systemd System and Service Manager
-CHANGES WITH 230 in spe:
+CHANGES WITH 232 in spe
+
+ * The new RemoveIPC= option can be used to remove IPC objects owned by
+ the user or group of a service when that service exits.
+
+ * The new ProtectKernelModules= option can be used to disable explicit
+ load and unload operations of kernel modules by a service.
+
+ * ProtectSystem= option gained a new value "strict", which causes the
+ whole file system tree with the exception of /dev, /proc, and /sys,
+ to be remounted read-only for a service.
+
+ * The new ProtectedKernelTunables= option can be used to disable
+ modification of configuration files in /sys and /proc by a service.
+ Various directories and files are remounted read-only, so access is
+ restricted even if the file permissions would allow it.
+
+ * The new ProtectControlGroups= option can be used to disable write
+ access by a service to /sys/fs/cgroup.
+
+ * Various systemd services have been hardened with
+ ProtectKernelTunables=yes, ProtectControlGroups=yes,
+ RestrictAddressFamilies=.
+
+ * Support for dynamically creating users for the lifetime of a service
+ has been added. If DynamicUser=yes is specified, user and group IDs
+ will be allocated from the range 61184..65519 for the lifetime of the
+ service. They can be resolved using the new nss-systemd.so NSS
+ module. The module must be enabled in /etc/nsswitch.conf. Services
+ started in this way have PrivateTmp= and RemoveIPC= enabled, so that
+ any resources allocated by the service will be cleaned up when the
+ service exits. They also have ProtectHome=read-only and
+ ProtectSystem=strict enabled, so they are not able to make any
+ permanent modifications to the system.
+
+ The nss-systemd module also always resolves root and nobody, making
+ it possible to have no /etc/passwd or /etc/group files in minimal
+ container systems.
+
+ * Services may be started with their own user namespace using the new
+ PrivateUsers= option. Only root, nobody, and the uid/gid under which
+ the service is running are mapped. All other users are mapped to
+ nobody.
+
+ * Support for the cgroup namespace has been added to systemd-nspawn. If
+ supported by kernel, the container system started by systemd-nspawn
+ will have its own view of the cgroup hierarchy. This new behaviour
+ can be disabled using $SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_USE_CGNS environment variable.
+
+ * The new MemorySwapMax= option can be used to limit the maximum swap
+ usage under the unified cgroup hierarchy.
+
+ * Support for the CPU controller in the unified cgroup hierarchy has
+ been added, via the CPUWeight=, CPUStartupWeight=, CPUAccounting=
+ options. This controller requires out-of-tree patches for the kernel
+ and the support is provisional.
+
+ * .automount units may now be transient.
+
+ * systemd-mount is a new tool which wraps mount(8) to pull in
+ additional dependencies through transient .mount and .automount
+ units. For example, this automatically runs fsck on the block device
+ before mounting, and allows the automount logic to be used.
+
+ * LazyUnmount=yes option for mount units has been added to expose the
+ umount --lazy option. Similarly, ForceUnmount=yes exposes the --force
+ option.
+
+ * /efi will be used as the mount point of the EFI boot partition, if
+ the directory is present, and the mount point was not configured
+ through other means (e.g. fstab). If /efi directory does not exist,
+ /boot will be used as before. This makes it easier to automatically
+ mount the EFI partition on systems where /boot is used for something
+ else.
+
+ * disk/by-id and disk/by-path symlinks are now created for NVMe drives.
+
+ * Two new user session targets have been added to support running
+ graphical sessions under the systemd --user instance:
+ graphical-session.target and graphical-session-pre.target. See
+ systemd.special(7) for a description of how those targets should be
+ used.
+
+ * The vconsole initialization code has been significantly reworked to
+ use KD_FONT_OP_GET/SET ioctls instead of KD_FONT_OP_COPY and better
+ support unicode keymaps. Font and keymap configuration will now be
+ copied to all allocated virtual consoles.
+
+ * FreeBSD's bhyve virtualization is now detected.
+
+ * Information recorded in the journal for core dumps now includes the
+ contents of /proc/mountinfo and the command line of the process at
+ the top of the process hierarchy (which is usually the init process
+ of the container).
+
+ * systemd-journal-gatewayd learned the --directory option to serve
+ files from the specified location.
+
+ * journalctl --root=… can be used to peruse the journal in the
+ /var/log/ directories inside of a container tree. This is similar to
+ the existing --machine= option, but does not require the container to
+ be active.
+
+ * The hardware database has been extended to support
+ ID_INPUT_TRACKBALL, used in addition to ID_INPUT_MOUSE to identify
+ trackball devices.
+
+ MOUSE_WHEEL_CLICK_ANGLE_HORIZONTAL hwdb property has been added to
+ specify the click rate for mice which include a horizontal wheel with
+ a click rate that is different than the one for the vertical wheel.
+
+ * systemd-run gained a new --wait option that makes service execution
+ synchronous.
+
+ systemctl gained a new --wait option that causes the start command to
+ wait until the units being started have terminated again.
