[thirdparty/systemd.git] / src / core / service.c

/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/

/***
  This file is part of systemd.

  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering

  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.

  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
  Lesser General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
***/

#include <errno.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/reboot.h>

#include "manager.h"
#include "unit.h"
#include "service.h"
#include "load-fragment.h"
#include "load-dropin.h"
#include "log.h"
#include "strv.h"
#include "unit-name.h"
#include "unit-printf.h"
#include "dbus-service.h"
#include "special.h"
#include "exit-status.h"
#include "def.h"
#include "path-util.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "utf8.h"
#include "env-util.h"
#include "fileio.h"
#include "bus-error.h"
#include "bus-util.h"

#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT

#define DEFAULT_SYSV_TIMEOUT_USEC (5*USEC_PER_MINUTE)

typedef enum RunlevelType {
        RUNLEVEL_UP,
        RUNLEVEL_DOWN
} RunlevelType;

static const struct {
        const char *path;
        const char *target;
        const RunlevelType type;
} rcnd_table[] = {
        /* Standard SysV runlevels for start-up */
        { "rc1.d",  SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,    RUNLEVEL_UP },
        { "rc2.d",  SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL2_TARGET, RUNLEVEL_UP },
        { "rc3.d",  SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL3_TARGET, RUNLEVEL_UP },
        { "rc4.d",  SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL4_TARGET, RUNLEVEL_UP },
        { "rc5.d",  SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL5_TARGET, RUNLEVEL_UP },

        /* Standard SysV runlevels for shutdown */
        { "rc0.d",  SPECIAL_POWEROFF_TARGET,  RUNLEVEL_DOWN },
        { "rc6.d",  SPECIAL_REBOOT_TARGET,    RUNLEVEL_DOWN }

        /* Note that the order here matters, as we read the
           directories in this order, and we want to make sure that
           sysv_start_priority is known when we first load the
           unit. And that value we only know from S links. Hence
           UP must be read before DOWN */
};

#define RUNLEVELS_UP "12345"
#endif

static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_SERVICE_STATE_MAX] = {
        [SERVICE_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
        [SERVICE_START_PRE] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_START] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_START_POST] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
        [SERVICE_EXITED] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
        [SERVICE_RELOAD] = UNIT_RELOADING,
        [SERVICE_STOP] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_STOP_POST] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED,
        [SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART] = UNIT_ACTIVATING
};

/* For Type=idle we never want to delay any other jobs, hence we
 * consider idle jobs active as soon as we start working on them */
static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table_idle[_SERVICE_STATE_MAX] = {
        [SERVICE_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
        [SERVICE_START_PRE] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
        [SERVICE_START] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
        [SERVICE_START_POST] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
        [SERVICE_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
        [SERVICE_EXITED] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
        [SERVICE_RELOAD] = UNIT_RELOADING,
        [SERVICE_STOP] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_STOP_POST] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
        [SERVICE_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED,
        [SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART] = UNIT_ACTIVATING
};

static int service_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t events, void *userdata);
static int service_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata);
static int service_dispatch_watchdog(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata);

static void service_enter_signal(Service *s, ServiceState state, ServiceResult f);

static void service_init(Unit *u) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);

        assert(u);
        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);

        s->timeout_start_usec = u->manager->default_timeout_start_usec;
        s->timeout_stop_usec = u->manager->default_timeout_stop_usec;
        s->restart_usec = u->manager->default_restart_usec;
        s->type = _SERVICE_TYPE_INVALID;

#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
        s->sysv_start_priority = -1;
        s->sysv_start_priority_from_rcnd = -1;
#endif
        s->socket_fd = -1;
        s->guess_main_pid = true;

        RATELIMIT_INIT(s->start_limit, u->manager->default_start_limit_interval, u->manager->default_start_limit_burst);

        s->control_command_id = _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
}

static void service_unwatch_control_pid(Service *s) {
        assert(s);

        if (s->control_pid <= 0)
                return;

        unit_unwatch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
        s->control_pid = 0;
}

static void service_unwatch_main_pid(Service *s) {
        assert(s);

        if (s->main_pid <= 0)
                return;

        unit_unwatch_pid(UNIT(s), s->main_pid);
        s->main_pid = 0;
}

static void service_unwatch_pid_file(Service *s) {
        if (!s->pid_file_pathspec)
                return;

        log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "Stopping watch for %s's PID file %s",
                       UNIT(s)->id, s->pid_file_pathspec->path);
        path_spec_unwatch(s->pid_file_pathspec);
        path_spec_done(s->pid_file_pathspec);
        free(s->pid_file_pathspec);
        s->pid_file_pathspec = NULL;
}

static int service_set_main_pid(Service *s, pid_t pid) {
        pid_t ppid;

        assert(s);

        if (pid <= 1)
                return -EINVAL;

        if (pid == getpid())
                return -EINVAL;

        if (s->main_pid == pid && s->main_pid_known)
                return 0;

        if (s->main_pid != pid) {
                service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
                exec_status_start(&s->main_exec_status, pid);
        }

        s->main_pid = pid;
        s->main_pid_known = true;

        if (get_parent_of_pid(pid, &ppid) >= 0 && ppid != getpid()) {
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "%s: Supervising process "PID_FMT" which is not our child. We'll most likely not notice when it exits.",
                                 UNIT(s)->id, pid);

                s->main_pid_alien = true;
        } else
                s->main_pid_alien = false;

        return 0;
}

static void service_close_socket_fd(Service *s) {
        assert(s);

        if (s->socket_fd < 0)
                return;

        s->socket_fd = safe_close(s->socket_fd);
}

static void service_connection_unref(Service *s) {
        assert(s);

        if (!UNIT_ISSET(s->accept_socket))
                return;

        socket_connection_unref(SOCKET(UNIT_DEREF(s->accept_socket)));
        unit_ref_unset(&s->accept_socket);
}

static void service_stop_watchdog(Service *s) {
        assert(s);

        s->watchdog_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->watchdog_event_source);
        s->watchdog_timestamp = DUAL_TIMESTAMP_NULL;
}

static void service_start_watchdog(Service *s) {
        int r;

        assert(s);

        if (s->watchdog_usec <= 0)
                return;

        if (s->watchdog_event_source) {
                r = sd_event_source_set_time(s->watchdog_event_source, s->watchdog_timestamp.monotonic + s->watchdog_usec);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "%s failed to reset watchdog timer: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
                        return;
                }

                r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(s->watchdog_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
        } else {
                r = sd_event_add_monotonic(UNIT(s)->manager->event, &s->watchdog_event_source, s->watchdog_timestamp.monotonic + s->watchdog_usec, 0, service_dispatch_watchdog, s);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "%s failed to add watchdog timer: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
                        return;
                }

                /* Let's process everything else which might be a sign
                 * of living before we consider a service died. */
                r = sd_event_source_set_priority(s->watchdog_event_source, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_IDLE);
        }

        if (r < 0)
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "%s failed to install watchdog timer: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
}

static void service_reset_watchdog(Service *s) {
        assert(s);

        dual_timestamp_get(&s->watchdog_timestamp);
        service_start_watchdog(s);
}

static void service_done(Unit *u) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);

        assert(s);

        free(s->pid_file);
        s->pid_file = NULL;

#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
        free(s->sysv_runlevels);
        s->sysv_runlevels = NULL;
#endif

        free(s->status_text);
        s->status_text = NULL;

        s->exec_runtime = exec_runtime_unref(s->exec_runtime);
        exec_command_free_array(s->exec_command, _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX);
        s->control_command = NULL;
        s->main_command = NULL;

        set_free(s->restart_ignore_status.code);
        s->restart_ignore_status.code = NULL;
        set_free(s->restart_ignore_status.signal);
        s->restart_ignore_status.signal = NULL;

        set_free(s->success_status.code);
        s->success_status.code = NULL;
        set_free(s->success_status.signal);
        s->success_status.signal = NULL;

        /* This will leak a process, but at least no memory or any of
         * our resources */
        service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);

        if (s->bus_name)  {
                unit_unwatch_bus_name(u, s->bus_name);
                free(s->bus_name);
                s->bus_name = NULL;
        }

        service_close_socket_fd(s);
        service_connection_unref(s);

        unit_ref_unset(&s->accept_socket);

        service_stop_watchdog(s);

        s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);
}

static int service_arm_timer(Service *s, usec_t usec) {
        int r;

        assert(s);

        if (s->timer_event_source) {
                r = sd_event_source_set_time(s->timer_event_source, now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + usec);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                return sd_event_source_set_enabled(s->timer_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
        }

        return sd_event_add_monotonic(UNIT(s)->manager->event, &s->timer_event_source, now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + usec, 0, service_dispatch_timer, s);
}

#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
static char *sysv_translate_name(const char *name) {
        char *r;

        r = new(char, strlen(name) + strlen(".service") + 1);
        if (!r)
                return NULL;

        if (endswith(name, ".sh"))
                /* Drop .sh suffix */
                strcpy(stpcpy(r, name) - 3, ".service");
        else
                /* Normal init script name */
                strcpy(stpcpy(r, name), ".service");

        return r;
}

static int sysv_translate_facility(const char *name, const char *filename, char **_r) {

        /* We silently ignore the $ prefix here. According to the LSB
         * spec it simply indicates whether something is a
         * standardized name or a distribution-specific one. Since we
         * just follow what already exists and do not introduce new
         * uses or names we don't care who introduced a new name. */

        static const char * const table[] = {
                /* LSB defined facilities */
                "local_fs",             NULL,
                "network",              SPECIAL_NETWORK_TARGET,
                "named",                SPECIAL_NSS_LOOKUP_TARGET,
                "portmap",              SPECIAL_RPCBIND_TARGET,
                "remote_fs",            SPECIAL_REMOTE_FS_TARGET,
                "syslog",               NULL,
                "time",                 SPECIAL_TIME_SYNC_TARGET,
        };

        unsigned i;
        char *r;
        const char *n;

        assert(name);
        assert(_r);

        n = *name == '$' ? name + 1 : name;

        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i += 2) {

                if (!streq(table[i], n))
                        continue;

                if (!table[i+1])
                        return 0;

                r = strdup(table[i+1]);
                if (!r)
                        return log_oom();

                goto finish;
        }

        /* If we don't know this name, fallback heuristics to figure
         * out whether something is a target or a service alias. */

        if (*name == '$') {
                if (!unit_prefix_is_valid(n))
                        return -EINVAL;

                /* Facilities starting with $ are most likely targets */
                r = unit_name_build(n, NULL, ".target");
        } else if (filename && streq(name, filename))
                /* Names equaling the file name of the services are redundant */
                return 0;
        else
                /* Everything else we assume to be normal service names */
                r = sysv_translate_name(n);

        if (!r)
                return -ENOMEM;

finish:
        *_r = r;

        return 1;
}

static int sysv_fix_order(Service *s) {
        Unit *other;
        int r;

        assert(s);

        if (s->sysv_start_priority < 0)
                return 0;

        /* For each pair of services where at least one lacks a LSB
         * header, we use the start priority value to order things. */

        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, other, UNIT(s)->manager->units_by_type[UNIT_SERVICE]) {
                Service *t;
                UnitDependency d;
                bool special_s, special_t;

                t = SERVICE(other);

                if (s == t)
                        continue;

                if (UNIT(t)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
                        continue;

                if (t->sysv_start_priority < 0)
                        continue;

                /* If both units have modern headers we don't care
                 * about the priorities */
                if ((UNIT(s)->fragment_path || s->sysv_has_lsb) &&
                    (UNIT(t)->fragment_path || t->sysv_has_lsb))
                        continue;

                special_s = s->sysv_runlevels && !chars_intersect(RUNLEVELS_UP, s->sysv_runlevels);
                special_t = t->sysv_runlevels && !chars_intersect(RUNLEVELS_UP, t->sysv_runlevels);

                if (special_t && !special_s)
                        d = UNIT_AFTER;
                else if (special_s && !special_t)
                        d = UNIT_BEFORE;
                else if (t->sysv_start_priority < s->sysv_start_priority)
                        d = UNIT_AFTER;
                else if (t->sysv_start_priority > s->sysv_start_priority)
                        d = UNIT_BEFORE;
                else
                        continue;

