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-"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % entities SYSTEM "custom-entities.ent" >
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-
-<!--
- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+
--->
+<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ -->
<refentry id="systemctl"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
- <title>Options</title>
-
- <para>The following options are understood:</para>
-
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>-t</option></term>
- <term><option>--type=</option></term>
+ <title>Commands</title>
- <listitem>
- <para>The argument should be a comma-separated list of unit
- types such as <option>service</option> and
- <option>socket</option>.
- </para>
+ <para>The following commands are understood:</para>
- <para>If one of the arguments is a unit type, when listing
- units, limit display to certain unit types. Otherwise, units
- of all types will be shown.</para>
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Unit Commands</title>
- <para>As a special case, if one of the arguments is
- <option>help</option>, a list of allowed values will be
- printed and the program will exit.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>list-units</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--state=</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>List units that <command>systemd</command> currently has in memory. This includes units that are
+ either referenced directly or through a dependency, units that are pinned by applications programmatically,
+ or units that were active in the past and have failed. By default only units which are active, have pending
+ jobs, or have failed are shown; this can be changed with option <option>--all</option>. If one or more
+ <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only units matching one of them are shown. The units
+ that are shown are additionally filtered by <option>--type=</option> and <option>--state=</option> if those
+ options are specified.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>The argument should be a comma-separated list of unit
- LOAD, SUB, or ACTIVE states. When listing units, show only
- those in the specified states. Use <option>--state=failed</option>
- to show only failed units.</para>
+ <para>Produces output similar to
+ <programlisting> UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
+ sys-module-fuse.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/fuse
+ -.mount loaded active mounted Root Mount
+ boot-efi.mount loaded active mounted /boot/efi
+ systemd-journald.service loaded active running Journal Service
+ systemd-logind.service loaded active running Login Service
+● user@1000.service loaded failed failed User Manager for UID 1000
+ …
+ systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer loaded active waiting Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories
- <para>As a special case, if one of the arguments is
- <option>help</option>, a list of allowed values will be
- printed and the program will exit.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+LOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.
+ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.
+SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>-p</option></term>
- <term><option>--property=</option></term>
+123 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.
+To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
+ </programlisting>
+ The header and the last unit of a given type are underlined if the
+ terminal supports that. A colored dot is shown next to services which
+ were masked, not found, or otherwise failed.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>When showing unit/job/manager properties with the
- <command>show</command> command, limit display to properties
- specified in the argument. The argument should be a
- comma-separated list of property names, such as
- <literal>MainPID</literal>. Unless specified, all known
- properties are shown. If specified more than once, all
- properties with the specified names are shown. Shell
- completion is implemented for property names.</para>
+ <para>The LOAD column shows the load state, one of <constant>loaded</constant>,
+ <constant>not-found</constant>, <constant>bad-setting</constant>, <constant>error</constant>,
+ <constant>masked</constant>. The ACTIVE columns shows the general unit state, one of
+ <constant>active</constant>, <constant>reloading</constant>, <constant>inactive</constant>,
+ <constant>failed</constant>, <constant>activating</constant>, <constant>deactivating</constant>. The SUB
+ column shows the unit-type-specific detailed state of the unit, possible values vary by unit type. The list
+ of possible LOAD, ACTIVE, and SUB states is not constant and new systemd releases may both add and remove
+ values. <programlisting>systemctl --state=help</programlisting> command maybe be used to display the
+ current set of possible values.</para>
- <para>For the manager itself,
- <command>systemctl show</command> will show all available
- properties. Those properties are documented in
- <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
- </para>
+ <para>This is the default command.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <para>Properties for units vary by unit type, so showing any
- unit (even a non-existent one) is a way to list properties
- pertaining to this type. Similarly, showing any job will list
- properties pertaining to all jobs. Properties for units are
- documented in
- <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
- and the pages for individual unit types
- <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
- <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
- etc.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>list-sockets</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>-a</option></term>
- <term><option>--all</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>List socket units currently in memory, ordered by listening address. If one or more
+ <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only socket units matching one of them are
+ shown. Produces output similar to
+ <programlisting>
+LISTEN UNIT ACTIVATES
+/dev/initctl systemd-initctl.socket systemd-initctl.service
+…
+[::]:22 sshd.socket sshd.service
+kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service
- <listitem>
- <para>When listing units with <command>list-units</command>, also show inactive units and
- units which are following other units. When showing unit/job/manager properties, show all
- properties regardless whether they are set or not.</para>
+5 sockets listed.</programlisting>
+ Note: because the addresses might contains spaces, this output
+ is not suitable for programmatic consumption.
+ </para>
- <para>To list all units installed in the file system, use the
- <command>list-unit-files</command> command instead.</para>
+ <para>Also see <option>--show-types</option>, <option>--all</option>, and <option>--state=</option>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <para>When listing units with <command>list-dependencies</command>, recursively show
- dependencies of all dependent units (by default only dependencies of target units are
- shown).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>list-timers</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>-r</option></term>
- <term><option>--recursive</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>List timer units currently in memory, ordered by the time they elapse next. If one or more
+ <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only units matching one of them are shown.
+ Produces output similar to
+ <programlisting>
+NEXT LEFT LAST PASSED UNIT ACTIVATES
+n/a n/a Thu 2017-02-23 13:40:29 EST 3 days ago ureadahead-stop.timer ureadahead-stop.service
+Sun 2017-02-26 18:55:42 EST 1min 14s left Thu 2017-02-23 13:54:44 EST 3 days ago systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service
+Sun 2017-02-26 20:37:16 EST 1h 42min left Sun 2017-02-26 11:56:36 EST 6h ago apt-daily.timer apt-daily.service
+Sun 2017-02-26 20:57:49 EST 2h 3min left Sun 2017-02-26 11:56:36 EST 6h ago snapd.refresh.timer snapd.refresh.service
+ </programlisting>
+ </para>
- <listitem>
- <para>When listing units, also show units of local
- containers. Units of local containers will be prefixed with
- the container name, separated by a single colon character
- (<literal>:</literal>).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <para><emphasis>NEXT</emphasis> shows the next time the timer will run.</para>
+ <para><emphasis>LEFT</emphasis> shows how long till the next time the timer runs.</para>
+ <para><emphasis>LAST</emphasis> shows the last time the timer ran.</para>
+ <para><emphasis>PASSED</emphasis> shows how long has passed since the timer last ran.</para>
+ <para><emphasis>UNIT</emphasis> shows the name of the timer</para>
+ <para><emphasis>ACTIVATES</emphasis> shows the name the service the timer activates when it runs.</para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--reverse</option></term>
+ <para>Also see <option>--all</option> and <option>--state=</option>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>Show reverse dependencies between units with
- <command>list-dependencies</command>, i.e. follow
- dependencies of type <varname>WantedBy=</varname>,
- <varname>RequiredBy=</varname>,
- <varname>PartOf=</varname>, <varname>BoundBy=</varname>,
- instead of <varname>Wants=</varname> and similar.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>start <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--after</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Start (activate) one or more units specified on the command line.</para>
+
+ <para>Note that unit glob patterns expand to names of units currently in memory. Units which are
+ not active and are not in a failed state usually are not in memory, and will not be matched by
+ any pattern. In addition, in case of instantiated units, systemd is often unaware of the instance
+ name until the instance has been started. Therefore, using glob patterns with
+ <command>start</command> has limited usefulness. Also, secondary alias names of units are not
+ considered.</para>
+
+ <para>Option <option>--all</option> may be used to also operate on inactive units which are
+ referenced by other loaded units. Note that this is not the same as operating on "all" possible
+ units, because as the previous paragraph describes, such a list is ill-defined. Nevertheless,
+ <command>systemctl start --all <replaceable>GLOB</replaceable></command> may be useful if all the
+ units that should match the pattern are pulled in by some target which is known to be loaded.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>stop <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>With <command>list-dependencies</command>, show the
- units that are ordered before the specified unit. In other
- words, recursively list units following the
- <varname>After=</varname> dependency.</para>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Stop (deactivate) one or more units specified on the command line.</para>
- <para>Note that any <varname>After=</varname> dependency is
- automatically mirrored to create a
- <varname>Before=</varname> dependency. Temporal dependencies
- may be specified explicitly, but are also created implicitly
- for units which are <varname>WantedBy=</varname> targets
- (see
- <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>),
- and as a result of other directives (for example
- <varname>RequiresMountsFor=</varname>). Both explicitly
- and implicitly introduced dependencies are shown with
- <command>list-dependencies</command>.</para>
+ <para>This command will fail if the unit does not exist or if stopping of the unit is prohibited (see
+ <varname>RefuseManualStop=</varname> in
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
+ It will <emphasis>not</emphasis> fail if any of the commands configured to stop the unit
+ (<varname>ExecStop=</varname>, etc.) fail, because the manager will still forcibly terminate the
+ unit.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>reload <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <para>When passed to the <command>list-jobs</command> command, for each printed job show which other jobs are
- waiting for it. May be combined with <option>--before</option> to show both the jobs waiting for each job as
- well as all jobs each job is waiting for.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Asks all units listed on the command line to reload
+ their configuration. Note that this will reload the
+ service-specific configuration, not the unit configuration
+ file of systemd. If you want systemd to reload the
+ configuration file of a unit, use the
+ <command>daemon-reload</command> command. In other words:
+ for the example case of Apache, this will reload Apache's
+ <filename>httpd.conf</filename> in the web server, not the
+ <filename>apache.service</filename> systemd unit
+ file.</para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--before</option></term>
+ <para>This command should not be confused with the
+ <command>daemon-reload</command> command.</para>
+ </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>With <command>list-dependencies</command>, show the
- units that are ordered after the specified unit. In other
- words, recursively list units following the
- <varname>Before=</varname> dependency.</para>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <para>When passed to the <command>list-jobs</command> command, for each printed job show which other jobs it
- is waiting for. May be combined with <option>--after</option> to show both the jobs waiting for each job as
- well as all jobs each job is waiting for.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Stop and then start one or more units specified on the command line. If the units are not running
+ yet, they will be started.</para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>-l</option></term>
- <term><option>--full</option></term>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Do not ellipsize unit names, process tree entries,
- journal output, or truncate unit descriptions in the output
- of <command>status</command>, <command>list-units</command>,
- <command>list-jobs</command>, and
- <command>list-timers</command>.</para>
- <para>Also, show installation targets in the output of
- <command>is-enabled</command>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <para>Note that restarting a unit with this command does not necessarily flush out all of the unit's
+ resources before it is started again. For example, the per-service file descriptor storage facility (see
+ <varname>FileDescriptorStoreMax=</varname> in
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) will
+ remain intact as long as the unit has a job pending, and is only cleared when the unit is fully stopped and
+ no jobs are pending anymore. If it is intended that the file descriptor store is flushed out, too, during a
+ restart operation an explicit <command>systemctl stop</command> command followed by <command>systemctl
+ start</command> should be issued.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>try-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--value</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Stop and then start one or more units specified on the
+ command line if the units are running. This does nothing
+ if units are not running.</para>
+ <!-- Note that we don't document condrestart here, as that is just compatibility support, and we generally
+ don't document that. -->
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>reload-or-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>When printing properties with <command>show</command>,
- only print the value, and skip the property name and
- <literal>=</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not, stop and then start them instead. If the units
+ are not running yet, they will be started.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>try-reload-or-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--show-types</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not, stop and then start them instead. This does
+ nothing if the units are not running.</para>
+ <!-- Note that we don't document force-reload here, as that is just compatibility support, and we generally
+ don't document that. -->
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>isolate <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></command></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>When showing sockets, show the type of the socket.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Start the unit specified on the command line and its dependencies
+ and stop all others, unless they have
+ <option>IgnoreOnIsolate=yes</option> (see
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
+ If a unit name with no extension is given, an extension of
+ <literal>.target</literal> will be assumed.</para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--job-mode=</option></term>
+ <para>This is similar to changing the runlevel in a
+ traditional init system. The <command>isolate</command>
+ command will immediately stop processes that are not enabled
+ in the new unit, possibly including the graphical
+ environment or terminal you are currently using.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>When queuing a new job, this option controls how to deal with
- already queued jobs. It takes one of <literal>fail</literal>,
- <literal>replace</literal>,
- <literal>replace-irreversibly</literal>,
- <literal>isolate</literal>,
- <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal>,
- <literal>ignore-requirements</literal> or
- <literal>flush</literal>. Defaults to
- <literal>replace</literal>, except when the
- <command>isolate</command> command is used which implies the
- <literal>isolate</literal> job mode.</para>
+ <para>Note that this is allowed only on units where
+ <option>AllowIsolate=</option> is enabled. See
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+ for details.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>kill <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <para>If <literal>fail</literal> is specified and a requested
- operation conflicts with a pending job (more specifically:
- causes an already pending start job to be reversed into a stop
- job or vice versa), cause the operation to fail.</para>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Send a signal to one or more processes of the
+ unit. Use <option>--kill-who=</option> to select which
+ process to kill. Use <option>--signal=</option> to select
+ the signal to send.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>clean <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <para>If <literal>replace</literal> (the default) is
- specified, any conflicting pending job will be replaced, as
- necessary.</para>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Remove the configuration, state, cache, logs or runtime data of the specified units. Use
+ <option>--what=</option> to select which kind of resource to remove. For service units this may
+ be used to remove the directories configured with <varname>ConfigurationDirectory=</varname>,
+ <varname>StateDirectory=</varname>, <varname>CacheDirectory=</varname>,
+ <varname>LogsDirectory=</varname> and <varname>RuntimeDirectory=</varname>, see
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+ for details. For timer units this may be used to clear out the persistent timestamp data if
+ <varname>Persistent=</varname> is used and <option>--what=state</option> is selected, see
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. This
+ command only applies to units that use either of these settings. If <option>--what=</option> is
+ not specified, both the cache and runtime data are removed (as these two types of data are
+ generally redundant and reproducible on the next invocation of the unit).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>is-active <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <para>If <literal>replace-irreversibly</literal> is specified,
- operate like <literal>replace</literal>, but also mark the new
- jobs as irreversible. This prevents future conflicting
- transactions from replacing these jobs (or even being enqueued
- while the irreversible jobs are still pending). Irreversible
- jobs can still be cancelled using the <command>cancel</command>
- command. This job mode should be used on any transaction which
- pulls in <filename>shutdown.target</filename>.</para>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Check whether any of the specified units are active
+ (i.e. running). Returns an exit code
+ <constant>0</constant> if at least one is active, or
+ non-zero otherwise. Unless <option>--quiet</option> is
+ specified, this will also print the current unit state to
+ standard output.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>is-failed <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <para><literal>isolate</literal> is only valid for start
- operations and causes all other units to be stopped when the
- specified unit is started. This mode is always used when the
- <command>isolate</command> command is used.</para>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Check whether any of the specified units are in a
+ "failed" state. Returns an exit code
+ <constant>0</constant> if at least one has failed,
+ non-zero otherwise. Unless <option>--quiet</option> is
+ specified, this will also print the current unit state to
+ standard output.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>status</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…|<replaceable>PID</replaceable>…]</optional></term>
- <para><literal>flush</literal> will cause all queued jobs to
- be canceled when the new job is enqueued.</para>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Show terse runtime status information about one or
+ more units, followed by most recent log data from the
+ journal. If no units are specified, show system status. If
+ combined with <option>--all</option>, also show the status of
+ all units (subject to limitations specified with
+ <option>-t</option>). If a PID is passed, show information
+ about the unit the process belongs to.</para>
- <para>If <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal> is specified,
- then all unit dependencies are ignored for this new job and
- the operation is executed immediately. If passed, no required
- units of the unit passed will be pulled in, and no ordering
- dependencies will be honored. This is mostly a debugging and
- rescue tool for the administrator and should not be used by
- applications.</para>
+ <para>This function is intended to generate human-readable
+ output. If you are looking for computer-parsable output,
+ use <command>show</command> instead. By default, this
+ function only shows 10 lines of output and ellipsizes
+ lines to fit in the terminal window. This can be changed
+ with <option>--lines</option> and <option>--full</option>,
+ see above. In addition, <command>journalctl
+ --unit=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command> or
+ <command>journalctl
+ --user-unit=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command> use
+ a similar filter for messages and might be more
+ convenient.
