--- /dev/null
+Starting bash with the `--posix' command-line option or executing
+`set -o posix' while bash is running will cause bash to conform more
+closely to the Posix.2 standard by changing the behavior to match that
+specified by Posix.2 in areas where the bash default differs.
+
+The following list is what's changed when `posix mode' is in effect:
+
+1. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, bash will re-search
+ $PATH to find the new location. This is also available with
+ `shopt -s checkhash'.
+
+2. The >& redirection does not redirect stdout and stderr.
+
+3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+ exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'.
+
+4. Reserved words may not be aliased.
+
+5. The Posix.2 PS1 and PS2 expansions of `!' -> history number and
+ `!!' -> `!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed on
+ the value regardless of the setting of the `promptvars' option.
+
+6. Interactive comments are enabled by default. (Note that bash has
+ them on by default anyway.)
+
+7. The Posix.2 startup files are executed ($ENV) rather than the normal
+ bash files.
+
+8. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
+ name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
+
+9. The default history file is ~/.sh_history (default value of $HISTFILE).
+
+10. The output of `kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single line,
+ separated by spaces.
+
+11. Non-interactive shells exit if `file' in `. file' is not found.
+
+12. Redirection operators do not perform pathname expansion on the word
+ in the redirection unless the shell is interactive
+
+13. Function names must be valid shell identifiers. That is, they may not
+ contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
+ may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an illegal name
+ causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+
+14. Posix.2 `special' builtins are found before shell functions during command
+ lookup.
+
+15. If a Posix.2 special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive
+ shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in the POSIX.2 standard,
+ and include things like passing incorrect options, redirection errors,
+ variable assignment errors for assignments preceding the command name,
+ and so on.
+
+16. The environment passed to executed commands is not sorted. Neither is
+ the output of `set'. This is not strictly Posix.2 behavior, but sh
+ does it this way. Ksh does not. It's not necessary to sort the
+ environment; no program should rely on it being sorted.
+
+17. If the `cd' builtin finds a directory to change to using $CDPATH, the
+ value it assigns to $PWD does not contain any symbolic links, as if
+ `cd -P' had been executed.
+
+18. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+ assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
+ statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
+ trying to assign a value to a read-only variable.
+
+19. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
+ variable in a for statement or the selection variable in a select
+ statement is a read-only variable.
+
+20. Process substitution is not available.
+
+21. Assignment statements preceding POSIX.2 `special' builtins persist in
+ the shell environment after the builtin completes.
+
+There is other Posix.2 behavior that bash does not implement. Specifically:
+
+1. Assignment statements affect the execution environment of all builtins,
+ not just special ones.
+++ /dev/null
- 4/9/2001
- --------
-[bash-2.05 released]
-
- 4/10
- ----
-redir.c
- - check return value of fclose() in write_here_document() for error
- returns; don't just rely on fwrite() failing
-
-support/bashbug.sh
- - set TMPDIR to /tmp if it's null or unset
- - use $TMPDIR in the TEMP tempfile name template
- - fixed the call to `mktemp', if it exists, to make it more portable
-
-jobs.c
- - if WCONTINUED is not defined, define it to 0 and add a define for
- WIFCONTINUED(wstatus) which expands to 0
- - add WCONTINUED to the flags passed to waitpid(2) in waitchld()
- - don't increment children_exited if waitpid's status is WIFCONTINUED,
- since we don't want to call a SIGCHLD trap handler in this case
- - in waitchld(), we set child->running to 1 if WIFCONTINUED(status)
- is non-zero
- - make sure pretty_print_job doesn't check for the core dump bit if
- the process has been continued; it's only valid if the job is dead
- - in set_job_status_and_cleanup, set the job to JRUNNING if job_state
- is non-zero and the job was previously marked as JSTOPPED
-
-configure.in
- - add -DBROKEN_DIRENT_D_INO to interix LOCAL_CFLAGS
-
-lib/glob/glob.c
- - if BROKEN_DIRENT_D_INO is defined, define REAL_DIR_ENTRY to 1
-
-jobs.c
- - in kill_pid, we only need to block and unblock SIGCHLD if the
- `group' argument is non-zero, since otherwise we just call `kill'
- on the pid argument
-
-version.c
- - update copyright date to 2001
-
-bashline.c
- - prog_complete_return needs to take a `const char *' as its first
- argument
- - history_completion_generator needs to take a `const char *' as
- its first argument, and `text' needs to be a `const char *'
-
- 4/11
- ----
-redir.c
- - fixed a weird typo in redir_special_open, case RF_DEVFD, added
- call to all_digits before call to legal_number
- - fixed do_redirection_internal to call legal_number instead of atol(3)
- when translating r_duplicating_{in,out}put_word, so it handles
- overflow better
- - produce an error message in redirection_error for out-of-range
- file descriptors
- - change allocation strategy in redirection_error so we don't have to
- malloc scratch memory if redirection_expand() fails
-
-jobs.h
- - added defines for `running' member of a struct process
-
-general.c
- - fix legal_number to return 0 when strtol(3) reports overflow or
- underflow
-
-parse.y
- - changed read_token_word to call legal_number instead of atoi(3)
-
-input.c
- - return -1/EBADF from close_buffered_fd if fd is < 0
-
-command.h
- - fixed bogus comment about IS_DESCRIPTOR in description of the
- REDIRECTEE struct
-
-print_cmd.c
- - change cprintf's 'd' modifier code to display negative numbers as
- an out-of-range value. We can do this only because the only use
- of %d is to output file descriptor numbers in redirections
-
-support/mksignames.c
- - need to include config.h to get a possible value for
- UNUSABLE_RT_SIGNALS
-
- 4/16
- ----
-lib/readline/doc/rluser.texinfo
- - corrected a small error in one description of M-DEL
-
- 4/17
- ----
-stringlib.c
- - need to initialize `ind' before calls to RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER
- in strcreplace()
-
-support/bashversion.c
- - new file, prints bash version information
-
-Makefile.in
- - rules for building bashversion and linking it to version.o
-
- 4/24
- ----
-conftypes.h
- - new file with HOSTTYPE, OSTYPE, MACHTYPE, etc. defines from
- variables.h
-
-variables.h, version.c
- - include conftypes.h
-
-patchlevel.h
- - new file, contains define for PATCHLEVEL. Doing away with the old
- scheme of having the information in configure.in
-
-version.c
- - include patchlevel.h
-
-Makefile.in
- - run bashversion -p to find patch level rather than have configure
- substitute in a value
- - pass -S ${top_srcdir} to support/mkversion.sh
-
-support/mkversion.sh
- - don't put PATCHLEVEL define into version.h, but accept and ignore
- a -p option
- - take a new -S srcdir option
- - find the patch level by parsing it out of patchlevel.h
-
-configure.in
- - hard-code BASHVERS assignment instead of reading it from a file
- - remove BASHPATCH; don't substitute it
-
-_distribution,_patchlevel
- - removed
-
- 4/26
- ----
-shell.c
- - call init_noninteractive() in open_shell_script if forced_interactive
- is non-zero (the shell was started with -i) and fd_is_tty is 0
- (the script file is a real file, not something like /dev/stdin),
- since it wasn't done earlier
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - change for POSIX.2 compliance when conversion errors are encountered
- when processing %d, %u, and floating point conversion operators
- (print a warning message, return the value accumulated at the time
- of the error -- which is always 0 -- and exit with a non-zero status)
-
-command.h
- - added CMD_COMMAND_BUILTIN for use by the `command' builtin and the
- code in execute_cmd.c
-
-builtins/command.def
- - add CMD_COMMAND_BUILTIN to the created command's flags
-
- 5/1
- ---
-configure.in
- - add call to AC_C_CONST to test `const' compiler behavior
- - add call to AC_C_INLINE to test `inline' compiler behavior
- - add call to AC_C_STRINGIZE to test cpp #x stringizing operator
-
-config.h.in
- - add `#undef const' for configure to substitute
- - add `#undef inline' for configure to substitute
- - add `#undef HAVE_STRINGIZE' for configure to substitute
-
-include/stdc.h
- - remove code that defines or undefines `const' and `inline'
- - change the __STRING macro to be defined depending on the value
- of HAVE_STRINGIZE
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - change the __STRING macro to be defined depending on the value
- of HAVE_STRINGIZE
-
-lib/readline/{readline,rlprivate}.h
- - moved rl_get_termcap to readline.h, making it a public function
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - new #define, RL_READLINE_VERSION, hex-encoded library version
- number, currently set to 0x0402
- - new public int variable, rl_readline_version
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - #define RL_READLINE_VERSION if it is not already defined (which it
- should be in readline.h)
- - initialize rl_readline_version to RL_READLINE_VERSION
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texinfo
- - documented rl_get_termcap
- - documented rl_readline_version
-
-jobs.c
- - job_exit_status should return an int, not a WAIT (undetected
- before because on most POSIX-like systems a WAIT is really an int)
-
-builtins/evalfile.c
- - added FEVAL_REGFILE (file must be a regular file) to accepted
- _evalfile flags
- - fc_execute_file() adds FEVAL_REGFILE to _evalfile flags. This
- means that startup files and files read with `.' no longer need
- to be regular files
-
- 5/2
- ---
-
-lib/termcap/Makefile.in
- - fix target for installed termcap library (normally unused)
-
-lib/tilde/Makefile.in
- - fix install target to install in $(libdir) (normally unused)
-
-Makefile.in
- - don't make $(man3dir) since there's nothing installed there
-
-Makefile.in,doc/Makefile.in
- - change `man1ext' to `.1', `man3ext' to `.3'
- - change appropriate install targets to use new values of man[13]ext
- - use `test ...' instead of `[...]'
- - add support for DESTDIR root installation prefix, for package
- building (installdirs, install, install-strip, uninstall targets)
-
-builtins/common.c
- - new function int get_exitstat(WORD_LIST *list) returns an eight-bit
- exit status value for use in return, exit, logout builtins
-
-builtins/common.h
- - extern declaration for get_exitstat()
-
-builtins/{exit,return}.def
- - call get_exitstat where appropriate
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - add support for "'" flag character as posix 1003.2-200x d6 says
- - fix core dump when user-supplied field width or precision is 0
- - fix to printstr() to handle zero-length precision with `%b' format
- specifier (printf '%.0b-%.0s\n' foo bar)
- - fix to printstr() to treat a negative field width as a positive
- field width with left-justification
- - fix to mklong to avoid static buffers, which can always be overrun
- by someone sufficiently motivated
-
-bashline.c
- - change var in add_host_name to type `size_t' for passing to xrealloc
-
- 5/3
- ---
-execute_cmd.c
- - change restore_signal_mask to accept a sigset_t *, since a sigset_t
- may not fit into a pointer, change call
-
-unwind_prot.c
- - use a union UWP in restore_variable when restoring a variable whose
- size is the same as sizeof(int), the reverse of the method used to
- store it in unwind_protect_int
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - use a #define LENMODS containing the length modifiers instead of
- testing against each possible modifier character, save any mod
- character found
- - add support for ISO C99 length specifiers `j', `t', and `z'
- - if `L' modifier is supplied with a floating point conversion char,
- pass a `long double' to printf if HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE is defined
-
-configure.in,config.h.in
- - call AC_C_LONG_DOUBLE to check for `long double'; define
- HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE if supported
-
-bashline.c
- - fix an inadvertantly-unclosed comment in attempt_shell_completion
- - make set_saved_history return a value
- - make dynamic_complete_history return a useful value
-
-{make_cmd,execute_cmd,shell,subst,trap,variables,input,unwind_prot,test,
-pcomplete}.c
- - removed some declared-but-unused variables
-
-builtins/{cd,enable,fc,set,setattr,type,umask,printf,complete}.def
- - removed some declared-but-unused variables
-
-lib/sh/{zread,netopen}.c
- - removed some declared-but-unused variables
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - in execute_arith_command, use a long variable to hold the result
- of evalexp(), since that's what it returns
-
-builtins/evalstring.c
- - make cat_file return -1 on a read or write error
-
-lib/sh/stringlib.c
- - make merge_stringlists() return the right value
-
- 5/7
- ---
-pcomplete.c
- - remove typo that caused empty declaration (;;)
-
-parse.y
- - fix yyerror() to accept a single string argument; fix callers
-
-trap.c
- - cast pointer to long instead of int when printing message with
- internal_warning() in run_pending_traps()
-
-subst.c
- - fix process_substitute to handle stdin being closed
-
-test.c
- - change `while' to `if' in and() and or(), since the loop isn't
- actually performed -- there's an unconditional `return' in the
- loop body
- - check for integer overflow of arguments to `-t'
-
-lib/sh/netopen.c
- - change _getserv() to reject negative port/service numbers
-
-expr.c
- - fix strlong() to not convert the base specification from long to
- int before checking for overflow, since truncation on machines
- where sizeof(int) != sizeof(long) may mask errors
-
-builtins/{jobs,kill,wait}.def
- - use legal_number instead of atoi when converting strings to pid_t;
- check for numeric overflow
-
-input.c
- - fix for cygwin in b_fill_buffer -- off-by-one error when checking
- buffer for \r\n termination
-
-general.h
- - new #define INT_STRLEN_BOUND(t), computes max length of string
- representing integer value of type T, possibly including a sign
- character
- - include <limits.h> if it's present
-
-{execute_cmd,findcmd,test}.c
- - don't include <limits.h>, since general.h does it now
-
-{execute_cmd,lib/sh/itos,pcomplete,print_cmd,subst,variables}.c
- - use INT_STRLEN_BOUND instead of static array sizes when converting
- various strings to integer values
-
-shell.h
- - struct fd_bitmap now uses an `int' size, since it's bounded by
- the number of file descriptors, which must fit into an `int'
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - FD_BITMAP_DEFAULT_SIZE is now 32, not 32L
- - new_fd_bitmap takes an `int' size parameter, not a `long'
-
-execute_cmd.h
- - change prototype for new_fd_bitmap()
-
-test.c
- - fix test_stat to check for overflow when parsing the integer file
- descriptor number; return ENOENT instead of EBADF for files that
- are not open
-
-hashlib.c
- - don't discard the upper 32 bits of the random value, if present
-
-lib/readline/shell.c
- - use the same INT_STRLEN_BOUND mechanism to decide how much space to
- allocated in sh_set_lines_and_columns
-
- 5/8
- ---
-aclocal.m4
- - add check for libtinfo (termcap-specific portion of ncurses-5.2) to
- BASH_CHECK_LIB_TERMCAP
- - new macro, RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION, checks version of installed
- readline library and (optionally) writes version #defines to
- config.h. Bash doesn't use the version defines
-
-configure.in
- - call RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION instead of support/rlvers.sh
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix execute_shell_script and the WHITECHAR and STRINGCHAR macros
- to check array bounds before indexing into the sample string
-
-unwind_prot.[ch]
- - import new versions submitted by Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
- with a couple of changes for backwards compatibility, so the rest
- of the source doesn't need to be changed yet
-
-jobs.c
- - use unwind_protect_var on last_made_pid in run_sigchld_trap
-
-builtins/bind.def
- - use unwind_protect_var on rl_outstream
-
-general.c
- - rework print_rlimtype to use INT_STRLEN_BOUND and handle the
- most negative number correctly
-
-expr.c
- - `tokval' should have been a `long', since all arithmetic is done
- as longs
-
-builtins/history.def
- - consolidate tests for valid history position in one block to
- avoid duplicate code and strings
-
-builtins/ulimit.def
- - fix check for overflow when setting limit to work when int is 32
- bits and RLIMTYPE is 64
-
-lib/sh/tmpfile.c
- - don't truncate the result of time(3) to int; just use time_t,
- since it's being assigned to an `unsigned long'
-
-mailcheck.c
- - use legal_number instead of atoi in time_to_check_mail() to catch
- more numeric errors; consolidate error checking in one block
- - last_time_mail_checked should be a time_t
-
- 5/9
- ---
-builtins/set.def
- - recognize `set [-+]o nolog' if HISTORY is defined
-
-bashline.c
- - new variable `dont_save_function_defs', set by `set -o nolog';
- currently ignored
-
-command.h
- - the `dest' member of a REDIRECTEE is now an `int'
-
-parse.y,redir.c
- - changed uses of `redir.test' (where redir is a REDIRECTEE) since
- it's now an int
-
-lib/readline/rlstdc.h
- - don't mess around with `const', rely on configure to supply a
- proper definition if the compiler doesn't support it
-
-lib/tilde/tilde.h
- - include <config.h> if HAVE_CONFIG_H is defined
- - don't mess around with `const', rely on configure
-
-builtins/shopt.def
- - new read-only `shopt' option, login_shell, non-zero if shell is a
- login shell (as decided by shell.c)
- - new function set_login_shell(), sets shopt private value of
- login_shell
-
-builtins/common.h
- - new extern declaration for set_login_shell
-
-shell.c
- - call set_login_shell after setting value of login_shell (in
- main() and set_shell_name())
-
-parse.y
- - added new `\A' prompt string escape sequence: time in 24-hour
- HH:MM format
-
-configure.in, config.h.in
- - check for <grp.h>, define HAVE_GRP_H if found
-
-builtins/complete.def
- - add new `-A group/-g' option to complete group names
-
-pcomplete.h
- - new define for CA_GROUP, used with group name completion
-
-pcomplete.c
- - add code to support CA_GROUP group name completion
-
-bashline.c
- - new function, bash_groupname_completion_function(), supports
- programmable completion of group names
-
-bashline.h
- - extern declaration for bash_groupname_completion_function
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - new inputrc variable, `match-hidden-files', controls completion
- matching files beginning with a `.' (on Unix)
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - new variable, _rl_match_hidden_files, mirrors `match-hidden-files'
- inputrc variable
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - extern declaration for _rl_match_hidden_files
-
-builtins/hash.def
- - new `-t' option to list hash values for each filename argument
-
-builtins/read.def
- - alarm(3) takes an `unsigned int' argument, not int
- - check for arithmetic overflow with -t and -n options
-
-input.c
- - check for read error before doing \r\n translation on cygwin in
- b_fill_buffer
- - reset bp->b_used to 0 instead of leaving it at -1 on read error
- in b_fill_buffer
-
-builtins/shopt.def
- - new functions, shopt_setopt(name, mode) and
- shopt_listopt(name, mode) to give the rest of the shell an easy
- interface
-
-builtins/common.h
- - extern declarations for shopt_setopt and shopt_listopt
-
-shell.c
- - new invocation options -O and +O, to list or set/unset shopt
- options like +o/-o sets and unsets `set -o' options
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - document `set -o nolog'
- - document `login_shell' shopt option
- - document new `\A' prompt string escape sequence
- - document new `-t' option to `hash'
- - document new `[+-]O' invocation option
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - add text to `Invoking Bash' section defining a login shell; text
- taken from man page
-
-doc/bash.1, lib/readline/doc/rluser.texinfo
- - documented new complete/compgen `-A group/-g' option
-
-lib/readline/doc/{rluser.texinfo,readline.3}, doc/bash.1
- - documented new `match-hidden-files' inputrc variable
-
- 5/10
- ----
-configure.in
- - fix AC_CHECK_PROG(ar, ...)
- - add AC_CHECK_TYPE for ssize_t
-
-config.h.in
- - new #undef for ssize_t
-
-lib/sh/zread.c
- - int -> ssize_t fixes to mirror modern declarations of read and write
- - the `off' variable in zsyncfd should be an off_t since it computes
- a file offset
- - the local buffer `lbuf' is now char, since it's not nice to pass
- unsigned char * to read(2), and the values from it are assigned to
- a char anyway
- - lind and lused are now size_t, since they index into a buffer
- - set lused to 0 on read error
-
-lib/sh/zwrite.c
- - change second argument to type `char *', since ISO C says you have
- to pass a `char *' to `write'
-
-externs.h
- - fix extern declarations of zread, zread1, zreadc, and zwrite
- - prototype extern declaration of qsort_string_compare
- - add extern declaration for history_delimiting_chars() from parse.y
-
-input.h
- - b_used and b_inputp members ofr struct BSTREAM are now size_t
-
-builtins/evalstring.c
- - the number of chars read with zread in cat_file should be assigned
- to a variable of type ssize_t
-
-input.c
- - the number of chars read with zread in b_fill_buffer should be
- assigned to a variable of type ssize_t
- - `localbuf' is now type char[], since POSIX says you shouldn't pass
- unsigned char * to read(2)
- - in getc_with_restart(), use a variable of type unsigned char to
- get a value from the local buffer and return it
- - in ungetc_with_restart, explicitly return the character arg passed
- to avoid relying on localbuf being unsigned char
-
-subst.c
- - the number of chars read with zread in read_comsub should be
- assigned to a variable of type ssize_t
-
-mksyntax.c
- - instead of casting to unsigned char * in addcstr, use a variable
- of type unsigned char and let the compiler do the work
-
-parse.y
- - instead of casting to unsigned char * in yy_readline_get, use a
- variable of type unsigned char and let the compiler do the work
- - ditto for yy_string_get and shell_getc (cast to unsigned char)
-
-subst.c
- - instead of casting to unsigned char when assigning to ifscmap in
- expand_word_internal, use a variable of type unsigned char and
- let the compiler do the work
-
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
- - instead of casting to unsigned char in ansic_quote, use a variable
- of type unsigned char and let the compiler do the work
-
-builtins/evalstring.c
- - remove extern declarations for zwrite and run_trap_cleanup; they're
- in externs.h
- - prototype cat_file forward declaration
-
-Makefile.in
- - remove -I$(includedir) from INCLUDES and SUBDIR_INCLUDES
-
-aclocal.m4
- - change RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION to set RL_PREFIX, RL_LIBDIR,
- and RL_INCLUDEDIR to what it used to test the installed readline
- library version for use by the caller
- - change RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION to not compute ac_cv_rl_prefix if
- the caller has already assigned it a value
- - rename _rl_prefix -> ac_cv_rl_prefix, _rl_libdir -> ac_cv_rl_libdir,
- _rl_includedir -> ac_cv_rl_includedir
-
-configure.in
- - change testing of whether to use the value of
- $opt_with_installed_readline to be != no, to allow the user to
- specify a prefix where the installed readline library may be found
- - if --with-installed-readline=PREFIX is supplied, set ac_cv_rl_prefix
- to PREFIX before calling RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION
- - if --with-installed-readline[=PREFIX] is supplied, don't set
- RL_LIBDIR and RL_INCLUDEDIR; let RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION take care
- of it, set RL_INCLUDE=-I${RL_INCLUDEDIR}
- - if --with-installed-readline[=PREFIX] is supplied, and we're
- linking with the history library, assign $RL_LIBDIR to HIST_LIBDIR
- so we use the same version of the installed readline and history
- libraries
-
-Makefile.in, builtins/Makefile.in
- - have configure substitute RL_INCLUDEDIR, set RL_INCLUDEDIR variable
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - updated description of --with-installed-readline configure option
-
-general.c
- - moved QSFUNC typedef here from builtins/common.c
-
-{alias,bashline,variables,lib/sh/stringvec}.c
- - cast fourth argument to qsort to (QSFUNC *)
-
-alias.c
- - prototype forward declaration of qsort_alias_compare
-
-bashhist.c
- - include <glob/glob.h> for extern declaration of glob_pattern_p
- - remove extern declaration of history_delimiting_chars; it's now
- in externs.h
- - prototype forward declarations of histignore_item_func,
- maybe_add_history, and bash_add_history
-
-bracecomp.c
- - remove extern declaration for sh_backslash_quote; it's in externs.h
-
-braces.c
- - remove extern declaration for extract_command_subst; it's in subst.h
- - prototype forward declarations for expand_amble, array_concat, and
- brace_gobbler
-
-error.c
- - prototype extern declaration of give_terminal_to, fix bad call
-
-{execute_cmd,expr,findcmd,jobs,mailcheck,nojobs,pcomplete,print_cmd,redir,
-shell}.c
- - prototype all static forward function declarations
-
-pcomplete.c
- - changed some function parameters to `const char *' to avoid discarding
- const qualifier
-
-make_cmd.c
- - make_bare_word, make_word_flags, and make_word now take a
- `const char *' string argument
-
-make_cmd.h
- - changed extern declarations for make_bare_word and make_word
-
-print_cmd.c
- - cprintf now takes a `const char *' as its first argument, like
- xprintf and printf
- - the conditional define for xprintf should have been HAVE_VPRINTF,
- not HAVE_VFPRINTF
-
-shell.c
- - in isnetconn(), the return value of sizeof() is size_t
-
-aclocal.m4
- - add inclusion of stddef.h if STDC_HEADERS is defined to 1 in
- BASH_CHECK_TYPE
-
-configure.in
- - add a call to BASH_CHECK_TYPE for socklen_t (type of third argument
- to getpeername(2))
-
- 5/11
- ----
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - make `useq' a char array to pass to rl_macro_bind in
- rl_parse_and_bind
-
-lib/readline/{{bind,isearch}.c,rlprivate.h}
- - _rl_isearch_terminators is now a char *, not unsigned char *
-
-{subst,variables,lib/sh/tmpfile}.c
- - dollar_dollar_pid is now a `pid_t' instead of `int'
-
-variables.c
- - sbrand() now takes an `unsigned long' to set the seed value
- - changed last_random_value to type int, since it's always between
- 0 and 32767
- - use strtoul to convert the value in assign_random instead of atoi
- - take out casts in any arguments to sbrand()
- - take out cast to int in call to inttostr in set_ppid()
-
-subst.c
- - don't cast last_asynchronous_pid when passing to itos()
-
-{sig,subst}.c
- - prototype all static forward function declarations
-
- 5/14
- ----
-{test,trap,variables}.c
- - prototype all static forward function declarations
-
-variables.c
- - free_variable_hash_data() now takes a PTR_T, a `generic pointer'
-
-builtins/{alias,bind,break,cd,complete,declare,enable,exit,fc,fg_bg,help,
-history,jobs,pushd,read,set,trap,umask,
- - prototype all static forward function declarations
-
-builtins/read.def
- - reset_eol_delim now takes a `char *' arg, since that's what the
- unwind_protect functions pass it, and it ignores its arguments
- anyway
-
-lib/readline/{histsearch,input,kill,rltty,search,vi_mode}.c
- - prototype all static forward function declarations
-
-lib/tilde/tilde.c
- - prototype all static forward function declarations
- - tilde_find_prefix, tilde_find_suffix, isolate_tilde_prefix, and
- glue_prefix_and_suffix now take `const char *' arguments where
- appropriate
-
-configure.in,config.h.in
- - check for vsnprintf, define HAVE_VSNPRINTF if found
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - use vsnprintf() in rl_message if it's available; if we don't, at
- least set the last character in msg_buf to 0 to avoid overrun --
- we really can't do anything about overflow at this point. if it's
- available, this fixes buffer overflow problems in rl_message
-
- 5/15
- ----
-lib/readline/histexpand.c
- - in get_history_word_specifier, allow any character to terminate
- a `:first-' modifier, not just `:' and null. This is what csh
- appears to do. This allows things like `!:0- xyzzy' to replace the
- last argument with xyzzy
-
- 5/18
- ----
-configure.in, config.h.in
- - check for <stdint.h>, define HAVE_STDINT_H if found
- - check for intmax_t in <stdint.h>, define intmax_t as long if not
- found
-
- 5/21
- ----
-builtins/kill.def
- - change to use strerror() for error message when kill(2) fails
-
-aclocal.m4
- - new macro, BASH_C_LONG_LONG, check for `long long'
-
-configure.in, config.h.in
- - call BASH_C_LONG_LONG, define HAVE_LONG_LONG if found
-
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - new file, with implementations of snprintf, vsnprintf, asprintf,
- and vasprintf, derived from inetutils version
-
-Makefile.in, lib/sh/Makefile.in
- - add snprintf.c/snprintf.o
-
-configure.in, config.h.in
- - add checks for snprintf, asprintf, vasprintf, with appropriate
- cpp defines
-
-lib/readline/{rldefs,xmalloc}.h, lib/readline/xmalloc.c
- - xmalloc and xrealloc now take `size_t' arguments, like their bash
- counterparts
-
-externs.h,lib/sh/itos.c
- - inttostr and itos now take `long' arguments
- - inttostr takes a `size_t' argument for the buffer size
-
-{expr,lib/malloc/malloc,variables,general}.c
- - fixed calls to itos() by removing casts, etc.
