2 .\" Copyright Neil Brown and others.
3 .\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
4 .\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
5 .\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
6 .\" (at your option) any later version.
7 .\" See file COPYING in distribution for details.
10 mdadm \- manage MD devices
16 .BI mdadm " [mode] <raiddevice> [options] <component-devices>"
19 RAID devices are virtual devices created from two or more
20 real block devices. This allows multiple devices (typically disk
21 drives or partitions thereof) to be combined into a single device to
22 hold (for example) a single filesystem.
23 Some RAID levels include redundancy and so can survive some degree of
26 Linux Software RAID devices are implemented through the md (Multiple
27 Devices) device driver.
29 Currently, Linux supports
45 is not a Software RAID mechanism, but does involve
47 each device is a path to one common physical storage device.
50 is also not true RAID, and it only involves one device. It
51 provides a layer over a true device that can be used to inject faults.
54 .\"is a program that can be used to create, manage, and monitor
56 .\"such it provides a similar set of functionality to the
59 .\"The key differences between
66 .\"is a single program and not a collection of programs.
69 .\"can perform (almost) all of its functions without having a
70 .\"configuration file and does not use one by default. Also
72 .\"helps with management of the configuration
76 .\"can provide information about your arrays (through Query, Detail, and Examine)
86 .\"configuration file, at all. It has a different configuration file
87 .\"with a different format and a different purpose.
90 mdadm has several major modes of operation:
93 Assemble the components of a previously created
94 array into an active array. Components can be explicitly given
95 or can be searched for.
97 checks that the components
98 do form a bona fide array, and can, on request, fiddle superblock
99 information so as to assemble a faulty array.
103 Build an array that doesn't have per-device superblocks. For these
106 cannot differentiate between initial creation and subsequent assembly
107 of an array. It also cannot perform any checks that appropriate
108 components have been requested. Because of this, the
110 mode should only be used together with a complete understanding of
115 Create a new array with per-device superblocks.
117 .\"in several step create-add-add-run or it can all happen with one command.
120 .B "Follow or Monitor"
121 Monitor one or more md devices and act on any state changes. This is
122 only meaningful for raid1, 4, 5, 6, 10 or multipath arrays, as
123 only these have interesting state. raid0 or linear never have
124 missing, spare, or failed drives, so there is nothing to monitor.
128 Grow (or shrink) an array, or otherwise reshape it in some way.
129 Currently supported growth options including changing the active size
130 of component devices and changing the number of active devices in RAID
131 levels 1/4/5/6, as well as adding or removing a write-intent bitmap.
134 .B "Incremental Assembly"
135 Add a single device to an appropriate array. If the addition of the
136 device makes the array runnable, the array will be started.
137 This provides a convenient interface to a
139 system. As each device is detected,
141 has a chance to include it in some array as appropriate.
145 This is for doing things to specific components of an array such as
146 adding new spares and removing faulty devices.
150 This is an 'everything else' mode that supports operations on active
151 arrays, operations on component devices such as erasing old superblocks, and
152 information gathering operations.
153 .\"This mode allows operations on independent devices such as examine MD
154 .\"superblocks, erasing old superblocks and stopping active arrays.
158 This mode does not act on a specific device or array, but rather it
159 requests the Linux Kernel to activate any auto-detected arrays.
162 .SH Options for selecting a mode are:
165 .BR \-A ", " \-\-assemble
166 Assemble a pre-existing array.
169 .BR \-B ", " \-\-build
170 Build a legacy array without superblocks.
173 .BR \-C ", " \-\-create
177 .BR \-F ", " \-\-follow ", " \-\-monitor
183 .BR \-G ", " \-\-grow
184 Change the size or shape of an active array.
187 .BR \-I ", " \-\-incremental
188 Add a single device into an appropriate array, and possibly start the array.
192 Request that the kernel starts any auto-detected arrays. This can only
195 is compiled into the kernel \(em not if it is a module.
196 Arrays can be auto-detected by the kernel if all the components are in
197 primary MS-DOS partitions with partition type
199 In-kernel autodetect is not recommended for new installations. Using
201 to detect and assemble arrays \(em possibly in an
203 \(em is substantially more flexible and should be preferred.
206 If a device is given before any options, or if the first option is
211 then the MANAGE mode is assume.
212 Anything other than these will cause the
216 .SH Options that are not mode-specific are:
219 .BR \-h ", " \-\-help
220 Display general help message or, after one of the above options, a
221 mode-specific help message.
225 Display more detailed help about command line parsing and some commonly
229 .BR \-V ", " \-\-version
230 Print version information for mdadm.
233 .BR \-v ", " \-\-verbose
234 Be more verbose about what is happening. This can be used twice to be
236 The extra verbosity currently only affects
237 .B \-\-detail \-\-scan
239 .BR "\-\-examine \-\-scan" .
242 .BR \-q ", " \-\-quiet
243 Avoid printing purely informative messages. With this,
245 will be silent unless there is something really important to report.
248 .BR \-b ", " \-\-brief
249 Be less verbose. This is used with
257 gives an intermediate level of verbosity.
260 .BR \-f ", " \-\-force
261 Be more forceful about certain operations. See the various modes for
262 the exact meaning of this option in different contexts.
265 .BR \-c ", " \-\-config=
266 Specify the config file. Default is to use
267 .BR /etc/mdadm.conf ,
268 or if that is missing then
269 .BR /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf .
270 If the config file given is
272 then nothing will be read, but
274 will act as though the config file contained exactly
275 .B "DEVICE partitions"
278 to find a list of devices to scan.
281 is given for the config file, then
283 will act as though the config file were empty.
286 .BR \-s ", " \-\-scan
289 for missing information.
290 In general, this option gives
292 permission to get any missing information (like component devices,
293 array devices, array identities, and alert destination) from the
294 configuration file (see previous option);
295 one exception is MISC mode when using
301 says to get a list of array devices from
305 .B \-e ", " \-\-metadata=
306 Declare the style of superblock (raid metadata) to be used. The
309 and to guess for other operations.
310 The default can be overridden by setting the
319 .IP "0, 0.90, default"
320 Use the original 0.90 format superblock. This format limits arrays to
321 28 component devices and limits component devices of levels 1 and
322 greater to 2 terabytes.