                /* FIXME: Maybe we should compare the name here lexicographically? */

                if ((r = unit_add_dependency(UNIT(s), d, UNIT(t), true)) < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static ExecCommand *exec_command_new(const char *path, const char *arg1) {
        ExecCommand *c;

        if (!(c = new0(ExecCommand, 1)))
                return NULL;

        if (!(c->path = strdup(path))) {
                free(c);
                return NULL;
        }

        if (!(c->argv = strv_new(path, arg1, NULL))) {
                free(c->path);
                free(c);
                return NULL;
        }

        return c;
}

static int sysv_exec_commands(Service *s, const bool supports_reload) {
        ExecCommand *c;

        assert(s);
        assert(s->is_sysv);
        assert(UNIT(s)->source_path);

        c = exec_command_new(UNIT(s)->source_path, "start");
        if (!c)
                return -ENOMEM;
        exec_command_append_list(s->exec_command+SERVICE_EXEC_START, c);

        c = exec_command_new(UNIT(s)->source_path, "stop");
        if (!c)
                return -ENOMEM;
        exec_command_append_list(s->exec_command+SERVICE_EXEC_STOP, c);

        if (supports_reload) {
                c = exec_command_new(UNIT(s)->source_path, "reload");
                if (!c)
                        return -ENOMEM;
                exec_command_append_list(s->exec_command+SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD, c);
        }

        return 0;
}

static bool usage_contains_reload(const char *line) {
        return (strcasestr(line, "{reload|") ||
                strcasestr(line, "{reload}") ||
                strcasestr(line, "{reload\"") ||
                strcasestr(line, "|reload|") ||
                strcasestr(line, "|reload}") ||
                strcasestr(line, "|reload\""));
}

static int service_load_sysv_path(Service *s, const char *path) {
        FILE *f;
        Unit *u;
        unsigned line = 0;
        int r;
        enum {
                NORMAL,
                DESCRIPTION,
                LSB,
                LSB_DESCRIPTION,
                USAGE_CONTINUATION
        } state = NORMAL;
        char *short_description = NULL, *long_description = NULL, *chkconfig_description = NULL, *description;
        struct stat st;
        bool supports_reload = false;

        assert(s);
        assert(path);

        u = UNIT(s);

        f = fopen(path, "re");
        if (!f) {
                r = errno == ENOENT ? 0 : -errno;
                goto finish;
        }

        if (fstat(fileno(f), &st) < 0) {
                r = -errno;
                goto finish;
        }

        free(u->source_path);
        u->source_path = strdup(path);
        if (!u->source_path) {
                r = -ENOMEM;
                goto finish;
        }
        u->source_mtime = timespec_load(&st.st_mtim);

        if (null_or_empty(&st)) {
                u->load_state = UNIT_MASKED;
                r = 0;
                goto finish;
        }

        s->is_sysv = true;

        while (!feof(f)) {
                char l[LINE_MAX], *t;

                if (!fgets(l, sizeof(l), f)) {
                        if (feof(f))
                                break;

                        r = -errno;
                        log_error_unit(u->id,
                                       "Failed to read configuration file '%s': %s",
                                       path, strerror(-r));
                        goto finish;
                }

                line++;

                t = strstrip(l);
                if (*t != '#') {
                        /* Try to figure out whether this init script supports
                         * the reload operation. This heuristic looks for
                         * "Usage" lines which include the reload option. */
                        if ( state == USAGE_CONTINUATION ||
                            (state == NORMAL && strcasestr(t, "usage"))) {
                                if (usage_contains_reload(t)) {
                                        supports_reload = true;
                                        state = NORMAL;
                                } else if (t[strlen(t)-1] == '\\')
                                        state = USAGE_CONTINUATION;
                                else
                                        state = NORMAL;
                        }

                        continue;
                }

                if (state == NORMAL && streq(t, "### BEGIN INIT INFO")) {
                        state = LSB;
                        s->sysv_has_lsb = true;
                        continue;
                }

                if ((state == LSB_DESCRIPTION || state == LSB) && streq(t, "### END INIT INFO")) {
                        state = NORMAL;
                        continue;
                }

                t++;
                t += strspn(t, WHITESPACE);

                if (state == NORMAL) {

                        /* Try to parse Red Hat style chkconfig headers */

                        if (startswith_no_case(t, "chkconfig:")) {
                                int start_priority;
                                char runlevels[16], *k;

                                state = NORMAL;

                                if (sscanf(t+10, "%15s %i %*i",
                                           runlevels,
                                           &start_priority) != 2) {

                                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
                                                         "[%s:%u] Failed to parse chkconfig line. Ignoring.",
                                                         path, line);
                                        continue;
                                }

                                /* A start priority gathered from the
                                 * symlink farms is preferred over the
                                 * data from the LSB header. */
                                if (start_priority < 0 || start_priority > 99)
                                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
                                                         "[%s:%u] Start priority out of range. Ignoring.",
                                                         path, line);
                                else
                                        s->sysv_start_priority = start_priority;

                                char_array_0(runlevels);
                                k = delete_chars(runlevels, WHITESPACE "-");

                                if (k[0]) {
                                        char *d;

                                        if (!(d = strdup(k))) {
                                                r = -ENOMEM;
                                                goto finish;
                                        }

                                        free(s->sysv_runlevels);
                                        s->sysv_runlevels = d;
                                }

                        } else if (startswith_no_case(t, "description:")) {

                                size_t k = strlen(t);
                                char *d;
                                const char *j;

                                if (t[k-1] == '\\') {
                                        state = DESCRIPTION;
                                        t[k-1] = 0;
                                }

                                if ((j = strstrip(t+12)) && *j) {
                                        if (!(d = strdup(j))) {
                                                r = -ENOMEM;
                                                goto finish;
                                        }
                                } else
                                        d = NULL;

                                free(chkconfig_description);
                                chkconfig_description = d;

                        } else if (startswith_no_case(t, "pidfile:")) {

                                char *fn;

                                state = NORMAL;

                                fn = strstrip(t+8);
                                if (!path_is_absolute(fn)) {
                                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
                                                         "[%s:%u] PID file not absolute. Ignoring.",
                                                         path, line);
                                        continue;
                                }

                                if (!(fn = strdup(fn))) {
                                        r = -ENOMEM;
                                        goto finish;
                                }

                                free(s->pid_file);
                                s->pid_file = fn;
                        }

                } else if (state == DESCRIPTION) {

                        /* Try to parse Red Hat style description
                         * continuation */

                        size_t k = strlen(t);
                        char *j;

                        if (t[k-1] == '\\')
                                t[k-1] = 0;
                        else
                                state = NORMAL;

                        if ((j = strstrip(t)) && *j) {
                                char *d = NULL;

                                if (chkconfig_description)
                                        d = strjoin(chkconfig_description, " ", j, NULL);
                                else
                                        d = strdup(j);

                                if (!d) {
                                        r = -ENOMEM;
                                        goto finish;
                                }

                                free(chkconfig_description);
                                chkconfig_description = d;
                        }

                } else if (state == LSB || state == LSB_DESCRIPTION) {

                        if (startswith_no_case(t, "Provides:")) {
                                char *i, *w;
                                size_t z;

                                state = LSB;

                                FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, z, t+9, i) {
                                        char *n, *m;

                                        if (!(n = strndup(w, z))) {
                                                r = -ENOMEM;
                                                goto finish;
                                        }

                                        r = sysv_translate_facility(n, basename(path), &m);
                                        free(n);

                                        if (r < 0)
                                                goto finish;

                                        if (r == 0)
                                                continue;

                                        if (unit_name_to_type(m) == UNIT_SERVICE)
                                                r = unit_merge_by_name(u, m);
                                        else
                                                /* NB: SysV targets
                                                 * which are provided
                                                 * by a service are
                                                 * pulled in by the
                                                 * services, as an
                                                 * indication that the
                                                 * generic service is
                                                 * now available. This
                                                 * is strictly
                                                 * one-way. The
                                                 * targets do NOT pull
                                                 * in the SysV
                                                 * services! */
                                                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(u, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_WANTS, m, NULL, true);

                                        if (r < 0)
                                                log_error_unit(u->id,
                                                               "[%s:%u] Failed to add LSB Provides name %s, ignoring: %s",
                                                               path, line, m, strerror(-r));

                                        free(m);
                                }

                        } else if (startswith_no_case(t, "Required-Start:") ||
                                   startswith_no_case(t, "Should-Start:") ||
                                   startswith_no_case(t, "X-Start-Before:") ||
                                   startswith_no_case(t, "X-Start-After:")) {
                                char *i, *w;
                                size_t z;

                                state = LSB;

                                FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, z, strchr(t, ':')+1, i) {
                                        char *n, *m;

                                        if (!(n = strndup(w, z))) {
                                                r = -ENOMEM;
                                                goto finish;
                                        }

                                        r = sysv_translate_facility(n, basename(path), &m);
                                        if (r < 0) {
                                                log_error_unit(u->id,
                                                               "[%s:%u] Failed to translate LSB dependency %s, ignoring: %s",
                                                               path, line, n, strerror(-r));
                                                free(n);
                                                continue;
                                        }

                                        free(n);

                                        if (r == 0)
                                                continue;

                                        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, startswith_no_case(t, "X-Start-Before:") ? UNIT_BEFORE : UNIT_AFTER, m, NULL, true);

                                        if (r < 0)
                                                log_error_unit(u->id, "[%s:%u] Failed to add dependency on %s, ignoring: %s",
                                                               path, line, m, strerror(-r));

                                        free(m);
                                }
                        } else if (startswith_no_case(t, "Default-Start:")) {
                                char *k, *d;

                                state = LSB;

                                k = delete_chars(t+14, WHITESPACE "-");

                                if (k[0] != 0) {
                                        if (!(d = strdup(k))) {
                                                r = -ENOMEM;
                                                goto finish;
                                        }

                                        free(s->sysv_runlevels);
                                        s->sysv_runlevels = d;
                                }

                        } else if (startswith_no_case(t, "Description:")) {
                                char *d, *j;

                                state = LSB_DESCRIPTION;

                                if ((j = strstrip(t+12)) && *j) {
                                        if (!(d = strdup(j))) {
                                                r = -ENOMEM;
                                                goto finish;
                                        }
                                } else
                                        d = NULL;

                                free(long_description);
                                long_description = d;

                        } else if (startswith_no_case(t, "Short-Description:")) {
                                char *d, *j;

                                state = LSB;

                                if ((j = strstrip(t+18)) && *j) {
                                        if (!(d = strdup(j))) {
                                                r = -ENOMEM;
                                                goto finish;
                                        }
                                } else
                                        d = NULL;

                                free(short_description);
                                short_description = d;

                        } else if (state == LSB_DESCRIPTION) {

                                if (startswith(l, "#\t") || startswith(l, "#  ")) {
                                        char *j;

                                        if ((j = strstrip(t)) && *j) {
                                                char *d = NULL;

                                                if (long_description)
                                                        d = strjoin(long_description, " ", t, NULL);
                                                else
                                                        d = strdup(j);

                                                if (!d) {
                                                        r = -ENOMEM;
                                                        goto finish;
                                                }

                                                free(long_description);
                                                long_description = d;
                                        }

                                } else
                                        state = LSB;
                        }
                }
        }

        if ((r = sysv_exec_commands(s, supports_reload)) < 0)
                goto finish;

        if (s->sysv_runlevels && !chars_intersect(RUNLEVELS_UP, s->sysv_runlevels)) {
                /* If there a runlevels configured for this service
                 * but none of the standard ones, then we assume this
                 * is some special kind of service (which might be
                 * needed for early boot) and don't create any links
                 * to it. */

