 9-pin, 24-pin, Stylus Color,
 299  and Stylus Photo printers. While these drivers do not generate optimal
 300  output for the different printer models, they do provide basic printing
 301  and demonstrate how you can write your own printer drivers and
 302  incorporate them into CUPS.</P>
 303 <H2><A NAME="2_8">Networking</A></H2>
 304 <P>Printers and classes on the local system are automatically shared
 305  with other systems on the network. This allows you to setup one system
 306  to print to a printer and use this system as a printer server or spool
 307  host for all of the others. Users may then select a local printer by
 308  name or a remote printer using &quot;name@server&quot;.</P>
 309 <P>CUPS also provides<I> implicit classes</I>, which are collections of
 310  printers and/or classes with the same name. This allows you to setup
 311  multiple servers pointing to the same physical network printer, for
 312  example, so that you aren't relying on a single system for printing.
 313  Because this also works with printer classes, you can setup multiple
 314  servers and printers and never worry about a single point of failure
 315  unless all of the printers and servers go down!</P>
 316 <H1 ALIGN="RIGHT"><A NAME="USING_SYSTEM">2 - Using the Printing System</A>
 317 </H1>
 318 <P>This chapter shows you how to submit, query, and cancel print jobs to
 319  different printers.</P>
 320 <H2><A NAME="3_1">Submitting Files for Printing</A></H2>
 321 <P>CUPS provides both the System V (<CODE>lp(1)</CODE>) and Berkeley (<CODE>
 322 lpr(1)</CODE>) printing commands. Type the following command to print a
 323  file to the default (or only) printer on the system:</P>
 324 <UL>
 325 <PRE>
 326 <B>lp filename ENTER</B>
 327 </PRE>
 328 </UL>
 329 <P>or:</P>
 330 <UL>
 331 <PRE>
 332 <B>lpr filename ENTER</B>
 333 </PRE>
 334 </UL>
 335 <P>CUPS understands many different types of files directly, including
 336  PostScript and image files. This allows you to print from inside your
 337  applications or at the command-line, whichever is most convenient!</P>
 338 <H2><A NAME="3_2">Choosing a Printer</A></H2>
 339 <P>Many systems will have more than one printer available to the user.
 340  These printers can be attached to the local system via a parallel,
 341  serial, or USB port, or available over the network.</P>
 342 <P>Use the <CODE>lpstat(1)</CODE> command to see a list of available
 343  printers:</P>
 344 <UL>
 345 <PRE>
 346 <B>lpstat -p -d ENTER</B>
 347 </PRE>
 348 </UL>
 349 <P>The <CODE>-p</CODE> option specifies that you want to see a list of
 350  printers, and the <CODE>-d</CODE> option reports the current default
 351  printer or class.</P>
 352 <P>Use the <CODE>-d</CODE> option with the <CODE>lp</CODE> command to
 353  print to a specific printer:</P>
 354 <UL>
 355 <PRE>
 356 <B>lp -d printer filename ENTER</B>
 357 </PRE>
 358 </UL>
 359 <P>or the <CODE>-P</CODE> option with the <CODE>lpr</CODE> command:</P>
 360 <UL>
 361 <PRE>
 362 <B>lpr -P printer filename ENTER</B>
 363 </PRE>
 364 </UL>
 365 <H2><A NAME="3_3">Setting Printer Options</A></H2>
 366 <P>For many types of files, the default printer options may be
 367  sufficient for your needs. However, there may be times when you need to
 368  change the options for a particular file you are printing.</P>
 369 <P>The <CODE>lp</CODE> and <CODE>lpr</CODE> commands allow you to pass
 370  printer options using the <CODE>-o</CODE> option:</P>
 371 <UL>
 372 <PRE>
 373 <B>lp -o landscape -o scaling=75 -o media=A4 filename.jpg
 374 <B>lpr -o landscape -o scaling=75 -o media=A4 filename.jpg
 375 </B></B></PRE>
 376 </UL>
 377 <P>The available printer options vary depending on the printer. The
 378  standard options are described in<A HREF="#STANDARD_OPTIONS"> Chapter
 379  3, &quot;Standard Printing Options&quot;</A>.</P>
 380 <H2><A NAME="3_4">Printing Multiple Copies</A></H2>
 381 <P>Both the <CODE>lp</CODE> and <CODE>lpr</CODE> commands have options
 382  for printing more than one copy of a file:</P>
 383 <UL>
 384 <PRE>
 385 <B>lp -n <I>num-copies</I> filename ENTER</B>
 386 <B>lpr -#<I>num-copies</I> filename ENTER</B>
 387 </PRE>
 388 </UL>
 389 <P>Copies are normally<I> not</I> collated for you. Use the <CODE>-o
 390  Collate=True</CODE> option to get collated copies :</P>
 391 <UL>
 392 <PRE>
 393 <B>lp -n <I>num-copies</I> -o Collate=True filename ENTER</B>
 394 <B>lpr -#<I>num-copies</I> -o Collate=True filename ENTER</B>
 395 </PRE>
 396 </UL>
 397
 398 <!-- NEED 3in -->
 399 <H2><A NAME="3_5">Checking the Printer Status from the Command-Line</A></H2>
 400 <P>The <CODE>lpstat</CODE> command can be used to check for jobs that
 401  you have submitted for printing:</P>
 402 <UL>
 403 <PRE>
 404 <B>lpstat ENTER</B>
 405 Printer-1 johndoe 4427776
 406 Printer-2 johndoe 15786
 407 Printer-3 johndoe 372842
 408 </PRE>
 409 </UL>
 410 <P>The jobs are listed in the order they will be printed. Use the <CODE>
 411 -p</CODE> option to see which files and printers are active:</P>
 412 <UL>
 413 <PRE>
 414 <B>lpstat -p ENTER</B>
 415 printer DeskJet now printing DeskJet-1.
 416 </PRE>
 417 </UL>
 418
 419 <!-- NEED 2in -->
 420 <P>Use the <CODE>-o</CODE> and <CODE>-p</CODE> options together to show
 421  the jobs and the printers:</P>
 422 <UL>
 423 <PRE>
 424 <B>lpstat -o -p ENTER</B>
 425 Printer-1 johndoe 4427776
 426 Printer-2 johndoe 15786
 427 Printer-3 johndoe 372842
 428 printer DeskJet now printing DeskJet-1.
