util: add some helpers for converting percent/permille/permyriad to parts of 2^32-1

util: add some helpers for converting percent/permille/permyriad to parts of 2^32-1

At various places we accept values scaled to the range 0…2^32-1 which
are exposed to the user as percentages/permille/permyriad. Let's add
some helper macros (actually: typesafe macro-like functions) that help
with converting our internal encoding to the external encodings.

benefits: some of the previous code rounded up, some down. let's always
round to nearest, to ensure that our conversions are reversible. Also,
check for overflows correctly.

This also adds a test that makes sure that for the full
percent/permille/permyriad ranges we can convert forth and back without
loss of accuracy.