+
+ * A new journal output mode "short-full" has been added which uses
+ timestamps with abbreviated English day names and adds a timezone
+ suffix. Those timestamps include more information and can be parsed
+ by journalctl.
+
+ * /etc/resolv.conf will be bind-mounted into containers started by
+ systemd-nspawn, if possible, so any changes to resolv.conf contents
+ are automatically propagated to the container.
+
+ * The number of instances for socket-activated services originating
+ from a single IP can be limited with MaxConnectionsPerSource=,
+ extending the existing setting of MaxConnections.
+
+ * systemd-networkd gained support for vcan ("Virtual CAN") interface
+ configuration.
+
+ * .netdev and .network configuration can now be extended through
+ drop-ins.
+
+ * UDP Segmentation Offload, TCP Segmentation Offload, Generic
+ Segmentation Offload, Generic Receive Offload, Large Receive Offload
+ can be enabled and disabled using the new UDPSegmentationOffload=,
+ TCPSegmentationOffload=, GenericSegmentationOffload=,
+ GenericReceiveOffload=, LargeReceiveOffload= options in the
+ [Link] section of .link files.
+
+ Spanning Tree Protocol enablement, Priority, Aging Time, and the
+ Default Port VLAN ID can be configured for bridge devices using the
+ new STP=, Priority=, AgeingTimeSec=, and DefaultPVID= settings in the
+ [Bridge] section of .netdev files.
+
+ The route table to which routes received over DHCP or RA should be
+ added can be configured with the new RouteTable= option in the [DHCP]
+ and [IPv6AcceptRA] sections of .network files.
+
+ Address Resolution Protocol can be disabled on links managed by
+ systemd-networkd using the ARP=no setting in the [Link] section of
+ .network files.
+
+ * $SERVICE_RESULT, $EXIT_CODE, $EXIT_STATUS are set for ExecStop= and
+ ExecStopPost= commands.
+
+ * systemd-sysctl will now configure kernel parameters in the order
+ they occur in the configuration files. This matches what sysctl
+ has been traditionally doing.
+
+ * kernel-install "plugins" that are executed to perform various
+ tasks after a new kernel is added and before an old one is removed
+ can now return a special value to terminate the procedure and
+ prevent any later plugins from running.
+
+ * Journald's SplitMode=login setting has been deprecated. It has been
+ removed from documentation, and its use is discouraged. In a future
+ release it will be completely removed, and made equivalent to current
+ default of SplitMode=uid.
+
+ * Storage=both option setting in /etc/systemd/coredump.conf has been
+ removed. With fast LZ4 compression storing the core dump twice is not
+ useful.
+
+ * The --share-system systemd-nspawn option has been replaced with an
+ (undocumented) variable $SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_SHARE_SYSTEM, but the use of
+ this functionality is discouraged. In addition the variables
+ $SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_SHARE_NS_IPC, $SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_SHARE_NS_PID,
+ $SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_SHARE_NS_UTS may be used to control the unsharing of
+ individual namespaces.
+
+CHANGES WITH 231:
+
+ * In service units the various ExecXYZ= settings have been extended
+ with an additional special character as first argument of the
+ assigned value: if the character '+' is used the specified command
+ line it will be run with full privileges, regardless of User=,
+ Group=, CapabilityBoundingSet= and similar options. The effect is
+ similar to the existing PermissionsStartOnly= option, but allows
+ configuration of this concept for each executed command line
+ independently.
+
+ * Services may now alter the service watchdog timeout at runtime by
+ sending a WATCHDOG_USEC= message via sd_notify().
+
+ * MemoryLimit= and related unit settings now optionally take percentage
+ specifications. The percentage is taken relative to the amount of
+ physical memory in the system (or in case of containers, the assigned
+ amount of memory). This allows scaling service resources neatly with
+ the amount of RAM available on the system. Similarly, systemd-logind's
+ RuntimeDirectorySize= option now also optionally takes percentage
+ values.
+
+ * In similar fashion TasksMax= takes percentage values now, too. The
+ value is taken relative to the configured maximum number of processes
+ on the system. The per-service task maximum has been changed to 15%
+ using this functionality. (Effectively this is an increase of 512 →
+ 4915 for service units, given the kernel's default pid_max setting.)
+
+ * Calendar time specifications in .timer units now understand a ".."
+ syntax for time ranges. Example: "4..7:10" may now be used for
+ defining a timer that is triggered at 4:10am, 5:10am, 6:10am and
+ 7:10am every day.
+
+ * The InaccessableDirectories=, ReadOnlyDirectories= and
+ ReadWriteDirectories= unit file settings have been renamed to
+ InaccessablePaths=, ReadOnlyPaths= and ReadWritePaths= and may now be
+ applied to all kinds of file nodes, and not just directories, with
+ the exception of symlinks. Specifically these settings may now be
+ used on block and character device nodes, UNIX sockets and FIFOS as
+ well as regular files. The old names of these settings remain
+ available for compatibility.