 429 </PRE>
 430 </UL>
 431 <H2><A NAME="3_6">Checking the Printer Status from the Web</A></H2>
 432 <P>Since CUPS uses the Internet Printing Protocol, it is also a
 433  fully-functional web server. To use your web browser to monitor the
 434  printers on your system, open the URL:</P>
 435 <UL>
 436 <PRE>
 437 <A HREF="http://localhost:631">http://localhost:631</A>
 438 </PRE>
 439 </UL>
 440 <P>From there you can view the status of classes, jobs, and printers
 441  with the click of a button!</P>
 442 <H2><A NAME="3_7">Canceling a Print Job</A></H2>
 443 <P>The <CODE>cancel(1)</CODE> and <CODE>lprm(1)</CODE> commands cancel a
 444  print job:</P>
 445 <UL>
 446 <PRE>
 447 <B>cancel <I>job-id</I> ENTER</B>
 448 <B>lprm <I>job-id</I> ENTER</B>
 449 </PRE>
 450 </UL>
 451 <P>The <CODE>job-id</CODE> is the number that was reported to you by the
 452  <CODE>lp</CODE> or <CODE>lpstat</CODE> commands.</P>
 453 <H1 ALIGN="RIGHT"><A NAME="STANDARD_OPTIONS">3 - Standard Printer
 454  Options</A></H1>
 455 <P>This chapter describes the standard printer options that are
 456  available when printing with the <CODE>lp</CODE> and <CODE>lpr</CODE>
 457  commands.</P>
 458 <H2><A NAME="4_1">General Options</A></H2>
 459 <P>The following options apply when printing all types of files.
 460 <!-- NEED 2in -->
 461 </P>
 462 <H3><A NAME="4_1_1">Selecting the Media Size, Type, and Source</A></H3>
 463 <P>The <CODE>-o media=xyz</CODE> option sets the media size, type,
 464  and/or source:</P>
 465 <UL>
 466 <PRE>
 467 <B>lp -o media=Letter filename ENTER</B>
 468 <B>lp -o media=Letter,MultiPurpose filename ENTER</B>
 469 <B>lpr -o media=Letter,Transparency filename ENTER</B>
 470 <B>lpr -o media=Letter,MultiPurpose,Transparency filename ENTER</B>
 471 </PRE>
 472 </UL>
 473
 474 <!-- NEED 3in -->
 475 <P>The available media sizes, types, and sources depend on the printer,
 476  but most support the following options (case is not significant):</P>
 477 <UL>
 478 <LI><CODE>Letter</CODE> - US Letter (8.5x11 inches, or 216x279mm)</LI>
 479 <LI><CODE>Legal</CODE> - US Legal (8.5x14 inches, or 216x356mm)</LI>
 480 <LI><CODE>A4</CODE> - ISO A4 (8.27x11.69 inches, or 210x297mm)</LI>
 481 <LI><CODE>COM10</CODE> - US #10 Envelope (9.5x4.125 inches, or
 482  241x105mm)</LI>
 483 <LI><CODE>DL</CODE> - ISO DL Envelope (8.66x4.33 inches, or 220x110mm)</LI>
 484 <LI><CODE>Transparency</CODE> - Transparency media type or source</LI>
 485 <LI><CODE>Upper</CODE> - Upper paper tray</LI>
 486 <LI><CODE>Lower</CODE> - Lower paper tray</LI>
 487 <LI><CODE>MultiPurpose</CODE> - Multi-purpose paper tray</LI>
 488 <LI><CODE>LargeCapacity</CODE> - Large capacity paper tray</LI>
 489 </UL>
 490 <P>The actual options supported are defined in the printer's PPD file in
 491  the <CODE>PageSize</CODE>, <CODE>InputSlot</CODE>, and <CODE>MediaType</CODE>
 492  options.</P>
 493 <H3><A NAME="4_1_2">Setting the Orientation</A></H3>
 494 <P>The <CODE>-o landscape</CODE> option will rotate the page 90 degrees
 495  to print in landscape orientation:</P>
 496 <UL>
 497 <PRE>
 498 <B>lp -o landscape filename ENTER</B>
 499 <B>lpr -o landscape filename ENTER</B>
 500 </PRE>
 501 </UL>
 502 <H3><A NAME="4_1_3">Printing On Both Sides of the Paper</A></H3>
 503 <P>The <CODE>-o sides=two-sided-short-edge</CODE> and <CODE>-o
 504  sides=two-sided-long-edge</CODE> options will enable duplexing on the
 505  printer, if the printer supports it. The <CODE>-o
 506  sides=two-sided-short-edge</CODE> option is suitable for landscape
 507  pages, while the <CODE>-o sides=two-sided-long-edge</CODE> option is
 508  suitable for portrait pages:</P>
 509 <UL>
 510 <PRE>
 511 <B>lp -o sides=two-sided-short-edge filename ENTER</B>
 512 <B>lp -o sides=two-sided-long-edge filename ENTER</B>
 513 <B>lpr -o sides=two-sided-long-edge filename ENTER</B>
 514 </PRE>
 515 </UL>
 516 <P>The default is to print single-sided:</P>
 517 <UL>
 518 <PRE>
 519 <B>lp -o sides=one-sided filename ENTER</B>
 520 <B>lpr -o sides=one-sided filename ENTER</B>
 521 </PRE>
 522 </UL>
 523 <H2><A NAME="4_2">Banner Options</A></H2>
 524 <P>The following options apply when printing all types of files.</P>
 525 <H3><A NAME="4_2_1">Selecting the Banner Page(s)</A></H3>
 526 <P>The <CODE>-o jobsheets=start,end</CODE> option sets the banner
 527  page(s) to use for a job:</P>
 528 <UL>
 529 <PRE>
 530 <B>lp -o job-sheets=none filename ENTER</B>
 531 <B>lp -o job-sheets=standard filename ENTER</B>
 532 <B>lpr -o job-sheets=classified,classified filename ENTER</B>
 533 </PRE>
 534 </UL>
 535 <P>If only one banner file is specified, it will be printed before the
 536  files in the job. If a second banner file is specified, it is printed
 537  after the files in the job.</P>
 538 <P>The available banner pages depend on the local system configuration;
 539  CUPS includes the following banner files:</P>
 540 <UL>
 541 <LI><CODE>none</CODE> - Do not produce a banner page.</LI>
 542 <LI><CODE>classified</CODE> - A banner page with a &quot;classified&quot; label at
 543  the top and bottom.</LI>
 544 <LI><CODE>confidential</CODE> - A banner page with a &quot;confidential&quot;
 545  label at the top and bottom.</LI>
 546 <LI><CODE>secret</CODE> - A banner page with a &quot;secret&quot; label at the top
 547  and bottom.</LI>
 548 <LI><CODE>standard</CODE> - A banner page with no label at the top and
 549  bottom.</LI>
 550 <LI><CODE>topsecret</CODE> - A banner page with a &quot;top secret&quot; label at
 551  the top and bottom.</LI>
