.\" -*- nroff -*- .TH mdadm 8 .SH NAME mdadm \- manage MD devices .I aka Linux Software Raid. .SH SYNOPSIS .BI mdadm " [mode] [options] " .SH DESCRIPTION RAID devices are virtual devices created from two or more real block devices. This allows multiple devices (typically disk drives or partitions there-of) to be combined into a single device to hold (for example) a single filesystem. Some RAID levels included redundancy and so can survive some degree of device failure. Linux Software RAID devices are implemented through the md (Multiple Devices) device driver. Currently, Linux supports .B LINEAR md devices, .B RAID0 (striping), .B RAID1 (mirroring), .B RAID4 and .B RAID5. Recent kernels (2002) also support a mode known as .BR MULTIPATH . .B mdadm does not support MULTIPATH as yet. .B mdadm is a program that can be used to create, manage, and monitor MD devices. As such it provides a similar set of functionality to the .B raidtools packages. The key differences between .B mdadm and .B raidtools are: .IP \(bu 4 .B mdadm is a single program and not a collection of programs. .IP \(bu 4 .B mdadm can perform (almost) all of its functions without having a configuration file. Also mdadm helps with management of the configuration file. .IP \(bu 4 .B mdadm can provide information about your arrays (through Detail and Examine) that .B raidtools cannot. .IP \(bu 4 .B raidtools can manage MULTIPATH devices which .B mdadm cannot yet manage. .SH MODES mdadm has 7 major modes of operation: .TP .B Assemble Assemble the parts of a previously created array into an active array. Components can be explicitly given or can be searched for. .B mdadm checks that the components do form a bona fide array, and can, on request, fiddle superblock information so as to assemble a faulty array. .TP .B Build Build a legacy array without per-device superblocks. .TP .B Create Create a new array with per-device superblocks. '''It can progress '''in several step create-add-add-run or it can all happen with one command. .TP .B Detail Display the details of a given md device. Details include the RAID level, the number of devices, which ones are faulty (if any), and the array UUID. .TP .B Examine Examine a device to see if it is part of an md array, and print out the details of that array. This mode can also be used to examine a large number of devices and to print out a summary of the arrays found in a format suitable for the .B mdadm.conf configuration file. .TP .B "Follow or Monitor" Monitor one or more md devices and act on any state changes. .TP .B Manage This is for odd bits an pieces like hotadd, hotremove, setfaulty, stop, readonly, readwrite. '''If an array is only partially setup by the '''Create or Assemble commands, subsequent Manage commands can finish the '''job. .SH OPTIONS Available options are: .TP .BR -A ", " --assemble Assemble an existing array. .TP .BR -B ", " --build Build a legacy array without superblocks. .TP .BR -C ", " --create Create a new array. .TP .BR -D ", " --detail Print detail of one or more md devices. .TP .BR -E ", " --examine Print content of md superblock on device(s). .TP .BR -F ", " --follow ", " --monitor Select .B Monitor mode. .TP .BR -h ", " --help Display help message or, after above option, mode specific help message. .TP .BR -V ", " --version Print version information for mdadm. .TP .BR -v ", " --verbose Be more verbose about what is happening. .TP .BR -b ", " --brief Be less verbose. This is used with .B --detail and .BR --examine . .SH For create or build: .TP .BR -c ", " --chunk= Specify chunk size of kibibytes. The default is 64. .TP .BR --rounding= Specify rounding factor for linear array (==chunk size) .TP .BR -l ", " --level= Set raid level. Options are: linear, raid0, 0, stripe, raid1, 1, mirror, raid5, 4, raid5, 5. Obviously some of these are synonymous. Only the first 4 are valid when Building. .TP .BR -p ", " --parity= Set raid5 parity algorithm. Options are: {left,right}-{,a}symmetric, la, ra, ls, rs. The default is left-symmetric. .TP .BR --layout= same as --parity .TP .BR -n ", " --raid-disks= number of active devices in array. .TP .BR -x ", " --spare-disks= number of spare (eXtra) disks in initial array. Spares can be added and removed later. .TP .BR -z ", " --size= Amount (in Kibibytes) of space to use from each drive in RAID1/4/5. This must be a multiple of the chunk size, and must leave about 128Kb of space at the end of the drive for the RAID superblock. If this is not specified (as it normally is not) the smallest drive (or partition) sets the size, though if there is a variance among the drives of greater than 1%, a warning is issued. .SH For assemble: .TP .BR -u ", " --uuid= uuid of array to assemble. Devices which don't have this uuid are excluded .TP .BR -m ", " --super-minor= Minor number of device that array was created for. Devices which don't have this minor number are excluded. If you create an array as /dev/md1, then all superblock will contain the minor number 1, even if the array is later assembled as /dev/md2. .TP .BR -c ", " --config= config file. Default is .BR /etc/mdadm.conf . .TP .BR -s ", " --scan scan config file for missing information .TP .BR -f ", " --force Assemble the array even if some superblocks appear out-of-date .TP .BR -R ", " --run Attempt to start the array even if fewer drives were given than are needed for a full array. Normally if not all drives are found and .B --scan is not used, then the array will be assembled but not started. With .B --run an attempt will be made to start it anyway. .SH General management .TP .BR -a ", " --add '''add, or hotadd listed devices. .TP .BR -r ", " --remove remove listed devices. The must not be active. i.e. they should be failed or spare devices. .TP .BR -f ", " --fail mark listed devices as faulty. .TP .BR --set-faulty same as --fail. .TP .BR -R ", " --run start a partially built