shutdownd: modernizations

[thirdparty/systemd.git] / src / systemctl / systemctl.c

/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/

/***
  This file is part of systemd.

  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
  Copyright 2013 Marc-Antoine Perennou

  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.

  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
  Lesser General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
***/

#include <sys/reboot.h>
#include <linux/reboot.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#include <fnmatch.h>

#include "sd-daemon.h"
#include "sd-shutdown.h"
#include "sd-login.h"
#include "sd-bus.h"
#include "log.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "macro.h"
#include "set.h"
#include "utmp-wtmp.h"
#include "special.h"
#include "initreq.h"
#include "path-util.h"
#include "strv.h"
#include "cgroup-show.h"
#include "cgroup-util.h"
#include "list.h"
#include "path-lookup.h"
#include "conf-parser.h"
#include "exit-status.h"
#include "build.h"
#include "unit-name.h"
#include "pager.h"
#include "spawn-ask-password-agent.h"
#include "spawn-polkit-agent.h"
#include "install.h"
#include "logs-show.h"
#include "socket-util.h"
#include "fileio.h"
#include "env-util.h"
#include "bus-util.h"
#include "bus-message.h"
#include "bus-error.h"
#include "bus-errors.h"

static char **arg_types = NULL;
static char **arg_states = NULL;
static char **arg_properties = NULL;
static bool arg_all = false;
static bool original_stdout_is_tty;
static enum dependency {
        DEPENDENCY_FORWARD,
        DEPENDENCY_REVERSE,
        DEPENDENCY_AFTER,
        DEPENDENCY_BEFORE,
        _DEPENDENCY_MAX
} arg_dependency = DEPENDENCY_FORWARD;
static const char *arg_job_mode = "replace";
static UnitFileScope arg_scope = UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM;
static bool arg_no_block = false;
static bool arg_no_legend = false;
static bool arg_no_pager = false;
static bool arg_no_wtmp = false;
static bool arg_no_wall = false;
static bool arg_no_reload = false;
static bool arg_show_types = false;
static bool arg_ignore_inhibitors = false;
static bool arg_dry = false;
static bool arg_quiet = false;
static bool arg_full = false;
static int arg_force = 0;
static bool arg_ask_password = true;
static bool arg_runtime = false;
static char **arg_wall = NULL;
static const char *arg_kill_who = NULL;
static int arg_signal = SIGTERM;
static const char *arg_root = NULL;
static usec_t arg_when = 0;
static enum action {
        _ACTION_INVALID,
        ACTION_SYSTEMCTL,
        ACTION_HALT,
        ACTION_POWEROFF,
        ACTION_REBOOT,
        ACTION_KEXEC,
        ACTION_EXIT,
        ACTION_SUSPEND,
        ACTION_HIBERNATE,
        ACTION_HYBRID_SLEEP,
        ACTION_RUNLEVEL2,
        ACTION_RUNLEVEL3,
        ACTION_RUNLEVEL4,
        ACTION_RUNLEVEL5,
        ACTION_RESCUE,
        ACTION_EMERGENCY,
        ACTION_DEFAULT,
        ACTION_RELOAD,
        ACTION_REEXEC,
        ACTION_RUNLEVEL,
        ACTION_CANCEL_SHUTDOWN,
        _ACTION_MAX
} arg_action = ACTION_SYSTEMCTL;
static BusTransport arg_transport = BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL;
static char *arg_host = NULL;
static unsigned arg_lines = 10;
static OutputMode arg_output = OUTPUT_SHORT;
static bool arg_plain = false;
static const struct {
        const char *verb;
        const char *method;
} unit_actions[] = {
        { "start",                 "StartUnit" },
        { "stop",                  "StopUnit" },
        { "condstop",              "StopUnit" },
        { "reload",                "ReloadUnit" },
        { "restart",               "RestartUnit" },
        { "try-restart",           "TryRestartUnit" },
        { "condrestart",           "TryRestartUnit" },
        { "reload-or-restart",     "ReloadOrRestartUnit" },
        { "reload-or-try-restart", "ReloadOrTryRestartUnit" },
        { "condreload",            "ReloadOrTryRestartUnit" },
        { "force-reload",          "ReloadOrTryRestartUnit" }
};

static int daemon_reload(sd_bus *bus, char **args);
static int halt_now(enum action a);

static int check_one_unit(sd_bus *bus, const char *name, const char *good_states, bool quiet);

static char** strv_skip_first(char **strv) {
        if (strv_length(strv) > 0)
                return strv + 1;
        return NULL;
}

static void pager_open_if_enabled(void) {

        if (arg_no_pager)
                return;

        pager_open(false);
}

static void ask_password_agent_open_if_enabled(void) {

        /* Open the password agent as a child process if necessary */

        if (!arg_ask_password)
                return;

        if (arg_scope != UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM)
                return;

        if (arg_transport != BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL)
                return;

        ask_password_agent_open();
}

#ifdef HAVE_LOGIND
static void polkit_agent_open_if_enabled(void) {

        /* Open the polkit agent as a child process if necessary */

        if (!arg_ask_password)
                return;

        if (arg_scope != UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM)
                return;

        if (arg_transport != BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL)
                return;

        polkit_agent_open();
}
#endif

static int translate_bus_error_to_exit_status(int r, const sd_bus_error *error) {
        assert(error);

        if (!sd_bus_error_is_set(error))
                return r;

        if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED) ||
            sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_ONLY_BY_DEPENDENCY) ||
            sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_ISOLATION) ||
            sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_IS_DESTRUCTIVE))
                return EXIT_NOPERMISSION;

        if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT))
                return EXIT_NOTINSTALLED;

        if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_JOB_TYPE_NOT_APPLICABLE) ||
            sd_bus_error_has_name(error, SD_BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED))
                return EXIT_NOTIMPLEMENTED;

        if (sd_bus_error_has_name(error, BUS_ERROR_LOAD_FAILED))
                return EXIT_NOTCONFIGURED;

        if (r != 0)
                return r;

        return EXIT_FAILURE;
}

static void warn_wall(enum action a) {
        static const char *table[_ACTION_MAX] = {
                [ACTION_HALT]            = "The system is going down for system halt NOW!",
                [ACTION_REBOOT]          = "The system is going down for reboot NOW!",
                [ACTION_POWEROFF]        = "The system is going down for power-off NOW!",
                [ACTION_KEXEC]           = "The system is going down for kexec reboot NOW!",
                [ACTION_RESCUE]          = "The system is going down to rescue mode NOW!",
                [ACTION_EMERGENCY]       = "The system is going down to emergency mode NOW!",
                [ACTION_CANCEL_SHUTDOWN] = "The system shutdown has been cancelled NOW!"
        };

        if (arg_no_wall)
                return;

        if (arg_wall) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *p;

                p = strv_join(arg_wall, " ");
                if (!p) {
                        log_oom();
                        return;
                }

                if (*p) {
                        utmp_wall(p, NULL);
                        return;
                }
        }

        if (!table[a])
                return;

        utmp_wall(table[a], NULL);
}

static bool avoid_bus(void) {

        if (running_in_chroot() > 0)
                return true;

        if (sd_booted() <= 0)
                return true;

        if (!isempty(arg_root))
                return true;

        if (arg_scope == UNIT_FILE_GLOBAL)
                return true;

        return false;
}

static int compare_unit_info(const void *a, const void *b) {
        const UnitInfo *u = a, *v = b;
        const char *d1, *d2;

        d1 = strrchr(u->id, '.');
        d2 = strrchr(v->id, '.');

        if (d1 && d2) {
                int r;

                r = strcasecmp(d1, d2);
                if (r != 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return strcasecmp(u->id, v->id);
}

static bool output_show_unit(const UnitInfo *u, char **patterns) {
        const char *dot;

        if (!strv_isempty(arg_states))
                return
                        strv_contains(arg_states, u->load_state) ||
                        strv_contains(arg_states, u->sub_state) ||
                        strv_contains(arg_states, u->active_state);

        if (!strv_isempty(patterns)) {
                char **pattern;

                STRV_FOREACH(pattern, patterns)
                        if (fnmatch(*pattern, u->id, FNM_NOESCAPE) == 0)
                                return true;
                return false;
        }

        return (!arg_types || ((dot = strrchr(u->id, '.')) &&
                               strv_find(arg_types, dot+1))) &&
                (arg_all || !(streq(u->active_state, "inactive")
                              || u->following[0]) || u->job_id > 0);
}

static void output_units_list(const UnitInfo *unit_infos, unsigned c) {
        unsigned id_len, max_id_len, load_len, active_len, sub_len, job_len, desc_len;
        const UnitInfo *u;
        unsigned n_shown = 0;
        int job_count = 0;

        max_id_len = sizeof("UNIT")-1;
        load_len = sizeof("LOAD")-1;
        active_len = sizeof("ACTIVE")-1;
        sub_len = sizeof("SUB")-1;
        job_len = sizeof("JOB")-1;
        desc_len = 0;

        for (u = unit_infos; u < unit_infos + c; u++) {
                max_id_len = MAX(max_id_len, strlen(u->id));
                load_len = MAX(load_len, strlen(u->load_state));
                active_len = MAX(active_len, strlen(u->active_state));
                sub_len = MAX(sub_len, strlen(u->sub_state));

                if (u->job_id != 0) {
                        job_len = MAX(job_len, strlen(u->job_type));
                        job_count++;
                }
        }

        if (!arg_full && original_stdout_is_tty) {
                unsigned basic_len;

                id_len = MIN(max_id_len, 25u);
                basic_len = 5 + id_len + 5 + active_len + sub_len;

                if (job_count)
                        basic_len += job_len + 1;

                if (basic_len < (unsigned) columns()) {
                        unsigned extra_len, incr;
                        extra_len = columns() - basic_len;

                        /* Either UNIT already got 25, or is fully satisfied.
                         * Grant up to 25 to DESC now. */
                        incr = MIN(extra_len, 25u);
                        desc_len += incr;
                        extra_len -= incr;

                        /* split the remaining space between UNIT and DESC,
                         * but do not give UNIT more than it needs. */
                        if (extra_len > 0) {
                                incr = MIN(extra_len / 2, max_id_len - id_len);
                                id_len += incr;
                                desc_len += extra_len - incr;
                        }
                }
        } else
                id_len = max_id_len;

        for (u = unit_infos; u < unit_infos + c; u++) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
                const char *on_loaded, *off_loaded, *on = "";
                const char *on_active, *off_active, *off = "";

                if (!n_shown && !arg_no_legend) {
                        printf("%-*s %-*s %-*s %-*s ",
                               id_len, "UNIT",
                               load_len, "LOAD",
                               active_len, "ACTIVE",
                               sub_len, "SUB");

                        if (job_count)
                                printf("%-*s ", job_len, "JOB");

                        if (!arg_full && arg_no_pager)
                                printf("%.*s\n", desc_len, "DESCRIPTION");
                        else
                                printf("%s\n", "DESCRIPTION");
                }

                n_shown++;

                if (streq(u->load_state, "error") ||
                    streq(u->load_state, "not-found")) {
                        on_loaded = on = ansi_highlight_red();
                        off_loaded = off = ansi_highlight_off();
                } else
                        on_loaded = off_loaded = "";

                if (streq(u->active_state, "failed")) {
                        on_active = on = ansi_highlight_red();
                        off_active = off = ansi_highlight_off();
                } else
                        on_active = off_active = "";

                e = arg_full ? NULL : ellipsize(u->id, id_len, 33);

                printf("%s%-*s%s %s%-*s%s %s%-*s %-*s%s %-*s",
                       on, id_len, e ? e : u->id, off,
                       on_loaded, load_len, u->load_state, off_loaded,
                       on_active, active_len, u->active_state,
                       sub_len, u->sub_state, off_active,
                       job_count ? job_len + 1 : 0, u->job_id ? u->job_type : "");

                if (desc_len > 0)
                        printf("%.*s\n", desc_len, u->description);
                else
                        printf("%s\n", u->description);
        }

        if (!arg_no_legend) {
                const char *on, *off;

                if (n_shown) {
                        puts("\nLOAD   = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.\n"
                             "ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.\n"
                             "SUB    = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.");
                        puts(job_count ? "JOB    = Pending job for the unit.\n" : "");
                        on = ansi_highlight();
                        off = ansi_highlight_off();
                } else {
                        on = ansi_highlight_red();
                        off = ansi_highlight_off();
                }

                if (arg_all)
                        printf("%s%u loaded units listed.%s\n"
                               "To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.\n",
                               on, n_shown, off);
                else
                        printf("%s%u loaded units listed.%s Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.\n"
                               "To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.\n",
                               on, n_shown, off);
        }
}

static int get_unit_list(
                sd_bus *bus,
                sd_bus_message **_reply,
                UnitInfo **_unit_infos,
                char **patterns) {

        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ UnitInfo *unit_infos = NULL;
        size_t size = 0;
        int r, c = 0;
        UnitInfo u;

        assert(bus);
        assert(_reply);
        assert(_unit_infos);

        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                        "ListUnits",
                        &error,
                        &reply,
                        NULL);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to list units: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ssssssouso)");
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        while ((r = bus_parse_unit_info(reply, &u)) > 0) {
                if (!output_show_unit(&u, patterns))
                        continue;

                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(unit_infos, size, c+1))
                        return log_oom();

                unit_infos[c++] = u;
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        *_reply = reply;
        reply = NULL;

        *_unit_infos = unit_infos;
        unit_infos = NULL;

        return c;
}

static int list_units(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ UnitInfo *unit_infos = NULL;
        int r;

        pager_open_if_enabled();

        r = get_unit_list(bus, &reply, &unit_infos, strv_skip_first(args));
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        qsort_safe(unit_infos, r, sizeof(UnitInfo), compare_unit_info);
        output_units_list(unit_infos, r);

        return 0;
}

static int get_triggered_units(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char* path,
                char*** ret) {

        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        int r;

        r = sd_bus_get_property_strv(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        path,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",
                        "Triggers",
                        &error,
                        ret);

        if (r < 0)
                log_error("Failed to determine triggers: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));

        return 0;
}

static int get_listening(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char* unit_path,
                char*** listening) {

        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        const char *type, *path;
        int r, n = 0;

        r = sd_bus_get_property(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        unit_path,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Socket",
                        "Listen",
                        &error,
                        &reply,
                        "a(ss)");
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to get list of listening sockets: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ss)");
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "(ss)", &type, &path)) > 0) {

                r = strv_extend(listening, type);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_oom();

                r = strv_extend(listening, path);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_oom();

                n++;
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        return n;
}

struct socket_info {
        const char* id;

        char* type;
        char* path;

        /* Note: triggered is a list here, although it almost certainly
         * will always be one unit. Nevertheless, dbus API allows for multiple
         * values, so let's follow that.*/
        char** triggered;

        /* The strv above is shared. free is set only in the first one. */
        bool own_triggered;
};

static int socket_info_compare(const struct socket_info *a, const struct socket_info *b) {
        int o;

        assert(a);
        assert(b);

        o = strcmp(a->path, b->path);
        if (o == 0)
                o = strcmp(a->type, b->type);

        return o;
}

static int output_sockets_list(struct socket_info *socket_infos, unsigned cs) {
        struct socket_info *s;
        unsigned pathlen = sizeof("LISTEN") - 1,
                typelen = (sizeof("TYPE") - 1) * arg_show_types,
                socklen = sizeof("UNIT") - 1,
                servlen = sizeof("ACTIVATES") - 1;
        const char *on, *off;

        for (s = socket_infos; s < socket_infos + cs; s++) {
                unsigned tmp = 0;
                char **a;

                socklen = MAX(socklen, strlen(s->id));
                if (arg_show_types)
                        typelen = MAX(typelen, strlen(s->type));
                pathlen = MAX(pathlen, strlen(s->path));

                STRV_FOREACH(a, s->triggered)
                        tmp += strlen(*a) + 2*(a != s->triggered);
                servlen = MAX(servlen, tmp);
        }

        if (cs) {
                if (!arg_no_legend)
                        printf("%-*s %-*.*s%-*s %s\n",
                               pathlen, "LISTEN",
                               typelen + arg_show_types, typelen + arg_show_types, "TYPE ",
                               socklen, "UNIT",
                               "ACTIVATES");

                for (s = socket_infos; s < socket_infos + cs; s++) {
                        char **a;

                        if (arg_show_types)
                                printf("%-*s %-*s %-*s",
                                       pathlen, s->path, typelen, s->type, socklen, s->id);
                        else
                                printf("%-*s %-*s",
                                       pathlen, s->path, socklen, s->id);
                        STRV_FOREACH(a, s->triggered)
                                printf("%s %s",
                                       a == s->triggered ? "" : ",", *a);
                        printf("\n");
                }

                on = ansi_highlight();
                off = ansi_highlight_off();
                if (!arg_no_legend)
                        printf("\n");
        } else {
                on = ansi_highlight_red();
                off = ansi_highlight_off();
        }

        if (!arg_no_legend) {
                printf("%s%u sockets listed.%s\n", on, cs, off);
                if (!arg_all)
                        printf("Pass --all to see loaded but inactive sockets, too.\n");
        }

        return 0;
}

static int list_sockets(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ UnitInfo *unit_infos = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ struct socket_info *socket_infos = NULL;
        const UnitInfo *u;
        struct socket_info *s;
        unsigned cs = 0;
        size_t size = 0;
        int r = 0, n;

        pager_open_if_enabled();

        n = get_unit_list(bus, &reply, &unit_infos, strv_skip_first(args));
        if (n < 0)
                return n;

        for (u = unit_infos; u < unit_infos + n; u++) {
                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **listening = NULL, **triggered = NULL;
                int i, c;

                if (!endswith(u->id, ".socket"))
                        continue;

                r = get_triggered_units(bus, u->unit_path, &triggered);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto cleanup;

                c = get_listening(bus, u->unit_path, &listening);
                if (c < 0) {
                        r = c;
                        goto cleanup;
                }

                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(socket_infos, size, cs + c)) {
                        r = log_oom();
                        goto cleanup;
                }

                for (i = 0; i < c; i++)
                        socket_infos[cs + i] = (struct socket_info) {
                                .id = u->id,
                                .type = listening[i*2],
                                .path = listening[i*2 + 1],
                                .triggered = triggered,
                                .own_triggered = i==0,
                        };

                /* from this point on we will cleanup those socket_infos */
                cs += c;
                free(listening);
                listening = triggered = NULL; /* avoid cleanup */
        }

        qsort_safe(socket_infos, cs, sizeof(struct socket_info),
                   (__compar_fn_t) socket_info_compare);

        output_sockets_list(socket_infos, cs);

 cleanup:
        assert(cs == 0 || socket_infos);
        for (s = socket_infos; s < socket_infos + cs; s++) {
                free(s->type);
                free(s->path);
                if (s->own_triggered)
                        strv_free(s->triggered);
        }

        return r;
}

static int get_next_elapse(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                dual_timestamp *next) {

