bpo-11105: Do not crash when compiling recursive ASTs (GH-20594)

bpo-11105: Do not crash when compiling recursive ASTs (GH-20594)

When compiling an AST object with a direct / indirect reference
cycles, on the conversion phase because of exceeding amount of
calls, a segfault was raised. This patch adds recursion guards to
places for preventing user inputs to not to crash AST but instead
raise a RecursionError.
(cherry picked from commit f3491242e41933aa9529add7102edb68b80a25e9)

Co-authored-by: Batuhan Taskaya <batuhan@python.org>