323 .IP "1, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2"
324 Use the new version-1 format superblock. This has few restrictions.
325 The different sub-versions store the superblock at different locations
326 on the device, either at the end (for 1.0), at the start (for 1.1) or
327 4K from the start (for 1.2).
332 This will override any
334 setting in the config file and provides the identity of the host which
335 should be considered the home for any arrays.
337 When creating an array, the
339 will be recorded in the superblock. For version-1 superblocks, it will
340 be prefixed to the array name. For version-0.90 superblocks, part of
341 the SHA1 hash of the hostname will be stored in the later half of the
344 When reporting information about an array, any array which is tagged
345 for the given homehost will be reported as such.
347 When using Auto-Assemble, only arrays tagged for the given homehost
350 .SH For create, build, or grow:
353 .BR \-n ", " \-\-raid\-devices=
354 Specify the number of active devices in the array. This, plus the
355 number of spare devices (see below) must equal the number of
357 (including "\fBmissing\fP" devices)
358 that are listed on the command line for
360 Setting a value of 1 is probably
361 a mistake and so requires that
363 be specified first. A value of 1 will then be allowed for linear,
364 multipath, raid0 and raid1. It is never allowed for raid4 or raid5.
366 This number can only be changed using
368 for RAID1, RAID5 and RAID6 arrays, and only on kernels which provide
372 .BR \-x ", " \-\-spare\-devices=
373 Specify the number of spare (eXtra) devices in the initial array.
374 Spares can also be added
375 and removed later. The number of component devices listed
376 on the command line must equal the number of raid devices plus the
377 number of spare devices.
381 .BR \-z ", " \-\-size=
382 Amount (in Kibibytes) of space to use from each drive in RAID level 1/4/5/6.
383 This must be a multiple of the chunk size, and must leave about 128Kb
384 of space at the end of the drive for the RAID superblock.
385 If this is not specified
386 (as it normally is not) the smallest drive (or partition) sets the
387 size, though if there is a variance among the drives of greater than 1%, a warning is
390 This value can be set with
392 for RAID level 1/4/5/6. If the array was created with a size smaller
393 than the currently active drives, the extra space can be accessed
396 The size can be given as
398 which means to choose the largest size that fits on all current drives.
401 .BR \-c ", " \-\-chunk=
402 Specify chunk size of kibibytes. The default is 64.
406 Specify rounding factor for linear array (==chunk size)
409 .BR \-l ", " \-\-level=
410 Set raid level. When used with
412 options are: linear, raid0, 0, stripe, raid1, 1, mirror, raid4, 4,
413 raid5, 5, raid6, 6, raid10, 10, multipath, mp, faulty. Obviously some of these are synonymous.
417 only linear, stripe, raid0, 0, raid1, multipath, mp, and faulty are valid.
419 Not yet supported with
423 .BR \-p ", " \-\-layout=
424 This option configures the fine details of data layout for raid5,
425 and raid10 arrays, and controls the failure modes for
428 The layout of the raid5 parity block can be one of
429 .BR left\-asymmetric ,
430 .BR left\-symmetric ,
431 .BR right\-asymmetric ,
432 .BR right\-symmetric ,
433 .BR la ", " ra ", " ls ", " rs .
435 .BR left\-symmetric .
437 When setting the failure mode for level
440 .BR write\-transient ", " wt ,
441 .BR read\-transient ", " rt ,
442 .BR write\-persistent ", " wp ,
443 .BR read\-persistent ", " rp ,
445 .BR read\-fixable ", " rf ,
446 .BR clear ", " flush ", " none .
448 Each failure mode can be followed by a number, which is used as a period
449 between fault generation. Without a number, the fault is generated
450 once on the first relevant request. With a number, the fault will be
451 generated after that many requests, and will continue to be generated
452 every time the period elapses.
454 Multiple failure modes can be current simultaneously by using the
456 option to set subsequent failure modes.
458 "clear" or "none" will remove any pending or periodic failure modes,
459 and "flush" will clear any persistent faults.
461 To set the parity with
463 the level of the array ("faulty")
464 must be specified before the fault mode is specified.
466 Finally, the layout options for RAID10 are one of 'n', 'o' or 'f' followed
467 by a small number. The default is 'n2'. The supported options are:
470 signals 'near' copies. Multiple copies of one data block are at
471 similar offsets in different devices.
474 signals 'offset' copies. Rather than the chunks being duplicated
475 within a stripe, whole stripes are duplicated but are rotated by one
476 device so duplicate blocks are on different devices. Thus subsequent
477 copies of a block are in the next drive, and are one chunk further
482 (multiple copies have very different offsets).
483 See md(4) for more detail about 'near' and 'far'.
485 The number is the number of copies of each datablock. 2 is normal, 3
486 can be useful. This number can be at most equal to the number of
487 devices in the array. It does not need to divide evenly into that
488 number (e.g. it is perfectly legal to have an 'n2' layout for an array
489 with an odd number of devices).
495 (thus explaining the p of
499 .BR \-b ", " \-\-bitmap=
500 Specify a file to store a write-intent bitmap in. The file should not
503 is also given. The same file should be provided
504 when assembling the array. If the word
506 is given, then the bitmap is stored with the metadata on the array,
507 and so is replicated on all devices. If the word
511 mode, then any bitmap that is present is removed.
513 To help catch typing errors, the filename must contain at least one
514 slash ('/') if it is a real file (not 'internal' or 'none').
516 Note: external bitmaps are only known to work on ext2 and ext3.
517 Storing bitmap files on other filesystems may result in serious problems.
520 .BR \-\-bitmap\-chunk=
521 Set the chunksize of the bitmap. Each bit corresponds to that many
522 Kilobytes of storage.
523 When using a file based bitmap, the default is to use the smallest
524 size that is at-least 4 and requires no more than 2^21 chunks.