        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        dual_timestamp t;
        int r;

        assert(bus);
        assert(path);
        assert(next);

        r = sd_bus_get_property_trivial(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        path,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Timer",
                        "NextElapseUSecMonotonic",
                        &error,
                        't',
                        &t.monotonic);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to get next elapsation time: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        r = sd_bus_get_property_trivial(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        path,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Timer",
                        "NextElapseUSecRealtime",
                        &error,
                        't',
                        &t.realtime);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to get next elapsation time: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        *next = t;
        return 0;
}

struct timer_info {
        const char* id;
        usec_t next_elapse;
        char** triggered;
};

static int timer_info_compare(const struct timer_info *a, const struct timer_info *b) {
        assert(a);
        assert(b);

        if (a->next_elapse < b->next_elapse)
                return -1;
        if (a->next_elapse > b->next_elapse)
                return 1;

        return strcmp(a->id, b->id);
}

static int output_timers_list(struct timer_info *timer_infos, unsigned n) {
        struct timer_info *t;
        unsigned
                nextlen = sizeof("NEXT") - 1,
                leftlen = sizeof("LEFT") - 1,
                unitlen = sizeof("UNIT") - 1,
                activatelen = sizeof("ACTIVATES") - 1;

        const char *on, *off;

        assert(timer_infos || n == 0);

        for (t = timer_infos; t < timer_infos + n; t++) {
                unsigned ul = 0;
                char **a;

                if (t->next_elapse > 0) {
                        char tstamp[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX] = "", trel[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_RELATIVE_MAX] = "";

                        format_timestamp(tstamp, sizeof(tstamp), t->next_elapse);
                        nextlen = MAX(nextlen, strlen(tstamp) + 1);

                        format_timestamp_relative(trel, sizeof(trel), t->next_elapse);
                        leftlen = MAX(leftlen, strlen(trel));
                }

                unitlen = MAX(unitlen, strlen(t->id));

                STRV_FOREACH(a, t->triggered)
                        ul += strlen(*a) + 2*(a != t->triggered);
                activatelen = MAX(activatelen, ul);
        }

        if (n > 0) {
                if (!arg_no_legend)
                        printf("%-*s %-*s %-*s %s\n",
                               nextlen, "NEXT",
                               leftlen, "LEFT",
                               unitlen, "UNIT",
                                        "ACTIVATES");

                for (t = timer_infos; t < timer_infos + n; t++) {
                        char tstamp[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX] = "n/a", trel[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_RELATIVE_MAX] = "n/a";
                        char **a;

                        format_timestamp(tstamp, sizeof(tstamp), t->next_elapse);
                        format_timestamp_relative(trel, sizeof(trel), t->next_elapse);

                        printf("%-*s %-*s %-*s",
                               nextlen, tstamp, leftlen, trel, unitlen, t->id);

                        STRV_FOREACH(a, t->triggered)
                                printf("%s %s",
                                       a == t->triggered ? "" : ",", *a);
                        printf("\n");
                }

                on = ansi_highlight();
                off = ansi_highlight_off();
                if (!arg_no_legend)
                        printf("\n");
        } else {
                on = ansi_highlight_red();
                off = ansi_highlight_off();
        }

        if (!arg_no_legend) {
                printf("%s%u timers listed.%s\n", on, n, off);
                if (!arg_all)
                        printf("Pass --all to see loaded but inactive timers, too.\n");
        }

        return 0;
}

static usec_t calc_next_elapse(dual_timestamp *nw, dual_timestamp *next) {
        usec_t next_elapse;

        assert(nw);
        assert(next);

        if (next->monotonic != (usec_t) -1 && next->monotonic > 0) {
                usec_t converted;

                if (next->monotonic > nw->monotonic)
                        converted = nw->realtime + (next->monotonic - nw->monotonic);
                else
                        converted = nw->realtime - (nw->monotonic - next->monotonic);

                if (next->realtime != (usec_t) -1 && next->realtime > 0)
                        next_elapse = MIN(converted, next->realtime);
                else
                        next_elapse = converted;

        } else
                next_elapse = next->realtime;

        return next_elapse;
}

static int list_timers(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {

        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ struct timer_info *timer_infos = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ UnitInfo *unit_infos = NULL;
        struct timer_info *t;
        const UnitInfo *u;
        size_t size = 0;
        int n, c = 0;
        dual_timestamp nw;
        int r = 0;

        pager_open_if_enabled();

        n = get_unit_list(bus, &reply, &unit_infos, strv_skip_first(args));
        if (n < 0)
                return n;

        dual_timestamp_get(&nw);

        for (u = unit_infos; u < unit_infos + n; u++) {
                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **triggered = NULL;
                dual_timestamp next = {};
                usec_t m;

                if (!endswith(u->id, ".timer"))
                        continue;

                r = get_triggered_units(bus, u->unit_path, &triggered);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto cleanup;

                r = get_next_elapse(bus, u->unit_path, &next);
                if (r < 0)
                        goto cleanup;

                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(timer_infos, size, c+1)) {
                        r = log_oom();
                        goto cleanup;
                }

                m = calc_next_elapse(&nw, &next);

                timer_infos[c++] = (struct timer_info) {
                        .id = u->id,
                        .next_elapse = m,
                        .triggered = triggered,
                };

                triggered = NULL; /* avoid cleanup */
        }

        qsort_safe(timer_infos, c, sizeof(struct timer_info),
                   (__compar_fn_t) timer_info_compare);

        output_timers_list(timer_infos, c);

 cleanup:
        for (t = timer_infos; t < timer_infos + c; t++)
                strv_free(t->triggered);

        return r;
}

static int compare_unit_file_list(const void *a, const void *b) {
        const char *d1, *d2;
        const UnitFileList *u = a, *v = b;

        d1 = strrchr(u->path, '.');
        d2 = strrchr(v->path, '.');

        if (d1 && d2) {
                int r;

                r = strcasecmp(d1, d2);
                if (r != 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return strcasecmp(basename(u->path), basename(v->path));
}

static bool output_show_unit_file(const UnitFileList *u, char **patterns) {
        const char *dot;

        if (!strv_isempty(patterns)) {
                char **pattern;

                STRV_FOREACH(pattern, patterns)
                        if (fnmatch(*pattern, basename(u->path), FNM_NOESCAPE) == 0)
                                return true;
                return false;
        }

        return !arg_types || ((dot = strrchr(u->path, '.')) && strv_find(arg_types, dot+1));
}

static void output_unit_file_list(const UnitFileList *units, unsigned c) {
        unsigned max_id_len, id_cols, state_cols, n_shown = 0;
        const UnitFileList *u;

        max_id_len = sizeof("UNIT FILE")-1;
        state_cols = sizeof("STATE")-1;

        for (u = units; u < units + c; u++) {
                max_id_len = MAX(max_id_len, strlen(basename(u->path)));
                state_cols = MAX(state_cols, strlen(unit_file_state_to_string(u->state)));
        }

        if (!arg_full) {
                unsigned basic_cols;

                id_cols = MIN(max_id_len, 25u);
                basic_cols = 1 + id_cols + state_cols;
                if (basic_cols < (unsigned) columns())
                        id_cols += MIN(columns() - basic_cols, max_id_len - id_cols);
        } else
                id_cols = max_id_len;

        if (!arg_no_legend)
                printf("%-*s %-*s\n",
                       id_cols, "UNIT FILE",
                       state_cols, "STATE");

        for (u = units; u < units + c; u++) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
                const char *on, *off;
                const char *id;

                n_shown++;

                if (u->state == UNIT_FILE_MASKED ||
                    u->state == UNIT_FILE_MASKED_RUNTIME ||
                    u->state == UNIT_FILE_DISABLED ||
                    u->state == UNIT_FILE_INVALID) {
                        on  = ansi_highlight_red();
                        off = ansi_highlight_off();
                } else if (u->state == UNIT_FILE_ENABLED) {
                        on  = ansi_highlight_green();
                        off = ansi_highlight_off();
                } else
                        on = off = "";

                id = basename(u->path);

                e = arg_full ? NULL : ellipsize(id, id_cols, 33);

                printf("%-*s %s%-*s%s\n",
                       id_cols, e ? e : id,
                       on, state_cols, unit_file_state_to_string(u->state), off);
        }

        if (!arg_no_legend)
                printf("\n%u unit files listed.\n", n_shown);
}

static int list_unit_files(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ UnitFileList *units = NULL;
        UnitFileList *unit;
        size_t size = 0;
        unsigned c = 0;
        const char *state;
        char *path;
        int r;

        pager_open_if_enabled();

        if (avoid_bus()) {
                Hashmap *h;
                UnitFileList *u;
                Iterator i;
                unsigned n_units;

                h = hashmap_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func);
                if (!h)
                        return log_oom();

                r = unit_file_get_list(arg_scope, arg_root, h);
                if (r < 0) {
                        unit_file_list_free(h);
                        log_error("Failed to get unit file list: %s", strerror(-r));
                        return r;
                }

                n_units = hashmap_size(h);
                units = new(UnitFileList, n_units);
                if (!units) {
                        unit_file_list_free(h);
                        return log_oom();
                }

                HASHMAP_FOREACH(u, h, i) {
                        if (!output_show_unit_file(u, strv_skip_first(args)))
                                continue;

                        units[c++] = *u;
                        free(u);
                }

                assert(c <= n_units);
                hashmap_free(h);
        } else {
                r = sd_bus_call_method(
                                bus,
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                                "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                                "ListUnitFiles",
                                &error,
                                &reply,
                                NULL);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to list unit files: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                        return r;
                }

                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ss)");
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "(ss)", &path, &state)) > 0) {

                        if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(units, size, c + 1))
                                return log_oom();

                        units[c] = (struct UnitFileList) {
                                path,
                                unit_file_state_from_string(state)
                        };

                        if (output_show_unit_file(&units[c], strv_skip_first(args)))
                                c ++;

                }
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
        }

        if (c > 0) {
                qsort(units, c, sizeof(UnitFileList), compare_unit_file_list);
                output_unit_file_list(units, c);
        }

        if (avoid_bus())
                for (unit = units; unit < units + c; unit++)
                        free(unit->path);

        return 0;
}

static int list_dependencies_print(const char *name, int level, unsigned int branches, bool last) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
        size_t max_len = MAX(columns(),20u);
        size_t len = 0;
        int i;

        if (!arg_plain) {

                for (i = level - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                        len += 2;
                        if (len > max_len - 3 && !arg_full) {
                                printf("%s...\n",max_len % 2 ? "" : " ");
                                return 0;
                        }
                        printf("%s", draw_special_char(branches & (1 << i) ? DRAW_TREE_VERT : DRAW_TREE_SPACE));
                }
                len += 2;

                if (len > max_len - 3 && !arg_full) {
                        printf("%s...\n",max_len % 2 ? "" : " ");
                        return 0;
                }

                printf("%s", draw_special_char(last ? DRAW_TREE_RIGHT : DRAW_TREE_BRANCH));
        }

        if (arg_full){
                printf("%s\n", name);
                return 0;
        }

        n = ellipsize(name, max_len-len, 100);
        if (!n)
                return log_oom();

        printf("%s\n", n);
        return 0;
}

static int list_dependencies_get_dependencies(sd_bus *bus, const char *name, char ***deps) {

        static const char *dependencies[_DEPENDENCY_MAX] = {
                [DEPENDENCY_FORWARD] = "Requires\0"
                                       "RequiresOverridable\0"
                                       "Requisite\0"
                                       "RequisiteOverridable\0"
                                       "Wants\0",
                [DEPENDENCY_REVERSE] = "RequiredBy\0"
                                       "RequiredByOverridable\0"
                                       "WantedBy\0"
                                       "PartOf\0",
                [DEPENDENCY_AFTER]   = "After\0",
                [DEPENDENCY_BEFORE]  = "Before\0",
        };

        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **ret = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(bus);
        assert(name);
        assert(deps);
        assert_cc(ELEMENTSOF(dependencies) == _DEPENDENCY_MAX);

        path = unit_dbus_path_from_name(name);
        if (!path)
                return log_oom();

        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        path,
                        "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties",
                        "GetAll",
                        &error,
                        &reply,
                        "s", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit");
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to get properties of %s: %s", name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "{sv}");
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_DICT_ENTRY, "sv")) > 0) {
                const char *prop;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "s", &prop);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                if (!nulstr_contains(dependencies[arg_dependency], prop)) {
                        r = sd_bus_message_skip(reply, "v");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
                } else {

                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_VARIANT, "as");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = bus_message_read_strv_extend(reply, &ret);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
                }

                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        }
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        *deps = ret;
        ret = NULL;

        return 0;
}

static int list_dependencies_compare(const void *_a, const void *_b) {
        const char **a = (const char**) _a, **b = (const char**) _b;

        if (unit_name_to_type(*a) == UNIT_TARGET && unit_name_to_type(*b) != UNIT_TARGET)
                return 1;
        if (unit_name_to_type(*a) != UNIT_TARGET && unit_name_to_type(*b) == UNIT_TARGET)
                return -1;

        return strcasecmp(*a, *b);
}

static int list_dependencies_one(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *name,
                int level,
                char ***units,
                unsigned int branches) {

        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **deps = NULL;
        char **c;
        int r = 0;

        assert(bus);
        assert(name);
        assert(units);

        r = strv_extend(units, name);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_oom();

        r = list_dependencies_get_dependencies(bus, name, &deps);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        qsort_safe(deps, strv_length(deps), sizeof (char*), list_dependencies_compare);

        STRV_FOREACH(c, deps) {
                int state;

                if (strv_contains(*units, *c)) {
                        if (!arg_plain) {
                                r = list_dependencies_print("...", level + 1, (branches << 1) | (c[1] == NULL ? 0 : 1), 1);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;
                        }
                        continue;
                }

                state = check_one_unit(bus, *c, "activating\0active\0reloading\0", true);
                if (state > 0)
                        printf("%s%s%s", ansi_highlight_green(), draw_special_char(DRAW_BLACK_CIRCLE), ansi_highlight_off());
                else
                        printf("%s%s%s", ansi_highlight_red(), draw_special_char(DRAW_BLACK_CIRCLE), ansi_highlight_off());

                r = list_dependencies_print(*c, level, branches, c[1] == NULL);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (arg_all || unit_name_to_type(*c) == UNIT_TARGET) {
                       r = list_dependencies_one(bus, *c, level + 1, units, (branches << 1) | (c[1] == NULL ? 0 : 1));
                       if (r < 0)
                               return r;
                }
        }

        if (!arg_plain)
                strv_remove(*units, name);

        return 0;
}

static int list_dependencies(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **units = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *unit = NULL;
        const char *u;

        assert(bus);

        if (args[1]) {
                unit = unit_name_mangle(args[1], MANGLE_NOGLOB);
                if (!unit)
                        return log_oom();
                u = unit;
        } else
                u = SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET;

        pager_open_if_enabled();

        puts(u);

        return list_dependencies_one(bus, u, 0, &units, 0);
}

static int get_default(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *_path = NULL;
        const char *path;
        int r;

        if (!bus || avoid_bus()) {
                r = unit_file_get_default(arg_scope, arg_root, &_path);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to get default target: %s", strerror(-r));
                        return r;
                }
                path = _path;

        } else {
                r = sd_bus_call_method(
                                bus,
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                                "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                                "GetDefaultTarget",
                                &error,
                                &reply,
                                NULL);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to get default target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, -r));
                        return r;
                }

                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "s", &path);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
        }

        if (path)
                printf("%s\n", path);

        return 0;
}

static void dump_unit_file_changes(const UnitFileChange *changes, unsigned n_changes) {
        unsigned i;

        assert(changes || n_changes == 0);

        for (i = 0; i < n_changes; i++) {
                if (changes[i].type == UNIT_FILE_SYMLINK)
                        log_info("ln -s '%s' '%s'", changes[i].source, changes[i].path);
                else
                        log_info("rm '%s'", changes[i].path);
        }
}

static int deserialize_and_dump_unit_file_changes(sd_bus_message *m) {
        const char *type, *path, *source;
        int r;

        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(sss)");
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(sss)", &type, &path, &source)) > 0) {
                if (!arg_quiet) {
                        if (streq(type, "symlink"))
                                log_info("ln -s '%s' '%s'", source, path);
                        else
                                log_info("rm '%s'", path);
                }
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        return 0;
}

static int set_default(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *unit = NULL;
        UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
        unsigned n_changes = 0;
        int r;

        unit = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(args[1], MANGLE_NOGLOB, ".target");
        if (!unit)
                return log_oom();

        if (!bus || avoid_bus()) {
                r = unit_file_set_default(arg_scope, arg_root, unit, arg_force, &changes, &n_changes);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to set default target: %s", strerror(-r));
                        return r;
                }

                if (!arg_quiet)
                        dump_unit_file_changes(changes, n_changes);

                r = 0;
        } else {
                _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
                _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;

                r = sd_bus_call_method(
                                bus,
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                                "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                                "SetDefaultTarget",
                                &error,
                                &reply,
                                "sb", unit, arg_force);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to set default target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, -r));
                        return r;
                }

                r = deserialize_and_dump_unit_file_changes(reply);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                /* Try to reload if enabeld */
                if (!arg_no_reload)
                        r = daemon_reload(bus, args);
                else
                        r = 0;
        }

        unit_file_changes_free(changes, n_changes);

        return r;
}

struct job_info {
        uint32_t id;
        const char *name, *type, *state;
};

static void output_jobs_list(const struct job_info* jobs, unsigned n, bool skipped) {
        unsigned id_len, unit_len, type_len, state_len;
        const struct job_info *j;
        const char *on, *off;
        bool shorten = false;

        assert(n == 0 || jobs);

        if (n == 0) {
                on = ansi_highlight_green();
                off = ansi_highlight_off();

                printf("%sNo jobs %s.%s\n", on, skipped ? "listed" : "running", off);
                return;
        }

        pager_open_if_enabled();

        id_len = sizeof("JOB")-1;
        unit_len = sizeof("UNIT")-1;
        type_len = sizeof("TYPE")-1;
        state_len = sizeof("STATE")-1;

        for (j = jobs; j < jobs + n; j++) {
                uint32_t id = j->id;
                assert(j->name && j->type && j->state);

                id_len = MAX(id_len, DECIMAL_STR_WIDTH(id));
                unit_len = MAX(unit_len, strlen(j->name));
                type_len = MAX(type_len, strlen(j->type));
                state_len = MAX(state_len, strlen(j->state));
        }

        if (!arg_full && id_len + 1 + unit_len + type_len + 1 + state_len > columns()) {
                unit_len = MAX(33u, columns() - id_len - type_len - state_len - 3);
                shorten = true;
        }

        if (!arg_no_legend)
                printf("%*s %-*s %-*s %-*s\n",
                       id_len, "JOB",
                       unit_len, "UNIT",
                       type_len, "TYPE",
                       state_len, "STATE");

        for (j = jobs; j < jobs + n; j++) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;

                if (streq(j->state, "running")) {
                        on = ansi_highlight();
                        off = ansi_highlight_off();
                } else
                        on = off = "";

                e = shorten ? ellipsize(j->name, unit_len, 33) : NULL;
                printf("%*u %s%-*s%s %-*s %s%-*s%s\n",
                       id_len, j->id,
                       on, unit_len, e ? e : j->name, off,
                       type_len, j->type,
                       on, state_len, j->state, off);
        }

        if (!arg_no_legend) {
                on = ansi_highlight();
                off = ansi_highlight_off();

                printf("\n%s%u jobs listed%s.\n", on, n, off);
        }
}

static bool output_show_job(struct job_info *job, char **patterns) {
        if (!strv_isempty(patterns)) {
                char **pattern;