+
+ * systemd will now log about all service processes it kills forcibly
+ (using SIGKILL) because they remained after the clean shutdown phase
+ of the service completed. This should help identifying services that
+ shut down uncleanly. Moreover if KillUserProcesses= is enabled in
+ systemd-logind's configuration a similar log message is generated for
+ processes killed at the end of each session due to this setting.
+
+ * systemd will now set the $JOURNAL_STREAM environment variable for all
+ services whose stdout/stderr are connected to the Journal (which
+ effectively means by default: all services). The variable contains
+ the device and inode number of the file descriptor used for
+ stdout/stderr. This may be used by invoked programs to detect whether
+ their stdout/stderr is connected to the Journal, in which case they
+ can switch over to direct Journal communication, thus being able to
+ pass extended, structured metadata along with their log messages. As
+ one example, this is now used by glib's logging primitives.
+
+ * When using systemd's default tmp.mount unit for /tmp, the mount point
+ will now be established with the "nosuid" and "nodev" options. This
+ avoids privilege escalation attacks that put traps and exploits into
+ /tmp. However, this might cause problems if you e. g. put container
+ images or overlays into /tmp; if you need this, override tmp.mount's
+ "Options=" with a drop-in, or mount /tmp from /etc/fstab with your
+ desired options.
+
+ * systemd now supports the "memory" cgroup controller also on
+ cgroupsv2.
+
+ * The systemd-cgtop tool now optionally takes a control group path as
+ command line argument. If specified, the control group list shown is
+ limited to subgroups of that group.
+
+ * The SystemCallFilter= unit file setting gained support for
+ pre-defined, named system call filter sets. For example
+ SystemCallFilter=@clock is now an effective way to make all clock
+ changing-related system calls unavailable to a service. A number of
+ similar pre-defined groups are defined. Writing system call filters
+ for system services is simplified substantially with this new
+ concept. Accordingly, all of systemd's own, long-running services now
+ enable system call filtering based on this, by default.
+
+ * A new service setting MemoryDenyWriteExecute= has been added, taking
+ a boolean value. If turned on, a service may no longer create memory
+ mappings that are writable and executable at the same time. This
+ enhances security for services where this is enabled as it becomes
+ harder to dynamically write and then execute memory in exploited
+ service processes. This option has been enabled for all of systemd's
+ own long-running services.
+
+ * A new RestrictRealtime= service setting has been added, taking a
+ boolean argument. If set the service's processes may no longer
+ acquire realtime scheduling. This improves security as realtime
+ scheduling may otherwise be used to easily freeze the system.
+
+ * systemd-nspawn gained a new switch --notify-ready= taking a boolean
+ value. This may be used for requesting that the system manager inside
+ of the container reports start-up completion to nspawn which then
+ propagates this notification further to the service manager
+ supervising nspawn itself. A related option NotifyReady= in .nspawn
+ files has been added too. This functionality allows ordering of the
+ start-up of multiple containers using the usual systemd ordering
+ primitives.
+
+ * machinectl gained a new command "stop" that is an alias for
+ "terminate".
+
+ * systemd-resolved gained support for contacting DNS servers on
+ link-local IPv6 addresses.
+
+ * If systemd-resolved receives the SIGUSR2 signal it will now flush all
+ its caches. A method call for requesting the same operation has been
+ added to the bus API too, and is made available via "systemd-resolve
+ --flush-caches".
+
+ * systemd-resolve gained a new --status switch. If passed a brief
+ summary of the used DNS configuration with per-interface information
+ is shown.
+
+ * resolved.conf gained a new Cache= boolean option, defaulting to
+ on. If turned off local DNS caching is disabled. This comes with a
+ performance penalty in particular when DNSSEC is enabled. Note that
+ resolved disables its internal caching implicitly anyway, when the
+ configured DNS server is on a host-local IP address such as ::1 or
+ 127.0.0.1, thus automatically avoiding double local caching.
+
+ * systemd-resolved now listens on the local IP address 127.0.0.53:53
+ for DNS requests. This improves compatibility with local programs
+ that do not use the libc NSS or systemd-resolved's bus APIs for name
+ resolution. This minimal DNS service is only available to local
+ programs and does not implement the full DNS protocol, but enough to
+ cover local DNS clients. A new, static resolv.conf file, listing just
+ this DNS server is now shipped in /usr/lib/systemd/resolv.conf. It is
+ now recommended to make /etc/resolv.conf a symlink to this file in
+ order to route all DNS lookups to systemd-resolved, regardless if
+ done via NSS, the bus API or raw DNS packets. Note that this local
+ DNS service is not as fully featured as the libc NSS or
+ systemd-resolved's bus APIs. For example, as unicast DNS cannot be
+ used to deliver link-local address information (as this implies
+ sending a local interface index along), LLMNR/mDNS support via this
+ interface is severely restricted. It is thus strongly recommended for
+ all applications to use the libc NSS API or native systemd-resolved
+ bus API instead.