527 bitmap, the chunksize is automatically determined to make best use of
532 .BR \-W ", " \-\-write\-mostly
533 subsequent devices lists in a
538 command will be flagged as 'write-mostly'. This is valid for RAID1
539 only and means that the 'md' driver will avoid reading from these
540 devices if at all possible. This can be useful if mirroring over a
544 .BR \-\-write\-behind=
545 Specify that write-behind mode should be enabled (valid for RAID1
546 only). If an argument is specified, it will set the maximum number
547 of outstanding writes allowed. The default value is 256.
548 A write-intent bitmap is required in order to use write-behind
549 mode, and write-behind is only attempted on drives marked as
553 .BR \-\-assume\-clean
556 that the array pre-existed and is known to be clean. It can be useful
557 when trying to recover from a major failure as you can be sure that no
558 data will be affected unless you actually write to the array. It can
559 also be used when creating a RAID1 or RAID10 if you want to avoid the
560 initial resync, however this practice \(em while normally safe \(em is not
561 recommended. Use this only if you really know what you are doing.
564 .BR \-\-backup\-file=
567 is used to increase the number of
568 raid-devices in a RAID5 if there are no spare devices available.
569 See the section below on RAID_DEVICE CHANGES. The file should be
570 stored on a separate device, not on the raid array being reshaped.
573 .BR \-N ", " \-\-name=
576 for the array. This is currently only effective when creating an
577 array with a version-1 superblock. The name is a simple textual
578 string that can be used to identify array components when assembling.
584 run the array, even if some of the components
585 appear to be active in another array or filesystem. Normally
587 will ask for confirmation before including such components in an
588 array. This option causes that question to be suppressed.
591 .BR \-f ", " \-\-force
594 accept the geometry and layout specified without question. Normally
596 will not allow creation of an array with only one device, and will try
597 to create a raid5 array with one missing drive (as this makes the
598 initial resync work faster). With
601 will not try to be so clever.
604 .BR \-a ", " "\-\-auto{=no,yes,md,mdp,part,p}{NN}"
605 Instruct mdadm to create the device file if needed, possibly allocating
606 an unused minor number. "md" causes a non-partitionable array
607 to be used. "mdp", "part" or "p" causes a partitionable array (2.6 and
608 later) to be used. "yes" requires the named md device to have
609 a 'standard' format, and the type and minor number will be determined
610 from this. See DEVICE NAMES below.
612 The argument can also come immediately after
617 is not given on the command line or in the config file, then
623 is also given, then any
625 entries in the config file will override the
627 instruction given on the command line.
629 For partitionable arrays,
631 will create the device file for the whole array and for the first 4
632 partitions. A different number of partitions can be specified at the
633 end of this option (e.g.
635 If the device name ends with a digit, the partition names add a 'p',
636 and a number, e.g. "/dev/home1p3". If there is no
637 trailing digit, then the partition names just have a number added,
638 e.g. "/dev/scratch3".
640 If the md device name is in a 'standard' format as described in DEVICE
641 NAMES, then it will be created, if necessary, with the appropriate
642 number based on that name. If the device name is not in one of these
643 formats, then a unused minor number will be allocated. The minor
644 number will be considered unused if there is no active array for that
645 number, and there is no entry in /dev for that number and with a
656 it will also create symlinks from
658 with names starting with
666 to enforce this even if it is suppressing
673 .BR \-u ", " \-\-uuid=
674 uuid of array to assemble. Devices which don't have this uuid are
678 .BR \-m ", " \-\-super\-minor=
679 Minor number of device that array was created for. Devices which
680 don't have this minor number are excluded. If you create an array as
681 /dev/md1, then all superblocks will contain the minor number 1, even if
682 the array is later assembled as /dev/md2.
684 Giving the literal word "dev" for
688 to use the minor number of the md device that is being assembled.
691 .B \-\-super\-minor=dev
692 will look for super blocks with a minor number of 0.
695 .BR \-N ", " \-\-name=
696 Specify the name of the array to assemble. This must be the name
697 that was specified when creating the array. It must either match
698 the name stored in the superblock exactly, or it must match
701 prefixed to the start of the given name.
704 .BR \-f ", " \-\-force
705 Assemble the array even if some superblocks appear out-of-date
709 Attempt to start the array even if fewer drives were given than were
710 present last time the array was active. Normally if not all the
711 expected drives are found and
713 is not used, then the array will be assembled but not started.
716 an attempt will be made to start it anyway.
720 This is the reverse of
722 in that it inhibits the startup of array unless all expected drives
723 are present. This is only needed with
725 and can be used if the physical connections to devices are
726 not as reliable as you would like.
729 .BR \-a ", " "\-\-auto{=no,yes,md,mdp,part}"
730 See this option under Create and Build options.
733 .BR \-b ", " \-\-bitmap=
734 Specify the bitmap file that was given when the array was created. If
737 bitmap, there is no need to specify this when assembling the array.
740 .BR \-\-backup\-file=
743 was used to grow the number of raid-devices in a RAID5, and the system
744 crashed during the critical section, then the same
748 to allow possibly corrupted data to be restored.
751 .BR \-U ", " \-\-update=
752 Update the superblock on each device while assembling the array. The
753 argument given to this flag can be one of
767 option will adjust the superblock of an array what was created on a Sparc
768 machine running a patched 2.2 Linux kernel. This kernel got the
769 alignment of part of the superblock wrong. You can use the
770 .B "\-\-examine \-\-sparc2.2"
773 to see what effect this would have.
777 option will update the
779 field on each superblock to match the minor number of the array being
781 This can be useful if
783 reports a different "Preferred Minor" to
785 In some cases this update will be performed automatically
786 by the kernel driver. In particular the update happens automatically
787 at the first write to an array with redundancy (RAID level 1 or
788 greater) on a 2.6 (or later) kernel.
792 option will change the uuid of the array. If a UUID is given with the
794 option that UUID will be used as a new UUID and will
796 be used to help identify the devices in the array.
799 is given, a random UUID is chosen.
803 option will change the
805 of the array as stored in the superblock. This is only supported for
806 version-1 superblocks.
810 option will change the
812 as recorded in the superblock. For version-0 superblocks, this is the
813 same as updating the UUID.
