systemd System and Service Manager
-CHANGES WITH 240 in spe:
+CHANGES WITH 241:
+
+ * The default locale can now be configured at compile time. Otherwise,
+ a suitable default will be selected automatically (one of C.UTF-8,
+ en_US.UTF-8, and C).
+
+ * The version string shown by systemd and other tools now includes the
+ git commit hash when built from git. An override may be specified
+ during compilation, which is intended to be used by distributions to
+ include the package release information.
+
+ * systemd-cat can now filter standard input and standard error streams
+ for different syslog priorities using the new --stderr-priority=
+ option.
+
+ * systemd-journald and systemd-journal-remote reject entries which
+ contain too many fields (CVE-2018-16865) and set limits on the
+ process' command line length (CVE-2018-16864).
+
+ * $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS environment variable is set by pam_systemd
+ again.
+
+ * A new network device NamePolicy "keep" is implemented for link files,
+ and used by default in 99-default.link (the fallback configuration
+ provided by systemd). With this policy, if the network device name
+ was already set by userspace, the device will not be renamed again.
+ This matches the naming scheme that was implemented before
+ systemd-240. If naming-scheme < 240 is specified, the "keep" policy
+ is also enabled by default, even if not specified. Effectively, this
+ means that if naming-scheme >= 240 is specified, network devices will
+ be renamed according to the configuration, even if they have been
+ renamed already, if "keep" is not specified as the naming policy in
+ the .link file. The 99-default.link file provided by systemd includes
+ "keep" for backwards compatibility, but it is recommended for user
+ installed .link files to *not* include it.
+
+ The "kernel" policy, which keeps kernel names declared to be
+ "persistent", now works again as documented.
+
+ * kernel-install script now optionally takes the paths to one or more
+ initrd files, and passes them to all plugins.
+
+ * The mincore() system call has been dropped from the @system-service
+ system call filter group, as it is pretty exotic and may potentially
+ used for side-channel attacks.
+
+ * -fPIE is dropped from compiler and linker options. Please specify
+ -Db_pie=true option to meson to build position-independent
+ executables. Note that the meson option is supported since meson-0.49.
+
+ * The fs.protected_regular and fs.protected_fifos sysctls, which were
+ added in Linux 4.19 to make some data spoofing attacks harder, are
+ now enabled by default. While this will hopefully improve the
+ security of most installations, it is technically a backwards
+ incompatible change; to disable these sysctls again, place the
+ following lines in /etc/sysctl.d/60-protected.conf or a similar file:
+
+ fs.protected_regular = 0
+ fs.protected_fifos = 0
+
+ Note that the similar hardlink and symlink protection has been
+ enabled since v199, and may be disabled likewise.
+
+ * The files read from the EnvironmentFile= setting in unit files now
+ parse backslashes inside quotes literally, matching the behaviour of
+ POSIX shells.
+
+ * udevadm trigger, udevadm control, udevadm settle and udevadm monitor
+ now automatically become NOPs when run in a chroot() environment.
+
+ * The tmpfiles.d/ "C" line type will now copy directory trees not only
+ when the destination is so far missing, but also if it already exists
+ as a directory and is empty. This is useful to cater for systems
+ where directory trees are put together from multiple separate mount
+ points but otherwise empty.
+
+ * A new function sd_bus_close_unref() (and the associated
+ sd_bus_close_unrefp()) has been added to libsystemd, that combines
+ sd_bus_close() and sd_bus_unref() in one.
+
+ * udevadm control learnt a new option for --ping for testing whether a
+ systemd-udevd instance is running and reacting.