                STRV_FOREACH(pattern, patterns)
                        if (fnmatch(*pattern, job->name, FNM_NOESCAPE) == 0)
                                return true;
                return false;
        }

        return true;
}

static int list_jobs(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        const char *name, *type, *state, *job_path, *unit_path;
        _cleanup_free_ struct job_info *jobs = NULL;
        size_t size = 0;
        unsigned c = 0;
        uint32_t id;
        int r;
        bool skipped = false;

        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                        "ListJobs",
                        &error,
                        &reply,
                        NULL);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to list jobs: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, 'a', "(usssoo)");
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "(usssoo)", &id, &name, &type, &state, &job_path, &unit_path)) > 0) {
                struct job_info job = { id, name, type, state };

                if (!output_show_job(&job, strv_skip_first(args))) {
                        skipped = true;
                        continue;
                }

                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(jobs, size, c + 1))
                        return log_oom();

                jobs[c++] = job;
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        output_jobs_list(jobs, c, skipped);
        return r;
}

static int cancel_job(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        char **name;

        assert(args);

        if (strv_length(args) <= 1)
                return daemon_reload(bus, args);

        STRV_FOREACH(name, args+1) {
                uint32_t id;
                int r;

                r = safe_atou32(*name, &id);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to parse job id \"%s\": %s", *name, strerror(-r));
                        return r;
                }

                r = sd_bus_call_method(
                                bus,
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                                "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                                "CancelJob",
                                &error,
                                NULL,
                                "u", id);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to cancel job %u: %s", (unsigned) id, bus_error_message(&error, r));
                        return r;
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

static int need_daemon_reload(sd_bus *bus, const char *unit) {
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        const char *path;
        int b, r;

        /* We ignore all errors here, since this is used to show a
         * warning only */

        /* We don't use unit_dbus_path_from_name() directly since we
         * don't want to load the unit if it isn't loaded. */

        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                        "GetUnit",
                        NULL,
                        &reply,
                        "s", unit);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "o", &path);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = sd_bus_get_property_trivial(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        path,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",
                        "NeedDaemonReload",
                        NULL,
                        'b', &b);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        return b;
}

typedef struct WaitData {
        Set *set;

        char *name;
        char *result;
} WaitData;

static int wait_filter(sd_bus *bus, sd_bus_message *m, void *data, sd_bus_error *error) {
        WaitData *d = data;

        assert(bus);
        assert(m);
        assert(d);

        log_debug("Got D-Bus request: %s.%s() on %s",
                  sd_bus_message_get_interface(m),
                  sd_bus_message_get_member(m),
                  sd_bus_message_get_path(m));

        if (sd_bus_message_is_signal(m, "org.freedesktop.DBus.Local", "Disconnected")) {
                log_error("Warning! D-Bus connection terminated.");
                sd_bus_close(bus);
        } else if (sd_bus_message_is_signal(m, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "JobRemoved")) {
                uint32_t id;
                const char *path, *result, *unit;
                char *ret;
                int r;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "uoss", &id, &path, &unit, &result);
                if (r >= 0) {
                        ret = set_remove(d->set, (char*) path);
                        if (!ret)
                                return 0;

                        free(ret);

                        if (!isempty(result))
                                d->result = strdup(result);

                        if (!isempty(unit))
                                d->name = strdup(unit);

                        return 0;
                }
#ifndef NOLEGACY
                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "uos", &id, &path, &result);
                if (r >= 0) {
                        ret = set_remove(d->set, (char*) path);
                        if (!ret)
                                return 0;

                        free(ret);

                        if (*result)
                                d->result = strdup(result);

                        return 0;
                }
#endif

                bus_log_parse_error(r);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int enable_wait_for_jobs(sd_bus *bus) {
        int r;

        assert(bus);

        r = sd_bus_add_match(
                        bus,
                        "type='signal',"
                        "sender='org.freedesktop.systemd1',"
                        "interface='org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager',"
                        "member='JobRemoved',"
                        "path='/org/freedesktop/systemd1'",
                        NULL, NULL);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to add match");
                return -EIO;
        }

        /* This is slightly dirty, since we don't undo the match registrations. */
        return 0;
}

static int bus_process_wait(sd_bus *bus) {
        int r;

        for (;;) {
                r = sd_bus_process(bus, NULL);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r > 0)
                        return 0;
                r = sd_bus_wait(bus, (uint64_t) -1);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }
}

static int check_wait_response(WaitData *d) {
        int r = 0;

        assert(d->result);

        if (!arg_quiet) {
                if (streq(d->result, "timeout"))
                        log_error("Job for %s timed out.", strna(d->name));
                else if (streq(d->result, "canceled"))
                        log_error("Job for %s canceled.", strna(d->name));
                else if (streq(d->result, "dependency"))
                        log_error("A dependency job for %s failed. See 'journalctl -xn' for details.", strna(d->name));
                else if (!streq(d->result, "done") && !streq(d->result, "skipped"))
                        log_error("Job for %s failed. See 'systemctl status %s' and 'journalctl -xn' for details.", strna(d->name), strna(d->name));
        }

        if (streq(d->result, "timeout"))
                r = -ETIME;
        else if (streq(d->result, "canceled"))
                r = -ECANCELED;
        else if (streq(d->result, "dependency"))
                r = -EIO;
        else if (!streq(d->result, "done") && !streq(d->result, "skipped"))
                r = -EIO;

        return r;
}

static int wait_for_jobs(sd_bus *bus, Set *s) {
        WaitData d = { .set = s };
        int r = 0, q;

        assert(bus);
        assert(s);

        q = sd_bus_add_filter(bus, wait_filter, &d);
        if (q < 0)
                return log_oom();

        while (!set_isempty(s)) {
                q = bus_process_wait(bus);
                if (q < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to wait for response: %s", strerror(-r));
                        return q;
                }

                if (d.result) {
                        q = check_wait_response(&d);
                        /* Return the first error as it is most likely to be
                         * meaningful. */
                        if (q < 0 && r == 0)
                                r = q;
                        log_debug("Got result %s/%s for job %s",
                                  strna(d.result), strerror(-q), strna(d.name));
                }

                free(d.name);
                d.name = NULL;

                free(d.result);
                d.result = NULL;
        }

        q = sd_bus_remove_filter(bus, wait_filter, &d);
        if (q < 0 && r == 0)
                r = q;

        return r;
}

static int check_one_unit(sd_bus *bus, const char *name, const char *good_states, bool quiet) {
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL, *state = NULL;
        const char *path;
        int r;

        assert(name);

        n = unit_name_mangle(name, MANGLE_NOGLOB);
        if (!n)
                return log_oom();

        /* We don't use unit_dbus_path_from_name() directly since we
         * don't want to load the unit if it isn't loaded. */

        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                        "GetUnit",
                        NULL,
                        &reply,
                        "s", n);
        if (r < 0) {
                if (!quiet)
                        puts("unknown");
                return 0;
        }

        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "o", &path);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_get_property_string(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        path,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",
                        "ActiveState",
                        NULL,
                        &state);
        if (r < 0) {
                if (!quiet)
                        puts("unknown");
                return 0;
        }

        if (!quiet)
                puts(state);

        return nulstr_contains(good_states, state);
}

static int check_triggering_units(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *name) {

        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL, *n = NULL, *state = NULL;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **triggered_by = NULL;
        bool print_warning_label = true;
        char **i;
        int r;

        n = unit_name_mangle(name, MANGLE_NOGLOB);
        if (!n)
                return log_oom();

        path = unit_dbus_path_from_name(n);
        if (!path)
                return log_oom();

        r = sd_bus_get_property_string(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        path,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",
                        "LoadState",
                        &error,
                        &state);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to get load state of %s: %s", n, bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        if (streq(state, "masked"))
                return 0;

        r = sd_bus_get_property_strv(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        path,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",
                        "TriggeredBy",
                        &error,
                        &triggered_by);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to get triggered by array of %s: %s", n, bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        STRV_FOREACH(i, triggered_by) {
                r = check_one_unit(bus, *i, "active\0reloading\0", true);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to check unit: %s", strerror(-r));
                        return r;
                }

                if (r == 0)
                        continue;

                if (print_warning_label) {
                        log_warning("Warning: Stopping %s, but it can still be activated by:", n);
                        print_warning_label = false;
                }

                log_warning("  %s", *i);
        }

        return 0;
}

static const char *verb_to_method(const char *verb) {
       uint i;

       for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(unit_actions); i++)
                if (streq_ptr(unit_actions[i].verb, verb))
                        return unit_actions[i].method;

       return "StartUnit";
}

static const char *method_to_verb(const char *method) {
       uint i;

       for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(unit_actions); i++)
                if (streq_ptr(unit_actions[i].method, method))
                        return unit_actions[i].verb;

       return "n/a";
}

static int start_unit_one(
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *method,
                const char *name,
                const char *mode,
                sd_bus_error *error,
                Set *s) {

        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        const char *path;
        int r;

        assert(method);
        assert(name);
        assert(mode);
        assert(error);

        log_debug("Calling manager for %s on %s, %s", method, name, mode);
        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                        method,
                        error,
                        &reply,
                        "ss", name, mode);
        if (r < 0) {
                const char *verb;

                if (r == -ENOENT && arg_action != ACTION_SYSTEMCTL)
                        /* There's always a fallback possible for
                         * legacy actions. */
                        return -EADDRNOTAVAIL;

                verb = method_to_verb(method);

                log_error("Failed to %s %s: %s", verb, name, bus_error_message(error, r));
                return r;
        }

        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "o", &path);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        if (need_daemon_reload(bus, name) > 0)
                log_warning("Warning: Unit file of %s changed on disk, 'systemctl%s daemon-reload' recommended.",
                            name, arg_scope == UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM ? "" : " --user");

        if (s) {
                char *p;

                p = strdup(path);
                if (!p)
                        return log_oom();

                log_debug("Adding %s to the set", p);
                r = set_consume(s, p);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_oom();
        }

        return 0;
}

static int expand_names(sd_bus *bus, char **names, const char* suffix, char ***ret) {

        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **mangled = NULL, **globs = NULL;
        char **name;
        int r = 0, i;

        STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                char *t;

                if (suffix)
                        t = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(*name, MANGLE_GLOB, suffix);
                else
                        t = unit_name_mangle(*name, MANGLE_GLOB);
                if (!t)
                        return log_oom();

                if (string_is_glob(t))
                        r = strv_push(&globs, t);
                else
                        r = strv_push(&mangled, t);
                if (r < 0) {
                        free(t);
                        return log_oom();
                }
        }

        /* Query the manager only if any of the names are a glob, since
         * this is fairly expensive */
        if (!strv_isempty(globs)) {
                _cleanup_free_ UnitInfo *unit_infos = NULL;

                r = get_unit_list(bus, &reply, &unit_infos, globs);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                for (i = 0; i < r; i++)
                        if (strv_extend(&mangled, unit_infos[i].id) < 0)
                                return log_oom();
        }

        *ret = mangled;
        mangled = NULL; /* do not free */
        return 0;
}

static const struct {
        const char *target;
        const char *verb;
        const char *mode;
} action_table[_ACTION_MAX] = {
        [ACTION_HALT]         = { SPECIAL_HALT_TARGET,         "halt",         "replace-irreversibly" },
        [ACTION_POWEROFF]     = { SPECIAL_POWEROFF_TARGET,     "poweroff",     "replace-irreversibly" },
        [ACTION_REBOOT]       = { SPECIAL_REBOOT_TARGET,       "reboot",       "replace-irreversibly" },
        [ACTION_KEXEC]        = { SPECIAL_KEXEC_TARGET,        "kexec",        "replace-irreversibly" },
        [ACTION_RUNLEVEL2]    = { SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL2_TARGET,    NULL,           "isolate" },
        [ACTION_RUNLEVEL3]    = { SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL3_TARGET,    NULL,           "isolate" },
        [ACTION_RUNLEVEL4]    = { SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL4_TARGET,    NULL,           "isolate" },
        [ACTION_RUNLEVEL5]    = { SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL5_TARGET,    NULL,           "isolate" },
        [ACTION_RESCUE]       = { SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,       "rescue",       "isolate" },
        [ACTION_EMERGENCY]    = { SPECIAL_EMERGENCY_TARGET,    "emergency",    "isolate" },
        [ACTION_DEFAULT]      = { SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET,      "default",      "isolate" },
        [ACTION_EXIT]         = { SPECIAL_EXIT_TARGET,         "exit",         "replace-irreversibly" },
        [ACTION_SUSPEND]      = { SPECIAL_SUSPEND_TARGET,      "suspend",      "replace-irreversibly" },
        [ACTION_HIBERNATE]    = { SPECIAL_HIBERNATE_TARGET,    "hibernate",    "replace-irreversibly" },
        [ACTION_HYBRID_SLEEP] = { SPECIAL_HYBRID_SLEEP_TARGET, "hybrid-sleep", "replace-irreversibly" },
};

static enum action verb_to_action(const char *verb) {
        enum action i;

        for (i = _ACTION_INVALID; i < _ACTION_MAX; i++)
                if (streq_ptr(action_table[i].verb, verb))
                        return i;

        return _ACTION_INVALID;
}

static int start_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *s = NULL;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
        const char *method, *mode, *one_name;
        char **name;
        int r = 0;

        assert(bus);

        ask_password_agent_open_if_enabled();

        if (arg_action == ACTION_SYSTEMCTL) {
                enum action action;
                method = verb_to_method(args[0]);
                action = verb_to_action(args[0]);

                mode = streq(args[0], "isolate") ? "isolate" :
                       action_table[action].mode ?: arg_job_mode;

                one_name = action_table[action].target;
        } else {
                assert(arg_action < ELEMENTSOF(action_table));
                assert(action_table[arg_action].target);

                method = "StartUnit";

                mode = action_table[arg_action].mode;
                one_name = action_table[arg_action].target;
        }

        if (one_name)
                names = strv_new(one_name, NULL);
        else {
                r = expand_names(bus, args + 1, NULL, &names);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_error("Failed to expand names: %s", strerror(-r));
        }

        if (!arg_no_block) {
                r = enable_wait_for_jobs(bus);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Could not watch jobs: %s", strerror(-r));
                        return r;
                }

                s = set_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func);
                if (!s)
                        return log_oom();
        }

        STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
                int q;

                q = start_unit_one(bus, method, *name, mode, &error, s);
                if (r >= 0 && q < 0)
                        r = translate_bus_error_to_exit_status(q, &error);
        }

        if (!arg_no_block) {
                int q;

                q = wait_for_jobs(bus, s);
                if (q < 0)
                        return q;

                /* When stopping units, warn if they can still be triggered by
                 * another active unit (socket, path, timer) */
                if (!arg_quiet && streq(method, "StopUnit"))
                        STRV_FOREACH(name, names)
                                check_triggering_units(bus, *name);
        }

        return r;
}

/* Ask systemd-logind, which might grant access to unprivileged users
 * through PolicyKit */
static int reboot_with_logind(sd_bus *bus, enum action a) {
#ifdef HAVE_LOGIND
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        const char *method;
        int r;

        if (!bus)
                return -EIO;

        polkit_agent_open_if_enabled();

        switch (a) {

        case ACTION_REBOOT:
                method = "Reboot";
                break;

        case ACTION_POWEROFF:
                method = "PowerOff";
                break;

        case ACTION_SUSPEND:
                method = "Suspend";
                break;

        case ACTION_HIBERNATE:
                method = "Hibernate";
                break;

        case ACTION_HYBRID_SLEEP:
                method = "HybridSleep";
                break;

        default:
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.login1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/login1",
                        "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
                        method,
                        &error,
                        NULL,
                        "b", true);
        if (r < 0)
                log_error("Failed to execute operation: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));

        return r;
#else
        return -ENOSYS;
#endif
}

static int check_inhibitors(sd_bus *bus, enum action a) {
#ifdef HAVE_LOGIND
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **sessions = NULL;
        const char *what, *who, *why, *mode;
        uint32_t uid, pid;
        unsigned c = 0;
        char **s;
        int r;

        if (!bus)
                return 0;

        if (arg_ignore_inhibitors || arg_force > 0)
                return 0;

        if (arg_when > 0)
                return 0;

        if (geteuid() == 0)
                return 0;

        if (!on_tty())
                return 0;

        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.login1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/login1",
                        "org.freedesktop.login1.Manager",
                        "ListInhibitors",
                        NULL,
                        &reply,
                        NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                /* If logind is not around, then there are no inhibitors... */
                return 0;

        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ssssuu)");
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "(ssssuu)", &what, &who, &why, &mode, &uid, &pid)) > 0) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *comm = NULL, *user = NULL;
                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **sv = NULL;

                if (!streq(mode, "block"))
                        continue;

                sv = strv_split(what, ":");
                if (!sv)
                        return log_oom();

                if (!strv_contains(sv,
                                  a == ACTION_HALT ||
                                  a == ACTION_POWEROFF ||
                                  a == ACTION_REBOOT ||
                                  a == ACTION_KEXEC ? "shutdown" : "sleep"))
                        continue;

                get_process_comm(pid, &comm);
                user = uid_to_name(uid);

                log_warning("Operation inhibited by \"%s\" (PID %lu \"%s\", user %s), reason is \"%s\".",
                            who, (unsigned long) pid, strna(comm), strna(user), why);

                c++;
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        /* Check for current sessions */
        sd_get_sessions(&sessions);
        STRV_FOREACH(s, sessions) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *type = NULL, *tty = NULL, *seat = NULL, *user = NULL, *service = NULL, *class = NULL;

                if (sd_session_get_uid(*s, &uid) < 0 || uid == getuid())
                        continue;

                if (sd_session_get_class(*s, &class) < 0 || !streq(class, "user"))
                        continue;

                if (sd_session_get_type(*s, &type) < 0 || (!streq(type, "x11") && !streq(type, "tty")))
                        continue;

                sd_session_get_tty(*s, &tty);
                sd_session_get_seat(*s, &seat);
                sd_session_get_service(*s, &service);
                user = uid_to_name(uid);

                log_warning("User %s is logged in on %s.", strna(user), isempty(tty) ? (isempty(seat) ? strna(service) : seat) : tty);
                c++;
        }

        if (c <= 0)
                return 0;

        log_error("Please retry operation after closing inhibitors and logging out other users.\nAlternatively, ignore inhibitors and users with 'systemctl %s -i'.",
                  action_table[a].verb);

        return -EPERM;
#else
        return 0;
#endif
}

static int start_special(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        enum action a;
        int r;

        assert(args);

        a = verb_to_action(args[0]);

        r = check_inhibitors(bus, a);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (arg_force >= 2 && geteuid() != 0) {
                log_error("Must be root.");
                return -EPERM;
        }

        if (arg_force >= 2 &&
            (a == ACTION_HALT ||
             a == ACTION_POWEROFF ||
             a == ACTION_REBOOT))
                return halt_now(a);

        if (arg_force >= 1 &&
            (a == ACTION_HALT ||
             a == ACTION_POWEROFF ||
             a == ACTION_REBOOT ||
             a == ACTION_KEXEC ||
             a == ACTION_EXIT))
                return daemon_reload(bus, args);