814 For version-1 superblocks, this involves updating the name.
818 option will cause the array to be marked
820 meaning that any redundancy in the array (e.g. parity for raid5,
821 copies for raid1) may be incorrect. This will cause the raid system
822 to perform a "resync" pass to make sure that all redundant information
827 option allows arrays to be moved between machines with different
829 When assembling such an array for the first time after a move, giving
830 .B "\-\-update=byteorder"
833 to expect superblocks to have their byteorder reversed, and will
834 correct that order before assembling the array. This is only valid
835 with original (Version 0.90) superblocks.
839 option will correct the summaries in the superblock. That is the
840 counts of total, working, active, failed, and spare devices.
844 will rarely be of use. It applies to version 1.1 and 1.2 metadata
845 only (where the metadata is at the start of the device) and is only
846 useful when the component device has changed size (typically become
847 larger). The version 1 metadata records the amount of the device that
848 can be used to store data, so if a device in a version 1.1 or 1.2
849 array becomes larger, the metadata will still be visible, but the
850 extra space will not. In this case it might be useful to assemble the
852 .BR \-\-update=devicesize .
855 to determine the maximum usable amount of space on each device and
856 update the relevant field in the metadata.
859 .B \-\-auto\-update\-homehost
860 This flag is only meaningful with auto-assembly (see discussion below).
861 In that situation, if no suitable arrays are found for this homehost,
863 will rescan for any arrays at all and will assemble them and update the
864 homehost to match the current host.
870 hot-add listed devices.
874 re-add a device that was recently removed from an array.
877 .BR \-r ", " \-\-remove
878 remove listed devices. They must not be active. i.e. they should
879 be failed or spare devices. As well as the name of a device file
888 The first causes all failed device to be removed. The second causes
889 any device which is no longer connected to the system (i.e an 'open'
892 to be removed. This will only succeed for devices that are spares or
893 have already been marked as failed.
896 .BR \-f ", " \-\-fail
897 mark listed devices as faulty.
898 As well as the name of a device file, the word
900 can be given. This will cause any device that has been detached from
901 the system to be marked as failed. It can then be removed.
909 .BR \-\-write\-mostly
910 Subsequent devices that are added or re-added will have the 'write-mostly'
911 flag set. This is only valid for RAID! and means that the 'md' driver
912 will avoid reading from these devices if possible.
915 Subsequent devices that are added or re-added will have the 'write-mostly'
920 Each of these options require that the first device listed is the array
921 to be acted upon, and the remainder are component devices to be added,
922 removed, or marked as faulty. Several different operations can be
923 specified for different devices, e.g.
925 mdadm /dev/md0 \-\-add /dev/sda1 \-\-fail /dev/sdb1 \-\-remove /dev/sdb1
927 Each operation applies to all devices listed until the next
930 If an array is using a write-intent bitmap, then devices which have
931 been removed can be re-added in a way that avoids a full
932 reconstruction but instead just updates the blocks that have changed
933 since the device was removed. For arrays with persistent metadata
934 (superblocks) this is done automatically. For arrays created with
936 mdadm needs to be told that this device we removed recently with
939 Devices can only be removed from an array if they are not in active
940 use, i.e. that must be spares or failed devices. To remove an active
941 device, it must first be marked as
947 .BR \-Q ", " \-\-query
948 Examine a device to see
949 (1) if it is an md device and (2) if it is a component of an md
951 Information about what is discovered is presented.
954 .BR \-D ", " \-\-detail
955 Print detail of one or more md devices.
958 .BR \-Y ", " \-\-export
963 output will be formatted as
965 pairs for easy import into the environment.
968 .BR \-E ", " \-\-examine
969 Print content of md superblock on device(s).
972 If an array was created on a 2.2 Linux kernel patched with RAID
973 support, the superblock will have been created incorrectly, or at
974 least incompatibly with 2.4 and later kernels. Using the
978 will fix the superblock before displaying it. If this appears to do
979 the right thing, then the array can be successfully assembled using
980 .BR "\-\-assemble \-\-update=sparc2.2" .
983 .BR \-X ", " \-\-examine\-bitmap
984 Report information about a bitmap file.
985 The argument is either an external bitmap file or an array component
986 in case of an internal bitmap.
990 start a partially built array.
993 .BR \-S ", " \-\-stop
994 deactivate array, releasing all resources.
997 .BR \-o ", " \-\-readonly
998 mark array as readonly.
1001 .BR \-w ", " \-\-readwrite
1002 mark array as readwrite.
1005 .B \-\-zero\-superblock
1006 If the device contains a valid md superblock, the block is
1007 overwritten with zeros. With
1009 the block where the superblock would be is overwritten even if it
1010 doesn't appear to be valid.
1013 .BR \-t ", " \-\-test
1018 is set to reflect the status of the device.
1021 .BR \-W ", " \-\-wait
1022 For each md device given, wait for any resync, recovery, or reshape
1023 activity to finish before returning.
1025 will return with success if it actually waited for every device
1026 listed, otherwise it will return failure.
1028 .SH For Incremental Assembly mode:
1030 .BR \-\-rebuild\-map ", " \-r
1031 Rebuild the map file
1032 .RB ( /var/run/mdadm/map )
1035 uses to help track which arrays are currently being assembled.
1038 .BR \-\-run ", " \-R
1039 Run any array assembled as soon as a minimal number of devices are
1040 available, rather than waiting until all expected devices are present.
1043 .BR \-\-scan ", " \-s
1044 Only meaningful with
1048 file for arrays that are being incrementally assembled and will try to
1049 start any that are not already started. If any such array is listed
1052 as requiring an external bitmap, that bitmap will be attached first.
1054 .SH For Monitor mode:
1056 .BR \-m ", " \-\-mail
1057 Give a mail address to send alerts to.
1060 .BR \-p ", " \-\-program ", " \-\-alert
1061 Give a program to be run whenever an event is detected.
1064 .BR \-y ", " \-\-syslog
1065 Cause all events to be reported through 'syslog'. The messages have
1066 facility of 'daemon' and varying priorities.
1069 .BR \-d ", " \-\-delay
1070 Give a delay in seconds.
1072 polls the md arrays and then waits this many seconds before polling
1073 again. The default is 60 seconds.
