.BR fsck .
Options to different filesystem-specific fsck's are not standardized.
.SH FILES
-.IR /etc/fstab
+.I /etc/fstab
.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The
.B fsck
of all supported columns. This option cannot be combined with the
.BR \-\-add ,
.BR \-\-delete ,
-.BR \-\-update
+.B \-\-update
or
.B \-\-list
options.
.BR \-t , " \-\-type " \fItype
Specify the partition table type.
.TP
-.BR \-\-list\-types
+.B \-\-list\-types
List supported partition types and exit.
.TP
.BR \-u , " \-\-update"
.BR \-f , " \-\-force"
Disable all consistency checking.
.TP
-.BR \-\-Linux
+.B \-\-Linux
Deprecated and ignored option. Partitioning that is compatible with
Linux (and other modern operating systems) is the default.
.TP
is the same as
.BR last ,
except that by default it shows a log of the
-.IR /var/log/btmp
+.I /var/log/btmp
file, which contains all the bad login attempts.
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B login
[
-.BR \-p
+.B \-p
] [
-.BR \-h
-.IR host
+.B \-h
+.I host
] [
-.BR \-H
+.B \-H
] [
-.BR \-f
-.IR username
+.B \-f
+.I username
|
-.IR username
+.I username
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B login
(string)
.RS 4
The terminal permissions. The default value is
-.IR 0600
+.I 0600
or
-.IR 0620
+.I 0620
if tty group is used.
.RE
.PP
.SH SIGNALS
Upon receiving either
.BR SIGINT ,
-.BR SIGQUIT
+.B SIGQUIT
or
.BR SIGTERM ,
-.BR su
+.B su
terminates its child and afterwards terminates itself with
the received signal.
.SH CONFIG FILES
.RS
.br
-.BI "touch /etc/terminal-colors.d/cal.disable"
+.B touch /etc/terminal-colors.d/cal.disable
.br
.RE
.RS
.br
-.BI "lsblk \-\-fs"
+.B lsblk \-\-fs
.br
-.BI "partx --show <disk>"
+.B partx --show <disk>
.br
-.BI blkid
+.B blkid
.br
.RE
.B findmnt
[options]
.RB [ \-\-source ]
-.IR device
+.I device
.RB [ \-\-target | \-\-mountpoint ]
-.IR mountpoint
+.I mountpoint
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B findmnt
will list all mounted filesystems or search for a filesystem. The
.B \%findmnt
command is able to search in
.IR /etc/fstab ,
-.IR /etc/mtab
+.I /etc/mtab
or
.IR /proc/self/mountinfo .
If
-.IR device
+.I device
or
-.IR mountpoint
+.I mountpoint
is not given, all filesystems are shown.
.PP
The device may be specified by device name, major:minor numbers,
.BR \-o , " \-\-output \fIlist\fP"
Define output columns. See the \fB\-\-help\fP output to get a list of the
currently supported columns. The
-.BR TARGET
+.B TARGET
column contains tree formatting if the
.B \-\-list
or
available for umount and remount actions
.RE
.TP
-.BR "\-\-pseudo"
+.B \-\-pseudo
Print only pseudo filesystems.
.TP
.BR \-R , " \-\-submounts"
.BR \-r , " \-\-raw"
Use raw output format. All potentially unsafe characters are hex-escaped (\\x<code>).
.TP
-.BR "\-\-real"
+.B \-\-real
Print only real filesystems.
.TP
.BR \-S , " \-\-source \fIspec\fP"
more details see
.BR mount (8).
.TP
-.BR "\-\-tree"
+.B \-\-tree
Enable tree-like output if possible. The options is silently ignored for
tables where is missing child-parent relation (e.g. fstab).
.TP
.BR UUID ,
.BR LABEL ,
.BR PARTUUID ,
-.BR PARTLABEL
+.B PARTLABEL
columns. This option disables text truncation also in all other columns.
.TP
.BR \-v , " \-\-nofsroot"
.TP
.BR \-x , " \-\-verify"
Check mount table content. The default is to verify
-.IR /etc/fstab
+.I /etc/fstab
parsability and usability. It's possible to use this option also with \fB\-\-tab\-file\fP.