+
+ * systemd-networkd's bridge support learned a new setting
+ VLANFiltering= for controlling VLAN filtering. Moreover a new section
+ in .network files has been added for configuring VLAN bridging in
+ more detail: VLAN=, EgressUntagged=, PVID= in [BridgeVLAN].
+
+ * systemd-networkd's IPv6 Router Advertisement code now makes use of
+ the DNSSL and RDNSS options. This means IPv6 DNS configuration may
+ now be acquired without relying on DHCPv6. Two new options
+ UseDomains= and UseDNS= have been added to configure this behaviour.
+
+ * systemd-networkd's IPv6AcceptRouterAdvertisements= option has been
+ renamed IPv6AcceptRA=, without altering its behaviour. The old
+ setting name remains available for compatibility reasons.
+
+ * The systemd-networkd VTI/VTI6 tunneling support gained new options
+ Key=, InputKey= and OutputKey=.
+
+ * systemd-networkd gained support for VRF ("Virtual Routing Function")
+ interface configuration.
+
+ * "systemctl edit" may now be used to create new unit files by
+ specifying the --force switch.
+
+ * sd-event gained a new function sd_event_get_iteration() for
+ requesting the current iteration counter of the event loop. It starts
+ at zero and is increased by one with each event loop iteration.
+
+ * A new rpm macro %systemd_ordering is provided by the macros.systemd
+ file. It can be used in lieu of %systemd_requires in packages which
+ don't use any systemd functionality and are intended to be installed
+ in minimal containers without systemd present. This macro provides
+ ordering dependecies to ensure that if the package is installed in
+ the same rpm transaction as systemd, systemd will be installed before
+ the scriptlets for the package are executed, allowing unit presets
+ to be handled.
+
+ New macros %_systemdgeneratordir and %_systemdusergeneratordir have
+ been added to simplify packaging of generators.
+
+ * The os-release file gained VERSION_CODENAME field for the
+ distribution nickname (e.g. VERSION_CODENAME=woody).
+
+ * New udev property UDEV_DISABLE_PERSISTENT_STORAGE_RULES_FLAG=1
+ can be set to disable parsing of metadata and the creation
+ of persistent symlinks for that device.
+
+ * The v230 change to tag framebuffer devices (/dev/fb*) with "uaccess"
+ to make them available to logged-in users has been reverted.
+
+ * Much of the common code of the various systemd components is now
+ built into an internal shared library libsystemd-shared-231.so
+ (incorporating the systemd version number in the name, to be updated
+ with future releases) that the components link to. This should
+ decrease systemd footprint both in memory during runtime and on
+ disk. Note that the shared library is not for public use, and is
+ neither API not ABI stable, but is likely to change with every new
+ released update. Packagers need to make sure that binaries
+ linking to libsystemd-shared.so are updated in step with the
+ library.
+
+ * Configuration for "mkosi" is now part of the systemd
+ repository. mkosi is a tool to easily build legacy-free OS images,
+ and is available on github: https://github.com/systemd/mkosi. If
+ "mkosi" is invoked in the build tree a new raw OS image is generated
+ incorporating the systemd sources currently being worked on and a
+ clean, fresh distribution installation. The generated OS image may be
+ booted up with "systemd-nspawn -b -i", qemu-kvm or on any physcial
+ UEFI PC. This functionality is particularly useful to easily test
+ local changes made to systemd in a pristine, defined environment. See
+ HACKING for details.
+
+ * configure learned the --with-support-url= option to specify the
+ distribution's bugtracker.
+
+ Contributions from: Alban Crequy, Alessandro Puccetti, Alessio Igor
+ Bogani, Alexander Kuleshov, Alexander Kurtz, Alex Gaynor, Andika
+ Triwidada, Andreas Pokorny, Andreas Rammhold, Andrew Jeddeloh, Ansgar
+ Burchardt, Atrotors, Benjamin Drung, Brian Boylston, Christian Hesse,
+ Christian Rebischke, Daniele Medri, Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David
+ Herrmann, David Michael, Djalal Harouni, Douglas Christman, Elias
+ Probst, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Federico Mena Quintero, Felipe Sateler,
+ Franck Bui, Harald Hoyer, Ian Lee, Ivan Shapovalov, Jakub Wilk, Jan
+ Janssen, Jean-Sébastien Bour, John Paul Adrian Glaubitz, Jouke
+ Witteveen, Kai Ruhnau, kpengboy, Kyle Walker, Lénaïc Huard, Lennart
+ Poettering, Luca Bruno, Lukas Lösche, Lukáš Nykrýn, mahkoh, Marcel
+ Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Marty Plummer, Matthieu Codron, Max Prokhorov,
+ Michael Biebl, Michael Karcher, Michael Olbrich, Michał Bartoszkiewicz,
+ Michal Sekletar, Michal Soltys, Minkyung, Muhammet Kara, mulkieran,
+ Otto Wallenius, Pablo Lezaeta Reyes, Peter Hutterer, Ronny Chevalier,
+ Rusty Bird, Stef Walter, Susant Sahani, Tejun Heo, Thomas Blume, Thomas
+ Haller, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tobias Jungel, Tom Gundersen, Tom Yan,
+ Topi Miettinen, Torstein Husebø, Valentin Vidić, Viktar Vaŭčkievič,
+ WaLyong Cho, Weng Xuetian, Werner Fink, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+ — Berlin, 2016-07-25
+
+CHANGES WITH 230:
* DNSSEC is now turned on by default in systemd-resolved (in
"allow-downgrade" mode), but may be turned off during compile time by
might be systems we do not cover yet. Hence: please help us testing
the DNSSEC code, leave this on where you can, report back, but then
again don't consider turning this on in your stable, LTS or
- production release just yet.