1076 .BR \-f ", " \-\-daemonise
1079 to run as a background daemon if it decides to monitor anything. This
1080 causes it to fork and run in the child, and to disconnect form the
1081 terminal. The process id of the child is written to stdout.
1084 which will only continue monitoring if a mail address or alert program
1085 is found in the config file.
1088 .BR \-i ", " \-\-pid\-file
1091 is running in daemon mode, write the pid of the daemon process to
1092 the specified file, instead of printing it on standard output.
1095 .BR \-1 ", " \-\-oneshot
1096 Check arrays only once. This will generate
1098 events and more significantly
1104 .B " mdadm \-\-monitor \-\-scan \-1"
1106 from a cron script will ensure regular notification of any degraded arrays.
1109 .BR \-t ", " \-\-test
1112 alert for every array found at startup. This alert gets mailed and
1113 passed to the alert program. This can be used for testing that alert
1114 message do get through successfully.
1120 .B mdadm \-\-assemble
1121 .I md-device options-and-component-devices...
1124 .B mdadm \-\-assemble \-\-scan
1125 .I md-devices-and-options...
1128 .B mdadm \-\-assemble \-\-scan
1132 This usage assembles one or more raid arrays from pre-existing components.
1133 For each array, mdadm needs to know the md device, the identity of the
1134 array, and a number of component-devices. These can be found in a number of ways.
1136 In the first usage example (without the
1138 the first device given is the md device.
1139 In the second usage example, all devices listed are treated as md
1140 devices and assembly is attempted.
1141 In the third (where no devices are listed) all md devices that are
1142 listed in the configuration file are assembled.
1144 If precisely one device is listed, but
1150 was given and identity information is extracted from the configuration file.
1152 The identity can be given with the
1156 option, will be taken from the md-device record in the config file, or
1157 will be taken from the super block of the first component-device
1158 listed on the command line.
1160 Devices can be given on the
1162 command line or in the config file. Only devices which have an md
1163 superblock which contains the right identity will be considered for
1166 The config file is only used if explicitly named with
1168 or requested with (a possibly implicit)
1176 is not given, then the config file will only be used to find the
1177 identity of md arrays.
1179 Normally the array will be started after it is assembled. However if
1181 is not given and insufficient drives were listed to start a complete
1182 (non-degraded) array, then the array is not started (to guard against
1183 usage errors). To insist that the array be started in this case (as
1184 may work for RAID1, 4, 5, 6, or 10), give the
1188 If the md device does not exist, then it will be created providing the
1189 intent is clear. i.e. the name must be in a standard form, or the
1191 option must be given to clarify how and whether the device should be
1193 This can be useful for handling partitioned devices (which don't have
1194 a stable device number \(em it can change after a reboot) and when using
1195 "udev" to manage your
1197 tree (udev cannot handle md devices because of the unusual device
1198 initialisation conventions).
1200 If the option to "auto" is "mdp" or "part" or (on the command line
1201 only) "p", then mdadm will create a partitionable array, using the
1202 first free one that is not in use and does not already have an entry
1203 in /dev (apart from numeric /dev/md* entries).
1205 If the option to "auto" is "yes" or "md" or (on the command line)
1206 nothing, then mdadm will create a traditional, non-partitionable md
1209 It is expected that the "auto" functionality will be used to create
1210 device entries with meaningful names such as "/dev/md/home" or
1211 "/dev/md/root", rather than names based on the numerical array number.
1213 When using option "auto" to create a partitionable array, the device
1214 files for the first 4 partitions are also created. If a different
1215 number is required it can be simply appended to the auto option.
1216 e.g. "auto=part8". Partition names are created by appending a digit
1217 string to the device name, with an intervening "p" if the device name
1222 option is also available in Build and Create modes. As those modes do
1223 not use a config file, the "auto=" config option does not apply to
1231 and no devices are listed,
1233 will first attempt to assemble all the arrays listed in the config
1238 has been specified (either in the config file or on the command line),
1240 will look further for possible arrays and will try to assemble
1241 anything that it finds which is tagged as belonging to the given
1242 homehost. This is the only situation where
1244 will assemble arrays without being given specific device name or
1245 identity information for the array.
1249 finds a consistent set of devices that look like they should comprise
1250 an array, and if the superblock is tagged as belonging to the given
1251 home host, it will automatically choose a device name and try to
1252 assemble the array. If the array uses version-0.90 metadata, then the
1254 number as recorded in the superblock is used to create a name in
1258 If the array uses version-1 metadata, then the
1260 from the superblock is used to similarly create a name in
1262 (the name will have any 'host' prefix stripped first).
1266 cannot find any array for the given host at all, and if
1267 .B \-\-auto\-update\-homehost
1270 will search again for any array (not just an array created for this
1271 host) and will assemble each assuming
1272 .BR \-\-update=homehost .
1273 This will change the host tag in the superblock so that on the next run,
1274 these arrays will be found without the second pass. The intention of
1275 this feature is to support transitioning a set of md arrays to using
1278 The reason for requiring arrays to be tagged with the homehost for
1279 auto assembly is to guard against problems that can arise when moving
1280 devices from one host to another.
1290 .BI \-\-raid\-devices= Z
1294 This usage is similar to
1296 The difference is that it creates an array without a superblock. With
1297 these arrays there is no difference between initially creating the array and
1298 subsequently assembling the array, except that hopefully there is useful
1299 data there in the second case.
1301 The level may raid0, linear, multipath, or faulty, or one of their
1302 synonyms. All devices must be listed and the array will be started
1314 .BI \-\-raid\-devices= Z
1318 This usage will initialise a new md array, associate some devices with
1319 it, and activate the array.
1323 option is given (as described in more detail in the section on
1324 Assemble mode), then the md device will be created with a suitable
1325 device number if necessary.
1327 As devices are added, they are checked to see if they contain raid
1328 superblocks or filesystems. They are also checked to see if the variance in
1329 device size exceeds 1%.
1331 If any discrepancy is found, the array will not automatically be run, though
1334 can override this caution.
1336 To create a "degraded" array in which some devices are missing, simply
1337 give the word "\fBmissing\fP"
1338 in place of a device name. This will cause
1340 to leave the corresponding slot in the array empty.