                UNIT(s)->default_dependencies = false;

                /* Don't timeout special services during boot (like fsck) */
                s->timeout_start_usec = 0;
                s->timeout_stop_usec = 0;
        } else {
                s->timeout_start_usec = DEFAULT_SYSV_TIMEOUT_USEC;
                s->timeout_stop_usec = DEFAULT_SYSV_TIMEOUT_USEC;
        }

        /* Special setting for all SysV services */
        s->type = SERVICE_FORKING;
        s->remain_after_exit = !s->pid_file;
        s->guess_main_pid = false;
        s->restart = SERVICE_RESTART_NO;
        s->exec_context.ignore_sigpipe = false;
        s->kill_context.kill_mode = KILL_PROCESS;

        /* We use the long description only if
         * no short description is set. */

        if (short_description)
                description = short_description;
        else if (chkconfig_description)
                description = chkconfig_description;
        else if (long_description)
                description = long_description;
        else
                description = NULL;

        if (description) {
                char *d;

                if (!(d = strappend(s->sysv_has_lsb ? "LSB: " : "SYSV: ", description))) {
                        r = -ENOMEM;
                        goto finish;
                }

                u->description = d;
        }

        /* The priority that has been set in /etc/rcN.d/ hierarchies
         * takes precedence over what is stored as default in the LSB
         * header */
        if (s->sysv_start_priority_from_rcnd >= 0)
                s->sysv_start_priority = s->sysv_start_priority_from_rcnd;

        u->load_state = UNIT_LOADED;
        r = 0;

finish:

        if (f)
                fclose(f);

        free(short_description);
        free(long_description);
        free(chkconfig_description);

        return r;
}

static int service_load_sysv_name(Service *s, const char *name) {
        char **p;

        assert(s);
        assert(name);

        /* For SysV services we strip the *.sh suffixes. */
        if (endswith(name, ".sh.service"))
                return -ENOENT;

        STRV_FOREACH(p, UNIT(s)->manager->lookup_paths.sysvinit_path) {
                char *path;
                int r;

                path = strjoin(*p, "/", name, NULL);
                if (!path)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                assert(endswith(path, ".service"));
                path[strlen(path)-8] = 0;

                r = service_load_sysv_path(s, path);

                if (r >= 0 && UNIT(s)->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
                        /* Try *.sh source'able init scripts */
                        strcat(path, ".sh");
                        r = service_load_sysv_path(s, path);
                }
                free(path);

                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_STUB)
                        break;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int service_load_sysv(Service *s) {
        const char *t;
        Iterator i;
        int r;

        assert(s);

        /* Load service data from SysV init scripts, preferably with
         * LSB headers ... */

        if (strv_isempty(UNIT(s)->manager->lookup_paths.sysvinit_path))
                return 0;

        if ((t = UNIT(s)->id))
                if ((r = service_load_sysv_name(s, t)) < 0)
                        return r;

        if (UNIT(s)->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
                SET_FOREACH(t, UNIT(s)->names, i) {
                        if (t == UNIT(s)->id)
                                continue;

                        if ((r = service_load_sysv_name(s, t)) < 0)
                                return r;

                        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_STUB)
                                break;
                }

        return 0;
}
#endif

static int service_verify(Service *s) {
        assert(s);

        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
                return 0;

        if (!s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]) {
                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "%s lacks ExecStart setting. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->id);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        if (s->type != SERVICE_ONESHOT &&
            s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]->command_next) {
                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "%s has more than one ExecStart setting, which is only allowed for Type=oneshot services. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->id);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        if (s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT && s->restart != SERVICE_RESTART_NO) {
                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "%s has Restart setting other than no, which isn't allowed for Type=oneshot services. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->id);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        if (s->type == SERVICE_DBUS && !s->bus_name) {
                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "%s is of type D-Bus but no D-Bus service name has been specified. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->id);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        if (s->bus_name && s->type != SERVICE_DBUS)
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "%s has a D-Bus service name specified, but is not of type dbus. Ignoring.", UNIT(s)->id);

        if (s->exec_context.pam_name && !(s->kill_context.kill_mode == KILL_CONTROL_GROUP || s->kill_context.kill_mode == KILL_MIXED)) {
                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "%s has PAM enabled. Kill mode must be set to 'control-group' or 'mixed'. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->id);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int service_add_default_dependencies(Service *s) {
        int r;

        assert(s);

        /* Add a number of automatic dependencies useful for the
         * majority of services. */

        /* First, pull in base system */
        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES,
                                              SPECIAL_BASIC_TARGET, NULL, true);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        /* Second, activate normal shutdown */
        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS,
                                              SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
        return r;
}

static void service_fix_output(Service *s) {
        assert(s);

        /* If nothing has been explicitly configured, patch default
         * output in. If input is socket/tty we avoid this however,
         * since in that case we want output to default to the same
         * place as we read input from. */

        if (s->exec_context.std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
            s->exec_context.std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
            s->exec_context.std_input == EXEC_INPUT_NULL)
                s->exec_context.std_error = UNIT(s)->manager->default_std_error;

        if (s->exec_context.std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
            s->exec_context.std_input == EXEC_INPUT_NULL)
                s->exec_context.std_output = UNIT(s)->manager->default_std_output;
}

static int service_load(Unit *u) {
        int r;
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);

        assert(s);

        /* Load a .service file */
        r = unit_load_fragment(u);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
        /* Load a classic init script as a fallback, if we couldn't find anything */
        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
                r = service_load_sysv(s);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }
#endif

        /* Still nothing found? Then let's give up */
        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
                return -ENOENT;

        /* This is a new unit? Then let's add in some extras */
        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {

                /* We were able to load something, then let's add in
                 * the dropin directories. */
                r = unit_load_dropin(u);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (s->type == _SERVICE_TYPE_INVALID)
                        s->type = s->bus_name ? SERVICE_DBUS : SERVICE_SIMPLE;

                /* Oneshot services have disabled start timeout by default */
                if (s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT && !s->start_timeout_defined)
                        s->timeout_start_usec = 0;

                service_fix_output(s);

                r = unit_patch_contexts(u);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = unit_add_exec_dependencies(u, &s->exec_context);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = unit_add_default_slice(u, &s->cgroup_context);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
                r = sysv_fix_order(s);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
#endif

                if (s->type == SERVICE_NOTIFY && s->notify_access == NOTIFY_NONE)
                        s->notify_access = NOTIFY_MAIN;

                if (s->watchdog_usec > 0 && s->notify_access == NOTIFY_NONE)
                        s->notify_access = NOTIFY_MAIN;

                if (s->bus_name) {
                        r = unit_watch_bus_name(u, s->bus_name);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                }

                if (u->default_dependencies) {
                        r = service_add_default_dependencies(s);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                }
        }

        return service_verify(s);
}

static void service_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {

        ServiceExecCommand c;
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
        const char *prefix2;
        _cleanup_free_ char *p2 = NULL;

        assert(s);

        p2 = strappend(prefix, "\t");
        prefix2 = p2 ? p2 : prefix;

        fprintf(f,
                "%sService State: %s\n"
                "%sResult: %s\n"
                "%sReload Result: %s\n"
                "%sPermissionsStartOnly: %s\n"
                "%sRootDirectoryStartOnly: %s\n"
                "%sRemainAfterExit: %s\n"
                "%sGuessMainPID: %s\n"
                "%sType: %s\n"
                "%sRestart: %s\n"
                "%sNotifyAccess: %s\n",
                prefix, service_state_to_string(s->state),
                prefix, service_result_to_string(s->result),
                prefix, service_result_to_string(s->reload_result),
                prefix, yes_no(s->permissions_start_only),
                prefix, yes_no(s->root_directory_start_only),
                prefix, yes_no(s->remain_after_exit),
                prefix, yes_no(s->guess_main_pid),
                prefix, service_type_to_string(s->type),
                prefix, service_restart_to_string(s->restart),
                prefix, notify_access_to_string(s->notify_access));

        if (s->control_pid > 0)
                fprintf(f,
                        "%sControl PID: "PID_FMT"\n",
                        prefix, s->control_pid);

        if (s->main_pid > 0)
                fprintf(f,
                        "%sMain PID: "PID_FMT"\n"
                        "%sMain PID Known: %s\n"
                        "%sMain PID Alien: %s\n",
                        prefix, s->main_pid,
                        prefix, yes_no(s->main_pid_known),
                        prefix, yes_no(s->main_pid_alien));

        if (s->pid_file)
                fprintf(f,
                        "%sPIDFile: %s\n",
                        prefix, s->pid_file);

        if (s->bus_name)
                fprintf(f,
                        "%sBusName: %s\n"
                        "%sBus Name Good: %s\n",
                        prefix, s->bus_name,
                        prefix, yes_no(s->bus_name_good));

        kill_context_dump(&s->kill_context, f, prefix);
        exec_context_dump(&s->exec_context, f, prefix);

        for (c = 0; c < _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX; c++) {

                if (!s->exec_command[c])
                        continue;

                fprintf(f, "%s-> %s:\n",
                        prefix, service_exec_command_to_string(c));

                exec_command_dump_list(s->exec_command[c], f, prefix2);
        }

#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
        if (s->is_sysv)
                fprintf(f,
                        "%sSysV Init Script has LSB Header: %s\n"
                        "%sSysVEnabled: %s\n",
                        prefix, yes_no(s->sysv_has_lsb),
                        prefix, yes_no(s->sysv_enabled));

        if (s->sysv_start_priority >= 0)
                fprintf(f,
                        "%sSysVStartPriority: %i\n",
                        prefix, s->sysv_start_priority);

        if (s->sysv_runlevels)
                fprintf(f, "%sSysVRunLevels: %s\n",
                        prefix, s->sysv_runlevels);
#endif

        if (s->status_text)
                fprintf(f, "%sStatus Text: %s\n",
                        prefix, s->status_text);
}

static int service_load_pid_file(Service *s, bool may_warn) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
        int r;
        pid_t pid;

        assert(s);

        if (!s->pid_file)
                return -ENOENT;

        r = read_one_line_file(s->pid_file, &k);
        if (r < 0) {
                if (may_warn)
                        log_info_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                      "PID file %s not readable (yet?) after %s.",
                                      s->pid_file, service_state_to_string(s->state));
                return r;
        }

        r = parse_pid(k, &pid);
        if (r < 0) {
                if (may_warn)
                        log_info_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                      "Failed to read PID from file %s: %s",
                                      s->pid_file, strerror(-r));
                return r;
        }

        if (!pid_is_alive(pid)) {
                if (may_warn)
                        log_info_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "PID "PID_FMT" read from file %s does not exist or is a zombie.", pid, s->pid_file);

                return -ESRCH;
        }

        if (s->main_pid_known) {
                if (pid == s->main_pid)
                        return 0;

                log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                               "Main PID changing: "PID_FMT" -> "PID_FMT,
                               s->main_pid, pid);
                service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
                s->main_pid_known = false;
        } else
                log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                               "Main PID loaded: "PID_FMT, pid);

        r = service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
        if (r < 0) {
                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "Failed to watch PID "PID_FMT" from service %s",
                                 pid, UNIT(s)->id);
                return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int service_search_main_pid(Service *s) {
        pid_t pid;
        int r;

        assert(s);