It's possible to specify source (device) or target (mountpoint) to filter mount table. The option
\fB\-\-verbose\fP forces findmnt to print more details.
.TP
-.BR "\-\-verbose"
+.B \-\-verbose
Force findmnt to print more information (\fB\-\-verify\fP only for now).
.SH EXAMPLES
.IP "\fBfindmnt \-\-fstab \-t nfs\fP"
.IR /etc/fstab .
.IP "\fBfindmnt \-\-fstab /mnt/foo\fP"
Prints all
-.IR /etc/fstab
+.I /etc/fstab
filesystems where the mountpoint directory is /mnt/foo. It also prints bind mounts where /mnt/foo
is a source.
.IP "\fBfindmnt \-\-fstab \-\-target /mnt/foo\fP"
Prints all
-.IR /etc/fstab
+.I /etc/fstab
filesystems where the mountpoint directory is /mnt/foo.
.IP "\fBfindmnt \-\-fstab \-\-evaluate\fP"
Prints all
-.IR /etc/fstab
+.I /etc/fstab
filesystems and converts LABEL= and UUID= tags to the real device names.
.IP "\fBfindmnt \-n \-\-raw \-\-evaluate \-\-output=target LABEL=/boot\fP"
Prints only the mountpoint where the filesystem with label "/boot" is mounted.
that of the command described here. The
.BR \-\-all ,
.BR \-\-pid ", and"
-.BR \-\-queue
+.B \-\-queue
options, and the possibility to specify processes by command name, are local extensions.
.PP
If \fIsignal\fR is 0, then no actual signal is sent, but error checking is still performed.
For more details, see
.BR signal (7)
and the description of
-.BR CLONE_THREAD
+.B CLONE_THREAD
in
.BR clone (2).
.B kill
has the following return codes:
.TP
-.BR 0
+.B 0
success
.TP
-.BR 1
+.B 1
failure
.TP
-.BR 64
+.B 64
partial success (when more than one process specified)
.SH SEE ALSO
is specified, \fBlogger\fR will first try to use UDP,
but if this fails a TCP connection is attempted.
.TP
-.BR \-\-no\-act
+.B \-\-no\-act
Causes everything to be done except for writing the log message to the system
log, and removing the connection or the journal. This option can be used
together with \fB\-\-stderr\fR for testing purposes.
to get a list of all available columns.
.PP
The default output, as well as the default output from options like
-.BR \-\-fs
+.B \-\-fs
and
.BR \-\-topology ,
is subject to change. So whenever possible, you should avoid using default
.TP
.BR \-n , " \-\-no\-act"
Do not make any changes; add
-.BR \-\-verbose
+.B \-\-verbose
to see what would be made.
.TP
.BR \-o , " \-\-no\-overwrite"
Do not overwrite existing files. When
-.BR \-\-symlink
+.B \-\-symlink
is active, do not overwrite symlinks pointing to existing targets.
.TP
.BR \-i , " \-\-interactive"
.BR \-B ,
.BR \-M ,
or
-.BR \-S
+.B \-S
options is used.
.IP "\fB\-l"
Output the list of effective lookup paths that
.BR \-B ,
.BR \-M ,
or
-.BR \-S
+.B \-S
is specified, the option will output the hard-coded paths
that the command was able to find on the system.
.TP
.BR \-B ,
.BR \-M ,
and
-.BR \-S
+.B \-S
are displayed with
.BR \-l .
.PP
.sp
.B wipefs
.RB [ \-\-backup ]
-.RB \-o
-.IR offset
+.B \-o
+.I offset
.IR device ...
.sp
.B wipefs
.RB [ \-\-backup ]
-.RB \-a
+.B \-a
.IR device ...
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B wipefs
Display version information and exit.
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
-.BR "wipefs /dev/sda*"
+.B wipefs /dev/sda*
Prints information about sda and all partitions on sda.
.TP
-.BR "wipefs --all --backup /dev/sdb"
+.B wipefs --all --backup /dev/sdb
Erases all signatures from the device /dev/sdb and creates a signature backup
file ~/wipefs-sdb-<offset>.bak for each signature.