 552 <LI><CODE>unclassified</CODE> - A banner page with an &quot;unclassified&quot;
 553  label at the top and bottom.</LI>
 554 </UL>
 555 <H2><A NAME="4_3">Document Options</A></H2>
 556 <P>The following options apply when printing all types of files.</P>
 557 <H3><A NAME="4_3_1">Selecting a Range of Pages</A></H3>
 558 <P>The <CODE>-o page-ranges=pages</CODE> option selects a range of pages
 559  for printing:</P>
 560 <UL>
 561 <PRE>
 562 <B>lp -o page-ranges=1 filename ENTER</B>
 563 <B>lp -o page-ranges=1-4 filename ENTER</B>
 564 <B>lp -o page-ranges=1-4,7,9-12 filename ENTER</B>
 565 <B>lpr -o page-ranges=1-4,7,9-12 filename ENTER</B>
 566 </PRE>
 567 </UL>
 568 <P>As shown above, the <CODE>pages</CODE> value can be a single page, a
 569  range of pages, or a collection of page numbers and ranges separated by
 570  commas. The pages will always be printed in ascending order, regardless
 571  of the order of the pages in the <CODE>page-ranges</CODE> option.</P>
 572 <P>The default is to print all pages.</P>
 573 <H3><A NAME="4_3_2">Selecting Even or Odd Pages</A></H3>
 574 <P>Use the <CODE>-o page-set=set</CODE> option to select the even or odd
 575  pages:</P>
 576 <UL>
 577 <PRE>
 578 <B>lp -o page-set=odd filename ENTER</B>
 579 <B>lp -o page-set=even filename ENTER</B>
 580 <B>lpr -o page-set=even filename ENTER</B>
 581 </PRE>
 582 </UL>
 583 <P>The default is to print all pages.</P>
 584 <H3><A NAME="4_3_3">N-Up Printing</A></H3>
 585 <P>The <CODE>-o number-up=value</CODE> option selects N-Up printing.
 586  N-Up printing places multiple document pages on a single printed page.
 587  CUPS supports 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 16-Up formats; the default format is
 588  1-Up:</P>
 589 <UL>
 590 <PRE>
 591 <B>lp -o number-up=1 filename ENTER</B>
 592 <B>lp -o number-up=2 filename ENTER</B>
 593 <B>lp -o number-up=4 filename ENTER</B>
 594 <B>lpr -o number-up=16 filename ENTER</B>
 595 </PRE>
 596 </UL>
 597 <P>The <CODE>-o page-border=value</CODE> option chooses the border to
 598  draw around each page:</P>
 599 <UL>
 600 <LI><CODE>-o page-border=double</CODE>; draw two hairline borders around
 601  each page</LI>
 602 <LI><CODE>-o page-border=double-thick</CODE>; draw two 1pt borders
 603  around each page</LI>
 604 <LI><CODE>-o page-border=none</CODE>; do not draw a border (default)</LI>
 605 <LI><CODE>-o page-border=single</CODE>; draw one hairline border around
 606  each page</LI>
 607 <LI><CODE>-o page-border=single-thick</CODE>; draw one 1pt border around
 608  each page</LI>
 609 </UL>
 610 <P>The <CODE>-o number-up-layout=value</CODE> option chooses the layout
 611  of the pages on each output page:</P>
 612 <UL>
 613 <LI><CODE>-o number-up-layout=btlr</CODE>; Bottom to top, left to right</LI>
 614 <LI><CODE>-o number-up-layout=btrl</CODE>; Bottom to top, right to left</LI>
 615 <LI><CODE>-o number-up-layout=lrbt</CODE>; Left to right, bottom to top</LI>
 616 <LI><CODE>-o number-up-layout=lrtb</CODE>; Left to right, top to bottom
 617  (default)</LI>
 618 <LI><CODE>-o number-up-layout=rlbt</CODE>; Right to left, bottom to top</LI>
 619 <LI><CODE>-o number-up-layout=rltb</CODE>; Right to left, top to bottom</LI>
 620 <LI><CODE>-o number-up-layout=tblr</CODE>; Top to bottom, left to right</LI>
 621 <LI><CODE>-o number-up-layout=tbrl</CODE>; Top to bottom, right to left</LI>
 622 </UL>
 623 <H3><A NAME="4_3_4">Setting the Brightness</A></H3>
 624 <P>You can control the overall brightness of the printed output using
 625  the <CODE>-o brightness=percent</CODE> option:</P>
 626 <UL>
 627 <PRE>
 628 <B>lp -o brightness=120 filename ENTER</B>
 629 <B>lpr -o brightness=120 filename ENTER</B>
 630 </PRE>
 631 </UL>
 632 <P>Values greater than 100 will lighten the print, while values less
 633  than 100 will darken it.</P>
 634 <H3><A NAME="4_3_5">Setting the Gamma Correction</A></H3>
 635 <P>You can control the overall gamma correction of the printed output
 636  using the <CODE>-o gamma=value</CODE> option:</P>
 637 <UL>
 638 <PRE>
 639 <B>lp -o gamma=1700 filename ENTER</B>
 640 <B>lpr -o gamma=1700 filename ENTER</B>
 641 </PRE>
 642 </UL>
 643 <P>Values greater than 1000 will lighten the print, while values less
 644  than 1000 will darken it. The default gamma is 1000.</P>
 645 <H2><A NAME="4_4">Text Options</A></H2>
 646 <P>The following options apply when printing text files.</P>
 647 <H3><A NAME="4_4_1">Setting the Number of Characters Per Inch</A></H3>
 648 <P>The <CODE>-o cpi=value</CODE> option sets the number of characters
 649  per inch:</P>
 650 <UL>
 651 <PRE>
 652 <B>lp -o cpi=10 filename ENTER</B>
 653 <B>lp -o cpi=12 filename ENTER</B>
 654 <B>lpr -o cpi=17 filename ENTER</B>
 655 </PRE>
 656 </UL>
 657 <P>The default characters per inch is 10.</P>
 658 <H3><A NAME="4_4_2">Setting the Number of Lines Per Inch</A></H3>
 659 <P>The <CODE>-o lpi=value</CODE> option sets the number of lines per
 660  inch:</P>
 661 <UL>
 662 <PRE>
 663 <B>lp -o lpi=6 filename ENTER</B>
 664 <B>lpr -o lpi=8 filename ENTER</B>
 665 </PRE>
 666 </UL>
 667 <P>The default lines per inch is 6.</P>
 668 <H3><A NAME="4_4_3">Setting the Number of Columns</A></H3>
 669 <P>The <CODE>-o columns=value</CODE> option sets the number of text
 670  columns:</P>
 671 <UL>
 672 <PRE>
 673 <B>lp -o columns=2 filename ENTER</B>
 674 <B>lpr -o columns=3 filename ENTER</B>
 675 </PRE>
 676 </UL>
 677 <P>The default number of columns is 1.</P>
 678 <H3><A NAME="4_4_4">Setting the Page Margins</A></H3>
 679 <P>Normally the page margins are set to the hard limits of the printer.