-
-subst.[ch]
- - get_dollar_var_value now takes a long, not an int
- - sub_append_number now takes a long, not an int
-
-subst.c
- - in parameter_brace_expand_word, use a long and legal_number to
- translate ${N}, to avoid overflow
- - in parameter_brace_expand_length, use a long and legal_number to
- translate ${#N}, to avoid overflow
- - in do_array_element_assignment, array_expand_index,
- array_value_internal, use arrayind_t instead of int
- - let verify_substring_values take long * arguments for the return
- value of evalexp()
- - pass long * arguments to verify_substring_values in
- parameter_brace_substring
- - parameter_brace_expand_length now returns `long'
- - parameter_brace_expand now uses a long variable for the return
- value of parameter_brace_expand_length
- - param_expand now uses a long variable for the return value from
- evalexp
- - array_length reference now returns an `arrayind_t', since it can
- return the num_elements member of an array, which is of type
- arrayind_t
-
-subst.h
- - array_expand_index now returns an `arrayind_t'
-
-array.[ch]
- - array_subrange now takes arrayind_t arguments, not `int'
- - dup_array_subrange now uses arrayind_t local variable to do
- array indexing
- - use long to print array indices in print_element
-
-variables.c
- - null_array_assign, assign_dirstack, bind_array_variable
- now take arrayind_t arguments as array indices
- - assign_array_var_from_word_list, assign_array_var_from_string,
- unbind_array_element now use arrayind_t local variables for
- array indexing
-
-variables.h
- - change extern declaration of bind_array_variable
-
-builtins/common.[ch]
- - get_numeric_arg now returns a `long', since it usually returns
- the value of legal_number()
-
-builtins/{shift,break}.def
- - use long variables for the return value of get_numeric_arg
-
-builtins/history.def
- - convert string argument to int only if it's in range
-
-builtins/pushd.def
- - set_dirstack_element and get_dirstack_element now take `long'
- index arguments
- - get_dirstack_index now takes a `long' index argument, since it's
- passed the converted value from legal_number
-
-lib/sh/timeval.c
- - in print_timeval, don't assume that the number of minutes fits into
- an int, since it's just seconds/60.
-
-lib/sh/clock.c
- - ditto for print_clock_t
-
- 5/22
- ----
-shell.c
- - since the -O option settings may possibly be overridden by the
- normal shell initialization or posix initialization, save the
- invocation options on an alist (with add_shopt_to_alist) and
- process them after basic initialization (with run_shopt_alist)
-
- 5/23
- ----
-trap.h
- - new define, BASH_NSIG, all system signals plus special bash traps
-
-trap.c, builtins/trap.def
- - use BASH_NSIG for array bounds and loops where appropriate
-
-trap.c
- - change decode_signal to disallow numeric signal numbers above
- NSIG -- this means you can only reference special traps like
- DEBUG by name
- - new SPECIAL_TRAP(s) macro to test whether s is one of the special
- bash traps (currently DEBUG and EXIT)
- - change reset_or_restore_signal_handlers so command substitution
- doesn't inherit the debug trap (like ksh93), and child processes
- don't have to rely on initialize_traps being run to get rid of
- any debug trap
-
-support/mksignames.c
- - add extra "ERR" signal name, value NSIG+1, allocate space for it
- and write it out in signal_names[]
-
-trap.h
- - new define: ERROR_TRAP == NSIG+1, change BASH_NSIG to NSIG+2
- - extern declarations for set_error_trap, run_error_trap
- - new define: TRAP_STRING(s), expands to trap_list[s] if signal S
- is trapped and not ignored, NULL otherwise
-
-trap.c
- - add ERROR_TRAP to SPECIAL_TRAPS define
- - initialize ERROR_TRAP stuff in initialize_traps
- - new function: set_error_trap(command), sets the ERR trap string
- - new function: run_error_trap(command), runs the ERR trap string
- - set trap string for ERROR_TRAP to NULL in free_trap_strings
- - change reset_or_restore_signal_handlers so child processes don't
- inherit the ERR trap
- - add case to call run_error_trap in maybe_call_trap_handler
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - in execute_command_internal, keep track of ERR trap and call it if
- necessary
- - use TRAP_STRING to get the value of debug and error traps
- - in execute_function, arrange things so the ERR trap is not inherited
- by shell functions, and is saved and restored like the DEBUG trap
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented new ERR trap
-
-tests/{trap.{tests,right},trap2.sub,trap2a.sub}
- - added ERR trap tests
-
-subst.c
- - on machines without /dev/fd, change the named pipe fifo list to a
- list of structs containing pathname and proc information
- - change unlink_fifo_list to kill the proc in the fifo list with
- signal 0 and not remove the fifo if the proc is still alive. This
- should fix the problem on those backward systems without /dev/fd
- where fifos were removed when a job using process substitution was
- suspended
-
- 5/24
- ----
-examples/loadables/getconf.h
- - new file, with basic defines needed to make getconf work minimally
- on POSIX systems without the necessary definitions
-
-examples/loadables/getconf.c
- - replacement functions for confstr, sysconf, pathconf for systems
- that lack them, providing a minimal posix interface
- - heavily augmented getconf, now supports all POSIX.1-200x,
- POSIX.2-200x, Solaris 7, AIX 4.2 getconf variables
-
- 5/29
- ----
-builtins/setattr.def
- - make `readonly', `export', and `declare' print `invisible' variables
- as just a command and variable name, without a value, when listing
- all variables (as POSIX.2-200x d6 requires)
-
- 5/30
- ----
-
-configure.in
- - upgraded to autoconf-2.50 on main development machine, so require
- autoconf-2.50 in preparation for using some if its new features
- - call AC_C_PROTOTYPES
- - remove call to AC_EXEEXT, which now does the wrong thing
- - changed AC_INIT to new flavor
- - added call to AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR
- - AC_CONFIG_HEADER -> AC_CONFIG_HEADERS
- - AC_RETSIGTYPE -> AC_TYPE_SIGNAL
-
-configure.in, aclocal.m4, config.h.in
- - removed call to BASH_LARGE_FILE_SUPPORT, use AC_SYS_LARGEFILE
- standard support, with new macros _FILE_OFFSET_BITS and
- _LARGE_FILES
- - removed definition of BASH_LARGE_FILE_SUPPORT
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - document new `--enable-largefile' configure option
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - change rl_set_prompt to call rl_expand_prompt unconditionally, so
- local_prompt and local_prompt_prefix get set correctly
-
- 6/6
- ---
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - don't append `/' or ` ' to a match when completing a symlink that
- resolves to a directory, unless the match doesn't add anything
- to the word. This means that a tab will complete the word up to
- the full name, but not add anything, and a subsequent tab will add
- a slash. Change to append_to_match; callers changed
-
-hashlib.c
- - new function, hash_table_nentries (table), returns the number of
- items in TABLE
-
-hashlib.h
- - extern declaration for hash_table_nentries
-
-configure.in
- - configure without bash malloc on openbsd; they claim it needs
- eight-bit alignment (which the bash malloc provides, but...)
-
- 7/2
- ---
-stringlib.c
- - only call RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER from strsub() if the replacement
- string length is > 0, avoid possible hangs if replacement is null
-
-subst.c
- - don't include input.h; no longer needed
-
-configure.in
- - remove calls to AC_SYS_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS and
- BASH_SYS_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS; the results are no longer used
-
-config.h.in
- - remove define for HAVE_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS
-
-aclocal.m4
- - removed definition of BASH_SYS_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS; no longer used
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - changed select command so `return' no longer terminates the select
- command, so it can be used to return from an enclosing function.
- This is as ksh (88 and 93) does it
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - fix trivial typo in declaration of vi_motion; `t' appears twice;
- the second instance should be `T'
-
- 7/3
- ---
-configure.in
- - don't add -static to LDFLAGS on Solaris 2.x. This means that the
- auxiliary programs will be built as dynamic executables, but that
- should do no harm
-
- 7/5
- ---
-lib/glob/fnmatch.c
- - fix the code that processes **(pattern) to short-circuit if the
- pattern is ill-formed or lacks a trailing `)' -- this fixes the
- segfault on **(/*)
-
-Makefile.in, builtins/Makefile.in
- - split CCFLAGS into CCFLAGS_FOR_BUILD and CFLAGS, to aid in
- cross-compilation
- - build programs that use $(CC_FOR_BUILD) using $(CCFLAGS_FOR_BUILD)
-
-configure.in, config.h.in
- - check for getaddrinfo(3), define HAVE_GETADDRINFO if found
-
-lib/sh/netopen.c
- - implemented a version of _netopen (_netopen6) that uses
- getaddrinfo(3) if available, use if HAVE_GETADDRINFO is defined.
- old _netopen is _netopen4; _netopen now calls either _netopen6
- or _netopen4 as appropriate
-
- 7/9
- ---
-builtins/exit.def
- - don't source ~/.bash_logout if subshell_environment is non-zero
-
-execute_command.c
- - in execute_until_or_while, handle the case where `breaking' is
- set in the loop test (e.g., by the job control code when a job
- is stopped with SIGTSTP), but the return value from the test is
- something that would cause the loop to break. Need to decrement
- `breaking' in this case
-
- 7/10
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - in execute_in_subshell, make sure a command of type cm_subshell
- inherits its `enclosing' command's CMD_IGNORE_RETURN flag
-
-variables.c
- - in maybe_make_export_env, don't allow restricted shells to put
- exported functions in the export environment
-
- 7/11
- ----
-lib/glob/strmatch.h
- - renamed old fnmatch.h
- - changed guard #ifdef to _STRMATCH_H
- - include system <fnmatch.h> if HAVE_LIBC_FNM_EXTMATCH is defined
-
-lib/glob/strmatch.c
- - renamed old fnmatch.c
- - include "strmatch.h"
- - if HAVE_LIBC_FNM_EXTMATCH is defined, define a dummy version of
- strmatch() that just calls fnmatch(3)
-
-lib/glob/glob.c
- - include "strmatch.h"
- - fnmatch -> strmatch
-
-Makefile.in, lib/glob/Makefile.in
- - fnmatch -> strmatch
-
-{bashhist,execute_cmd,pathexp,pcomplete,shell,stringlib,subst,test}.c,
-pathexp.h,builtins/help.def
- - include <glob/strmatch.h>
- - fnmatch -> strmatch
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - broke the code that parses the interpreter name from a #! line
- out from execute_shell_script to a new function, getinterp()
- - call getinterp from execute_shell_script
- - use return value from getinterp in error message about bad
- #! interpreter in shell_execve
-
- 7/12
- ----
-lib/readline/isearch.c
- - the last isearch string is now remembered in a new static variable,
- last_isearch_string
- - if ^R^R is typed, readline now searches for the remembered isearch
- string, if one exists
-
- 7/24
- ----
-pcomplete.h
- - extern declaration for completions_to_stringlist()
-
- 7/25
- ----
-builtins/complete.def
- - make compgen handle -o default option
- - make compgen return success only if sl->list_len is non-zero,
- indicating that there are items on the list
-
- 7/31
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - in execute_connection, force stdin to /dev/null for asynchronous
- commands if job control is not active, not just if the shell is
- running a shell script (since you can run `set -m' in a script)
-
-lib/readline/rltty.c
- - make sure _rl_tty_restore_signals resets `tty_sigs_disabled' on
- successful restoration of the terminal modes
- - make sure _rl_tty_disable_signals turns off IXON so that ^S and
- ^Q can be read by rl_quoted_insert
-
- 8/1
- ---
-aclocal.m4
- - new check for FNM_EXTMATCH being defined in <fnmatch.h>, as Ullrich
- Drepper intends to do for new versions of GNU libc
-
-config.h.in
- - new definition for HAVE_LIBC_FNM_EXTMATCH
-
-configure.in
- - check for fnmatch, but don't define anything in config.h
- - call BASH_FUNC_FNMATCH_EXTMATCH to check for FNM_EXTMATCH
-
- 8/2
- ---
-alias.h
- - remove bogus extern declaration for xmalloc()
- - include "stdc.h"
- - add prototype declarations for all extern function declarations
-
-xmalloc.c,lib/readline/xmalloc.c
- - fix xmalloc to return a PTR_T
- - fix xrealloc to return a PTR_T and take a PTR_T as first argument
-
-include/ansi_stdlib.h
- - extern declarations for malloc and realloc have them return PTR_T
-
-xmalloc.h
- - new file, with extern declarations for functions in xmalloc.c
-
-general.h
- - removed extern declarations for functions in xmalloc.c
- - include xmalloc.h
-
-Makefile.in,builtins/Makefile.in
- - update dependencies to include xmalloc.h
-
-parse.y,{alias,array,bashline,bracecomp,execute_cmd,findcmd,flags,general,
-hashcmd,locale,mailcheck,make_cmd,pathexp,pcomplete,print_cmd,stringlib,
-subst,unwind_prot,variables}.c
-builtins/{common,evalfile}.c
-builtins/{cd,command,enable,exec,printf,read,set}.def
-lib/sh/{makepath,netopen,pathphys,setlinebuf,shquote,snprintf,stringlist,
-strtrans,tmpfile}.c
-lib/readline/{util,terminal,shell,readline,macro,kill,isearch,input,
-histfile,histexpand,display,complete,bind}.c
- - make sure all calls to xmalloc are cast to the right return value
-
-siglist.c
- - include xmalloc.h
-
-parse.y,{alias,bashline,bracecomp,expr,make_cmd,nojobs,print_cmd,subst}.c
-builtins/{fc,printf,read}.def
-lib/sh/snprintf.c, lib/tilde/tilde.c
-lib/readline/{bind,display,histexpand,isearch,macro,util,vi_mode}.c
- - make sure all calls to xrealloc are cast to the right return value
-
-lib/sh/{netopen,setlinebuf,shquote,snprintf}.c, lib/tilde/tilde.c
- - include xmalloc.h, remove extern declaration of xmalloc
-
-lib/readline/xmalloc.h
- - xmalloc and xrealloc should return PTR_T
-
-lib/readline/rldefs.h
- - don't include an extern declaration for xmalloc
-
- 8/7
- ---
-support/shobj-conf
- - fixed up commented-out stanzas for HP's unbundled C compiler on
- HP/UX
-
-support/bashbug.sh
- - force the subject to be changed from the default
-
-lib/readline/doc/{rluser.texinfo,readline.3}, doc/bash.1
- - document that transpose-words swaps the last two words on the line
- if point is at the end of the line
-
- 8/9
- ---
-stringlib.c
- - fix possible infinite recursion problem with null pattern in
- strsub()
-
-hashlib.c
- - new function copy_hash_table to copy a hash table using a caller-
- supplied function to copy item data (defaults to savestring())
-
-hashlib.h
- - new extern declaration for copy_hash_table
-
-builtins/declare.def
- - changes so that declare [-a] var=value assigns `value' to element 0
- of array variable `var' like ksh93
- - change so that declare [-a] var[N]=value assigns `value' to element
- N of array variable `var' like ksh93
-
- 8/13
- ----
-arrayfunc.c
- - new file, for miscellaneous array functions
-
-arrayfunc.h
- - new file, extern declarations for functions in arrayfunc.c
-
-variables.c
- - move convert_var_to_array, bind_array_variable,
- assign_array_from_string, assign_array_var_from_word_list,
- assign_array_var_from_string, quote_array_assignment_chars,
- skipsubscript, unbind_array_element, print_array_assignment
- to arrayfunc.c
-
-shell.h
- - include arrayfunc.h after variables.h
-
-variables.h
- - remove above extern function declarations moved to arrayfunc.h
- - add extern declaration for var_lookup
-
-Makefile.in
- - add arrayfunc.c, arrayfunc.h in appropriate places
- - add arrayfunc.h to dependencies
-
-subst.c
- - move valid_array_reference, array_expand_index, array_variable_part,
- array_value_internal, array_value (now global), get_array_value,
- do_array_element_assignment to arrayfunc.c
-
-subst.h
- - extern declarations for functions above moved to arrayfunc.h
-
-arrayfunc.h
- - extern declarations for above functions from subst.c
-
-subst.[ch]
- - string_list_dollar_star and string_list_dollar_at are now global
- functions
- - quote_escapes is now a global function
-
-subst.c
- - maybe_expand_string -> expand_string_if_necessary
- - expand_string_to_string -> expand_string_to_string_internal
- - new functions: expand_string_to_string and
- expand_string_unsplit_to_string, which call
- expand_string_to_string_internal with expand_string and
- expand_string_unsplit as the FUNC arguments, respectively
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - change array_expand_index to call expand_string_to_string instead
- of maybe_expand_string
-
- 8/14
- ----
-shell.c
- - in execute_env_file, call expand_string_unsplit_to_string
-
-mailcheck.c
- - in check_mail, call expand_string_to_string
-
-variables.c
- - in assign_in_env, call expand_string_unsplit_to_string
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - new function, array_variable_name, splits an array reference into
- a name (which is returned as a new string) and subscript
- - change array_variable_part to just call array_variable_name and
- look up the string returned with find_variable
- - new function, find_or_make_array_variable (name, flags) which will
- look up an array variable and convert a string variable to an
- array if necessary. The FLAGS argument, if non-zero, says to
- check the readonly and noassign attributes and fail if either is set
-
-builtins/read.def
- - make `read -a aname' honor any readonly status of `aname'
- - read -a now calls find_or_make_array_variable with FLAGS value 1
-
-arrayfunc.[ch], subst.c, builtins/{declare,read}.def
- - do_array_element_assignment -> assign_array_element
-
- 8/20
- ----
-parse.y
- - changed `for' command grammar to allow missing word list after `IN'
- token, like latest POSIX drafts require
-
-lib/sh/tmpfile.c
- - in sh_mktmpname(), check for filenum == 0 and init to non-zero number
- in this case. it can happen on arithmetic overflow
-
-support/mkversion.sh
- - added `[0-9].[0-9][0-9][a-z]' as an acceptable value for a
- distribution to allow for intermediate versions, like 2.05a
-
-support/config.guess
- - removed the addition of the output of `/usr/bin/objformat' when
- creating the canonical name on FreeBSD machines, so the canonical
- name is once again `freebsd4.2' instead of `freebsdelf4.2'
-
- 8/22
- ----
-lib/readline/{rlstdc,history,keymaps,readline,rldefs,rlprivate,rlshell,
-rltypedefs,xmalloc}.h
-lib/readline/{bind,compat,complete,display,funmap,histexpand,histsearch,
-input,isearch,kill,nls,parens,readline,rltty,search,shell,signals,vi_mode
- - changed __P to PARAMS
-
-lib/tilde/tilde.[ch]
- - changed __P to PARAMS
-
-{Makefile,configure}.in
- - changed the version number to 2.05a
- - changed the release status to `alpha1'
-
- 8/23
- ----
-support/shobj-conf
- - support for building shared libraries on Darwin/MacOS X
-
-siglist.h
- - extern declaration for strsignal() to compensate for lack of
- a definition in some system include files
-
-jobs.c
- - remove casts from strsignal() calls
-
-[bash-2.05a-alpha1 frozen]
-
- 8/27
- ----
-[bash-2.05a-alpha1 released]
-
- 8/27
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix eval_arith_for_expr to handle the case where the expanded
- word list is NULL, returning 0 in this case
-
-print_cmd.c
- - in print_function_def, make sure that func_redirects is assigned
- a value before being used
-
- 8/28
- ----
-alias.c
- - include <ctype.h> for definition of isalpha()
-
-bashhist.h
- - add prototypes for extern function declarations
-
-flags.c
- - include bashhist.h for extern function declarations
-
-mksyntax.c
- - include <unistd.h> if HAVE_UNISTD_H is defined in config.h
-
-parse.y
- - include test.h for extern function declarations
-
-externs.h
- - change extern declaration for setlinebuf to sh_setlinebuf
-
-stringlib.c
- - include <glob/glob.h> for extern function declarations
-
-variables.h
- - add function prototypes for all of the sv_* functions
-
-builtins/common.h
- - add extern declarations for set_shellopts() and parse_shellopts()
- from builtins/set.def
-
-variables.c
- - include "hashcmd.h" for extern declaration for flush_hashed_filenames
- - include "pathexp.h" for extern declaration for setup_glob_ignore
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - cast to `long' instead of `int' in memalign for 64-bit machines
-
-{pcomplete,trap}.c
- - changed printf escape sequences used to print pointers to %p
-
-lib/readline/undo.c
- - include "xmalloc.h" for extern function declaration
-
-input.h
- - add function prototypes to extern declarations for getc_with_restart
- and ungetc_with_restart
-
-variables.[ch]
- - changed type of `function' member of `struct name_and_function' to
- `sv_func_t', which is defined and prototyped in variables.h
- - map_over now takes an `sh_var_map_func_t *'
-
-shell.h
- - start of a set of function pointer typedefs like those in
- lib/readline/rltypedefs.h
-
-hashlib.[ch]
- - second paramter to flush_hash_table is now an `sh_free_func_t *'
-
-trap.c
- - parameter to reset_or_restore_signal_handlers is now an
- `sh_resetsig_func_t *'
-
-pcomplete.h, pcomplib.c
- - function pointer argument to print_all_compspecs is now an
- `sh_csprint_func_t *'
- - function pointer `list_getter' element of an `ITEMLIST' is now
- prototyped with __P((...)) instead of using `Function *'
-
-jobs.[ch]
- - `j_cleanup' member of a JOB is now an `sh_vptrfunc_t *'
-
-alias.c
- - map_over_aliases now takes an `sh_alias_map_func_t *'
- - free_alias_data now takes a `PTR_T'
-
-pathexp.c
- - function pointer argument to ignore_globbed_names is now an
- `sh_ignore_func_t *'
-
-bashline.c
- - function pointer argument to _ignore_completion_names is now an
- `sh_ignore_func_t *'
-
-pathexp.h,{bashhist,bashline.c
- - `item_func' member of a `struct ignorevar' is now an
- `sh_iv_item_func_t *'
-
-builtins/evalfile.c
- - `errfunc' is now an `sh_vmsg_func_t *'
-
-jobs.c
- - map_over_job now takes an `sh_job_map_func_t *' as its first argument
-
-array.[ch]
- - function pointer argument to array_walk is now an
- `sh_ae_map_func_t *'
-
-general.c
- - tilde_expansion_preexpansion_hook has type `tilde_hook_func_t *',
- and so the assignment in tilde_initialize doesn't need a cast
-
-list.c
- - map_over_words now takes an `sh_icpfunc_t *' as its second argument
-
-input.h
- - the `getter' and `ungetter' function pointer members of a
- BASH_INPUT are now of types `sh_cget_func_t *' and
- `sh_cunget_func_t *' respectively
- - init_yy_io now takes an `sh_cget_func_t *' as its first argument and
- an `sh_cunget_func_t *' as its second
-
-parse.y
- - init_yy_io now takes an `sh_cget_func_t *' as its first argument and
- an `sh_cunget_func_t *' as its second
- - initialize_bash_input casts bash_input.getter and bash_input.ungetter
- appropriately
-
-builtins/mkbuiltins.c
- - make the extern function definitions written to builtext.h have
- prototypes with __P((...))