        /* first try logind, to allow authentication with polkit */
        if (geteuid() != 0 &&
            (a == ACTION_POWEROFF ||
             a == ACTION_REBOOT ||
             a == ACTION_SUSPEND ||
             a == ACTION_HIBERNATE ||
             a == ACTION_HYBRID_SLEEP)) {
                r = reboot_with_logind(bus, a);
                if (r >= 0)
                        return r;
        }

        r = start_unit(bus, args);
        if (r == EXIT_SUCCESS)
                warn_wall(a);

        return r;
}

static int check_unit_generic(sd_bus *bus, int code, const char *good_states, char **args) {
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
        char **name;
        int r;

        assert(bus);
        assert(args);

        r = expand_names(bus, args, NULL, &names);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to expand names: %s", strerror(-r));
                return r;
        }

        STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                int state;

                state = check_one_unit(bus, *name, good_states, arg_quiet);
                if (state < 0)
                        return state;
                if (state == 0)
                        r = code;
        }

        return r;
}

static int check_unit_active(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        /* According to LSB: 3, "program is not running" */
        return check_unit_generic(bus, 3, "active\0reloading\0", args + 1);
}

static int check_unit_failed(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        return check_unit_generic(bus, 1, "failed\0", args + 1);
}

static int kill_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
        char **name;
        int r, q;

        assert(bus);
        assert(args);

        if (!arg_kill_who)
                arg_kill_who = "all";

        r = expand_names(bus, args + 1, NULL, &names);
        if (r < 0)
                log_error("Failed to expand names: %s", strerror(-r));

        STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                q = sd_bus_call_method(
                                bus,
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                                "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                                "KillUnit",
                                &error,
                                NULL,
                                "ssi", *names, arg_kill_who, arg_signal);
                if (q < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to kill unit %s: %s",
                                  *names, bus_error_message(&error, r));
                        if (r == 0)
                                r = q;
                }
        }

        return r;
}

typedef struct ExecStatusInfo {
        char *name;

        char *path;
        char **argv;

        bool ignore;

        usec_t start_timestamp;
        usec_t exit_timestamp;
        pid_t pid;
        int code;
        int status;

        LIST_FIELDS(struct ExecStatusInfo, exec);
} ExecStatusInfo;

static void exec_status_info_free(ExecStatusInfo *i) {
        assert(i);

        free(i->name);
        free(i->path);
        strv_free(i->argv);
        free(i);
}

static int exec_status_info_deserialize(sd_bus_message *m, ExecStatusInfo *i) {
        uint64_t start_timestamp, exit_timestamp, start_timestamp_monotonic, exit_timestamp_monotonic;
        const char *path;
        uint32_t pid;
        int32_t code, status;
        int ignore, r;

        assert(m);
        assert(i);

        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT, "sasbttttuii");
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
        else if (r == 0)
                return 0;

        r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "s", &path);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        i->path = strdup(path);
        if (!i->path)
                return log_oom();

        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(m, &i->argv);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_message_read(m,
                                "bttttuii",
                                &ignore,
                                &start_timestamp, &start_timestamp_monotonic,
                                &exit_timestamp, &exit_timestamp_monotonic,
                                &pid,
                                &code, &status);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        i->ignore = ignore;
        i->start_timestamp = (usec_t) start_timestamp;
        i->exit_timestamp = (usec_t) exit_timestamp;
        i->pid = (pid_t) pid;
        i->code = code;
        i->status = status;

        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        return 1;
}

typedef struct UnitStatusInfo {
        const char *id;
        const char *load_state;
        const char *active_state;
        const char *sub_state;
        const char *unit_file_state;

        const char *description;
        const char *following;

        char **documentation;

        const char *fragment_path;
        const char *source_path;
        const char *control_group;

        char **dropin_paths;

        const char *load_error;
        const char *result;

        usec_t inactive_exit_timestamp;
        usec_t inactive_exit_timestamp_monotonic;
        usec_t active_enter_timestamp;
        usec_t active_exit_timestamp;
        usec_t inactive_enter_timestamp;

        bool need_daemon_reload;

        /* Service */
        pid_t main_pid;
        pid_t control_pid;
        const char *status_text;
        const char *pid_file;
        bool running:1;

        usec_t start_timestamp;
        usec_t exit_timestamp;

        int exit_code, exit_status;

        usec_t condition_timestamp;
        bool condition_result;
        bool failed_condition_trigger;
        bool failed_condition_negate;
        const char *failed_condition;
        const char *failed_condition_param;

        /* Socket */
        unsigned n_accepted;
        unsigned n_connections;
        bool accept;

        /* Pairs of type, path */
        char **listen;

        /* Device */
        const char *sysfs_path;

        /* Mount, Automount */
        const char *where;

        /* Swap */
        const char *what;

        LIST_HEAD(ExecStatusInfo, exec);
} UnitStatusInfo;

static void print_status_info(
                UnitStatusInfo *i,
                bool *ellipsized) {

        ExecStatusInfo *p;
        const char *on, *off, *ss;
        usec_t timestamp;
        char since1[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_RELATIVE_MAX], *s1;
        char since2[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX], *s2;
        const char *path;
        int flags =
                arg_all * OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL |
                (!on_tty() || pager_have()) * OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH |
                on_tty() * OUTPUT_COLOR |
                !arg_quiet * OUTPUT_WARN_CUTOFF |
                arg_full * OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH;
        char **t, **t2;

        assert(i);

        /* This shows pretty information about a unit. See
         * print_property() for a low-level property printer */

        printf("%s", strna(i->id));

        if (i->description && !streq_ptr(i->id, i->description))
                printf(" - %s", i->description);

        printf("\n");

        if (i->following)
                printf("   Follow: unit currently follows state of %s\n", i->following);

        if (streq_ptr(i->load_state, "error")) {
                on = ansi_highlight_red();
                off = ansi_highlight_off();
        } else
                on = off = "";

        path = i->source_path ? i->source_path : i->fragment_path;

        if (i->load_error)
                printf("   Loaded: %s%s%s (Reason: %s)\n",
                       on, strna(i->load_state), off, i->load_error);
        else if (path && i->unit_file_state)
                printf("   Loaded: %s%s%s (%s; %s)\n",
                       on, strna(i->load_state), off, path, i->unit_file_state);
        else if (path)
                printf("   Loaded: %s%s%s (%s)\n",
                       on, strna(i->load_state), off, path);
        else
                printf("   Loaded: %s%s%s\n",
                       on, strna(i->load_state), off);

        if (!strv_isempty(i->dropin_paths)) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *dir = NULL;
                bool last = false;
                char ** dropin;

                STRV_FOREACH(dropin, i->dropin_paths) {
                        if (! dir || last) {
                                printf(dir ? "        " : "  Drop-In: ");

                                free(dir);
                                dir = NULL;

                                if (path_get_parent(*dropin, &dir) < 0) {
                                        log_oom();
                                        return;
                                }

                                printf("%s\n           %s", dir,
                                       draw_special_char(DRAW_TREE_RIGHT));
                        }

                        last = ! (*(dropin + 1) && startswith(*(dropin + 1), dir));

                        printf("%s%s", basename(*dropin), last ? "\n" : ", ");
                }
        }

        ss = streq_ptr(i->active_state, i->sub_state) ? NULL : i->sub_state;

        if (streq_ptr(i->active_state, "failed")) {
                on = ansi_highlight_red();
                off = ansi_highlight_off();
        } else if (streq_ptr(i->active_state, "active") || streq_ptr(i->active_state, "reloading")) {
                on = ansi_highlight_green();
                off = ansi_highlight_off();
        } else
                on = off = "";

        if (ss)
                printf("   Active: %s%s (%s)%s",
                       on, strna(i->active_state), ss, off);
        else
                printf("   Active: %s%s%s",
                       on, strna(i->active_state), off);

        if (!isempty(i->result) && !streq(i->result, "success"))
                printf(" (Result: %s)", i->result);

        timestamp = (streq_ptr(i->active_state, "active")      ||
                     streq_ptr(i->active_state, "reloading"))   ? i->active_enter_timestamp :
                    (streq_ptr(i->active_state, "inactive")    ||
                     streq_ptr(i->active_state, "failed"))      ? i->inactive_enter_timestamp :
                    streq_ptr(i->active_state, "activating")    ? i->inactive_exit_timestamp :
                                                                  i->active_exit_timestamp;

        s1 = format_timestamp_relative(since1, sizeof(since1), timestamp);
        s2 = format_timestamp(since2, sizeof(since2), timestamp);

        if (s1)
                printf(" since %s; %s\n", s2, s1);
        else if (s2)
                printf(" since %s\n", s2);
        else
                printf("\n");

        if (!i->condition_result && i->condition_timestamp > 0) {
                s1 = format_timestamp_relative(since1, sizeof(since1), i->condition_timestamp);
                s2 = format_timestamp(since2, sizeof(since2), i->condition_timestamp);

                printf("           start condition failed at %s%s%s\n",
                       s2, s1 ? "; " : "", s1 ? s1 : "");
                if (i->failed_condition_trigger)
                        printf("           none of the trigger conditions were met\n");
                else if (i->failed_condition)
                        printf("           %s=%s%s was not met\n",
                               i->failed_condition,
                               i->failed_condition_negate ? "!" : "",
                               i->failed_condition_param);
        }

        if (i->sysfs_path)
                printf("   Device: %s\n", i->sysfs_path);
        if (i->where)
                printf("    Where: %s\n", i->where);
        if (i->what)
                printf("     What: %s\n", i->what);

        STRV_FOREACH(t, i->documentation)
                printf(" %*s %s\n", 9, t == i->documentation ? "Docs:" : "", *t);

        STRV_FOREACH_PAIR(t, t2, i->listen)
                printf(" %*s %s (%s)\n", 9, t == i->listen ? "Listen:" : "", *t2, *t);

        if (i->accept)
                printf(" Accepted: %u; Connected: %u\n", i->n_accepted, i->n_connections);

        LIST_FOREACH(exec, p, i->exec) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *argv = NULL;
                bool good;

                /* Only show exited processes here */
                if (p->code == 0)
                        continue;

                argv = strv_join(p->argv, " ");
                printf("  Process: %u %s=%s ", p->pid, p->name, strna(argv));

                good = is_clean_exit_lsb(p->code, p->status, NULL);
                if (!good) {
                        on = ansi_highlight_red();
                        off = ansi_highlight_off();
                } else
                        on = off = "";

                printf("%s(code=%s, ", on, sigchld_code_to_string(p->code));

                if (p->code == CLD_EXITED) {
                        const char *c;

                        printf("status=%i", p->status);

                        c = exit_status_to_string(p->status, EXIT_STATUS_SYSTEMD);
                        if (c)
                                printf("/%s", c);

                } else
                        printf("signal=%s", signal_to_string(p->status));

                printf(")%s\n", off);

                if (i->main_pid == p->pid &&
                    i->start_timestamp == p->start_timestamp &&
                    i->exit_timestamp == p->start_timestamp)
                        /* Let's not show this twice */
                        i->main_pid = 0;

                if (p->pid == i->control_pid)
                        i->control_pid = 0;
        }

        if (i->main_pid > 0 || i->control_pid > 0) {
                if (i->main_pid > 0) {
                        printf(" Main PID: %u", (unsigned) i->main_pid);

                        if (i->running) {
                                _cleanup_free_ char *comm = NULL;
                                get_process_comm(i->main_pid, &comm);
                                if (comm)
                                        printf(" (%s)", comm);
                        } else if (i->exit_code > 0) {
                                printf(" (code=%s, ", sigchld_code_to_string(i->exit_code));

                                if (i->exit_code == CLD_EXITED) {
                                        const char *c;

                                        printf("status=%i", i->exit_status);

                                        c = exit_status_to_string(i->exit_status, EXIT_STATUS_SYSTEMD);
                                        if (c)
                                                printf("/%s", c);

                                } else
                                        printf("signal=%s", signal_to_string(i->exit_status));
                                printf(")");
                        }

                        if (i->control_pid > 0)
                                printf(";");
                }

                if (i->control_pid > 0) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *c = NULL;

                        printf(" %8s: %u", i->main_pid ? "" : " Control", (unsigned) i->control_pid);

                        get_process_comm(i->control_pid, &c);
                        if (c)
                                printf(" (%s)", c);
                }

                printf("\n");
        }

        if (i->status_text)
                printf("   Status: \"%s\"\n", i->status_text);

        if (i->control_group &&
            (i->main_pid > 0 || i->control_pid > 0 || cg_is_empty_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, i->control_group, false) == 0)) {
                unsigned c;

                printf("   CGroup: %s\n", i->control_group);

                if (arg_transport == BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL || arg_transport == BUS_TRANSPORT_CONTAINER) {
                        unsigned k = 0;
                        pid_t extra[2];
                        char prefix[] = "           ";

                        c = columns();
                        if (c > sizeof(prefix) - 1)
                                c -= sizeof(prefix) - 1;
                        else
                                c = 0;

                        if (i->main_pid > 0)
                                extra[k++] = i->main_pid;

                        if (i->control_pid > 0)
                                extra[k++] = i->control_pid;

                        show_cgroup_and_extra(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, i->control_group, prefix,
                                                      c, false, extra, k, flags);
                }
        }

        if (i->id && arg_transport == BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL) {
                printf("\n");
                show_journal_by_unit(stdout,
                                     i->id,
                                     arg_output,
                                     0,
                                     i->inactive_exit_timestamp_monotonic,
                                     arg_lines,
                                     getuid(),
                                     flags,
                                     arg_scope == UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM,
                                     ellipsized);
        }

        if (i->need_daemon_reload)
                printf("\n%sWarning:%s Unit file changed on disk, 'systemctl %sdaemon-reload' recommended.\n",
                       ansi_highlight_red(),
                       ansi_highlight_off(),
                       arg_scope == UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM ? "" : "--user ");
}

static void show_unit_help(UnitStatusInfo *i) {
        char **p;

        assert(i);

        if (!i->documentation) {
                log_info("Documentation for %s not known.", i->id);
                return;
        }

        STRV_FOREACH(p, i->documentation) {

                if (startswith(*p, "man:")) {
                        const char *args[4] = { "man", NULL, NULL, NULL };
                        _cleanup_free_ char *page = NULL, *section = NULL;
                        char *e = NULL;
                        pid_t pid;
                        size_t k;

                        k = strlen(*p);

                        if ((*p)[k-1] == ')')
                                e = strrchr(*p, '(');

                        if (e) {
                                page = strndup((*p) + 4, e - *p - 4);
                                section = strndup(e + 1, *p + k - e - 2);
                                if (!page || !section) {
                                        log_oom();
                                        return;
                                }

                                args[1] = section;
                                args[2] = page;
                        } else
                                args[1] = *p + 4;

                        pid = fork();
                        if (pid < 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to fork: %m");
                                continue;
                        }

                        if (pid == 0) {
                                /* Child */
                                execvp(args[0], (char**) args);
                                log_error("Failed to execute man: %m");
                                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }

                        wait_for_terminate(pid, NULL);
                } else
                        log_info("Can't show: %s", *p);
        }
}

static int status_property(const char *name, sd_bus_message *m, UnitStatusInfo *i, const char *contents) {
        int r;

        assert(name);
        assert(m);
        assert(i);

        switch (contents[0]) {

        case SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING: {
                const char *s;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "s", &s);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                if (!isempty(s)) {
                        if (streq(name, "Id"))
                                i->id = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "LoadState"))
                                i->load_state = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "ActiveState"))
                                i->active_state = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "SubState"))
                                i->sub_state = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "Description"))
                                i->description = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "FragmentPath"))
                                i->fragment_path = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "SourcePath"))
                                i->source_path = s;
#ifndef NOLEGACY
                        else if (streq(name, "DefaultControlGroup")) {
                                const char *e;
                                e = startswith(s, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER ":");
                                if (e)
                                        i->control_group = e;
                        }
#endif
                        else if (streq(name, "ControlGroup"))
                                i->control_group = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "StatusText"))
                                i->status_text = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "PIDFile"))
                                i->pid_file = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "SysFSPath"))
                                i->sysfs_path = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "Where"))
                                i->where = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "What"))
                                i->what = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "Following"))
                                i->following = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "UnitFileState"))
                                i->unit_file_state = s;
                        else if (streq(name, "Result"))
                                i->result = s;
                }

                break;
        }

        case SD_BUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN: {
                int b;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "b", &b);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                if (streq(name, "Accept"))
                        i->accept = b;
                else if (streq(name, "NeedDaemonReload"))
                        i->need_daemon_reload = b;
                else if (streq(name, "ConditionResult"))
                        i->condition_result = b;

                break;
        }

        case SD_BUS_TYPE_UINT32: {
                uint32_t u;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "u", &u);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                if (streq(name, "MainPID")) {
                        if (u > 0) {
                                i->main_pid = (pid_t) u;
                                i->running = true;
                        }
                } else if (streq(name, "ControlPID"))
                        i->control_pid = (pid_t) u;
                else if (streq(name, "ExecMainPID")) {
                        if (u > 0)
                                i->main_pid = (pid_t) u;
                } else if (streq(name, "NAccepted"))
                        i->n_accepted = u;
                else if (streq(name, "NConnections"))
                        i->n_connections = u;

                break;
        }

        case SD_BUS_TYPE_INT32: {
                int32_t j;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "i", &j);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                if (streq(name, "ExecMainCode"))
                        i->exit_code = (int) j;
                else if (streq(name, "ExecMainStatus"))
                        i->exit_status = (int) j;

                break;
        }

        case SD_BUS_TYPE_UINT64: {
                uint64_t u;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "t", &u);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                if (streq(name, "ExecMainStartTimestamp"))
                        i->start_timestamp = (usec_t) u;
                else if (streq(name, "ExecMainExitTimestamp"))
                        i->exit_timestamp = (usec_t) u;
                else if (streq(name, "ActiveEnterTimestamp"))
                        i->active_enter_timestamp = (usec_t) u;
                else if (streq(name, "InactiveEnterTimestamp"))
                        i->inactive_enter_timestamp = (usec_t) u;
                else if (streq(name, "InactiveExitTimestamp"))
                        i->inactive_exit_timestamp = (usec_t) u;
                else if (streq(name, "InactiveExitTimestampMonotonic"))
                        i->inactive_exit_timestamp_monotonic = (usec_t) u;
                else if (streq(name, "ActiveExitTimestamp"))
                        i->active_exit_timestamp = (usec_t) u;
                else if (streq(name, "ConditionTimestamp"))
                        i->condition_timestamp = (usec_t) u;

                break;
        }

        case SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY:

                if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT_BEGIN && startswith(name, "Exec")) {
                        _cleanup_free_ ExecStatusInfo *info = NULL;