+
+ Contributions from: Aaron Plattner, Alberts Muktupāvels, Alex Mayer,
+ Ayman Bagabas, Beniamino Galvani, Burt P, Chris Down, Chris Lamb, Chris
+ Morin, Christian Hesse, Claudius Ellsel, dana, Daniel Axtens, Daniele
+ Medri, Dave Reisner, David Santamaría Rogado, Diego Canuhe, Dimitri
+ John Ledkov, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Fabrice Fontaine, Filipe
+ Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Frantisek Sumsal, govwin, Hans de Goede,
+ James Hilliard, Jan Engelhardt, Jani Uusitalo, Jan Janssen, Jan
+ Synacek, Jonathan McDowell, Jonathan Roemer, Jonathon Kowalski, Joost
+ Heitbrink, Jörg Thalheim, Lance, Lennart Poettering, Louis Taylor,
+ Lucas Werkmeister, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou,
+ marvelousblack, Michael Biebl, Michael Sloan, Michal Sekletar, Mike
+ Auty, Mike Gilbert, Mikhail Kasimov, Neil Brown, Niklas Hambüchen,
+ Patrick Williams, Paul Seyfert, Peter Hutterer, Philip Withnall, Roger
+ James, Ronnie P. Thomas, Ryan Gonzalez, Sam Morris, Stephan Edel,
+ Stephan Gerhold, Susant Sahani, Taro Yamada, Thomas Haller, Topi
+ Miettinen, YiFei Zhu, YmrDtnJu, YunQiang Su, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew
+ Jędrzejewski-Szmek, zsergeant77, Дамјан Георгиевски
+
+ — Berlin, 2018-02-14
+
+CHANGES WITH 240:
+
+ * NoNewPrivileges=yes has been set for all long-running services
+ implemented by systemd. Previously, this was problematic due to
+ SELinux (as this would also prohibit the transition from PID1's label
+ to the service's label). This restriction has since been lifted, but
+ an SELinux policy update is required.
+ (See e.g. https://github.com/fedora-selinux/selinux-policy/pull/234.)
+
+ * DynamicUser=yes is dropped from systemd-networkd.service,
+ systemd-resolved.service and systemd-timesyncd.service, which was
+ enabled in v239 for systemd-networkd.service and systemd-resolved.service,
+ and since v236 for systemd-timesyncd.service. The users and groups
+ systemd-network, systemd-resolve and systemd-timesync are created
+ by systemd-sysusers again. Distributors or system administrators
+ may need to create these users and groups if they not exist (or need
+ to re-enable DynamicUser= for those units) while upgrading systemd.
+ Also, the clock file for systemd-timesyncd may need to move from
+ /var/lib/private/systemd/timesync/clock to /var/lib/systemd/timesync/clock.
+
+ * When unit files are loaded from disk, previously systemd would
+ sometimes (depending on the unit loading order) load units from the
+ target path of symlinks in .wants/ or .requires/ directories of other
+ units. This meant that unit could be loaded from different paths
+ depending on whether the unit was requested explicitly or as a
+ dependency of another unit, not honouring the priority of directories
+ in search path. It also meant that it was possible to successfully
+ load and start units which are not found in the unit search path, as
+ long as they were requested as a dependency and linked to from
+ .wants/ or .requires/. The target paths of those symlinks are not
+ used for loading units anymore and the unit file must be found in
+ the search path.
* A new service type has been added: Type=exec. It's very similar to
Type=simple but ensures the service manager will wait for both fork()
file descriptors currently enforced (fs.file-max, fs.nr_open,
RLIMIT_NOFILE hard, RLIMIT_NOFILE soft) we turn off the first two,
and keep only the latter two. A set of build-time options
- (-Dbump-proc-sys-fs-file-max=no and -Dbump-proc-sys-fs-nr-open=no)
+ (-Dbump-proc-sys-fs-file-max=false and -Dbump-proc-sys-fs-nr-open=false)
has been added to revert this change in behaviour, which might be
an option for systems that turn off memcg in the kernel.
* Support for disabling a particular cgroup controller within a sub-tree
has been added through the DisableControllers= directive.
+ * cgroup_no_v1=all on the kernel command line now also implies
+ using the unified cgroup hierarchy, unless one explicitly passes
+ systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=0 on the kernel command line.
+
* The new "MemoryMin=" unit file property may now be used to set the
memory usage protection limit of processes invoked by the unit. This
- controls the cgroupsv2 memory.min attribute. Similarly, the new
+ controls the cgroup v2 memory.min attribute. Similarly, the new
"IODeviceLatencyTargetSec=" property has been added, wrapping the new
- cgroupsv2 io.latency cgroup property for configuring per-service I/O
+ cgroup v2 io.latency cgroup property for configuring per-service I/O
latency.
- * systemd now supports the cgroupsv2 devices BPF logic, as counterpart
- to the cgroupsv1 "devices" cgroup controller.
+ * systemd now supports the cgroup v2 devices BPF logic, as counterpart
+ to the cgroup v1 "devices" cgroup controller.
* systemd-escape now is able to combine --unescape with --template. It
also learnt a new option --instance for extracting and unescaping the
* The signal to use as last step of killing of unit processes is now
configurable. Previously it was hard-coded to SIGKILL, which may now
be overridden with the new KillSignal= setting. Note that this is the
- signal used when regular termination (i.e. SIGTERM) does suffice.