+ production release just yet. (Note that you have to enable
+ nss-resolve in /etc/nsswitch.conf, to actually use systemd-resolved
+ and its DNSSEC mode for host name resolution from local
+ applications.)
* systemd-resolve conveniently resolves DANE records with the --tlsa
- option and OPENPGPKEY records with the --openpgp option.
-
- * Testing tool /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-activate is renamed to
- systemd-socket-activate and installed into /usr/bin. It is now fully
- supported.
+ option and OPENPGPKEY records with the --openpgp option. It also
+ supports dumping raw DNS record data via the new --raw= switch.
+
+ * systemd-logind will now by default terminate user processes that are
+ part of the user session scope unit (session-XX.scope) when the user
+ logs out. This behavior is controlled by the KillUserProcesses=
+ setting in logind.conf, and the previous default of "no" is now
+ changed to "yes". This means that user sessions will be properly
+ cleaned up after, but additional steps are necessary to allow
+ intentionally long-running processes to survive logout.
+
+ While the user is logged in at least once, user@.service is running,
+ and any service that should survive the end of any individual login
+ session can be started at a user service or scope using systemd-run.
+ systemd-run(1) man page has been extended with an example which shows
+ how to run screen in a scope unit underneath user@.service. The same
+ command works for tmux.
+
+ After the user logs out of all sessions, user@.service will be
+ terminated too, by default, unless the user has "lingering" enabled.
+ To effectively allow users to run long-term tasks even if they are
+ logged out, lingering must be enabled for them. See loginctl(1) for
+ details. The default polkit policy was modified to allow users to
+ set lingering for themselves without authentication.
+
+ Previous defaults can be restored at compile time by the
+ --without-kill-user-processes option to "configure".
+
+ * systemd-logind gained new configuration settings SessionsMax= and
+ InhibitorsMax=, both with a default of 8192. It will not register new
+ user sessions or inhibitors above this limit.
+
+ * systemd-logind will now reload configuration on SIGHUP.
* The unified cgroup hierarchy added in Linux 4.5 is now supported.
- Use systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1 on the kernel command line
- to enable.
+ Use systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1 on the kernel command line to
+ enable. Also, support for the "io" cgroup controller in the unified
+ hierarchy has been added, so that the "memory", "pids" and "io" are
+ now the controllers that are supported on the unified hierarchy.
+
WARNING: it is not possible to use previous systemd versions with
systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1 and the new kernel. Therefore it
is necessary to also update systemd in the initramfs if using the
- unified hierarchy. Updated selinux policy is also required.
-
- * LLDP support has been extended, and both passive (receive-only)
- and active (sender) modes are supported. Passive mode
- ("routers-only") is enabled by default in systemd-networkd.
- Active LLDP mode is enabled by default for containers on the
- internal network.
- "networkctl lldp" can be used to list information gathered.
+ unified hierarchy. An updated SELinux policy is also required.
+
+ * LLDP support has been extended, and both passive (receive-only) and
+ active (sender) modes are supported. Passive mode ("routers-only") is
+ enabled by default in systemd-networkd. Active LLDP mode is enabled
+ by default for containers on the internal network. The "networkctl
+ lldp" command may be used to list information gathered. "networkctl
+ status" will also show basic LLDP information on connected peers now.
+
+ * The IAID and DUID unique identifier sent in DHCP requests may now be
+ configured for the system and each .network file managed by
+ systemd-networkd using the DUIDType=, DUIDRawData=, IAID= options.
+
+ * systemd-networkd gained support for configuring proxy ARP support for
+ each interface, via the ProxyArp= setting in .network files. It also
+ gained support for configuring the multicast querier feature of
+ bridge devices, via the new MulticastQuerier= setting in .netdev
+ files. Similarly, snooping on the IGMP traffic can be controlled
+ via the new setting MulticastSnooping=.
+
+ A new setting PreferredLifetime= has been added for addresses
+ configured in .network file to configure the lifetime intended for an
+ address.
+
+ The systemd-networkd DHCP server gained the option EmitRouter=, which
+ defaults to yes, to configure whether the DHCP Option 3 (Router)
+ should be emitted.
+
+ * The testing tool /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-activate is renamed to
+ systemd-socket-activate and installed into /usr/bin. It is now fully
+ supported.
- * Headers for LLDP support (sd-lldp.h) are now public.
