refs.c: optimize check_refname_component()

refs.c: optimize check_refname_component()

In a repository with many refs, check_refname_component can be a major
contributor to the runtime of some git commands. One such command is

git rev-parse HEAD

Timings for one particular repo, with about 60k refs, almost all
packed, are:

Old: 35 ms
New: 29 ms

Many other commands which read refs are also sped up.

Signed-off-by: David Turner <dturner@twitter.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>