.TP
-.BR "dd if=~/wipefs-sdb-0x00000438.bak of=/dev/sdb seek=$((0x00000438)) bs=1 conv=notrunc"
+.B dd if=~/wipefs-sdb-0x00000438.bak of=/dev/sdb seek=$((0x00000438)) bs=1 conv=notrunc
Restores an ext2 signature from the backup file ~/wipefs-sdb-0x00000438.bak.
.SH AUTHOR
Karel Zak <kzak@redhat.com>
.TP
.BR -d ,\ --deadline
Set scheduling policy to
-.BR SCHED_DEADLINE
+.B SCHED_DEADLINE
(Linux-specific, supported since 3.14). The priority argument has to be set to zero.
See also \fB\-\-sched\-runtime\fR, \fB\-\-sched\-deadline\fR and
\fB\-\-sched\-period\fR. The relation between the options required by the kernel is
.I priority pid
.SH PERMISSIONS
A user must possess
-.BR CAP_SYS_NICE
+.B CAP_SYS_NICE
to change the scheduling attributes of a process. Any user can retrieve the
scheduling information.
.SH NOTES
Only
.BR SCHED_FIFO ,
-.BR SCHED_OTHER
+.B SCHED_OTHER
and
-.BR SCHED_RR
+.B SCHED_RR
are part of POSIX 1003.1b Process Scheduling. The other scheduling attributes
may be ignored on some systems.
.P
given (i.e., one that corresponds to no valid CPUs on the current system) an
error is returned. The masks may be specified in hexadecimal (with or without
a leading "0x"), or as a CPU list with the
-.BR \-\-cpu\-list
+.B \-\-cpu\-list
option. For example,
.RS 4
.TP 12
-.BR 0x00000001
+.B 0x00000001
is processor #0,
.TP
-.BR 0x00000003
+.B 0x00000003
is processors #0 and #1,
.TP
-.BR 0xFFFFFFFF
+.B 0xFFFFFFFF
is processors #0 through #31,
.TP
-.BR 32
+.B 32
is processors #1, #4, and #5,
.TP
-.BR \-\-cpu\-list\ 0-2,6
+.B \-\-cpu\-list\ 0-2,6
is processors #0, #1, #2, and #6.
.RE
.PP
When
-.BR taskset
+.B taskset
returns, it is guaranteed that the given program has been scheduled to a legal
CPU.
.SH OPTIONS
.B chcpu
has the following return codes:
.TP
-.BR 0
+.B 0
success
.TP
-.BR 1
+.B 1
failure
.TP
-.BR 64
+.B 64
partial success
.RE
.SH AUTHOR
.B chmem
has the following return codes:
.TP
-.BR 0
+.B 0
success
.TP
-.BR 1
+.B 1
failure
.TP
-.BR 64
+.B 64
partial success
.SH EXAMPLES
.TP
choom \- display and adjust OOM-killer score.
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B choom
-.RB \-p
+.B \-p
.IR pid
.sp
.B choom
-.RB \-p
-.IR pid
-.RB \-n
-.IR number
+.B \-p
+.I pid
+.B \-n
+.I number
.sp
.B choom
-.RB \-n
-.IR number
+.B \-n
+.I number
.IR command\ [ argument ...]
.SH DESCRIPTION
Print timestamps using the given \fIformat\fR, which can be
.BR ctime ,
.BR reltime ,
-.BR delta
+.B delta
or
.BR iso .
The first three formats are aliases of the time-format-specific options.
Do not fork before executing
.IR command .
Upon execution the flock process is replaced by
-.IR command
+.I command
which continues to hold the lock. This option is incompatible with
\fB\-\-close\fR as there would otherwise be nothing left to hold the lock.
.TP
See the
.B \-E
option for the exit code used. The zero number of
-.IR seconds
+.I seconds
is interpreted as \fB\-\-nonblock\fR.