+ </para>
- <para><literal>ignore-requirements</literal> is similar to
- <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal>, but only causes the
- requirement dependencies to be ignored, the ordering
- dependencies will still be honored.</para>
- </listitem>
+ <para>systemd implicitly loads units as necessary, so just running the <command>status</command> will
+ attempt to load a file. The command is thus not useful for determining if something was already loaded or
+ not. The units may possibly also be quickly unloaded after the operation is completed if there's no reason
+ to keep it in memory thereafter.
+ </para>
- </varlistentry>
+ <example>
+ <title>Example output from systemctl status </title>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--fail</option></term>
+ <programlisting>$ systemctl status bluetooth
+● bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service
+ Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
+ Active: active (running) since Wed 2017-01-04 13:54:04 EST; 1 weeks 0 days ago
+ Docs: man:bluetoothd(8)
+ Main PID: 930 (bluetoothd)
+ Status: "Running"
+ Tasks: 1
+ Memory: 648.0K
+ CPU: 435ms
+ CGroup: /system.slice/bluetooth.service
+ └─930 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd
- <listitem>
- <para>Shorthand for <option>--job-mode=</option>fail.</para>
- <para>When used with the <command>kill</command> command,
- if no units were killed, the operation results in an error.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: Not enough free handles to register service
+Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: Current Time Service could not be registered
+Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: gatt-time-server: Input/output error (5)
+</programlisting>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>-i</option></term>
- <term><option>--ignore-inhibitors</option></term>
+ <para>The dot ("●") uses color on supported terminals to summarize the unit state at a glance. White
+ indicates an <literal>inactive</literal> or <literal>deactivating</literal> state. Red indicates a
+ <literal>failed</literal> or <literal>error</literal> state and green indicates an
+ <literal>active</literal>, <literal>reloading</literal> or <literal>activating</literal> state.
+ </para>
- <listitem>
- <para>When system shutdown or a sleep state is requested, ignore inhibitor locks. Applications can establish
- inhibitor locks to avoid that certain important operations (such as CD burning or suchlike) are interrupted
- by system shutdown or a sleep state. Any user may take these locks and privileged users may override these
- locks. If any locks are taken, shutdown and sleep state requests will normally fail (unless privileged) and a
- list of active locks is printed. However, if <option>--ignore-inhibitors</option> is specified, the
- established locks are ignored and not shown, and the operation attempted anyway, possibly requiring
- additional privileges.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <para>The "Loaded:" line in the output will show <literal>loaded</literal> if the unit has been loaded into
+ memory. Other possible values for "Loaded:" include: <literal>error</literal> if there was a problem
+ loading it, <literal>not-found</literal> if not unit file was found for this unit,
+ <literal>bad-setting</literal> if an essential unit file setting could not be parsed and
+ <literal>masked</literal> if the unit file has been masked. Along with showing the path to the unit file,
+ this line will also show the enablement state. Enabled commands start at boot. See the full table of
+ possible enablement states — including the definition of <literal>masked</literal> — in the documentation
+ for the <command>is-enabled</command> command.
+ </para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--dry-run</option></term>
+ <para>The "Active:" line shows active state. The value is usually <literal>active</literal> or
+ <literal>inactive</literal>. Active could mean started, bound, plugged in, etc depending on the unit type.
+ The unit could also be in process of changing states, reporting a state of <literal>activating</literal> or
+ <literal>deactivating</literal>. A special <literal>failed</literal> state is entered when the service
+ failed in some way, such as a crash, exiting with an error code or timing out. If the failed state is
+ entered the cause will be logged for later reference.</para>
+ </example>
- <listitem>
- <para>Just print what would be done. Currently supported by verbs
- <command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, <command>reboot</command>,
- <command>kexec</command>, <command>suspend</command>, <command>hibernate</command>,
- <command>hybrid-sleep</command>, <command>suspend-then-hibernate</command>,
- <command>default</command>, <command>rescue</command>,
- <command>emergency</command>, and <command>exit</command>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>show</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…|<replaceable>JOB</replaceable>…</optional></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>-q</option></term>
- <term><option>--quiet</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Show properties of one or more units, jobs, or the manager itself. If no argument is specified,
+ properties of the manager will be shown. If a unit name is specified, properties of the unit are shown, and
+ if a job ID is specified, properties of the job are shown. By default, empty properties are suppressed. Use
+ <option>--all</option> to show those too. To select specific properties to show, use
+ <option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be used whenever computer-parsable output is
+ required. Use <command>status</command> if you are looking for formatted human-readable output.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>Suppress printing of the results of various commands
- and also the hints about truncated log lines. This does not
- suppress output of commands for which the printed output is
- the only result (like <command>show</command>). Errors are
- always printed.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <para>Many properties shown by <command>systemctl show</command> map directly to configuration settings of
+ the system and service manager and its unit files. Note that the properties shown by the command are
+ generally more low-level, normalized versions of the original configuration settings and expose runtime
+ state in addition to configuration. For example, properties shown for service units include the service's
+ current main process identifier as <literal>MainPID</literal> (which is runtime state), and time settings
+ are always exposed as properties ending in the <literal>…USec</literal> suffix even if a matching
+ configuration options end in <literal>…Sec</literal>, because microseconds is the normalized time unit used
+ by the system and service manager.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>cat <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--no-block</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Show backing files of one or more units. Prints the
+ "fragment" and "drop-ins" (source files) of units. Each
+ file is preceded by a comment which includes the file
+ name. Note that this shows the contents of the backing files
+ on disk, which may not match the system manager's
+ understanding of these units if any unit files were
+ updated on disk and the <command>daemon-reload</command>
+ command wasn't issued since.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>set-property <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> <replaceable>PROPERTY</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Do not synchronously wait for the requested operation
- to finish. If this is not specified, the job will be
- verified, enqueued and <command>systemctl</command> will
- wait until the unit's start-up is completed. By passing this
- argument, it is only verified and enqueued. This option may not be
- combined with <option>--wait</option>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Set the specified unit properties at runtime where
+ this is supported. This allows changing configuration
+ parameter properties such as resource control settings at
+ runtime. Not all properties may be changed at runtime, but
+ many resource control settings (primarily those in
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
+ may. The changes are applied immediately, and stored on disk
+ for future boots, unless <option>--runtime</option> is
+ passed, in which case the settings only apply until the
+ next reboot. The syntax of the property assignment follows
+ closely the syntax of assignments in unit files.</para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--wait</option></term>
+ <para>Example: <command>systemctl set-property foobar.service CPUWeight=200</command></para>
- <listitem>
- <para>Synchronously wait for started units to terminate again.
- This option may not be combined with <option>--no-block</option>.
- Note that this will wait forever if any given unit never terminates
- (by itself or by getting stopped explicitly); particularly services
- which use <literal>RemainAfterExit=yes</literal>.</para>
+ <para>If the specified unit appears to be inactive, the
+ changes will be only stored on disk as described
+ previously hence they will be effective when the unit will
+ be started.</para>
- <para>When used with <command>is-system-running</command>, wait
- until the boot process is completed before returning.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <para>Note that this command allows changing multiple properties at the same time, which is
+ preferable over setting them individually.</para>
- <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="user" />
- <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="system" />
+ <para>Example: <command>systemctl set-property foobar.service CPUWeight=200 MemoryMax=2G IPAccounting=yes</command></para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--failed</option></term>
+ <para>Like with unit file configuration settings, assigning an empty setting usually resets a
+ property to its defaults.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>List units in failed state. This is equivalent to
- <option>--state=failed</option>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <para>Example: <command>systemctl set-property avahi-daemon.service IPAddressDeny=</command></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--no-wall</option></term>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>help <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…|<replaceable>PID</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Do not send wall message before halt, power-off and reboot.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Show manual pages for one or more units, if
+ available. If a PID is given, the manual pages for the unit
+ the process belongs to are shown.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--global</option></term>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>reset-failed [<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…]</command></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with <command>enable</command> and
- <command>disable</command>, operate on the global user
- configuration directory, thus enabling or disabling a unit
- file globally for all future logins of all users.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Reset the <literal>failed</literal> state of the specified units, or if no unit name is passed, reset
+ the state of all units. When a unit fails in some way (i.e. process exiting with non-zero error code,
+ terminating abnormally or timing out), it will automatically enter the <literal>failed</literal> state and
+ its exit code and status is recorded for introspection by the administrator until the service is
+ stopped/re-started or reset with this command.</para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--no-reload</option></term>
+ <para>In addition to resetting the <literal>failed</literal> state of a unit it also resets various other
+ per-unit properties: the start rate limit counter of all unit types is reset to zero, as is the restart
+ counter of service units. Thus, if a unit's start limit (as configured with
+ <varname>StartLimitIntervalSec=</varname>/<varname>StartLimitBurst=</varname>) is hit and the unit refuses
+ to be started again, use this command to make it startable again.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with <command>enable</command> and
- <command>disable</command>, do not implicitly reload daemon
- configuration after executing the changes.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>
+ <command>list-dependencies</command>
+ <optional><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></optional>
+ </term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--no-ask-password</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Shows units required and wanted by the specified
+ unit. This recursively lists units following the
+ <varname>Requires=</varname>,
+ <varname>Requisite=</varname>,
+ <varname>ConsistsOf=</varname>,
+ <varname>Wants=</varname>, <varname>BindsTo=</varname>
+ dependencies. If no unit is specified,
+ <filename>default.target</filename> is implied.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with <command>start</command> and related
- commands, disables asking for passwords. Background services
- may require input of a password or passphrase string, for
- example to unlock system hard disks or cryptographic
- certificates. Unless this option is specified and the
- command is invoked from a terminal,
- <command>systemctl</command> will query the user on the
- terminal for the necessary secrets. Use this option to
- switch this behavior off. In this case, the password must be
- supplied by some other means (for example graphical password
- agents) or the service might fail. This also disables
- querying the user for authentication for privileged
- operations.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <para>By default, only target units are recursively
+ expanded. When <option>--all</option> is passed, all other
+ units are recursively expanded as well.</para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--kill-who=</option></term>
+ <para>Options <option>--reverse</option>,
+ <option>--after</option>, <option>--before</option>
+ may be used to change what types of dependencies
+ are shown.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose which
- processes to send a signal to. Must be one of
- <option>main</option>, <option>control</option> or
- <option>all</option> to select whether to kill only the main
- process, the control process or all processes of the
- unit. The main process of the unit is the one that defines
- the life-time of it. A control process of a unit is one that
- is invoked by the manager to induce state changes of it. For
- example, all processes started due to the
- <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>,
- <varname>ExecStop=</varname> or
- <varname>ExecReload=</varname> settings of service units are
- control processes. Note that there is only one control
- process per unit at a time, as only one state change is
- executed at a time. For services of type
- <varname>Type=forking</varname>, the initial process started
- by the manager for <varname>ExecStart=</varname> is a
- control process, while the process ultimately forked off by
- that one is then considered the main process of the unit (if
- it can be determined). This is different for service units
- of other types, where the process forked off by the manager
- for <varname>ExecStart=</varname> is always the main process
- itself. A service unit consists of zero or one main process,
- zero or one control process plus any number of additional
- processes. Not all unit types manage processes of these
- types however. For example, for mount units, control processes
- are defined (which are the invocations of
- <filename>&MOUNT_PATH;</filename> and
- <filename>&UMOUNT_PATH;</filename>), but no main process
- is defined. If omitted, defaults to
- <option>all</option>.</para>
- </listitem>
+ <para>Note that this command only lists units currently loaded into memory by the service manager. In
+ particular, this command is not suitable to get a comprehensive list at all reverse dependencies on a
+ specific unit, as it won't list the dependencies declared by units currently not loaded.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </refsect2>
- </varlistentry>
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Unit File Commands</title>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>-s</option></term>
- <term><option>--signal=</option></term>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>list-unit-files</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN…</replaceable></optional></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose which
- signal to send to selected processes. Must be one of the
- well-known signal specifiers such as <constant>SIGTERM</constant>, <constant>SIGINT</constant> or
- <constant>SIGSTOP</constant>. If omitted, defaults to
- <option>SIGTERM</option>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>List unit files installed on the system, in combination with their enablement state (as reported by
+ <command>is-enabled</command>). If one or more <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only unit
+ files whose name matches one of them are shown (patterns matching unit file system paths are not
+ supported).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>-f</option></term>
- <term><option>--force</option></term>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>enable <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>enable <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with <command>enable</command>, overwrite
- any existing conflicting symlinks.</para>
-
- <para>When used with <command>edit</command>, create all of the
- specified units which do not already exist.</para>
-
- <para>When used with <command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, <command>reboot</command> or
- <command>kexec</command>, execute the selected operation without shutting down all units. However, all
- processes will be killed forcibly and all file systems are unmounted or remounted read-only. This is hence a
- drastic but relatively safe option to request an immediate reboot. If <option>--force</option> is specified
- twice for these operations (with the exception of <command>kexec</command>), they will be executed
- immediately, without terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. Warning: specifying
- <option>--force</option> twice with any of these operations might result in data loss. Note that when
- <option>--force</option> is specified twice the selected operation is executed by
- <command>systemctl</command> itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should
- succeed even when the system manager has crashed.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
-
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--message=</option></term>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with <command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command> or <command>reboot</command>, set a
- short message explaining the reason for the operation. The message will be logged together with the default
- shutdown message.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
-
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--now</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Enable one or more units or unit instances. This will create a set of symlinks, as encoded in the
+ <literal>[Install]</literal> sections of the indicated unit files. After the symlinks have been created,
+ the system manager configuration is reloaded (in a way equivalent to <command>daemon-reload</command>), in
+ order to ensure the changes are taken into account immediately. Note that this does
+ <emphasis>not</emphasis> have the effect of also starting any of the units being enabled. If this is
+ desired, combine this command with the <option>--now</option> switch, or invoke <command>start</command>
+ with appropriate arguments later. Note that in case of unit instance enablement (i.e. enablement of units of
+ the form <filename>foo@bar.service</filename>), symlinks named the same as instances are created in the
+ unit configuration directory, however they point to the single template unit file they are instantiated
+ from.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with <command>enable</command>, the units
- will also be started. When used with <command>disable</command> or
- <command>mask</command>, the units will also be stopped. The start
- or stop operation is only carried out when the respective enable or
- disable operation has been successful.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <para>This command expects either valid unit names (in which case various unit file directories are
+ automatically searched for unit files with appropriate names), or absolute paths to unit files (in which
+ case these files are read directly). If a specified unit file is located outside of the usual unit file
+ directories, an additional symlink is created, linking it into the unit configuration path, thus ensuring
+ it is found when requested by commands such as <command>start</command>. The file system where the linked
+ unit files are located must be accessible when systemd is started (e.g. anything underneath
+ <filename>/home</filename> or <filename>/var</filename> is not allowed, unless those directories are
+ located on the root file system).</para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--root=</option></term>
+ <para>This command will print the file system operations executed. This output may be suppressed by passing
+ <option>--quiet</option>.