+ signal used when regular termination (i.e. SIGTERM) does not suffice.
Similarly, the signal used when aborting a program in case of a
watchdog timeout may now be configured too (WatchdogSignal=).
* Most configuration options that previously accepted percentage values
now also accept permille values with the '‰' suffix (instead of '%').
- * systemd-logind will offer hibernation only if the currently used
- kernel image is still available on disk.
-
* systemd-resolved may now optionally use OpenSSL instead of GnuTLS for
DNS-over-TLS.
* The JoinControllers= option in system.conf is no longer supported, as
it didn't work correctly, is hard to support properly, is legacy (as
- the concept only exists on cgroupsv1) and apparently wasn't used.
+ the concept only exists on cgroup v1) and apparently wasn't used.
* Journal messages that are generated whenever a unit enters the failed
state are now tagged with a unique MESSAGE_ID. Similarly, messages
SD_ID128_ALLF to test if a 128bit ID is set to all 0xFF bytes, and to
initialize one to all 0xFF.
+ * After loading the SELinux policy systemd will now recursively relabel
+ all files and directories listed in
+ /run/systemd/relabel-extra.d/*.relabel (which should be simple
+ newline separated lists of paths) in addition to the ones it already
+ implicitly relabels in /run, /dev and /sys. After the relabelling is
+ completed the *.relabel files (and /run/systemd/relabel-extra.d/) are
+ removed. This is useful to permit initrds (i.e. code running before
+ the SELinux policy is in effect) to generate files in the host
+ filesystem safely and ensure that the correct label is applied during
+ the transition to the host OS.
+
+ * KERNEL API BREAKAGE: Linux kernel 4.18 changed behaviour regarding
+ mknod() handling in user namespaces. Previously mknod() would always
+ fail with EPERM in user namespaces. Since 4.18 mknod() will succeed
+ but device nodes generated that way cannot be opened, and attempts to
+ open them result in EPERM. This breaks the "graceful fallback" logic
+ in systemd's PrivateDevices= sand-boxing option. This option is
+ implemented defensively, so that when systemd detects it runs in a
+ restricted environment (such as a user namespace, or an environment
+ where mknod() is blocked through seccomp or absence of CAP_SYS_MKNOD)
+ where device nodes cannot be created the effect of PrivateDevices= is
+ bypassed (following the logic that 2nd-level sand-boxing is not
+ essential if the system systemd runs in is itself already sand-boxed
+ as a whole). This logic breaks with 4.18 in container managers where
+ user namespacing is used: suddenly PrivateDevices= succeeds setting
+ up a private /dev/ file system containing devices nodes — but when
+ these are opened they don't work.
+
+ At this point is is recommended that container managers utilizing
+ user namespaces that intend to run systemd in the payload explicitly
+ block mknod() with seccomp or similar, so that the graceful fallback
+ logic works again.
+
+ We are very sorry for the breakage and the requirement to change
+ container configurations for newer kernels. It's purely caused by an
+ incompatible kernel change. The relevant kernel developers have been
+ notified about this userspace breakage quickly, but they chose to
+ ignore it.
+
+ * PermissionsStartOnly= setting is deprecated (but is still supported
+ for backwards compatibility). The same functionality is provided by
+ the more flexible "+", "!", and "!!" prefixes to ExecStart= and other
+ commands.
+
+ * $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS environment variable is not set by
+ pam_systemd anymore.
+
+ * The naming scheme for network devices was changed to always rename
+ devices, even if they were already renamed by userspace. The "kernel"
+ policy was changed to only apply as a fallback, if no other naming
+ policy took effect.
+
+ * The requirements to build systemd is bumped to meson-0.46 and
+ python-3.5.
