hash: add a function to finalize object IDs

hash: add a function to finalize object IDs

To avoid the penalty of having to branch in hash comparison functions,
we'll want to always compare the full hash member in a struct object_id,
which will require that SHA-1 object IDs be zero-padded.  To do so, add
a function which finalizes a hash context and writes it into an object
ID that performs this padding.

Move the definition of struct object_id and the constant definitions
higher up so we they are available for us to use.

Signed-off-by: brian m. carlson <sandals@crustytoothpaste.net>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>