1341 For a RAID4 or RAID5 array at most one slot can be
1342 "\fBmissing\fP"; for a RAID6 array at most two slots.
1343 For a RAID1 array, only one real device needs to be given. All of the
1347 When creating a RAID5 array,
1349 will automatically create a degraded array with an extra spare drive.
1350 This is because building the spare into a degraded array is in general faster than resyncing
1351 the parity on a non-degraded, but not clean, array. This feature can
1352 be overridden with the
1356 When creating an array with version-1 metadata a name for the array is
1358 If this is not given with the
1362 will choose a name based on the last component of the name of the
1363 device being created. So if
1365 is being created, then the name
1370 is being created, then the name
1374 When creating a partition based array, using
1376 with version-1.x metadata, the partition type should be set to
1378 (non fs-data). This type selection allows for greater precision since
1379 using any other [RAID auto-detect (0xFD) or a GNU/Linux partition (0x83)],
1380 might create problems in the event of array recovery through a live cdrom.
1382 A new array will normally get a randomly assigned 128bit UUID which is
1383 very likely to be unique. If you have a specific need, you can choose
1384 a UUID for the array by giving the
1386 option. Be warned that creating two arrays with the same UUID is a
1387 recipe for disaster. Also, using
1389 when creating a v0.90 array will silently override any
1394 .\"option is given, it is not necessary to list any component-devices in this command.
1395 .\"They can be added later, before a
1399 .\"is given, the apparent size of the smallest drive given is used.
1401 The General Management options that are valid with
1406 insist on running the array even if some devices look like they might
1411 start the array readonly \(em not supported yet.
1419 .I options... devices...
1422 This usage will allow individual devices in an array to be failed,
1423 removed or added. It is possible to perform multiple operations with
1424 on command. For example:
1426 .B " mdadm /dev/md0 \-f /dev/hda1 \-r /dev/hda1 \-a /dev/hda1"
1432 and will then remove it from the array and finally add it back
1433 in as a spare. However only one md array can be affected by a single
1444 MISC mode includes a number of distinct operations that
1445 operate on distinct devices. The operations are:
1448 The device is examined to see if it is
1449 (1) an active md array, or
1450 (2) a component of an md array.
1451 The information discovered is reported.
1455 The device should be an active md device.
1457 will display a detailed description of the array.
1461 will cause the output to be less detailed and the format to be
1462 suitable for inclusion in
1463 .BR /etc/mdadm.conf .
1466 will normally be 0 unless
1468 failed to get useful information about the device(s); however, if the
1470 option is given, then the exit status will be:
1474 The array is functioning normally.
1477 The array has at least one failed device.
1480 The array has multiple failed devices such that it is unusable.
1483 There was an error while trying to get information about the device.
1488 The device should be a component of an md array.
1490 will read the md superblock of the device and display the contents.
1495 is given, then multiple devices that are components of the one array
1496 are grouped together and reported in a single entry suitable
1498 .BR /etc/mdadm.conf .
1502 without listing any devices will cause all devices listed in the
1503 config file to be examined.
1507 The devices should be active md arrays which will be deactivated, as
1508 long as they are not currently in use.
1512 This will fully activate a partially assembled md array.
1516 This will mark an active array as read-only, providing that it is
1517 not currently being used.
1523 array back to being read/write.
1527 For all operations except
1530 will cause the operation to be applied to all arrays listed in
1535 causes all devices listed in the config file to be examined.
1542 .B mdadm \-\-monitor
1543 .I options... devices...
1548 to periodically poll a number of md arrays and to report on any events
1551 will never exit once it decides that there are arrays to be checked,
1552 so it should normally be run in the background.
1554 As well as reporting events,
1556 may move a spare drive from one array to another if they are in the
1559 and if the destination array has a failed drive but no spares.
1561 If any devices are listed on the command line,
1563 will only monitor those devices. Otherwise all arrays listed in the
1564 configuration file will be monitored. Further, if
1566 is given, then any other md devices that appear in
1568 will also be monitored.
1570 The result of monitoring the arrays is the generation of events.
1571 These events are passed to a separate program (if specified) and may
1572 be mailed to a given E-mail address.
1574 When passing events to a program, the program is run once for each event,
1575 and is given 2 or 3 command-line arguments: the first is the
1576 name of the event (see below), the second is the name of the
1577 md device which is affected, and the third is the name of a related
1578 device if relevant (such as a component device that has failed).
1582 is given, then a program or an E-mail address must be specified on the
1583 command line or in the config file. If neither are available, then
1585 will not monitor anything.
1589 will continue monitoring as long as something was found to monitor. If
1590 no program or email is given, then each event is reported to
1593 The different events are:
1597 .B DeviceDisappeared
1598 An md array which previously was configured appears to no longer be
1599 configured. (syslog priority: Critical)
1603 was told to monitor an array which is RAID0 or Linear, then it will
1605 .B DeviceDisappeared
1606 with the extra information
1608 This is because RAID0 and Linear do not support the device-failed,
1609 hot-spare and resync operations which are monitored.
1613 An md array started reconstruction. (syslog priority: Warning)
1619 is 20, 40, 60, or 80, this indicates that rebuild has passed that many
1620 percentage of the total. (syslog priority: Warning)
1624 An md array that was rebuilding, isn't any more, either because it
1625 finished normally or was aborted. (syslog priority: Warning)
1629 An active component device of an array has been marked as
1630 faulty. (syslog priority: Critical)
1634 A spare component device which was being rebuilt to replace a faulty
1635 device has failed. (syslog priority: Critical)
1639 A spare component device which was being rebuilt to replace a faulty
1640 device has been successfully rebuilt and has been made active.
1641 (syslog priority: Info)
1645 A new md array has been detected in the
1647 file. (syslog priority: Info)
1651 A newly noticed array appears to be degraded. This message is not
1654 notices a drive failure which causes degradation, but only when
1656 notices that an array is degraded when it first sees the array.
1657 (syslog priority: Critical)
1661 A spare drive has been moved from one array in a
1663 to another to allow a failed drive to be replaced.