- - include "stdc.h"
- - change Function to mk_handler_func_t
- - fixed comment_handler to take the right number of args
- - prototyped all the handler functions with __P((...))
-
-builtins.h
- - the `function' member of a struct builtin is now of type
- `sh_builtin_func_t *'
-
-builtins/common.[ch]
- - last_shell_builtin, this_shell_builtin are now of type
- `sh_builtin_func_t *'
- - find_shell_builtin, builtin_address, find_special_builtin now return
- `sh_builtin_func_t *'
-
-builtins/exit.def, {execute_cmd,jobs,nojobs,variables}.c, parse.y
- - changed all declarations of last_shell_builtin and this_shell_builtin
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - execute_builtin, execute_builtin_or_function,
- execute_subshell_builtin_or_function now take an
- `sh_builtin_func_t *' instead of a `Function *' for argument
- - changed appropriate variables from `Function *' to
- `sh_builtin_func_t *'
-
-builtins/{bind,builtin,enable,read,setattr}.def
- - replaced uses of `Function *' in variable declarations with
- appropriate types (sh_builtin_func_t * or rl_command_func_t *)
-
-builtins/set.def
- - set_func and get_func members of binary_o_options are now of types
- `setopt_set_func_t *' and `setopt_get_func_t *', which are
- prototyped
-
-builtins/shopt.def
- - set_func member of shopt_vars is now of type `shopt_set_func_t *'
-
-bashline.c
- - enable_hostname_completion now returns `int' (the old value of
- perform_hostname_completion)
-
-[The only use of Function and VFunction now is for unwind-protects]
-
- 9/4
- ---
-lib/sh/getcwd.c
- - use const define from config.h rather than `CONST'
- - use PTR_T define from xmalloc.h rather than `PTR'
- - include xmalloc.h for PTR_T
- - remove PATH_MAX define, rely on value from maxpath.h
-
-{general,mailcheck}.c, lib/sh/{pathcanon,pathphys}.c
- - don't include maxpath.h directly; it's already included by shell.h
-
-lib/sh/mailstat.c
- - new `mailstat()' implementation, to stat a mailbox file for
- mail checking. handles maildir-style mail directories with one
- file per message and creates a dummy stat struct from them
-
-lib/sh/Makefile.in
- - add mailstat.c and mailstat.o in the appropriate places
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - augmented implementation with wrapper functions that pass in file
- and line number information from cpp. currently unused, but a
- placeholder for future debugging and use tracking
-
-lib/malloc/shmalloc.h
- - new file, extern declarations for allocation wrapper functions for
- use by the shell (and others, I guess)
-
-xmalloc.[ch]
- - wrapper functions for xmalloc, xfree, xrealloc (sh_ prefixed) that
- pass cpp line number information through to the malloc functions,
- if USING_BASH_MALLOC is defined
-
- 9/5
- ---
-lib/malloc/gmalloc.c
- - removed; no longer part of distribution
-
-lib/malloc/Makefile.in
- - removed references to gmalloc.[co]
-
-configure.in, doc/bashref.texi
- - removed references to `--with-glibc-malloc' configure option
-
-{configure,Makefile}.in
- - changed the way bash malloc is configured into the Makefile, making
- it more like how readline is configured. If the bash malloc is
- not configured in, nothing in lib/malloc will be built
-
- 9/6
- ---
-lib/malloc/imalloc.h
- - new file, some internal malloc definitions
-
-lib/malloc/mstats.h
- - new file, definitions for malloc statistics structs and functions
-
-lib/malloc/trace.c
- - new file, malloc tracing functions (currently just print messages
- to stderr), code is #ifdef MALLOC_TRACE
-
-lib/malloc/stats.c
- - new file, moved malloc stats code from malloc.c to here
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - moved some definitions to imalloc.h
- - moved stats code to stats.c
- - malloc tracing calls added to internal_{malloc,realloc,free}, all
- #ifdef MALLOC_TRACE
-
-lib/malloc/Makefile.in, Makefile.in
- - added {imalloc,mstats}.h, {trace,stats}.c
-
-parse.y
- - changed decode_prompt_string to save and restore $?
- (last_command_exit_value) around calls to expand_prompt_string(),
- so command substitutions in PS1, etc. don't change $?
-
-{array,subst}.c
- - a couple more arrayind_t fixes from Paul Eggert
-
-configure.in
- - remove redundant check for wait3(2)
-
-redir.h
- - fixed a typo (stdin_redirs -> stdin_redirects)
-
- 9/10
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - remove check for \n and \r from WHITESPACE macro, since those
- chars are not whitespace as returned by the whitespace(c) macro
- - getinterp now takes a `char *' as first arg, not unsigned char *
- - execute_shell_script now takes a `char *' as first arg, not
- unsigned char *
- - fix typo in forward declaration for `initialize_subshell'
-
-general.[ch]
- - check_binary_file now takes a (char *) argument, not unsigned char *
- - pass unsigned char to isspace and isprint because of ISO C fuckup
- - bash_tilde_expand now takes a `const char *' as its argument
-
-builtins/evalfile.c, shell.c
- - buffer passed to check_binary_file is char, not unsigned char
-
-parse.y
- - fix extern declaration for yyerror()
- - yyerror now takes a `const char *' as first arg
-
-{error,jobs}.c
- - fixes to printf-style functions to handle pids wider than an int
-
-lib/readline/{isearch,vi_mode}.c
- - fix call to rl_message in rl_display_search (remove extra arg)
-
-variables.c
- - fix missing argument to builtin_error in make_local_variable
-
-builtins/getopts.def
- - since getopts takes no options, change while loop calling
- internal_getopts to a simple `if' check
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - since printf takes no options, change while loop calling
- internal_getopts to a simple `if' check
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - remove _SET_BELL macro, expand code inline
-
-lib/readline/input.c
- - change _rl_input_available to use either select or FIONREAD,
- but not both
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - fix rl_digit_loop to remove unreachable code at end of loop
-
-{bashhist,bashline,expr,jobs,redir,shell}.c, builtins/fc.def, lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - bracket unused functions with #ifdef INCLUDE_UNUSED/#endif
- - remove some unused variables
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - remove #ifdef'd code that allowed `return' to terminate a select
- statement
-
-expr.c
- - remove some extraneous tests from strlong()
-
-array.h
- - arrayind_t is now a long, since shell arithmetic is performed as
- longs
- - remove second declaration of new_array_element
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - in mklong, xrealloc cannot return NULL, so don't check for it
- - remove some #if 0 code
- - fix core dump triggered by a format specification with more than
- one `*'
- - remove `foundmod', since its value mirrors `modchar != 0'
- - include "common.h" for builtin_{error,usage} declarations
-
-Makefile.in,builtins/Makefile.in
- - updated some dependencies due to new include files
-
-pcomplete.c
- - include "execute_cmd.h" for declaration of execute_shell_function
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - include <stdio.h> for printf
- - include "builtins/common.h" for builtin_error declaration
-
-builtins/evalstring.c
- - include "../trap.h" for run_trap_cleanup declaration
-
-builtins/help.def
- - include "common.h" instead of locally declaring builtin_error
- and builtin_usage
-
-error.h
- - add extern declaration for itrace()
- - add prototype to extern declaration of get_name_for_error
- - file_error now takes a `const char *' as first argument
-
-externs.h
- - added prototype for sh_setlinebuf declaration, bracketed with
- NEED_SH_SETLINEBUF_DECL so we don't need stdio.h everywhere
- - add extern declaration for parse.y:return_EOF()
-
-shell.c
- - add NEED_SH_SETLINEBUF_DECL before including shell.h
-
-lib/readline/callback.c
- - include <stdlib.h> or "ansi_stdlib.h" for abort declaration
-
-quit.h
- - remove declaration of throw_to_top_level
-
-subst.c
- - remove unused extern declaration for getopts_reset
-
-lib/sh/netopen.c
- - include <shell.h> for legal_number, etc.
- - add prototype for inet_aton extern declaration
-
-lib/sh/clock.c
- - include <stdc.h> for __P declaration
- - add extern declaration for get_clk_tck
-
-support/mkversion.sh
- - changed so that extern function declarations for functions in
- version.c (moved from externs.h) are in the generated version.h
-
-shell.h
- - include version.h
-
-version.c
- - various `char *' version variables are now `const char *'
-
-general.h
- - add prototype for same_file, bracketed with _POSIXSTAT_H
- #ifdef, since that's what include/posixstat.h defines
-
-builtins/common.[ch]
- - _evalfile, maybe_execute_file, source_file, and fc_execute_file
- now take a `const char *' as their first argument
-
-eval.c
- - removed extern declaration of yyparse; it's in externs.h
-
-parse.y
- - added prototypes to static forward function declarations
- - changed local `all_digits' variable in read_token_word () to
- all_digit_token to avoid clash with all_digits() function in
- general.c
-
-{bashhist,copy_cmd,make_cmd,hashlib,mailcheck}.c
- - added prototypes for static function declarations
-
-shell.h
- - add extern declarations for interactive, interactive_shell,
- changed c files with extern declarations
-
-pcomplete.c
- - changed it_init_aliases to avoid shadowing global variable
- `aliases'
-
-bashline.c,pathexp.c,general.h
- - sh_ignore_func_t is now a pointer to a function taking a
- `const char *'; users changed
-
-configure.in
- - test for <strings.h>
-
-config.h.in
- - add #undef HAVE_STRINGS_H
-
-bashansi.h
- - change like recommended in autoconf manual
-
- 9/11
- ----
-[a date which will live in infamy. prayers for the victims.]
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - don't use an absolute index into abuf in mkfmt, use
- sizeof(abuf) to compute last index
-
-builtins/common.c
- - fix read_octal to do a better job of detecting overflow while
- iterating through the string
-
-builtins/umask.def
- - change octal-print mode to print 4 digits, like other shells
- - cast umask to unsigned long to avoid problems on systems where
- it's wider than an int (POSIX doesn't guarantee that mode_t is
- no wider than an int, but real-world systems use int)
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - mklong can never return NULL (it uses xrealloc), so the mainline
- doesn't need to check for NULL returns
- - new function, getldouble (long double *), to get long doubles
- - mklong now takes a `char *' as its second argument, the modifier(s)
- to use
- - changed use of `modchar' to handle more than a single modifier
- character
- - changed to handle `long double' and `L' formats better, rather
- than discarding long double information
- - since printf now follows the POSIX.2 rules for conversion errors,
- we can dispense with the status returns from the get* functions
- - make the get* functions as similar in structure as possible,
- removing type casts, etc.
-
-lib/sh/timeval.c,execute_cmd.c
- - change some instances of `long' to `time_t', for systems where
- a time_t is bigger than a long
-
-jobs.c
- - include "posixtime.h" instead of <sys/time.h>
-
-config.h.in
- - add defines for HAVE_DECL_CONFSTR, HAVE_DECL_STRTOLD,
- HAVE_DECL_SBRK, HAVE_DECL_PRINTF
- - remove defines for SBRK_DECLARED and PRINTF_DECLARED
- - add _GNU_SOURCE define
-
-configure.in
- - add AC_CHECK_DECLS for strtold, confstr, sbrk, printf
- - remove call to BASH_FUNC_SBRK_DECLARED
- - remove call to BASH_FUNC_PRINTF
-
-xmalloc.c, lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - change check of SBRK_DECLARED to HAVE_SBRK_DECL
-
-print_cmd.c
- - change PRINTF_DECLARED to HAVE_DECL_PRINTF
-
-builtins/evalstring.c, builtins/common.h
- - parse_and_execute now takes a `const char *' as its second argument
-
-input.h,parse.y
- - with_input_from_* functions now take a `const char *' as their
- second argument
- - init_yy_io now takes a `const char *' as its fourth argument
-
-parse.y,externs.h
- - parse_string_to_word_list now takes a `const char *' as its second
- argument
-
-tests/builtins.right
- - change output to account for extra digit in umask output
-
-pcomplib.c
- - free_progcomp now takes a PTR_T argument
-
-builtins/bashgetopt.h
- - include <stdc.h>
- - add prototypes to extern declarations
-
-builtins/shopt.def
- - add prototypes to static function declarations
-
-builtins/{fc,umask,wait}.def, builtins/{bashgetopt,common}.c
- - include <ctype.h> for isdigit macro (referenced by `digit(x)')
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - added more static function declarations with prototypes
-
- 9/12
- ----
-lib/sh/tmpfile.c
- - use `^' instead of `*' in sh_mktmpname to make filenames a bit
- more random
-
-include/stdc.h,lib/readline/rldstdc.h
- - add __attribute__ definition
-
-builtins/common.h
- - add printf __attribute__ to declaration of builtin_error
-
-error.h
- - add printf __attribute__ to declaration of programming_error,
- report_error, parser_error, fatal_error, sys_error, internal_error,
- internal_warning
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - add printf __attribute__ to declaration of rl_message
-
-pcomplete.c
- - add printf __attribute__ to declaration of debug_printf
-
-print_cmd.c
- - add printf __attribute__ to declarations of cprintf, xprintf
-
-include/chartypes.h
- - new file, includes <ctype.h> and defines macros that check for
- safe (ascii) arguments before calling the regular ctype macros
-
-{alias,bashline,execute_cmd,expr,findcmd,general,locale,mksyntax,stringlib,subst,variables}.c
-parse.y
-builtins/{bashgetopt,common}.c
-builtins/{fc,printf,umask,wait}.def
-lib/glob/strmatch.c
-lib/sh/{oslib,pathcanon,pathphys,snprintf,strcasecmp,strindex,stringvec,strtod,strtol,strtrans}.c
-examples/loadables/{head,sleep}.c
- - include "chartypes.h" or <chartypes.h> instead of <ctype.h>
-
-Makefile.in,{builtins,lib/{glob,sh}}/Makefile.in
- - update dependencies to include chartypes.h
-
-lib/sh/inet_aton.c
- - use `unsigned char' instead of `char' to pass to ctype.h functions
-
-lib/sh/netopen.c
- - check for '0' <= host[0] <= '9' in _getaddr instead of using
- isdigit
-
-subst.c,lib/sh/shquote.c
- - change array subscripts into sh_syntaxtab from `char' to
- `unsigned char'
-
-{alias,bashline,execute_cmd,expr,general,subst}.c, parse.y
-builtins/{fc,printf,umask,wait}.def builtins/{bashgetopt,common}.c
-lib/sh/{pathcanon,pathphys,snprintf,strcasecmp,strindex,strtod,strtol,strtrans}.c
-examples/loadables/{head,sleep}.c
- - change to use some of the new macros in chartypes.h
- - remove old local macro definitions now provided by chartypes.h
-
-general.h
- - remove definition of isletter, ISOCTAL, digit, digit_value
- - change legal_variable_starter and legal_variable_char to use
- chartypes.h macros
- - change ABSPATH to use chartypes.h macros
-
-lib/readline/util.c
- - change to use Paul Eggert's FUNCTION_FOR_MACRO define to define
- function replacements for macros in chardefs.h
-
-lib/readline/chardefs.h
- - added some of the same macros as in chartypes.h
- - change _rl_lowercase_p, _rl_uppercase_p, _rl_digit_p,
- _rl_to_upper, _rl_to_lower to use new IS* macros
- - added _rl_isident macro from vi_mode.c:isident
-
-lib/readline/{bind,complete,nls}.c
- - change to use some of the new macros from chardefs.h
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - isident -> _rl_isident
- - remove local defines of macros in chardefs.h
-
-lib/sh/strtol.c
- - updated to new version, modified from glibc 2.2.4 and sh-utils-2.0.
- This one can do strtoll and strtoull, if necessary
-
- 9/13
- ----
-builtins/ulimit.def
- - changed get_limit so it retrieves both hard and soft limits
- instead of one or the other
- - changed callers of get_limit
- - changed getmaxvm to take soft limit, hard limit as arguments
- - changed getmaxuprc to just take a single argument, the value
- - changed calls to printone() to pass soft limit or hard limit
- depending on `mode' instead of using old current_limit variable
- - moved check for out-of-range limits in ulimit_internal into the
- block that converts a string argument to a value of type rlim_t
- - changed RESOURCE_LIMITS struct to break the description into a
- description string and separate scale factor string
- - changed print_all_limits to print a single error message if
- get_limit fails, including limits[i].description now that the
- scale factor has been removed from the description string
- - removed DESCFMT define, since it's now used only in printone()
- - changed printone to print the option character associated with a
- particular limit if we're printing multiple limits
- - changed calls to builtin_error to print the description associated
- with a limit if setting or getting the limit fails
- - added support for new POSIX 1003.1-200x rlim_t values:
- RLIM_SAVED_CUR and RLIM_SAVED_MAX, which expand to the current
- soft and hard limits, whatever they are
- - changed printone to print `hard' or `soft' if the current limit is
- RLIM_SAVED_MAX or RLIM_SAVED_CUR, respectively
- - changed ulimit_internal to handle new `hard' and `soft' arguments
- - changed help text do describe the special limit arguments `hard',
- `soft', and `unlimited'
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented new `hard' and `soft' limit arguments to `ulimit'
-
-hashlib.[ch]
- - find_hash_item now takes a `const char *' is its first argument
- - hash_string now takes a `const char *' is its first argument
- - remove_hash_item now takes a `const char *' as its first argument
-
-pcomplib.c
- - removed cast from first argument to find_hash_item in find_compspec
-
-general.[ch]
- - absolute_program now takes a `const char *' as its argument
- - absolute_pathname now takes a `const char *' as its argument
-
-lib/glob/glob.[ch]
- - glob_pattern_p now takes a `const char *' as its argument
-
-bashline.c
- - removed cast from first argument to absolute_program in
- command_word_completion_function
- - removed cast from first argument to glob_pattern_p in
- attempt_shell_completion
-
-findcmd.[ch]
- - find_absolute_program, find_user_command, find_path_file,
- search_for_command, user_command_matches now take a
- `const char *' as their first argument
- - file_status, executable_file, is_directory, executable_or_directory
- now take a `const char *' as their argument
- - _find_user_command_internal, find_user_command_internal,
- find_user_command_in_path
-
-lib/sh/makepath.c, externs.h
- - changed sh_makepath so it takes `const char *' for its first
- two arguments
-
-hashcmd.[ch]
- - find_hashed_filename now takes a `const char *' as its first arg
- - remove_hashed_filename now takes a `const char *' as its first arg
-
-variables.[ch]
- - new_shell_variable, var_lookup, shell_var_from_env_string,
- find_name_in_env_array, bind_function, makunbound,
- bind_name_in_env_array, bind_tempenv_variable, bind_variable
- now take a `const char *' as their first arg
- - find_function, make_new_variable, find_tempenv_variable,
- find_variable_internal, find_variable, set_func_read_only,
- set_func_auto_export, all_variables_matching_prefix, assign_in_env,
- assignment, kill_local_variable, make_local_variable, unbind_variable
- now take a `const char *' as their arg
- - mk_env_string now takes `const char *' arguments
-
-arrayfunc.[ch]
- - skipsubscript now takes a `const char *' as its argument
-
- 9/17
- ----
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - attempt to preserve case of what the user typed in
- compute_lcd_of_matches if we're ignoring case in completion
-
-builtins/{let,pushd}.def,{execute_cmd,expr}.c
- - change some 0L constants to 0 and let the compiler sort it out
-
- 9/18
- ----
-lib/malloc/alloca.c
- - alloca now takes a `size_t' argument
-
-include/memalloc.h
- - if we're providing an extern function declaration for alloca,
- use `void *' and prototype if __STDC__ is defined
- - if HAVE_ALLOCA_H is defined, but C_ALLOCA is defined, don't
- define HAVE_ALLOCA
-
- 9/19
- ----
-subst.c
- - do_assignment_internal, do_assignment, and do_assignment_no_expand
- now take a `const char *' as their first argument
-
-general.h
- - a `sh_assign_func_t' is now a function taking a `const char *' and
- returning int
-
-hashcmd.c
- - free_filename_data now takes a `PTR_T' argument to agree with the
- typedef for `sh_free_func_t'
-
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - use TYPE_MAXIMUM define like strtol.c instead of huge constants
-
- 9/20
- ----
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - don't bother to compile the bulk of the body unless HAVE_SNPRINTF
- or HAVE_ASPRINTF is not defined
-
- 9/24
- ----
-flags.c
- - ignore `set -n' if the shell was started interactively
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - initialize readline_echoing_p to 0; let the terminal-specific code
- in rltty.c set it appropriately
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - changed internal_memalign() slightly to avoid compiler warnings about
- negating an unsigned variable (-alignment -> (~alignment + 1))
-
- 9/27
- ----
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - changed rl_newline to set _rl_history_saved_point appropriately
- for the {previous,next}_history code
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - extern declaration for _rl_history_preserve_point
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - new bindable variable, `history-preserve-point', sets value of
- _rl_history_preserve_point
-
- 10/1
- ----
-lib/malloc/table.c
- - new file, with a map of allocated (and freed) memory for debugging
- multiple frees, etc. Indexed by hash on values returned by
- malloc(); holds size, file and line number info for last alloc or
- free and a couple of statistics pointers
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - a few cleanups; added calls for registering allocations and frees
- if MALLOC_REGISTER is defined
- - replaced MALLOC_RETURN with explicit MALLOC_NOTRACE define
- - reordered fields in `struct...minfo' in `union mhead' to restore
- eight-byte alignment
- - added explicit checks for underflow in free and realloc since
- checking mh_magic2 is not sufficient to detect everything (it's
- no longer the last field in the struct, and thus not the bytes
- immediately preceding what's returned to the user)
- - new function, xbotch, for printing file and line number info for
- the failed assertion before calling botch() (programming_error())
-
-configure.in
- - replaced call to BASH_C_LONG_LONG with call to
- AC_CHECK_TYPES([long long])
- - moved the C compiler tests before the tests for various
- system types, so we can know whether we have `long long'
- before testing for 64-bit types
- - if we have `long long', check for sizeof(long long) and save value
-
-aclocal.m4
- - changed BASH_TYPE_BITS64_T to check `long long' before `long', but
- after `double'
-
- 10/2
- ----
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - made malloc and realloc both agree on the rounding for a request of
- size N (round up to nearest multiple of 8 after adjusting for
- malloc overhead); uses new ALLOCATED_BYTES macro
- - realloc and free now use new IN_BUCKET macro for underflow checks
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - fixed time_command() to use `time_t' instead of `long' to hold
- time stamps
-
-lib/sh/clock.c
- - clock_t_to_secs now takes a `time_t *' second argument
- - fixed print_clock_t to call clock_t_to_secs with right arguments
-
-lib/sh/timeval.c
- - fixed print_timeval to make `minutes' a `long' and make its
- structure identical to print_clock_t
-
-redir.c
- - changed redirection_error to check for EBADF and use the file
- descriptor being redirected from in the error message if it
- is >= 0
-
-Makefile.in
- - changed release status to `beta1'
-
-lib/glob/collsyms.h
- - added a few ASCII symbols to the posix_collsyms array
-
- 10/3
- ----
-aclocal.m4
- - fixed typo in BASH_TYPE_BITS64_T
-
-configure.in
- - added check for unsigned chars with AC_C_CHAR_UNSIGNED
-
-config.h.in
- - added PROTOTYPES and __CHAR_UNSIGNED__ #defines
-
-general.h
- - if CHAR_MAX is not define by <limits.h>, provide a definition
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - change tescape() to mask \0 and \x escape sequences with 0xFF
- - change tescape() to process at most two hex digits after a `\x'
-
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
- - change strtrans() to mask \0 and \x escape sequences with 0xFF
- - change strtrans() to process at most two hex digits after a `\x'.
- This affects `echo -e' and $'...' processing
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - changed rl_translate_keyseq() to process at most two hex digits
- after a `\x'
-
-lib/readline/doc/{rluser.texinfo,readline.3}, doc/bash.1
- - changed documentation for key binding escape sequences to specify
- that at most two hex digits after \x are translated
- - changed documentation for key binding to specify that the result
- of \nnn or \xhh escapes is an eight-bit value, not just ASCII
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - changed documentation of $'...' to specify that at most two hex
- digits after \x are translated
- - changed `echo' documentation to specify that at most two hex
- digits after \x are translated
- - changed documentation for `echo' and $'...' to specify that the
- result of \nnn or \xhh escapes is an eight-bit value, not just ASCII
-
- 10/4
- ----
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - changed interface for xbotch to pass memory address and error code
- as two additional arguments
- - call mregister_describe_mem from xbotch to get the last allocation
- or free before the botch
-
-configure.in
- - call AC_CHECK_DECLS([strsignal])
-
-config.h.in
- - add HAVE_DECL_STRSIGNAL
-
-siglist.h
- - make declaration of strsignal() dependent on !HAVE_DECL_STRSIGNAL
-
- 10/5
- ----
-support/texi2html
- - upgraded to version 1.64
-
- 10/9
- ----
-aclocal.m4
- - added check for `long long' to BASH_TYPE_PTRDIFF_T
-
-configure.in
- - replaced call to BASH_HAVE_TIOCGWINSZ with AC_HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ
-
-aclocal.m4
- - replaced body of BASH_STRUCT_TERMIOS_LDISC with call to
- AC_CHECK_MEMBER(struct termios.c_line, ...)