 680  Use the <CODE>-o page-left=value</CODE>, <CODE>-o page-right=value</CODE>
 681 , <CODE>-o page-top=value</CODE>, and <CODE>-o page-bottom=value</CODE>
 682  options to adjust the page margins:</P>
 683 <UL>
 684 <PRE>
 685 <B>lp -o page-left=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 686 <B>lp -o page-right=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 687 <B>lp -o page-top=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 688 <B>lp -o page-bottom=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 689 <B>lpr -o page-bottom=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 690 </PRE>
 691 </UL>
 692 <P>The <CODE>value</CODE> argument is the margin in points; each point
 693  is 1/72 inch or 0.35mm.</P>
 694 <H3><A NAME="4_4_5">Pretty Printing</A></H3>
 695 <P>The <CODE>-o prettyprint</CODE> option puts a header at the top of
 696  each page with the page number, job title (usually the filename), and
 697  the date. Also, C and C++ keywords are highlighted, and comment lines
 698  are italicized:</P>
 699 <UL>
 700 <PRE>
 701 <B>lp -o prettyprint filename ENTER</B>
 702 <B>lpr -o prettyprint filename ENTER</B>
 703 </PRE>
 704 </UL>
 705 <H2><A NAME="4_5">Image Options</A></H2>
 706 <P>The following options apply when printing image files.</P>
 707 <H3><A NAME="4_5_1">Positioning the Image</A></H3>
 708 <P>The <CODE>-o position=name</CODE> option specifies the position of
 709  the image on the page:</P>
 710 <UL>
 711 <LI><CODE>center</CODE> - Center the image on the page (default)</LI>
 712 <LI><CODE>top</CODE> - Print the image centered at the top of the page</LI>
 713 <LI><CODE>left</CODE> - Print the image centered on the left of page</LI>
 714 <LI><CODE>right</CODE> - Print the image centered on the right of the
 715  page</LI>
 716 <LI><CODE>top-left</CODE> - Print the image at the top left corner of
 717  the page</LI>
 718 <LI><CODE>top-right</CODE> - Print the image at the top right corner of
 719  the page</LI>
 720 <LI><CODE>bottom</CODE> - Print the image centered at the bottom of the
 721  page</LI>
 722 <LI><CODE>bottom-left</CODE> - Print the image at the bottom left corner
 723  of the page</LI>
 724 <LI><CODE>bottom-right</CODE> - Print the image at the bottom right
 725  corner of the page</LI>
 726 </UL>
 727 <H3><A NAME="4_5_2">Scaling the Image</A></H3>
 728 <P>The <CODE>-o scaling=percent</CODE>, <CODE>-o ppi=value</CODE>, and <CODE>
 729 -o natural-scaling=percent</CODE> options change the size of a printed
 730  image:</P>
 731 <UL>
 732 <PRE>
 733 <B>lp -o scaling=<I>percent</I> filename ENTER</B>
 734 <B>lp -o ppi=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 735 <B>lpr -o natural-scaling=<I>percent</I> filename ENTER</B>
 736 </PRE>
 737 </UL>
 738 <P>The <CODE>scaling=percent</CODE> value is a number from 1 to 800
 739  specifying the size in relation to the page (<I>not</I> the image.) A
 740  scaling of 100 percent will fill the page as completely as the image
 741  aspect ratio allows. A scaling of 200 percent will print on up to 4
 742  pages.</P>
 743 <P>The <CODE>ppi=value</CODE> value is a number from 1 to 1200
 744  specifying the resolution of the image in pixels per inch. An image
 745  that is 3000x2400 pixels will print 10x8 inches at 300 pixels per inch,
 746  for example. If the specified resolution makes the image larger than
 747  the page, multiple pages will be printed to satisfy the request.</P>
 748 <P>The <CODE>natural-scaling=percent</CODE> value is a number from 1 to
 749  800 specifying the size in relation to the natural image size. A
 750  scaling of 100 percent will print the image at its natural size, while
 751  a scaling of 50 percent will print the image at half its natural size.
 752  If the specified scaling makes the image larger than the page, multiple
 753  pages will be printed to satisfy the request.</P>
 754 <H3><A NAME="4_5_3">Adjusting the Hue (Tint) of an Image</A></H3>
 755 <P>The <CODE>-o hue=value</CODE> option will adjust the hue of the
 756  printed image, much like the tint control on your television:</P>
 757 <UL>
 758 <PRE>
 759 <B>lp -o hue=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 760 <B>lpr -o hue=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 761 </PRE>
 762 </UL>
 763
 764 <!-- NEED 3in -->
 765 <P>The <CODE>value</CODE> argument is a number from -360 to 360 and
 766  represents the color hue rotation. The following table summarizes the
 767  change you'll see with different colors:
 768 <CENTER>
 769 <TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="50%">
 770 <TR><TH>Original</TH><TH>hue=-45</TH><TH>hue=45</TH></TR>
 771 <TR><TD>Red</TD><TD>Purple</TD><TD>Yellow-orange</TD></TR>
 772 <TR><TD>Green</TD><TD>Yellow-green</TD><TD>Blue-green</TD></TR>
 773 <TR><TD>Yellow</TD><TD>Orange</TD><TD>Green-yellow</TD></TR>
 774 <TR><TD>Blue</TD><TD>Sky-blue</TD><TD>Purple</TD></TR>
 775 <TR><TD>Magenta</TD><TD>Indigo</TD><TD>Crimson</TD></TR>
 776 <TR><TD>Cyan</TD><TD>Blue-green</TD><TD>Light-navy-blue</TD></TR>
 777 </TABLE>
 778 </CENTER>
 779 </P>
 780 <P>The default hue adjustment is 0.</P>
 781 <H3><A NAME="4_5_4">Adjusting the Saturation (Color) of an Image</A></H3>
 782 <P>The <CODE>-o saturation=percent</CODE> option adjusts the saturation
 783  of the colors in an image, much like the color knob on your television:</P>
 784 <UL>
 785 <PRE>
 786 <B>lp -o saturation=<I>percent</I> filename ENTER</B>
 787 <B>lpr -o saturation=<I>percent</I> filename ENTER</B>
 788 </PRE>
 789 </UL>
 790 <P>The <CODE>percent</CODE> argument specifies the color saturation from
 791  0 to 200. A color saturation of 0 produces a black-and-white print,
 792  while a value of 200 will make the colors extremely intense.</P>
 793 <P>The default saturation is 100.