+
Contributions from: afg, Alan Jenkins, Aleksei Timofeyev, Alexander
Filippov, Alexander Kurtz, Alexey Bogdanenko, Andreas Henriksson,
Andrew Jorgensen, Anita Zhang, apnix-uk, Arkan49, Arseny Maslennikov,
asavah, Asbjørn Apeland, aszlig, Bastien Nocera, Ben Boeckel, Benedikt
- Morbach, Benjamin Berg, Carlo Caione, Cedric Viou, Chen Qi, ChenQi1989,
- Chris Chiu, Chris Down, Chris Morin, Christian Rebischke, Claudius
- Ellsel, ColinGuthrie, dana, Daniel, Daniele Medri, Daniel Kahn Gillmor,
- Daniel Rusek, Daniel van Vugt, Dariusz Gadomski, Dave Reisner, David
- Anderson, Davide Cavalca, David Leeds, David Malcolm, David Strauss,
- David Tardon, Dimitri John Ledkov, dj-kaktus, Dongsu Park, Elias
- Probst, Emil Soleyman, Erik Kooistra, Ervin Peters, Evgeni Golov,
- Evgeny Vereshchagin, Fabrice Fontaine, Faheel Ahmad, faizalluthfi,
- Felix Yan, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Frank Schaefer, Frantisek
- Sumsal, Gianluca Boiano, Giuseppe Scrivano, glitsj16, Hans de Goede,
- Harald Hoyer, Harry Mallon, Harshit Jain, hellcp, Helmut Grohne, Henry
- Tung, Hui Yiqun, imayoda, Insun Pyo, INSUN PYO, Iwan Timmer,
- jambonmcyeah, Jan Janssen, Jan Pokorný, Jan Synacek, Jason
- A. Donenfeld, javitoom, Jérémy Nouhaud, Jiuyang liu, João Paulo Rechi
+ Morbach, Benjamin Berg, Bruce Zhang, Carlo Caione, Cedric Viou, Chen
+ Qi, Chris Chiu, Chris Down, Chris Morin, Christian Rebischke, Claudius
+ Ellsel, Colin Guthrie, dana, Daniel, Daniele Medri, Daniel Kahn
+ Gillmor, Daniel Rusek, Daniel van Vugt, Dariusz Gadomski, Dave Reisner,
+ David Anderson, Davide Cavalca, David Leeds, David Malcolm, David
+ Strauss, David Tardon, Dimitri John Ledkov, Dmitry Torokhov, dj-kaktus,
+ Dongsu Park, Elias Probst, Emil Soleyman, Erik Kooistra, Ervin Peters,
+ Evgeni Golov, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Fabrice Fontaine, Faheel Ahmad,
+ Faizal Luthfi, Felix Yan, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Frank
+ Schaefer, Frantisek Sumsal, Gautier Husson, Gianluca Boiano, Giuseppe
+ Scrivano, glitsj16, Hans de Goede, Harald Hoyer, Harry Mallon, Harshit
+ Jain, Helmut Grohne, Henry Tung, Hui Yiqun, imayoda, Insun Pyo, Iwan
+ Timmer, Jan Janssen, Jan Pokorný, Jan Synacek, Jason A. Donenfeld,
+ javitoom, Jérémy Nouhaud, Jeremy Su, Jiuyang Liu, João Paulo Rechi
Vita, Joe Hershberger, Joe Rayhawk, Joerg Behrmann, Joerg Steffens,
- Jonas DOREL, Jon Ringle, Josh Soref, Julian Andres Klode, Jürg
- Billeter, Keith Busch, killermoehre, Kirill Marinushkin, Lennart
- Poettering, LennartPoettering, Liberasys, Lion Yang, Li Song, Lorenz
+ Jonas Dorel, Jon Ringle, Josh Soref, Julian Andres Klode, Jun Bo Bi,
+ Jürg Billeter, Keith Busch, Khem Raj, Kirill Marinushkin, Larry
+ Bernstone, Lennart Poettering, Lion Yang, Li Song, Lorenz
Hübschle-Schneider, Lubomir Rintel, Lucas Werkmeister, Ludwin Janvier,
Lukáš Nykrýn, Luke Shumaker, mal, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marcin
Skarbek, Marco Trevisan (Treviño), Marian Cepok, Mario Hros, Marko
Myllynen, Markus Grimm, Martin Pitt, Martin Sobotka, Martin Wilck,
Mathieu Trudel-Lapierre, Matthew Leeds, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich,
- Michael 'pbone' Pobega, Michal Koutný, Michal Sekletar, Michal Soltys,
- Mike Gilbert, Mike Palmer, Muhammet Kara, Neal Gompa, Network Silence,
- nikolas, NOGISAKA Sadata, Oliver Smith, Patrik Flykt, Pavel Hrdina,
- Paweł Szewczyk, Peter Hutterer, Piotr Drąg, Ray Strode, remueller,
+ Michael 'pbone' Pobega, Michael Scherer, Michal Koutný, Michal
+ Sekletar, Michal Soltys, Mike Gilbert, Mike Palmer, Muhammet Kara, Neal