- - replaced body of BASH_STRUCT_TERMIO_LDISC with call to
- AC_CHECK_MEMBER(struct termios.c_line, ...)
-
-[bash-2.05a-beta1 frozen]
-
- 10/10
- -----
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - fixed exponent() to not smash the trailing zeros in the fraction
- when using %g or %G with an `alternate form'
- - fixed exponent() to handle the optional precision with %g and %G
- correctly (number of significant digits before the exponent)
-
- 10/11
- -----
-expr.c
- - fixed strlong() to correct the values of `@' and `_' when
- translating base-64 constants (64#@ == 62 and 64#_ == 64), for
- compatibility with ksh
-
-lib/sh/itos.c
- - added a slightly more flexible fmtlong() function that takes a
- base argument and flags (for future use)
- - rewrote itos and inttostr in terms of fmtlong
-
-lib/sh/fmtulong.c
- - new file, converts unsigned long to string. hooks for `unsigned
- long long' in the future. unused as yet
-
- 10/15
- -----
-lib/readline/rltty.c
- - change the SET_SPECIAL macro to avoid possible (but highly
- unlikely) negative array subscripts
-
-error.h
- - add __attribute__ to extern declaration of itrace (even though the
- function isn't defined in released versions of bash)
-
-bashansi.h
- - include <strings.h> if HAVE_STRINGS_H is defined, to get any extra
- function declarations provided therein
-
-copy_cmd.c
- - fix typo in forward declaration for copy_arith_for_command
-
-lib/malloc/stats.c
- - make the accumulators in _print_malloc_stats be `unsigned long'
- instead of `int'
-
-externs.h, sig.h
- - add `__noreturn__' gcc attribute to exit_shell and jump_to_top_level
- declarations
-
-lib/sh/mailstat.c, support/bashversion.c
- - include <bashansi.h> for some string function declarations
-
-lib/malloc/shmalloc.h
- - added extern declarations of functions that do malloc debugging
-
-lib/readline/{isearch,readline,vi_mode}.c
- - make sure we index into _rl_keymap with a non-negative index
-
-parse.y
- - make sure we index into sh_syntaxtab with a non-negative index
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - bound the vi_mark_chars array with the number of characters between
- 'a' and 'z' rather than using a fixed amount
- - don't use _rl_lowercase_p when deciding whether the char read by
- rl_vi_set_mark is a valid mark; just use 'a' <= char <= 'z'
-
-lib/readline/chardefs.h
- - conditionally include memory.h and strings.h as in general.h
- - replace ISASCII with IN_CTYPE_DOMAIN like other GNU software
- - add defines for ISPRINT(c), ISLOWER(c) and ISUPPER(c)
- - fix defines for _rl_lowercase_p, _rl_uppercase_p, _rl_digit_p,
- _rl_pure_alphabetic, ALPHABETIC, _rl_to_upper, _rl_to_lower,
- and _rl_isident to work on systems with signed chars
-
-include/chartypes.h
- - replace ISASCII with IN_CTYPE_DOMAIN like other GNU software
-
-lib/sh/{strcasecmp,strtod,strtol}.c
- - don't pass possibly-negative characters to tolower() or toupper()
-
-lib/glob/strmatch.c
- - don't bother testing for isupper in FOLD; rely on TOLOWER macro
- from <chartypes.h> to do it
- - don't use local definitions of isblank, et al.; rely on macros
- from <chartypes.h>
-
-lib/readline/{display,readline}.c, mksyntax.c
- - use new ISPRINT macro instead of isprint()
-
-builtins/{kill.def,mkbuiltins.c},{error,execute_cmd,jobs,nojobs,subst}.c
- - don't assume that a pid_t fits into an int for printing and other
- uses
-
-variables.[ch]
- - the unused put_gnu_argv_flags_into_env now takes a `long' pid
- argument
-
-configure.in, config.h.in
- - call AC_STRUCT_ST_BLOCKS, define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLOCKS if found
- - check for strtoull(), define HAVE_STRTOULL if found
- - check for uintmax_t, define to `unsigned long' if not found
-
-lib/sh/mailstat.c
- - don't use st_blocks member of struct stat unless
- HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLOCKS is defined; otherwise use the st_nlink
- field to return the total number of messages in a maildir-style
- mail directory
-
-general.h,{alias,expr,general,subst,variables}.c
-builtins/{printf,read}.def
-lib/readline/{bind,complete,nls}.c
-lib/sh/{pathcanon,pathphys,shquote,snprintf,strindex,strtod,strtol,strtrans}.c
- - cast args to ctype macros to unsigned char for systems with signed
- chars; other fixes for signed chars
-
-lib/sh/{fmtullong,strtoull.c}
- - new files, more support for `long long'
-
-Makefile.in, lib/sh/Makefile.in
- - make fmtullong.o and strtoull.o part of libsh
-
-lib/sh/itos.c
- - remove local copy of fmtlong; use fmtulong instead
- - new functions: uitos, uinttostr work on `unsigned long'
-
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - fixes to make `unsigned long long' work (%llu)
- - fixes to make unsigned formats not print the sign when given
- an unsigned long that is greater than LONG_MAX
-
-externs.h
- - extern declarations for fmtulong, fmtulloing, strtoull
- - extern declarations for uitos, uinttostr
-
- 10/16
- -----
-configure.in
- - move header checks before function checks
- - move c compiler tests before header checks
- - check for <inttypes.h> with BASH_HEADER_INTTYPES
- - change type checks for intmax_t, uintmax_t to not attempt to
- include <stdint.h>
- - check for strtoimax, strtoumax, strtoll, strtol, strtoull, strtoul
- with BASH_CHECK_DECL (for declarations in header files) and
- AC_REPLACE_FUNCS (for availability and LIBOBJS substitution)
- - remove check for have_long_long around sizeof check for long long
- (since autoconf will give it a size of 0 if the type isn't found)
-
-config.h.in
- - add a define for HAVE_INTTYPES_H
- - add a define for HAVE_UNSIGNED_LONG_LONG
- - add defines for HAVE_STRTOIMAX, HAVE_STRTOUMAX, HAVE_STRTOLL
-
-aclocal.m4
- - new func, BASH_HEADER_INTTYPES, which just calls AC_CHECK_HEADERS
- on <inttypes.h>; separate so it can be AC_REQUIREd
- - AC_REQUIRE([BASH_HEADER_INTTYPES]) in BASH_CHECK_TYPE
- - include <inttypes.h> in BASH_CHECK_TYPE if HAVE_INTTYPES_H is
- defined
- - change AC_DEFINE to AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED in BASH_CHECK_TYPE
- - new `long long' checking macros: BASH_TYPE_LONG_LONG and
- BASH_TYPE_UNSIGNED_LONG_LONG
- - new BASH_CHECK_DECL
-
-lib/sh/{strto[iu]max,strtoll}.c, lib/sh/Makefile.in, Makefile.in
- - new files
-
-externs.h
- - extern declarations for strtoll, strtoimax, strtoumax
-
-lib/malloc/alloca.c
- - include <bashtypes.h> for size_t
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - new functions: getllong, getullong, getintmax, getuintmax; return
- long long, unsigned long long, intmax_t, uintmax_t respectively
- - builtin printf now handles `ll' and `j' length modifiers directly
-
-lib/sh/Makefile.in
- - use LIBOBJS to decide whether or not the strto* functions are
- needed
-
- 10/17
- -----
-configure.in
- - call AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(rename)
- - move getcwd, strpbrk, strcasecmp, strerror, strtod
- from AC_CHECK_FUNCS to AC_REPLACE_FUNCS
- - only call BASH_FUNC_GETCWD if $ac_func_getcwd == "yes"
- - call BASH_CHECK_SYS_SIGLIST
- - if we don't have vprintf but have _doprnt, call AC_LIBOBJ(vprint)
-
-lib/sh/Makefile.in
- - remove rename, getcwd, inet_aton, strpbrk, strcasecmp, strerror,
- strtod, vprint from OBJECTS; picked up from LIBOBJS
-
-aclocal.m4
- - change BASH_FUNC_GETCWD to call AC_LIBOBJ(getcwd) if the libc
- getcwd(3) calls popen(3)
- - change BASH_FUNC_INET_ATON to call AC_LIBOBJ(inet_aton) if it's
- not found in libc or as a #define even with the special includes
- - BASH_KERNEL_RLIMIT_CHECK -> BASH_CHECK_KERNEL_RLIMIT
- - BASH_DEFAULT_MAILDIR -> BASH_SYS_DEFAULT_MAILDIR
- - BASH_JOB_CONTROL_MISSING -> BASH_SYS_JOB_CONTROL_MISSING
- - BASH_REINSTALL_SIGHANDLERS -> BASH_SYS_REINSTALL_SIGHANDLERS
- - BASH_SIGNAL_CHECK -> BASH_SYS_SIGNAL_VINTAGE
- - BASH_DUP2_CLOEXEC_CHECK -> BASH_FUNC_DUP2_CLOEXEC_CHECK
- - BASH_PGRP_SYNC -> BASH_SYS_PGRP_SYNC
- - BASH_RLIMIT_TYPE -> BASH_TYPE_RLIMIT
- - BASH_FUNC_PRINTF -> BASH_DECL_PRINTF
- - BASH_FUNC_SBRK_DECLARED -> BASH_DECL_SBRK
- - BASH_MISC_SPEED_T -> BASH_CHECK_SPEED_T
- - BASH_CHECK_SOCKLIB -> BASH_CHECK_LIB_SOCKET
- - new macro, BASH_CHECK_SYS_SIGLIST, encapsulates all the checks for
- sys_siglist, _sys_siglist, and strsignal(), sets SIGLIST_O to
- siglist.o if appropriate
-
-Makefile.in
- - use SIGLIST_O variable to decide whether or not we need siglist.o
-
-{execute_cmd,subst}.c
- - change a couple of instances of ISDIGIT to DIGIT, where we really,
- really only want ascii digits
-
-ansi_stdlib.h
- - don't need a declaration for atol()
-
- 10/18
- -----
-
-aclocal.m4
- - new macro, BASH_FUNC_PRINTF_A_FORMAT, checks for printf support
- for %a, %A conversion specifiers, defines HAVE_PRINTF_A_FORMAT
- if successful
-
-configure.in
- - call AC_CHECK_FUNCS for isascii
- - call BASH_FUNC_PRINTF_A_FORMAT
-
-config.h.in
- - add a define for HAVE_ISASCII
- - add a define for HAVE_PRINTF_A_FORMAT
-
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - for long double output, fall back to sprintf using ldfallback()
- function for floating point formats
- - support %a, %A using dfallback() or ldfallback() if
- HAVE_PRINTF_A_FORMAT is defined
- - fix bug in vasprintf that returned wrong value in its first
- argument if the buffer holding the result string got reallocated
- - fixed PUT_CHAR macro to increment the counter even if we've
- exceeded the buffer size, for the return value from
- vsnprintf/snprintf
- - fix vsnprintf_internal to not use counter < length as a loop
- condition, but always process the entire format string (for
- the return value from vsnprintf/snprintf)
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - support %a, %A if HAVE_PRINTF_A_FORMAT is defined
-
-include/typemax.h
- - new file, with the TYPE_MAXIMUM stuff that's duplicated in several
- files in lib/sh
-
-lib/sh/{fmtulong,strtol,snprintf}.c
- - include <typemax.h> instead of having the definitions in each file
-
-lib/sh/Makefile.in
- - updated dependencies for typemax.h
-
- 10/22
- -----
-configure.in
- - call AC_CHECK_FUNCS on ctype.h functions/macros that bash redefines
- in chartypes.h
-
-config.h.in
- - defines for HAVE_IS{ASCII,BLANK,GRAPH,PRINT,SPACE,XDIGIT}
-
-include/chartypes.h, lib/glob/strmatch.c, lib/readline/chardefs.h
- - don't redefine some is* ctype macros/functions if HAVE_ISXXX is
- defined (meaning that an appropriate function, but not a macro,
- exists)
-
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
- - new function, ansic_shouldquote, returns 1 if argument string
- contains non-printing chars that should be quoted with $'...'
-
-externs.h
- - new declaration for ansic_shouldquote()
-
-variables.c
- - change print_var_value to ansi C quote the string if we're not in
- posix mode and the variable's value contains non-printing chars,
- to use the regular shell single quoting if the value contains
- shell meta-characters, and to just output the string otherwise
-
-lib/sh/shquote.c
- - add `break' to `case '~':' to avoid fallthrough and extra test
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - note that in POSIX mode, `set' displays variable values that
- include nonprinting characters without quoting, unless they
- contain shell metacharacters
-
-builtins/printf.def, lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - handle `F' conversion specifier as equivalent to 'f'
-
-parse.y, {nojobs,variables}.c
- - a couple of cleanups for when building a minimal configuration
-
-nojobs.c
- - new function: stop_making_children(), just sets
- already_making_children to 0 (like stop_pipeline)
-
-subst.c
- - call stop_making_children from subst.c:command_substitute if
- JOB_CONTROL is not defined. This fixes the bug where the wrong
- process is waited for (and its status returned) when using
- command substitution in a null command in a shell function
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - new variable `tw' used to keep track of the total number of
- characters written by a single call to `printf' -- to be
- used for the `%n' conversion, which will be added later. It
- gets reset each time we reuse the format string, which is what
- ksh93 seems to do
-
- 10/23
- -----
-variables.c
- - new function, bind_var_to_int (char *var, long val)
-
-variables.h
- - extern declaration for bind_var_to_int
-
-lib/sh/netopen.c
- - use gai_strerror() for error messages when getaddrinfo() fails
- - use PF_INET if DEBUG is defined, since IPv6 doesn't work for me
-
-Makefile.in
- - pass DEBUG=${DEBUG} down to makes in some subdirectories
-
-{builtins,lib/{glob,sh}}/Makefile.in
- - append ${DEBUG} to LOCAL_CFLAGS value, passed by top-level Makefile
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - added support for %n format conversion char (number of chars printed
- so far from current format string)
-
- 10/24
- -----
-variables.c
- - if posixly_correct is set, the default value of $MAILCHECK is 600
- - use legal_number instead of atoi in adjust_shell_level
- - treat non-numeric assignments to SECONDS as 0 in assign_seconds
- - new function, init_funcname_var; sets FUNCNAME as a dynamic variable
- if it's not set in the initial environment
- - new function, init_groups_var; sets GROUPS as a dynamic array
- variable if it's not set in the initial environment
- - new function, init_dirstack_var; sets DIRSTACK as a dynamic array
- variable if it's not set in the initial environment
- - new function, init_seconds_var; sets SECONDS as a dynamic
- variable using any valid integer value in the initial environment
- as the initial value, as if an assignment had been performed
- - call init_funcname_var, init_groups_var, init_dirstack_var,
- init_seconds_var from initialize_dynamic_variables
- - non-numeric values assigned to LINENO are treated as 0
- - change initialize_shell_variables to not auto-export PATH or TERM
- - change set_home_var to not auto-export HOME
- - change set_shell_var to not auto-export SHELL
- - broke the code that sets HOSTNAME, HOSTTYPE, MACHTYPE, OSTYPE
- out into a separate function, set_machine_vars; none of those
- variables are auto-exported
- - bash no longer un-exports SSH_CLIENT or SSH2_CLIENT
-
-shell.c
- - changed isnetconn() to check SSH_CLIENT and SSH2_CLIENT only if
- SSH_SOURCE_BASHRC is defined in config-top.h
-
-config-top.h
- - added a commented-out definition for SSH_SOURCE_BASHRC
-
- 10/25
- -----
-
-Makefile.in
- - changed RELSTATUS to `rc1' (release candidate 1)
-
- 10/29
- -----
-locale.c
- - fixed an `=' vs. `==' typo in set_locale_var when parsing
- LC_NUMERIC
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - document what bash does with $POSIXLY_CORRECT
-
-doc/builtins.1
- - some updates
-
-builtins/psize.sh
- - some mktemp(1) changes
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - change rl_backward to check for rl_point < 0 and reset to 0 if so
-
-lib/readline/util.c
- - don't compile in _rl_strpbrk if HAVE_STRPBRK is defined
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - remove extern declaration of _rl_strpbrk
-
-lib/readline/rldefs.h
- - #define _rl_strpbrk as strpbrk if HAVE_STRPBRK is define, otherwise
- add extern declaration of _rl_strpbrk from rlprivate.h
-
-{mailcheck,shell,variables}.c
- - make sure to include posixtime.h to get any prototype for time(3)
- in scope
-
-{array,eval,execute_cmd,mksyntax,subst}.c, parse.y
-builtins/common.c
-lib/sh/pathcanon.c
- - a few changes as the result of `gcc -Wall' patches from solar
- designer
-
-builtins/read.def, parse.y
- - change some calls to free() to xfree()
-
-builtins/set.def
- - make sure unset_builtin() resets unset_array to 0 each time through
- the loop, because it's set (and used) depending on the current
- argument
-
-shell.h
- - new define, USE_VAR, to force the compiler to not put a particular
- variable in a register -- helpful if registers are not restored
- by setjmp/longjmp
-
-builtins/{evalfile.c,{read,wait}.def}, {eval,execute_cmd,shell,test}.c
- - use USE_VAR for some variables
-
-subst.c
- - fixed a case in expand_word_internal where a NULL pointer could
- have been passed to free() (though free() should ignore it)
- - fixed a case at the end of expand_word_internal where LIST could
- have been used uninitialized (it makes gcc happy, though it
- doesn't happen in practice)
-
-test.c
- - give test_syntax_error(), beyond(), and integer_expected_error()
- the `__noreturn__' attribute for gcc
-
-unwind_prot.c
- - in clear_unwind_protect_list(), convert `flags' to `long' (via
- assignment to a `long' variable) before casting to `char *', in
- case pointers and longs are 64 bits and ints are 32 (makes no
- difference on 32-bit machines)
-
- 10/30
- -----
-print_cmd.c
- - fixed cprintf to avoid gcc warning about assigning const pointer
- to non-const (discarding type qualifier)
-
-{make_cmd,pcomplete,test}.c,parse.y
- - some minor changes to shut up gcc warnings
-
-lib/sh/tmpfile.c
- - fixed sh_mktmpfp to avoid file descriptor leaks in the case that
- sh_mktmpfd succeeds but fdopen fails for some reason
- - change sh_mktmpfd to use the same scheme for computing `filenum'
- as sh_mktmpname
- - change get_sys_tmpdir to prefer P_tmpdir if P_tmpdir is defined
- - changed sh_mktmpname and sh_mktmpfd to avoid trying to assign to
- `nameroot' if `nameroot == 0' (duh)
- - add code to sh_mktmpfd to use mkstemp(3) if USE_MKSTEMP is defined
- - add code to sh_mktmpname to use mktemp(3) if USE_MKTEMP is defined
-
-support/{fixlinks,mkclone}
- - use mktemp if it's available for the symlink test
- - use $TMPDIR instead of hardcoding /tmp; default to /tmp
- - use a better filename for the symlink test instead of `z'
-
-support/bashbug.sh
- - more changes inspired by a patch from solar designer
-
-lib/malloc/Makefile.in
- - new target `alloca', which builds libmalloc.a with alloca.o only
- (for systems without alloca that are configured --without-bash-malloc)
-
-configure.in
- - if we don't have a working alloca and are not configured to build
- the bash malloc library, make a malloc library containing only
- alloca.o
-
-aclocal.m4
- - slight change to RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION to deal with minor version
- numbers with a letter appended (like 4.2a)
-
- 10/31
- -----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - slight change to note that only interactive shells resend a SIGHUP
- to all jobs before exiting
-
-externs.h
- - declare strto[ui]max only if NEED_STRTOIMAX_DECL is defined. This
- keeps picky compilers from choking because intmax_t is not defined
- (MacOS X 10.1)
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - #define NEED_STRTOIMAX_DECL before including shell.h
-
- 11/1
- ----
-general.c
- - check in bash_tilde_expand() for an unquoted tilde-prefix; don't
- bother passing the string to tilde_expand unless the prefix is
- unquoted
-
-shell.c
- - fix a problem with $LINENO when executing commands supplied with
- the -c invocation option when ONESHOT is defined
-
-[bash-2.05a-rc1 frozen]
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - fix the %n conversion to require that the variable name supplied
- be a valid shell identifier
-
-variables.c
- - improve random number generator slightly by using the upper 16
- bits of the running random number instead of the lower 16, which
- are incrementally more random
-
- 11/2
- ----
-configure.in
- - if RL_INCLUDEDIR ends up being /usr/include, don't put
- -I$(RL_INCLUDEDIR) into CFLAGS
-
- 11/5
- ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - correct description of POSIXLY_CORRECT to note that the shell enters
- posix mode *before* the startup files are read if POSIXLY_CORRECT
- is in the initial environment
-
-variables.c
- - fix function prologues for init_dirstack_var and init_groups_var
- to agree with caller (no arguments)
-
-jobs.c
- - fix forward function declarations for pipe_read and pipe_close
-
-subst.c
- - removed `inline' attribute from skip_double_quoted because it can
- potentially be called recursively
-
-bashline.c
- - quick fix to bashline.c:attempt_shell_completion programmable
- completion code to just punt if the end of the command word found
- by find_cmd_end is <= the start found by find_cmd_start (the bug
- is probably in find_cmd_start -- fix later)
-
-pcomplete.c
- - fix gen_matches_from_itemlist to return if the stringlist is null
- after any cleaning or initialization, before trying to use it
- - fix GEN_COMPS to only bother to try to append the STRINGLIST
- returned by gen_matches_from_itemlist to `glist' if it's non-NULL
-
-lib/sh/stringlist.c
- - make copy_stringlist return NULL if the STRINGLIST * passed as an
- argument is NULL
- - make append_stringlist call copy_stringlist only if M2 is non-NULL;
- otherwise just return NULL if m1 is NULL
- - make word_list_to_stringlist return 0 immediately if the passed
- LIST argument is NULL
- - make realloc_stringlist call alloc_stringlist if the passed
- STRINGLIST argument (`sl') is 0, just like realloc calls malloc
-
-subst.c
- - in skip_to_delim(), if we have an unclosed ${, and it's at the end
- of the string (string[i] == '{', string[i+1] == '{' and
- string[i+2] == 0, return si (i + 2) immediately without bothering
- to call extract_dollar_brace_string or extract_delimited_string
- - in skip_to_delim(), if string[i] is 0 after a call to
- extract_dollar_brace_string or extract_delimited_string (meaning we
- have an unclosed ${ or other expansion, return i immediately without
- doing a `continue' (which will increment i past the end of string)
- - in split_at_delims, don't increment te by 1 if it's pointing to a
- delimiter. this has the effect of skipping the first delimiter
- char in a possibly multi-character delimiter, and ignoring
- single-char delimiters like `>'
-
-configure.in
- - use AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_blocks]) instead of a call to
- AC_STRUCT_ST_BLOCKS to avoid configure changing LIBOBJS if the test
- fails
-
-general.c
- - introduce two new variables: bash_tilde_{prefixes,suffixes}, set
- to the additional prefixes and suffixes bash wants to pass to the
- tilde expansion code (reserved for post-bash-2.05a fix)
-
-aclocal.m4
- - add missing `test' in BASH_CHECK_SYS_SIGLIST
-
- 11/7
- ----
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - fix rl_vi_goto_mark to explicitly check that the desired mark is
- between 'a' and 'z', since some locales have lowercase letters
- outside that range, which could cause a negative subscript
-
-include/chartypes.h
- - remove superfluous `#undef ISASCII'
-
-lib/sh/strto[iu]max.c
- - changes from Paul Eggert to work around buggy compilers and catch
- configuration errors at compile time
-
-aclocal.m4
- - new macro, BASH_C_LONG_DOUBLE, identical to AC_C_LONG_DOUBLE but
- with a fix for Irix 5.3 (not called, since I'm not sure it's the
- right thing to do -- the C standard allows double and long double
- to be the same size)
-
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - only try to write the trailing NUL in vsnprintf_internal if
- data->length is >= 0, since if it's not, we probably don't have
- a buffer
-
-Makefile.in
- - changed RELSTATUS to `release'
-
- 11/8
- ----
-lib/sh/strtol.c
- - make sure chars passed to toupper are cast to unsigned
-
-unwind_prot.c
- - change clear_unwind_protect_list to not require a cast from `int'
- to `char *'
-
-lib/readline/chardefs.h
- - make _rl_digit_p succeed only for ascii digits, since that's what
- most callers assume
-
- 11/13
- -----
-doc/bashref.texi
- - added `ERR' trap and [-+]O invocation option to section listing
- differences from the Bourne shell
-
- 11/15
- -----
-[bash-2.05a released]
-
- 11/19
- -----
-include/stdc.h
- - new define, INLINE, defined as `inline' for gcc and empty otherwise
-
-subst.c
- - make skip_double_quoted, sub_append_string have INLINE attribute
-
-trap.c
- - use BASH_NSIG as upper limit for signal names in signal_name()
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - use RL_COMMENT_BEGIN_DEFAULT in output for rl-comment-begin value
-
-error.c
- - fix sys_error to save value of errno around calls to fprintf
-
-doc/Makefile.in
- - added rules to create PDF files from postscript and dvi input
-
-MANIFEST.doc
- - added {article,bash,bashref,rose94}.pdf
-
-doc/bash.1
- - rearranged some `.PD 0' and `.TP' directives so man2html will
- handle them better (shouldn't affect groff output)
-
-support/man2html.c
- - small fix to handle quoted string arguments to directives like
- `.BR' without mangling the output
-
- 11/20
- -----
-{arrayfunc,variables}.c
- - changed calling sequence for dynamic array variable `assign'
- functions to (SHELL_VAR *self, char *value, arrayind_t ind)
- - changed calling sequence for dynamic variable assign functions
- to the same as array variable assign_func. Now this can be
- prototyped
-
-variables.h
- - the assign_func member of a `struct variable' is now of type
- `sh_var_assign_func_t', which is prototyped
- - the dynamic_value member of a `struct variable' is now of type
- `sh_var_value_func_t', which is prototyped
-
-variables.c
- - changed to use `sh_var_assign_func_t' and `sh_var_value_func_t'
-
-builtins/cd.def
- - when in posix mode, if the new directory name formed by PWD and
- the argument passed by the user cannot be canonicalized, and the
- -P option has not been supplied, return failure immediately
- - if canonicalization failed, but the fallback to the directory
- name specified by the user succeeds, reset the current working
- directory
-
-lib/readline/{input.c,rlprivate.h}
- - renamed rl_unget_char to _rl_unget_char; made library global
-
-lib/readline/{{bind,readline}.c,{keymaps,rlprivate}.h}
- - support for `key subsequences'; allows a key sequence and a function
- mapped to a subsequence of that key sequence. Primarily to allow
- arrow keys to be bound in readline vi insert mode, while preserving
- the ESC function to switch to command mode.