 794 <!-- NEED 4in -->
 795 </P>
 796 <H2><A NAME="4_6">HP-GL/2 Options</A></H2>
 797 <P>The following options apply to HP-GL/2 files.</P>
 798 <H3><A NAME="4_6_1">Printing in Black</A></H3>
 799 <P>The <CODE>-o blackplot</CODE> option specifies that all pens should
 800  plot in black:</P>
 801 <UL>
 802 <PRE>
 803 <B>lp -o blackplot filename ENTER</B>
 804 <B>lpr -o blackplot filename ENTER</B>
 805 </PRE>
 806 </UL>
 807 <P>The default is to use the colors defined in the plot file or the
 808  standard pen colors defined in the HP-GL/2 reference manual from
 809  Hewlett Packard.</P>
 810 <H3><A NAME="4_6_2">Fitting the Plot on the Page</A></H3>
 811 <P>The <CODE>-o fitplot</CODE> option specifies that the plot should be
 812  scaled to fit on the page:</P>
 813 <UL>
 814 <PRE>
 815 <B>lp -o fitplot filename ENTER</B>
 816 <B>lpr -o fitplot filename ENTER</B>
 817 </PRE>
 818 </UL>
 819 <P>The default is to use the absolute distances specified in the plot
 820  file.
 821 <CENTER>
 822 <TABLE BGCOLOR="#cccccc" BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="80%">
 823 <TR><TD><B> NOTE:</B>
 824 <P>This feature depends upon an accurate plot size (<CODE>PS</CODE>)
 825  command in the HP-GL/2 file. If no plot size is given in the file than
 826  the HP-GL/2 filter assumes the plot is ANSI E size.</P>
 827 </TD></TR>
 828 </TABLE>
 829 </CENTER>
 830 </P>
 831 <H3><A NAME="4_6_3">Setting the Default Pen Width</A></H3>
 832 <P>The <CODE>-o penwidth=value</CODE> option specifies the default pen
 833  width for HP-GL/2 files:</P>
 834 <UL>
 835 <PRE>
 836 <B>lp -o penwidth=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 837 <B>lpr -o penwidth=<I>value</I> filename ENTER</B>
 838 </PRE>
 839 </UL>
 840 <P>The pen width <CODE>value</CODE> specifies the pen width in
 841  micrometers. The default value of 1000 produces lines that are 1
 842  millimeter in width. Specifying a pen width of 0 produces lines that
 843  are exactly 1 pixel wide.
 844 <CENTER>
 845 <TABLE BGCOLOR="#cccccc" BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="80%">
 846 <TR><TD><B> NOTE:</B>
 847 <P>This option is ignored when the pen widths are set in the plot file.</P>
 848 </TD></TR>
 849 </TABLE>
 850 </CENTER>
 851 </P>
 852 <H2><A NAME="4_7">Raw or Unfiltered Output</A></H2>
 853 <P>The <CODE>-o raw</CODE> option allows you to send files directly to a
 854  printer without filtering. This is sometimes required when printing
 855  from applications that provide their own &quot;printer drivers&quot; for your
 856  printer:</P>
 857 <UL>
 858 <PRE>
 859 <B>lp -o raw filename ENTER</B>
 860 <B>lpr -o raw filename ENTER</B>
 861 </PRE>
 862 </UL>
 863 <P>The <CODE>-l</CODE> option can also be used with the <CODE>lpr</CODE>
 864  command to send files directly to a printer:</P>
 865 <UL>
 866 <PRE>
 867 <B>lpr -l filename ENTER</B>
 868 </PRE>
 869 </UL>
 870 <H1 ALIGN="RIGHT"><A NAME="SAVING_OPTIONS">4 - Saving Printer Options
 871  and Defaults</A></H1>
 872 <P>This chapter describes how to save printer options for your printer
 873  and set your own default printer.</P>
 874 <H2><A NAME="5_1">Printer Options</A></H2>
 875 <P>Each printer supports a large number of options, which you learned
 876  about in<A HREF="#STANDARD_OPTIONS"> Chapter 3, &quot;Standard Printer
 877  Options&quot;</A>. Rather than specifying these options each time you print
 878  a file, CUPS allows you to save them as &quot;default&quot; options for the
 879  printer.</P>
 880 <P>The <CODE>lpoptions(1)</CODE> command saves the options for your
 881  printers. Like the <CODE>lp</CODE> and <CODE>lpr</CODE> commands, it
 882  accepts printer options using the <CODE>-o</CODE> argument:</P>
 883 <UL>
 884 <PRE>
 885 <B>lpoptions -o prettyprint ENTER</B>
 886 <B>lpoptions -o media=A4 -o sides=two-sided-long-edge ENTER</B>
 887 <B>lpoptions -o media=Legal -o scaling=100 ENTER</B>
 888 </PRE>
 889 </UL>
 890 <P>Once saved, any <CODE>lp</CODE> or <CODE>lpr</CODE> command will use
 891  them when you print.</P>
 892 <H2><A NAME="5_2">Setting Options for a Specific Printer</A></H2>
 893 <P>The previous example shows how to set the options for the default
 894  printer. The <CODE>-p printer</CODE> option specifies the options are
 895  for another printer:</P>
 896 <UL>
 897 <PRE>
 898 <B>lpoptions -p laserjet -o prettyprint ENTER</B>
 899 <B>lpoptions -p laserjet -o media=A4 -o sides=two-sided-long-edge ENTER</B>
 900 <B>lpoptions -p deskjet -o media=Legal -o scaling=100 ENTER</B>
 901 </PRE>
 902 </UL>
 903 <H2><A NAME="5_3">Removing Options</A></H2>
 904 <P>The previous two examples shows how to set options for the default
 905  and a specific printer. Below, shows you how to remove the saved option
 906  using the <CODE>-r</CODE> argument:</P>
 907 <UL>
 908 <PRE>
 909 <KBD>lpoptions -r prettyprint <I>ENTER</I></KBD>
 910 <KBD>lpoptions -p laserjet -r prettyprint <I>ENTER</I></KBD>
 911 </PRE>
 912 </UL>
 913 <H2><A NAME="5_4">Viewing the Current Defaults</A></H2>
 914 <P>The <CODE>lpoptions</CODE> command can also be used to show the
 915  current options by not specifying any new options on the command-line:</P>
 916 <UL>
 917 <PRE>
 918 <B>lpoptions ENTER</B>
 919 media=A4 sides=two-sided-long-edge
 920 <B>lpoptions -p deskjet ENTER</B>
 921 media=Legal scaling=100
 922 </PRE>
 923 </UL>
 924 <H2><A NAME="5_5">Viewing Options for a Specific Printer</A></H2>
 925 <P>You can display the supported options using the <CODE>lpoptions</CODE>
 926  command with the <CODE>-l</CODE> option, as follows:</P>
 927 <UL>
 928 <PRE>
 929 <B>lpoptions -p laserjet -l ENTER</B>
 930 </PRE>
 931 </UL>
 932 <H2><A NAME="5_6">Setting the Default Printer</A></H2>
 933 <P>The administrator normally will set a system-wide default printer
 934  that is normally used as the default printer by everyone. Use the <CODE>
 935 -d printer</CODE> option to set your own default printer:</P>
 936 <UL>
 937 <PRE>