        /* If we know it anyway, don't ever fallback to unreliable
         * heuristics */
        if (s->main_pid_known)
                return 0;

        if (!s->guess_main_pid)
                return 0;

        assert(s->main_pid <= 0);

        pid = unit_search_main_pid(UNIT(s));
        if (pid <= 0)
                return -ENOENT;

        log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                       "Main PID guessed: "PID_FMT, pid);
        r = service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
        if (r < 0)
                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "Failed to watch PID "PID_FMT" from service %s",
                                 pid, UNIT(s)->id);
        return r;
}

static void service_set_state(Service *s, ServiceState state) {
        ServiceState old_state;
        const UnitActiveState *table;

        assert(s);

        table = s->type == SERVICE_IDLE ? state_translation_table_idle : state_translation_table;

        old_state = s->state;
        s->state = state;

        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);

        if (!IN_SET(state,
                    SERVICE_START_PRE, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST,
                    SERVICE_RELOAD,
                    SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL,
                    SERVICE_STOP_POST,
                    SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL,
                    SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART))
                s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);

        if (!IN_SET(state,
                    SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST,
                    SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_RELOAD,
                    SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL,
                    SERVICE_STOP_POST,
                    SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL)) {
                service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
                s->main_command = NULL;
        }

        if (!IN_SET(state,
                    SERVICE_START_PRE, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST,
                    SERVICE_RELOAD,
                    SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL,
                    SERVICE_STOP_POST,
                    SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL)) {
                service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
                s->control_command = NULL;
                s->control_command_id = _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
        }

        if (IN_SET(state, SERVICE_DEAD, SERVICE_FAILED, SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART))
                unit_unwatch_all_pids(UNIT(s));

        if (!IN_SET(state,
                    SERVICE_START_PRE, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST,
                    SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_RELOAD,
                    SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_STOP_POST,
                    SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL) &&
            !(state == SERVICE_DEAD && UNIT(s)->job)) {
                service_close_socket_fd(s);
                service_connection_unref(s);
        }

        if (!IN_SET(state, SERVICE_START_POST, SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_RELOAD))
                service_stop_watchdog(s);

        /* For the inactive states unit_notify() will trim the cgroup,
         * but for exit we have to do that ourselves... */
        if (state == SERVICE_EXITED && UNIT(s)->manager->n_reloading <= 0)
                unit_destroy_cgroup(UNIT(s));

        /* For remain_after_exit services, let's see if we can "release" the
         * hold on the console, since unit_notify() only does that in case of
         * change of state */
        if (state == SERVICE_EXITED && s->remain_after_exit &&
            UNIT(s)->manager->n_on_console > 0) {
                ExecContext *ec = unit_get_exec_context(UNIT(s));
                if (ec && exec_context_may_touch_console(ec)) {
                        Manager *m = UNIT(s)->manager;

                        m->n_on_console --;
                        if (m->n_on_console == 0)
                                /* unset no_console_output flag, since the console is free */
                                m->no_console_output = false;
                }
        }

        if (old_state != state)
                log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "%s changed %s -> %s", UNIT(s)->id, service_state_to_string(old_state), service_state_to_string(state));

        unit_notify(UNIT(s), table[old_state], table[state], s->reload_result == SERVICE_SUCCESS);
        s->reload_result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
}

static int service_coldplug(Unit *u) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
        int r;

        assert(s);
        assert(s->state == SERVICE_DEAD);

        if (s->deserialized_state != s->state) {

                if (IN_SET(s->deserialized_state,
                           SERVICE_START_PRE, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST,
                           SERVICE_RELOAD,
                           SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL,
                           SERVICE_STOP_POST,
                           SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL)) {

                        usec_t k;

                        k = IN_SET(s->deserialized_state, SERVICE_START_PRE, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST, SERVICE_RELOAD) ? s->timeout_start_usec : s->timeout_stop_usec;

                        /* For the start/stop timeouts 0 means off */
                        if (k > 0) {
                                r = service_arm_timer(s, k);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;
                        }
                }

                if (s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART) {

                        /* The restart timeouts 0 means immediately */
                        r = service_arm_timer(s, s->restart_usec);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                }

                if (pid_is_unwaited(s->main_pid) &&
                    ((s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_START && IN_SET(s->type, SERVICE_FORKING, SERVICE_DBUS, SERVICE_ONESHOT, SERVICE_NOTIFY)) ||
                     IN_SET(s->deserialized_state,
                            SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST,
                            SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_RELOAD,
                            SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL,
                            SERVICE_STOP_POST,
                            SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL))) {
                        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), s->main_pid);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                }

                if (pid_is_unwaited(s->control_pid) &&
                    IN_SET(s->deserialized_state,
                           SERVICE_START_PRE, SERVICE_START, SERVICE_START_POST,
                           SERVICE_RELOAD,
                           SERVICE_STOP, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL,
                           SERVICE_STOP_POST,
                           SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL)) {
                        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                }

                if (!IN_SET(s->deserialized_state, SERVICE_DEAD, SERVICE_FAILED, SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART))
                        unit_watch_all_pids(UNIT(s));

                if (IN_SET(s->deserialized_state, SERVICE_START_POST, SERVICE_RUNNING, SERVICE_RELOAD))
                        service_start_watchdog(s);

                service_set_state(s, s->deserialized_state);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int service_collect_fds(Service *s, int **fds, unsigned *n_fds) {
        Iterator i;
        int r;
        int *rfds = NULL;
        unsigned rn_fds = 0;
        Unit *u;

        assert(s);
        assert(fds);
        assert(n_fds);

        if (s->socket_fd >= 0)
                return 0;

        SET_FOREACH(u, UNIT(s)->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY], i) {
                int *cfds;
                unsigned cn_fds;
                Socket *sock;

                if (u->type != UNIT_SOCKET)
                        continue;

                sock = SOCKET(u);

                r = socket_collect_fds(sock, &cfds, &cn_fds);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto fail;

                if (!cfds)
                        continue;

                if (!rfds) {
                        rfds = cfds;
                        rn_fds = cn_fds;
                } else {
                        int *t;

                        t = new(int, rn_fds+cn_fds);
                        if (!t) {
                                free(cfds);
                                r = -ENOMEM;
                                goto fail;
                        }

                        memcpy(t, rfds, rn_fds * sizeof(int));
                        memcpy(t+rn_fds, cfds, cn_fds * sizeof(int));
                        free(rfds);
                        free(cfds);

                        rfds = t;
                        rn_fds = rn_fds+cn_fds;
                }
        }

        *fds = rfds;
        *n_fds = rn_fds;

        return 0;

fail:
        free(rfds);

        return r;
}

static int service_spawn(
                Service *s,
                ExecCommand *c,
                bool timeout,
                bool pass_fds,
                bool apply_permissions,
                bool apply_chroot,
                bool apply_tty_stdin,
                bool set_notify_socket,
                bool is_control,
                pid_t *_pid) {

        pid_t pid;
        int r;
        int *fds = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ int *fdsbuf = NULL;
        unsigned n_fds = 0, n_env = 0;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char
                **argv = NULL, **final_env = NULL, **our_env = NULL;
        const char *path;

        assert(s);
        assert(c);
        assert(_pid);

        unit_realize_cgroup(UNIT(s));

        r = unit_setup_exec_runtime(UNIT(s));
        if (r < 0)
                goto fail;

        if (pass_fds ||
            s->exec_context.std_input == EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET ||
            s->exec_context.std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET ||
            s->exec_context.std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET) {

                if (s->socket_fd >= 0) {
                        fds = &s->socket_fd;
                        n_fds = 1;
                } else {
                        r = service_collect_fds(s, &fdsbuf, &n_fds);
                        if (r < 0)
                                goto fail;

                        fds = fdsbuf;
                }
        }

        if (timeout && s->timeout_start_usec > 0) {
                r = service_arm_timer(s, s->timeout_start_usec);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto fail;
        } else
                s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);

        r = unit_full_printf_strv(UNIT(s), c->argv, &argv);
        if (r < 0)
                goto fail;

        our_env = new0(char*, 4);
        if (!our_env) {
                r = -ENOMEM;
                goto fail;
        }

        if (set_notify_socket)
                if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "NOTIFY_SOCKET=%s", UNIT(s)->manager->notify_socket) < 0) {
                        r = -ENOMEM;
                        goto fail;
                }

        if (s->main_pid > 0)
                if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "MAINPID="PID_FMT, s->main_pid) < 0) {
                        r = -ENOMEM;
                        goto fail;
                }

        if (UNIT(s)->manager->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
                if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "MANAGERPID="PID_FMT, getpid()) < 0) {
                        r = -ENOMEM;
                        goto fail;
                }

        final_env = strv_env_merge(2, UNIT(s)->manager->environment, our_env, NULL);
        if (!final_env) {
                r = -ENOMEM;
                goto fail;
        }

        if (is_control && UNIT(s)->cgroup_path) {
                path = strappenda(UNIT(s)->cgroup_path, "/control");
                cg_create(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, path);
        } else
                path = UNIT(s)->cgroup_path;

        r = exec_spawn(c,
                       argv,
                       &s->exec_context,
                       fds, n_fds,
                       final_env,
                       apply_permissions,
                       apply_chroot,
                       apply_tty_stdin,
                       UNIT(s)->manager->confirm_spawn,
                       UNIT(s)->manager->cgroup_supported,
                       path,
                       manager_get_runtime_prefix(UNIT(s)->manager),
                       UNIT(s)->id,
                       s->watchdog_usec,
                       s->type == SERVICE_IDLE ? UNIT(s)->manager->idle_pipe : NULL,
                       s->exec_runtime,
                       &pid);
        if (r < 0)
                goto fail;

        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
        if (r < 0)
                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
                goto fail;

        *_pid = pid;

        return 0;

fail:
        if (timeout)
                s->timer_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(s->timer_event_source);

        return r;
}

static int main_pid_good(Service *s) {
        assert(s);

        /* Returns 0 if the pid is dead, 1 if it is good, -1 if we
         * don't know */

        /* If we know the pid file, then lets just check if it is
         * still valid */
        if (s->main_pid_known) {

                /* If it's an alien child let's check if it is still
                 * alive ... */
                if (s->main_pid_alien && s->main_pid > 0)
                        return pid_is_alive(s->main_pid);

                /* .. otherwise assume we'll get a SIGCHLD for it,
                 * which we really should wait for to collect exit
                 * status and code */
                return s->main_pid > 0;
        }

        /* We don't know the pid */
        return -EAGAIN;
}

_pure_ static int control_pid_good(Service *s) {
        assert(s);

        return s->control_pid > 0;
}

static int cgroup_good(Service *s) {
        int r;

        assert(s);

        if (!UNIT(s)->cgroup_path)
                return 0;

        r = cg_is_empty_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, UNIT(s)->cgroup_path, true);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return !r;
}

static void service_enter_dead(Service *s, ServiceResult f, bool allow_restart) {
        int r;
        assert(s);

        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
                s->result = f;

        service_set_state(s, s->result != SERVICE_SUCCESS ? SERVICE_FAILED : SERVICE_DEAD);

        if (allow_restart &&
            !s->forbid_restart &&
            (s->restart == SERVICE_RESTART_ALWAYS ||
             (s->restart == SERVICE_RESTART_ON_SUCCESS && s->result == SERVICE_SUCCESS) ||
             (s->restart == SERVICE_RESTART_ON_FAILURE && s->result != SERVICE_SUCCESS) ||
             (s->restart == SERVICE_RESTART_ON_WATCHDOG && s->result == SERVICE_FAILURE_WATCHDOG) ||
             (s->restart == SERVICE_RESTART_ON_ABORT && (s->result == SERVICE_FAILURE_SIGNAL ||
                                                         s->result == SERVICE_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP))) &&
            (s->result != SERVICE_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE ||
             !set_contains(s->restart_ignore_status.code, INT_TO_PTR(s->main_exec_status.status))) &&
            (s->result != SERVICE_FAILURE_SIGNAL ||
             !set_contains(s->restart_ignore_status.signal, INT_TO_PTR(s->main_exec_status.status)))) {

                r = service_arm_timer(s, s->restart_usec);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto fail;

                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART);
        }

        s->forbid_restart = false;