+ </para>
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with
- <command>enable</command>/<command>disable</command>/<command>is-enabled</command>
- (and related commands), use the specified root path when looking for unit
- files. If this option is present, <command>systemctl</command> will operate on
- the file system directly, instead of communicating with the <command>systemd</command>
- daemon to carry out changes.</para>
- </listitem>
+ <para>Note that this operation creates only the symlinks suggested in the <literal>[Install]</literal>
+ section of the unit files. While this command is the recommended way to manipulate the unit configuration
+ directory, the administrator is free to make additional changes manually by placing or removing symlinks
+ below this directory. This is particularly useful to create configurations that deviate from the suggested
+ default installation. In this case, the administrator must make sure to invoke
+ <command>daemon-reload</command> manually as necessary, in order to ensure the changes are taken into
+ account.
+ </para>
- </varlistentry>
+ <para>Enabling units should not be confused with starting (activating) units, as done by the
+ <command>start</command> command. Enabling and starting units is orthogonal: units may be enabled without
+ being started and started without being enabled. Enabling simply hooks the unit into various suggested
+ places (for example, so that the unit is automatically started on boot or when a particular kind of
+ hardware is plugged in). Starting actually spawns the daemon process (in case of service units), or binds
+ the socket (in case of socket units), and so on.</para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--runtime</option></term>
+ <para>Depending on whether <option>--system</option>, <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option>,
+ or <option>--global</option> is specified, this enables the unit for the system, for the calling user only,
+ for only this boot of the system, or for all future logins of all users. Note that in the last case, no
+ systemd daemon configuration is reloaded.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with <command>set-property</command>, make changes only
- temporarily, so that they are lost on the next reboot.</para>
+ <para>Using <command>enable</command> on masked units is not supported and results in an error.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <para>Similarily, when used with <command>enable</command>, <command>mask</command>,
- <command>edit</command> and related commands, make temporary changes, which are lost on
- the next reboot. Changes are not made in subdirectories of <filename>/etc</filename>, but
- in <filename>/run</filename>. The immediate effect is identical, however since the latter
- is lost on reboot, the changes are lost too.</para>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>disable <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <para>Note: this option cannot be used with <command>disable</command>,
- <command>unmask</command>, <command>preset</command>, or <command>preset-all</command>,
- because those operations sometimes need to remove symlinks under <filename>/etc</filename>
- to have the desired effect, which would cause a persistent change.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Disables one or more units. This removes all symlinks to the unit files backing the specified units
+ from the unit configuration directory, and hence undoes any changes made by <command>enable</command> or
+ <command>link</command>. Note that this removes <emphasis>all</emphasis> symlinks to matching unit files,
+ including manually created symlinks, and not just those actually created by <command>enable</command> or
+ <command>link</command>. Note that while <command>disable</command> undoes the effect of
+ <command>enable</command>, the two commands are otherwise not symmetric, as <command>disable</command> may
+ remove more symlinks than a prior <command>enable</command> invocation of the same unit created.</para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--preset-mode=</option></term>
+ <para>This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept paths to unit files.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>Takes one of <literal>full</literal> (the default),
- <literal>enable-only</literal>,
- <literal>disable-only</literal>. When used with the
- <command>preset</command> or <command>preset-all</command>
- commands, controls whether units shall be disabled and
- enabled according to the preset rules, or only enabled, or
- only disabled.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <para>In addition to the units specified as arguments, all units are disabled that are listed in the
+ <varname>Also=</varname> setting contained in the <literal>[Install]</literal> section of any of the unit
+ files being operated on.</para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>-n</option></term>
- <term><option>--lines=</option></term>
+ <para>This command implicitly reloads the system manager configuration after completing the operation. Note
+ that this command does not implicitly stop the units that are being disabled. If this is desired, either
+ combine this command with the <option>--now</option> switch, or invoke the <command>stop</command> command
+ with appropriate arguments later.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with <command>status</command>, controls the number of journal lines to show, counting from
- the most recent ones. Takes a positive integer argument, or 0 to disable journal output. Defaults to
- 10.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <para>This command will print information about the file system operations (symlink removals)
+ executed. This output may be suppressed by passing <option>--quiet</option>.
+ </para>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>-o</option></term>
- <term><option>--output=</option></term>
+ <para>This command honors <option>--system</option>, <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option>
+ and <option>--global</option> in a similar way as <command>enable</command>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with <command>status</command>, controls the
- formatting of the journal entries that are shown. For the
- available choices, see
- <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
- Defaults to <literal>short</literal>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>reenable <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--firmware-setup</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Reenable one or more units, as specified on the command line. This is a combination of
+ <command>disable</command> and <command>enable</command> and is useful to reset the symlinks a unit file is
+ enabled with to the defaults configured in its <literal>[Install]</literal> section. This command expects
+ a unit name only, it does not accept paths to unit files.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with the <command>reboot</command> command,
- indicate to the system's firmware to boot into setup
- mode. Note that this is currently only supported on some EFI
- systems and only if the system was booted in EFI
- mode.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>preset <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><option>--plain</option></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Reset the enable/disable status one or more unit files, as specified on
+ the command line, to the defaults configured in the preset policy files. This
+ has the same effect as <command>disable</command> or
+ <command>enable</command>, depending how the unit is listed in the preset
+ files.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>When used with <command>list-dependencies</command>,
- <command>list-units</command> or <command>list-machines</command>,
- the output is printed as a list instead of a tree, and the bullet
- circles are omitted.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <para>Use <option>--preset-mode=</option> to control whether units shall be
+ enabled and disabled, or only enabled, or only disabled.</para>
- <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" />
- <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="machine" />
+ <para>If the unit carries no install information, it will be silently ignored
+ by this command. <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> must be the real unit name,
+ any alias names are ignored silently.</para>
- <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
- <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-legend" />
- <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
- <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
- </variablelist>
- </refsect1>
+ <para>For more information on the preset policy format, see
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+ For more information on the concept of presets, please consult the
+ <ulink url="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/Preset">Preset</ulink>
+ document.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <refsect1>
- <title>Commands</title>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>preset-all</command></term>
- <para>The following commands are understood:</para>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Resets all installed unit files to the defaults
+ configured in the preset policy file (see above).</para>
- <refsect2>
- <title>Unit Commands</title>
+ <para>Use <option>--preset-mode=</option> to control
+ whether units shall be enabled and disabled, or only
+ enabled, or only disabled.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>list-units</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
+ <term><command>is-enabled <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>List units that <command>systemd</command> currently has in memory. This includes units that are
- either referenced directly or through a dependency, units that are pinned by applications programmatically,
- or units that were active in the past and have failed. By default only units which are active, have pending
- jobs, or have failed are shown; this can be changed with option <option>--all</option>. If one or more
- <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only units matching one of them are shown. The units
- that are shown are additionally filtered by <option>--type=</option> and <option>--state=</option> if those
- options are specified.</para>
+ <para>Checks whether any of the specified unit files are
+ enabled (as with <command>enable</command>). Returns an
+ exit code of 0 if at least one is enabled, non-zero
+ otherwise. Prints the current enable status (see table).
+ To suppress this output, use <option>--quiet</option>.
+ To show installation targets, use <option>--full</option>.
+ </para>
- <para>Produces output similar to
- <programlisting> UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
- sys-module-fuse.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/fuse
- -.mount loaded active mounted Root Mount
- boot-efi.mount loaded active mounted /boot/efi
- systemd-journald.service loaded active running Journal Service
- systemd-logind.service loaded active running Login Service
-● user@1000.service loaded failed failed User Manager for UID 1000
- …
- systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer loaded active waiting Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories
+ <table>
+ <title>
+ <command>is-enabled</command> output
+ </title>
-LOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.
-ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.
-SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.
-
-123 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.
-To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
- </programlisting>
- The header and the last unit of a given type are underlined if the
- terminal supports that. A colored dot is shown next to services which
- were masked, not found, or otherwise failed.</para>
-
- <para>The LOAD column shows the load state, one of <constant>loaded</constant>,
- <constant>not-found</constant>, <constant>bad-setting</constant>, <constant>error</constant>,
- <constant>masked</constant>. The ACTIVE columns shows the general unit state, one of
- <constant>active</constant>, <constant>reloading</constant>, <constant>inactive</constant>,
- <constant>failed</constant>, <constant>activating</constant>, <constant>deactivating</constant>. The SUB
- column shows the unit-type-specific detailed state of the unit, possible values vary by unit type. The list
- of possible LOAD, ACTIVE, and SUB states is not constant and new systemd releases may both add and remove
- values. <programlisting>systemctl --state=help</programlisting> command maybe be used to display the
- current set of possible values.</para>
+ <tgroup cols='3'>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Name</entry>
+ <entry>Description</entry>
+ <entry>Exit Code</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>enabled</literal></entry>
+ <entry morerows='1'>Enabled via <filename>.wants/</filename>, <filename>.requires/</filename> or <varname>Alias=</varname> symlinks (permanently in <filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename>, or transiently in <filename>/run/systemd/system/</filename>).</entry>
+ <entry morerows='1'>0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>enabled-runtime</literal></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>linked</literal></entry>
+ <entry morerows='1'>Made available through one or more symlinks to the unit file (permanently in <filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename> or transiently in <filename>/run/systemd/system/</filename>), even though the unit file might reside outside of the unit file search path.</entry>
+ <entry morerows='1'>> 0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>linked-runtime</literal></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>masked</literal></entry>
+ <entry morerows='1'>Completely disabled, so that any start operation on it fails (permanently in <filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename> or transiently in <filename>/run/systemd/systemd/</filename>).</entry>
+ <entry morerows='1'>> 0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>masked-runtime</literal></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>static</literal></entry>
+ <entry>The unit file is not enabled, and has no provisions for enabling in the <literal>[Install]</literal> unit file section.</entry>
+ <entry>0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>indirect</literal></entry>
+ <entry>The unit file itself is not enabled, but it has a non-empty <varname>Also=</varname> setting in the <literal>[Install]</literal> unit file section, listing other unit files that might be enabled, or it has an alias under a different name through a symlink that is not specified in <varname>Also=</varname>. For template unit file, an instance different than the one specified in <varname>DefaultInstance=</varname> is enabled.</entry>
+ <entry>0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>disabled</literal></entry>
+ <entry>The unit file is not enabled, but contains an <literal>[Install]</literal> section with installation instructions.</entry>
+ <entry>> 0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>generated</literal></entry>
+ <entry>The unit file was generated dynamically via a generator tool. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Generated unit files may not be enabled, they are enabled implicitly by their generator.</entry>
+ <entry>0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>transient</literal></entry>
+ <entry>The unit file has been created dynamically with the runtime API. Transient units may not be enabled.</entry>
+ <entry>0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>bad</literal></entry>
+ <entry>The unit file is invalid or another error occurred. Note that <command>is-enabled</command> will not actually return this state, but print an error message instead. However the unit file listing printed by <command>list-unit-files</command> might show it.</entry>
+ <entry>> 0</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
- <para>This is the default command.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>list-sockets</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
+ <term><command>mask <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>List socket units currently in memory, ordered by listening address. If one or more
- <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only socket units matching one of them are
- shown. Produces output similar to
- <programlisting>
-LISTEN UNIT ACTIVATES
-/dev/initctl systemd-initctl.socket systemd-initctl.service
-…
-[::]:22 sshd.socket sshd.service
-kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service
-
-5 sockets listed.</programlisting>
- Note: because the addresses might contains spaces, this output
- is not suitable for programmatic consumption.