1664 (syslog priority: Info)
1670 has been told, via the config file, that an array should have a certain
1671 number of spare devices, and
1673 detects that it has fewer than this number when it first sees the
1674 array, it will report a
1677 (syslog priority: Warning)
1681 An array was found at startup, and the
1684 (syslog priority: Info)
1694 cause Email to be sent. All events cause the program to be run.
1695 The program is run with two or three arguments: the event
1696 name, the array device and possibly a second device.
1698 Each event has an associated array device (e.g.
1700 and possibly a second device. For
1705 the second device is the relevant component device.
1708 the second device is the array that the spare was moved from.
1712 to move spares from one array to another, the different arrays need to
1713 be labeled with the same
1715 in the configuration file. The
1717 name can be any string; it is only necessary that different spare
1718 groups use different names.
1722 detects that an array in a spare group has fewer active
1723 devices than necessary for the complete array, and has no spare
1724 devices, it will look for another array in the same spare group that
1725 has a full complement of working drive and a spare. It will then
1726 attempt to remove the spare from the second drive and add it to the
1728 If the removal succeeds but the adding fails, then it is added back to
1732 The GROW mode is used for changing the size or shape of an active
1734 For this to work, the kernel must support the necessary change.
1735 Various types of growth are being added during 2.6 development,
1736 including restructuring a raid5 array to have more active devices.
1738 Currently the only support available is to
1740 change the "size" attribute
1741 for RAID1, RAID5 and RAID6.
1743 increase the "raid\-devices" attribute of RAID1, RAID5, and RAID6.
1745 add a write-intent bitmap to any array which supports these bitmaps, or
1746 remove a write-intent bitmap from such an array.
1750 Normally when an array is built the "size" it taken from the smallest
1751 of the drives. If all the small drives in an arrays are, one at a
1752 time, removed and replaced with larger drives, then you could have an
1753 array of large drives with only a small amount used. In this
1754 situation, changing the "size" with "GROW" mode will allow the extra
1755 space to start being used. If the size is increased in this way, a
1756 "resync" process will start to make sure the new parts of the array
1759 Note that when an array changes size, any filesystem that may be
1760 stored in the array will not automatically grow to use the space. The
1761 filesystem will need to be explicitly told to use the extra space.
1763 .SS RAID-DEVICES CHANGES
1765 A RAID1 array can work with any number of devices from 1 upwards
1766 (though 1 is not very useful). There may be times which you want to
1767 increase or decrease the number of active devices. Note that this is
1768 different to hot-add or hot-remove which changes the number of
1771 When reducing the number of devices in a RAID1 array, the slots which
1772 are to be removed from the array must already be vacant. That is, the
1773 devices which were in those slots must be failed and removed.
1775 When the number of devices is increased, any hot spares that are
1776 present will be activated immediately.
1778 Increasing the number of active devices in a RAID5 is much more
1779 effort. Every block in the array will need to be read and written
1780 back to a new location. From 2.6.17, the Linux Kernel is able to do
1781 this safely, including restart and interrupted "reshape".
1783 When relocating the first few stripes on a raid5, it is not possible
1784 to keep the data on disk completely consistent and crash-proof. To
1785 provide the required safety, mdadm disables writes to the array while
1786 this "critical section" is reshaped, and takes a backup of the data
1787 that is in that section. This backup is normally stored in any spare
1788 devices that the array has, however it can also be stored in a
1789 separate file specified with the
1791 option. If this option is used, and the system does crash during the
1792 critical period, the same file must be passed to
1794 to restore the backup and reassemble the array.
1798 A write-intent bitmap can be added to, or removed from, an active
1799 array. Either internal bitmaps, or bitmaps stored in a separate file,
1800 can be added. Note that if you add a bitmap stored in a file which is
1801 in a filesystem that is on the raid array being affected, the system
1802 will deadlock. The bitmap must be on a separate filesystem.
1804 .SH INCREMENTAL MODE
1808 .B mdadm \-\-incremental
1814 .B mdadm \-\-incremental \-\-rebuild
1817 .B mdadm \-\-incremental \-\-run \-\-scan
1821 This mode is designed to be used in conjunction with a device
1822 discovery system. As devices are found in a system, they can be
1824 .B "mdadm \-\-incremental"
1825 to be conditionally added to an appropriate array.
1828 performs a number of tests to determine if the device is part of an
1829 array, and which array it should be part of. If an appropriate array
1830 is found, or can be created,
1832 adds the device to the array and conditionally starts the array.
1836 will only add devices to an array which were previously working
1837 (active or spare) parts of that array. It does not currently support
1838 automatic inclusion of a new drive as a spare in some array.
1840 .B "mdadm \-\-incremental"
1841 requires a bug-fix in all kernels through 2.6.19.
1842 Hopefully, this will be fixed in 2.6.20; alternately, apply the patch
1843 which is included with the mdadm source distribution. If
1845 detects that this bug is present, it will abort any attempt to use
1846 .BR \-\-incremental .
1850 makes are as follow:
1852 Is the device permitted by
1854 That is, is it listed in a
1856 line in that file. If
1858 is absent then the default it to allow any device. Similar if
1860 contains the special word
1862 then any device is allowed. Otherwise the device name given to
1864 must match one of the names or patterns in a
1869 Does the device have a valid md superblock. If a specific metadata
1870 version is request with
1874 then only that style of metadata is accepted, otherwise
1876 finds any known version of metadata. If no
1878 metadata is found, the device is rejected.
1881 Does the metadata match an expected array?
1882 The metadata can match in two ways. Either there is an array listed
1885 which identifies the array (either by UUID, by name, by device list,
1886 or by minor-number), or the array was created with a
1892 or on the command line.
1895 is not able to positively identify the array as belonging to the
1896 current host, the device will be rejected.