 938 <B>lpoptions -d deskjet ENTER</B>
 939 </PRE>
 940 </UL>
 941 <P>The printer can be local (<CODE>deskjet</CODE>) or remote (<CODE>
 942 deskjet@server</CODE>).</P>
 943 <H2><A NAME="5_7">Printer Instances</A></H2>
 944 <P>Besides setting options for each print queue, CUPS supports<I>
 945  printer instances</I> which allow you to define several different sets
 946  of options for each printer. You specify a printer instance using the
 947  slash (<CODE>/</CODE>) character:</P>
 948 <UL>
 949 <PRE>
 950 <B>lpoptions -p laserjet/duplex -o sides=two-sided-long-edge ENTER</B>
 951 <B>lpoptions -p laserjet/legal -o media=Legal ENTER</B>
 952 </PRE>
 953 </UL>
 954 <P>The <CODE>lp</CODE> and <CODE>lpr</CODE> commands also understand
 955  this notation:</P>
 956 <UL>
 957 <PRE>
 958 <B>lp -d laserjet/duplex filename ENTER</B>
 959 <B>lpr -P laserjet/legal filename ENTER</B>
 960 </PRE>
 961 </UL>
 962 <H2><A NAME="5_8">Removing Instances</A></H2>
 963 <P>Use the <CODE>-x printer/instance</CODE> option to remove a printer
 964  instance that you no longer need:</P>
 965 <UL>
 966 <PRE>
 967 <B>lpoptions -x laserjet ENTER</B>
 968 <B>lpoptions -x laserjet/duplex ENTER</B>
 969 <B>lpoptions -x laserjet/legal ENTER</B>
 970 </PRE>
 971 </UL>
 972 <P>The <CODE>-x</CODE> option only removes the default options for that
 973  printer and instance; the original print queue will remain until
 974  deleted with the <CODE>lpadmin(8)</CODE> command by the administrator.</P>
 975 <H1 ALIGN="RIGHT"><A NAME="LICENSE">A - Software License Agreement</A></H1>
 976 <H2 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="6_1">Common UNIX Printing System License
 977  Agreement</A></H2>
 978 <P ALIGN="CENTER">Copyright 1997-2003 by Easy Software Products
 979 <BR> 44141 AIRPORT VIEW DR STE 204
 980 <BR> HOLLYWOOD, MARYLAND 20636-3111 USA
 981 <BR>
 982 <BR> Voice: +1.301.373.9600
 983 <BR> Email:<A HREF="mailto:cups-info@cups.org"> cups-info@cups.org</A>
 984 <BR> WWW:<A HREF="http://www.cups.org"> http://www.cups.org</A></P>
 985 <H3><A NAME="6_1_1">Introduction</A></H3>
 986 <P>The Common UNIX Printing System<SUP>TM</SUP>, (&quot;CUPS<SUP>TM</SUP>&quot;),
 987  is provided under the GNU General Public License (&quot;GPL&quot;) and GNU
 988  Library General Public License (&quot;LGPL&quot;), Version 2, with exceptions for
 989  Apple operating systems and the OpenSSL toolkit. A copy of the
 990  exceptions and licenses follow this introduction.</P>
 991 <P>The GNU LGPL applies to the CUPS API library, located in the &quot;cups&quot;
 992  subdirectory of the CUPS source distribution and in the &quot;cups&quot; include
 993  directory and library files in the binary distributions. The GNU GPL
 994  applies to the remainder of the CUPS distribution, including the
 995  &quot;pdftops&quot; filter which is based upon Xpdf and the CUPS imaging library.</P>
 996 <P>For those not familiar with the GNU GPL, the license basically allows
 997  you to:</P>
 998 <UL>
 999 <LI>Use the CUPS software at no charge.</LI>
1000 <LI>Distribute verbatim copies of the software in source or binary form.</LI>
1001 <LI>Sell verbatim copies of the software for a media fee, or sell
1002  support for the software.</LI>
1003 <LI>Distribute or sell printer drivers and filters that use CUPS so long
1004  as source code is made available under the GPL.</LI>
1005 </UL>
1006 <P>What this license<B> does not</B> allow you to do is make changes or
1007  add features to CUPS and then sell a binary distribution without source
1008  code. You must provide source for any new drivers, changes, or
1009  additions to the software, and all code must be provided under the GPL
1010  or LGPL as appropriate. The only exceptions to this are the portions of
1011  the CUPS software covered by the Apple operating system license
1012  exceptions outlined later in this license agreement.</P>
1013 <P>The GNU LGPL relaxes the &quot;link-to&quot; restriction, allowing you to
1014  develop applications that use the CUPS API library under other licenses
1015  and/or conditions as appropriate for your application.</P>
1016 <H3><A NAME="6_1_2">License Exceptions</A></H3>
1017 <P>In addition, as the copyright holder of CUPS, Easy Software Products
1018  grants the following special exceptions:</P>
1019 <OL>
1020 <LI><B>Apple Operating System Development License Exception</B>;
1021 <OL TYPE="a">
1022 <LI>Software that is developed by any person or entity for an Apple
1023  Operating System (&quot;Apple OS-Developed Software&quot;), including but not
1024  limited to Apple and third party printer drivers, filters, and backends
1025  for an Apple Operating System, that is linked to the CUPS imaging
1026  library or based on any sample filters or backends provided with CUPS
1027  shall not be considered to be a derivative work or collective work
1028  based on the CUPS program and is exempt from the mandatory source code
1029  release clauses of the GNU GPL. You may therefore distribute linked
1030  combinations of the CUPS imaging library with Apple OS-Developed
1031  Software without releasing the source code of the Apple OS-Developed
1032  Software. You may also use sample filters and backends provided with
1033  CUPS to develop Apple OS-Developed Software without releasing the
1034  source code of the Apple OS-Developed Software.</LI>
1035 <LI>An Apple Operating System means any operating system software
1036  developed and/or marketed by Apple Computer, Inc., including but not
1037  limited to all existing releases and versions of Apple's Darwin, Mac OS
1038  X, and Mac OS X Server products and all follow-on releases and future
1039  versions thereof.</LI>
1040 <LI>This exception is only available for Apple OS-Developed Software and
1041  does not apply to software that is distributed for use on other
1042  operating systems.</LI>
1043 <LI>All CUPS software that falls under this license exception have the
