bcachefs: New locking functions

bcachefs: New locking functions

In the future, with the new deadlock cycle detector, we won't be using
bare six_lock_* anymore: lock wait entries will all be embedded in
btree_trans, and we will need a btree_trans context whenever locking a
btree node.

This patch plumbs a btree_trans to the few places that need it, and adds
two new locking functions
 - btree_node_lock_nopath, which may fail returning a transaction
   restart, and
 - btree_node_lock_nopath_nofail, to be used in places where we know we
   cannot deadlock (i.e. because we're holding no other locks).

Signed-off-by: Kent Overstreet <kent.overstreet@gmail.com>