                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(sasbttttuii)");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        info = new0(ExecStatusInfo, 1);
                        if (!info)
                                return log_oom();

                        while ((r = exec_status_info_deserialize(m, info)) > 0) {

                                info->name = strdup(name);
                                if (!info->name)
                                        log_oom();

                                LIST_PREPEND(exec, i->exec, info);

                                info = new0(ExecStatusInfo, 1);
                                if (!info)
                                        log_oom();
                        }

                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        return 0;

                } else if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT_BEGIN && streq(name, "Listen")) {
                        const char *type, *path;

                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ss)");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(ss)", &type, &path)) > 0) {

                                r = strv_extend(&i->listen, type);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                r = strv_extend(&i->listen, path);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;
                        }
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        return 0;

                } else if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING && streq(name, "DropInPaths")) {

                        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(m, &i->dropin_paths);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                } else if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING && streq(name, "Documentation")) {

                        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(m, &i->documentation);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                } else if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT_BEGIN && streq(name, "Conditions")) {
                        const char *cond, *param;
                        int trigger, negate;
                        int32_t state;

                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(sbbsi)");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(sbbsi)", &cond, &trigger, &negate, &param, &state)) > 0) {
                                log_debug("%s %d %d %s %d", cond, trigger, negate, param, state);
                                if (state < 0 && (!trigger || !i->failed_condition)) {
                                        i->failed_condition = cond;
                                        i->failed_condition_trigger = trigger;
                                        i->failed_condition_negate = negate;
                                        i->failed_condition_param = param;
                                }
                        }
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                } else
                        goto skip;

                break;

        case SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT_BEGIN:

                if (streq(name, "LoadError")) {
                        const char *n, *message;

                        r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(ss)", &n, &message);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        if (!isempty(message))
                                i->load_error = message;
                } else
                        goto skip;

                break;

        default:
                goto skip;
        }

        return 0;

skip:
        r = sd_bus_message_skip(m, contents);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        return 0;
}

static int print_property(const char *name, sd_bus_message *m, const char *contents) {
        int r;

        assert(name);
        assert(m);

        /* This is a low-level property printer, see
         * print_status_info() for the nicer output */

        if (arg_properties && !strv_find(arg_properties, name)) {
                /* skip what we didn't read */
                r = sd_bus_message_skip(m, contents);
                return r;
        }

        switch (contents[0]) {

        case SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT_BEGIN:

                if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_UINT32 && streq(name, "Job")) {
                        uint32_t u;

                        r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(uo)", &u, NULL);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        if (u > 0)
                                printf("%s=%u\n", name, (unsigned) u);
                        else if (arg_all)
                                printf("%s=\n", name);

                        return 0;

                } else if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING && streq(name, "Unit")) {
                        const char *s;

                        r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(so)", &s, NULL);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        if (arg_all || !isempty(s))
                                printf("%s=%s\n", name, s);

                        return 0;

                } else if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING && streq(name, "LoadError")) {
                        const char *a = NULL, *b = NULL;

                        r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(ss)", &a, &b);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        if (arg_all || !isempty(a) || !isempty(b))
                                printf("%s=%s \"%s\"\n", name, strempty(a), strempty(b));

                        return 0;
                } else if (streq_ptr(name, "SystemCallFilter")) {
                        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
                        int whitelist;

                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, 'r', "bas");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "b", &whitelist);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_read_strv(m, &l);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        if (arg_all || whitelist || !strv_isempty(l)) {
                                bool first = true;
                                char **i;

                                fputs(name, stdout);
                                fputc('=', stdout);

                                if (!whitelist)
                                        fputc('~', stdout);

                                STRV_FOREACH(i, l) {
                                        if (first)
                                                first = false;
                                        else
                                                fputc(' ', stdout);

                                        fputs(*i, stdout);
                                }
                                fputc('\n', stdout);
                        }

                        return 0;
                }

                break;

        case SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY:

                if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT_BEGIN && streq(name, "EnvironmentFiles")) {
                        const char *path;
                        int ignore;

                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(sb)");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(sb)", &path, &ignore)) > 0)
                                printf("EnvironmentFile=%s (ignore_errors=%s)\n", path, yes_no(ignore));

                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        return 0;

                } else if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT_BEGIN && streq(name, "Paths")) {
                        const char *type, *path;

                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ss)");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(ss)", &type, &path)) > 0)
                                printf("%s=%s\n", type, path);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        return 0;

                } else if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT_BEGIN && streq(name, "Listen")) {
                        const char *type, *path;

                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ss)");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(ss)", &type, &path)) > 0)
                                printf("Listen%s=%s\n", type, path);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        return 0;

                } else if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT_BEGIN && streq(name, "Timers")) {
                        const char *base;
                        uint64_t value, next_elapse;

                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(stt)");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(stt)", &base, &value, &next_elapse)) > 0) {
                                char timespan1[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX], timespan2[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];

                                printf("%s={ value=%s ; next_elapse=%s }\n",
                                       base,
                                       format_timespan(timespan1, sizeof(timespan1), value, 0),
                                       format_timespan(timespan2, sizeof(timespan2), next_elapse, 0));
                        }
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        return 0;

                } else if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT_BEGIN && startswith(name, "Exec")) {
                        ExecStatusInfo info = {};

                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(sasbttttuii)");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        while ((r = exec_status_info_deserialize(m, &info)) > 0) {
                                char timestamp1[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX], timestamp2[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
                                _cleanup_free_ char *tt;

                                tt = strv_join(info.argv, " ");

                                printf("%s={ path=%s ; argv[]=%s ; ignore_errors=%s ; start_time=[%s] ; stop_time=[%s] ; pid=%u ; code=%s ; status=%i%s%s }\n",
                                       name,
                                       strna(info.path),
                                       strna(tt),
                                       yes_no(info.ignore),
                                       strna(format_timestamp(timestamp1, sizeof(timestamp1), info.start_timestamp)),
                                       strna(format_timestamp(timestamp2, sizeof(timestamp2), info.exit_timestamp)),
                                       (unsigned) info. pid,
                                       sigchld_code_to_string(info.code),
                                       info.status,
                                       info.code == CLD_EXITED ? "" : "/",
                                       strempty(info.code == CLD_EXITED ? NULL : signal_to_string(info.status)));

                                free(info.path);
                                strv_free(info.argv);
                                zero(info);
                        }

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        return 0;

                } else if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT_BEGIN && streq(name, "DeviceAllow")) {
                        const char *path, *rwm;

                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ss)");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(ss)", &path, &rwm)) > 0)
                                printf("%s=%s %s\n", name, strna(path), strna(rwm));
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        return 0;

                } else if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT_BEGIN && streq(name, "BlockIODeviceWeight")) {
                        const char *path;
                        uint64_t weight;

                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(st)");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(st)", &path, &weight)) > 0)
                                printf("%s=%s %" PRIu64 "\n", name, strna(path), weight);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        return 0;

                } else if (contents[1] == SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT_BEGIN && (streq(name, "BlockIOReadBandwidth") || streq(name, "BlockIOWriteBandwidth"))) {
                        const char *path;
                        uint64_t bandwidth;

                        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(st)");
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read(m, "(st)", &path, &bandwidth)) > 0)
                                printf("%s=%s %" PRIu64 "\n", name, strna(path), bandwidth);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(m);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        return 0;
                }

                break;
        }

        r = bus_print_property(name, m, arg_all);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        if (r == 0) {
                r = sd_bus_message_skip(m, contents);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                if (arg_all)
                        printf("%s=[unprintable]\n", name);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int show_one(
                const char *verb,
                sd_bus *bus,
                const char *path,
                bool show_properties,
                bool *new_line,
                bool *ellipsized) {

        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        UnitStatusInfo info = {};
        ExecStatusInfo *p;
        int r;

        assert(path);
        assert(new_line);

        log_debug("Showing one %s", path);

        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        path,
                        "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties",
                        "GetAll",
                        &error,
                        &reply,
                        "s", "");
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to get properties: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "{sv}");
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        if (*new_line)
                printf("\n");

        *new_line = true;

        while ((r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_DICT_ENTRY, "sv")) > 0) {
                const char *name, *contents;

                r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "s", &name);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                r = sd_bus_message_peek_type(reply, NULL, &contents);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_VARIANT, contents);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                if (show_properties)
                        r = print_property(name, reply, contents);
                else
                        r = status_property(name, reply, &info, contents);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_parse_error(r);
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        r = 0;

        if (!show_properties) {
                if (streq(verb, "help"))
                        show_unit_help(&info);
                else
                        print_status_info(&info, ellipsized);
        }

        strv_free(info.documentation);
        strv_free(info.dropin_paths);
        strv_free(info.listen);

        if (!streq_ptr(info.active_state, "active") &&
            !streq_ptr(info.active_state, "reloading") &&
            streq(verb, "status")) {
                /* According to LSB: "program not running" */
                /* 0: program is running or service is OK
                 * 1: program is dead and /run PID file exists
                 * 2: program is dead and /run/lock lock file exists
                 * 3: program is not running
                 * 4: program or service status is unknown
                 */
                if (info.pid_file && access(info.pid_file, F_OK) == 0)
                        r = 1;
                else
                        r = 3;
        }

        while ((p = info.exec)) {
                LIST_REMOVE(exec, info.exec, p);
                exec_status_info_free(p);
        }

        return r;
}

static int get_unit_dbus_path_by_pid(
                sd_bus *bus,
                uint32_t pid,
                char **unit) {

        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        char *u;
        int r;

        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                        "GetUnitByPID",
                        &error,
                        &reply,
                        "u", pid);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to get unit for PID %lu: %s", (unsigned long) pid, bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "o", &u);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        u = strdup(u);
        if (!u)
                return log_oom();

        *unit = u;
        return 0;
}

static int show_all(
                const char* verb,
                sd_bus *bus,
                bool show_properties,
                bool *new_line,
                bool *ellipsized) {

        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ UnitInfo *unit_infos = NULL;
        const UnitInfo *u;
        unsigned c;
        int r;

        r = get_unit_list(bus, &reply, &unit_infos, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        pager_open_if_enabled();

        c = (unsigned) r;

        qsort_safe(unit_infos, c, sizeof(UnitInfo), compare_unit_info);

        for (u = unit_infos; u < unit_infos + c; u++) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;

                p = unit_dbus_path_from_name(u->id);
                if (!p)
                        return log_oom();

                r = show_one(verb, bus, p, show_properties, new_line, ellipsized);
                if (r != 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int cat(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *unit = NULL;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
        char **name;
        bool first = true;
        int r = 0;

        assert(bus);
        assert(args);

        r = expand_names(bus, args + 1, NULL, &names);
        if (r < 0)
                log_error("Failed to expand names: %s", strerror(-r));

        pager_open_if_enabled();

        STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **dropin_paths = NULL;
                _cleanup_free_ char *fragment_path = NULL;
                char **path;

                unit = unit_dbus_path_from_name(*name);
                if (!unit)
                        return log_oom();

                if (need_daemon_reload(bus, *name) > 0)
                        log_warning("Unit file of %s changed on disk. Run 'systemctl%s daemon-reload'.",
                                    *name, arg_scope == UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM ? "" : " --user");

                r = sd_bus_get_property_string(
                                bus,
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                                unit,
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",
                                "FragmentPath",
                                &error,
                                &fragment_path);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_warning("Failed to get FragmentPath: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                        continue;
                }

                r = sd_bus_get_property_strv(
                                bus,
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                                unit,
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",
                                "DropInPaths",
                                &error,
                                &dropin_paths);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_warning("Failed to get DropInPaths: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                        continue;
                }

                if (first)
                        first = false;
                else
                        puts("");

                if (!isempty(fragment_path)) {
                        printf("%s# %s%s\n",
                               ansi_highlight_blue(),
                               fragment_path,
                               ansi_highlight_off());
                        fflush(stdout);

                        r = sendfile_full(STDOUT_FILENO, fragment_path);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_warning("Failed to cat %s: %s", fragment_path, strerror(-r));
                                continue;
                        }
                }

                STRV_FOREACH(path, dropin_paths) {
                        printf("%s%s# %s%s\n",
                               isempty(fragment_path) && path == dropin_paths ? "" : "\n",
                               ansi_highlight_blue(),
                               *path,
                               ansi_highlight_off());
                        fflush(stdout);

                        r = sendfile_full(STDOUT_FILENO, *path);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_warning("Failed to cat %s: %s", *path, strerror(-r));
                                continue;
                        }
                }
        }

        return r < 0 ? r : 0;
}

static int show(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        bool show_properties, show_status, new_line = false;
        bool ellipsized = false;
        int r, ret = 0;

        assert(bus);
        assert(args);

        show_properties = streq(args[0], "show");
        show_status = streq(args[0], "status");

        if (show_properties)
                pager_open_if_enabled();

        /* If no argument is specified inspect the manager itself */

        if (show_properties && strv_length(args) <= 1)
                return show_one(args[0], bus, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1", show_properties, &new_line, &ellipsized);

        if (show_status && strv_length(args) <= 1)
                ret = show_all(args[0], bus, false, &new_line, &ellipsized);
        else {
                _cleanup_free_ char **patterns = NULL;
                char **name;

                STRV_FOREACH(name, args + 1) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *unit = NULL;
                        uint32_t id;

                        if (safe_atou32(*name, &id) < 0) {
                                if (strv_push(&patterns, *name) < 0)
                                        return log_oom();

                                continue;
                        } else if (show_properties) {
                                /* Interpret as job id */
                                if (asprintf(&unit, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/job/%u", id) < 0)
                                        return log_oom();

                        } else {
                                /* Interpret as PID */
                                r = get_unit_dbus_path_by_pid(bus, id, &unit);
                                if (r < 0) {
                                        ret = r;
                                        continue;
                                }
                        }

                        show_one(args[0], bus, unit, show_properties, &new_line, &ellipsized);
                }

                if (!strv_isempty(patterns)) {
                        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;

                        r = expand_names(bus, patterns, NULL, &names);
                        if (r < 0)
                                log_error("Failed to expand names: %s", strerror(-r));

                        STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                                _cleanup_free_ char *unit;

                                unit = unit_dbus_path_from_name(*name);
                                if (!unit)
                                        return log_oom();

                                show_one(args[0], bus, unit, show_properties, &new_line, &ellipsized);
                        }
                }
        }

        if (ellipsized && !arg_quiet)
                printf("Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.\n");

        return ret;
}

static int append_assignment(sd_bus_message *m, const char *assignment) {
        const char *eq;
        char *field;
        int r;

        assert(m);
        assert(assignment);

        eq = strchr(assignment, '=');
        if (!eq) {
                log_error("Not an assignment: %s", assignment);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        field = strndupa(assignment, eq - assignment);
        eq ++;

        r = sd_bus_message_append_basic(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING, field);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_create_error(r);

        if (streq(field, "CPUAccounting") ||
            streq(field, "MemoryAccounting") ||
            streq(field, "BlockIOAccounting")) {

                r = parse_boolean(eq);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to parse boolean assignment %s.", assignment);
                        return -EINVAL;
                }

                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "b", r);

        } else if (streq(field, "MemoryLimit")) {
                off_t bytes;

                r = parse_size(eq, 1024, &bytes);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to parse bytes specification %s", assignment);
                        return -EINVAL;
                }

                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "t", (uint64_t) bytes);

        } else if (streq(field, "CPUShares") || streq(field, "BlockIOWeight")) {
                uint64_t u;

                r = safe_atou64(eq, &u);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s.", field, eq);
                        return -EINVAL;
                }

                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "t", u);

        } else if (streq(field, "DevicePolicy"))
                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "s", eq);

        else if (streq(field, "DeviceAllow")) {

                if (isempty(eq))
                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "a(ss)", 0);
                else {
                        const char *path, *rwm;
                        char *e;

                        e = strchr(eq, ' ');
                        if (e) {
                                path = strndupa(eq, e - eq);
                                rwm = e+1;
                        } else {
                                path = eq;
                                rwm = "";
                        }

                        if (!path_startswith(path, "/dev")) {
                                log_error("%s is not a device file in /dev.", path);
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }

                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "a(ss)", 1, path, rwm);
                }

        } else if (streq(field, "BlockIOReadBandwidth") || streq(field, "BlockIOWriteBandwidth")) {

                if (isempty(eq))
                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "a(st)", 0);
                else {
                        const char *path, *bandwidth;
                        off_t bytes;
                        char *e;

                        e = strchr(eq, ' ');
                        if (e) {
                                path = strndupa(eq, e - eq);
                                bandwidth = e+1;
                        } else {
                                log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s.", field, eq);
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }

                        if (!path_startswith(path, "/dev")) {
                                log_error("%s is not a device file in /dev.", path);
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }

                        r = parse_size(bandwidth, 1000, &bytes);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to parse byte value %s.", bandwidth);
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }

                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "a(st)", 1, path, (uint64_t) bytes);
                }

        } else if (streq(field, "BlockIODeviceWeight")) {

                if (isempty(eq))
                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "a(st)", 0);
                else {
                        const char *path, *weight;
                        uint64_t u;
                        char *e;

                        e = strchr(eq, ' ');
                        if (e) {
                                path = strndupa(eq, e - eq);
                                weight = e+1;
                        } else {
                                log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s.", field, eq);
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }

                        if (!path_startswith(path, "/dev")) {
                                log_error("%s is not a device file in /dev.", path);
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }

                        r = safe_atou64(weight, &u);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to parse %s value %s.", field, weight);
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }
                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "v", "a(st)", path, u);
                }

        } else {
                log_error("Unknown assignment %s.", assignment);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_create_error(r);

        return 0;
}

static int set_property(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL;
        char **i;
        int r;

        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
                        bus,
                        &m,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                        "SetUnitProperties");
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_create_error(r);

        n = unit_name_mangle(args[1], MANGLE_NOGLOB);
        if (!n)
                return log_oom();

        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "sb", n, arg_runtime);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_create_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(sv)");
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_create_error(r);

        STRV_FOREACH(i, args + 2) {
                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, SD_BUS_TYPE_STRUCT, "sv");
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_create_error(r);

                r = append_assignment(m, *i);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_create_error(r);
        }

        r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_create_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, 0, &error, NULL);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to set unit properties on %s: %s", n, bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int snapshot(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL, *id = NULL;
        const char *path;
        int r;

        if (strv_length(args) > 1)
                n = unit_name_mangle_with_suffix(args[1], MANGLE_NOGLOB, ".snapshot");
        else
                n = strdup("");
        if (!n)
                return log_oom();

        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                        "CreateSnapshot",
                        &error,
                        &reply,
                        "sb", n, false);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to create snapshot: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "o", &path);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_get_property_string(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        path,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",
                        "Id",
                        &error,
                        &id);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to get ID of snapshot: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        if (!arg_quiet)
                puts(id);

        return 0;
}

static int delete_snapshot(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
        char **name;
        int r, q;

        assert(args);

        r = expand_names(bus, args + 1, ".snapshot", &names);
        if (r < 0)
                log_error("Failed to expand names: %s", strerror(-r));

        STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                q = sd_bus_call_method(
                                bus,
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                                "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                                "RemoveSnapshot",
                                &error,
                                NULL,
                                "s", *name);
                if (q < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to remove snapshot %s: %s",
                                  *name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
                        if (r == 0)
                                r = q;
                }
        }

        return r;
}

static int daemon_reload(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        const char *method;
        int r;

        if (arg_action == ACTION_RELOAD)
                method = "Reload";
        else if (arg_action == ACTION_REEXEC)
                method = "Reexecute";
        else {
                assert(arg_action == ACTION_SYSTEMCTL);

                method =
                        streq(args[0], "clear-jobs")    ||
                        streq(args[0], "cancel")        ? "ClearJobs" :
                        streq(args[0], "daemon-reexec") ? "Reexecute" :
                        streq(args[0], "reset-failed")  ? "ResetFailed" :
                        streq(args[0], "halt")          ? "Halt" :
                        streq(args[0], "poweroff")      ? "PowerOff" :
                        streq(args[0], "reboot")        ? "Reboot" :
                        streq(args[0], "kexec")         ? "KExec" :
                        streq(args[0], "exit")          ? "Exit" :
                                    /* "daemon-reload" */ "Reload";
        }

        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                        method,
                        &error,
                        NULL,
                        NULL);

        if (r == -ENOENT && arg_action != ACTION_SYSTEMCTL)
                /* There's always a fallback possible for
                 * legacy actions. */
                r = -EADDRNOTAVAIL;
        else if ((r == -ETIMEDOUT || r == -ECONNRESET) && streq(method, "Reexecute"))
                /* On reexecution, we expect a disconnect, not a
                 * reply */
                r = 0;
        else if (r < 0)
                log_error("Failed to execute operation: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));

        return r < 0 ? r : 0;
}

static int reset_failed(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
        char **name;
        int r, q;

        if (strv_length(args) <= 1)
                return daemon_reload(bus, args);

        r = expand_names(bus, args + 1, NULL, &names);
        if (r < 0)
                log_error("Failed to expand names: %s", strerror(-r));

        STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                q = sd_bus_call_method(
                                bus,
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                                "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                                "ResetFailedUnit",
                                &error,
                                NULL,
                                "s", *name);
                if (q < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to reset failed state of unit %s: %s",
                                  *name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
                        if (r == 0)
                                r = q;
                }
        }

        return r;
}

static int show_environment(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
        const char *text;
        int r;

        pager_open_if_enabled();

        r = sd_bus_get_property(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                        "Environment",
                        &error,
                        &reply,
                        "as");
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to get environment: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        r = sd_bus_message_enter_container(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "s");
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        while ((r = sd_bus_message_read_basic(reply, SD_BUS_TYPE_STRING, &text)) > 0)
                puts(text);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_message_exit_container(reply);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

        return 0;
}

static int switch_root(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *init = NULL;
        const char *root;
        unsigned l;
        int r;

        l = strv_length(args);
        if (l < 2 || l > 3) {
                log_error("Wrong number of arguments.");
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        root = args[1];

        if (l >= 3)
                init = strdup(args[2]);
        else {
                parse_env_file("/proc/cmdline", WHITESPACE,
                               "init", &init,
                               NULL);

                if (!init)
                        init = strdup("");
        }

        if (!init)
                return log_oom();

        log_debug("switching root - root: %s; init: %s", root, init);

        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                        bus,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                        "SwitchRoot",
                        &error,
                        NULL,
                        "ss", root, init);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to switch root: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int set_environment(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
        const char *method;
        int r;

        assert(bus);
        assert(args);

        method = streq(args[0], "set-environment")
                ? "SetEnvironment"
                : "UnsetEnvironment";

        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
                        bus,
                        &m,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                        method);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_create_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(m, args + 1);
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_create_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, 0, &error, NULL);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to set environment: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int import_environment(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *m = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(bus);
        assert(args);

        r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
                        bus,
                        &m,
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                        "SetEnvironment");
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_create_error(r);

        if (strv_isempty(args + 1))
                r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(m, environ);
        else {
                char **a, **b;

                r = sd_bus_message_open_container(m, 'a', "s");
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_create_error(r);

                STRV_FOREACH(a, args + 1) {

                        if (!env_name_is_valid(*a)) {
                                log_error("Not a valid environment variable name: %s", *a);
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }

                        STRV_FOREACH(b, environ) {
                                const char *eq;

                                eq = startswith(*b, *a);
                                if (eq && *eq == '=') {

                                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "s", *b);
                                        if (r < 0)
                                                return bus_log_create_error(r);

                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                }

                r = sd_bus_message_close_container(m);
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return bus_log_create_error(r);

        r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, 0, &error, NULL);
        if (r < 0) {
                log_error("Failed to import environment: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int enable_sysv_units(const char *verb, char **args) {
        int r = 0;

#if defined(HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT) && defined(HAVE_CHKCONFIG)
        unsigned f = 1, t = 1;
        _cleanup_lookup_paths_free_ LookupPaths paths = {};

        if (arg_scope != UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM)
                return 0;

        if (!streq(verb, "enable") &&
            !streq(verb, "disable") &&
            !streq(verb, "is-enabled"))
                return 0;

        /* Processes all SysV units, and reshuffles the array so that
         * afterwards only the native units remain */

        r = lookup_paths_init(&paths, SYSTEMD_SYSTEM, false, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = 0;
        for (f = 0; args[f]; f++) {
                const char *name;
                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL, *q = NULL;
                bool found_native = false, found_sysv;
                unsigned c = 1;
                const char *argv[6] = { "/sbin/chkconfig", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL };
                char **k, *l;
                int j;
                pid_t pid;
                siginfo_t status;

                name = args[f];

                if (!endswith(name, ".service"))
                        continue;

                if (path_is_absolute(name))
                        continue;

                STRV_FOREACH(k, paths.unit_path) {
                        if (!isempty(arg_root))
                                asprintf(&p, "%s/%s/%s", arg_root, *k, name);
                        else
                                asprintf(&p, "%s/%s", *k, name);

                        if (!p) {
                                r = log_oom();
                                goto finish;
                        }

                        found_native = access(p, F_OK) >= 0;
                        free(p);
                        p = NULL;

                        if (found_native)
                                break;
                }

                if (found_native)
                        continue;

                if (!isempty(arg_root))
                        asprintf(&p, "%s/" SYSTEM_SYSVINIT_PATH "/%s", arg_root, name);
                else
                        asprintf(&p, SYSTEM_SYSVINIT_PATH "/%s", name);
                if (!p) {
                        r = log_oom();
                        goto finish;
                }

                p[strlen(p) - sizeof(".service") + 1] = 0;
                found_sysv = access(p, F_OK) >= 0;

                if (!found_sysv)
                        continue;

                /* Mark this entry, so that we don't try enabling it as native unit */
                args[f] = (char*) "";

                log_info("%s is not a native service, redirecting to /sbin/chkconfig.", name);

                if (!isempty(arg_root))
                        argv[c++] = q = strappend("--root=", arg_root);

                argv[c++] = basename(p);
                argv[c++] =
                        streq(verb, "enable") ? "on" :
                        streq(verb, "disable") ? "off" : "--level=5";
                argv[c] = NULL;

                l = strv_join((char**)argv, " ");
                if (!l) {
                        r = log_oom();
                        goto finish;
                }

                log_info("Executing %s", l);
                free(l);

                pid = fork();
                if (pid < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to fork: %m");
                        r = -errno;
                        goto finish;
                } else if (pid == 0) {
                        /* Child */

                        execv(argv[0], (char**) argv);
                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }

                j = wait_for_terminate(pid, &status);
                if (j < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to wait for child: %s", strerror(-r));
                        r = j;
                        goto finish;
                }

                if (status.si_code == CLD_EXITED) {
                        if (streq(verb, "is-enabled")) {
                                if (status.si_status == 0) {
                                        if (!arg_quiet)
                                                puts("enabled");
                                        r = 1;
                                } else {
                                        if (!arg_quiet)
                                                puts("disabled");
                                }

                        } else if (status.si_status != 0) {
                                r = -EINVAL;
                                goto finish;
                        }
                } else {
                        r = -EPROTO;
                        goto finish;
                }
        }

finish:
        /* Drop all SysV units */
        for (f = 0, t = 0; args[f]; f++) {

                if (isempty(args[f]))
                        continue;

                args[t++] = args[f];
        }

        args[t] = NULL;

#endif
        return r;
}

static int mangle_names(char **original_names, char ***mangled_names) {
        char **i, **l, **name;

        l = new(char*, strv_length(original_names) + 1);
        if (!l)
                return log_oom();

        i = l;
        STRV_FOREACH(name, original_names) {

                /* When enabling units qualified path names are OK,
                 * too, hence allow them explicitly. */

                if (is_path(*name))
                        *i = strdup(*name);
                else
                        *i = unit_name_mangle(*name, MANGLE_NOGLOB);

                if (!*i) {
                        strv_free(l);
                        return log_oom();
                }

                i++;
        }

        *i = NULL;
        *mangled_names = l;

        return 0;
}

static int enable_unit(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
        const char *verb = args[0];
        UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
        unsigned n_changes = 0;
        int carries_install_info = -1;
        int r;

        if (!args[1])
                return 0;

        r = mangle_names(args+1, &names);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = enable_sysv_units(verb, names);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        /* If the operation was fully executed by the SysV compat,
         * let's finish early */
        if (strv_isempty(names))
                return 0;

        if (!bus || avoid_bus()) {
                if (streq(verb, "enable")) {
                        r = unit_file_enable(arg_scope, arg_runtime, arg_root, names, arg_force, &changes, &n_changes);
                        carries_install_info = r;
                } else if (streq(verb, "disable"))
                        r = unit_file_disable(arg_scope, arg_runtime, arg_root, names, &changes, &n_changes);
                else if (streq(verb, "reenable")) {
                        r = unit_file_reenable(arg_scope, arg_runtime, arg_root, names, arg_force, &changes, &n_changes);
                        carries_install_info = r;
                } else if (streq(verb, "link"))
                        r = unit_file_link(arg_scope, arg_runtime, arg_root, names, arg_force, &changes, &n_changes);
                else if (streq(verb, "preset")) {
                        r = unit_file_preset(arg_scope, arg_runtime, arg_root, names, arg_force, &changes, &n_changes);
                        carries_install_info = r;
                } else if (streq(verb, "mask"))
                        r = unit_file_mask(arg_scope, arg_runtime, arg_root, names, arg_force, &changes, &n_changes);
                else if (streq(verb, "unmask"))
                        r = unit_file_unmask(arg_scope, arg_runtime, arg_root, names, &changes, &n_changes);
                else
                        assert_not_reached("Unknown verb");

                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Operation failed: %s", strerror(-r));
                        goto finish;
                }

                if (!arg_quiet)
                        dump_unit_file_changes(changes, n_changes);

                r = 0;
        } else {
                _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL, *m = NULL;
                _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
                int expect_carries_install_info = false;
                bool send_force = true;
                const char *method;

                if (streq(verb, "enable")) {
                        method = "EnableUnitFiles";
                        expect_carries_install_info = true;
                } else if (streq(verb, "disable")) {
                        method = "DisableUnitFiles";
                        send_force = false;
                } else if (streq(verb, "reenable")) {
                        method = "ReenableUnitFiles";
                        expect_carries_install_info = true;
                } else if (streq(verb, "link"))
                        method = "LinkUnitFiles";
                else if (streq(verb, "preset")) {
                        method = "PresetUnitFiles";
                        expect_carries_install_info = true;
                } else if (streq(verb, "mask"))
                        method = "MaskUnitFiles";
                else if (streq(verb, "unmask")) {
                        method = "UnmaskUnitFiles";
                        send_force = false;
                } else
                        assert_not_reached("Unknown verb");

                r = sd_bus_message_new_method_call(
                                bus,
                                &m,
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                                "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                                "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                                method);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_create_error(r);

                r = sd_bus_message_append_strv(m, names);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_create_error(r);

                r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "b", arg_runtime);
                if (r < 0)
                        return bus_log_create_error(r);

                if (send_force) {
                        r = sd_bus_message_append(m, "b", arg_force);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_create_error(r);
                }

                r = sd_bus_call(bus, m, 0, &error, &reply);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to execute operation: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                        return r;
                }

                if (expect_carries_install_info) {
                        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "b", &carries_install_info);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);
                }

                r = deserialize_and_dump_unit_file_changes(reply);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                /* Try to reload if enabeld */
                if (!arg_no_reload)
                        r = daemon_reload(bus, args);
                else
                        r = 0;
        }

        if (carries_install_info == 0)
                log_warning("The unit files have no [Install] section. They are not meant to be enabled\n"
                            "using systemctl.\n"
                            "Possible reasons for having this kind of units are:\n"
                            "1) A unit may be statically enabled by being symlinked from another unit's\n"
                            "   .wants/ or .requires/ directory.\n"
                            "2) A unit's purpose may be to act as a helper for some other unit which has\n"
                            "   a requirement dependency on it.\n"
                            "3) A unit may be started when needed via activation (socket, path, timer,\n"
                            "   D-Bus, udev, scripted systemctl call, ...).\n");

finish:
        unit_file_changes_free(changes, n_changes);

        return r;
}

static int unit_is_enabled(sd_bus *bus, char **args) {

        _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **names = NULL;
        bool enabled;
        char **name;
        int r;

        r = mangle_names(args+1, &names);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = enable_sysv_units(args[0], names);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        enabled = r > 0;

        if (!bus || avoid_bus()) {

                STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                        UnitFileState state;

                        state = unit_file_get_state(arg_scope, arg_root, *name);
                        if (state < 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to get unit file state for %s: %s", *name, strerror(-state));
                                return state;
                        }

                        if (state == UNIT_FILE_ENABLED ||
                            state == UNIT_FILE_ENABLED_RUNTIME ||
                            state == UNIT_FILE_STATIC)
                                enabled = true;

                        if (!arg_quiet)
                                puts(unit_file_state_to_string(state));
                }

        } else {
                STRV_FOREACH(name, names) {
                        _cleanup_bus_message_unref_ sd_bus_message *reply = NULL;
                        const char *s;

                        r = sd_bus_call_method(
                                        bus,
                                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
                                        "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
                                        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
                                        "GetUnitFileState",
                                        &error,
                                        &reply,
                                        "s", *name);
                        if (r < 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to get unit file state for %s: %s", *name, bus_error_message(&error, r));
                                return r;
                        }

                        r = sd_bus_message_read(reply, "s", &s);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return bus_log_parse_error(r);

                        if (streq(s, "enabled") ||
                            streq(s, "enabled-runtime") ||
                            streq(s, "static"))
                                enabled = true;

                        if (!arg_quiet)
                                puts(s);
                }
        }

        return !enabled;
}

static int systemctl_help(void) {

        pager_open_if_enabled();

        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] {COMMAND} ...\n\n"
               "Query or send control commands to the systemd manager.\n\n"
               "  -h --help           Show this help\n"
               "     --version        Show package version\n"
               "     --system         Connect to system manager\n"
               "     --user           Connect to user service manager\n"
               "  -H --host=[USER@]HOST\n"
               "                      Operate on remote host\n"
               "  -M --machine=CONTAINER\n"
               "                      Operate on local container\n"
               "  -t --type=TYPE      List only units of a particular type\n"
               "     --state=STATE    List only units with particular LOAD or SUB or ACTIVE state\n"
               "  -p --property=NAME  Show only properties by this name\n"
               "  -a --all            Show all loaded units/properties, including dead/empty\n"
               "                      ones. To list all units installed on the system, use\n"
               "                      the 'list-unit-files' command instead.\n"
               "  -l --full           Don't ellipsize unit names on output\n"
               "     --reverse        Show reverse dependencies with 'list-dependencies'\n"
               "     --job-mode=MODE  Specify how to deal with already queued jobs, when\n"
               "                      queueing a new job\n"
               "     --show-types     When showing sockets, explicitly show their type\n"
               "  -i --ignore-inhibitors\n"
               "                      When shutting down or sleeping, ignore inhibitors\n"
               "     --kill-who=WHO   Who to send signal to\n"
               "  -s --signal=SIGNAL  Which signal to send\n"
               "  -q --quiet          Suppress output\n"
               "     --no-block       Do not wait until operation finished\n"
               "     --no-wall        Don't send wall message before halt/power-off/reboot\n"
               "     --no-reload      When enabling/disabling unit files, don't reload daemon\n"
               "                      configuration\n"
               "     --no-legend      Do not print a legend (column headers and hints)\n"
               "     --no-pager       Do not pipe output into a pager\n"
               "     --no-ask-password\n"
               "                      Do not ask for system passwords\n"
               "     --global         Enable/disable unit files globally\n"
               "     --runtime        Enable unit files only temporarily until next reboot\n"
               "  -f --force          When enabling unit files, override existing symlinks\n"
               "                      When shutting down, execute action immediately\n"
               "     --root=PATH      Enable unit files in the specified root directory\n"
               "  -n --lines=INTEGER  Number of journal entries to show\n"
               "  -o --output=STRING  Change journal output mode (short, short-monotonic,\n"
               "                      verbose, export, json, json-pretty, json-sse, cat)\n"
               "     --plain          Print unit dependencies as a list instead of a tree\n\n"
               "Unit Commands:\n"
               "  list-units [PATTERN...]         List loaded units\n"
               "  list-sockets [PATTERN...]       List loaded sockets ordered by address\n"
               "  list-timers [PATTERN...]        List loaded timers ordered by next elapse\n"
               "  start NAME...                   Start (activate) one or more units\n"
               "  stop NAME...                    Stop (deactivate) one or more units\n"
               "  reload NAME...                  Reload one or more units\n"
               "  restart NAME...                 Start or restart one or more units\n"
               "  try-restart NAME...             Restart one or more units if active\n"
               "  reload-or-restart NAME...       Reload one or more units if possible,\n"
               "                                  otherwise start or restart\n"
               "  reload-or-try-restart NAME...   Reload one or more units if possible,\n"
               "                                  otherwise restart if active\n"
               "  isolate NAME                    Start one unit and stop all others\n"
               "  kill NAME...                    Send signal to processes of a unit\n"
               "  is-active NAME...               Check whether units are active\n"
               "  is-failed NAME...               Check whether units are failed\n"
               "  status [NAME...|PID...]         Show runtime status of one or more units\n"
               "  show [NAME...|JOB...]           Show properties of one or more\n"
               "                                  units/jobs or the manager\n"
               "  cat NAME...                     Show files and drop-ins of one or more units\n"
               "  set-property NAME ASSIGNMENT... Sets one or more properties of a unit\n"
               "  help NAME...|PID...             Show manual for one or more units\n"
               "  reset-failed [NAME...]          Reset failed state for all, one, or more\n"
               "                                  units\n"
               "  list-dependencies [NAME]        Recursively show units which are required\n"
               "                                  or wanted by this unit or by which this\n"
               "                                  unit is required or wanted\n\n"
               "Unit File Commands:\n"
               "  list-unit-files [PATTERN...]    List installed unit files\n"
               "  enable NAME...                  Enable one or more unit files\n"
               "  disable NAME...                 Disable one or more unit files\n"
               "  reenable NAME...                Reenable one or more unit files\n"
               "  preset NAME...                  Enable/disable one or more unit files\n"
               "                                  based on preset configuration\n"
               "  is-enabled NAME...              Check whether unit files are enabled\n\n"
               "  mask NAME...                    Mask one or more units\n"
               "  unmask NAME...                  Unmask one or more units\n"
               "  link PATH...                    Link one or more units files into\n"
               "                                  the search path\n"
               "  get-default                     Get the name of the default target\n"
               "  set-default NAME                Set the default target\n\n"
               "Job Commands:\n"
               "  list-jobs [PATTERN...]          List jobs\n"
               "  cancel [JOB...]                 Cancel all, one, or more jobs\n\n"
               "Snapshot Commands:\n"
               "  snapshot [NAME]                 Create a snapshot\n"
               "  delete NAME...                  Remove one or more snapshots\n\n"
               "Environment Commands:\n"
               "  show-environment                Dump environment\n"
               "  set-environment NAME=VALUE...   Set one or more environment variables\n"
               "  unset-environment NAME...       Unset one or more environment variables\n"
               "  import-environment NAME...      Import all, one or more environment variables\n\n"
               "Manager Lifecycle Commands:\n"
               "  daemon-reload                   Reload systemd manager configuration\n"
               "  daemon-reexec                   Reexecute systemd manager\n\n"
               "System Commands:\n"
               "  default                         Enter system default mode\n"
               "  rescue                          Enter system rescue mode\n"
               "  emergency                       Enter system emergency mode\n"
               "  halt                            Shut down and halt the system\n"
               "  poweroff                        Shut down and power-off the system\n"
               "  reboot [ARG]                    Shut down and reboot the system\n"
               "  kexec                           Shut down and reboot the system with kexec\n"
               "  exit                            Request user instance exit\n"
               "  switch-root ROOT [INIT]         Change to a different root file system\n"
               "  suspend                         Suspend the system\n"
               "  hibernate                       Hibernate the system\n"
               "  hybrid-sleep                    Hibernate and suspend the system\n",
               program_invocation_short_name);