+ * systemd-journald now uses separate threads to flush changes to disk
+ when closing journal files, thus reducing impact of slow disk I/O on
+ logging performance.
- * The Unique Identifier sent in DHCP requests can be configured.
+ * The sd-journal API gained two new calls
+ sd_journal_open_directory_fd() and sd_journal_open_files_fd() which
+ can be used to open journal files using file descriptors instead of
+ file or directory paths. sd_journal_open_container() has been
+ deprecated, sd_journal_open_directory_fd() should be used instead
+ with the flag SD_JOURNAL_OS_ROOT.
- * systemd-journald now uses separate threads to flush changes to
- disk when closing journal files.
+ * journalctl learned a new output mode "-o short-unix" that outputs log
+ lines prefixed by their UNIX time (i.e. seconds since Jan 1st, 1970
+ UTC). It also gained support for a new --no-hostname setting to
+ suppress the hostname column in the family of "short" output modes.
- * systemd-ask-password skips printing of the password to stdout
- with --no-output which can be useful in scripts.
+ * systemd-ask-password now optionally skips printing of the password to
+ stdout with --no-output which can be useful in scripts.
* Framebuffer devices (/dev/fb*) and 3D printers and scanners
(devices tagged with ID_MAKER_TOOL) are now tagged with
"uaccess" and are available to logged in users.
+ * The DeviceAllow= unit setting now supports specifiers (with "%").
+
+ * "systemctl show" gained a new --value switch, which allows print a
+ only the contents of a specific unit property, without also printing
+ the property's name. Similar support was added to "show*" verbs
+ of loginctl and machinectl that output "key=value" lists.
+
+ * A new unit type "generated" was added for files dynamically generated
+ by generator tools. Similarly, a new unit type "transient" is used
+ for unit files created using the runtime API. "systemctl enable" will
+ refuse to operate on such files.
+
+ * A new command "systemctl revert" has been added that may be used to
+ revert to the vendor version of a unit file, in case local changes
+ have been made by adding drop-ins or overriding the unit file.
+
+ * "machinectl clean" gained a new verb to automatically remove all or
+ just hidden container images.
+
+ * systemd-tmpfiles gained support for a new line type "e" for emptying
+ directories, if they exist, without creating them if they don't.
+
+ * systemd-nspawn gained support for automatically patching the UID/GIDs
+ of the owners and the ACLs of all files and directories in a
+ container tree to match the UID/GID user namespacing range selected
+ for the container invocation. This mode is enabled via the new
+ --private-users-chown switch. It also gained support for
+ automatically choosing a free, previously unused UID/GID range when
+ starting a container, via the new --private-users=pick setting (which
+ implies --private-users-chown). Together, these options for the first
+ time make user namespacing for nspawn containers fully automatic and
+ thus deployable. The systemd-nspawn@.service template unit file has
+ been changed to use this functionality by default.
+
+ * systemd-nspawn gained a new --network-zone= switch, that allows
+ creating ad-hoc virtual Ethernet links between multiple containers,
+ that only exist as long as at least one container referencing them is
+ running. This allows easy connecting of multiple containers with a
+ common link that implements an Ethernet broadcast domain. Each of
+ these network "zones" may be named relatively freely by the user, and
+ may be referenced by any number of containers, but each container may
+ only reference one of these "zones". On the lower level, this is
+ implemented by an automatically managed bridge network interface for
+ each zone, that is created when the first container referencing its
+ zone is created and removed when the last one referencing its zone
+ terminates.
+
+ * The default start timeout may now be configured on the kernel command
+ line via systemd.default_timeout_start_sec=. It was already
+ configurable via the DefaultTimeoutStartSec= option in
+ /etc/systemd/system.conf.
+
+ * Socket units gained a new TriggerLimitIntervalSec= and
+ TriggerLimitBurst= setting to configure a limit on the activation
+ rate of the socket unit.
+
+ * The LimitNICE= setting now optionally takes normal UNIX nice values
+ in addition to the raw integer limit value. If the specified
+ parameter is prefixed with "+" or "-" and is in the range -20..19 the
+ value is understood as UNIX nice value. If not prefixed like this it
+ is understood as raw RLIMIT_NICE limit.
+
+ * Note that the effect of the PrivateDevices= unit file setting changed
+ slightly with this release: the per-device /dev file system will be
+ mounted read-only from this version on, and will have "noexec"
+ set. This (minor) change of behavior might cause some (exceptional)
+ legacy software to break, when PrivateDevices=yes is set for its
+ service. Please leave PrivateDevices= off if you run into problems
+ with this.
+
* systemd-bootchart has been split out to a separate repository:
https://github.com/systemd/systemd-bootchart
- * Compatibility libraries libsystemd-daemon.so, libsystemd-journal.so,
- libsystemd-id128.so, and libsystemd-login.so which have been
- deprecated since systemd-209 have been removed along along with the
- corresponding pkg-config files. All symbols provided by the those
- libraries are provided by libsystemd.so.