- </para>
-
- <para>Also see <option>--show-types</option>, <option>--all</option>, and <option>--state=</option>.</para>
+ <para>Mask one or more units, as specified on the command line. This will link these unit files to
+ <filename>/dev/null</filename>, making it impossible to start them. This is a stronger version of
+ <command>disable</command>, since it prohibits all kinds of activation of the unit, including enablement
+ and manual activation. Use this option with care. This honors the <option>--runtime</option> option to only
+ mask temporarily until the next reboot of the system. The <option>--now</option> option may be used to
+ ensure that the units are also stopped. This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept unit
+ file paths.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>list-timers</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
+ <term><command>unmask <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>List timer units currently in memory, ordered by the time they elapse next. If one or more
- <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only units matching one of them are shown.
- Produces output similar to
- <programlisting>
-NEXT LEFT LAST PASSED UNIT ACTIVATES
-n/a n/a Thu 2017-02-23 13:40:29 EST 3 days ago ureadahead-stop.timer ureadahead-stop.service
-Sun 2017-02-26 18:55:42 EST 1min 14s left Thu 2017-02-23 13:54:44 EST 3 days ago systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service
-Sun 2017-02-26 20:37:16 EST 1h 42min left Sun 2017-02-26 11:56:36 EST 6h ago apt-daily.timer apt-daily.service
-Sun 2017-02-26 20:57:49 EST 2h 3min left Sun 2017-02-26 11:56:36 EST 6h ago snapd.refresh.timer snapd.refresh.service
- </programlisting>
- </para>
-
- <para><emphasis>NEXT</emphasis> shows the next time the timer will run.</para>
- <para><emphasis>LEFT</emphasis> shows how long till the next time the timer runs.</para>
- <para><emphasis>LAST</emphasis> shows the last time the timer ran.</para>
- <para><emphasis>PASSED</emphasis> shows how long has passed since the timer last ran.</para>
- <para><emphasis>UNIT</emphasis> shows the name of the timer</para>
- <para><emphasis>ACTIVATES</emphasis> shows the name the service the timer activates when it runs.</para>
-
- <para>Also see <option>--all</option> and <option>--state=</option>.</para>
+ <para>Unmask one or more unit files, as specified on the command line. This will undo the effect of
+ <command>mask</command>. This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept unit file
+ paths.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>start <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>link <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Start (activate) one or more units specified on the
- command line.</para>
-
- <para>Note that glob patterns operate on the set of primary names of units currently in memory. Units which
- are not active and are not in a failed state usually are not in memory, and will not be matched by any
- pattern. In addition, in case of instantiated units, systemd is often unaware of the instance name until
- the instance has been started. Therefore, using glob patterns with <command>start</command> has limited
- usefulness. Also, secondary alias names of units are not considered.</para>
+ <para>Link a unit file that is not in the unit file search paths into the unit file search path. This
+ command expects an absolute path to a unit file. The effect of this may be undone with
+ <command>disable</command>. The effect of this command is that a unit file is made available for commands
+ such as <command>start</command>, even though it is not installed directly in the unit search path. The
+ file system where the linked unit files are located must be accessible when systemd is started
+ (e.g. anything underneath <filename>/home</filename> or <filename>/var</filename> is not allowed, unless
+ those directories are located on the root file system).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
+
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>stop <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>revert <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Stop (deactivate) one or more units specified on the
- command line.</para>
+ <para>Revert one or more unit files to their vendor versions. This command removes drop-in configuration
+ files that modify the specified units, as well as any user-configured unit file that overrides a matching
+ vendor supplied unit file. Specifically, for a unit <literal>foo.service</literal> the matching directories
+ <literal>foo.service.d/</literal> with all their contained files are removed, both below the persistent and
+ runtime configuration directories (i.e. below <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> and
+ <filename>/run/systemd/system</filename>); if the unit file has a vendor-supplied version (i.e. a unit file
+ located below <filename>/usr</filename>) any matching persistent or runtime unit file that overrides it is
+ removed, too. Note that if a unit file has no vendor-supplied version (i.e. is only defined below
+ <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> or <filename>/run/systemd/system</filename>, but not in a unit
+ file stored below <filename>/usr</filename>), then it is not removed. Also, if a unit is masked, it is
+ unmasked.</para>
+
+ <para>Effectively, this command may be used to undo all changes made with <command>systemctl
+ edit</command>, <command>systemctl set-property</command> and <command>systemctl mask</command> and puts
+ the original unit file with its settings back in effect.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
+
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>reload <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>add-wants <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>
+ <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>add-requires <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>
+ <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Asks all units listed on the command line to reload
- their configuration. Note that this will reload the
- service-specific configuration, not the unit configuration
- file of systemd. If you want systemd to reload the
- configuration file of a unit, use the
- <command>daemon-reload</command> command. In other words:
- for the example case of Apache, this will reload Apache's
- <filename>httpd.conf</filename> in the web server, not the
- <filename>apache.service</filename> systemd unit
- file.</para>
+ <para>Adds <literal>Wants=</literal> or <literal>Requires=</literal>
+ dependencies, respectively, to the specified
+ <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> for one or more units. </para>
- <para>This command should not be confused with the
- <command>daemon-reload</command> command.</para>
- </listitem>
+ <para>This command honors <option>--system</option>,
+ <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option> and
+ <option>--global</option> in a way similar to
+ <command>enable</command>.</para>
+ </listitem>
</varlistentry>
+
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>edit <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Stop and then start one or more units specified on the command line. If the units are not running
- yet, they will be started.</para>
+ <para>Edit a drop-in snippet or a whole replacement file if
+ <option>--full</option> is specified, to extend or override the
+ specified unit.</para>
- <para>Note that restarting a unit with this command does not necessarily flush out all of the unit's
- resources before it is started again. For example, the per-service file descriptor storage facility (see
- <varname>FileDescriptorStoreMax=</varname> in
- <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) will
- remain intact as long as the unit has a job pending, and is only cleared when the unit is fully stopped and
- no jobs are pending anymore. If it is intended that the file descriptor store is flushed out, too, during a
- restart operation an explicit <command>systemctl stop</command> command followed by <command>systemctl
- start</command> should be issued.</para>
+ <para>Depending on whether <option>--system</option> (the default),
+ <option>--user</option>, or <option>--global</option> is specified,
+ this command creates a drop-in file for each unit either for the system,
+ for the calling user, or for all futures logins of all users. Then,
+ the editor (see the "Environment" section below) is invoked on
+ temporary files which will be written to the real location if the
+ editor exits successfully.</para>
+
+ <para>If <option>--full</option> is specified, this will copy the
+ original units instead of creating drop-in files.</para>
+
+ <para>If <option>--force</option> is specified and any units do
+ not already exist, new unit files will be opened for editing.</para>
+
+ <para>If <option>--runtime</option> is specified, the changes will
+ be made temporarily in <filename>/run</filename> and they will be
+ lost on the next reboot.</para>
+
+ <para>If the temporary file is empty upon exit, the modification of
+ the related unit is canceled.</para>
+
+ <para>After the units have been edited, systemd configuration is
+ reloaded (in a way that is equivalent to <command>daemon-reload</command>).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Note that this command cannot be used to remotely edit units
+ and that you cannot temporarily edit units which are in
+ <filename>/etc</filename>, since they take precedence over
+ <filename>/run</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
+
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>try-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>get-default</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Stop and then start one or more units specified on the
- command line if the units are running. This does nothing
- if units are not running.</para>
- <!-- Note that we don't document condrestart here, as that is just compatibility support, and we generally
- don't document that. -->
+ <para>Return the default target to boot into. This returns
+ the target unit name <filename>default.target</filename>
+ is aliased (symlinked) to.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
+
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>reload-or-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>set-default <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not, stop and then start them instead. If the units
- are not running yet, they will be started.</para>
+ <para>Set the default target to boot into. This sets
+ (symlinks) the <filename>default.target</filename> alias
+ to the given target unit.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>try-reload-or-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not, stop and then start them instead. This does
- nothing if the units are not running.</para>
- <!-- Note that we don't document force-reload here, as that is just compatibility support, and we generally
- don't document that. -->
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>isolate <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></command></term>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Start the unit specified on the command line and its dependencies
- and stop all others, unless they have
- <option>IgnoreOnIsolate=yes</option> (see
- <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
- If a unit name with no extension is given, an extension of
- <literal>.target</literal> will be assumed.</para>
+ </variablelist>
+ </refsect2>
- <para>This is similar to changing the runlevel in a
- traditional init system. The <command>isolate</command>
- command will immediately stop processes that are not enabled
- in the new unit, possibly including the graphical
- environment or terminal you are currently using.</para>
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Machine Commands</title>
- <para>Note that this is allowed only on units where
- <option>AllowIsolate=</option> is enabled. See
- <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
- for details.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>kill <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>list-machines</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Send a signal to one or more processes of the
- unit. Use <option>--kill-who=</option> to select which
- process to kill. Use <option>--signal=</option> to select
- the signal to send.</para>
+ <para>List the host and all running local containers with
+ their state. If one or more
+ <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
+ containers matching one of them are shown.
+ </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </refsect2>
+
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Job Commands</title>
+
+ <variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>is-active <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>list-jobs <optional><replaceable>PATTERN…</replaceable></optional></command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Check whether any of the specified units are active
- (i.e. running). Returns an exit code
- <constant>0</constant> if at least one is active, or
- non-zero otherwise. Unless <option>--quiet</option> is
- specified, this will also print the current unit state to
- standard output.</para>
+ <para>List jobs that are in progress. If one or more
+ <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
+ jobs for units matching one of them are shown.</para>
+
+ <para>When combined with <option>--after</option> or <option>--before</option> the list is augmented with
+ information on which other job each job is waiting for, and which other jobs are waiting for it, see
+ above.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>is-failed <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>cancel <replaceable>JOB</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Check whether any of the specified units are in a
- "failed" state. Returns an exit code
- <constant>0</constant> if at least one has failed,
- non-zero otherwise. Unless <option>--quiet</option> is
- specified, this will also print the current unit state to
- standard output.</para>
+ <para>Cancel one or more jobs specified on the command line
+ by their numeric job IDs. If no job ID is specified, cancel
+ all pending jobs.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>status</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…|<replaceable>PID</replaceable>…]</optional></term>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Show terse runtime status information about one or
- more units, followed by most recent log data from the
- journal. If no units are specified, show system status. If
- combined with <option>--all</option>, also show the status of
- all units (subject to limitations specified with
- <option>-t</option>). If a PID is passed, show information
- about the unit the process belongs to.</para>
-
- <para>This function is intended to generate human-readable
- output. If you are looking for computer-parsable output,
- use <command>show</command> instead. By default, this
- function only shows 10 lines of output and ellipsizes
- lines to fit in the terminal window. This can be changed
- with <option>--lines</option> and <option>--full</option>,
- see above. In addition, <command>journalctl
- --unit=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command> or
- <command>journalctl
- --user-unit=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command> use
- a similar filter for messages and might be more
- convenient.
- </para>
-
- <para>systemd implicitly loads units as necessary, so just running the <command>status</command> will
- attempt to load a file. The command is thus not useful for determining if something was already loaded or
- not. The units may possibly also be quickly unloaded after the operation is completed if there's no reason
- to keep it in memory thereafter.
- </para>
-
- <example>
- <title>Example output from systemctl status </title>
-
- <programlisting>$ systemctl status bluetooth
-● bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service
- Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
- Active: active (running) since Wed 2017-01-04 13:54:04 EST; 1 weeks 0 days ago
- Docs: man:bluetoothd(8)
- Main PID: 930 (bluetoothd)
- Status: "Running"
- Tasks: 1
- Memory: 648.0K
- CPU: 435ms
- CGroup: /system.slice/bluetooth.service
- └─930 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd
-
-Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: Not enough free handles to register service
-Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: Current Time Service could not be registered
-Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: gatt-time-server: Input/output error (5)
-</programlisting>
-
- <para>The dot ("●") uses color on supported terminals to summarize the unit state at a glance. White
- indicates an <literal>inactive</literal> or <literal>deactivating</literal> state. Red indicates a
- <literal>failed</literal> or <literal>error</literal> state and green indicates an
- <literal>active</literal>, <literal>reloading</literal> or <literal>activating</literal> state.
- </para>
-
- <para>The "Loaded:" line in the output will show <literal>loaded</literal> if the unit has been loaded into
- memory. Other possible values for "Loaded:" include: <literal>error</literal> if there was a problem
- loading it, <literal>not-found</literal> if not unit file was found for this unit,
- <literal>bad-setting</literal> if an essential unit file setting could not be parsed and
- <literal>masked</literal> if the unit file has been masked. Along with showing the path to the unit file,
- this line will also show the enablement state. Enabled commands start at boot. See the full table of
- possible enablement states — including the definition of <literal>masked</literal> — in the documentation
- for the <command>is-enabled</command> command.
- </para>
+ </variablelist>
+ </refsect2>
- <para>The "Active:" line shows active state. The value is usually <literal>active</literal> or
- <literal>inactive</literal>. Active could mean started, bound, plugged in, etc depending on the unit type.