        return 0;
}

static int halt_help(void) {

        printf("%s [OPTIONS...]%s\n\n"
               "%s the system.\n\n"
               "     --help      Show this help\n"
               "     --halt      Halt the machine\n"
               "  -p --poweroff  Switch off the machine\n"
               "     --reboot    Reboot the machine\n"
               "  -f --force     Force immediate halt/power-off/reboot\n"
               "  -w --wtmp-only Don't halt/power-off/reboot, just write wtmp record\n"
               "  -d --no-wtmp   Don't write wtmp record\n"
               "     --no-wall   Don't send wall message before halt/power-off/reboot\n",
               program_invocation_short_name,
               arg_action == ACTION_REBOOT   ? " [ARG]" : "",
               arg_action == ACTION_REBOOT   ? "Reboot" :
               arg_action == ACTION_POWEROFF ? "Power off" :
                                               "Halt");

        return 0;
}

static int shutdown_help(void) {

        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] [TIME] [WALL...]\n\n"
               "Shut down the system.\n\n"
               "     --help      Show this help\n"
               "  -H --halt      Halt the machine\n"
               "  -P --poweroff  Power-off the machine\n"
               "  -r --reboot    Reboot the machine\n"
               "  -h             Equivalent to --poweroff, overridden by --halt\n"
               "  -k             Don't halt/power-off/reboot, just send warnings\n"
               "     --no-wall   Don't send wall message before halt/power-off/reboot\n"
               "  -c             Cancel a pending shutdown\n",
               program_invocation_short_name);

        return 0;
}

static int telinit_help(void) {

        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] {COMMAND}\n\n"
               "Send control commands to the init daemon.\n\n"
               "     --help      Show this help\n"
               "     --no-wall   Don't send wall message before halt/power-off/reboot\n\n"
               "Commands:\n"
               "  0              Power-off the machine\n"
               "  6              Reboot the machine\n"
               "  2, 3, 4, 5     Start runlevelX.target unit\n"
               "  1, s, S        Enter rescue mode\n"
               "  q, Q           Reload init daemon configuration\n"
               "  u, U           Reexecute init daemon\n",
               program_invocation_short_name);

        return 0;
}

static int runlevel_help(void) {

        printf("%s [OPTIONS...]\n\n"
               "Prints the previous and current runlevel of the init system.\n\n"
               "     --help      Show this help\n",
               program_invocation_short_name);

        return 0;
}

static int help_types(void) {
        int i;
        const char *t;

        puts("Available unit types:");
        for (i = 0; i < _UNIT_TYPE_MAX; i++) {
                t = unit_type_to_string(i);
                if (t)
                        puts(t);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int systemctl_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {

        enum {
                ARG_FAIL = 0x100,
                ARG_REVERSE,
                ARG_AFTER,
                ARG_BEFORE,
                ARG_SHOW_TYPES,
                ARG_IRREVERSIBLE,
                ARG_IGNORE_DEPENDENCIES,
                ARG_VERSION,
                ARG_USER,
                ARG_SYSTEM,
                ARG_GLOBAL,
                ARG_NO_BLOCK,
                ARG_NO_LEGEND,
                ARG_NO_PAGER,
                ARG_NO_WALL,
                ARG_ROOT,
                ARG_NO_RELOAD,
                ARG_KILL_WHO,
                ARG_NO_ASK_PASSWORD,
                ARG_FAILED,
                ARG_RUNTIME,
                ARG_FORCE,
                ARG_PLAIN,
                ARG_STATE,
                ARG_JOB_MODE
        };

        static const struct option options[] = {
                { "help",                no_argument,       NULL, 'h'                     },
                { "version",             no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION             },
                { "type",                required_argument, NULL, 't'                     },
                { "property",            required_argument, NULL, 'p'                     },
                { "all",                 no_argument,       NULL, 'a'                     },
                { "reverse",             no_argument,       NULL, ARG_REVERSE             },
                { "after",               no_argument,       NULL, ARG_AFTER               },
                { "before",              no_argument,       NULL, ARG_BEFORE              },
                { "show-types",          no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SHOW_TYPES          },
                { "failed",              no_argument,       NULL, ARG_FAILED              }, /* compatibility only */
                { "full",                no_argument,       NULL, 'l'                     },
                { "job-mode",            required_argument, NULL, ARG_JOB_MODE            },
                { "fail",                no_argument,       NULL, ARG_FAIL                }, /* compatibility only */
                { "irreversible",        no_argument,       NULL, ARG_IRREVERSIBLE        }, /* compatibility only */
                { "ignore-dependencies", no_argument,       NULL, ARG_IGNORE_DEPENDENCIES }, /* compatibility only */
                { "ignore-inhibitors",   no_argument,       NULL, 'i'                     },
                { "user",                no_argument,       NULL, ARG_USER                },
                { "system",              no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SYSTEM              },
                { "global",              no_argument,       NULL, ARG_GLOBAL              },
                { "no-block",            no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_BLOCK            },
                { "no-legend",           no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_LEGEND           },
                { "no-pager",            no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_PAGER            },
                { "no-wall",             no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_WALL             },
                { "quiet",               no_argument,       NULL, 'q'                     },
                { "root",                required_argument, NULL, ARG_ROOT                },
                { "force",               no_argument,       NULL, ARG_FORCE               },
                { "no-reload",           no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_RELOAD           },
                { "kill-who",            required_argument, NULL, ARG_KILL_WHO            },
                { "signal",              required_argument, NULL, 's'                     },
                { "no-ask-password",     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_ASK_PASSWORD     },
                { "host",                required_argument, NULL, 'H'                     },
                { "machine",             required_argument, NULL, 'M'                     },
                { "runtime",             no_argument,       NULL, ARG_RUNTIME             },
                { "lines",               required_argument, NULL, 'n'                     },
                { "output",              required_argument, NULL, 'o'                     },
                { "plain",               no_argument,       NULL, ARG_PLAIN               },
                { "state",               required_argument, NULL, ARG_STATE               },
                {}
        };

        int c;

        assert(argc >= 0);
        assert(argv);

        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "ht:p:alqfs:H:M:n:o:i", options, NULL)) >= 0) {

                switch (c) {

                case 'h':
                        return systemctl_help();

                case ARG_VERSION:
                        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
                        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
                        return 0;

                case 't': {
                        char *word, *state;
                        size_t size;

                        FOREACH_WORD_SEPARATOR(word, size, optarg, ",", state) {
                                _cleanup_free_ char *type;

                                type = strndup(word, size);
                                if (!type)
                                        return -ENOMEM;

                                if (streq(type, "help")) {
                                        help_types();
                                        return 0;
                                }

                                if (unit_type_from_string(type) >= 0) {
                                        if (strv_push(&arg_types, type))
                                                return log_oom();
                                        type = NULL;
                                        continue;
                                }

                                /* It's much nicer to use --state= for
                                 * load states, but let's support this
                                 * in --types= too for compatibility
                                 * with old versions */
                                if (unit_load_state_from_string(optarg) >= 0) {
                                        if (strv_push(&arg_states, type) < 0)
                                                return log_oom();
                                        type = NULL;
                                        continue;
                                }

                                log_error("Unknown unit type or load state '%s'.", type);
                                log_info("Use -t help to see a list of allowed values.");
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }

                        break;
                }

                case 'p': {
                        /* Make sure that if the empty property list
                           was specified, we won't show any properties. */
                        if (isempty(optarg) && !arg_properties) {
                                arg_properties = new0(char*, 1);
                                if (!arg_properties)
                                        return log_oom();
                        } else {
                                char *word, *state;
                                size_t size;

                                FOREACH_WORD_SEPARATOR(word, size, optarg, ",", state) {
                                        char *prop;

                                        prop = strndup(word, size);
                                        if (!prop)
                                                return log_oom();

                                        if (strv_push(&arg_properties, prop) < 0) {
                                                free(prop);
                                                return log_oom();
                                        }
                                }
                        }

                        /* If the user asked for a particular
                         * property, show it to him, even if it is
                         * empty. */
                        arg_all = true;

                        break;
                }

                case 'a':
                        arg_all = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_REVERSE:
                        arg_dependency = DEPENDENCY_REVERSE;
                        break;

                case ARG_AFTER:
                        arg_dependency = DEPENDENCY_AFTER;
                        break;

                case ARG_BEFORE:
                        arg_dependency = DEPENDENCY_BEFORE;
                        break;

                case ARG_SHOW_TYPES:
                        arg_show_types = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_JOB_MODE:
                        arg_job_mode = optarg;
                        break;

                case ARG_FAIL:
                        arg_job_mode = "fail";
                        break;

                case ARG_IRREVERSIBLE:
                        arg_job_mode = "replace-irreversibly";
                        break;

                case ARG_IGNORE_DEPENDENCIES:
                        arg_job_mode = "ignore-dependencies";
                        break;

                case ARG_USER:
                        arg_scope = UNIT_FILE_USER;
                        break;

                case ARG_SYSTEM:
                        arg_scope = UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM;
                        break;

                case ARG_GLOBAL:
                        arg_scope = UNIT_FILE_GLOBAL;
                        break;

                case ARG_NO_BLOCK:
                        arg_no_block = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_NO_LEGEND:
                        arg_no_legend = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_NO_PAGER:
                        arg_no_pager = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_NO_WALL:
                        arg_no_wall = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_ROOT:
                        arg_root = optarg;
                        break;

                case 'l':
                        arg_full = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_FAILED:
                        if (strv_extend(&arg_states, "failed") < 0)
                                return log_oom();

                        break;

                case 'q':
                        arg_quiet = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_FORCE:
                        arg_force ++;
                        break;

                case 'f':
                        arg_force ++;
                        break;

                case ARG_NO_RELOAD:
                        arg_no_reload = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_KILL_WHO:
                        arg_kill_who = optarg;
                        break;

                case 's':
                        if ((arg_signal = signal_from_string_try_harder(optarg)) < 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to parse signal string %s.", optarg);
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }
                        break;

                case ARG_NO_ASK_PASSWORD:
                        arg_ask_password = false;
                        break;

                case 'H':
                        arg_transport = BUS_TRANSPORT_REMOTE;
                        arg_host = optarg;
                        break;

                case 'M':
                        arg_transport = BUS_TRANSPORT_CONTAINER;
                        arg_host = optarg;
                        break;

                case ARG_RUNTIME:
                        arg_runtime = true;
                        break;

                case 'n':
                        if (safe_atou(optarg, &arg_lines) < 0) {
                                log_error("Failed to parse lines '%s'", optarg);
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }
                        break;

                case 'o':
                        arg_output = output_mode_from_string(optarg);
                        if (arg_output < 0) {
                                log_error("Unknown output '%s'.", optarg);
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }
                        break;

                case 'i':
                        arg_ignore_inhibitors = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_PLAIN:
                        arg_plain = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_STATE: {
                        char *word, *state;
                        size_t size;

                        FOREACH_WORD_SEPARATOR(word, size, optarg, ",", state) {
                                char *s;

                                s = strndup(word, size);
                                if (!s)
                                        return log_oom();

                                if (strv_push(&arg_states, s) < 0) {
                                        free(s);
                                        return log_oom();
                                }
                        }
                        break;
                }

                case '?':
                        return -EINVAL;

                default:
                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
                }
        }

        if (arg_transport != BUS_TRANSPORT_LOCAL && arg_scope != UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM) {
                log_error("Cannot access user instance remotely.");
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        return 1;
}

static int halt_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {

        enum {
                ARG_HELP = 0x100,
                ARG_HALT,
                ARG_REBOOT,
                ARG_NO_WALL
        };

        static const struct option options[] = {
                { "help",      no_argument,       NULL, ARG_HELP    },
                { "halt",      no_argument,       NULL, ARG_HALT    },
                { "poweroff",  no_argument,       NULL, 'p'         },
                { "reboot",    no_argument,       NULL, ARG_REBOOT  },
                { "force",     no_argument,       NULL, 'f'         },
                { "wtmp-only", no_argument,       NULL, 'w'         },
                { "no-wtmp",   no_argument,       NULL, 'd'         },
                { "no-wall",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_WALL },
                {}
        };

        int c, r, runlevel;

        assert(argc >= 0);
        assert(argv);

        if (utmp_get_runlevel(&runlevel, NULL) >= 0)
                if (runlevel == '0' || runlevel == '6')
                        arg_force = 2;

        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "pfwdnih", options, NULL)) >= 0) {
                switch (c) {

                case ARG_HELP:
                        return halt_help();

                case ARG_HALT:
                        arg_action = ACTION_HALT;
                        break;

                case 'p':
                        if (arg_action != ACTION_REBOOT)
                                arg_action = ACTION_POWEROFF;
                        break;

                case ARG_REBOOT:
                        arg_action = ACTION_REBOOT;
                        break;

                case 'f':
                        arg_force = 2;
                        break;

                case 'w':
                        arg_dry = true;
                        break;

                case 'd':
                        arg_no_wtmp = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_NO_WALL:
                        arg_no_wall = true;
                        break;

                case 'i':
                case 'h':
                case 'n':
                        /* Compatibility nops */
                        break;

                case '?':
                        return -EINVAL;

                default:
                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
                }
        }

        if (arg_action == ACTION_REBOOT && argc == optind + 1) {
                r = write_string_file(REBOOT_PARAM_FILE, argv[optind]);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to write reboot param to "
                                  REBOOT_PARAM_FILE": %s", strerror(-r));
                        return r;
                }
        } else if (optind < argc) {
                log_error("Too many arguments.");
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        return 1;
}

static int parse_time_spec(const char *t, usec_t *_u) {
        assert(t);
        assert(_u);

        if (streq(t, "now"))
                *_u = 0;
        else if (!strchr(t, ':')) {
                uint64_t u;

                if (safe_atou64(t, &u) < 0)
                        return -EINVAL;

                *_u = now(CLOCK_REALTIME) + USEC_PER_MINUTE * u;
        } else {
                char *e = NULL;
                long hour, minute;
                struct tm tm = {};
                time_t s;
                usec_t n;

                errno = 0;
                hour = strtol(t, &e, 10);
                if (errno > 0 || *e != ':' || hour < 0 || hour > 23)
                        return -EINVAL;

                minute = strtol(e+1, &e, 10);
                if (errno > 0 || *e != 0 || minute < 0 || minute > 59)
                        return -EINVAL;

                n = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
                s = (time_t) (n / USEC_PER_SEC);

                assert_se(localtime_r(&s, &tm));

                tm.tm_hour = (int) hour;
                tm.tm_min = (int) minute;
                tm.tm_sec = 0;

                assert_se(s = mktime(&tm));

                *_u = (usec_t) s * USEC_PER_SEC;

                while (*_u <= n)
                        *_u += USEC_PER_DAY;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int shutdown_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {

        enum {
                ARG_HELP = 0x100,
                ARG_NO_WALL
        };

        static const struct option options[] = {
                { "help",      no_argument,       NULL, ARG_HELP    },
                { "halt",      no_argument,       NULL, 'H'         },
                { "poweroff",  no_argument,       NULL, 'P'         },
                { "reboot",    no_argument,       NULL, 'r'         },
                { "kexec",     no_argument,       NULL, 'K'         }, /* not documented extension */
                { "no-wall",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_WALL },
                {}
        };

        int c, r;

        assert(argc >= 0);
        assert(argv);