        /* We want fresh tmpdirs in case service is started again immediately */
        exec_runtime_destroy(s->exec_runtime);
        s->exec_runtime = exec_runtime_unref(s->exec_runtime);

        /* Also, remove the runtime directory in */
        exec_context_destroy_runtime_directory(&s->exec_context, manager_get_runtime_prefix(UNIT(s)->manager));

        /* Try to delete the pid file. At this point it will be
         * out-of-date, and some software might be confused by it, so
         * let's remove it. */
        if (s->pid_file)
                unlink_noerrno(s->pid_file);

        return;

fail:
        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                         "%s failed to run install restart timer: %s",
                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, false);
}

static void service_enter_stop_post(Service *s, ServiceResult f) {
        int r;
        assert(s);

        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
                s->result = f;

        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
        unit_watch_all_pids(UNIT(s));

        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST];
        if (s->control_command) {
                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST;

                r = service_spawn(s,
                                  s->control_command,
                                  true,
                                  false,
                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
                                  true,
                                  false,
                                  true,
                                  &s->control_pid);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto fail;

                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_STOP_POST);
        } else
                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_SUCCESS);

        return;

fail:
        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                         "%s failed to run 'stop-post' task: %s",
                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
}

static void service_enter_signal(Service *s, ServiceState state, ServiceResult f) {
        int r;

        assert(s);

        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
                s->result = f;

        unit_watch_all_pids(UNIT(s));

        r = unit_kill_context(
                        UNIT(s),
                        &s->kill_context,
                        state != SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM && state != SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM,
                        s->main_pid,
                        s->control_pid,
                        s->main_pid_alien);

        if (r < 0)
                goto fail;

        if (r > 0) {
                if (s->timeout_stop_usec > 0) {
                        r = service_arm_timer(s, s->timeout_stop_usec);
                        if (r < 0)
                                goto fail;
                }

                service_set_state(s, state);
        } else if (state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM)
                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
        else if (state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL)
                service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
        else if (state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM)
                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
        else
                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS, true);

        return;

fail:
        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                         "%s failed to kill processes: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));

        if (state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM || state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL)
                service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
        else
                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, true);
}

static void service_enter_stop(Service *s, ServiceResult f) {
        int r;

        assert(s);

        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
                s->result = f;

        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
        unit_watch_all_pids(UNIT(s));

        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_STOP];
        if (s->control_command) {
                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_STOP;

                r = service_spawn(s,
                                  s->control_command,
                                  true,
                                  false,
                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
                                  false,
                                  false,
                                  true,
                                  &s->control_pid);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto fail;

                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_STOP);
        } else
                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_SUCCESS);

        return;

fail:
        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                         "%s failed to run 'stop' task: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
}

static void service_enter_running(Service *s, ServiceResult f) {
        int main_pid_ok, cgroup_ok;
        assert(s);

        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
                s->result = f;

        main_pid_ok = main_pid_good(s);
        cgroup_ok = cgroup_good(s);

        if ((main_pid_ok > 0 || (main_pid_ok < 0 && cgroup_ok != 0)) &&
            (s->bus_name_good || s->type != SERVICE_DBUS))
                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_RUNNING);
        else if (s->remain_after_exit)
                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_EXITED);
        else
                service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
}

static void service_enter_start_post(Service *s) {
        int r;
        assert(s);

        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
        service_reset_watchdog(s);

        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST];
        if (s->control_command) {
                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST;

                r = service_spawn(s,
                                  s->control_command,
                                  true,
                                  false,
                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
                                  false,
                                  false,
                                  true,
                                  &s->control_pid);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto fail;

                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_START_POST);
        } else
                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);

        return;

fail:
        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                         "%s failed to run 'start-post' task: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
        service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
}

static void service_kill_control_processes(Service *s) {
        char *p;

        if (!UNIT(s)->cgroup_path)
                return;

        p = strappenda(UNIT(s)->cgroup_path, "/control");
        cg_kill_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, p, SIGKILL, true, true, true, NULL);
}

static void service_enter_start(Service *s) {
        ExecCommand *c;
        pid_t pid;
        int r;

        assert(s);

        assert(s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]);
        assert(!s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]->command_next || s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT);

        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
        service_unwatch_main_pid(s);

        /* We want to ensure that nobody leaks processes from
         * START_PRE here, so let's go on a killing spree, People
         * should not spawn long running processes from START_PRE. */
        service_kill_control_processes(s);

        if (s->type == SERVICE_FORKING) {
                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_START;
                c = s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START];

                s->main_command = NULL;
        } else {
                s->control_command_id = _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
                s->control_command = NULL;

                c = s->main_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START];
        }

        r = service_spawn(s,
                          c,
                          s->type == SERVICE_FORKING || s->type == SERVICE_DBUS ||
                            s->type == SERVICE_NOTIFY || s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT,
                          true,
                          true,
                          true,
                          true,
                          s->notify_access != NOTIFY_NONE,
                          false,
                          &pid);
        if (r < 0)
                goto fail;

        if (s->type == SERVICE_SIMPLE || s->type == SERVICE_IDLE) {
                /* For simple services we immediately start
                 * the START_POST binaries. */

                service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
                service_enter_start_post(s);

        } else  if (s->type == SERVICE_FORKING) {

                /* For forking services we wait until the start
                 * process exited. */

                s->control_pid = pid;
                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_START);

        } else if (s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT ||
                   s->type == SERVICE_DBUS ||
                   s->type == SERVICE_NOTIFY) {

                /* For oneshot services we wait until the start
                 * process exited, too, but it is our main process. */

                /* For D-Bus services we know the main pid right away,
                 * but wait for the bus name to appear on the
                 * bus. Notify services are similar. */

                service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_START);
        } else
                assert_not_reached("Unknown service type");

        return;

fail:
        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                         "%s failed to run 'start' task: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
}

static void service_enter_start_pre(Service *s) {
        int r;

        assert(s);

        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);

        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE];
        if (s->control_command) {
                /* Before we start anything, let's clear up what might
                 * be left from previous runs. */
                service_kill_control_processes(s);

                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE;

                r = service_spawn(s,
                                  s->control_command,
                                  true,
                                  false,
                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
                                  true,
                                  false,
                                  true,
                                  &s->control_pid);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto fail;

                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_START_PRE);
        } else
                service_enter_start(s);

        return;

fail:
        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                         "%s failed to run 'start-pre' task: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, true);
}

static void service_enter_restart(Service *s) {
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        int r;

        assert(s);

        if (UNIT(s)->job && UNIT(s)->job->type == JOB_STOP) {
                /* Don't restart things if we are going down anyway */
                log_info_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                              "Stop job pending for unit, delaying automatic restart.");

                r = service_arm_timer(s, s->restart_usec);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto fail;

                return;
        }

        /* Any units that are bound to this service must also be
         * restarted. We use JOB_RESTART (instead of the more obvious
         * JOB_START) here so that those dependency jobs will be added
         * as well. */
        r = manager_add_job(UNIT(s)->manager, JOB_RESTART, UNIT(s), JOB_FAIL, false, &error, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                goto fail;

        /* Note that we stay in the SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART state here,
         * it will be canceled as part of the service_stop() call that
         * is executed as part of JOB_RESTART. */

        log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                       "%s scheduled restart job.", UNIT(s)->id);
        return;

fail:
        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                         "%s failed to schedule restart job: %s",
                         UNIT(s)->id, bus_error_message(&error, -r));
        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, false);
}

static void service_enter_reload(Service *s) {
        int r;

        assert(s);

        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);

        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD];
        if (s->control_command) {
                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD;

                r = service_spawn(s,
                                  s->control_command,
                                  true,
                                  false,
                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
                                  false,
                                  false,
                                  true,
                                  &s->control_pid);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto fail;

                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_RELOAD);
        } else
                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);

        return;

fail:
        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                         "%s failed to run 'reload' task: %s",
                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
        s->reload_result = SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES;
        service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
}

static void service_run_next_control(Service *s) {
        int r;

        assert(s);
        assert(s->control_command);
        assert(s->control_command->command_next);

        assert(s->control_command_id != SERVICE_EXEC_START);

        s->control_command = s->control_command->command_next;
        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);

        r = service_spawn(s,
                          s->control_command,
                          true,
                          false,
                          !s->permissions_start_only,
                          !s->root_directory_start_only,
                          s->control_command_id == SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE ||
                          s->control_command_id == SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST,
                          false,
                          true,
                          &s->control_pid);
        if (r < 0)
                goto fail;

        return;

fail:
        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                         "%s failed to run next control task: %s",
                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));

        if (s->state == SERVICE_START_PRE)
                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
        else if (s->state == SERVICE_STOP)
                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
        else if (s->state == SERVICE_STOP_POST)
                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, true);
        else if (s->state == SERVICE_RELOAD) {
                s->reload_result = SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES;
                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
        } else
                service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
}

static void service_run_next_main(Service *s) {
        pid_t pid;
        int r;

        assert(s);
        assert(s->main_command);
        assert(s->main_command->command_next);
        assert(s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT);

        s->main_command = s->main_command->command_next;
        service_unwatch_main_pid(s);

        r = service_spawn(s,
                          s->main_command,
                          true,
                          true,
                          true,
                          true,
                          true,
                          s->notify_access != NOTIFY_NONE,
                          false,
                          &pid);
        if (r < 0)
                goto fail;

        service_set_main_pid(s, pid);

        return;

fail:
        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                         "%s failed to run next main task: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
        service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
}

static int service_start_limit_test(Service *s) {
        assert(s);

        if (ratelimit_test(&s->start_limit))
                return 0;

        switch (s->start_limit_action) {

        case SERVICE_START_LIMIT_NONE:
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "%s start request repeated too quickly, refusing to start.",
                                 UNIT(s)->id);
                break;

        case SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT: {
                _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
                int r;

                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "%s start request repeated too quickly, rebooting.", UNIT(s)->id);

                r = manager_add_job_by_name(UNIT(s)->manager, JOB_START,
                                            SPECIAL_REBOOT_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE,
                                            true, &error, NULL);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                       "Failed to reboot: %s.", bus_error_message(&error, r));

                break;
        }

        case SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT_FORCE:
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "%s start request repeated too quickly, forcibly rebooting.", UNIT(s)->id);
                UNIT(s)->manager->exit_code = MANAGER_REBOOT;
                break;

        case SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT_IMMEDIATE:
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "%s start request repeated too quickly, rebooting immediately.", UNIT(s)->id);
                sync();
                reboot(RB_AUTOBOOT);
                break;

        default:
                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                               "start limit action=%i", s->start_limit_action);
                assert_not_reached("Unknown StartLimitAction.");
        }

        return -ECANCELED;
}

static int service_start(Unit *u) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
        int r;

        assert(s);

        /* We cannot fulfill this request right now, try again later
         * please! */
        if (s->state == SERVICE_STOP ||
            s->state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM ||
            s->state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL ||
            s->state == SERVICE_STOP_POST ||
            s->state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM ||
            s->state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL)
                return -EAGAIN;

        /* Already on it! */
        if (s->state == SERVICE_START_PRE ||
            s->state == SERVICE_START ||
            s->state == SERVICE_START_POST)
                return 0;

        /* A service that will be restarted must be stopped first to
         * trigger BindsTo and/or OnFailure dependencies. If a user
         * does not want to wait for the holdoff time to elapse, the
         * service should be manually restarted, not started. We
         * simply return EAGAIN here, so that any start jobs stay
         * queued, and assume that the auto restart timer will
         * eventually trigger the restart. */
        if (s->state == SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART)
                return -EAGAIN;

        assert(s->state == SERVICE_DEAD || s->state == SERVICE_FAILED);