array. .TP .BR -S ", " --stop deactivate array, releasing all resources. .TP .BR -o ", " --readonly mark array as readonly. .TP .BR -w ", " --readwrite mark array as readwrite. .SH ASSEMBLY MODE .HP 12 Usage: .B mdadm --assemble .I device options... .HP 12 Usage: .B mdadm --assemble --scan .I options... .PP This usage assembles one or more raid arrays from pre-existing components. For each array, mdadm needs to know the md device, the identity of the array, and a number of sub devices. These can be found in a number of ways. The md device is either given before .B --scan or is found from the config file. In the latter case, multiple md devices can be started with a single mdadm command. The identity can be given with the .B --uuid option, with the .B --super-minor option, can be found in in the config file, or will be taken from the super block on the first subdevice listed on the command line. Devices can be given on the .B --assemble command line or from the config file. Only devices which have an md superblock which contains the right identity will be considered for any device. The config file is only used if explicitly named with .B --config or requested with .B --scan. In the later case, .B /etc/mdadm.conf is used. If .B --scan is not given, then the config file will only be used to find the identity of md arrays. Normally the array will be started after it is assembled. However is .B --scan is not given and insufficient drives were lists to start a complete (non-degraded) array, then the array is not started (to guard against usage errors). To insist that the array be started in this case (as may work for RAID1 or RAID5), give the .B --run flag. .SH BUILD MODE .HP 12 Usage: .B mdadm --build .I device .BI --chunk= X .BI --level= Y .BI --raid-disks= Z .I devices .PP This usage is similar to .BR --create . The difference is that it creates a legacy array without a superblock. With these arrays there is no difference between initially creating the array and subsequently assembling the array, except that hopefully there is useful data there in the second case. The level may only be 0, raid0, or linear. All devices must be listed and the array will be started once complete. .SH CREATE MODE .HP 12 Usage: .B mdadm --create .I device .BI --chunk= X .BI --level= Y .br .BI --raid-disks= Z .I devices .PP This usage will initialise a new md array, associate some devices with it, and activate the array. As devices are added, they are checked to see if they contain raid superblocks or filesystems. They are also check to see if the variance in device size exceeds 1%. If any discrepancy is found, the array will not automatically be run, though the presence of a .B --run can override this caution. '''If the '''.B --size '''option is given, it is not necessary to list any subdevices in this command. '''They can be added later, before a '''.B --run. '''If no '''.B --size '''is given, the apparent size of the smallest drive given is used. The General Management options that are valid with --create are: .TP .B --run insist of running the array even if some devices look like they might be in use. .TP .B --readonly start the array readonly - not supported yet. .SH DETAIL MODE .HP 12 Usage: .B mdadm --detail .RB [ --brief ] .I device ... .PP This usage sill print out the details of the given array including a list of component devices. To determine names for the devices, .B mdadm searches .B /dev for device files with the right major and minor numbers. With .B --brief .B mdadm prints a single line that identifies the level, number of disks, and UUID of the array. This line is suitable for inclusion in .BR /etc/mdadm.conf . .SH EXAMINE MODE .HP 12 Usage: .B mdadm --examine .RB [ --scan ] .RB [ --brief ] .I device ... .PP This usage will examine some block devices to see if that have a valid RAID superblock on them. The information in each valid raid superblock will be printed. If .B --scan is used, the no devices should be listed, and the complete set of devices identified in the configuration file are checked. .B --scan implies .B --brief but this implication can be countered by specifying .BR --verbose . With .B --brief .B mdadm will output an config file entry of each distinct array that was found. This entry will list the UUID, the raid level, and a list of the individual devices on which a superblock for that array was found. This output will by syntactically suitable for inclusion in the configuration file, but should .B NOT be used blindly. Often the array description that you want in the configuration file is much less specific than that given by .BR "mdadm -Bs" . For example, you normally do not want to list the devices, particularly if they are SCSI devices. '''.SH BUGS '''no known bugs. .SH FILES .SS /proc/mdstat If you're using the .B /proc filesystem, .B /proc/mdstat gives you informations about md devices status. This file is not currently used by .BR mdadm . .SS /etc/mdadm.conf The config file lists which devices may be scanned to see if they contain MD super block, and gives identifying information (e.g. UUID) about known MD arrays. See .BR mdadm.conf (5) for more details. .SH TODO Finish and document Follow mode. .SH SEE ALSO For information on the various levels of RAID, check out: .IP .UR http://ostenfeld.dk/~jakob/Software-RAID.HOWTO/ http://ostenfeld.dk/~jakob/Software-RAID.HOWTO/ .UE .PP for new releases of the RAID driver check out: .IP .UR ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/mingo/raid-patches ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/mingo/raid-patches .UE .PP or .IP .UR http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~neilb/patches/linux-stable/ http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~neilb/patches/linux-stable/ .URk .PP .BR mdadm.conf (5), .BR md (4). .PP .IR raidtab (5), .IR raid0run (8), .IR raidstop (8), .IR mkraid (8)