        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "HPrhkt:afFc", options, NULL)) >= 0) {
                switch (c) {

                case ARG_HELP:
                        return shutdown_help();

                case 'H':
                        arg_action = ACTION_HALT;
                        break;

                case 'P':
                        arg_action = ACTION_POWEROFF;
                        break;

                case 'r':
                        if (kexec_loaded())
                                arg_action = ACTION_KEXEC;
                        else
                                arg_action = ACTION_REBOOT;
                        break;

                case 'K':
                        arg_action = ACTION_KEXEC;
                        break;

                case 'h':
                        if (arg_action != ACTION_HALT)
                                arg_action = ACTION_POWEROFF;
                        break;

                case 'k':
                        arg_dry = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_NO_WALL:
                        arg_no_wall = true;
                        break;

                case 't':
                case 'a':
                        /* Compatibility nops */
                        break;

                case 'c':
                        arg_action = ACTION_CANCEL_SHUTDOWN;
                        break;

                case '?':
                        return -EINVAL;

                default:
                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
                }
        }

        if (argc > optind && arg_action != ACTION_CANCEL_SHUTDOWN) {
                r = parse_time_spec(argv[optind], &arg_when);
                if (r < 0) {
                        log_error("Failed to parse time specification: %s", argv[optind]);
                        return r;
                }
        } else
                arg_when = now(CLOCK_REALTIME) + USEC_PER_MINUTE;

        if (argc > optind && arg_action == ACTION_CANCEL_SHUTDOWN)
                /* No time argument for shutdown cancel */
                arg_wall = argv + optind;
        else if (argc > optind + 1)
                /* We skip the time argument */
                arg_wall = argv + optind + 1;

        optind = argc;

        return 1;
}

static int telinit_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {

        enum {
                ARG_HELP = 0x100,
                ARG_NO_WALL
        };

        static const struct option options[] = {
                { "help",      no_argument,       NULL, ARG_HELP    },
                { "no-wall",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_WALL },
                {}
        };

        static const struct {
                char from;
                enum action to;
        } table[] = {
                { '0', ACTION_POWEROFF },
                { '6', ACTION_REBOOT },
                { '1', ACTION_RESCUE },
                { '2', ACTION_RUNLEVEL2 },
                { '3', ACTION_RUNLEVEL3 },
                { '4', ACTION_RUNLEVEL4 },
                { '5', ACTION_RUNLEVEL5 },
                { 's', ACTION_RESCUE },
                { 'S', ACTION_RESCUE },
                { 'q', ACTION_RELOAD },
                { 'Q', ACTION_RELOAD },
                { 'u', ACTION_REEXEC },
                { 'U', ACTION_REEXEC }
        };

        unsigned i;
        int c;

        assert(argc >= 0);
        assert(argv);

        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "", options, NULL)) >= 0) {
                switch (c) {

                case ARG_HELP:
                        return telinit_help();

                case ARG_NO_WALL:
                        arg_no_wall = true;
                        break;

                case '?':
                        return -EINVAL;

                default:
                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
                }
        }

        if (optind >= argc) {
                telinit_help();
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        if (optind + 1 < argc) {
                log_error("Too many arguments.");
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        if (strlen(argv[optind]) != 1) {
                log_error("Expected single character argument.");
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i++)
                if (table[i].from == argv[optind][0])
                        break;

        if (i >= ELEMENTSOF(table)) {
                log_error("Unknown command '%s'.", argv[optind]);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        arg_action = table[i].to;

        optind ++;

        return 1;
}

static int runlevel_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {

        enum {
                ARG_HELP = 0x100,
        };

        static const struct option options[] = {
                { "help",      no_argument,       NULL, ARG_HELP    },
                {}
        };

        int c;

        assert(argc >= 0);
        assert(argv);

        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "", options, NULL)) >= 0) {
                switch (c) {

                case ARG_HELP:
                        return runlevel_help();

                case '?':
                        return -EINVAL;

                default:
                        assert_not_reached("Unhandled option");
                }
        }

        if (optind < argc) {
                log_error("Too many arguments.");
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        return 1;
}

static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
        assert(argc >= 0);
        assert(argv);

        if (program_invocation_short_name) {

                if (strstr(program_invocation_short_name, "halt")) {
                        arg_action = ACTION_HALT;
                        return halt_parse_argv(argc, argv);
                } else if (strstr(program_invocation_short_name, "poweroff")) {
                        arg_action = ACTION_POWEROFF;
                        return halt_parse_argv(argc, argv);
                } else if (strstr(program_invocation_short_name, "reboot")) {
                        if (kexec_loaded())
                                arg_action = ACTION_KEXEC;
                        else
                                arg_action = ACTION_REBOOT;
                        return halt_parse_argv(argc, argv);
                } else if (strstr(program_invocation_short_name, "shutdown")) {
                        arg_action = ACTION_POWEROFF;
                        return shutdown_parse_argv(argc, argv);
                } else if (strstr(program_invocation_short_name, "init")) {

                        if (sd_booted() > 0) {
                                arg_action = _ACTION_INVALID;
                                return telinit_parse_argv(argc, argv);
                        } else {
                                /* Hmm, so some other init system is
                                 * running, we need to forward this
                                 * request to it. For now we simply
                                 * guess that it is Upstart. */

                                execv(TELINIT, argv);

                                log_error("Couldn't find an alternative telinit implementation to spawn.");
                                return -EIO;
                        }

                } else if (strstr(program_invocation_short_name, "runlevel")) {
                        arg_action = ACTION_RUNLEVEL;
                        return runlevel_parse_argv(argc, argv);
                }
        }

        arg_action = ACTION_SYSTEMCTL;
        return systemctl_parse_argv(argc, argv);
}

_pure_ static int action_to_runlevel(void) {

        static const char table[_ACTION_MAX] = {
                [ACTION_HALT] =      '0',
                [ACTION_POWEROFF] =  '0',
                [ACTION_REBOOT] =    '6',
                [ACTION_RUNLEVEL2] = '2',
                [ACTION_RUNLEVEL3] = '3',
                [ACTION_RUNLEVEL4] = '4',
                [ACTION_RUNLEVEL5] = '5',
                [ACTION_RESCUE] =    '1'
        };

        assert(arg_action < _ACTION_MAX);

        return table[arg_action];
}

static int talk_initctl(void) {

        struct init_request request = {
                .magic = INIT_MAGIC,
                .sleeptime  = 0,
                .cmd = INIT_CMD_RUNLVL
        };

        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
        char rl;
        int r;

        rl = action_to_runlevel();
        if (!rl)
                return 0;

        request.runlevel = rl;

        fd = open(INIT_FIFO, O_WRONLY|O_NDELAY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
        if (fd < 0) {
                if (errno == ENOENT)
                        return 0;

                log_error("Failed to open "INIT_FIFO": %m");
                return -errno;
        }

        errno = 0;
        r = loop_write(fd, &request, sizeof(request), false) != sizeof(request);
        if (r) {
                log_error("Failed to write to "INIT_FIFO": %m");
                return errno > 0 ? -errno : -EIO;
        }

        return 1;
}

static int systemctl_main(sd_bus *bus, int argc, char *argv[], int bus_error) {

        static const struct {
                const char* verb;
                const enum {
                        MORE,
                        LESS,
                        EQUAL
                } argc_cmp;
                const int argc;
                int (* const dispatch)(sd_bus *bus, char **args);
                const enum {
                        NOBUS = 1,
                        FORCE,
                } bus;
        } verbs[] = {
                { "list-units",            MORE,  0, list_units        },
                { "list-unit-files",       MORE,  1, list_unit_files,  NOBUS },
                { "list-sockets",          MORE,  1, list_sockets      },
                { "list-timers",           MORE,  1, list_timers       },
                { "list-jobs",             MORE,  1, list_jobs         },
                { "clear-jobs",            EQUAL, 1, daemon_reload     },
                { "cancel",                MORE,  2, cancel_job        },
                { "start",                 MORE,  2, start_unit        },
                { "stop",                  MORE,  2, start_unit        },
                { "condstop",              MORE,  2, start_unit        }, /* For compatibility with ALTLinux */
                { "reload",                MORE,  2, start_unit        },
                { "restart",               MORE,  2, start_unit        },
                { "try-restart",           MORE,  2, start_unit        },
                { "reload-or-restart",     MORE,  2, start_unit        },
                { "reload-or-try-restart", MORE,  2, start_unit        },
                { "force-reload",          MORE,  2, start_unit        }, /* For compatibility with SysV */
                { "condreload",            MORE,  2, start_unit        }, /* For compatibility with ALTLinux */
                { "condrestart",           MORE,  2, start_unit        }, /* For compatibility with RH */
                { "isolate",               EQUAL, 2, start_unit        },
                { "kill",                  MORE,  2, kill_unit         },
                { "is-active",             MORE,  2, check_unit_active },
                { "check",                 MORE,  2, check_unit_active },
                { "is-failed",             MORE,  2, check_unit_failed },
                { "show",                  MORE,  1, show              },
                { "cat",                   MORE,  2, cat               },
                { "status",                MORE,  1, show              },
                { "help",                  MORE,  2, show              },
                { "snapshot",              LESS,  2, snapshot          },
                { "delete",                MORE,  2, delete_snapshot   },
                { "daemon-reload",         EQUAL, 1, daemon_reload     },
                { "daemon-reexec",         EQUAL, 1, daemon_reload     },
                { "show-environment",      EQUAL, 1, show_environment  },
                { "set-environment",       MORE,  2, set_environment   },
                { "unset-environment",     MORE,  2, set_environment   },
                { "import-environment",    MORE,  1, import_environment},
                { "halt",                  EQUAL, 1, start_special,    FORCE },
                { "poweroff",              EQUAL, 1, start_special,    FORCE },
                { "reboot",                EQUAL, 1, start_special,    FORCE },
                { "kexec",                 EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
                { "suspend",               EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
                { "hibernate",             EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
                { "hybrid-sleep",          EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
                { "default",               EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
                { "rescue",                EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
                { "emergency",             EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
                { "exit",                  EQUAL, 1, start_special     },
                { "reset-failed",          MORE,  1, reset_failed      },
                { "enable",                MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
                { "disable",               MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
                { "is-enabled",            MORE,  2, unit_is_enabled,  NOBUS },
                { "reenable",              MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
                { "preset",                MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
                { "mask",                  MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
                { "unmask",                MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
                { "link",                  MORE,  2, enable_unit,      NOBUS },
                { "switch-root",           MORE,  2, switch_root       },
                { "list-dependencies",     LESS,  2, list_dependencies },
                { "set-default",           EQUAL, 2, set_default,      NOBUS },
                { "get-default",           EQUAL, 1, get_default,      NOBUS },
                { "set-property",          MORE,  3, set_property      },
                {}
        }, *verb = verbs;

        int left;

        assert(argc >= 0);
        assert(argv);

        left = argc - optind;

        /* Special rule: no arguments (left == 0) means "list-units" */
        if (left > 0) {
                if (streq(argv[optind], "help") && !argv[optind+1]) {
                        log_error("This command expects one or more "
                                  "unit names. Did you mean --help?");
                        return -EINVAL;
                }

                for (; verb->verb; verb++)
                        if (streq(argv[optind], verb->verb))
                                goto found;

                log_error("Unknown operation '%s'.", argv[optind]);
                return -EINVAL;
        }
found:

        switch (verb->argc_cmp) {

        case EQUAL:
                if (left != verb->argc) {
                        log_error("Invalid number of arguments.");
                        return -EINVAL;
                }

                break;

        case MORE:
                if (left < verb->argc) {
                        log_error("Too few arguments.");
                        return -EINVAL;
                }

                break;

        case LESS:
                if (left > verb->argc) {
                        log_error("Too many arguments.");
                        return -EINVAL;
                }

                break;

        default:
                assert_not_reached("Unknown comparison operator.");
        }

        /* Require a bus connection for all operations but
         * enable/disable */
        if (verb->bus == NOBUS) {
                if (!bus && !avoid_bus()) {
                        log_error("Failed to get D-Bus connection: %s", strerror(-bus_error));
                        return -EIO;
                }

        } else {
                if (running_in_chroot() > 0) {
                        log_info("Running in chroot, ignoring request.");
                        return 0;
                }

                if ((verb->bus != FORCE || arg_force <= 0) && !bus) {
                        log_error("Failed to get D-Bus connection: %s", strerror(-bus_error));
                        return -EIO;
                }
        }

        return verb->dispatch(bus, argv + optind);
}

static int send_shutdownd(usec_t t, char mode, bool dry_run, bool warn, const char *message) {

        struct sd_shutdown_command c = {
                .usec = t,
                .mode = mode,
                .dry_run = dry_run,
                .warn_wall = warn,
        };

        union sockaddr_union sockaddr = {
                .un.sun_family = AF_UNIX,
                .un.sun_path = "/run/systemd/shutdownd",
        };

        struct iovec iovec[2] = {{
                 .iov_base = (char*) &c,
                 .iov_len = offsetof(struct sd_shutdown_command, wall_message),
        }};

        struct msghdr msghdr = {
                .msg_name = &sockaddr,
                .msg_namelen = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path)
                               + sizeof("/run/systemd/shutdownd") - 1,
                .msg_iov = iovec,
                .msg_iovlen = 1,
        };

        _cleanup_close_ int fd;

        fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
        if (fd < 0)
                return -errno;

        if (!isempty(message)) {
                iovec[1].iov_base = (char*) message;
                iovec[1].iov_len = strlen(message);
                msghdr.msg_iovlen++;
        }

        if (sendmsg(fd, &msghdr, MSG_NOSIGNAL) < 0)
                return -errno;

        return 0;
}

static int reload_with_fallback(sd_bus *bus) {

        if (bus) {
                /* First, try systemd via D-Bus. */
                if (daemon_reload(bus, NULL) >= 0)
                        return 0;
        }

        /* Nothing else worked, so let's try signals */
        assert(arg_action == ACTION_RELOAD || arg_action == ACTION_REEXEC);

        if (kill(1, arg_action == ACTION_RELOAD ? SIGHUP : SIGTERM) < 0) {
                log_error("kill() failed: %m");
                return -errno;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int start_with_fallback(sd_bus *bus) {

        if (bus) {
                /* First, try systemd via D-Bus. */
                if (start_unit(bus, NULL) >= 0)
                        goto done;
        }

        /* Nothing else worked, so let's try
         * /dev/initctl */
        if (talk_initctl() > 0)
                goto done;

        log_error("Failed to talk to init daemon.");
        return -EIO;

done:
        warn_wall(arg_action);
        return 0;
}

static int halt_now(enum action a) {

/* Make sure C-A-D is handled by the kernel from this
         * point on... */
        reboot(RB_ENABLE_CAD);

        switch (a) {

        case ACTION_HALT:
                log_info("Halting.");
                reboot(RB_HALT_SYSTEM);
                return -errno;

        case ACTION_POWEROFF:
                log_info("Powering off.");
                reboot(RB_POWER_OFF);
                return -errno;

        case ACTION_REBOOT: {
                _cleanup_free_ char *param = NULL;

                if (read_one_line_file(REBOOT_PARAM_FILE, &param) >= 0) {
                        log_info("Rebooting with argument '%s'.", param);
                        syscall(SYS_reboot, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC1, LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC2,
                                LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_RESTART2, param);
                }

                log_info("Rebooting.");
                reboot(RB_AUTOBOOT);
                return -errno;
        }

        default:
                assert_not_reached("Unknown action.");
        }
}

static int halt_main(sd_bus *bus) {
        int r;

        r = check_inhibitors(bus, arg_action);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (geteuid() != 0) {
                /* Try logind if we are a normal user and no special
                 * mode applies. Maybe PolicyKit allows us to shutdown
                 * the machine. */

                if (arg_when <= 0 &&
                    !arg_dry &&
                    arg_force <= 0 &&
                    (arg_action == ACTION_POWEROFF ||
                     arg_action == ACTION_REBOOT)) {
                        r = reboot_with_logind(bus, arg_action);
                        if (r >= 0)
                                return r;
                }

                log_error("Must be root.");
                return -EPERM;
        }

        if (arg_when > 0) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *m;

                m = strv_join(arg_wall, " ");
                if (!m)
                        return log_oom();

                r = send_shutdownd(arg_when,
                                   arg_action == ACTION_HALT     ? 'H' :
                                   arg_action == ACTION_POWEROFF ? 'P' :
                                   arg_action == ACTION_KEXEC    ? 'K' :
                                                                   'r',
                                   arg_dry,
                                   !arg_no_wall,
                                   m);

                if (r < 0)
                        log_warning("Failed to talk to shutdownd, proceeding with immediate shutdown: %s", strerror(-r));
                else {
                        char date[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];

                        log_info("Shutdown scheduled for %s, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.",
                                 format_timestamp(date, sizeof(date), arg_when));
                        return 0;
                }
        }

        if (!arg_dry && !arg_force)
                return start_with_fallback(bus);

        if (!arg_no_wtmp) {
                if (sd_booted() > 0)
                        log_debug("Not writing utmp record, assuming that systemd-update-utmp is used.");
                else {
                        r = utmp_put_shutdown();
                        if (r < 0)
                                log_warning("Failed to write utmp record: %s", strerror(-r));
                }
        }

        if (arg_dry)
                return 0;

        r = halt_now(arg_action);
        log_error("Failed to reboot: %s", strerror(-r));

        return r;
}

static int runlevel_main(void) {
        int r, runlevel, previous;

        r = utmp_get_runlevel(&runlevel, &previous);
        if (r < 0) {
                puts("unknown");
                return r;
        }

        printf("%c %c\n",
               previous <= 0 ? 'N' : previous,
               runlevel <= 0 ? 'N' : runlevel);

        return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char*argv[]) {
        _cleanup_bus_unref_ sd_bus *bus = NULL;
        int r;

        setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
        log_parse_environment();
        log_open();

        /* Explicitly not on_tty() to avoid setting cached value.
         * This becomes relevant for piping output which might be
         * ellipsized. */
        original_stdout_is_tty = isatty(STDOUT_FILENO);

        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
        if (r <= 0)
                goto finish;

        /* /sbin/runlevel doesn't need to communicate via D-Bus, so
         * let's shortcut this */
        if (arg_action == ACTION_RUNLEVEL) {
                r = runlevel_main();
                goto finish;
        }

        if (running_in_chroot() > 0 && arg_action != ACTION_SYSTEMCTL) {
                log_info("Running in chroot, ignoring request.");
                r = 0;
                goto finish;
        }

        if (!avoid_bus())
                r = bus_open_transport_systemd(arg_transport, arg_host, arg_scope != UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM, &bus);

        /* systemctl_main() will print an error message for the bus
         * connection, but only if it needs to */

        switch (arg_action) {

        case ACTION_SYSTEMCTL:
                r = systemctl_main(bus, argc, argv, r);
                break;

        case ACTION_HALT:
        case ACTION_POWEROFF:
        case ACTION_REBOOT:
        case ACTION_KEXEC:
                r = halt_main(bus);
                break;

        case ACTION_RUNLEVEL2:
        case ACTION_RUNLEVEL3:
        case ACTION_RUNLEVEL4:
        case ACTION_RUNLEVEL5:
        case ACTION_RESCUE:
        case ACTION_EMERGENCY:
        case ACTION_DEFAULT:
                r = start_with_fallback(bus);
                break;

        case ACTION_RELOAD:
        case ACTION_REEXEC:
                r = reload_with_fallback(bus);
                break;

        case ACTION_CANCEL_SHUTDOWN: {
                _cleanup_free_ char *m = NULL;

                if (arg_wall) {
                        m = strv_join(arg_wall, " ");
                        if (!m) {
                                r = log_oom();
                                goto finish;
                        }
                }

                r = send_shutdownd(arg_when, SD_SHUTDOWN_NONE, false, !arg_no_wall, m);
                if (r < 0)
                        log_warning("Failed to talk to shutdownd, shutdown hasn't been cancelled: %s", strerror(-r));
                break;
        }

        case ACTION_RUNLEVEL:
        case _ACTION_INVALID:
        default:
                assert_not_reached("Unknown action");
        }

finish:
        pager_close();
        ask_password_agent_close();
        polkit_agent_close();

        strv_free(arg_types);
        strv_free(arg_states);
        strv_free(arg_properties);

        return r < 0 ? EXIT_FAILURE : r;
}