        /* Make sure we don't enter a busy loop of some kind. */
        r = service_start_limit_test(s);
        if (r < 0) {
                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_START_LIMIT, false);
                return r;
        }

        s->result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
        s->reload_result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
        s->main_pid_known = false;
        s->main_pid_alien = false;
        s->forbid_restart = false;

        service_enter_start_pre(s);
        return 0;
}

static int service_stop(Unit *u) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);

        assert(s);

        /* Don't create restart jobs from here. */
        s->forbid_restart = true;

        /* Already on it */
        if (s->state == SERVICE_STOP ||
            s->state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM ||
            s->state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL ||
            s->state == SERVICE_STOP_POST ||
            s->state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM ||
            s->state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL)
                return 0;

        /* A restart will be scheduled or is in progress. */
        if (s->state == SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART) {
                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_DEAD);
                return 0;
        }

        /* If there's already something running we go directly into
         * kill mode. */
        if (s->state == SERVICE_START_PRE ||
            s->state == SERVICE_START ||
            s->state == SERVICE_START_POST ||
            s->state == SERVICE_RELOAD) {
                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
                return 0;
        }

        assert(s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING ||
               s->state == SERVICE_EXITED);

        service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
        return 0;
}

static int service_reload(Unit *u) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);

        assert(s);

        assert(s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING || s->state == SERVICE_EXITED);

        service_enter_reload(s);
        return 0;
}

_pure_ static bool service_can_reload(Unit *u) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);

        assert(s);

        return !!s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD];
}

static int service_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);

        assert(u);
        assert(f);
        assert(fds);

        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", service_state_to_string(s->state));
        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", service_result_to_string(s->result));
        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "reload-result", service_result_to_string(s->reload_result));

        if (s->control_pid > 0)
                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "control-pid", PID_FMT,
                                           s->control_pid);

        if (s->main_pid_known && s->main_pid > 0)
                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "main-pid", PID_FMT, s->main_pid);

        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "main-pid-known", yes_no(s->main_pid_known));

        if (s->status_text)
                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "status-text", s->status_text);

        /* FIXME: There's a minor uncleanliness here: if there are
         * multiple commands attached here, we will start from the
         * first one again */
        if (s->control_command_id >= 0)
                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "control-command",
                                    service_exec_command_to_string(s->control_command_id));

        if (s->socket_fd >= 0) {
                int copy;

                if ((copy = fdset_put_dup(fds, s->socket_fd)) < 0)
                        return copy;

                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "socket-fd", "%i", copy);
        }

        if (s->main_exec_status.pid > 0) {
                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "main-exec-status-pid", PID_FMT,
                                           s->main_exec_status.pid);
                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "main-exec-status-start",
                                         &s->main_exec_status.start_timestamp);
                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "main-exec-status-exit",
                                         &s->main_exec_status.exit_timestamp);

                if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&s->main_exec_status.exit_timestamp)) {
                        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "main-exec-status-code", "%i",
                                                   s->main_exec_status.code);
                        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "main-exec-status-status", "%i",
                                                   s->main_exec_status.status);
                }
        }
        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&s->watchdog_timestamp))
                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "watchdog-timestamp", &s->watchdog_timestamp);

        if (s->forbid_restart)
                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "forbid-restart", yes_no(s->forbid_restart));

        return 0;
}

static int service_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);

        assert(u);
        assert(key);
        assert(value);
        assert(fds);

        if (streq(key, "state")) {
                ServiceState state;

                state = service_state_from_string(value);
                if (state < 0)
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse state value %s", value);
                else
                        s->deserialized_state = state;
        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
                ServiceResult f;

                f = service_result_from_string(value);
                if (f < 0)
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse result value %s", value);
                else if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
                        s->result = f;

        } else if (streq(key, "reload-result")) {
                ServiceResult f;

                f = service_result_from_string(value);
                if (f < 0)
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse reload result value %s", value);
                else if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
                        s->reload_result = f;

        } else if (streq(key, "control-pid")) {
                pid_t pid;

                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse control-pid value %s", value);
                else
                        s->control_pid = pid;
        } else if (streq(key, "main-pid")) {
                pid_t pid;

                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse main-pid value %s", value);
                else {
                        service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
                        unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
                }
        } else if (streq(key, "main-pid-known")) {
                int b;

                b = parse_boolean(value);
                if (b < 0)
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse main-pid-known value %s", value);
                else
                        s->main_pid_known = b;
        } else if (streq(key, "status-text")) {
                char *t;

                t = strdup(value);
                if (!t)
                        log_oom();
                else {
                        free(s->status_text);
                        s->status_text = t;
                }

        } else if (streq(key, "control-command")) {
                ServiceExecCommand id;

                id = service_exec_command_from_string(value);
                if (id < 0)
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse exec-command value %s", value);
                else {
                        s->control_command_id = id;
                        s->control_command = s->exec_command[id];
                }
        } else if (streq(key, "socket-fd")) {
                int fd;

                if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse socket-fd value %s", value);
                else {

                        safe_close(s->socket_fd);
                        s->socket_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
                }
        } else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-pid")) {
                pid_t pid;

                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse main-exec-status-pid value %s", value);
                else
                        s->main_exec_status.pid = pid;
        } else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-code")) {
                int i;

                if (safe_atoi(value, &i) < 0)
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse main-exec-status-code value %s", value);
                else
                        s->main_exec_status.code = i;
        } else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-status")) {
                int i;

                if (safe_atoi(value, &i) < 0)
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse main-exec-status-status value %s", value);
                else
                        s->main_exec_status.status = i;
        } else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-start"))
                dual_timestamp_deserialize(value, &s->main_exec_status.start_timestamp);
        else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-exit"))
                dual_timestamp_deserialize(value, &s->main_exec_status.exit_timestamp);
        else if (streq(key, "watchdog-timestamp"))
                dual_timestamp_deserialize(value, &s->watchdog_timestamp);
        else if (streq(key, "forbid-restart")) {
                int b;

                b = parse_boolean(value);
                if (b < 0)
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse forbid-restart value %s", value);
                else
                        s->forbid_restart = b;
        } else
                log_debug_unit(u->id, "Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);

        return 0;
}

_pure_ static UnitActiveState service_active_state(Unit *u) {
        const UnitActiveState *table;

        assert(u);

        table = SERVICE(u)->type == SERVICE_IDLE ? state_translation_table_idle : state_translation_table;

        return table[SERVICE(u)->state];
}

static const char *service_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
        assert(u);

        return service_state_to_string(SERVICE(u)->state);
}

static bool service_check_gc(Unit *u) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);

        assert(s);

        /* Never clean up services that still have a process around,
         * even if the service is formally dead. */
        if (cgroup_good(s) > 0 ||
            main_pid_good(s) > 0 ||
            control_pid_good(s) > 0)
                return true;

#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
        if (s->is_sysv)
                return true;
#endif

        return false;
}

_pure_ static bool service_check_snapshot(Unit *u) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);

        assert(s);

        return (s->socket_fd < 0);
}

static int service_retry_pid_file(Service *s) {
        int r;

        assert(s->pid_file);
        assert(s->state == SERVICE_START || s->state == SERVICE_START_POST);

        r = service_load_pid_file(s, false);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);

        service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
        return 0;
}

static int service_watch_pid_file(Service *s) {
        int r;

        log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                       "Setting watch for %s's PID file %s",
                       UNIT(s)->id, s->pid_file_pathspec->path);
        r = path_spec_watch(s->pid_file_pathspec, service_dispatch_io);
        if (r < 0)
                goto fail;

        /* the pidfile might have appeared just before we set the watch */
        log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                       "Trying to read %s's PID file %s in case it changed",
                       UNIT(s)->id, s->pid_file_pathspec->path);
        service_retry_pid_file(s);

        return 0;
fail:
        log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                       "Failed to set a watch for %s's PID file %s: %s",
                       UNIT(s)->id, s->pid_file_pathspec->path, strerror(-r));
        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
        return r;
}

static int service_demand_pid_file(Service *s) {
        PathSpec *ps;

        assert(s->pid_file);
        assert(!s->pid_file_pathspec);

        ps = new0(PathSpec, 1);
        if (!ps)
                return -ENOMEM;

        ps->unit = UNIT(s);
        ps->path = strdup(s->pid_file);
        if (!ps->path) {
                free(ps);
                return -ENOMEM;
        }

        path_kill_slashes(ps->path);

        /* PATH_CHANGED would not be enough. There are daemons (sendmail) that
         * keep their PID file open all the time. */
        ps->type = PATH_MODIFIED;
        ps->inotify_fd = -1;

        s->pid_file_pathspec = ps;

        return service_watch_pid_file(s);
}

static int service_dispatch_io(sd_event_source *source, int fd, uint32_t events, void *userdata) {
        PathSpec *p = userdata;
        Service *s;

        assert(p);

        s = SERVICE(p->unit);

        assert(s);
        assert(fd >= 0);
        assert(s->state == SERVICE_START || s->state == SERVICE_START_POST);
        assert(s->pid_file_pathspec);
        assert(path_spec_owns_inotify_fd(s->pid_file_pathspec, fd));

        log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "inotify event for %s", UNIT(s)->id);

        if (path_spec_fd_event(p, events) < 0)
                goto fail;

        if (service_retry_pid_file(s) == 0)
                return 0;

        if (service_watch_pid_file(s) < 0)
                goto fail;

        return 0;

fail:
        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
        return 0;
}

static void service_notify_cgroup_empty_event(Unit *u) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);

        assert(u);

        log_debug_unit(u->id, "%s: cgroup is empty", u->id);

        switch (s->state) {

                /* Waiting for SIGCHLD is usually more interesting,
                 * because it includes return codes/signals. Which is
                 * why we ignore the cgroup events for most cases,
                 * except when we don't know pid which to expect the
                 * SIGCHLD for. */

        case SERVICE_START:
        case SERVICE_START_POST:
                /* If we were hoping for the daemon to write its PID file,
                 * we can give up now. */
                if (s->pid_file_pathspec) {
                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
                                         "%s never wrote its PID file. Failing.", UNIT(s)->id);
                        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
                        if (s->state == SERVICE_START)
                                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
                        else
                                service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
                }
                break;

        case SERVICE_RUNNING:
                /* service_enter_running() will figure out what to do */
                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
                break;

        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:

                if (main_pid_good(s) <= 0 && !control_pid_good(s))
                        service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);

                break;

        case SERVICE_STOP_POST:
        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM:
        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL:
                if (main_pid_good(s) <= 0 && !control_pid_good(s))
                        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS, true);

                break;

        default:
                ;
        }
}

static void service_sigchld_event(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
        ServiceResult f;

        assert(s);
        assert(pid >= 0);

        if (UNIT(s)->fragment_path ? is_clean_exit(code, status, &s->success_status) :
                                     is_clean_exit_lsb(code, status, &s->success_status))
                f = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
        else if (code == CLD_EXITED)
                f = SERVICE_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE;
        else if (code == CLD_KILLED)
                f = SERVICE_FAILURE_SIGNAL;
        else if (code == CLD_DUMPED)
                f = SERVICE_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP;
        else
                assert_not_reached("Unknown code");

        if (s->main_pid == pid) {
                /* Forking services may occasionally move to a new PID.
                 * As long as they update the PID file before exiting the old
                 * PID, they're fine. */
                if (service_load_pid_file(s, false) == 0)
                        return;

                s->main_pid = 0;
                exec_status_exit(&s->main_exec_status, &s->exec_context, pid, code, status);

                if (s->main_command) {
                        /* If this is not a forking service than the
                         * main process got started and hence we copy
                         * the exit status so that it is recorded both
                         * as main and as control process exit
                         * status */

                        s->main_command->exec_status = s->main_exec_status;

                        if (s->main_command->ignore)
                                f = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
                } else if (s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]) {

                        /* If this is a forked process, then we should
                         * ignore the return value if this was
                         * configured for the starter process */