- The unit could also be in process of changing states, reporting a state of <literal>activating</literal> or
- <literal>deactivating</literal>. A special <literal>failed</literal> state is entered when the service
- failed in some way, such as a crash, exiting with an error code or timing out. If the failed state is
- entered the cause will be logged for later reference.</para>
- </example>
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Environment Commands</title>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>show</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…|<replaceable>JOB</replaceable>…</optional></term>
+ <term><command>show-environment</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Show properties of one or more units, jobs, or the manager itself. If no argument is specified,
- properties of the manager will be shown. If a unit name is specified, properties of the unit are shown, and
- if a job ID is specified, properties of the job are shown. By default, empty properties are suppressed. Use
- <option>--all</option> to show those too. To select specific properties to show, use
- <option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be used whenever computer-parsable output is
- required. Use <command>status</command> if you are looking for formatted human-readable output.</para>
-
- <para>Many properties shown by <command>systemctl show</command> map directly to configuration settings of
- the system and service manager and its unit files. Note that the properties shown by the command are
- generally more low-level, normalized versions of the original configuration settings and expose runtime
- state in addition to configuration. For example, properties shown for service units include the service's
- current main process identifier as <literal>MainPID</literal> (which is runtime state), and time settings
- are always exposed as properties ending in the <literal>…USec</literal> suffix even if a matching
- configuration options end in <literal>…Sec</literal>, because microseconds is the normalized time unit used
- by the system and service manager.</para>
+ <para>Dump the systemd manager environment block. This is the environment
+ block that is passed to all processes the manager spawns. The environment
+ block will be dumped in straight-forward form suitable for sourcing into
+ most shells. If no special characters or whitespace is present in the variable
+ values, no escaping is performed, and the assignments have the form
+ <literal>VARIABLE=value</literal>. If whitespace or characters which have
+ special meaning to the shell are present, dollar-single-quote escaping is
+ used, and assignments have the form <literal>VARIABLE=$'value'</literal>.
+ This syntax is known to be supported by
+ <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>zsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>ksh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ and
+ <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>busybox</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
+ <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>ash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ but not
+ <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>dash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+ or
+ <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>fish</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+ </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>cat <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>set-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE=VALUE</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Show backing files of one or more units. Prints the
- "fragment" and "drop-ins" (source files) of units. Each
- file is preceded by a comment which includes the file
- name. Note that this shows the contents of the backing files
- on disk, which may not match the system manager's
- understanding of these units if any unit files were
- updated on disk and the <command>daemon-reload</command>
- command wasn't issued since.</para>
+ <para>Set one or more systemd manager environment variables,
+ as specified on the command line.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>set-property <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> <replaceable>PROPERTY</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>unset-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Set the specified unit properties at runtime where
- this is supported. This allows changing configuration
- parameter properties such as resource control settings at
- runtime. Not all properties may be changed at runtime, but
- many resource control settings (primarily those in
- <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
- may. The changes are applied immediately, and stored on disk
- for future boots, unless <option>--runtime</option> is
- passed, in which case the settings only apply until the
- next reboot. The syntax of the property assignment follows
- closely the syntax of assignments in unit files.</para>
-
- <para>Example: <command>systemctl set-property foobar.service CPUShares=777</command></para>
-
- <para>If the specified unit appears to be inactive, the
- changes will be only stored on disk as described
- previously hence they will be effective when the unit will
- be started.</para>
-
- <para>Note that this command allows changing multiple
- properties at the same time, which is preferable over
- setting them individually. Like with unit file configuration
- settings, assigning an empty list will reset the property.
- </para>
+ <para>Unset one or more systemd manager environment
+ variables. If only a variable name is specified, it will be
+ removed regardless of its value. If a variable and a value
+ are specified, the variable is only removed if it has the
+ specified value.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
-
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>help <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…|<replaceable>PID</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term>
+ <command>import-environment</command>
+ <optional><replaceable>VARIABLE…</replaceable></optional>
+ </term>
<listitem>
- <para>Show manual pages for one or more units, if
- available. If a PID is given, the manual pages for the unit
- the process belongs to are shown.</para>
+ <para>Import all, one or more environment variables set on
+ the client into the systemd manager environment block. If
+ no arguments are passed, the entire environment block is
+ imported. Otherwise, a list of one or more environment
+ variable names should be passed, whose client-side values
+ are then imported into the manager's environment
+ block.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </refsect2>
+
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Manager Lifecycle Commands</title>
+ <variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>reset-failed [<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…]</command></term>
+ <term><command>daemon-reload</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Reset the <literal>failed</literal> state of the specified units, or if no unit name is passed, reset
- the state of all units. When a unit fails in some way (i.e. process exiting with non-zero error code,
- terminating abnormally or timing out), it will automatically enter the <literal>failed</literal> state and
- its exit code and status is recorded for introspection by the administrator until the service is
- stopped/re-started or reset with this command.</para>
+ <para>Reload the systemd manager configuration. This will
+ rerun all generators (see
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>),
+ reload all unit files, and recreate the entire dependency
+ tree. While the daemon is being reloaded, all sockets
+ systemd listens on behalf of user configuration will stay
+ accessible.</para>
+
+ <para>This command should not be confused with the
+ <command>reload</command> command.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
-
<varlistentry>
- <term>
- <command>list-dependencies</command>
- <optional><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></optional>
- </term>
+ <term><command>daemon-reexec</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Shows units required and wanted by the specified
- unit. This recursively lists units following the
- <varname>Requires=</varname>,
- <varname>Requisite=</varname>,
- <varname>ConsistsOf=</varname>,
- <varname>Wants=</varname>, <varname>BindsTo=</varname>
- dependencies. If no unit is specified,
- <filename>default.target</filename> is implied.</para>
-
- <para>By default, only target units are recursively
- expanded. When <option>--all</option> is passed, all other
- units are recursively expanded as well.</para>
-
- <para>Options <option>--reverse</option>,
- <option>--after</option>, <option>--before</option>
- may be used to change what types of dependencies
- are shown.</para>
+ <para>Reexecute the systemd manager. This will serialize the
+ manager state, reexecute the process and deserialize the
+ state again. This command is of little use except for
+ debugging and package upgrades. Sometimes, it might be
+ helpful as a heavy-weight <command>daemon-reload</command>.
+ While the daemon is being reexecuted, all sockets systemd listening
+ on behalf of user configuration will stay accessible.
+ </para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
- <title>Unit File Commands</title>
+ <title>System Commands</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>list-unit-files</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN…</replaceable></optional></term>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>List unit files installed on the system, in combination with their enablement state (as reported by
- <command>is-enabled</command>). If one or more <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only unit
- files whose name matches one of them are shown (patterns matching unit file system paths are not
- supported).</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
-
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>enable <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <term><command>enable <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>is-system-running</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Enable one or more units or unit instances. This will create a set of symlinks, as encoded in the
- <literal>[Install]</literal> sections of the indicated unit files. After the symlinks have been created,
- the system manager configuration is reloaded (in a way equivalent to <command>daemon-reload</command>), in
- order to ensure the changes are taken into account immediately. Note that this does
- <emphasis>not</emphasis> have the effect of also starting any of the units being enabled. If this is
- desired, combine this command with the <option>--now</option> switch, or invoke <command>start</command>
- with appropriate arguments later. Note that in case of unit instance enablement (i.e. enablement of units of
- the form <filename>foo@bar.service</filename>), symlinks named the same as instances are created in the
- unit configuration directory, however they point to the single template unit file they are instantiated
- from.</para>
-
- <para>This command expects either valid unit names (in which case various unit file directories are
- automatically searched for unit files with appropriate names), or absolute paths to unit files (in which
- case these files are read directly). If a specified unit file is located outside of the usual unit file
- directories, an additional symlink is created, linking it into the unit configuration path, thus ensuring
- it is found when requested by commands such as <command>start</command>. The file system where the linked
- unit files are located must be accessible when systemd is started (e.g. anything underneath
- <filename>/home</filename> or <filename>/var</filename> is not allowed, unless those directories are
- located on the root file system).</para>
-
- <para>This command will print the file system operations executed. This output may be suppressed by passing
- <option>--quiet</option>.
- </para>
-
- <para>Note that this operation creates only the symlinks suggested in the <literal>[Install]</literal>
- section of the unit files. While this command is the recommended way to manipulate the unit configuration
- directory, the administrator is free to make additional changes manually by placing or removing symlinks
- below this directory. This is particularly useful to create configurations that deviate from the suggested
- default installation. In this case, the administrator must make sure to invoke
- <command>daemon-reload</command> manually as necessary, in order to ensure the changes are taken into
- account.
- </para>
-
- <para>Enabling units should not be confused with starting (activating) units, as done by the
- <command>start</command> command. Enabling and starting units is orthogonal: units may be enabled without
- being started and started without being enabled. Enabling simply hooks the unit into various suggested
- places (for example, so that the unit is automatically started on boot or when a particular kind of
- hardware is plugged in). Starting actually spawns the daemon process (in case of service units), or binds
- the socket (in case of socket units), and so on.</para>
+ <para>Checks whether the system is operational. This
+ returns success (exit code 0) when the system is fully up
+ and running, specifically not in startup, shutdown or
+ maintenance mode, and with no failed services. Failure is
+ returned otherwise (exit code non-zero). In addition, the
+ current state is printed in a short string to standard
+ output, see the table below. Use <option>--quiet</option> to
+ suppress this output.</para>
- <para>Depending on whether <option>--system</option>, <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option>,
- or <option>--global</option> is specified, this enables the unit for the system, for the calling user only,
- for only this boot of the system, or for all future logins of all users. Note that in the last case, no
- systemd daemon configuration is reloaded.</para>
+ <para>Use <option>--wait</option> to wait until the boot
+ process is completed before printing the current state and
+ returning the appropriate error status. If <option>--wait</option>
+ is in use, states <varname>initializing</varname> or
+ <varname>starting</varname> will not be reported, instead
+ the command will block until a later state (such as
+ <varname>running</varname> or <varname>degraded</varname>)
+ is reached.</para>
- <para>Using <command>enable</command> on masked units is not supported and results in an error.</para>
+ <table>
+ <title><command>is-system-running</command> output</title>
+ <tgroup cols='3'>
+ <colspec colname='name'/>
+ <colspec colname='description'/>
+ <colspec colname='exit-code'/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Name</entry>
+ <entry>Description</entry>
+ <entry>Exit Code</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><varname>initializing</varname></entry>
+ <entry><para>Early bootup, before
+ <filename>basic.target</filename> is reached
+ or the <varname>maintenance</varname> state entered.
+ </para></entry>
+ <entry>> 0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><varname>starting</varname></entry>
+ <entry><para>Late bootup, before the job queue
+ becomes idle for the first time, or one of the
+ rescue targets are reached.</para></entry>
+ <entry>> 0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><varname>running</varname></entry>
+ <entry><para>The system is fully
+ operational.</para></entry>
+ <entry>0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><varname>degraded</varname></entry>
+ <entry><para>The system is operational but one or more
+ units failed.</para></entry>
+ <entry>> 0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><varname>maintenance</varname></entry>
+ <entry><para>The rescue or emergency target is
+ active.</para></entry>
+ <entry>> 0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><varname>stopping</varname></entry>
+ <entry><para>The manager is shutting
+ down.</para></entry>
+ <entry>> 0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><varname>offline</varname></entry>
+ <entry><para>The manager is not
+ running. Specifically, this is the operational
+ state if an incompatible program is running as
+ system manager (PID 1).</para></entry>
+ <entry>> 0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><varname>unknown</varname></entry>
+ <entry><para>The operational state could not be
+ determined, due to lack of resources or another
+ error cause.</para></entry>
+ <entry>> 0</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>disable <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>default</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Disables one or more units. This removes all symlinks to the unit files backing the specified units
- from the unit configuration directory, and hence undoes any changes made by <command>enable</command> or
- <command>link</command>. Note that this removes <emphasis>all</emphasis> symlinks to matching unit files,
- including manually created symlinks, and not just those actually created by <command>enable</command> or
- <command>link</command>. Note that while <command>disable</command> undoes the effect of
- <command>enable</command>, the two commands are otherwise not symmetric, as <command>disable</command> may
- remove more symlinks than a prior <command>enable</command> invocation of the same unit created.</para>
-
- <para>This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept paths to unit files.</para>
-
- <para>In addition to the units specified as arguments, all units are disabled that are listed in the
- <varname>Also=</varname> setting contained in the <literal>[Install]</literal> section of any of the unit
- files being operated on.</para>
-
- <para>This command implicitly reloads the system manager configuration after completing the operation. Note
- that this command does not implicitly stop the units that are being disabled. If this is desired, either
- combine this command with the <option>--now</option> switch, or invoke the <command>stop</command> command
- with appropriate arguments later.</para>
-
- <para>This command will print information about the file system operations (symlink removals)
- executed. This output may be suppressed by passing <option>--quiet</option>.
- </para>
-
- <para>This command honors <option>--system</option>, <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option>
- and <option>--global</option> in a similar way as <command>enable</command>.</para>
+ <para>Enter default mode. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate default.target</command>. This
+ operation is blocking by default, use <option>--no-block</option> to request asynchronous behavior.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>reenable <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>rescue</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Reenable one or more units, as specified on the command line. This is a combination of
- <command>disable</command> and <command>enable</command> and is useful to reset the symlinks a unit file is
- enabled with to the defaults configured in its <literal>[Install]</literal> section. This command expects
- a unit name only, it does not accept paths to unit files.</para>
+ <para>Enter rescue mode. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate rescue.target</command>. This
+ operation is blocking by default, use <option>--no-block</option> to request asynchronous behavior.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
-
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>preset <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>emergency</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Reset the enable/disable status one or more unit files, as specified on
- the command line, to the defaults configured in the preset policy files. This
- has the same effect as <command>disable</command> or
- <command>enable</command>, depending how the unit is listed in the preset
- files.</para>
-
- <para>Use <option>--preset-mode=</option> to control whether units shall be
- enabled and disabled, or only enabled, or only disabled.</para>
-
- <para>If the unit carries no install information, it will be silently ignored
- by this command. <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> must be the real unit name,
- any alias names are ignored silently.</para>
-
- <para>For more information on the preset policy format, see
- <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
- For more information on the concept of presets, please consult the
- <ulink url="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/Preset">Preset</ulink>
- document.</para>
+ <para>Enter emergency mode. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate
+ emergency.target</command>. This operation is blocking by default, use <option>--no-block</option> to
+ request asynchronous behavior.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
-
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>preset-all</command></term>
+ <term><command>halt</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Resets all installed unit files to the defaults
- configured in the preset policy file (see above).</para>
+ <para>Shut down and halt the system. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start halt.target
+ --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>, but also prints a wall message to all users. This command is
+ asynchronous; it will return after the halt operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to complete. Note
+ that this operation will simply halt the OS kernel after shutting down, leaving the hardware powered
+ on. Use <command>systemctl poweroff</command> for powering off the system (see below).</para>
- <para>Use <option>--preset-mode=</option> to control
- whether units shall be enabled and disabled, or only
- enabled, or only disabled.</para>
+ <para>If combined with <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all
+ processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the
+ system halt. If <option>--force</option> is specified twice, the operation is immediately executed without
+ terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. This may result in data loss. Note that when
+ <option>--force</option> is specified twice the halt operation is executed by <command>systemctl</command>
+ itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should succeed even when the system
+ manager has crashed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
-
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>is-enabled <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>poweroff</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Checks whether any of the specified unit files are
- enabled (as with <command>enable</command>). Returns an
- exit code of 0 if at least one is enabled, non-zero
- otherwise. Prints the current enable status (see table).