.TP
.B \-\-verbose
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B fsfreeze
.BR \--freeze | \--unfreeze
-.IR mountpoint
+.I mountpoint
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B fsfreeze
If only the directory or the device is given, for example:
.RS
.sp
-.BI "mount /dir"
+.B mount /dir
.sp
.RE
then \fBmount\fR looks for a mountpoint (and if not found then for a device) in the
-.IR /etc/fstab
+.I /etc/fstab
file. It's possible to use the
.B \-\-target
or
options to avoid ambivalent interpretation of the given argument. For example:
.RS
.sp
-.BI "mount \-\-target /mountpoint"
+.B mount \-\-target /mountpoint
.sp
.RE
.RS
.nf
-.BI "mount \-\-make\-private \-\-make\-unbindable /dev/sda1 /foo"
+.B mount \-\-make\-private \-\-make\-unbindable /dev/sda1 /foo
.fi
.RE
.RS
.nf
-.BI "mount /dev/sda1 /foo"
-.BI "mount \-\-make\-private /foo"
-.BI "mount \-\-make\-unbindable /foo"
+.B mount /dev/sda1 /foox
+.B mount \-\-make\-private /foo
+.B mount \-\-make\-unbindable /foo
.fi
.RE
that all duplicated fstab entries will be mounted.
.sp
Note that it is a bad practice to use \fBmount \-a\fR for
-.IR fstab
+.I fstab
checking. The recommended solution is \fBfindmnt \-\-verify\fR.
.TP
.BR \-B , " \-\-bind"
Default value is \fBfstab,mtab\fR.
.TP
-.BR \-\-options\-source\-force
+.B \-\-options\-source\-force
Use options from fstab/mtab even if both \fIdevice\fR and \fIdir\fR are specified.
.TP
defaulting to
.BR stale_rw .
.TP
-.BI tz=UTC
+.B tz=UTC
This option disables the conversion of timestamps
between local time (as used by Windows on FAT) and UTC
(which Linux uses internally). This is particularly
For further details, see
.BR mount_namespaces (7)
and the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWNS
+.B CLONE_NEWNS
flag in
.BR clone (2).
.TP
For further details, see
.BR namespaces (7)
and the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWUTS
+.B CLONE_NEWUTS
flag in
.BR clone (2).
.TP
For further details, see
.BR namespaces (7)
and the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWIPC
+.B CLONE_NEWIPC
flag in
.BR clone (2).
.TP
For further details, see
.BR namespaces (7)
and the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWNET
+.B CLONE_NEWNET
flag in
.BR clone (2).
.TP
.BR pid_namespaces (7)
and
the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWPID
+.B CLONE_NEWPID
flag in
.B nsenter
will fork by default if changing the PID namespace, so that the new program
For further details, see
.BR user_namespaces (7)
and the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWUSER
+.B CLONE_NEWUSER
flag in
.BR clone (2).
.TP
For further details, see
.BR cgroup_namespaces (7)
and the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWCGROUP
+.B CLONE_NEWCGROUP
flag in
.BR clone (2).
.TP
.I file
argument.
This should be one of the
-.IR /proc/[pid]/ns/*
+.I /proc/[pid]/ns/*
files described in
.BR namespaces (7).
.TP
\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
Enter all namespaces of the target process by the default
-.IR /proc/[pid]/ns/*
+.I /proc/[pid]/ns/*
namespace paths. The default paths to the target process namespaces may be
overwritten by namespace specific options (e.g. --all --mount=[path]).
Initialize supplementary groups using
.BR initgroups "(3)."
Only useful in conjunction with
-.BR \-\-ruid
+.B \-\-ruid
or
.BR \-\-reuid .
.TP
-.BR \-\-list\-caps
+.B \-\-list\-caps
List all known capabilities. This option must be specified alone.
.TP
.B \-\-no\-new\-privs
inherited by child processes and cannot be unset. See
.BR prctl (2)
and
-.IR Documentation/\:prctl/\:no_\:new_\:privs.txt
+.I Documentation/\:prctl/\:no_\:new_\:privs.txt
in the Linux kernel source.
.sp
The no_new_privs bit is supported since Linux 3.5.
.BR \-\-clear\-groups ,
.BR \-\-groups ,
.BR \-\-keep\-groups ", or"
-.BR \-\-init\-groups
+.B \-\-init\-groups
if you set any primary
.IR gid .