                        if (s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]->ignore)
                                f = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
                }

                log_struct_unit(f == SERVICE_SUCCESS ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE,
                           u->id,
                           "MESSAGE=%s: main process exited, code=%s, status=%i/%s",
                                  u->id, sigchld_code_to_string(code), status,
                                  strna(code == CLD_EXITED
                                        ? exit_status_to_string(status, EXIT_STATUS_FULL)
                                        : signal_to_string(status)),
                           "EXIT_CODE=%s", sigchld_code_to_string(code),
                           "EXIT_STATUS=%i", status,
                           NULL);

                if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
                        s->result = f;

                if (s->main_command &&
                    s->main_command->command_next &&
                    f == SERVICE_SUCCESS) {

                        /* There is another command to *
                         * execute, so let's do that. */

                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
                                       "%s running next main command for state %s",
                                       u->id, service_state_to_string(s->state));
                        service_run_next_main(s);

                } else {

                        /* The service exited, so the service is officially
                         * gone. */
                        s->main_command = NULL;

                        switch (s->state) {

                        case SERVICE_START_POST:
                        case SERVICE_RELOAD:
                        case SERVICE_STOP:
                                /* Need to wait until the operation is
                                 * done */
                                break;

                        case SERVICE_START:
                                if (s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT) {
                                        /* This was our main goal, so let's go on */
                                        if (f == SERVICE_SUCCESS)
                                                service_enter_start_post(s);
                                        else
                                                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, f);
                                        break;
                                }

                                /* Fall through */

                        case SERVICE_RUNNING:
                                service_enter_running(s, f);
                                break;

                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:

                                if (!control_pid_good(s))
                                        service_enter_stop_post(s, f);

                                /* If there is still a control process, wait for that first */
                                break;

                        case SERVICE_STOP_POST:
                        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM:
                        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL:

                                if (!control_pid_good(s))
                                        service_enter_dead(s, f, true);
                                break;

                        default:
                                assert_not_reached("Uh, main process died at wrong time.");
                        }
                }

        } else if (s->control_pid == pid) {
                s->control_pid = 0;

                if (s->control_command) {
                        exec_status_exit(&s->control_command->exec_status,
                                         &s->exec_context, pid, code, status);

                        if (s->control_command->ignore)
                                f = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
                }

                log_full_unit(f == SERVICE_SUCCESS ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE, u->id,
                              "%s: control process exited, code=%s status=%i",
                              u->id, sigchld_code_to_string(code), status);

                if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
                        s->result = f;

                /* Immediately get rid of the cgroup, so that the
                 * kernel doesn't delay the cgroup empty messages for
                 * the service cgroup any longer than necessary */
                service_kill_control_processes(s);

                if (s->control_command &&
                    s->control_command->command_next &&
                    f == SERVICE_SUCCESS) {

                        /* There is another command to *
                         * execute, so let's do that. */

                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
                                       "%s running next control command for state %s",
                                       u->id, service_state_to_string(s->state));
                        service_run_next_control(s);

                } else {
                        /* No further commands for this step, so let's
                         * figure out what to do next */

                        s->control_command = NULL;
                        s->control_command_id = _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;

                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
                                       "%s got final SIGCHLD for state %s",
                                       u->id, service_state_to_string(s->state));

                        switch (s->state) {

                        case SERVICE_START_PRE:
                                if (f == SERVICE_SUCCESS)
                                        service_enter_start(s);
                                else
                                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, f);
                                break;

                        case SERVICE_START:
                                if (s->type != SERVICE_FORKING)
                                        /* Maybe spurious event due to a reload that changed the type? */
                                        break;

                                if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
                                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, f);
                                        break;
                                }

                                if (s->pid_file) {
                                        bool has_start_post;
                                        int r;

                                        /* Let's try to load the pid file here if we can.
                                         * The PID file might actually be created by a START_POST
                                         * script. In that case don't worry if the loading fails. */

                                        has_start_post = !!s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST];
                                        r = service_load_pid_file(s, !has_start_post);
                                        if (!has_start_post && r < 0) {
                                                r = service_demand_pid_file(s);
                                                if (r < 0 || !cgroup_good(s))
                                                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
                                                break;
                                        }
                                } else
                                        service_search_main_pid(s);

                                service_enter_start_post(s);
                                break;

                        case SERVICE_START_POST:
                                if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
                                        service_enter_stop(s, f);
                                        break;
                                }

                                if (s->pid_file) {
                                        int r;

                                        r = service_load_pid_file(s, true);
                                        if (r < 0) {
                                                r = service_demand_pid_file(s);
                                                if (r < 0 || !cgroup_good(s))
                                                        service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
                                                break;
                                        }
                                } else
                                        service_search_main_pid(s);

                                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
                                break;

                        case SERVICE_RELOAD:
                                if (f == SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
                                        service_load_pid_file(s, true);
                                        service_search_main_pid(s);
                                }

                                s->reload_result = f;
                                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
                                break;

                        case SERVICE_STOP:
                                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, f);
                                break;

                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:
                                if (main_pid_good(s) <= 0)
                                        service_enter_stop_post(s, f);

                                /* If there is still a service
                                 * process around, wait until
                                 * that one quit, too */
                                break;

                        case SERVICE_STOP_POST:
                        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM:
                        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL:
                                if (main_pid_good(s) <= 0)
                                        service_enter_dead(s, f, true);
                                break;

                        default:
                                assert_not_reached("Uh, control process died at wrong time.");
                        }
                }
        }

        /* Notify clients about changed exit status */
        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);

        /* We got one SIGCHLD for the service, let's watch all
         * processes that are now running of the service, and watch
         * that. Among the PIDs we then watch will be children
         * reassigned to us, which hopefully allows us to identify
         * when all children are gone */
        unit_tidy_watch_pids(u, s->main_pid, s->control_pid);
        unit_watch_all_pids(u);

        /* If the PID set is empty now, then let's finish this off */
        if (set_isempty(u->pids))
                service_notify_cgroup_empty_event(u);
}

static int service_dispatch_timer(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(userdata);

        assert(s);
        assert(source == s->timer_event_source);

        switch (s->state) {

        case SERVICE_START_PRE:
        case SERVICE_START:
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "%s %s operation timed out. Terminating.",
                                 UNIT(s)->id,
                                 s->state == SERVICE_START ? "start" : "start-pre");
                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
                break;

        case SERVICE_START_POST:
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "%s start-post operation timed out. Stopping.", UNIT(s)->id);
                service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
                break;

        case SERVICE_RELOAD:
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "%s reload operation timed out. Stopping.", UNIT(s)->id);
                s->reload_result = SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT;
                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
                break;

        case SERVICE_STOP:
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "%s stopping timed out. Terminating.", UNIT(s)->id);
                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
                break;

        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                         "%s stop-sigterm timed out. Killing.", UNIT(s)->id);
                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
                } else {
                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                         "%s stop-sigterm timed out. Skipping SIGKILL.", UNIT(s)->id);
                        service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
                }

                break;

        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:
                /* Uh, we sent a SIGKILL and it is still not gone?
                 * Must be something we cannot kill, so let's just be
                 * weirded out and continue */

                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "%s still around after SIGKILL. Ignoring.", UNIT(s)->id);
                service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
                break;

        case SERVICE_STOP_POST:
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "%s stop-post timed out. Terminating.", UNIT(s)->id);
                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
                break;

        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM:
                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                         "%s stop-final-sigterm timed out. Killing.", UNIT(s)->id);
                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
                } else {
                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                         "%s stop-final-sigterm timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Entering failed mode.",
                                         UNIT(s)->id);
                        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT, false);
                }

                break;

        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL:
                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                                 "%s still around after final SIGKILL. Entering failed mode.", UNIT(s)->id);
                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT, true);
                break;

        case SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART:
                log_info_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
                              s->restart_usec > 0 ?
                              "%s holdoff time over, scheduling restart." :
                              "%s has no holdoff time, scheduling restart.",
                              UNIT(s)->id);
                service_enter_restart(s);
                break;

        default:
                assert_not_reached("Timeout at wrong time.");
        }

        return 0;
}

static int service_dispatch_watchdog(sd_event_source *source, usec_t usec, void *userdata) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(userdata);

        assert(s);
        assert(source == s->watchdog_event_source);

        log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "%s watchdog timeout!", UNIT(s)->id);
        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_WATCHDOG);

        return 0;
}

static void service_notify_message(Unit *u, pid_t pid, char **tags) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
        const char *e;
        bool notify_dbus = false;

        assert(u);

        log_debug_unit(u->id, "%s: Got notification message from PID "PID_FMT" (%s...)",
                       u->id, pid, tags && *tags ? tags[0] : "(empty)");

        if (s->notify_access == NOTIFY_NONE) {
                log_warning_unit(u->id,
                                 "%s: Got notification message from PID "PID_FMT", but reception is disabled.",
                                 u->id, pid);
                return;
        }

        if (s->notify_access == NOTIFY_MAIN && pid != s->main_pid) {

                if (s->main_pid != 0)
                        log_warning_unit(u->id, "%s: Got notification message from PID "PID_FMT", but reception only permitted for main PID "PID_FMT, u->id, pid, s->main_pid);
                else
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "%s: Got notification message from PID "PID_FMT", but reception only permitted for main PID which is currently not known", u->id, pid);
                return;
        }

        /* Interpret MAINPID= */
        if ((e = strv_find_prefix(tags, "MAINPID=")) &&
            (s->state == SERVICE_START ||
             s->state == SERVICE_START_POST ||
             s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING ||
             s->state == SERVICE_RELOAD)) {

                if (parse_pid(e + 8, &pid) < 0)
                        log_warning_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse notification message %s", e);
                else {
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "%s: got %s", u->id, e);
                        service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
                        unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
                        notify_dbus = true;
                }
        }

        /* Interpret READY= */
        if (s->type == SERVICE_NOTIFY && s->state == SERVICE_START && strv_find(tags, "READY=1")) {
                log_debug_unit(u->id, "%s: got READY=1", u->id);
                service_enter_start_post(s);
                notify_dbus = true;
        }

        /* Interpret STATUS= */
        e = strv_find_prefix(tags, "STATUS=");
        if (e) {
                char *t;

                if (e[7]) {
                        if (!utf8_is_valid(e+7)) {
                                log_warning_unit(u->id, "Status message in notification is not UTF-8 clean.");
                                return;
                        }

                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "%s: got %s", u->id, e);

                        t = strdup(e+7);
                        if (!t) {
                                log_oom();
                                return;
                        }

                } else
                        t = NULL;

                if (!streq_ptr(s->status_text, t)) {
                        free(s->status_text);
                        s->status_text = t;
                        notify_dbus = true;
                } else
                        free(t);
        }

        /* Interpret WATCHDOG= */
        if (strv_find(tags, "WATCHDOG=1")) {
                log_debug_unit(u->id, "%s: got WATCHDOG=1", u->id);
                service_reset_watchdog(s);
        }

        /* Notify clients about changed status or main pid */
        if (notify_dbus)
                unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
}

static int service_get_timeout(Unit *u, uint64_t *timeout) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
        int r;

        if (!s->timer_event_source)
                return 0;

        r = sd_event_source_get_time(s->timer_event_source, timeout);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return 1;
}

#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT

static int service_enumerate(Manager *m) {
        char **p;
        unsigned i;
        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL, *fpath = NULL, *name = NULL;
        Set *runlevel_services[ELEMENTSOF(rcnd_table)] = {};
        _cleanup_set_free_ Set *shutdown_services = NULL;
        Unit *service;
        Iterator j;
        int r;

        assert(m);

        if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
                return 0;

        STRV_FOREACH(p, m->lookup_paths.sysvrcnd_path)
                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(rcnd_table); i ++) {
                        struct dirent *de;

                        free(path);
                        path = strjoin(*p, "/", rcnd_table[i].path, NULL);
                        if (!path) {
                                r = -ENOMEM;
                                goto finish;
                        }

