Replace argument-checking Asserts with regular test-and-elog checks in all

Replace argument-checking Asserts with regular test-and-elog checks in all
encoding conversion functions.  These are not can't-happen cases because
it's possible to create a conversion with the wrong conversion function
for the specified encoding pair.  That would lead to an Assert crash in
an Assert-enabled build, or incorrect conversion otherwise, neither of
which is desirable.  This would be a DOS issue if production databases
were customarily built with asserts enabled, but fortunately that's not so.
Per an observation by Heikki.

Back-patch to all supported branches.