.TP
.SH NAME
swapon, swapoff \- enable/disable devices and files for paging and swapping
.SH SYNOPSIS
-.BR swapon
+.B swapon
[options]
.RI [ specialfile ...]
.br
trim operation. This may improve performance on some Solid State Devices,
but often it does not. The option allows one to select between two
available swap discard policies:
-.BI \-\-discard=once
+.B \-\-discard=once
to perform a single-time discard operation for the whole swap area at swapon;
or
-.BI \-\-discard=pages
+.B \-\-discard=pages
to asynchronously discard freed swap pages before they are available for reuse.
If no policy is selected, the default behavior is to enable both discard types.
The
.PP
The namespaces to be unshared are indicated via options. Unshareable namespaces are:
.TP
-.BR "mount namespace"
+.B mount namespace
Mounting and unmounting filesystems will not affect the rest of the system,
except for filesystems which are explicitly marked as
shared (with \fBmount --make-shared\fP; see \fI/proc/self/mountinfo\fP or
For further details, see
.BR mount_namespaces (7)
and the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWNS
+.B CLONE_NEWNS
flag in
.BR clone (2).
.sp
\fB\-\-propagation unchanged\fP.
Note that \fBprivate\fP is the kernel default.
.TP
-.BR "UTS namespace"
+.B UTS namespace
Setting hostname or domainname will not affect the rest of the system.
For further details, see
.BR namespaces (7)
and the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWUTS
+.B CLONE_NEWUTS
flag in
.BR clone (2).
.TP
-.BR "IPC namespace"
+.B IPC namespace
The process will have an independent namespace for POSIX message queues
as well as System V \%message queues,
semaphore sets and shared memory segments.
For further details, see
.BR namespaces (7)
and the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWIPC
+.B CLONE_NEWIPC
flag in
.BR clone (2).
.TP
-.BR "network namespace"
+.B network namespace
The process will have independent IPv4 and IPv6 stacks, IP routing tables,
firewall rules, the \fI/proc/net\fP and \fI/sys/class/net\fP directory trees,
sockets, etc.
For further details, see
.BR namespaces (7)
and the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWNET
+.B CLONE_NEWNET
flag in
.BR clone (2).
.TP
-.BR "PID namespace"
+.B PID namespace
Children will have a distinct set of PID-to-process mappings from their parent.
For further details, see
.BR pid_namespaces (7)
and
the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWPID
+.B CLONE_NEWPID
flag in
.BR clone (2).
.TP
-.BR "cgroup namespace"
+.B cgroup namespace
The process will have a virtualized view of \fI/proc\:/self\:/cgroup\fP, and new
cgroup mounts will be rooted at the namespace cgroup root.
For further details, see
.BR cgroup_namespaces (7)
and the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWCGROUP
+.B CLONE_NEWCGROUP
flag in
.BR clone (2).
.TP
-.BR "user namespace"
+.B user namespace
The process will have a distinct set of UIDs, GIDs and capabilities.
For further details, see
.BR user_namespaces (7)
and the discussion of the
-.BR CLONE_NEWUSER
+.B CLONE_NEWUSER
flag in
.BR clone (2).
.SH OPTIONS
or
.BR grey ,
or
-.BR bright
+.B bright
followed
by
.BR red ,
.B column
utility formats its input into multiple columns. The util support three modes:
.TP
-.BR "columns are filled before rows"
+.B columns are filled before rows
This is the default mode (required by backward compatibility).
.TP
-.BR "rows are filled before columns"
+.B rows are filled before columns
This mode is enabled by option \fB-x, \-\-fillrows\fP
.TP
-.BR "table"
+.B table
Determine the number of columns the input contains and create a table. This
mode is enabled by option \fB-t, \-\-table\fP and columns formatting is
possible to modify by \fB\-\-table-*\fP options. Use this mode if not sure.
the respective output string will be highlighted if and only if the
value/\:string does not match the one at the offset.
.TP
-.BR COLOR
+.B COLOR
One of the 8 basic shell colors.
.TP
.B VALUE