-
-lib/readline/{input.c,rlprivate.h}
- - new function, _rl_input_queued(T), does a check with select or
- FIONREAD with a timeout of `T' (which is generally 0)
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - change _rl_dispatch_subseq to test for input in the queue if we
- get ESC while in vi insertion mode if the keymap entry type for
- ESC is ISKMAP. If _rl_input_queued returns non-zero, we assume
- that an arrow key sequence has been pressed and go ahead with the
- subsequence. If it returns zero, we assume that the user pressed
- ESC to switch into command mode, and dispatch to that right away.
- This avoids forcing the user to press another key before switching
- into command mode
-
- 11/21
- -----
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - bind common arrow key sequences in vi insertion keymap
-
-lib/readline/terminal.c
- - bind termcap definition's arrow keys in vi insertion keymap
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - check for rl_vi_movement_mode in _rl_bind_if_unbound, so
- binding the arrow keys can work
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - since _rl_bind_if_unbound does the check of what's currently
- bound to the key sequence, the check in bind_arrow_keys_internal
- was redundant
- - bind_arrow_keys_internal now takes a Keymap argument and handles
- saving and restoring _rl_keymap; changed bind_arrow_keys
- accordingly
-
-builtins/fc.def
- - fix from Paul Eggert to substitute the nearest history number in
- range if an out-of-range value is supplied. POSIX requires this
-
-lib/sh/pathcanon.c
- - fix from Corrina Vinschen for the special `cygdrive' prefix on
- Cygwin
-
-bashhist.c
- - split the history adding code into more pieces:
- check_history_control (char *line) checks LINE against the value
- of HISTCONTROL, returning 1 if LINE should be saved and 0 if not
-
- check_add_history (char *line) calls check_history_control and
- history_should_ignore (line) and saves the line with
- bash_add_history if the checks indicate that it should be saved
-
- maybe_add_history just calls check_add_history to set the value
- of first_line_saved
-
-bashhist.h
- - extern declaration for check_add_history()
-
-shell.c
- - don't call load_history() from the interactive shell startup
- code if history_lines_this_session is > 0, indicating that we've
- already saved some lines in the history and that we probably
- don't want to overwrite them
-
-builtins/history.def
- - call check_add_history from push_history, so `history -s xx'
- works even when in a compound command whose first line has not
- been saved. (Caveat: in a compound command when the first
- line has been saved, the line supplied to history -s will become
- part of the compound command's history entry. Of course, the
- delete_history call could remove the compound command from the
- history entirely)
-
-bashline.c
- - use sh_makepath instead of xmalloc/sprintf in
- command_word_completion_function
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - get_y_or_n now takes an int FOR_PAGER argument; caller changed
- If FOR_PAGER is non-zero, get_y_or_n returns appropriate values
- for a more-like pager: `newline' or `return' return 2; `q' or
- `Q' return 0
- - there is now a mini internal more-like pager for displaying a
- list of completions that exceeds the screen height (new function
- _rl_internal_pager, called from rl_display_match_list)
-
- 11/24
- -----
-command.h
- - new flag, W_TILDEEXP, says to do tilde expansion on an
- assignment word
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix_assignment_words now sets W_TILDEEXP for assignment word
- arguments to `assignment builtins'
-
-general.c
- - bash_tilde_expand now takes a second argument indicating whether
- or not it's being invoked in an `assignment context'
-
-general.h
- - change extern declaration for bash_tilde_expand
-
-{bashline,execute_cmd,findcmd,general,variables}.c
-builtins/evalfile.c
-lib/sh/makepath.c
- - fix callers of bash_tilde_expand appropriately
-
-subst.c
- - fix callers of bash_tilde_expansion appropriately
- - add (currently commented-out) code that would tilde expand assignment
- statement arguments to assignment builtins (W_TILDEEXP flag set)
- even when the shell is in posix mode
-
-bashline.c
- - fix attempt_shell_completion to turn off
- rl_filename_completion_desired when doing command name completion,
- so no slash gets appended to the name if there happens to be a
- directory with the same name in the current directory
-
- 11/26
- -----
-lib/readline/rltech.texinfo
- - a couple of additions to the rl_stuff_char description
-
-parse.y
- - turn off echo_input_at_read in parse_string_to_word_list, so `set -v'
- doesn't give extra lines of output when doing compound array
- assignment
-
-subst.c
- - fix split_at_delims to handle skipping over a `\n' if it's a
- delimiter (use spctabnl(c) instead of whitespace(c))
-
- 11/27
- -----
-support/config.{guess,sub}
- - updated (with bash changes) to latest version from gnu.org
-
-sig.h
- - add prototype for set_signal_handler declaration
-
-builtins/setattr.def
- - add prototype to extern declaration of declare_builtin
-
-builtins/times.def
- - add no_options call, since times takes no options
-
-lib/sh/spell.c
- - add prototypes to forward declarations for midist and spdist
-
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
- - add explicit int return type to ansic_shouldquote declaration
-
-lib/readline/rldefs.h, lib/readline/{macro,readline,util,undo}.c
- - move define for SWAP to rldefs.h, removed from various C files
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - removed define for exchange(), changed to use SWAP instead
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - added some static forward function declarations
- - find_boolean_var, find_string_var now take a `const char *' argument
-
-lib/readline/signals.c
- - added static forward declaration for rl_maybe_set_sighandler
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - add some common key bindings for the HOME and END keys in
- bind_arrow_keys_internal
-
-lib/readline/terminal.c
- - fetch the `@7' termcap string; it's sent by the END key
- - attempt to bind the terminal's END key to rl_end_of_line in
- bind_termcap_arrow_keys; I don't know why I was using `kH'
- instead of `@7'
-
-doc/builtins.1
- - remove `case', `for', `if', `until', `while' from NAME section;
- those are not shell builtins
-
- 11/28
- -----
-stringlib.c
- - new function, find_token_in_alist, takes a token value and an
- ALIST argument, and returns the string correspoinding to the
- token if found in the alist
-
-externs.h
- - new extern declaration for find_token_in_alist()
-
-subst.c
- - string_list_internal is no longer static
-
-subst.h
- - new extern declaration for string_list_internal()
-
-parse.y
- - new alist array of other tokens returned by read_token which are
- not reserved words in word_token_alist[]
- - reworked error reporting: new functions print_offending_line,
- which prints the line containing the syntax error,
- error_token_from_token, which takes the current token and tries to
- figure out its textual representation, and error_token_from_text,
- which does the old job of finding the bad token by analyzing the
- text of shell_input_line at the current index
- - report_syntax_error now tries to figure out the token that caused
- the syntax error by first looking at current_token and falling
- back to the old method of textual analysis if that fails
- - report_syntax_error doesn't say the token resulting from the textual
- analysis of the input line is an `unexpected token'; it just
- says there is a `syntax error near xxx'
- - changed conditional command error reporting to use the value
- returned by error_token_from_token if it's not null instead of
- just using the token value in the message, since current_token
- ends up being set to -1, and the text of the message from
- report_syntax_error might not be exactly right
- - change parse_string_to_word_list to set current_token to the
- offending token returned by read_token before calling yyerror()
- to make the error reporting do the right thing
-
-aclocal.m4
- - fixed typo in BASH_CHECK_LIB_TERMCAP
-
-configure.in
- - add check for isinf(3); define HAVE_ISINF_IN_LIBC if found
-
-config.h.in
- - add define for HAVE_ISINF_IN_LIBC
-
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - check for Inf and NaN, using isinf and isnan if they're found in
- libc
- - use the current locale for thousands separator and decimal point
- - recognize "'" flag; not implemented yet
- - fix for snprintf/vsnprintf with length of 0 and string argument of
- 0 with non-zero length
-
-builtins/read.def
- - TMOUT is now the default timeout for `read' (and select) if set,
- like ksh93 when reading from the terminal
- - edit_line (called by read -e) now just does readline's filename
- completion by setting rl_attempted_completion_function to NULL,
- since e.g., doing command completion for the first word on the
- line wasn't really useful
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - changed select_command to return failure status if select_query
- returns NULL, indicating that read_builtin returned
- EXECUTION_FAILURE
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented new TMOUT behavior
- - slight change to the description of the test `-ef' option
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - added item to posix mode section describing failure behavior of
- cd when invoked in logical mode and the pathname formed by
- combining $PWD and the directory argument does not refer to an
- existing directory
-
- 11/29
- -----
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix execute_function to call dispose_function_env after
- merge_function_env if the shell is in posix mode (fixes debian
- bash bug #117673)
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - rl_forward -> rl_forward_char; rl_forward function for compatibility
- - rl_backward -> rl_backward_char; rl_forward function for
- compatibility
- - new functions, rl_forward_byte, rl_backward_byte, for future use
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - extern declarations for rl_forward_char, rl_backward_char,
- rl_forward_byte, rl_backward_byte
-
-lib/readline/{emacs_keymap,funmap,vi_keymap,vi_mode
- - rl_forward -> rl_forward_char
- - rl_backward -> rl_backward_char
-
-lib/readline/funmap.c
- - new bindable names, `backward-byte' and `forward-byte'
-
-aclocal.m4
- - new function, BASH_CHECK_MULTIBYTE, encapsulates checks for
- multibyte code
-
-config.h.in
- - add necessary defines for multibyte include files and functions
-
-configure.in
- - add call to BASH_CHECK_MULTIBYTE
-
-config-bot.h
- - add code to define HANDLE_MULTIBYTE if prerequisites are met
-
-lib/sh/xstrchr.c
- - new file, xstrchr() is strchr(3) that handles multibyte characters
-
-bashhist.c
- - first_line_saved -> current_command_first_line_saved; variable is
- now global
-
-bashhist.h
- - extern declaration for current_command_first_line_saved
-
- 11/30
- -----
-bashhist.c
- - break the code that actually calls add_history out of
- bash_add_history into a new function, really_add_history;
- bash_add_history now calls really_add_history
- - check_add_history takes a second `force' argument telling it
- whether to call bash_add_history (force == 0) or really_add_history
- (force != 0)
-
-builtins/history.def
- - in push_history, call delete_last_history if the current command
- has more than one line, the first line was saved, and
- command-oriented history is active. This takes care of deleting
- the right history element if `history -s' is used within a
- compound or multiline command
- - in push_history, call check_add_history with second argument of 1
- to skip check of current_command_line_count and add the arguments
- to history -s as a single separate history entry
-
- 12/3
- ----
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - append a slash to completed names which are symlinks to directories
- if the new variable _rl_complete_mark_symlink_dirs is non-zero
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - extern declaration for _rl_complete_mark_symlink_dirs
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - new bindable variable, `mark-symlinked-directories', mirrors the
- value of _rl_complete_mark_symlink_dirs
-
-doc/bash.1, lib/readline/doc/{readline.3,rluser.texinfo}
- - documented new `mark-symlinked-directories' variable
-
- 12/4
- ----
-variables.[ch]
- - set_pipestatus_array now takes a second argument with the number
- of processes in the array
- - changed set_pipestatus_array to just modify the value in place if
- the existing array has one element and the new array has one
- element, and to modify existing values in place if new array has
- more elements than existing array
-
-variables.c, jobs.c
- - changed set_pipestatus_array callers
-
-jobs.c
- - moved call to setjstatus() from set_job_status_and_cleanup to
- wait_for, since set_job_status_and_cleanup is part of the SIGCHLD
- signal handler call path, and race conditions accessing the
- PIPESTATUS array will result for things like
-
- while true; do date; done | cat > /dev/null
-
- 12/5
- ----
-xmalloc.h
- - don't redefine xmalloc, xrealloc, and xfree if DISABLE_MALLOC_WRAPPERS
- is #defined
-
-config.h.in
- - #undef for DISABLE_MALLOC_WRAPPERS
-
-configure.in
- - define DISABLE_MALLOC_WRAPPERS if the --with-purify option is
- supplied
-
-lib/malloc/trace.c
- - new function, malloc_trace_bin(N), traces allocations and frees
- to bucket N (uses the same type of bitmap as `busy')
-
-lib/malloc/table.c
- - fix wraparound search problem in find_entry when searching for a
- free entry when the table is full
-
- 12/6
- ----
-lib/malloc/table.c
- - keep an `overflow bucket' around to use when the table is full,
- so find_entry always returns a valid pointer when FIND_ALLOC
- is set
- - new static variable to keep a count of the number of MT_ALLOC
- entries in the mem_table
-
-lib/sh/{oslib,clktck}.c
- - if HAVE_LIMITS_H is defined, include <limits.h>
-
-lib/sh/oslib.c
- - new function, getmaxgroups() returns max number of simultaneous
- groups
- - new function, getmaxchild(), returns max number of simultaneous
- user processes
-
-general.c
- - removed forest of #defines for getmaxgroups()
-
-externs.h
- - new extern declaration for getmaxgroups()
- - new extern declaration for getmaxchild()
- - new extern declaration for isnetconn()
-
-lib/sh/netconn.c,shell.c
- - new file, isnetconn() from shell.c moved here
-
-Makefile.in, lib/sh/Makefile.in
- - necessary changes for netconn.c
-
-builtins/ulimit.def
- - changed getmaxuprc() to just call getmaxchild() and massage the
- return value appropriately
-
-{jobs,nojobs}.c
- - use the value returned by getmaxchild() in
- mark_dead_jobs_as_notified instead of static CHILD_MAX
-
-jobs.c
- - new function, compact_jobs_list, removes some number of jobs from
- the jobs table and reallocates the table, copying the jobs that
- are left from the old table to the new. Compaction happens from
- the beginning of the list and removes dead jobs, and we make sure
- to keep the last CHILD_MAX jobs as POSIX.2 requires
- - call compact_jobs_list from stop_pipeline if we're in a subshell,
- there are no free jobs in the jobs table, and the jobs table is
- at or above some maximum limit
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - change eval_arith_for_expr to set this_command_name to `((' before
- calling evalexp, since it might be changed by evaluating the
- loop body between evalexp calls
-
-trap.c
- - change reset_signal to turn off the SIG_TRAPPED flag for the
- given signal, so shell builtins and functions running in command
- substitutions don't run the signal handlers (traps are not supposed
- to be inherited by command substitutions)
-
-parse.y
- - changed parse_string_to_word_list to turn off alias expansion
- while parsing the array assignment
-
- 12/9
- ----
-alias.c
- - fix add_alias so that redefining an alias's value also resets the
- EXPANDNEXT flag
-
- 12/10
- -----
-parse.y
- - new function, token_is_assignment, called to check whether the text
- before `=' makes up a valid assignment token before trying to parse
- a compound assignment statement
- - new function, parse_compound_assignment, to parse a compound
- assignment statement instead of using parse_matched_pair; handles
- comments and error reporting in the parser instead of waiting until
- expansion time
- - changed parse_compound_assignment and parse_string_to_word_list to
- allow reserved words in compound array assignments
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texinfo
- - changed the documentation for rl_callback_read_char and
- rl_callback_handler_remove to say what happens to the terminal
- settings and what needs to be done to reset them
-
- 12/11
- -----
-bashline.c
- - add emacs_edit_and_execute_command, bound to C-xC-e, like vi-mode
- `v' command
- - add bindable command name `edit-and-execute-command', bound to
- run emacs_edit_and_execute_command()
-
-lib/glob/strmatch.c
- - add support for ksh93-like [:word:] character class (isalnum + `_')
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - add note to section describing lists to clarify that a sequence of
- one or more newlines may be used to delimit a command, equivalent
- to a semicolon
- - document new [:word:] pattern matching character class
-
-doc/bash.1, lib/readline/doc/rluser.texinfo
- - document `edit-and-execute-command' and its default emacs-mode
- binding
-
-include/chartypes.h
- - add defines for TOCTRL and UNCTRL if they're not already defined
-
-lib/readline/chardefs.h
- - #undef UNCTRL if it's defined to avoid cpp redefinition warnings
-
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
- - add \cX (Control-X) escape for $'...' to ansicstr()
- - change ansic_quote() to allocate at least four chars for each char
- in the string argument, to account for \0xx octal values
- - change ansic_quote() to no longer call sprintf for non-printable
- characters; just translate the string to octal directly
-
-print_cmd.c
- - change xtrace_print_word_list to call ansic_quote() if
- ansic_shouldquote() indicates that there are nonprinting characters
- in a word
-
-builtins/type.def
- - changed deprecated long option parsing to just replace the word
- in the list with the equivalent short option (-type -> -t) instead
- of removing words from the list
- - changed describe_command to take a single flags argument instead
- of two int args; changed caller
- - type now has two new options: -f suppresses function lookup (like
- command), and -P forces a PATH search for the name(s)
-
-builtins/common.h
- - flags for describe_command are here
- - changed extern declaration of describe_command
-
-builtins/command.def
- - changed call to describe_command to use flags from common.h, and
- the right number of arguments
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented new -f and -P options to `type'
-
- 12/12
- -----
-lib/readline/rldefs.h
- - fixed prototype for _rl_strnicmp
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - select_query now takes a new argument, an int flag saying whether
- or not to print the menu the first time through the loop. An
- empty line in response to the prompt will always cause the menu
- to be reprinted
- - changed execute_select_command to cause select_query to reprint
- the menu only if REPLY is set to NULL, if KSH_COMPATIBLE_SELECT
- is defined
-
-config-top.h
- - define KSH_COMPATIBLE_SELECT, with a comment about its meaning
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - change rl_insert_comment to toggle if given an explicit numeric
- argument: if the first characters on the line don't specify a
- comment, insert one; if they do, delete the comment text
-
-doc/bash.1, lib/readline/doc/{readline.3,rluser.texinfo}
- - documented new behavior of insert-comment with a numeric argument
-
- 12/13
- -----
-lib/malloc/watch.c
- - new file, implements watchpoint functions
-
-lib/malloc/watch.h
- - new file, define some `events' for watchpoints and extern function
- and variable declarations for watchpoint code
-
-lib/malloc/imalloc.h
- - #define MALLOC_WATCH if MALLOC_DEBUG is defined
- - add __P define as in include/stdc.h if not already defined
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - remove __P define, now in imalloc.h
- - include watch.h if MALLOC_WATCH is defined
- - added calls to _malloc_ckwatch in internal_malloc, internal_free,
- and internal_realloc
-
-include/stdc.h
- - augment __P define to allow prototypes if PROTOTYPES is defined
-
-lib/readline/rlstdc.h
- - augment PARAMS define to allow prototypes if PROTOTYPES is defined
-
-lib/malloc/Makefile.in, Makefile.in
- necessary changes to include watch.c in libmalloc
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - fix rl_delete_text to make sure that the starting position is >= 0
- - _rl_init_line_state (called by readline via readline_initialize)
- now sets rl_mark to 0
- - rl_get_{next,previous}_history set rl_mark to 0 if rl_point is at
- the end of the line and rl_end otherwise in emacs mode
-
-lib/readline/kill.c
- - rl_yank_nth_arg_internal and rl_paste_clipboard now set the mark
- at point before calling rl_insert_text, like rl_yank
- - rl_kill_full_line now resets rl_mark to 0
- - rl_kill_line and rl_backward_kill_line now set rl_mark to the
- point after the kill in emacs mode
- - rl_kill_word and rl_backward_kill_word now set rl_mark to the
- point after the kill in emacs mode
- - rl_unix_word_rubout and rl_unix_line_discard now set rl_mark to
- the point after the kill in emacs mode
-
-lib/readline/search.c
- - noninc_search saves and restores the mark, since it can be changed
- while reading the search string
- - noninc_dosearch sets the mark at the end of the line, making the
- region bound the `inserted' text since rl_point is set to 0
- - rl_history_search_internal sets the mark at the end of the line,
- for the same reason
-
-lib/readline/isearch.c
- - rl_search_history now saves and restores the mark
- - if no matching lines are found at all when doing an isearch, leave
- point where it was instead of moving it to the end of the line
-
- 12/17
- -----
-lib/readline/rlmbutil.h
- - new file, place for multi-byte character defines and extern
- declarations
-
-lib/readline/{bind.c,readline.c,rlprivate.h}
- - new bindable variable, `byte-oriented', tracks value of
- rl_byte_oriented variable
-
-lib/readline/mbutil.c
- - new file, with multibyte char utility functions
-
-lib/readline/{complete,display,readline,util,vi_mode}.c
- - new code for multibyte characters, derived from IBM patch
-
- 12/18
- -----
-lib/sh/tmpfile.c
- - include posixtime.h for time() extern declaration
-
-support/bashversion.c
- - include <unistd.h> if it's available
-
-lib/readline/{histexpand,input,isearch,search}.c
- - new code for multibyte characters, derived from IBM patch
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - include rltypedefs.h
-
- 12/19
- -----
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - slight change to mark-directories code to avoid adding a slash if
- point is at the end of the line (rl_line_buffer[rl_point] == '\0')
- and the previous character was a slash
- - change printable_part to not return empty pathnames, which could
- happen when completing filenames and a filename with a trailing
- slash was passed as the argument. If the portion following the
- trailing slash is NULL, ignore it and look for a previous slash.