1900 keeps a list of arrays that it has partially assembled in
1901 .B /var/run/mdadm/map
1903 .B /var/run/mdadm.map
1904 if the directory doesn't exist). If no array exists which matches
1905 the metadata on the new device,
1907 must choose a device name and unit number. It does this based on any
1910 or any name information stored in the metadata. If this name
1911 suggests a unit number, that number will be used, otherwise a free
1912 unit number will be chosen. Normally
1914 will prefer to create a partitionable array, however if the
1918 suggests that a non-partitionable array is preferred, that will be
1922 Once an appropriate array is found or created and the device is added,
1924 must decide if the array is ready to be started. It will
1925 normally compare the number of available (non-spare) devices to the
1926 number of devices that the metadata suggests need to be active. If
1927 there are at least that many, the array will be started. This means
1928 that if any devices are missing the array will not be restarted.
1934 in which case the array will be run as soon as there are enough
1935 devices present for the data to be accessible. For a raid1, that
1936 means one device will start the array. For a clean raid5, the array
1937 will be started as soon as all but one drive is present.
1939 Note that neither of these approaches is really ideal. If it can
1940 be known that all device discovery has completed, then
1944 can be run which will try to start all arrays that are being
1945 incrementally assembled. They are started in "read-auto" mode in
1946 which they are read-only until the first write request. This means
1947 that no metadata updates are made and no attempt at resync or recovery
1948 happens. Further devices that are found before the first write can
1949 still be added safely.
1953 .B " mdadm \-\-query /dev/name-of-device"
1955 This will find out if a given device is a raid array, or is part of
1956 one, and will provide brief information about the device.
1958 .B " mdadm \-\-assemble \-\-scan"
1960 This will assemble and start all arrays listed in the standard config
1961 file. This command will typically go in a system startup file.
1963 .B " mdadm \-\-stop \-\-scan"
1965 This will shut down all arrays that can be shut down (i.e. are not
1966 currently in use). This will typically go in a system shutdown script.
1968 .B " mdadm \-\-follow \-\-scan \-\-delay=120"
1970 If (and only if) there is an Email address or program given in the
1971 standard config file, then
1972 monitor the status of all arrays listed in that file by
1973 polling them ever 2 minutes.
1975 .B " mdadm \-\-create /dev/md0 \-\-level=1 \-\-raid\-devices=2 /dev/hd[ac]1"
1977 Create /dev/md0 as a RAID1 array consisting of /dev/hda1 and /dev/hdc1.
1980 .B " echo 'DEVICE /dev/hd*[0\-9] /dev/sd*[0\-9]' > mdadm.conf"
1982 .B " mdadm \-\-detail \-\-scan >> mdadm.conf"
1984 This will create a prototype config file that describes currently
1985 active arrays that are known to be made from partitions of IDE or SCSI drives.
1986 This file should be reviewed before being used as it may
1987 contain unwanted detail.
1989 .B " echo 'DEVICE /dev/hd[a\-z] /dev/sd*[a\-z]' > mdadm.conf"
1991 .B " mdadm \-\-examine \-\-scan \-\-config=mdadm.conf >> mdadm.conf"
1993 This will find arrays which could be assembled from existing IDE and
1994 SCSI whole drives (not partitions), and store the information in the
1995 format of a config file.
1996 This file is very likely to contain unwanted detail, particularly
1999 entries. It should be reviewed and edited before being used as an
2002 .B " mdadm \-\-examine \-\-brief \-\-scan \-\-config=partitions"
2004 .B " mdadm \-Ebsc partitions"
2006 Create a list of devices by reading
2007 .BR /proc/partitions ,
2008 scan these for RAID superblocks, and printout a brief listing of all
2011 .B " mdadm \-Ac partitions \-m 0 /dev/md0"
2013 Scan all partitions and devices listed in
2014 .BR /proc/partitions
2017 out of all such devices with a RAID superblock with a minor number of 0.
2019 .B " mdadm \-\-monitor \-\-scan \-\-daemonise > /var/run/mdadm"
2021 If config file contains a mail address or alert program, run mdadm in
2022 the background in monitor mode monitoring all md devices. Also write
2023 pid of mdadm daemon to
2024 .BR /var/run/mdadm .
2026 .B " mdadm \-Iq /dev/somedevice"
2028 Try to incorporate newly discovered device into some array as
2031 .B " mdadm \-\-incremental \-\-rebuild \-\-run \-\-scan"
2033 Rebuild the array map from any current arrays, and then start any that
2036 .B " mdadm /dev/md4 --fail detached --remove detached"
2038 Any devices which are components of /dev/md4 will be marked as faulty
2039 and then remove from the array.
2041 .B " mdadm \-\-create \-\-help"
2043 Provide help about the Create mode.
2045 .B " mdadm \-\-config \-\-help"
2047 Provide help about the format of the config file.
2049 .B " mdadm \-\-help"
2051 Provide general help.
2062 lists all active md devices with information about them.
2064 uses this to find arrays when
2066 is given in Misc mode, and to monitor array reconstruction
2072 The config file lists which devices may be scanned to see if
2073 they contain MD super block, and gives identifying information
2074 (e.g. UUID) about known MD arrays. See
2078 .SS /var/run/mdadm/map
2081 mode is used, this file gets a list of arrays currently being created.
2084 does not exist as a directory, then
2085 .B /var/run/mdadm.map
2090 While entries in the /dev directory can have any format you like,
2092 has an understanding of 'standard' formats which it uses to guide its
2093 behaviour when creating device files via the
2097 The standard names for non-partitioned arrays (the only sort of md
2098 array available in 2.4 and earlier) are either of
2104 where NN is a number.
2105 The standard names for partitionable arrays (as available from 2.6
2106 onwards) are either of
2112 Partition numbers should be indicated by added "pMM" to these, thus "/dev/md/d1p2".
2116 was previously known as
2120 is completely separate from the
2122 package, and does not use the
2124 configuration file at all.
2127 For further information on mdadm usage, MD and the various levels of
2130 .B http://linux\-raid.osdl.org/
2132 (based upon Jakob \(/Ostergaard's Software\-RAID.HOWTO)
2134 .\"for new releases of the RAID driver check out:
2137 .\".UR ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/mingo/raid-patches
2138 .\"ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/mingo/raid-patches
2143 .\".UR http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~neilb/patches/linux-stable/
2144 .\"http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~neilb/patches/linux-stable/
2147 The latest version of
2149 should always be available from
2151 .B http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/raid/mdadm/
projects / thirdparty / mdadm.git / blob