-
- * Capabilities= setting has been removed (it is ignored for backwards
- compatibility). AmbientCapabilities= and CapabilityBoundingSet=
- should be used instead.
+ * systemd-bus-proxyd has been removed, as kdbus is unlikely to still be
+ merged into the kernel in its current form.
+
+ * The compatibility libraries libsystemd-daemon.so,
+ libsystemd-journal.so, libsystemd-id128.so, and libsystemd-login.so
+ which have been deprecated since systemd-209 have been removed along
+ with the corresponding pkg-config files. All symbols provided by
+ those libraries are provided by libsystemd.so.
+
+ * The Capabilities= unit file setting has been removed (it is ignored
+ for backwards compatibility). AmbientCapabilities= and
+ CapabilityBoundingSet= should be used instead.
+
+ * A new special target has been added, initrd-root-device.target,
+ which creates a synchronization point for dependencies of the root
+ device in early userspace. Initramfs builders must ensure that this
+ target is now included in early userspace.
+
+ Contributions from: Alban Crequy, Alexander Kuleshov, Alexander Shopov,
+ Alex Crawford, Andre Klärner, Andrew Eikum, Beniamino Galvani, Benjamin
+ Robin, Biao Lu, Bjørnar Ness, Calvin Owens, Christian Hesse, Clemens
+ Gruber, Colin Guthrie, Daniel Drake, Daniele Medri, Daniel J Walsh,
+ Daniel Mack, Dan Nicholson, daurnimator, David Herrmann, David
+ R. Hedges, Elias Probst, Emmanuel Gil Peyrot, EMOziko, Evgeny
+ Vereshchagin, Federico, Felipe Sateler, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck
+ Bui, frankheckenbach, gdamjan, Georgia Brikis, Harald Hoyer, Hendrik
+ Brueckner, Hristo Venev, Iago López Galeiras, Ian Kelling, Ismo
+ Puustinen, Jakub Wilk, Jaroslav Škarvada, Jeff Huang, Joel Holdsworth,
+ John Paul Adrian Glaubitz, Jonathan Boulle, kayrus, Klearchos
+ Chaloulos, Kyle Russell, Lars Uebernickel, Lennart Poettering, Lubomir
+ Rintel, Lukáš Nykrýn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Martin Pitt,
+ Michael Biebl, michaelolbrich, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Michal Koutný,
+ Michal Sekletar, Mike Frysinger, Mike Gilbert, Mingcong Bai, Ming Lin,
+ mulkieran, muzena, Nalin Dahyabhai, Naohiro Aota, Nathan McSween,
+ Nicolas Braud-Santoni, Patrik Flykt, Peter Hutterer, Peter Mattern,
+ Petr Lautrbach, Petros Angelatos, Piotr Drąg, Rabin Vincent, Robert
+ Węcławski, Ronny Chevalier, Samuel Tardieu, Stefan Saraev, Stefan
+ Schallenberg aka nafets227, Steven Siloti, Susant Sahani, Sylvain
+ Plantefève, Taylor Smock, Tejun Heo, Thomas Blume, Thomas Haller,
+ Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tobias Klauser, Tom Gundersen, topimiettinen,
+ Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Uwe Kleine-König, Victor Toso,
+ Vinay Kulkarni, Vito Caputo, Vittorio G (VittGam), Vladimir Panteleev,
+ Wieland Hoffmann, Wouter Verhelst, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew
+ Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- * systemd-bus-proxyd has been removed, as kdbus will not be merged
- in current form.
+ — Fairfax, 2016-05-21
CHANGES WITH 229:
Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Vito
Caputo, WaLyong Cho, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2016-02-11
+ — Berlin, 2016-02-11
CHANGES WITH 228:
the service.
* Timer units gained support for a new RemainAfterElapse=
- setting which takes a boolean argument. It defaults on on,
+ setting which takes a boolean argument. It defaults to on,
exposing behaviour unchanged to previous releases. If set to
off, timer units are unloaded after they elapsed if they
cannot elapse again. This is particularly useful for
https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=19108
+ Note that only util-linux versions built with
+ --enable-libmount-force-mountinfo are supported.
+
* Support for the ".snapshot" unit type has been removed. This
feature turned out to be little useful and little used, and
has now been removed from the core and from systemctl.
Tom Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Vito Caputo, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2015-11-18
+ — Berlin, 2015-11-18
CHANGES WITH 227:
* Support for USB FunctionFS activation has been added. This
allows implementation of USB gadget services that are
activated as soon as they are requested, so that they don't
- have to run continously, similar to classic socket
+ have to run continuously, similar to classic socket
activation.
* The "systemctl exit" command now optionally takes an
* systemd-networkd gained support for:
- - Setting the IPv6 Router Advertisment settings via
+ - Setting the IPv6 Router Advertisement settings via
IPv6AcceptRouterAdvertisements= in .network files.