1044  following text at the top of each source file:<BLOCKQUOTE>This file is
1045  subject to the Apple OS-Developed Software exception.</BLOCKQUOTE></LI>
1046 </OL>
1047 </LI>
1048 <LI><B>OpenSSL Toolkit License Exception</B>;
1049 <OL TYPE="a">
1050 <LI>Easy Software Products explicitly allows the compilation and
1051  distribution of the CUPS software with the OpenSSL Toolkit.</LI>
1052 </OL>
1053 </LI>
1054 </OL>
1055 <P>No developer is required to provide these exceptions in a derived
1056  work.</P>
1057 <H3><A NAME="6_1_3">Trademarks</A></H3>
1058 <P>Easy Software Products has trademarked the Common UNIX Printing
1059  System, CUPS, and CUPS logo. These names and logos may be used freely
1060  in any direct port or binary distribution of CUPS. Please contract Easy
1061  Software Products for written permission to use them in derivative
1062  products. Our intention is to protect the value of these trademarks and
1063  ensure that any derivative product meets the same high-quality
1064  standards as the original.</P>
1065 <H3><A NAME="6_1_4">Binary Distribution Rights</A></H3>
1066 <P>Easy Software Products also sells rights to the CUPS source code
1067  under a binary distribution license for vendors that are unable to
1068  release source code for their drivers, additions, and modifications to
1069  CUPS under the GNU GPL and LGPL. For information please contact us at
1070  the address shown above.</P>
1071 <P>The Common UNIX Printing System provides a &quot;pdftops&quot; filter that is
1072  based on the Xpdf software. For binary distribution licensing of this
1073  software, please contact:<BLOCKQUOTE> Derek B. Noonburg
1074 <BR> Email:<A HREF="mailto:derekn@foolabs.com"> derekn@foolabs.com</A>
1075 <BR> WWW:<A HREF="http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf/">
1076  http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf/</A></BLOCKQUOTE></P>
1077 <H3><A NAME="6_1_5">Support</A></H3>
1078 <P>Easy Software Products sells software support for CUPS as well as a
1079  commercial printing product based on CUPS called ESP Print Pro. You can
1080  find out more at our web site:</P>
1081 <UL>
1082 <PRE>
1083 <A HREF="http://www.easysw.com/">http://www.easysw.com/</A>
1084 </PRE>
1085 </UL>
1086
1087 <!-- NEW PAGE -->
1088 <H2><A NAME="6_2">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A></H2>
1089 <P>Version 2, June 1991</P>
1090 <PRE>
1091 Copyright 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
1092 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
1093
1094 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim
1095 copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
1096 </PRE>
1097 <H4>Preamble</H4>
1098 <P>The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
1099  to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
1100  intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
1101  software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
1102  General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
1103  Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
1104  using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
1105  the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
1106  your programs, too.</P>
1107 <P>When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
1108  price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
1109  have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
1110  this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
1111  if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in
1112  new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.</P>
1113 <P>To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
1114  anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
1115  These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
1116  distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.</P>
1117 <P>For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
1118  gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
1119  you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
1120  source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
1121  rights.</P>
1122 <P>We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software,
1123  and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to
1124  copy, distribute and/or modify the software.</P>
1125 <P>Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
1126  that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
1127  software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
1128  want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
1129  that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
1130  authors' reputations.</P>
1131 <P>Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
1132  patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
1133  program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
1134  program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
1135  patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.</P>
1136 <P>The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
1137  modification follow.</P>
1138 <H4>GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
1139 <BR> TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION</H4>
1140 <OL START="0">
1141 <LI>This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
1142  notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
1143  under the terms of this General Public License. The &quot;Program&quot;, below,
1144  refers to any such program or work, and a &quot;work based on the Program&quot;
1145  means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
1146  that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
1147  either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
1148  language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
1149  the term &quot;modification&quot;.) Each licensee is addressed as &quot;you&quot;.
