hash: convert hashing context to a structure

hash: convert hashing context to a structure

The `git_hash_context` is a union containing the different hash-specific
states for SHA1, its unsafe variant as well as SHA256. We know that only
one of these states will ever be in use at the same time because hash
contexts cannot be used for multiple different hashes at the same point
in time.

We're about to extend the structure though to keep track of the hash
algorithm used to initialize the context, which is impossible to do
while the context is a union. Refactor it to instead be a structure that
contains the union of context states.

Signed-off-by: Patrick Steinhardt <ps@pks.im>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>