- Configuring the HelloTimeSec=, MaxAgeSec= and
files controlled by the number of files that shall remain,
in addition to the already existing control by size and by
date. This is useful as journal interleaving performance
- degrades with too many seperate journal files, and allows
+ degrades with too many separate journal files, and allows
putting an effective limit on them. The new setting defaults
to 100, but this may be changed by setting SystemMaxFiles=
and RuntimeMaxFiles= in journald.conf. Also, the
Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tom Lyon, Viktar Vauchkevich,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Марко М. Костић
- -- Berlin, 2015-10-07
+ — Berlin, 2015-10-07
CHANGES WITH 226:
available, systemd will fall back to the legacy cgroup
hierarchy setup, as before. Host system and containers can
mix and match legacy and unified hierarchies as they
- wish. nspawn understands the $UNIFIED_CROUP_HIERARCHY
+ wish. nspawn understands the $UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY
environment variable to individually select the hierarchy to
use for executed containers. By default, nspawn will use the
unified hierarchy for the containers if the host uses the
Hack, Susant Sahani, Sylvain Pasche, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Torstein Husebø
- -- Berlin, 2015-09-08
+ — Berlin, 2015-09-08
CHANGES WITH 225:
Paaboel Andersen, Thomas Meyer, Tom Gundersen, Vincent Batts,
WaLyong Cho, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2015-08-27
+ — Berlin, 2015-08-27
CHANGES WITH 224:
Herrmann, Herman Fries, Johannes Nixdorf, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Peter Hutterer, Susant Sahani, Tom Gundersen
- -- Berlin, 2015-07-31
+ — Berlin, 2015-07-31
CHANGES WITH 223:
Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Vito Caputo,
Vivenzio Pagliari, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2015-07-29
+ — Berlin, 2015-07-29
CHANGES WITH 222:
Susant Sahani, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Torstein
Husebø, Vedran Miletić, WaLyong Cho, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2015-07-07
+ — Berlin, 2015-07-07
CHANGES WITH 221:
Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Viktar Vauchkevich, Werner
Fink, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2015-06-19
+ — Berlin, 2015-06-19
CHANGES WITH 220:
Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Will
Woods, Zachary Cook, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2015-05-22
+ — Berlin, 2015-05-22
CHANGES WITH 219:
Lindskog, Veres Lajos, Vincent Batts, WaLyong Cho, Wieland
Hoffmann, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2015-02-16
+ — Berlin, 2015-02-16
CHANGES WITH 218:
Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Vicente Olivert
Riera, WaLyong Cho, Wesley Dawson, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2014-12-10
+ — Berlin, 2014-12-10
CHANGES WITH 217:
Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, WaLyong Cho, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2014-10-28
+ — Berlin, 2014-10-28
CHANGES WITH 216:
Tobias Geerinckx-Rice, Tomasz Torcz, Tom Gundersen, Umut
Tezduyar Lindskog, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2014-08-19
+ — Berlin, 2014-08-19
CHANGES WITH 215:
Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tom Hirst, Umut Tezduyar
Lindskog, Uoti Urpala, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2014-07-03
+ — Berlin, 2014-07-03
CHANGES WITH 214:
Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2014-06-11
+ — Berlin, 2014-06-11
CHANGES WITH 213:
Lindskog, WaLyong Cho, Will Woods, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Beijing, 2014-05-28
+ — Beijing, 2014-05-28
CHANGES WITH 212:
Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Wieland Hoffmann, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2014-03-25
+ — Berlin, 2014-03-25
CHANGES WITH 211:
Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Uoti Urpala, Zachary Cook,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2014-03-12
+ — Berlin, 2014-03-12
CHANGES WITH 210:
Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2014-02-24
+ — Berlin, 2014-02-24
CHANGES WITH 209:
Pavlín, Vincent Batts, WaLyong Cho, William Giokas, Yang
Zhiyong, Yin Kangkai, Yuxuan Shui, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2014-02-20
+ — Berlin, 2014-02-20
CHANGES WITH 208:
Michael Scherer, Michał Górny, Mike Gilbert, Patrick McCarty,
Sebastian Ott, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2013-10-02
+ — Berlin, 2013-10-02
CHANGES WITH 207:
Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, WANG Chao,
William Giokas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2013-09-13
+ — Berlin, 2013-09-13
CHANGES WITH 206:
Thomas H.P. Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tomasz Torcz, William
Giokas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
- -- Berlin, 2013-07-23
+ — Berlin, 2013-07-23
CHANGES WITH 205:
* Two new unit types have been introduced:
Scope units are very similar to service units, however, are
- created out of pre-existing processes -- instead of PID 1
+ created out of pre-existing processes — instead of PID 1
forking off the processes. By using scope units it is
possible for system services and applications to group their
own child processes (worker processes) in a powerful way
* We do not mount the "cpuset" controller anymore together with
"cpu" and "cpuacct", as "cpuset" groups generally cannot be
started if no parameters are assigned to it. "cpuset" hence
- broke code that assumed it it could create "cpu" groups and
+ broke code that assumed it could create "cpu" groups and
just start them.
* journalctl -f will now subscribe to terminal size changes,
projects / thirdparty / systemd.git / blobdiff