- To suppress this output, use <option>--quiet</option>.
- To show installation targets, use <option>--full</option>.
- </para>
-
- <table>
- <title>
- <command>is-enabled</command> output
- </title>
-
- <tgroup cols='3'>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>Name</entry>
- <entry>Description</entry>
- <entry>Exit Code</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>enabled</literal></entry>
- <entry morerows='1'>Enabled via <filename>.wants/</filename>, <filename>.requires/</filename> or <varname>Alias=</varname> symlinks (permanently in <filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename>, or transiently in <filename>/run/systemd/system/</filename>).</entry>
- <entry morerows='1'>0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>enabled-runtime</literal></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>linked</literal></entry>
- <entry morerows='1'>Made available through one or more symlinks to the unit file (permanently in <filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename> or transiently in <filename>/run/systemd/system/</filename>), even though the unit file might reside outside of the unit file search path.</entry>
- <entry morerows='1'>> 0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>linked-runtime</literal></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>masked</literal></entry>
- <entry morerows='1'>Completely disabled, so that any start operation on it fails (permanently in <filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename> or transiently in <filename>/run/systemd/systemd/</filename>).</entry>
- <entry morerows='1'>> 0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>masked-runtime</literal></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>static</literal></entry>
- <entry>The unit file is not enabled, and has no provisions for enabling in the <literal>[Install]</literal> unit file section.</entry>
- <entry>0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>indirect</literal></entry>
- <entry>The unit file itself is not enabled, but it has a non-empty <varname>Also=</varname> setting in the <literal>[Install]</literal> unit file section, listing other unit files that might be enabled, or it has an alias under a different name through a symlink that is not specified in Also=. For template unit file, an instance different than the one specified in <varname>DefaultInstance=</varname> is enabled.</entry>
- <entry>0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>disabled</literal></entry>
- <entry>The unit file is not enabled, but contains an <literal>[Install]</literal> section with installation instructions.</entry>
- <entry>> 0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>generated</literal></entry>
- <entry>The unit file was generated dynamically via a generator tool. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Generated unit files may not be enabled, they are enabled implicitly by their generator.</entry>
- <entry>0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>transient</literal></entry>
- <entry>The unit file has been created dynamically with the runtime API. Transient units may not be enabled.</entry>
- <entry>0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><literal>bad</literal></entry>
- <entry>The unit file is invalid or another error occurred. Note that <command>is-enabled</command> will not actually return this state, but print an error message instead. However the unit file listing printed by <command>list-unit-files</command> might show it.</entry>
- <entry>> 0</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
+ <para>Shut down and power-off the system. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start
+ poweroff.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>, but also prints a wall message to all
+ users. This command is asynchronous; it will return after the power-off operation is enqueued, without
+ waiting for it to complete.</para>
+ <para>If combined with <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all
+ processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the
+ powering off. If <option>--force</option> is specified twice, the operation is immediately executed without
+ terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. This may result in data loss. Note that when
+ <option>--force</option> is specified twice the power-off operation is executed by
+ <command>systemctl</command> itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should
+ succeed even when the system manager has crashed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
-
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>mask <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>reboot</command> <optional><replaceable>arg</replaceable></optional></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Mask one or more units, as specified on the command line. This will link these unit files to
- <filename>/dev/null</filename>, making it impossible to start them. This is a stronger version of
- <command>disable</command>, since it prohibits all kinds of activation of the unit, including enablement
- and manual activation. Use this option with care. This honors the <option>--runtime</option> option to only
- mask temporarily until the next reboot of the system. The <option>--now</option> option may be used to
- ensure that the units are also stopped. This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept unit
- file paths.</para>
+ <para>Shut down and reboot the system. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start reboot.target
+ --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>, but also prints a wall message to all users. This
+ command is asynchronous; it will return after the reboot operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to
+ complete.</para>
+
+ <para>If combined with <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all
+ processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the
+ reboot. If <option>--force</option> is specified twice, the operation is immediately executed without
+ terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. This may result in data loss. Note that when
+ <option>--force</option> is specified twice the reboot operation is executed by
+ <command>systemctl</command> itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should
+ succeed even when the system manager has crashed.</para>
+
+ <para>If the optional argument <replaceable>arg</replaceable> is given, it will be passed as the optional
+ argument to the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+ system call. The value is architecture and firmware specific. As an example, <literal>recovery</literal>
+ might be used to trigger system recovery, and <literal>fota</literal> might be used to trigger a
+ <quote>firmware over the air</quote> update.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>unmask <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>kexec</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Unmask one or more unit files, as specified on the command line. This will undo the effect of
- <command>mask</command>. This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept unit file
- paths.</para>
+ <para>Shut down and reboot the system via <command>kexec</command>. This is equivalent to
+ <command>systemctl start kexec.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>. This command is
+ asynchronous; it will return after the reboot operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to
+ complete.</para>
+
+ <para>If combined with <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all
+ processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the
+ reboot.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>link <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>exit</command> <optional><replaceable>EXIT_CODE</replaceable></optional></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Link a unit file that is not in the unit file search paths into the unit file search path. This
- command expects an absolute path to a unit file. The effect of this may be undone with
- <command>disable</command>. The effect of this command is that a unit file is made available for commands
- such as <command>start</command>, even though it is not installed directly in the unit search path. The
- file system where the linked unit files are located must be accessible when systemd is started
- (e.g. anything underneath <filename>/home</filename> or <filename>/var</filename> is not allowed, unless
- those directories are located on the root file system).</para>
+ <para>Ask the service manager to quit. This is only supported for user service managers (i.e. in
+ conjunction with the <option>--user</option> option) or in containers and is equivalent to
+ <command>poweroff</command> otherwise. This command is asynchronous; it will return after the exit
+ operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to complete.</para>
+
+ <para>The service manager will exit with the specified exit code, if
+ <replaceable>EXIT_CODE</replaceable> is passed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>revert <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>switch-root</command> <replaceable>ROOT</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>INIT</replaceable></optional></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Revert one or more unit files to their vendor versions. This command removes drop-in configuration
- files that modify the specified units, as well as any user-configured unit file that overrides a matching
- vendor supplied unit file. Specifically, for a unit <literal>foo.service</literal> the matching directories
- <literal>foo.service.d/</literal> with all their contained files are removed, both below the persistent and
- runtime configuration directories (i.e. below <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> and
- <filename>/run/systemd/system</filename>); if the unit file has a vendor-supplied version (i.e. a unit file
- located below <filename>/usr</filename>) any matching persistent or runtime unit file that overrides it is
- removed, too. Note that if a unit file has no vendor-supplied version (i.e. is only defined below
- <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> or <filename>/run/systemd/system</filename>, but not in a unit
- file stored below <filename>/usr</filename>), then it is not removed. Also, if a unit is masked, it is
- unmasked.</para>
-
- <para>Effectively, this command may be used to undo all changes made with <command>systemctl
- edit</command>, <command>systemctl set-property</command> and <command>systemctl mask</command> and puts
- the original unit file with its settings back in effect.</para>
+ <para>Switches to a different root directory and executes a new system manager process below it. This is
+ intended for usage in initial RAM disks ("initrd"), and will transition from the initrd's system manager
+ process (a.k.a. "init" process) to the main system manager process which is loaded from the actual host
+ volume. This call takes two arguments: the directory that is to become the new root directory, and the path
+ to the new system manager binary below it to execute as PID 1. If the latter is omitted or the empty
+ string, a systemd binary will automatically be searched for and used as init. If the system manager path is
+ omitted, equal to the empty string or identical to the path to the systemd binary, the state of the
+ initrd's system manager process is passed to the main system manager, which allows later introspection of
+ the state of the services involved in the initrd boot phase.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>add-wants <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>
- <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
- <term><command>add-requires <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>
- <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>suspend</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Adds <literal>Wants=</literal> or <literal>Requires=</literal>
- dependencies, respectively, to the specified
- <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> for one or more units. </para>
-
- <para>This command honors <option>--system</option>,
- <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option> and
- <option>--global</option> in a way similar to
- <command>enable</command>.</para>
-
+ <para>Suspend the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit
+ <filename>suspend.target</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the suspend
+ operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the suspend/resume cycle to complete.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>edit <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <term><command>hibernate</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Edit a drop-in snippet or a whole replacement file if
- <option>--full</option> is specified, to extend or override the
- specified unit.</para>
-
- <para>Depending on whether <option>--system</option> (the default),
- <option>--user</option>, or <option>--global</option> is specified,
- this command creates a drop-in file for each unit either for the system,
- for the calling user, or for all futures logins of all users. Then,
- the editor (see the "Environment" section below) is invoked on
- temporary files which will be written to the real location if the
- editor exits successfully.</para>
-
- <para>If <option>--full</option> is specified, this will copy the
- original units instead of creating drop-in files.</para>
-
- <para>If <option>--force</option> is specified and any units do
- not already exist, new unit files will be opened for editing.</para>
-
- <para>If <option>--runtime</option> is specified, the changes will
- be made temporarily in <filename>/run</filename> and they will be
- lost on the next reboot.</para>
-
- <para>If the temporary file is empty upon exit, the modification of
- the related unit is canceled.</para>
-
- <para>After the units have been edited, systemd configuration is
- reloaded (in a way that is equivalent to <command>daemon-reload</command>).
- </para>
-
- <para>Note that this command cannot be used to remotely edit units
- and that you cannot temporarily edit units which are in
- <filename>/etc</filename>, since they take precedence over
- <filename>/run</filename>.</para>
+ <para>Hibernate the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit
+ <filename>hibernate.target</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hibernation
+ operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the hibernate/thaw cycle to complete.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>get-default</command></term>
+ <term><command>hybrid-sleep</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Return the default target to boot into. This returns
- the target unit name <filename>default.target</filename>
- is aliased (symlinked) to.</para>
+ <para>Hibernate and suspend the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit
+ <filename>hybrid-sleep.target</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hybrid
+ sleep operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the sleep/wake-up cycle to complete.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
- <term><command>set-default <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable></command></term>
+ <term><command>suspend-then-hibernate</command></term>
<listitem>
- <para>Set the default target to boot into. This sets
- (symlinks) the <filename>default.target</filename> alias
- to the given target unit.</para>
+ <para>Suspend the system and hibernate it after the delay specified in <filename>systemd-sleep.conf</filename>.
+ This will trigger activation of the special target unit <filename>suspend-then-hibernate.target</filename>.
+ This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hybrid sleep operation is successfully enqueued.
+ It will not wait for the sleep/wake-up or hibernate/thaw cycle to complete.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
-
</variablelist>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
- <title>Machine Commands</title>
+ <title>Parameter Syntax</title>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>list-machines</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
+ <para>Unit commands listed above take either a single unit name (designated as <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>),
+ or multiple unit specifications (designated as <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…). In the first case, the
+ unit name with or without a suffix must be given. If the suffix is not specified (unit name is "abbreviated"),
+ systemctl will append a suitable suffix, <literal>.service</literal> by default, and a type-specific suffix in
+ case of commands which operate only on specific unit types. For example,
+ <programlisting># systemctl start sshd</programlisting> and
+ <programlisting># systemctl start sshd.service</programlisting>
+ are equivalent, as are
+ <programlisting># systemctl isolate default</programlisting>
+ and
+ <programlisting># systemctl isolate default.target</programlisting>
+ Note that (absolute) paths to device nodes are automatically converted to device unit names, and other (absolute)
+ paths to mount unit names.
+ <programlisting># systemctl status /dev/sda
+# systemctl status /home</programlisting>
+ are equivalent to:
+ <programlisting># systemctl status dev-sda.device
+# systemctl status home.mount</programlisting>
+ In the second case, shell-style globs will be matched against the primary names of all units currently in memory;
+ literal unit names, with or without a suffix, will be treated as in the first case. This means that literal unit
+ names always refer to exactly one unit, but globs may match zero units and this is not considered an
+ error.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>List the host and all running local containers with
- their state. If one or more
- <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
- containers matching one of them are shown.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
+ <para>Glob patterns use
+ <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>fnmatch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ so normal shell-style globbing rules are used, and
+ <literal>*</literal>, <literal>?</literal>,
+ <literal>[]</literal> may be used. See
+ <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+ for more details. The patterns are matched against the primary names of
+ units currently in memory, and patterns which do not match anything
+ are silently skipped. For example:
+ <programlisting># systemctl stop sshd@*.service</programlisting>
+ will stop all <filename>sshd@.service</filename> instances. Note that alias names of units, and units that aren't
+ in memory are not considered for glob expansion.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>For unit file commands, the specified <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> should be the name of the unit file
+ (possibly abbreviated, see above), or the absolute path to the unit file:
+ <programlisting># systemctl enable foo.service</programlisting>
+ or
+ <programlisting># systemctl link /path/to/foo.service</programlisting>
+ </para>
</refsect2>
- <refsect2>
- <title>Job Commands</title>
+ </refsect1>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>list-jobs <optional><replaceable>PATTERN…</replaceable></optional></command></term>
+ <refsect1>
+ <title>Options</title>
- <listitem>
- <para>List jobs that are in progress. If one or more
- <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
- jobs for units matching one of them are shown.</para>
+ <para>The following options are understood:</para>
- <para>When combined with <option>--after</option> or <option>--before</option> the list is augmented with
- information on which other job each job is waiting for, and which other jobs are waiting for it, see
- above.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>cancel <replaceable>JOB</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-t</option></term>
+ <term><option>--type=</option></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Cancel one or more jobs specified on the command line
- by their numeric job IDs. If no job ID is specified, cancel
- all pending jobs.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </refsect2>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The argument should be a comma-separated list of unit
+ types such as <option>service</option> and
+ <option>socket</option>.