1150 <P>Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
1151  covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running
1152  the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is
1153  covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program
1154  (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that
1155  is true depends on what the Program does.</P>
1156 <LI>You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source
1157  code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously
1158  and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice
1159  and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to
1160  this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other
1161  recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the
1162  Program.
1163 <P>You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
1164  you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.</P>
1165 <LI>You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of
1166  it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute
1167  such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided
1168  that you also meet all of these conditions:
1169 <OL TYPE="a">
1170 <LI>You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating
1171  that you changed the files and the date of any change.</LI>
1172 <LI>You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
1173  whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part
1174  thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties
1175  under the terms of this License.</LI>
1176 <LI>if the modified program normally reads commands interactively when
1177  run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use
1178  in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including
1179  an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty
1180  (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may
1181  redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user
1182  how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself
1183  is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your
1184  work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)</LI>
1185 </OL>
1186 <P>These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
1187  identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
1188  and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
1189  themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
1190  sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
1191  distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
1192  on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
1193  this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
1194  entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote
1195  it.</P>
1196 <P>Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
1197  your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
1198  exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
1199  collective works based on the Program.</P>
1200 <P>In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the
1201  Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a
1202  volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other
1203  work under the scope of this License.</P>
1204 <LI>You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
1205  under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
1206  Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
1207 <OL TYPE="a">
1208 <LI>Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source
1209  code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2
1210  above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,</LI>
1211 <LI>Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years,
1212  to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of
1213  physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable
1214  copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the
1215  terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for
1216  software interchange; or,</LI>
1217 <LI>Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to
1218  distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only
1219  for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in
1220  object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with
1221  Subsection b above.)</LI>
1222 </OL>
1223 <P>The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
1224  making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
1225  code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
1226  associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control
1227  compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special
1228  exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that
1229  is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the
1230  major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system
1231  on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies
1232  the executable.</P>
1233 <P>If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
1234  access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access
1235  to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of
1236  the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy
1237  the source along with the object code.</P>
1238 <LI>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
1239  except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise
1240  to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will
1241  automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
1242  parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
1243  License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties
1244  remain in full compliance.</LI>
1245 <LI>You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
1246  signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
1247  distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
1248  prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
1249  modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
1250  Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
1251  all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the
1252  Program or works based on it.</LI>
1253 <LI>Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
1254  Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
1255  original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
1256  these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions
1257  on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not
1258  responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.</LI>
1259 <LI>If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
1260  infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
1261  conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
1262  otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
1263  excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
1264  distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
1265  License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
1266  may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license
1267  would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all
1268  those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the
1269  only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain
1270  entirely from distribution of the Program.
1271 <P>If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
1272  any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
1273  apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
1274  circumstances.</P>
1275 <P>It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
1276  patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
1277  such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
1278  integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
1279  implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous
1280  contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that
1281  system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up
1282  to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute
1283  software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that
1284  choice.</P>
1285 <P>This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
1286  be a consequence of the rest of this License.</P>
1287 <LI>If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
1288  certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
1289  original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may
1290  add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those
1291  countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries
1292  not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the
1293  limitation as if written in the body of this License.</LI>
1294 <LI>The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
1295  of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
1296  be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail
1297  to address new problems or concerns.
1298 <P>Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
1299  specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and &quot;any
1300  later version&quot;, you have the option of following the terms and
1301  conditions either of that version or of any later version published by
1302  the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version
1303  number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by
1304  the Free Software Foundation.</P>
1305 <LI>If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
1306  programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
1307  author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the
1308  Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we
1309  sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the
1310  two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free
1311  software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.</LI>
1312 </LI>
1313 </LI>
1314 </LI>
1315 </LI>
1316 </LI>
1317 </LI>
1318 </OL>
1319 <H4>NO WARRANTY</H4>
1320 <OL START="11">
1321 <LI>BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
1322  FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
1323  OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
1324  PROVIDE THE PROGRAM &quot;AS IS&quot; WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
1325  EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
1326  WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE
1327  ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH
1328  YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL
1329  NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.</LI>
1330 <LI>IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
1331  WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY
1332  AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU
1333  FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR
1334  CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE
1335  PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING
1336  RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A
1337  FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF
1338  SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
1339  DAMAGES.</LI>
1340 </OL>
1341 <H4>END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS</H4>
1342
1343 <!-- NEW PAGE -->
1344 <H2><A NAME="6_3">GNU LIBRARY GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A></H2>
1345 <P>Version 2, June 1991</P>
1346 <PRE>
1347 Copyright (C) 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
1348 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA
1349 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
1350 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
1351
1352 [This is the first released version of the library GPL.  It is
1353  numbered 2 because it goes with version 2 of the ordinary GPL.]
1354 </PRE>
1355 <H4>Preamble</H4>
1356 <P>The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
1357  to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public Licenses
1358  are intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
1359  software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.</P>
1360 <P>This license, the Library General Public License, applies to some
1361  specially designated Free Software Foundation software, and to any
1362  other libraries whose authors decide to use it. You can use it for your
1363  libraries, too.</P>
1364 <P>When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
1365  price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
1366  have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
1367  this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
1368  if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in
1369  new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.</P>
1370 <P>To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
1371  anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
1372  These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
1373  distribute copies of the library, or if you modify it.</P>
1374 <P>For example, if you distribute copies of the library, whether gratis
1375  or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that we gave
1376  you. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source
1377  code. If you link a program with the library, you must provide complete
1378  object files to the recipients so that they can relink them with the
1379  library, after making changes to the library and recompiling it. And
1380  you must show them these terms so they know their rights.</P>
1381 <P>Our method of protecting your rights has two steps: (1) copyright the
1382  library, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal
1383  permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the library.</P>
1384 <P>Also, for each distributor's protection, we want to make certain that
1385  everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free library.
1386  If the library is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its
1387  recipients to know that what they have is not the original version, so
1388  that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
1389  authors' reputations.</P>
1390 <P>Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
1391  patents. We wish to avoid the danger that companies distributing free
1392  software will individually obtain patent licenses, thus in effect
1393  transforming the program into proprietary software. To prevent this, we
1394  have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free
1395  use or not licensed at all.</P>
1396 <P>Most GNU software, including some libraries, is covered by the
1397  ordinary GNU General Public License, which was designed for utility
1398  programs. This license, the GNU Library General Public License, applies
1399  to certain designated libraries. This license is quite different from
1400  the ordinary one; be sure to read it in full, and don't assume that
1401  anything in it is the same as in the ordinary license.</P>
1402 <P>The reason we have a separate public license for some libraries is
1403  that they blur the distinction we usually make between modifying or
1404  adding to a program and simply using it. Linking a program with a
1405  library, without changing the library, is in some sense simply using
1406  the library, and is analogous to running a utility program or
1407  application program. However, in a textual and legal sense, the linked
1408  executable is a combined work, a derivative of the original library,
1409  and the ordinary General Public License treats it as such.</P>
1410 <P>Because of this blurred distinction, using the ordinary General
1411  Public License for libraries did not effectively promote software
1412  sharing, because most developers did not use the libraries. We
1413  concluded that weaker conditions might promote sharing better.</P>
1414 <P>However, unrestricted linking of non-free programs would deprive the
1415  users of those programs of all benefit from the free status of the
1416  libraries themselves. This Library General Public License is intended
1417  to permit developers of non-free programs to use free libraries, while
1418  preserving your freedom as a user of such programs to change the free
1419  libraries that are incorporated in them. (We have not seen how to
1420  achieve this as regards changes in header files, but we have achieved
1421  it as regards changes in the actual functions of the Library.) The hope
1422  is that this will lead to faster development of free libraries.</P>
1423 <P>The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
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