libstdc++: Consistently use noexcept, constexpr, nodiscard on bitmask ops

libstdc++: Consistently use noexcept, constexpr, nodiscard on bitmask ops

The bitwise operators for combining bitmask types such as std::launch
are not consistently annotated with noexcept, constexpr, and nodiscard.

This is the subject of LWG 3977, although the proposed resolution
doesn't work. We can make the changes in libstdc++ anyway though.

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

	* include/bits/atomic_base.h (operator|, operator&): Add
	noexcept.
	* include/bits/fs_fwd.h (operator&, operator|, operator^)
	(operator~): Add nodiscard to overloads for copy_options, perms,
	perm_options, and directory_options.
	* include/bits/ios_base.h (operator&, operator|, operator^)
	(operator~): Add nodiscard and noexcept to overloads for
	_Ios_Fmtflags, _Ios_Openmode, and _Ios_Iostate.
	(operator|=, operator&=, operator^=): Add constexpr for C++14.
	* include/bits/regex_constants.h (operator&, operator|, operator^)
	(operator~): Add nodiscard and noexcept to overloads for
	syntax_option_type and match_flag_type.
	(operator|=, operator&=, operator^=): Add noexcept.
	* include/std/charconv (operator&, operator|, operator^)
	(operator~): Add nodiscard to overloads for chars_format.
	* include/std/future (operator&, operator|, operator^)
	(operator~): Add nodiscard for overloads for launch.
	(operator&=, operator|=, operator^=): Add constexpr for C++14.
	* include/experimental/bits/fs_fwd.h  (operator&, operator|)
	(operator^, operator~): Add nodiscard to overloads for
	copy_options, perms, and directory_options.
	* testsuite/27_io/ios_base/types/fmtflags/bitmask_operators.cc:
	Add dg-warning for nodiscard warnings.
	* testsuite/27_io/ios_base/types/iostate/bitmask_operators.cc:
	Likewise.
	* testsuite/27_io/ios_base/types/openmode/bitmask_operators.cc:
	Likewise.
	* testsuite/27_io/filesystem/operations/bitmask_types.cc:
	New test.