                        if (d)
                                closedir(d);

                        d = opendir(path);
                        if (!d) {
                                if (errno != ENOENT)
                                        log_warning("opendir(%s) failed: %m", path);

                                continue;
                        }

                        while ((de = readdir(d))) {
                                int a, b;

                                if (ignore_file(de->d_name))
                                        continue;

                                if (de->d_name[0] != 'S' && de->d_name[0] != 'K')
                                        continue;

                                if (strlen(de->d_name) < 4)
                                        continue;

                                a = undecchar(de->d_name[1]);
                                b = undecchar(de->d_name[2]);

                                if (a < 0 || b < 0)
                                        continue;

                                free(fpath);
                                fpath = strjoin(path, "/", de->d_name, NULL);
                                if (!fpath) {
                                        r = -ENOMEM;
                                        goto finish;
                                }

                                if (access(fpath, X_OK) < 0) {

                                        if (errno != ENOENT)
                                                log_warning("access() failed on %s: %m", fpath);

                                        continue;
                                }

                                free(name);
                                name = sysv_translate_name(de->d_name + 3);
                                if (!name) {
                                        r = log_oom();
                                        goto finish;
                                }

                                r = manager_load_unit_prepare(m, name, NULL, NULL, &service);
                                if (r < 0) {
                                        log_warning("Failed to prepare unit %s: %s", name, strerror(-r));
                                        continue;
                                }

                                if (de->d_name[0] == 'S')  {

                                        if (rcnd_table[i].type == RUNLEVEL_UP) {
                                                SERVICE(service)->sysv_start_priority_from_rcnd =
                                                        MAX(a*10 + b, SERVICE(service)->sysv_start_priority_from_rcnd);

                                                SERVICE(service)->sysv_enabled = true;
                                        }

                                        r = set_ensure_allocated(&runlevel_services[i],
                                                                 trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func);
                                        if (r < 0)
                                                goto finish;

                                        r = set_put(runlevel_services[i], service);
                                        if (r < 0)
                                                goto finish;

                                } else if (de->d_name[0] == 'K' &&
                                           (rcnd_table[i].type == RUNLEVEL_DOWN)) {

                                        r = set_ensure_allocated(&shutdown_services,
                                                                 trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func);
                                        if (r < 0)
                                                goto finish;

                                        r = set_put(shutdown_services, service);
                                        if (r < 0)
                                                goto finish;
                                }
                        }
                }

        /* Now we loaded all stubs and are aware of the lowest
        start-up priority for all services, not let's actually load
        the services, this will also tell us which services are
        actually native now */
        manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);

        /* If this is a native service, rely on native ways to pull in
         * a service, don't pull it in via sysv rcN.d links. */
        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(rcnd_table); i ++)
                SET_FOREACH(service, runlevel_services[i], j) {
                        service = unit_follow_merge(service);

                        if (service->fragment_path)
                                continue;

                        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name_inverse(
                                service, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_WANTS,
                                rcnd_table[i].target, NULL, true);
                        if (r < 0)
                                goto finish;
                }

        /* We honour K links only for halt/reboot. For the normal
         * runlevels we assume the stop jobs will be implicitly added
         * by the core logic. Also, we don't really distinguish here
         * between the runlevels 0 and 6 and just add them to the
         * special shutdown target. */
        SET_FOREACH(service, shutdown_services, j) {
                service = unit_follow_merge(service);

                if (service->fragment_path)
                        continue;

                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(
                        service, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS,
                        SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto finish;
        }

        r = 0;

finish:

        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(rcnd_table); i++)
                set_free(runlevel_services[i]);

        return r;
}
#endif

static void service_bus_name_owner_change(
                Unit *u,
                const char *name,
                const char *old_owner,
                const char *new_owner) {

        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
        int r;

        assert(s);
        assert(name);

        assert(streq(s->bus_name, name));
        assert(old_owner || new_owner);

        if (old_owner && new_owner)
                log_debug_unit(u->id,
                               "%s's D-Bus name %s changed owner from %s to %s",
                               u->id, name, old_owner, new_owner);
        else if (old_owner)
                log_debug_unit(u->id,
                               "%s's D-Bus name %s no longer registered by %s",
                               u->id, name, old_owner);
        else
                log_debug_unit(u->id,
                               "%s's D-Bus name %s now registered by %s",
                               u->id, name, new_owner);

        s->bus_name_good = !!new_owner;

        if (s->type == SERVICE_DBUS) {

                /* service_enter_running() will figure out what to
                 * do */
                if (s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING)
                        service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
                else if (s->state == SERVICE_START && new_owner)
                        service_enter_start_post(s);

        } else if (new_owner &&
                   s->main_pid <= 0 &&
                   (s->state == SERVICE_START ||
                    s->state == SERVICE_START_POST ||
                    s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING ||
                    s->state == SERVICE_RELOAD)) {

                _cleanup_bus_creds_unref_ sd_bus_creds *creds = NULL;
                pid_t pid;

                /* Try to acquire PID from bus service */

                r = sd_bus_get_owner(u->manager->api_bus, name, SD_BUS_CREDS_PID, &creds);
                if (r >= 0)
                        r = sd_bus_creds_get_pid(creds, &pid);
                if (r >= 0) {
                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "%s's D-Bus name %s is now owned by process %u", u->id, name, (unsigned) pid);

                        service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
                        unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
                }
        }
}

int service_set_socket_fd(Service *s, int fd, Socket *sock) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *peer = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(s);
        assert(fd >= 0);

        /* This is called by the socket code when instantiating a new
         * service for a stream socket and the socket needs to be
         * configured. */

        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
                return -EINVAL;

        if (s->socket_fd >= 0)
                return -EBUSY;

        if (s->state != SERVICE_DEAD)
                return -EAGAIN;

        if (getpeername_pretty(fd, &peer) >= 0) {

                if (UNIT(s)->description) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *a;

                        a = strjoin(UNIT(s)->description, " (", peer, ")", NULL);
                        if (!a)
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        r = unit_set_description(UNIT(s), a);
                }  else
                        r = unit_set_description(UNIT(s), peer);

                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        s->socket_fd = fd;

        unit_ref_set(&s->accept_socket, UNIT(sock));

        return unit_add_two_dependencies(UNIT(sock), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, UNIT(s), false);
}

static void service_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);

        assert(s);

        if (s->state == SERVICE_FAILED)
                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_DEAD);

        s->result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
        s->reload_result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;

        RATELIMIT_RESET(s->start_limit);
}

static int service_kill(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, sd_bus_error *error) {
        Service *s = SERVICE(u);

        return unit_kill_common(u, who, signo, s->main_pid, s->control_pid, error);
}

static const char* const service_state_table[_SERVICE_STATE_MAX] = {
        [SERVICE_DEAD] = "dead",
        [SERVICE_START_PRE] = "start-pre",
        [SERVICE_START] = "start",
        [SERVICE_START_POST] = "start-post",
        [SERVICE_RUNNING] = "running",
        [SERVICE_EXITED] = "exited",
        [SERVICE_RELOAD] = "reload",
        [SERVICE_STOP] = "stop",
        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM] = "stop-sigterm",
        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL] = "stop-sigkill",
        [SERVICE_STOP_POST] = "stop-post",
        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM] = "final-sigterm",
        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL] = "final-sigkill",
        [SERVICE_FAILED] = "failed",
        [SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART] = "auto-restart",
};

DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_state, ServiceState);

static const char* const service_restart_table[_SERVICE_RESTART_MAX] = {
        [SERVICE_RESTART_NO] = "no",
        [SERVICE_RESTART_ON_SUCCESS] = "on-success",
        [SERVICE_RESTART_ON_FAILURE] = "on-failure",
        [SERVICE_RESTART_ON_WATCHDOG] = "on-watchdog",
        [SERVICE_RESTART_ON_ABORT] = "on-abort",
        [SERVICE_RESTART_ALWAYS] = "always"
};

DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_restart, ServiceRestart);

static const char* const service_type_table[_SERVICE_TYPE_MAX] = {
        [SERVICE_SIMPLE] = "simple",
        [SERVICE_FORKING] = "forking",
        [SERVICE_ONESHOT] = "oneshot",
        [SERVICE_DBUS] = "dbus",
        [SERVICE_NOTIFY] = "notify",
        [SERVICE_IDLE] = "idle"
};

DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_type, ServiceType);

static const char* const service_exec_command_table[_SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX] = {
        [SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE] = "ExecStartPre",
        [SERVICE_EXEC_START] = "ExecStart",
        [SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST] = "ExecStartPost",
        [SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD] = "ExecReload",
        [SERVICE_EXEC_STOP] = "ExecStop",
        [SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST] = "ExecStopPost",
};

DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_exec_command, ServiceExecCommand);

static const char* const notify_access_table[_NOTIFY_ACCESS_MAX] = {
        [NOTIFY_NONE] = "none",
        [NOTIFY_MAIN] = "main",
        [NOTIFY_ALL] = "all"
};

DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(notify_access, NotifyAccess);

static const char* const service_result_table[_SERVICE_RESULT_MAX] = {
        [SERVICE_SUCCESS] = "success",
        [SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources",
        [SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
        [SERVICE_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE] = "exit-code",
        [SERVICE_FAILURE_SIGNAL] = "signal",
        [SERVICE_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP] = "core-dump",
        [SERVICE_FAILURE_WATCHDOG] = "watchdog",
        [SERVICE_FAILURE_START_LIMIT] = "start-limit"
};

DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_result, ServiceResult);

static const char* const start_limit_action_table[_SERVICE_START_LIMIT_MAX] = {
        [SERVICE_START_LIMIT_NONE] = "none",
        [SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT] = "reboot",
        [SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT_FORCE] = "reboot-force",
        [SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT_IMMEDIATE] = "reboot-immediate"
};
DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(start_limit_action, StartLimitAction);

const UnitVTable service_vtable = {
        .object_size = sizeof(Service),
        .exec_context_offset = offsetof(Service, exec_context),
        .cgroup_context_offset = offsetof(Service, cgroup_context),
        .kill_context_offset = offsetof(Service, kill_context),
        .exec_runtime_offset = offsetof(Service, exec_runtime),

        .sections =
                "Unit\0"
                "Service\0"
                "Install\0",
        .private_section = "Service",

        .init = service_init,
        .done = service_done,
        .load = service_load,

        .coldplug = service_coldplug,

        .dump = service_dump,

        .start = service_start,
        .stop = service_stop,
        .reload = service_reload,

        .can_reload = service_can_reload,

        .kill = service_kill,

        .serialize = service_serialize,
        .deserialize_item = service_deserialize_item,

        .active_state = service_active_state,
        .sub_state_to_string = service_sub_state_to_string,

        .check_gc = service_check_gc,
        .check_snapshot = service_check_snapshot,

        .sigchld_event = service_sigchld_event,

        .reset_failed = service_reset_failed,

        .notify_cgroup_empty = service_notify_cgroup_empty_event,
        .notify_message = service_notify_message,

        .bus_name_owner_change = service_bus_name_owner_change,

        .bus_interface = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service",
        .bus_vtable = bus_service_vtable,
        .bus_set_property = bus_service_set_property,
        .bus_commit_properties = bus_service_commit_properties,

        .get_timeout = service_get_timeout,

#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
        .enumerate = service_enumerate,
#endif

        .can_transient = true,

        .status_message_formats = {
                .starting_stopping = {
                        [0] = "Starting %s...",
                        [1] = "Stopping %s...",
                },
                .finished_start_job = {
                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Started %s.",
                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to start %s.",
                        [JOB_DEPENDENCY] = "Dependency failed for %s.",
                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out starting %s.",
                },
                .finished_stop_job = {
                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Stopped %s.",
                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Stopped (with error) %s.",
                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out stopping %s.",
                },
        },
};