+ </para>
- <refsect2>
- <title>Environment Commands</title>
+ <para>If one of the arguments is a unit type, when listing
+ units, limit display to certain unit types. Otherwise, units
+ of all types will be shown.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>show-environment</command></term>
+ <para>As a special case, if one of the arguments is
+ <option>help</option>, a list of allowed values will be
+ printed and the program will exit.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>Dump the systemd manager environment block. This is the environment
- block that is passed to all processes the manager spawns. The environment
- block will be dumped in straight-forward form suitable for sourcing into
- most shells. If no special characters or whitespace is present in the variable
- values, no escaping is performed, and the assignments have the form
- <literal>VARIABLE=value</literal>. If whitespace or characters which have
- special meaning to the shell are present, dollar-single-quote escaping is
- used, and assignments have the form <literal>VARIABLE=$'value'</literal>.
- This syntax is known to be supported by
- <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
- <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>zsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
- <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>ksh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
- and
- <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>busybox</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
- <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>ash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
- but not
- <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>dash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
- or
- <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>fish</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>set-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE=VALUE</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--state=</option></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Set one or more systemd manager environment variables,
- as specified on the command line.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>unset-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE</replaceable>…</command></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The argument should be a comma-separated list of unit
+ LOAD, SUB, or ACTIVE states. When listing units, show only
+ those in the specified states. Use <option>--state=failed</option>
+ to show only failed units.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>Unset one or more systemd manager environment
- variables. If only a variable name is specified, it will be
- removed regardless of its value. If a variable and a value
- are specified, the variable is only removed if it has the
- specified value.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>
- <command>import-environment</command>
- <optional><replaceable>VARIABLE…</replaceable></optional>
- </term>
+ <para>As a special case, if one of the arguments is
+ <option>help</option>, a list of allowed values will be
+ printed and the program will exit.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>Import all, one or more environment variables set on
- the client into the systemd manager environment block. If
- no arguments are passed, the entire environment block is
- imported. Otherwise, a list of one or more environment
- variable names should be passed, whose client-side values
- are then imported into the manager's environment
- block.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </refsect2>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-p</option></term>
+ <term><option>--property=</option></term>
- <refsect2>
- <title>Manager Lifecycle Commands</title>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When showing unit/job/manager properties with the
+ <command>show</command> command, limit display to properties
+ specified in the argument. The argument should be a
+ comma-separated list of property names, such as
+ <literal>MainPID</literal>. Unless specified, all known
+ properties are shown. If specified more than once, all
+ properties with the specified names are shown. Shell
+ completion is implemented for property names.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>daemon-reload</command></term>
+ <para>For the manager itself,
+ <command>systemctl show</command> will show all available
+ properties. Those properties are documented in
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+ </para>
- <listitem>
- <para>Reload the systemd manager configuration. This will
- rerun all generators (see
- <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>),
- reload all unit files, and recreate the entire dependency
- tree. While the daemon is being reloaded, all sockets
- systemd listens on behalf of user configuration will stay
- accessible.</para>
+ <para>Properties for units vary by unit type, so showing any
+ unit (even a non-existent one) is a way to list properties
+ pertaining to this type. Similarly, showing any job will list
+ properties pertaining to all jobs. Properties for units are
+ documented in
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ and the pages for individual unit types
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ etc.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <para>This command should not be confused with the
- <command>reload</command> command.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>daemon-reexec</command></term>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-a</option></term>
+ <term><option>--all</option></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Reexecute the systemd manager. This will serialize the
- manager state, reexecute the process and deserialize the
- state again. This command is of little use except for
- debugging and package upgrades. Sometimes, it might be
- helpful as a heavy-weight <command>daemon-reload</command>.
- While the daemon is being reexecuted, all sockets systemd listening
- on behalf of user configuration will stay accessible.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </refsect2>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When listing units with <command>list-units</command>, also show inactive units and
+ units which are following other units. When showing unit/job/manager properties, show all
+ properties regardless whether they are set or not.</para>
- <refsect2>
- <title>System Commands</title>
+ <para>To list all units installed in the file system, use the
+ <command>list-unit-files</command> command instead.</para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>is-system-running</command></term>
+ <para>When listing units with <command>list-dependencies</command>, recursively show
+ dependencies of all dependent units (by default only dependencies of target units are
+ shown).</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>Checks whether the system is operational. This
- returns success (exit code 0) when the system is fully up
- and running, specifically not in startup, shutdown or
- maintenance mode, and with no failed services. Failure is
- returned otherwise (exit code non-zero). In addition, the
- current state is printed in a short string to standard
- output, see the table below. Use <option>--quiet</option> to
- suppress this output.</para>
+ <para>When used with <command>status</command>, show journal messages in full, even if they include
+ unprintable characters or are very long. By default, fields with unprintable characters are
+ abbreviated as "blob data". (Note that the pager may escape unprintable characters again.)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <para>Use <option>--wait</option> to wait until the boot
- process is completed before printing the current state and
- returning the appropriate error status. If <option>--wait</option>
- is in use, states <varname>initializing</varname> or
- <varname>starting</varname> will not be reported, instead
- the command will block until a later state (such as
- <varname>running</varname> or <varname>degraded</varname>)
- is reached.</para>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-r</option></term>
+ <term><option>--recursive</option></term>
- <table>
- <title><command>is-system-running</command> output</title>
- <tgroup cols='3'>
- <colspec colname='name'/>
- <colspec colname='description'/>
- <colspec colname='exit-code'/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>Name</entry>
- <entry>Description</entry>
- <entry>Exit Code</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><varname>initializing</varname></entry>
- <entry><para>Early bootup, before
- <filename>basic.target</filename> is reached
- or the <varname>maintenance</varname> state entered.
- </para></entry>
- <entry>> 0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><varname>starting</varname></entry>
- <entry><para>Late bootup, before the job queue
- becomes idle for the first time, or one of the
- rescue targets are reached.</para></entry>
- <entry>> 0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><varname>running</varname></entry>
- <entry><para>The system is fully
- operational.</para></entry>
- <entry>0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><varname>degraded</varname></entry>
- <entry><para>The system is operational but one or more
- units failed.</para></entry>
- <entry>> 0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><varname>maintenance</varname></entry>
- <entry><para>The rescue or emergency target is
- active.</para></entry>
- <entry>> 0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><varname>stopping</varname></entry>
- <entry><para>The manager is shutting
- down.</para></entry>
- <entry>> 0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><varname>offline</varname></entry>
- <entry><para>The manager is not
- running. Specifically, this is the operational
- state if an incompatible program is running as
- system manager (PID 1).</para></entry>
- <entry>> 0</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><varname>unknown</varname></entry>
- <entry><para>The operational state could not be
- determined, due to lack of resources or another
- error cause.</para></entry>
- <entry>> 0</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When listing units, also show units of local
+ containers. Units of local containers will be prefixed with
+ the container name, separated by a single colon character
+ (<literal>:</literal>).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>default</command></term>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--reverse</option></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Enter default mode. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate default.target</command>. This
- operation is blocking by default, use <option>--no-block</option> to request asynchronous behavior.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Show reverse dependencies between units with
+ <command>list-dependencies</command>, i.e. follow
+ dependencies of type <varname>WantedBy=</varname>,
+ <varname>RequiredBy=</varname>,
+ <varname>PartOf=</varname>, <varname>BoundBy=</varname>,
+ instead of <varname>Wants=</varname> and similar.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>rescue</command></term>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--after</option></term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Enter rescue mode. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate rescue.target</command>. This
- operation is blocking by default, use <option>--no-block</option> to request asynchronous behavior.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>emergency</command></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>With <command>list-dependencies</command>, show the
+ units that are ordered before the specified unit. In other
+ words, recursively list units following the
+ <varname>After=</varname> dependency.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>Enter emergency mode. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate
- emergency.target</command>. This operation is blocking by default, use <option>--no-block</option> to
- request asynchronous behavior.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>halt</command></term>
+ <para>Note that any <varname>After=</varname> dependency is
+ automatically mirrored to create a
+ <varname>Before=</varname> dependency. Temporal dependencies
+ may be specified explicitly, but are also created implicitly
+ for units which are <varname>WantedBy=</varname> targets
+ (see
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>),
+ and as a result of other directives (for example
+ <varname>RequiresMountsFor=</varname>). Both explicitly
+ and implicitly introduced dependencies are shown with
+ <command>list-dependencies</command>.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>Shut down and halt the system. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start halt.target
- --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>, but also prints a wall message to all users. This command is
- asynchronous; it will return after the halt operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to complete. Note
- that this operation will simply halt the OS kernel after shutting down, leaving the hardware powered
- on. Use <command>systemctl poweroff</command> for powering off the system (see below).</para>
+ <para>When passed to the <command>list-jobs</command> command, for each printed job show which other jobs are
+ waiting for it. May be combined with <option>--before</option> to show both the jobs waiting for each job as
+ well as all jobs each job is waiting for.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <para>If combined with <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all
- processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the
- system halt. If <option>--force</option> is specified twice, the operation is immediately executed without
- terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. This may result in data loss. Note that when
- <option>--force</option> is specified twice the halt operation is executed by <command>systemctl</command>
- itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should succeed even when the system
- manager has crashed.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>poweroff</command></term>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--before</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>With <command>list-dependencies</command>, show the
+ units that are ordered after the specified unit. In other
+ words, recursively list units following the
+ <varname>Before=</varname> dependency.</para>
+
+ <para>When passed to the <command>list-jobs</command> command, for each printed job show which other jobs it
+ is waiting for. May be combined with <option>--after</option> to show both the jobs waiting for each job as
+ well as all jobs each job is waiting for.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-l</option></term>
+ <term><option>--full</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Do not ellipsize unit names, process tree entries,
+ journal output, or truncate unit descriptions in the output
+ of <command>status</command>, <command>list-units</command>,
+ <command>list-jobs</command>, and
+ <command>list-timers</command>.</para>
+ <para>Also, show installation targets in the output of
+ <command>is-enabled</command>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--value</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When printing properties with <command>show</command>,
+ only print the value, and skip the property name and
+ <literal>=</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--show-types</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When showing sockets, show the type of the socket.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--job-mode=</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When queuing a new job, this option controls how to deal with
+ already queued jobs. It takes one of <literal>fail</literal>,
+ <literal>replace</literal>,
+ <literal>replace-irreversibly</literal>,
+ <literal>isolate</literal>,
+ <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal>,
+ <literal>ignore-requirements</literal>,
+ <literal>flush</literal>, or
+ <literal>triggering</literal>. Defaults to
+ <literal>replace</literal>, except when the
+ <command>isolate</command> command is used which implies the
+ <literal>isolate</literal> job mode.</para>
+
+ <para>If <literal>fail</literal> is specified and a requested
+ operation conflicts with a pending job (more specifically:
+ causes an already pending start job to be reversed into a stop
+ job or vice versa), cause the operation to fail.</para>
+
+ <para>If <literal>replace</literal> (the default) is
+ specified, any conflicting pending job will be replaced, as
+ necessary.</para>
+
+ <para>If <literal>replace-irreversibly</literal> is specified,
+ operate like <literal>replace</literal>, but also mark the new
+ jobs as irreversible. This prevents future conflicting
+ transactions from replacing these jobs (or even being enqueued
+ while the irreversible jobs are still pending). Irreversible
+ jobs can still be cancelled using the <command>cancel</command>
+ command. This job mode should be used on any transaction which
+ pulls in <filename>shutdown.target</filename>.</para>
+
+ <para><literal>isolate</literal> is only valid for start
+ operations and causes all other units to be stopped when the
+ specified unit is started. This mode is always used when the
+ <command>isolate</command> command is used.</para>
+
+ <para><literal>flush</literal> will cause all queued jobs to
+ be canceled when the new job is enqueued.</para>
+
+ <para>If <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal> is specified,
+ then all unit dependencies are ignored for this new job and
+ the operation is executed immediately. If passed, no required
+ units of the unit passed will be pulled in, and no ordering
+ dependencies will be honored. This is mostly a debugging and
+ rescue tool for the administrator and should not be used by
+ applications.</para>
+
+ <para><literal>ignore-requirements</literal> is similar to
+ <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal>, but only causes the
+ requirement dependencies to be ignored, the ordering
+ dependencies will still be honored.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <para><literal>triggering</literal> may only be used with
+ <command>systemctl stop</command>. In this mode, the specified
+ unit and any active units that trigger it are stopped. See the
+ discussion of
+ <varname>Triggers=</varname> in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+ for more information about triggering units.</para>
+
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-T</option></term>
+ <term><option>--show-transaction</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When enqueuing a unit job (for example as effect of a <command>systemctl start</command>
+ invocation or similar), show brief information about all jobs enqueued, covering both the requested
+ job and any added because of unit dependencies. Note that the output will only include jobs
+ immediately part of the transaction requested. It is possible that service start-up program code
+ run as effect of the enqueued jobs might request further jobs to be pulled in. This means that
+ completion of the listed jobs might ultimately entail more jobs than the listed ones.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--fail</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Shorthand for <option>--job-mode=</option>fail.</para>
+ <para>When used with the <command>kill</command> command,
+ if no units were killed, the operation results in an error.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-i</option></term>
+ <term><option>--ignore-inhibitors</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When system shutdown or a sleep state is requested, ignore inhibitor locks. Applications can establish
+ inhibitor locks to avoid that certain important operations (such as CD burning or suchlike) are interrupted
+ by system shutdown or a sleep state. Any user may take these locks and privileged users may override these
+ locks. If any locks are taken, shutdown and sleep state requests will normally fail (unless privileged) and a
+ list of active locks is printed. However, if <option>--ignore-inhibitors</option> is specified, the
+ established locks are ignored and not shown, and the operation attempted anyway, possibly requiring
+ additional privileges.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--dry-run</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Just print what would be done. Currently supported by verbs
+ <command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, <command>reboot</command>,
+ <command>kexec</command>, <command>suspend</command>, <command>hibernate</command>,
+ <command>hybrid-sleep</command>, <command>suspend-then-hibernate</command>,
+ <command>default</command>, <command>rescue</command>,
+ <command>emergency</command>, and <command>exit</command>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-q</option></term>
+ <term><option>--quiet</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Suppress printing of the results of various commands
+ and also the hints about truncated log lines. This does not
+ suppress output of commands for which the printed output is
+ the only result (like <command>show</command>). Errors are
+ always printed.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--no-block</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Do not synchronously wait for the requested operation
+ to finish. If this is not specified, the job will be
+ verified, enqueued and <command>systemctl</command> will
+ wait until the unit's start-up is completed. By passing this
+ argument, it is only verified and enqueued. This option may not be
+ combined with <option>--wait</option>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--wait</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Synchronously wait for started units to terminate again.