+ Gompa, Neil Brown, Network Silence, Niklas Tibbling, Nikolas Nyby,
+ Nogisaka Sadata, Oliver Smith, Patrik Flykt, Pavel Hrdina, Paweł
+ Szewczyk, Peter Hutterer, Piotr Drąg, Ray Strode, Reinhold Mueller,
Renaud Métrich, Roman Gushchin, Ronny Chevalier, Rubén Suárez Alvarez,
- Ruixin Bao, RussianNeuroMancer, Ryutaroh Matsumoto, Saleem Rashid,
- Samuel Morris, Sandy, scootergrisen, seb128, Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn
- Landden, Shengyao Xue, Shih-Yuan Lee (FourDollars), Sjoerd Simons,
- Stephen Gallagher, Steven Allen, Steve Ramage, Susant Sahani, Sven
- Joachim, Sylvain Plantefève, TanuKaskinen, Tejun Heo, Thiago Macieira,
- Thomas Blume, Thomas Haller, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tim Ruffing, TJ,
- Tobias Jungel, Todd Walton, Tommi Rantala, Tomsod M, Tony Novak,
- Trevonn, Victor Laskurain, Victor Tapia, Violet Halo, Vojtech Trefny,
- welaq, William A. Kennington III, William Douglas, Wyatt Ward, Xiang
- Fan, Xi Ruoyao, Xuanwo, Yann E. MORIN, YmrDtnJu, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew
- Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zhang Xianwei, Zsolt Dollenstein
-
- — Somewhere, 2018-xx-yy
+ Ruixin Bao, RussianNeuroMancer, Ryutaroh Matsumoto, Saleem Rashid, Sam
+ Morris, Samuel Morris, Sandy Carter, scootergrisen, Sébastien Bacher,
+ Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn Landden, Shengyao Xue, Shih-Yuan Lee
+ (FourDollars), Silvio Knizek, Sjoerd Simons, Stasiek Michalski, Stephen
+ Gallagher, Steven Allen, Steve Ramage, Susant Sahani, Sven Joachim,
+ Sylvain Plantefève, Tanu Kaskinen, Tejun Heo, Thiago Macieira, Thomas
+ Blume, Thomas Haller, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tim Ruffing, TJ, Tobias
+ Jungel, Todd Walton, Tommi Rantala, Tomsod M, Tony Novak, Tore
+ Anderson, Trevonn, Victor Laskurain, Victor Tapia, Violet Halo, Vojtech
+ Trefny, welaq, William A. Kennington III, William Douglas, Wyatt Ward,
+ Xiang Fan, Xi Ruoyao, Xuanwo, Yann E. Morin, YmrDtnJu, Yu Watanabe,
+ Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zhang Xianwei, Zsolt Dollenstein
+
+ — Warsaw, 2018-12-21
CHANGES WITH 239:
allows ordering services before the service that executes the actual
update process in a generic way.
+ * Systemd now emits warnings whenever .include syntax is used.
+
Contributions from: Adam Duskett, Alan Jenkins, Alessandro Casale,
Alexander Kurtz, Alex Gartrell, Anssi Hannula, Arnaud Rebillout, Brian
J. Murrell, Bruno Vernay, Chris Lamb, Chris Lesiak, Christian Brauner,
instance to migrate processes if it itself gets the request to
migrate processes and the kernel refuses this due to access
restrictions. Thanks to this "systemd-run --scope --user …" works
- again in pure cgroups v2 environments when invoked from the user
+ again in pure cgroup v2 environments when invoked from the user
session scope.
* A new TemporaryFileSystem= setting can be used to mask out part of
desired options.
* systemd now supports the "memory" cgroup controller also on
- cgroupsv2.
+ cgroup v2.
* The systemd-cgtop tool now optionally takes a control group path as
command line argument. If specified, the control group list shown is
IFUNC. Please make sure to use --enable-compat-libs only
during a transitional period!
+ * The .include syntax has been deprecated and is not documented
+ anymore. Drop-in files in .d directories should be used instead.
+
Contributions from: Andreas Fuchs, Armin K., Colin Walters,
Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Djalal Harouni,
Holger Schurig, Jason A. Donenfeld, Jason St. John, Jasper
projects / thirdparty / systemd.git / blobdiff