commit-graph: introduce `repo_find_commit_pos_in_graph()`

commit-graph: introduce `repo_find_commit_pos_in_graph()`

Low-level callers in systems that are adjacent to the commit-graph (like
the changed-path Bloom filter code) could benefit from being able to
call a function like `parse_commit_in_graph()` without modifying the
corresponding commit slab data.

This is useful in contexts where that slab data is being used to prepare
for an upcoming commit-graph write, where Git must be careful to avoid
clobbering any of that data during a read operation.

Introduce a low-level variant of `parse_commit_in_graph()` which returns
the graph position of a given commit only, without modifying any of the
slab data.

Signed-off-by: Taylor Blau <me@ttaylorr.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>