+ This option may not be combined with <option>--no-block</option>.
+ Note that this will wait forever if any given unit never terminates
+ (by itself or by getting stopped explicitly); particularly services
+ which use <literal>RemainAfterExit=yes</literal>.</para>
+
+ <para>When used with <command>is-system-running</command>, wait
+ until the boot process is completed before returning.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="user" />
+ <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="system" />
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--failed</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>List units in failed state. This is equivalent to
+ <option>--state=failed</option>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--no-wall</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Do not send wall message before halt, power-off and reboot.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--global</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with <command>enable</command> and
+ <command>disable</command>, operate on the global user
+ configuration directory, thus enabling or disabling a unit
+ file globally for all future logins of all users.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--no-reload</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with <command>enable</command> and
+ <command>disable</command>, do not implicitly reload daemon
+ configuration after executing the changes.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--no-ask-password</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with <command>start</command> and related
+ commands, disables asking for passwords. Background services
+ may require input of a password or passphrase string, for
+ example to unlock system hard disks or cryptographic
+ certificates. Unless this option is specified and the
+ command is invoked from a terminal,
+ <command>systemctl</command> will query the user on the
+ terminal for the necessary secrets. Use this option to
+ switch this behavior off. In this case, the password must be
+ supplied by some other means (for example graphical password
+ agents) or the service might fail. This also disables
+ querying the user for authentication for privileged
+ operations.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--kill-who=</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose which
+ processes to send a signal to. Must be one of
+ <option>main</option>, <option>control</option> or
+ <option>all</option> to select whether to kill only the main
+ process, the control process or all processes of the
+ unit. The main process of the unit is the one that defines
+ the life-time of it. A control process of a unit is one that
+ is invoked by the manager to induce state changes of it. For
+ example, all processes started due to the
+ <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>,
+ <varname>ExecStop=</varname> or
+ <varname>ExecReload=</varname> settings of service units are
+ control processes. Note that there is only one control
+ process per unit at a time, as only one state change is
+ executed at a time. For services of type
+ <varname>Type=forking</varname>, the initial process started
+ by the manager for <varname>ExecStart=</varname> is a
+ control process, while the process ultimately forked off by
+ that one is then considered the main process of the unit (if
+ it can be determined). This is different for service units
+ of other types, where the process forked off by the manager
+ for <varname>ExecStart=</varname> is always the main process
+ itself. A service unit consists of zero or one main process,
+ zero or one control process plus any number of additional
+ processes. Not all unit types manage processes of these
+ types however. For example, for mount units, control processes
+ are defined (which are the invocations of
+ <filename>&MOUNT_PATH;</filename> and
+ <filename>&UMOUNT_PATH;</filename>), but no main process
+ is defined. If omitted, defaults to
+ <option>all</option>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-s</option></term>
+ <term><option>--signal=</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose which
+ signal to send to selected processes. Must be one of the
+ well-known signal specifiers such as <constant>SIGTERM</constant>, <constant>SIGINT</constant> or
+ <constant>SIGSTOP</constant>. If omitted, defaults to
+ <option>SIGTERM</option>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--what=</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Select what type of per-unit resources to remove when the <command>clean</command> command is
+ invoked, see below. Takes one of <constant>configuration</constant>, <constant>state</constant>,
+ <constant>cache</constant>, <constant>logs</constant>, <constant>runtime</constant> to select the
+ type of resource. This option may be specified more than once, in which case all specified resource
+ types are removed. Also accepts the special value <constant>all</constant> as a shortcut for
+ specifiying all five resource types. If this option is not specified defaults to the combination of
+ <constant>cache</constant> and <constant>runtime</constant>, i.e. the two kinds of resources that
+ are generally considered to be redundant and can be reconstructed on next invocation.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-f</option></term>
+ <term><option>--force</option></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with <command>enable</command>, overwrite
+ any existing conflicting symlinks.</para>
+
+ <para>When used with <command>edit</command>, create all of the
+ specified units which do not already exist.</para>
+
+ <para>When used with <command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, <command>reboot</command> or
+ <command>kexec</command>, execute the selected operation without shutting down all units. However, all
+ processes will be killed forcibly and all file systems are unmounted or remounted read-only. This is hence a
+ drastic but relatively safe option to request an immediate reboot. If <option>--force</option> is specified
+ twice for these operations (with the exception of <command>kexec</command>), they will be executed
+ immediately, without terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. Warning: specifying
+ <option>--force</option> twice with any of these operations might result in data loss. Note that when
+ <option>--force</option> is specified twice the selected operation is executed by
+ <command>systemctl</command> itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should
+ succeed even when the system manager has crashed.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>Shut down and power-off the system. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start
- poweroff.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>, but also prints a wall message to all
- users. This command is asynchronous; it will return after the power-off operation is enqueued, without
- waiting for it to complete.</para>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--message=</option></term>
- <para>If combined with <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all
- processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the
- powering off. If <option>--force</option> is specified twice, the operation is immediately executed without
- terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. This may result in data loss. Note that when
- <option>--force</option> is specified twice the power-off operation is executed by
- <command>systemctl</command> itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should
- succeed even when the system manager has crashed.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>reboot</command> <optional><replaceable>arg</replaceable></optional></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with <command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command> or <command>reboot</command>, set a
+ short message explaining the reason for the operation. The message will be logged together with the default
+ shutdown message.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>Shut down and reboot the system. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start reboot.target
- --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>, but also prints a wall message to all users. This
- command is asynchronous; it will return after the reboot operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to
- complete.</para>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--now</option></term>
- <para>If combined with <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all
- processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the
- reboot. If <option>--force</option> is specified twice, the operation is immediately executed without
- terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. This may result in data loss. Note that when
- <option>--force</option> is specified twice the reboot operation is executed by
- <command>systemctl</command> itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should
- succeed even when the system manager has crashed.</para>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with <command>enable</command>, the units
+ will also be started. When used with <command>disable</command> or
+ <command>mask</command>, the units will also be stopped. The start
+ or stop operation is only carried out when the respective enable or
+ disable operation has been successful.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <para>If the optional argument <replaceable>arg</replaceable> is given, it will be passed as the optional
- argument to the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
- system call. The value is architecture and firmware specific. As an example, <literal>recovery</literal>
- might be used to trigger system recovery, and <literal>fota</literal> might be used to trigger a
- <quote>firmware over the air</quote> update.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--root=</option></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>kexec</command></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with
+ <command>enable</command>/<command>disable</command>/<command>is-enabled</command>
+ (and related commands), use the specified root path when looking for unit
+ files. If this option is present, <command>systemctl</command> will operate on
+ the file system directly, instead of communicating with the <command>systemd</command>
+ daemon to carry out changes.</para>
+ </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Shut down and reboot the system via <command>kexec</command>. This is equivalent to
- <command>systemctl start kexec.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>. This command is
- asynchronous; it will return after the reboot operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to
- complete.</para>
+ </varlistentry>
- <para>If combined with <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all
- processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the
- reboot.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--runtime</option></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>exit</command> <optional><replaceable>EXIT_CODE</replaceable></optional></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with <command>enable</command>,
+ <command>disable</command>, <command>edit</command>,
+ (and related commands), make changes only temporarily, so
+ that they are lost on the next reboot. This will have the
+ effect that changes are not made in subdirectories of
+ <filename>/etc</filename> but in <filename>/run</filename>,
+ with identical immediate effects, however, since the latter
+ is lost on reboot, the changes are lost too.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask the service manager to quit. This is only supported for user service managers (i.e. in
- conjunction with the <option>--user</option> option) or in containers and is equivalent to
- <command>poweroff</command> otherwise. This command is asynchronous; it will return after the exit
- operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to complete.</para>
+ <para>Similarly, when used with
+ <command>set-property</command>, make changes only
+ temporarily, so that they are lost on the next
+ reboot.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <para>The service manager will exit with the specified exit code, if
- <replaceable>EXIT_CODE</replaceable> is passed.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--preset-mode=</option></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>switch-root</command> <replaceable>ROOT</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>INIT</replaceable></optional></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Takes one of <literal>full</literal> (the default),
+ <literal>enable-only</literal>,
+ <literal>disable-only</literal>. When used with the
+ <command>preset</command> or <command>preset-all</command>
+ commands, controls whether units shall be disabled and
+ enabled according to the preset rules, or only enabled, or
+ only disabled.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>Switches to a different root directory and executes a new system manager process below it. This is
- intended for usage in initial RAM disks ("initrd"), and will transition from the initrd's system manager
- process (a.k.a. "init" process) to the main system manager process which is loaded from the actual host
- volume. This call takes two arguments: the directory that is to become the new root directory, and the path
- to the new system manager binary below it to execute as PID 1. If the latter is omitted or the empty
- string, a systemd binary will automatically be searched for and used as init. If the system manager path is
- omitted, equal to the empty string or identical to the path to the systemd binary, the state of the
- initrd's system manager process is passed to the main system manager, which allows later introspection of
- the state of the services involved in the initrd boot phase.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-n</option></term>
+ <term><option>--lines=</option></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>suspend</command></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with <command>status</command>, controls the number of journal lines to show, counting from
+ the most recent ones. Takes a positive integer argument, or 0 to disable journal output. Defaults to
+ 10.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>Suspend the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit
- <filename>suspend.target</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the suspend
- operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the suspend/resume cycle to complete.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>-o</option></term>
+ <term><option>--output=</option></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>hibernate</command></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with <command>status</command>, controls the
+ formatting of the journal entries that are shown. For the
+ available choices, see
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+ Defaults to <literal>short</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>Hibernate the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit
- <filename>hibernate.target</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hibernation
- operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the hibernate/thaw cycle to complete.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--firmware-setup</option></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>hybrid-sleep</command></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with the <command>reboot</command> command, indicate to the system's firmware to reboot into
+ the firmware setup interface. Note that this functionality is not available on all systems.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>Hibernate and suspend the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit
- <filename>hybrid-sleep.target</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hybrid
- sleep operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the sleep/wake-up cycle to complete.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--boot-loader-menu=</option></term>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><command>suspend-then-hibernate</command></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with the <command>reboot</command> command, indicate to the system's boot loader to show the
+ boot loader menu on the following boot. Takes a time value as parameter — indicating the menu time-out. Pass
+ zero in order to disable the menu time-out. Note that not all boot loaders support this
+ functionality.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>Suspend the system and hibernate it after the delay specified in <filename>systemd-sleep.conf</filename>.
- This will trigger activation of the special target unit <filename>suspend-then-hibernate.target</filename>.
- This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hybrid sleep operation is successfully enqueued.
- It will not wait for the sleep/wake-up or hibernate/thaw cycle to complete.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </refsect2>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--boot-loader-entry=</option></term>
- <refsect2>
- <title>Parameter Syntax</title>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with the <command>reboot</command> command, indicate to the system's boot loader to boot into
+ a specific boot loader entry on the following boot. Takes a boot loader entry identifier as argument, or
+ <literal>help</literal> in order to list available entries. Note that not all boot loaders support this
+ functionality.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <para>Unit commands listed above take either a single unit name (designated as <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>),
- or multiple unit specifications (designated as <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…). In the first case, the
- unit name with or without a suffix must be given. If the suffix is not specified (unit name is "abbreviated"),
- systemctl will append a suitable suffix, <literal>.service</literal> by default, and a type-specific suffix in
- case of commands which operate only on specific unit types. For example,
- <programlisting># systemctl start sshd</programlisting> and
- <programlisting># systemctl start sshd.service</programlisting>
- are equivalent, as are
- <programlisting># systemctl isolate default</programlisting>
- and
- <programlisting># systemctl isolate default.target</programlisting>
- Note that (absolute) paths to device nodes are automatically converted to device unit names, and other (absolute)
- paths to mount unit names.
- <programlisting># systemctl status /dev/sda
-# systemctl status /home</programlisting>
- are equivalent to:
- <programlisting># systemctl status dev-sda.device
-# systemctl status home.mount</programlisting>
- In the second case, shell-style globs will be matched against the primary names of all units currently in memory;
- literal unit names, with or without a suffix, will be treated as in the first case. This means that literal unit
- names always refer to exactly one unit, but globs may match zero units and this is not considered an
- error.</para>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><option>--plain</option></term>
- <para>Glob patterns use
- <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>fnmatch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
- so normal shell-style globbing rules are used, and
- <literal>*</literal>, <literal>?</literal>,
- <literal>[]</literal> may be used. See
- <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
- for more details. The patterns are matched against the primary names of
- units currently in memory, and patterns which do not match anything
- are silently skipped. For example:
- <programlisting># systemctl stop sshd@*.service</programlisting>
- will stop all <filename>sshd@.service</filename> instances. Note that alias names of units, and units that aren't
- in memory are not considered for glob expansion.
- </para>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>When used with <command>list-dependencies</command>,
+ <command>list-units</command> or <command>list-machines</command>,
+ the output is printed as a list instead of a tree, and the bullet
+ circles are omitted.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- <para>For unit file commands, the specified <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> should be the name of the unit file
- (possibly abbreviated, see above), or the absolute path to the unit file:
- <programlisting># systemctl enable foo.service</programlisting>
- or
- <programlisting># systemctl link /path/to/foo.service</programlisting>
- </para>
- </refsect2>
+ <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" />
+ <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="machine" />
+ <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
+ <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-legend" />
+ <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
+ <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
+ </variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
projects / thirdparty / systemd.git / blobdiff