- If there's no previous slash, just return the filename argument
- - new variable, rl_completion_mark_symlink_dirs, mirrors the value
- of (user-settable with a variable) _rl_complete_mark_symlink_dirs
- but may be modified by application-specific completion functions
- when appropriate (set in rl_complete_internal and rl_menu_complete)
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - extern declaration for rl_completion_mark_symlink_dirs
-
-pcomplete.c
- - if one of the actions is CA_DIRECTORY, set
- rl_completion_mark_symlink_dirs to indicate that we want the
- trailing slash (might have to relax this)
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texinfo
- - documented rl_completion_mark_symlink_dirs variable
-
-lib/readline/doc/rluser.texinfo, doc/bash.1
- - documented the fact that `complete -d' and `complete -o dirnames'
- force readline to append a slash to symlinks to directories
-
-builtins/enable.def
- - changed enable_shell_builtin to disallow enabling disabled
- builtins in a restricted shell
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented new enable behavior in restricted shells
-
-doc/Makefile.in
- - new rule to make an `RBASH' file documenting the restrictions
- imposed by a restricted shell
-
-expr.c
- - broke the code that evaluates variables and returns results out
- of readtok() into a new function: expr_streval()
- - expr_streval() now performs the standard unset variable error
- behavior if `set -u' has been executed and it's asked to look
- up an unset variable
- - broke the code that frees up the expression context stack into
- a new function: expr_unwind()
-
-variables.c
- - fixed bind_int_variable so it handles array element assignment,
- so expressions like `b[7]++' and `b[0] = 42' work right
- - new function, get_variable_value, returns the string value of
- the SHELL_VAR * passed as an argument
- - get_string_value now calls get_variable_value with a non-null
- result from find_variable
-
- 12/20
- -----
-lib/readline/rlmbutil.h, mbutil.c
- - combined _rl_find_next_mbchar and _rl_find_next_nonzero_mbchar into
- a single function
- - combined _rl_find_prev_mbchar and _rl_find_prev_nonzero_mbchar into
- a single function
-
-lib/readline/{display,readline,vi_mode}.c
- - changed callers of _rl_find_next_mbchar and
- _rl_find_next_nonzero_mbchar
-
-lib/readline/{complete,display,histexpand,readline,vi_mode}.c
- - changed callers of _rl_find_prev_mbchar and
- _rl_find_prev_nonzero_mbchar
-
- 12/20
- -----
-lib/sh/mktime.c
- - new file, from glibc/gawk, compiled in if system doesn't have a
- working mktime(3)
-
-lib/sh/strftime.c
- - new file, from gawk, compiled in if system doesn't have a
- working strftime(3)
-
-lib/sh/Makefile.in, Makefile.in
- - changes for mktime.c, strftime.c
-
-configure.in
- - call AC_FUNC_MKTIME, AC_STRUCT_TM, AC_STRUCT_TIMEZONE
- - call AC_REPLACE_FUNC(strftime)
-
-config.h.in
- - add defines for TM_IN_SYS_TIME, HAVE_TZSET, HAVE_TM_ZONE,
- HAVE_STRUCT_TM_TM_ZONE, HAVE_STRFTIME
-
-externs.h
- - provide an extern declaration for strftime if HAVE_STRFTIME is
- not defined and NEED_STRFTIME_DECL is
-
-lib/tilde/tilde.h
- - header files should not include <config.h>
-
-parse.y
- - replace code in decode_prompt_string that chops up value returned
- by ctime(3) with calls to strftime -- as a result, the expansion
- of \@ has changed slightly (since it depends on the locale)
- - added new \D{format} prompt string escape; `format' is passed to
- strftime(3). Empty format is the same as `%X' (locale-specific
- representation of the current time)
- - combined cases for '\\', '\a', '\e', and '\r' in same case branch
- in decode_prompt_string
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented new \D{format} prompt string expansion
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - use ISO C PRIdMAX instead of INTMAX_CONV
- - pass length of format modifiers to mklong instead of computing it
- with strlen()
-
-lib/sh/{fmtulong,fmtullong}.c
- - changes from Paul Eggert to make more general
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - when converting a variable to an array, make sure to unset the
- dynamic_value and assign_func members of the struct variable,
- since they're not valid anymore
-
- 12/27
- -----
-configure.in
- - use AC_HELP_STRING in AC_ARG_WITH and AC_ARG_ENABLE
- - remove AC_ARG_ENABLE for largefile, since AC_SYS_LARGEFILE adds
- one
-
- 1/2/2002
- --------
-{alias,bashline,execute_cmd,general,shell,subst,variables,arrayfunc}.c,general.h
- - changed some calls to strchr to calls to xstrchr for multibyte
- characters
-
-include/shmbutil.h
- - add extern declaration for xstrchr to avoid including externs.h
- where it's not appropriate
-
-{braces,make_cmd,pathexp,subst,arrayfunc}.c, lib/sh/xstrchr.c
- - include shmbutil.h
-
-{stringlib,subst}.c, {externs,subst}.h
- - moved substring() from subst.c to stringlib.c, moved declaration
- from subst.h to externs.h
-
-lib/sh/xmbsrtowcs.c
- - new file, replacement function for mbsrtowcs
-
-lib/sh/Makefile.in
- - add entries for xmbsrtowcs.c
-
-Makefile.in
- - add dependencies on shmbutil.h to appropriate object files
-
-lib/glob/strmatch.c
- - break character-class testing out into separate function:
- is_cclass, in prep for multibyte changes
-
-{braces,make_cmd}.c
- - changes for multibyte characters
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - changes from Paul Eggert to just use intmax_t everywhere an
- int/long/quad is needed and print with "%ld" if the number
- fits in a long and %PRIdMAX otherwise
- - remove getlong, getulong, getllong, getullong, since they're
- no longer needed
- - use a new type `floatmax_t' to print floating point numbers, the
- widest-available floating point type (like `intmax_t'); new
- function `getfloatmax' that calls strtold or strtod as appropriate
- - remove getdouble, getldouble, since they're no longer needed
-
-lib/sh/fmtumax.c
- - new file, string-to-[u]intmax_t conversion, just includes
- fmtulong.c with the right defines
-
-Makefile.in, lib/sh/Makefile.in
- - additions for fmtumax.c
-
-bashtypes.h
- - include <inttypes.h> if it's available
-
-expr.c
- - arithmetic is now in intmax_t instead of long
-
-externs.h
- - extern declaration for fmtumax
- - change extern declarations for evalexp, itos, inttostr,
- uitos, uinttostr since they now return or use intmax_t instead
- of long
-
-{execute_cmd,general,mailcheck,subst,variables}.c, parse.y
-{array,general,subst,test,variables}.h
-lib/sh/{itos,netopen}.c
-builtins/{bashgetopt,common}.c, builtins/common.h
-builtins/{break,fc,history,jobs,let,printf,pushd,read,shift,wait}.def
- - changes for intmax_t shell arithmetic conversion
-
-doc/{bashref.texi,bash.1}
- - documented long->intmax_t shell arithmetic conversion
-
-sig.c
- - in initialize_terminating_signals, if we've already trapped a
- terminating signal, don't reset the signal handler for it
-
- 1/3
- ---
-{arrayfunc,pathexp}.c, parse.y
- - changes for multibyte chars
-
-parse.y, lib/sh/strtrans.c
- - moved ansiexpand from parse.y to lib/sh/strtrans.c
-
-parse.y, locale.c
- - moved mk_msgstr and localeexpand from parse.y to locale.c
-
-parse.y
- - new function, yy_input_name, returns name of input file from
- bash_input.name
- - broke the code that parses ((...)) constructs out of read_token
- into a new function, parse_dparen()
-
-externs.h
- - new extern declaration for ansiexpand(), mk_msgstr(), and
- localeexpand()
-
-input.h
- - new extern declaration for yy_input_name()
-
-{error,locale}.c
- - use yy_input_name for error and other messages
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - change shell_execve to make sure that the file is executable
- before looking at the interpreter to find out why the execve()
- failed (avoids misleading error message)
-
-lib/glob/glob.c
- - move code that matches leading `.' and skips those filenames into
- a separate function: skipname(), so there can be unibyte and
- multibyte versions of that function
-
- 1/7
- ---
-subst.c
- - more changes for multibyte characters
-
-print_cmd.c
- - change semicolon() so it doesn't output a `;' immediately after a
- newline, since that results in a null command, which is a syntax
- error
-
-variables.c
- - fix indirection_level_string to turn off set -x while evaluating
- PS4
-
- 1/8
- ---
-builtins/set.def
- - make -o options into one struct, instead of separate structs for
- option names corresponding to flags and non-flag option names.
- This has the side effect of sorting the option names in output
-
-lib/glob/glob.c
- - new function, mbskipname(), multibyte char version of skipname()
- - removed all #ifndef SHELL code, this will never be used outside
- the shell
-
-include/posixdir.h
- - move REAL_DIR_ENTRY define here from lib/glob/glob.c
-
-lib/glob/glob_loop.c
- - new file, included in glob.c for unibyte and multibyte versions of
- glob_pattern_p
- - added some forward static function declarations with prototypes
- - more changes for multibyte character handling
-
-lib/glob/Makefile.in
- - make glob.c depend on glob_loop.c
- - changes for xmbsrtowcs.[co]
-
-lib/glob/xmbsrtowcs.c
- - moved here from lib/sh, since the matching functions use it, and
- libglob.a is linked after libsh.a
-
- 1/9
- ---
-lib/glob/smatch.c
- - new file, with strmatch (now xstrmatch) and associated functions,
- with changes for multibyte chars
-
-lib/glob/sm_loop.c
- - new file, included by smatch.c, with `generic' versions of matching
- functions that are compiled twice: once each for single-byte and
- multibyte characters
-
-lib/glob/strmatch.c
- - strip out everything except strmatch(), which either calls fnmatch
- (if HAVE_LIBC_FNM_EXTMATCH is defined) or xstrmatch
-
-lib/glob/collsyms.c
- - changes for multibyte chars
-
-lib/glob/Makefile.in, Makefile.in
- - changes for new source files
-
- 1/10
- ----
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - new function, rl_completion_mode (rl_command_func_t *func), returns
- the appropriate value to pass to rl_complete_internal depending on
- FUNC and the value of `show-all-if-ambiguous'. This allows
- application completion functions to present the same interface as
- rl_complete
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - new extern declaration for rl_completion_mode()
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texinfo
- - documented rl_completion_mode
-
-lib/readline/readline.[ch]
- - bumped the version number to 4.3, changing the relevant cpp defines
-
-configure.in
- - require that an installed readline version be at least readline-4.3
-
-bashline.c
- - converted bash-specific completion functions to use
- rl_completion_mode instead of passing TAB unconditionally
-
-builtins/bashgetopt.c
- - the `#' option specifier now means a required numeric argument,
- not an optional one
-
-builtins/type.def
- - when converting [-]-{path,type,all} to -[pta], don't bother
- freeing and reallocating the option string; just change opt[1]
- and null opt[2]
-
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - support %ls/%S and %lc/%C for wide strings and characters,
- respectively, if HANDLE_MULTIBYTE is defined
-
-mailcheck.c
- - don't print a message about new mail if the file has not grown,
- even if the access time is less than the modification time
-
- 1/14
- ----
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - new function, rl_replace_line, to replace the readline line buffer
- with the text supplied as an argument
- - new function, rl_replace_from_history, replaces readline line
- buffer with text from history entry passed as argument (undocumented,
- not in readline.h because it requires a definition of
- HIST_ENTRY for the prototype)
-
-lib/readline/readlne.h
- - new extern declaration for rl_replace_line
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texinfo
- - documented rl_replace_line
-
-lib/readline/{isearch,readline,search}.c
- - use rl_replace_line and rl_replace_from_history where appropriate
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - broke the code that sets point after moving through the history
- (_rl_history_preserve_point and _rl_history_saved_point) out
- into a separate function, _rl_history_set_point()
-
-lib/readline/{complete.c,rlprivate.h}
- - find_completion_word -> _rl_find_completion_word
- - free_match_list -> _rl_free_match_list
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - postprocess_matches and _rl_free_match_list now return immediately
- if passed a null match list
-
-variables.c
- - new function, find_local_variable, finds a local variable by name
- at the current variable context
- - in find_variable_internal, call find_local_variable before searching
- any of the temporary environments if variable_context > 0 (meaning
- we're in a shell function). This lets a local variable
- override a variable whose value was passed in the `function
- environment'
-
- 1/15
- ----
-variables.h, execute_cmd.c
- - declare variables describing the temporary environments in
- variables.h instead of in C files
-
-findcmd.c, builtins/setattr.def
- - instead of calling find_tempenv_variable, use find_variable_internal
- and check whether the returned SHELL_VAR * has the tempvar
- attribute
-
-variables.c
- - tentative change to lookup order in find_variable_internal so that
- function local variables are found before variables in
- function_env when executing a shell function
- - change make_local_variable to handle making a local variable when
- a variable with the same name already appears in one of the
- temporary environments
- - broke the body of make_var_array out into a new function:
- static char **make_env_array_from_var_list (SHELL_VAR **vars)
- - new function, make_var_array_internal, takes a hash table to look
- in and a pointer to a mapping function and returns a char **
- environment-style list
- - make_var_array now just calls make_var_array_internal
- - new mapping function, local_and_exported, returns all local variables
- in the current variable context with the export attribute set
- - new function, make_local_export_array, returns an environment-style
- char ** array of exported local variables in current context
- - change environment creation order in maybe_make_export_env to
- add variables to the environment in opposite order that
- find_variable_internal uses. This means that local variables in
- shell functions override variables with the same name in the
- function_env
- - change make_local_variable to set the initial value of the
- variable it creates to NULL to make the `is set' and `is null'
- tests that the expansion code does work right
- - change make_local_variable to inherit the value of a variable with
- the same name from the temporary enviroment
-
- 1/16
- ----
-Makefile.in
- - link bashversion with buildversion.o instead of version.o, for
- cross-compiling. version.o is for the target system;
- buildversion.o is for the build system
-
-error.c
- - add line numbers to internal_error() messages if the shell is
- not interactive and running a shell script or a -c command
- - report_error now prints non-zero line numbers for non-interactive
- shells
-
-test.c
- - test_syntax_error now calls builtin_error() instead of printing
- its own messages
-
-builtins/common.c
- - builtin_error now prints line numbers if a non-interactive shell
- is running a shell script or a -c command
-
-print_cmd.c
- - in cprintf, remove free_argp, since it's not used
-
-builtins/history.def
- - make `history -n' increment the number of history lines in this
- session by the number of lines read from the history file
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - fix array_value_internal to expand the subscript even if the
- variable is unset, so side effects produced by the arithmetic
- evaluation will take place
-
-lib/readline/doc/{rluser,rltech}.texinfo
- - some fixes for printing in @smallbook format from Brian
- Youmans
-
- 1/17
- ----
-jobs.h
- - new PRUNNING, PSTOPPED, PDEADPROC defines for PROCESSes, analogous
- to RUNNING, STOPPED, and DEADJOB defines for jobs
-
-jobs.c
- - use PS_RUNNING, PS_DONE, PS_STOPPED values for `running' field
- of a PROCESS
- - find_pipeline and find_job now take an additional flags argument
- that, if non-zero, means to find only running processes; changed
- all callers
- - changed calls to find_pipeline and find_job made from waitchld
- to find only running processes
- - find_pipeline takes a third argument: an int *. If it looks in
- the jobs list to find the pid, and the arg is non-null, it passes
- the job index back to the caller. Used to avoid calls to
- find_pipeline immediately followed by find_job with the same PID
-
-nojobs.c
- - a couple of changes to make sure that set_pid_status is never
- called with a pid argument of 0 or -1
-
-trap.c
- - change trap_handler to longjmp to wait_intr_buf (set by wait_builtin)
- if a signal is received for which a trap has been set during
- execution of the wait builtin (need to include builtins.h and
- builtins/builtext.h and declare some extern variables for the
- right things to check)
- - new variable to keep track of which signal caused the longjmp to
- wait_intr_buf, set by trap_handler (wait_signal_received)
-
-builtins/wait.def
- - set the return value of wait when a longjmp(wait_intr_buf, 1) is
- done to 128 + wait_signal_received
-
-{jobs,nojobs}.c
- - set wait_signal_received to SIGINT in wait_sigint_handler before
- the longjmp(wait_intr_buf, 1)
-
- 1/18
- ----
-bashline.c
- - turn off rl_filename_completion_desired when completing a command
- name with a single match only if the first char of that match is
- not a `/'
- - if there are multiple identical matches for a command name in
- attempt_shell_completion, turn off rl_filename_completion_desired
- if the first char is not a `/' to avoid readline appending a
- slash if there's a directory with the same name in the current
- directory
-
- 1/22
- ----
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - new variable, _rl_page_completions, to control whether we want to
- run the internal pager when listing completions (defaults to 1)
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - extern declaration for _rl_page_completions
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - new bindable variable, `page-completions', controls value of
- _rl_page_completions
-
-lib/readline/doc/{rluser.texinfo,readline.3}, doc/bash.1
- - documented `page-completions' variable
-
-Makefile.in
- - use $(INSTALL_SCRIPT) instead of $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) to install
- `bashbug'
-
-aclocal.m4
- - fix small quoting problem in RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION macro
-
-lib/readline/terminal.c
- - fetch and save terminal's `vs' and `ve' cursor control attributes
- - fetch and save terminal's `kI' attribute (string sent by Insert)
- - new function, _rl_set_cursor, sets cursor to normal (insert mode)
- or very visible (overwrite mode)
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - new global variable, rl_insert_mode
- - new function to toggle overwrite mode, rl_overwrite_mode
- - each new line starts in insert mode
- - switching to vi mode or emacs mode resets to insert mode
- - reset cursor to normal before returning line
- - _rl_replace_text now returns the number of characters inserted,
- the return value from rl_insert_text
- - new function, _rl_insert_or_replace_text (const char *string, int insert),
- either inserts STRING or replaces the number of chars in STRING
- with STRING starting at rl_point, depending on value of INSERT
- - renamed rl_insert to _rl_insert_char, rl_insert just calls
- _rl_insert_char with the same arguments when in insert mode
- - new function, _rl_overwrite_char, handles self-insert in overwrite
- mode. Does multibyte chars by reading an entire multibyte character
- before entering overwrite loop
- - new function, _rl_overwrite_rubout, handles RUBOUT when in
- overwrite mode, called from rl_rubout
- - new function, _rl_rubout_char, old body of rl_rubout; rl_rubout
- calls this when not in overwrite mode
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - extern declarations for rl_insert_mode and rl_overwrite_mode()
-
-lib/readline/rldefs.h
- - define constants for values of rl_insert_mode
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - extern declarations for _rl_set_cursor and _rl_set_insert_mode
- - change type of _rl_replace_text to return int
- - extern declarations for _rl_insert_char, _rl_rubout_char
-
-lib/readline/funmap.c
- - new bindable name `overwrite-mode', bound to rl_overwrite_mode
-
-lib/readline/rlconf.h
- - define CURSOR_MODE if you want the cursor to show insert or
- overwrite mode (only available if both `vs' and `ve' capabilities
- are present)
-
-lib/readline/{complete,parens,readline,search,vi_mode}.c
- - change calls to rl_insert to _rl_insert_char
-
-lib/readline/{readline,search}.c
- - change calls to rl_rubout to _rl_rubout_char to avoid overwrite
- mode problems
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - fix rl_vi_overstrike to just call _rl_overwrite_char, which
- handles multibyte chars
-
-lib/readline/doc/{rluser.texinfo,readline.3}, doc/bash.1
- - document new `overwrite-mode' command
-
- 1/23
- ----
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - return 0 immediately from rl_insert_text if the string to insert
- is NULL or ""
-
-bashline.c
- - if a numeric argument is given to one of the bash-specific glob
- pattern completion functions (including TAB), append a `*' to
- the word before generating matches
- - in attempt_shell_completion, when doing glob completion, only
- set the match list to NULL if rl_completion_type == TAB and
- there is more than one completion. This permits listing completions
- with double tabs and displaying ambiguous completions
- - new function, bash_glob_complete_word, appends a `*' to the word
- to be completed and then globs it. It uses a new filename
- quoting function (bash_glob_quote_filename) to avoid quoting
- globbing characters in the filename if there are no matches or
- multiple matches
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - set completion_changed_buffer to 0 in rl_complete_internal if
- no matches were produced by the completion generator function
- - new variable, rl_completion_suppress_append, suppresses appending
- of rl_completion_append_character. Settable by application
- completion functions, always 0 when application completion
- functions are called (set to 0 by rl_complete_internal and
- rl_menu_complete)
- - broke the code that assigns default values to readline completion
- variables out of rl_complete_internal and rl_menu_complete into
- a new function, set_completion_defaults (int what_to_do)
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - extern declaration for rl_completion_suppress_append
-
-lib/readline/doc/rluser.texinfo, doc/bash.1
- - documented behavior of glob-expand-word and glob-list-expansions
- when supplied a numeric argument
- - documented glob-complete-word
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texinfo
- - documented rl_completion_suppress_append
-
- 1/24
- ----
-lib/readline/text.c
- - new file, text and character handling functions from readline.c
-
-lib/readline/misc.c
- - new file, miscellanous bindable functions and their supporting
- code from readline.c
-
-Makefile.in, lib/readline/Makefile.in
- - changes for text.c, misc.c
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - change ISKMAP case of rl_invoking_keyseqs_in_map to output
- ESC as "\M-" instead of "\e" -- it's closer to the documentation
- - change _rl_get_keyname to output ESC as \e instead of \C-[
- (it's easier to understand)
-
-pcomplete.h
- - new flag, COPT_NOSPACE
-
-builtins/complete.def
- - new `-o nospace' option for complete and compgen (though it doesn't
- really do anything for compgen, since that doesn't hand anything
- off to readline)
-
-bashline.c
- - if a programmable completion specifies COPT_NOSPACE, set
- rl_completion_suppress_append = 1
-
-lib/readline/doc/rluser.texinfo
- - documented new `-o nospace' option to complete and compgen
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented $'\cX' escape sequence (forgot to before)
-
- 1/28
- ----
-variables.c
- - make_new_variable now takes the HASH_TABLE * as its second
- argument; changed callers
- - new function, bind_variable_in_table, takes the HASH_TABLE * as
- its third paramter; bind_variable calls bind_variable_in_table
- with shell_variables as third argument
-
-variables.h
- - new struct var_context, variable context (per-scope -- global,
- function local, etc.)
-
-variables.[ch],builtins/common.[ch]
- - moved functions that push and pop a variable context from
- builtins/common.c to variables.c; move extern function
- declarations to variables.h
- - new function, all_local_variables
- - variable_in_context is now static, used only by all_local_variables
-
-variables.[ch],execute_cmd.c
- - push_context now takes the function name as an argument for
- future use
- - push_context takes an indication of whether or not the function is
- executing in a subshell and saves the positional parameters only
- if not in a subshell
- - new functions for managing a stack of variable contexts and
- scopes: new_var_context, dispose_var_context, push_var_context,
- pop_var_context, push_scope, pop_scope
-
-builtins/declare.def
- - call all_local_variables instead of map_over (...) in declare_internal
- - don't call make_local_variable if we're looking at functions
- ((flags_on & att_function) != 0), since it's wasted
- - make sure VAR is set to NULL if check for variable_context fails
- and we didn't just create or fetch a local variable in
- declare_internal
- - in non-function branch of declare_internal, only call find_variable
- if VAR is NULL -- if it's not null, we just created or fetched a
- local variable and don't need to do it again
-
- 1/29
- ----
-variables.[ch]
- - the temporary environments (temporary_env, builtin_env, function_env)
- are now HASH_TABLEs instead of argv-style arrays of strings (this
- is an intermediate step on the way to the new lcc-inspired symbol
- table scope structure)
- - new internal attribute for variables: att_propagate. This means
- to propagate the value out of the temporary environment up the
- (for now implicit) chain of variable scopes when the containing
- temporary environment is deleted
-
-variables.c
- - assign_in_env now adds to the HASH_TABLE temporary_env instead
- of making environment-style strings in an array of strings
- - changed the way the temporary environments are merged into the
- shell variable table to account for the new HASH_TABLE temp
- environments
- - changed the way the export environment is created due to the new
- structure of the temporary environments
- - new function, bind_variable_internal (name, value, table), binds
- NAME to have VALUE in TABLE without searching the temporary
- environments
- - removed: shell_var_from_env_string, bind_name_in_env_array
- - variable_in_context now checks the att_local attribute and makes
- sure the variable is not invisible
- - local_and_exported now makes sure the variable is not invisible
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - we no longer need to copy the temporary environment to function_env
- or builtin_env, we can simply use variable assignments
-
-{findcmd,subst,variables}.c, builtins/{declare,setattr}.def
- - since variables from the temporary environments are no longer turned
- into SHELL_VARs on the fly, don't dispose the SHELL_VAR returned
- by find_variable or find_variable_internal
- - need to savestring() the value returned by find_variable if it has
- the tempvar attribute before calling bind_variable on it, because
- bind_variable will search and bind into the temporary environments
- and will free the old value before binding the new. For temporary
- environments, these two pointers will be the same, and
- bind_tempenv_variable will end up using freed memory
-
-builtins/{declare,setattr}.def
- - set the att_propagate attribute when exporting or making readonly
- variables from the temp environment (i.e., `var=value declare -x var'
- or `var=value export var' sets the propagate attribute on the entry
- for `var' in the temporary environment HASH_TABLE)
-
-lib/readline/isearch.c
- - ^W when reading isearch string yanks the current word out of the
- current line into the search string, skipping the portion already
- matched
- - ^Y when reading isearch string yanks the rest of the current line
- into the search string, skipping the portion already matched
-
- 1/30
- ----
-{print_cmd,variables}.c
- - moved indirection_level_string() from variables.c to print_cmd.c
-
-{externs,variables}.h
- - moved extern declaration of indirection_level_string to externs.h
-
-{general,variables}.c
- - moved assignment() from variables.c to general.c
-
-{general,variables}.h
- - moved extern declaration of assignment() to general.h
-
-{externs,input}.h
- - moved extern declaration of decode_prompt_string to externs.h
-
-print_cmd.c
- - include flags.h, don't include stdc.h
-
-variables.c
- - moved some functions around to group functions better
- - changed new_shell_variable to explicitly initialize each member
- of the created struct variable instead of calling bzero()
- - make_new_variable now just calls new_shell_variable instead
- of duplicating what it does
- - removed some code in bind_function that duplicated what
- new_variable does on the newly-created SHELL_VAR
- - since there are no local function variables (functions are always
- made at the global scope), kill_all_local_variables() doesn't
- need to consider functions
-
- 1/31
- ----
-variables.c
- - sort the array of special variables
- - short-circuit the search in stupidly_hack_special_variables if
- the passed name can't be found in the rest of the array
- (that is, if name[0] < special_vars[i].name[0])
-
-lib/readline/history.c
- - unstifle_history() was returning values exactly opposite of
- the documentation
-
-lib/readline/doc/{hsuser.texinfo,history.3}
- - clarified the unstifle_history() documentation a little
-
- 2/4
- ---
-variables.c
- - in bind_variable, don't call bind_tempenv_variable after a
- find_tempenv_variable succeeds -- just change the value inline.
- There's no reason to look it up twice
- - change makunbound to only call stupidly_hack_special_variables
- if we're not unsetting a function
-
-variables.[ch]
- - new function, unbind_function, like makunbound but doesn't mess
- with previous contexts or calling stupidly_hack_special_variables
-
-builtins/set.def
- - change unset_builtin to call either unbind_func or unbind_variable
-
-builtins/getopts.def
- - call unbind_variable(name) instead of makunbound(name, shell_variables)
-
- 2/5
- ---
-lib/glob/sm_loop.c
- - use malloc instead of xmalloc in BRACKMATCH and handle failures
-
-error.c
- - add extern declaration of executing_line_number with prototype,
- since execute_cmd.h can't be included without including other
- files
-
-lib/readline/parens.c
- - include <unistd.h>
-
-lib/malloc/stats.c
- - include <unistd.h>
- - add extern declaration of malloc_free_blocks() with prototype
-
-pathexp.c
- - added some forward declarations with prototypes for static functions
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - removed declarations of rl_untranslate_keyseq, rl_discard_argument,
- rl_stop_output, rl_alphabetic since they appear in readline.h
-
- 2/6
- ---
-{arrayfunc,execute_cmd,pcomplete,shell}.c
- - change calls to makunbound(name, shell_variables) to
- unbind_variable (name)
-
- 2/7
- ---
-builtins/getopt.c
- - don't defer incrementing of OPTIND when an invalid option is
- encountered until the next call to sh_getopt() -- what if OPTIND
- is reset before that next call? This means that OPTIND is always
- incremented to the next option to be handled when an option is
- returned, whether it's valid or not. This is what POSIX-2002
- says to do.
-
-syntax.h
- - new #define, CSUBSTOP
-
-mksyntax.c
- - add "-=?+" with value CSUBSTOP to the syntax table. These are the
- valid expansion operators OP in ${param[:]OPword}
-
-subst.c
- - use table lookup for CSUBSTOP in VALID_PARAM_EXPAND_CHAR
- - new flags for the string extraction functions: EX_NOALLOC. This
- indicates that the functions are being used only to skip over
- strings and the result won't be used, so the substring shouldn't
- be allocated, copied, and freed
- - new flag for string_extract: EX_VARNAME. This serves the same
- purpose as the old `varname' parameter. parameter_brace_expand()
- changed appropriately
- - extract_delimited_string and extract_dollar_brace_string now take
- an additional `flags' argument, which may include EX_NOALLOC
- - changed callers of extract_delimited_string and
- extract_dollar_brace_string appropriately
- - string_extract now understands EX_NOALLOC; callers changed
- - some smaller code cleanups
- - converted char_is_quoted(), unclosed_pair(), and skip_to_delim()
- to understand multibyte characters
-
- 2/11
- ----
-variables.[ch]
- - moved to a symbol organization inspired by lcc. The basic structure
- is no longer a HASH_TABLE, but a VAR_CONTEXT, which includes a hash
- table as one of its members. VAR_CONTEXTs are linked together to do
- variable scoping. One nice thing about this is that the entire
- symbol table doesn't need to be searched at function scope exit to
- remove local variables. Fixes problems with only one instance of
- builtin_env and function_env, even though it really is a stack
- - shell_variables is now a VAR_CONTEXT *, with a global_variables
- variable that points to the bottom of the stack for fast access
- - function-scope local variables (assignments specified on the command
- line before a function call) and function-local variables (declared
- with the `local' builtin) have been unified in the same variable
- context, replacing function_env
- - assignment statements preceding the `.' and `eval' builtins are now
- a separate variable scope VAR_CONTEXT, replacing builtin_env
- - temporary_env (a HASH_TABLE) is now the only separate environment
- - changes to export environment creation, variable binding, variable
- lookup, local variable propagation all changed to work with the
- new symbol table/scope structure
- - a SHELL_VAR no longer has a `prev_context' member; it's not needed
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - changes to push_context calls to include any temporary variables in
- temporary_env; pop_context takes care of propagating any temporary
- variables if necessary
- - calls to push_scope if `eval' or `.' is called with a list of
- preceding variable assignments, and pop_scope called at end of
- builtin's execution. pop_scope takes care of merging temporary
- variables into the shell environment when appropriate
-
-builtins/{setattr,declare}.def
- - changes to account for variable assignments preceding `local',
- `export', `readonly', `declare', etc. to work with the new
- variable scoping implementation
-
-shell.c
- - since shell_variables is now a VAR_CONTEXT, call
- delete_all_contexts() when the shell is reinitializing instead of
- delete_all_variables()
-
-builtins/common.c
- - new function, get_job_by_name(), used by execute_simple_command()
- for the `auto_resume' stuff and get_job_spec()
-
-builtins/common.h
- - new set of #defined constants for flags argument to
- get_job_by_name()
-
- 2/12
- ----
-command.h
- - new redirection operator: r_reading_string for `here strings'
-
-parse.y
- - new token, LESS_LESS_LESS, for new redirection `here string'
- operator: [N]<<< word
- - recognize LESS_LESS_LESS and create the appropriate redirection
-
-{dispose_cmd,copy_cmd,make_cmd,print_cmd}.c
- - recognize r_reading_string and do the right thing (dispose_redirects,
- copy_redirect, print_redirection, and make_redirection, respectively)
-
-redir.c
- - here_document_to_fd now takes the redirection operator as its
- second argument
- - new function, write_here_string, expands a here string and writes it
- to the here document file descriptor
- - here_document_to_fd calls write_here_string for r_reading_string
- operator
- - handle r_reading_string in do_redirection_internal() and
- stdin_redirection()
-
- 2/18
- ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented here strings
-
-{configure,Makefile}.in
- - bumped version number up to bash-2.05b and the release status
- to alpha1
-
-expr.c
- - make expr_streval understand that variables with the `invisible'
- attribute are really unset, and accessing such a variable when
- `set -u' is set should be an error
-
-variables.h
- - new accessor macros: var_isset(var) and var_isnull(var), test
- whether var->value is NULL
-
-{eval,subst,variables}.c, builtins/{declare,setattr}.def
- - be more consistent about using value_cell(var) instead of
- directly referencing var->value
- - use var_isset and var_isnull where appropriate
-
-builtins/help.def
- - augmented a couple of help strings with pointers to `info' and
- `man -k'
-
- 2/14
- ----
-variables.h
- - new macros to use when setting variable values directly instead of
- through bind_variable and its siblings
-
-{arrayfunc,variables}.c
- - use var_setarray and other lvalue macros instead of assigning to
- var->value directly
-
-builtins/setattr.def
- - change show_var_attributes to show function definitions separately
- from function attributes. This allows the output of `declare -f'
- (with other flags), `export -f', and `readonly -f' to be reused as
- shell input, instead of the old
-
- declare -f[flags] func()
- {
- foo
- }
-
- which has syntax errors. When in posix mode, `export -fp' and
- `readonly -fp' still don't print function definitions
-
- 2/16
- ----
-parse.y
- - comment out calls to discard_parser_constructs; no need to call
- empty functions
-
- 2/18
- ----
-lib/sh/memset.c
- - replacement function for memset(3)
-
-lib/sh/Makefile.in, Makefile.in
- - additions for memset.c
-
-configure.in,config.h.in
- - check for memset, define HAVE_MEMSET if found, add memset.o to
- LIBOBJS if not
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - removed zmemset(), replaced with calls to memset(3)
-
-{subst,execute_cmd,lib/sh/netopen}.c
- - replaced calls to bzero with calls to memset
-
-subst.c
- - word_split() now takes a second argument: the value of $IFS, so
- it doesn't have to look up IFS every time
- - word_list_split() now calls getifs() and passes the result to
- each call to word_split() as its second arg
- - do a quick scan for CTLNUL in remove_quoted_nulls before allocating
- new string, copying old string to it, copying over original string
- and freeing new string
-
-eval.c
- - don't bother calling dispose_used_env_vars if temporary_env is NULL
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix fix_assignment_words to only look up the builtin corresponding
- to the first word if one of the words in the list is marked as
- W_ASSIGNMENT
-
-hashlib.c
- - renamed hash_string to hash_bucket, which better reflects what it
- does
- - extracted the portion of hash_bucket that computes the hash out
- into a new hash_string()
- - made new body of hash_bucket into a macro HASH_BUCKET; function
- just calls the macro
- - calls to hash_bucket in this file now call HASH_BUCKET macro
- - in add_hash_item, just add a new item at the front of the appropriate
- bucket list instead of at the end
-
-hashcmd.h
- - reduced FILENAME_HASH_BUCKETS to 53 from 107
-
- 2/19
- ----
-hashlib.[ch]
- - find_hash_item, remove_hash_item, add_hash_item all take a new
- third `flags' argument
- - add_hash_item doesn't call find_hash_item if HASH_NOSRCH passed in
- flags arg
- - find_hash_item will create a new hash table entry if HASH_CREATE is
- passed in flags arg
- - new function, hash_walk, takes a pointer to a function and a table
- and calls the function for each item in the table. If the function
- returns < 0, the walk is terminated
- - fixed flush_hash_table to set table->nentries to 0 after freeing
- all entries
- - BUCKET_CONTENTS now has a new `khash' member, what key hashes to;
- set by HASH_BUCKET macro (which calls hash_string), assigned in
- find_hash_item (HASH_CREATE) and add_hash_item
- - find_hash_item and remove_hash_item check `khash' against the
- hash of the string argument before calling strcmp
-
-{alias,hashlib,hashcmd,pcomplib,variables}.c
- - changed all calls to {find,remove,add}_hash_item
-
-builtins/hash.def
- - return immediately from print_hashed_commands if there are no
- entries in the hash table (this eliminates need for `any_printed'
- variable)
- - change print_hashed_commands to use hash_walk
-
-alias.c
- - short-circuit all_aliases and map_over_aliases if
- HASH_ENTRIES(aliases) == 0
- - simplify map_over_aliases by just allocating enough room in the
- returned list for all entries in the aliases hash table, instead
- of doing the check and xrealloc
- - add_alias now calls add_hash_item with HASH_NOSRCH argument
-
-pcomplete.h
- - sh_csprint_func_t is no more; use hash_wfunc instead
-
-pcomplib.c
- - short-circuit print_all_compspecs if HASH_ENTRIES(prog_completes)
- is 0
- - print_all_compspecs now takes a `hash_wfunc *' argument
- - print_all_compspecs now just calls hash_walk
-
-builtins/complete.def
- - new function, print_compitem, takes a BUCKET_CONTENTS *, extracts
- the right info, and calls print_one_completion
-
-variables.c
- - short-circuit map_over_funcs if HASH_ENTRIES(shell_functions) == 0
- - short-circuit flatten if the passed table has no entries
- - bind_variable_internal takes a new fourth argument: `hflags',
- to pass to hash table functions
- - make_new_variable now passes HASH_NOSRCH flag to add_hash_item
- - set_if_not now calls bind_variable_internal and passes
- HASH_NOSRCH as flags argument
- - bind_function now calls add_hash_item with HASH_NOSRCH argument
- - fixed make_local_variable: old_var == 0 && was_tmpvar can never
- be true
- - if we didn't find an old variable in make_local_variable, call
- bind_variable_internal with HASH_NOSRCH argument
- - fix push_temp_var to reset variable context to 0 if binding into
- global_variables->table
-
-parse.y
- - fix to parse_compound_assignment to avoid core dumps on empty
- compound array assignments
-
-subst.c
- - getifs() is now global so read_builtin can call it
-
-subst.h
- - extern declaration for getifs()
-
- 2/20
- ----
-hashlib.c
- - changed hash_string to use a better hash function
- - changed HASH_BUCKET to use masking rather than modulus to hash a
- string to a bucket -- HASH TABLES MUST NOW BE SIZED BY POWERS
- OF TWO
-
-hashlib.h
- - DEFAULT_HASH_BUCKETS is now 64
-
-hashcmd.h
- - FILENAME_HASH_BUCKETS is now 64
-
-pcomplib.c
- - COMPLETE_HASH_BUCKETS is now 32
-
-variables.c
- - TEMPENV_HASH_BUCKETS is now 4
-
-alias.c
- - new define, ALIAS_HASH_BUCKETS, set to 16, used to size alias table
-
-hashlib.c
- - removed initialize_hash_table; folded code into make_hash_table
- - fixed copy_bucket_array to copy the `khash' member of an item
- - renamed functions to be more systematic and easier for me:
- make_hash_table -> hash_create
- hash_table_nentries -> hash_size
- copy_hash_table -> hash_copy
- find_hash_item -> hash_search
- remove_hash_item -> hash_remove
- add_hash_item -> hash_insert
- flush_hash_table -> hash_flush
- dispose_hash_table -> hash_dispose
- print_table_stats -> hash_pstats
- get_hash_bucket -> hash_items
- - changed hash_search to short-circuit if table->nentries == 0 and
- HASH_CREATE has not been passed in the flags argument
-
-{alias,variables,hashcmd,pcomplib}.c
- - renamed calls to all renamed functions from hashlib.c
-
-builtins/kill.def
- - don't drop a leading `-' in a pid argument
- - call kill_pid with an explicit third argument of 1 if the pid
- argument to kill is < -1, rather than rely on the behavior of
- kill(2)
-
- 2/21
- ----
-subst.c
- - quoted_strchr is no longer declared `inline'
- - skip_double_quoted is no longer declared `inline'
- - string_extract_double_quoted is no longer declared `inline'
-
-lib/readline/input.c
- - rl_gather_tyi is now an `int' valued function; returns the number
- of characters read (0 or 1) or -1 on error
- - if rl_gather_tyi() returns -1 to rl_read_key(), set rl_done to 1
- and return a newline; something is wrong with the input fd
-
- 2/25
- ----
-variables.[ch]
- - IFS is now a special variable
- - new special var function, sv_ifs(), called when IFS is set or unset
- - call setifs() when IFS is first set in initialize_shell_variables
- - call setifs() from make_local_variable and assign_in_env if
- appropriate
- - if assign_in_env() is called with a var assignment like `VAR=',
- make the value in the new SHELL_VAR created be "" like
- do_assignment_internal does, since certain parts of the shell use
- a NULL value as evidence that the variable is unset (though
- attributes may have been assigned)
- - if push_temp_var pushes something up to the global_variables table,
- make sure that the context is set to 0
- - new function dispose_temporary_env, called by both
- dispose_used_env_vars and merge_temporary_env with different `free
- func' function pointers; calls sv_ifs after disposing the temporary
- environment
- - push_exported_var now calls bind_variable_internal instead of
- bind_variable
- - pop_scope and pop_context now call sv_ifs
-
-subst.[ch]
- - new global variables used to keep track of IFS state, to avoid
- having to call find_variable("IFS") all the time:
-
- ifs_var the SHELL_VAR for IFS
- ifs_value ifs_var ? value_cell (ifs_var) : " \t\n"
- ifs_cmap bitmap of characters in ifs_value
- ifs_firstc first character in ifs_value
-
- - new function setifs(), sets the aforementioned ifs variables each
- time IFS is set or unset, and at nested scope exit
- - instead of calling getifs() from inside subst.c, use ifs_value
- - getifs() now just returns ifs_value
- - use ifs_firstc in string_list_dollar_star()
- - only call member() in issep() if separators is more than one char
- - don't cache a bitmap every time expand_word_internal() is called;
- use ifs_cmap instead
- - new macro, isifs(c), checks whether C is in ifs_cmap
-
-builtins/read.def
- - use issep() and isifs() macros instead of looking at $IFS directly
-
-syntax.h
- - make sure macros that access sh_syntaxtab cast the argument to
- `unsigned char' before array access
- - new macros: issyntype(c, type) and notsyntype(c, type), check
- sh_syntaxtab[c] for a particular flag value `type'
-
- 2/26
- ----
-hashlib.h
- - the `data' member of a `BUCKET_CONTENTS' is now a PTR_T
-
-{hashlib,alias,variables,hashcmd,pcomplib}.c
- - removed some casts when assigning to and using `data' member of a
- `BUCKET_CONTENTS'
-
-subst.c
- - in split_at_delims, call make_word_list instead of allocating and
- initializing a WORD_LIST * directly
-
-make_cmd.[ch]
- - add_string_to_list is now just a macro that calls make_word_list
- - make_simple_command now calls make_word_list instead of allocating
- a WORD_LIST * directly
-
- 2/27
- ----
-copy_cmd.c
- - copy_word now calls make_bare_word to allocate the copy
- - copy_word_list now calls make_word_list to allocate the copy
-
-shell.h
- - include `ocache.h' for simple object caching
- - call cmd_init() to initialize the WORD_DESC and WORD_LIST object
- caches
-
-{make,dispose}_cmd.c
- - allocate WORD_DESC * and WORD_LIST * vars from their respective
- ocaches, and return them to the cache when disposing
-
-jobs.c
- - renamed old `waiting_for_job' variable to `queue_sigchld', which
- better reflects its intent: sigchld_handler does not call waitchld
- if `queue_sigchld' is non-zero, it simply increments the count of
- waiting children
- - cleanup_dead_jobs now just sets and clears queue_sigchld instead of
- blocking and unblocking SIGCHLD; it calls waitchld at the end if
- `sigchld' is non-zero, but that's not really necessary
- - in setjstatus, only call xrealloc if `statsize' is less than the
- number of processes passed -- no reason to do it if they're the
- same
-
- 2/28
- ----
-sig.[ch]
- - reinitialize_signals is no more; initialize_signals takes an
- argument saying whether or not we are reinitializing
-
-builtins/exec.def
- - reinitialize_signals() -> initialize_signals(1)
-
-test.c
- - fix filecomp() to work right when one file has a non-positive
- timestamp and the other file does not exist
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - document what happens for test's -nt and -ot operators when one
- file operand exists and the other does not
-
-jobs.c
- - if we haven't messed with SIGTTOU, just manipulate queue_sigchld
- in notify_of_job_status instead of calling sigprocmask()
- - list_one_job now calls pretty_print_job directly instead of going
- through print_job
- - pretty_print_job now must be called with SIGCHLD blocked or held
- instead of blocking SIGCHLD itself
- - changed start_job so that it doesn't call UNBLOCK_CHILD and then
- immediately call BLOCK_CHILD again (explicitly or via last_pid()),
- call find_last_pid instead of last_pid and then UNBLOCK_CHILD
- - changed wait_for_job the same way
- - find_last_pid now takes a second argument: block; uses BLOCK_CHILD
- if `block' is 1, not otherwise. Changed existing calls:
- find_last_pid(j) -> find_last_pid(j, 0)
- last_pid(j) -> find_last_pid(j, 1)
- `last_pid()' is now gone
- - rewrote wait_for_background_pids(); it was a little strange
-
-copy_cmd.c
- - copy_if_command: don't copy null false_case commands
- - copy_simple_command: don't copy a null redirection list
-
-subst.c
- - in get_word_from_string and list_string, just check for " \t\n"
- directly rather than calling strcmp
- - in get_word_from_string and strip_trailing_ifs_whitespace, use
- isifs() instead of issep(), since they're never called with
- separators != $IFS
- - change issep() to call isifs if separators is longer than one
- character, since it's never called with anything but "", " ",
- or $IFS
-
- 3/1
- ---
-sig.h
- - enclose the BLOCK_SIGNAL macro in a do {...} while (0) loop, at it
- should have been all along
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texinfo
- - document that readline defaults to stdin/stdout if rl_instream/
- rl_outstream are NULL
-
-lib/readline/terminal.c
- - if an application is using a custom redisplay function,
- rl_resize_terminal just calls rl_forced_update_display to tell
- (*rl_redisplay_func) to update the display, otherwise call
- _rl_redisplay_after_sigwinch
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - change readline_internal_setup() so the change to vi insertion mode
- happens even if readline_echoing_p is 0
- - don't print the prompt to rl_outstream in readline_internal_setup
- if we're not echoing and the caller has defined a custom redisplay
- function -- let the redisplay function deal with it
-
-configure.in
- - new option: --enable-mem-scramble, controls memory scrambling on
- free() (on by default; only affects use of bash malloc)
-
-config.h.in
- - new option MEMSCRAMBLE, controlled by --enable-mem-scramble
-
- 3/5
- ---
-parse.y
- - added ksh-like behavior of [...] to read_token_word: if a `[' is
- seen in an assignment context and the previous characters in the
- token form a valid identifier, parse the [...] with
- parse_matched_pair to allow spaces (and newlines) in the subscript
-
-bashline.c
- - new function bash_servicename_completion_function, for completing
- service names from /etc/services
-
-bashline.h
- - new extern declaration for bash_servicename_completion_function
-
-builtins/complete.def
- - allow new `-s/-A service' option to complete and compgen builtins
-
-pcomplete.h
- - new CA_SERVICE define, new ITEMLIST variable it_services
-
-pcomplete.c
- - add callback to bash_servicename_completion_function to generate
- list of matching service names for completion
-
-doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/rluser.texinfo
- - documented new `-s/-A service' option to complete and compgen
-
- 3/6
- ---
-builtins/read.def
- - change hard-coded `0' to new variable `fd' (initially 0) in
- preparation for adding `-u fd' option
-
-bashline.c
- - bash_directory_completion_hook calls expand_prompt_string instead
- of expand_string (it does the right thing). This keeps expansion
- errors from causing a longjmp, which shouldn't happen because of
- completion
- - command_subst_completion_function was augmented very slightly to
- do filename completion on a non-command-word in a command
- substitution
- - command_subst_completion_function now skips over the lcd that
- rl_completion_matches puts in matches[0] if there is more than
- one possible completion
-
- 3/7
- ---
-builtins/read.def
- - only add the unwind_protect to free `rlbuf' if `edit' is non-zero,
- since we won't be using readline otherwise
-
-lib/sh/zread.c
- - renamed zread1 -> zreadintr
-
-redir.c
- - small change to redirection_error() to make a slightly better
- guess about the invalid file descriptor if the redirection op is
- r_duplicating_input or r_duplicating_output
-
-include/stdc.h
- - new macro, SH_VA_START, to encapsulate the difference between
- stdarg va_start and varargs va_start
-
-{error,pcomplete,print_cmd}.c,builtins/common.c,lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - use SH_VA_START
-
- 3/8
- ---
-builtins/read.def
- - support for the ksh-like `-u fd' option
-
-general.c
- - new function sh_validfd(fd), returns 1 if fd is a valid open file
- descriptor
-
-general.h
- - extern decl for sh_validfd
-
-bashline.c
- - don't call posix_readline_initialize() from initialize_readline();
- sv_strict_posix() should already have taken care of it
-
- 3/11
- ----
-{error,pcomplete,print_cmd}.c, builtins/common.c
- - removed non-varargs versions of functions
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - if the string argument to %q has non-printing characters, call
- ansic_quote to quote it rather than sh_backslash_quote
-
-variables.h
- - new attribute: att_trace (and corresponding trace_p() macro).
- Functions with this attribute will inherit the DEBUG trap.
- Currently ignored for variables
-
-builtins/declare.def
- - new `-t' option to declare/typeset toggle the `att_trace' attribute
-
-builtins/setattr.def
- - check for att_trace and output `-t' flag in show_var_attributes
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - if a function is being traced (it has the `-t' attribute set),
- don't turn off the DEBUG trap when it executes
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - document the new `-t' option to declare/typeset
-
- 3/12
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - don't execute the debug trap in the `cm_simple:' case of
- execute_command_internal; run it in execute_simple_command so we
- get the line number information right when executing in a shell
- function
- - run a DEBUG trap before executing ((...)) arithmetic commands,
- like ksh93
- - run a DEBUG trap before executing [[...]] conditional commands,
- like ksh93
-
-eval.c
- - add a static forward declaration for alrm_catcher()
-
-general.c
- - add static forward declarations for bash_special_tilde_expansions,
- unquoted_tilde_word, initialize_group_array
-
-variables.h
- - add extern declarations for sh_get_env_value, map_over_funcs,
- local_exported_variables
-
-variables.c
- - add static forward declarations for dispose_temporary_env,
- make_func_export_array
-
-bashhist.c
- - add static forward declaration for check_history_control
-
-configure.in
- - add a call to AC_CHECK_DECLS for strcpy
-
-config.h.in
- - add placeholder for HAVE_DECL_STRCPY define, set by configure
-
-general.h
- - don't declare strcpy if HAVE_DECL_STRCPY is defined with a non-zero
- value
-
-sig.h
- - add prototype to typedef of SigHandler
-
-lib/readline/histlib.h
- - removed extern declaration of strcpy()
- - include string.h/strings.h directly in histlib.h instead of source
- files
-
-lib/readline/{histexpand,histfile,history,histsearch}.c
- - don't include string.h/strings.h now that histlib.h includes it
-
-lib/tilde/tilde.c
- - removed extern declaration of strcpy(), rely on string.h/strings.h
-
-command.h
- - four new redirection types: r_move_input, r_move_output,
- r_move_input_word, r_move_output_word, for
- [N]<&word- and [N]>&word- from ksh93
-
-print_cmd.c
- - changes to print r_move_input[_word] and r_move_output[_word]
-
-copy_cmd.c
- - changes to copy r_move_input[_word] and r_move_output[_word]
-
-dispose_cmd.c
- - changes to dispose r_move_input_word and r_move_output_word
-
-make_cmd.c
- - changes to make r_move_input[_word] and r_move_output[_word] from
- r_duplicating_{input,output}_word, which is how the new redirs
- are passed by the parser
-
-redir.c
- - changes to make r_move_input[_word] and r_move_output[_word] do
- the right thing when executed
-
-builtins/read.def
- - print an error message and return failure immediately if zread/zreadc
- return < 0
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented new [n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections
-
- 3/13
- ----
-lib/readline/isearch.c
- - enabled code to allow chars bound to rl_rubout to delete characters
- from the incremental search string
-
-shell.c
- - add `-l' invocation option to parse_shell_options; equivalent to
- `--login'
- - fixed set_login_shell to check first char of base pathname of argv0
- for `-', like other shells
- - move the check for make_login_shell after the call to
- parse_shell_options because the `-l' option might set it
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented new `-l' invocation option
-
-array.c
- - new function, array_shift, shifts an array left by a specified
- number of elements
- - array_walk is now compiled in by default
- - array_to_assignment_string now takes a second argument: int quoted.
- If non-zero, the result is single-quoted before being returned
- - quoted_array_assignment_string has been removed
-
-array.[ch]
- - renamed most of the array functions so that all have an array_
- prefix and are more systematically named
- - array_slice now preserves the indicies from the original array
- - change array_to_assign to use a static buffer for expanding the
- array indices, instead of malloc/free
-
-{arrayfunc,subst,variables}.c, builtins/read.def
- - changed calls to various array functions to use new names
-
-lib/sh/stringvec.c, externs.h
- - renamed all of the functions to have a strvec_ prefix and to have
- a more sensible name scheme
- - strvec_search's arguments are now supplied in reverse order, so
- the char **array is first, like the other functions
- - new function, strvec_resize, xrealloc for strvecs
-
-{alias,array,bracecomp,braces,bashline,execute_cmd,findcmd,general,pathexp,
-pcomplete,variables}.c
-lib/sh/stringlist.c
-builtins/{bind,complete,exec,getopts,pushd,set}.def
- - change calls to all functions from lib/sh/stringvec.c
- - use strvec_resize where appropriate
-
-externs.h
- - only declare dup2() if HAVE_DUP2 is undefined or DUP2_BROKEN is
- defined
-
-lib/readline/{macro,readline,util}.c, lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - _rl_defining_kbd_macro is gone, use RL_ISSTATE(RL_STATE_MACRODEF)
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - new struct readline_state, encapsulates most of readline's internal
- state in case you need reentrancy or nested calls to readline()
- - extern declarations for rl_save_state, rl_restore_state
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - add (undocumented) int rl_save_state (struct readline_state *),
- int rl_restore_state (struct readline_state *)
-
- 3/14
- ----
-array.[ch]
- - new function, array_rshift, shifts an array right by a specified
- number of elements, optionally inserting a new element 0
-
-examples/bashdb/bashdb
- - new single-file version of bash debugger, originally modified from
- version in bash-2.04 by Gary Vaughan (the old debugger still
- appears in examples/obashdb). This version has a more gdb-like
- command set
-
-examples/bashdb/bashdb.el
- - new emacs bashdb debugger mode from Masatake YAMATO <jet@gyve.org>
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - don't make $LINENO relative to function start unless the shell is
- currently interactive -- this is what ksh93 does and what I
- believe to be the intent of POSIX.2 (this required changing some
- of the test checks because the output has changed)
- - run the debug trap for each command in an arithmetic for expression,
- like ksh93 does
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - redid rl_vi_subst (binding func for `s' and `S') in terms of
- rl_vi_change_to: `S' == `cc' and `s' == `c '. This makes undo
- work right
-
- 3/18
- ----
-hashlib.c
- - fixed hash_walk to return if the item function returns < 0, instead
- of breaking out of the current hash chain
-
-array.c
- - fixed array_walk to return if the item function returns < 0, like
- hash_walk
-
-lib/sh/stringlist.c, externs.h
- - new function: strlist_walk, takes a stringlist and a pointer to an
- item func. Like other _walk funcs, if item func returns < 0 the
- walk is cancelled
- - new function: strlist_flush, frees items in the contained list
- with strvec_flush
- - renamed functions to have a strlist_ prefix and be more systematic
-
-pcomplib.c,pcomplete.h
- - removed redundant `progcomp_initialized' variable
- - renamed functions to have `progcomp_' or `compspec_' prefixes
- like the hash library
-
-{bashline,pcomplete}.c,builtins/complete.def
- - fixed calls to stringlist functions to use new names
- - fixed calls to functions in pcomplib.c to use new names
-
-pcomplete.c
- - made the debugging code #ifdef DEBUG -- it should be mature enough
-
-builtins/hash.def,parse.y
- - use REVERSE_LIST(x, t) instead of (t)reverse_list(x)
-
-list.c,{externs,general}.h
- - renamed the list functions to have a list_ prefix, changed callers
-
-externs.h,{execute_cmd,stringlib,subst}.c,builtins/common.c,lib/sh/stringvec.c
- - word_list_to_argv -> strvec_from_word_list
- - argv_to_word_list -> strvec_to_word_list
- - moved functions to lib/sh/stringvec.c
-
-lib/sh/stringvec.c
- - changed name of second argument to strvec_from_word_list from `copy'
- to `alloc' so the use of `copy' between strvec_from_word_list and
- strvec_to_word_list isn't as confusing
- - changed name and sense of second argument to
- strvec_to_word_list from `copy' to `alloc' for the same reason --
- now both functions agree on semantics of second argument
-
-lib/sh/stringlist.c
- - ditto for strlist_from_word_list and strlist_to_word_list
-
-subst.c
- - changed callers of strvec_to_word_list
-
- 3/19
- ----
-builtins/hash.def
- - added `-l' option to list table or individual targets in reusable
- format
- - added `-d' option to remove one or more names from the table of
- hashed commands (provides `unhash' or `unalias -t' functionality)
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented new `-l' and `-d' options to `hash'
-
-hashcmd.[ch]
- - renamed functions to have a `phash_' prefix and follow new naming
- convention
- - phash_remove now returns an int: 1 if command not in hash table,
- 0 if filename removed OK
-
-{findcmd,variables}.c, builtins/{hash,type}.def
- - changed callers to use new names from hashcmd.c
-
-builtins/common.[ch]
- - new function, sh_notfound(s), prints standard `not found' message
- - new function, sh_invalidid(s), prints standard `invalid identifier'
- message
- - new function, sh_restricted(s), prints standard `restricted' message
- for restricted shells
- - new function, sh_invalidnum(s), prints standard `invalid number'
- message
- - renamed bad_option to sh_invalidopt, changed to print
- `invalid option' instead of `unknown option'
- - new function, sh_invalidoptname, prints standard `invalid option
- name' for long options
- - new function, sh_badjob (s), prints standard `no such job' message
- - new function, sh_invalidsig (s), prints standard `invalid signal
- specification' message
- - new function, sh_nojobs (s), prints standard `no job control' message
- - new function, sh_needarg (s), prints standard `option requires an
- argument' message
- - new function, sh_neednumarg (s), prints standard `numeric
- argument required' message
- - new function, sh_badpid(s), prints standard `not a pid...' message
- - new function, sh_erange (s, desc) prints standard `out of range'
- message, optionally using `desc' to say what the argument is
-
-builtins/{alias,command,declare,exec,hash,type}.def
- - call sh_notfound() instead of calling builtin_error directly
-
-builtins/{declare,getopts,read,set,setattr}.def
- - call sh_invalidid() instead of calling builtin_error directly
-
-builtins/{cd,command,enable,exec,hash,source}.def
- - call sh_restricted() instead of calling builtin_error directly
-
-builtins/{printf,read,ulimit}.def, builtins/common.c
- - call sh_invalidnum instead of calling builtin_error directly
-
-builtins/{complete,declare,pushd,set}.def, builtins/bashgetopt.c
- - call sh_invalidopt instead of bad_option or builtin_error directly
-
-builtins/{complete,set,shopt}.def
- - call sh_invalidoptname instead of builtin_error directly
-
-builtins/{fg_bg,jobs,kill,wait}.def
- - call sh_badjob instead of calling builtin_error directly
-
-builtins/common.c, builtins/{kill,signal}.def
- - call sh_invalidsig instead of calling builtin_error directly
-
-builtins/{fg_bg,suspend,wait}.def
- - call sh_nojobs instead of calling builtin_error directly
-
-builtins/{common,bashgetopt}.c, builtins/{hash,kill}.def
- - call sh_neednumarg and sh_needarg where required
-
-builtins/{kill,wait}.def
- - call sh_badpid where required
-
-builtins/{break,fc,history,pushd,shift,ulimit,umask}.def
- - call sh_erange where appropriate
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - new static function, printf_erange, prints standard out-of-range
- warning message
-
-builtins/set.def
- - changed so that calls to sh_invalidopt always include the leading
- `+' or `-'
-
-builtins/shopt.def
- - changed SHOPT_ERROR macro to shopt_error function
-
-builtins/bind.def
- - regularized error messages to `bind: object: error string' like
- other error messages
-
-builtins.h
- - the `short_doc' member of a `struct builtin' is now of type
- `const char *'
- - the strings in `long_doc' array of a struct builtin are now const
-
-builtins/mkbuiltins.c
- - changes for new `const' members of struct builtin
-
- 3/20
- ----
-lib/readline/histfile.c
- - use pointers instead of indexing into buffer when reading the
- contents of the history file in read_history_range and
- history_truncate_file
-
- 3/21
- ----
-lib/readline/histfile.c
- - new file, with code to mmap the history file for reading and
- writing (depends on HAVE_MMAP, currently nothing checks for that)
-
- 3/25
- ----
-error.[ch]
- - new function, err_badarraysub(s), calls report_error with standard
- `bad array subscript' message
- - new function, err_unboundvar(s), calls report_error with standard
- `unbound variable' message
- - new function, err_readonly(s), calls report_error with standard
- `readonly variable' message
-
-{arrayfunc,subst}.c
- - call err_badarraysub where appropriate
-
-{expr,subst}.c
- - call err_unboundvar where appropriate
-
-{arrayfunc,variables}.c
- - call err_readonly where appropriate
-
-shell.c
- - changed text of bad option error messages to be the same as that
- printed for builtin errors
-
-builtins/common.c
- - changed sh_invalidopt to print the invalid option before the rest
- of the error message (required some tests to be modified)
- - new function, sh_readonly, calls builtin_error with standard
- `readonly variable' message
-
-variables.c,builtins/declare.def
- - call sh_readonly where appropriate
-
-lib/sh/stringvec.c
- - added strvec_remove (sv, s), removes S from SV and shuffles rest of
- elements down 1
-
-lib/sh/stringlist.c
- - added strlist_remove(sl, s), just calls strvec_remove on the
- component list
-
-externs.h
- - new extern declarations for strvec_remove and strlist_remove
- - fixed extern declaration for strvec_search; the arguments were
- reversed (unimportant, it's not compiled into the shell)
-
-subst.c
- - change param_expand to call quote_escapes on values retrieved when
- expanding the positional parameters
- - change parameter_brace_expand_word to quote escapes on values
- retrieved when expanding the positional parameters
- - fix parameter_brace_substring to quote escape characters on unquoted
- substrings extracted from variable values (needed to separate case
- VT_VARIABLE from VT_ARRAYMEMBER for this, since, because
- get_var_and_type calls array_value for VT_ARRAYMEMBER, we need to
- skip over quoted characters in an already-appropriately-quoted
- string to find the substring we want)
- - fix parameter_brace_substring to quote escape characters in the
- value returned by pos_params when expanding subsets of the
- positional parameters and not within double quotes (in which case
- pos_params() quotes the string for us)
- - fix parameter_brace_substring to quote escape characters in the
- value returned by array_subrange when expanding subsets of an
- array and not within double quotes (in which case
- array_subrange() quotes the string for us)
- - new function, quoted_strlen(s), does strlen(s) while skipping over
- characters quoted with CTLESC (#ifdef INCLUDE_UNUSED, since it's
- not used yet)
- - changed pos_params() so it always returns a list whose members are
- quoted strings if (quoted&(Q_HERE_DOCUMENT|Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES)) != 0
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - fix array_value to consistently call quote_escapes, even when a
- non-array variable is being subscripted with element 0, in which
- case we return the variable value
-
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
- - make the for_echo parameter to ansicstr a `flags' parameter that
- has its old `for echo' meaning if flags&1 is non-zero (which is
- consistent with the old code)
- - Added code to the `flags' parameter to ansicstr so that if flags&2
- is non-zero, CTLESC and CTLNUL are escaped with CTLESC in the
- expanded string
- - change ansiexpand() to call ansicstr with a `flags' parameter of 2
-
- 3/26
- ----
-lib/readline/histfile.c
- - when reading and writing the history file, use malloc instead of
- xmalloc and handle failures gracefully, so the application doesn't
- abort if the history file or history list is too big
-
- 3/27
- ----
-arrayfunc.c
- - changed array_value_internal to take an additional `int *'
- parameter, in which is returned the type of array indexing
- performed (array[@] vs. array or array[index])
- - changed array_value and get_array_value to take a corresponding
- extra parameter and pass it to array_value_internal
- - changed array_value_internal to no longer return newly-allocated
- memory or quote CTLESC and CTLNUL in the returned string if
- `simple' array indexing (subscript not `@' or `*') is being
- performed. This makes it more like a variable lookup
-
-arrayfunc.h
- - changed prototypes for array_value and get_array_value
-
-expr.c
- - added new parameter to call to get_array_value in expr_streval
- - don't need to free memory returned by get_array_value any more
-
-subst.c
- - quote_escapes now works with multibyte characters
- - dequote_string now works with multibyte characters
- - dequote_escapes is now needed, so it's compiled in, and it
- now works with multibyte characters
- - remove_quoted_escapes now just calls dequote_escapes and copies the
- result over the argument string
- - remove_quoted_nulls now returns its char * argument, parallels
- remove_quoted_escapes
- - parameter_brace_expand_word now passes the new argument to
- array_value and quotes CTLESC and CTLNUL in the result if it's a
- `simple' array expansion by calling quote_escapes
- - get_var_and_type now returns VT_ARRAYMEMBER for references like
- ${array} where `array' is an array variable (just like ${array[0]}).
- Documented (in comment) that a VT_VARIABLE return value means that
- quote_escapes has been called at some point
- - changed callers of get_var_and_type to no longer free value if
- VT_ARRAYMEMBER is returned as type
- - changed parameter_brace_substring and parameter_brace_patsub to
- call dequote_escapes on the value from get_var_and_type if the
- type is VT_VARIABLE, since the substring and pattern substitution
- code doesn't understand CTLESC quoting
- - parameter_brace_substring no longer needs to call quoted_substring
- for the VT_ARRAYMEMBER case
- - changed parameter_brace_patsub to call quote_escapes on the result
- of pat_subst for the VT_VARIABLE and VT_ARRAYMEMBER cases, and to
- quote the returned string in the VT_ARRAYVAR and VT_POSPARAMS cases
- if the `MATCH_QUOTED' flag isn't set (if it is, the pattern
- substitution functions perform any necessary quoting)
- - quoted_substring is no longer used; it's now #ifdef INCLUDE_UNUSED
-
-lib/malloc/mstats.h
- - new member in _malstats: u_bits32_t bytesreq, the total number of
- bytes requested by the caller via calls to malloc() and realloc()
-
-lib/malloc/stats.c
- - print bytesreq member in _print_malloc_stats
- - don't print statistics for buckets for which nmal == 0 (no mallocs)
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - modified internal_malloc, internal_realloc to keep running total of
- number of bytes requested by calling application
-
-shell.c
- - sh_exit is now compiled in; exit_shell calls sh_exit
-
-error.c
- - changed fatal_error, report_error, parser_error to call sh_exit
-
- 3/28
- ----
-subst.[ch]
- - changed Q_NOQUOTE to Q_PATQUOTE; it makes the intent more clear
-
-subst.c
- - moved code from parameter_brace_expand into a new function that
- dispatches for pattern substitution: parameter_brace_remove_pattern
- - changed structure of parameter_brace_remove_pattern to be like
- parameter_brace_patsub and its ilk: call get_var_and_type to
- isolate the variable name, move the pattern isolation code out of
- the various *_remove_pattern functions into
- parameter_brace_remove_pattern and pass the results to the various
- functions, use a switch on the return value from get_var_and_type
- to decide which function to call, regularized the arguments to the
- separate pattern removal functions
- - parameter_brace_remove_pattern now properly quotes escape chars in
- the returned value
- - changed get_var_and_type to call dequote_escapes on the `value'
- parameter for case VT_VARIABLE and return the result in *valp,
- so the calling functions don't have to do it themselves; changed
- callers appropriately
- - fixed getpattern() where it broke posix compliance: if you enclose
- a pattern removal spec in double quotes, the outer double quotes
- have no effect on the pattern (POSIX.1-200x 2.6.2). This uncovered
- a bug in the test suite (!)
-
-pathexp.c
- - fixed a problem with quote_string_for_globbing where it would change
- consecutive CTLESC chars all to \ instead of changing every other
- quoted char
-
- 3/31
- ----
-lib/malloc/{malloc,stats}.c
- - moved declaration of _mstats to malloc.c so stats.o doesn't get
- linked into the shell if the stats functions aren't called
-
- 4/2
- ---
-lib/glob/smatch.c
- - introduce `XCHAR' define, which is the type of arguments passed to
- strcoll/strcmp/strlen and their wide-character equivalents, added
- appropriate casts
- - static arrays in single-byte version of rangecmp() are `char', not
- `unsigned char', so compilers don't complain about calls to strcoll
-
-lib/glob/sm_loop.c
- - casts for `XCHAR' and `XCHAR *' arguments to libc functions
- - use prototype declaration for BRACKMATCH if `PROTOTYPES' is defined
- to avoid problems with type promotion (unsigned char -> int)
-
-lib/glob/collsyms.h
- - `name' member of struct _COLLSYM is now of type `XCHAR *', since
- some compilers don't like `unsigned char *' initializers from
- constant strings
-
-[bash-2.05b-alpha1 released]
-
- 4/3
- ---
-builtins/{evalstring.c,common.h}
- - new flag for parse_and_execute, SEVAL_NOFREE, means to not free
- the argument string when finished
-
-lib/readline/text.c
- - fixed a trivial typo in _rl_insert_char when reading multibyte
- char sequences
- - replace calls to ding() with rl_ding()
-
-include/chartypes.h
- - remove SIGN_EXTEND_CHAR and TOASCII macros; they're unused
-
-make_cmd.c
- - include dispose_cmd.h for extern function declarations
-
-lib/glob/glob.c
- - include `shmbutil.h' and `xmalloc.h' for extern function declarations
-
-lib/glob/smatch.c
- - include `xmalloc.h' for extern function declarations
-
-shell.c
- - fix maybe_make_restricted to use its argument instead of global
- `shell_name'
-
-version.c
- - update copyright message to include this year
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - fixes from Jiro SEKIBA <jir@yamato.ibm.com> to fix autowrapping
- when using multibyte characters
-
-lib/glob/sm_loop.c
- - fixed a problem in BRACKMATCH where not enough memory was allocated
- to hold a multibyte character when parsing POSIX.2 char class names
-
-support/config.{guess,sub}
- - updated via patch from Paul Eggert with latest GNU additions
-
-variables.c
- - var_lookup should use its `vcontext' argument instead of
- unconditionally using `shell_variables'
-
- 4/4
- ---
-builtins/bind.def,doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - changed the usage summary and help text to make it clear that any
- readline command that may appear in ~/.inputrc may be supplied as
- one of the non-option arguments to `bind'
-
-builtins/mkbuiltins.c
- - added support for `-H' option, which means to write long documentation
- for each builtin to a separate file in the `helpfiles' directory
-
-builtins/Makefile.in
- - new target `helpdoc', just creates long doc files in helpfiles
- directory
-
-lib/sh/zcatfd.c
- - new file, with zcatfd(int fd, int ofd, char *fn); dumps data from
- FD to OFD
-
-Makefile.in,lib/sh/Makefile.in
- - added zcatfd.c, zcatfd.o member of libsh.a
-
-builtins/evalstring.c
- - changed cat_file to call zcatfd(fd, 1, fn)
-
-builtins/{shopt,colon}.def
- - removed the $DOCNAME directive for `shopt', `true', and `false';
- just use the names
- - changed $DOCNAME for `:' to just be `colon' instead of
- `colon_builtin'
-
-builtins/reserved.def
- - added help entries for ((, [[, `for (('
-
-builtins/let.def
- - add id++, id--, ++id, --id, ** to help text
-
- 4/8
- ---
-builtins/bashgetopt.[ch]
- - changed to allow options beginning with `+', enabled by a leading
- `+' in the option string
- - new variable, list_opttype, set to `-' or `+'
-
-builtins/{common.c,{builtin,eval,exit,fg_bg,let,printf,pushd,return,source,wait}.def
- - changes to allow a `--' option for every builtin that accepts
- operands but not options, as per posix.1-2001
-
-builtins/{declare,setattr}.def
- - use internal_getopt for parsing options, now that it supports `+'
-
-builtins/set.def
- - use internal_getopt for initial option parse, now that it supports
- a leading `+'
-
-
-{configure,Makefile}.in, builtins/{Makefile.in,help.def,mkbuiltins.c}
- - support for a new configure option, ``--enable-separate-helpfiles'',
- moves the `long' help text to separate help files, installed by
- default into ${datadir}/bash, one file per builtin. Off by
- default -- it saves 47K, but it's only 47K, and it's in the text
- segment
-
-flags.c
- - build internal_getopt() option string argument from flags array at
- runtime in shell.c
-
-shell.c
- - new variable to control writing malloc stats at exit:
- malloc_trace_at_exit, 0 by default
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - heavily updated:
- o partial page allocated on first call to malloc to make
- subsequent sbrks page-aligned no longer wasted
- o begin and end range guards are now the same value: the chunk
- requested
- o coalescing code was changed to attempt to coalesce first two
- adjacent blocks on the free list; enabled by default
- o blocks of size 32 are now candidates for larger block
- splitting, since 32 is the most popular size
- o blocks of size 32 are now candidates for smaller block
- coalescing
- o the IN_BUCKET check was changed to just make sure that the
- size isn't too big for the bucket, since the `busy block'
- checking code may increase the bucket by one or more,
- meaning that the old check would fail and cause a panic when
- a chunk allocated in such a way was freed
- o bin sizes are now precomputed and looked up in an array
- rather than being computed at runtime
- o moved the _mstats declaration here to avoid the stats code
- being linked in even when no stats functions were called
- (only matters if MALLOC_DEBUG is defined)
- o malloc now keeps track of the address of the top of the heap
- and will return large chunks to the system with calls to
- sbrk with a negative argument when freeing the top chunk.
- Two thresholds: LESSCORE_FRC means to unconditionally return
- memory to the system; LESSCORE_MIN means to return memory if
- there's at least one block already on the free list
-
-lib/malloc/mstats.h
- - stats struct now keeps track of number of block coalesces by bin,
- and the number of times memory was returned to the system by bin
-
-lib/malloc/stats.c
- - trace_malloc_stats now takes a second argument: the name of the file
- to write to. The first `%p' in the template file name is replaced
- by the pid
-
- 4/9
- ---
-lib/malloc/imalloc.h
- - added some macros derived from dlmalloc and glibc malloc to inline
- memcpy and memset if the requested size is <= 32 bytes
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - use MALLOC_MEMSET instead of memset in internal_{malloc,free}
-
-include/ocache.h
- - use OC_MEMSET (variant of MALLOC_MEMSET) in ocache_free
-
-configure.in, config.h.in
- - check for getservent(), define HAVE_GETSERVENT if found
-
-bashline.c
- - punt immediately from bash_servicename_completion_function if
- HAVE_GETSERVENT is not defined (cygwin seems to not define it)
- - include "input.h" for extern save_token_state() and
- restore_token_state() declarations
- - change bash_execute_unix_command to call parse_and_execute with
- SEVAL_NOHIST flag so the command doesn't get saved on the history
- list
- - change bash_execute_unix_command to save and restore the current
- command line count and the token state (last_read_token, etc.).
- Everything else is saved by either parse_and_execute directly or
- the call it makes to push_stream(). The shell_input_line stuff
- doesn't need to be saved and restored; it's not computed until
- readline() returns
-
- 4/10
- ----
-lib/glob/glob.[ch]
- - glob_filename and glob_vector now take an additional `flags' arg
- - define GX_MARKDIRS as possible flag value for glob_filename and
- glob_vector
-
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - fixed some bugs with handling of `g' and `G' formats
- - make sure numtoa returns the fractional part correctly when passed 0
- - implemented thousands grouping for `'' flag character
-
-lib/sh/rename.c
- - a few changes to make it more bulletproof
-
- 4/11
- ----
-lib/glob/glob.c
- - added the couple of dozen lines of code to glob_dir_to_array to
- finish implementing GX_MARKDIRS
-
-builtins/set.def
- - changed unset builtin so that it no longer considers unsetting an
- unset variable or function to be an error
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - fix to rl_redisplay for a problem which caused display to be messed
- up when the last line of a multi-line prompt (possibly containing
- invisible characters) was longer than the screen width
-
- 4/15
- ----
-aclocal.m4
- - use AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED in BASH_SYS_DEFAULT_MAIL_DIR instead of
- enumerating all of the possible values and using AC_DEFINE
-
- 4/16
- ----
-Makefile.in, {builtins,support}/Makefile.in
- - new variables, CFLAGS_FOR_BUILD and CPPFLAGS_FOR_BUILD, substituted
- by `configure'
- - changed CCFLAGS_FOR_BUILD to BASE_CCFLAGS, removing $(CPPFLAGS);
- CCFLAGS and CCFLAGS_FOR_BUILD now include $(BASE_CCFLAGS) with
- (possibly) different values for CPPFLAGS and CFLAGS
- - GCC_LINT_CFLAGS now includes $(BASE_CCFLAGS) and $(CPPFLAGS)
- instead of CCFLAGS_FOR_BUILD
- - new variable, LDFLAGS_FOR_BUILD, right now equivalent to LDFLAGS
- - remove $(CPPFLAGS) from recipes for buildversion, mksignames, and
- mksyntax
-
-configure.in
- - compute and substitute CFLAGS_FOR_BUILD, CPPFLAGS_FOR_BUILD, and
- LDFLAGS_FOR_BUILD
- - changed qnx to use LOCAL_LDFLAGS and LOCAL_LIBS instead of putting
- everything in LOCAL_LDFLAGS
-
-builtins/Makefile.in
- - remove $(PROFILE_FLAGS) from recipe for building `mkbuiltins'
- - use LDFLAGS_FOR_BUILD instead of LDFLAGS in recipe for building
- `mkbuiltins'
-
-Makefile.in
- - use $(CC_FOR_BUILD) and $(CCFLAGS_FOR_BUILD) to build auxiliary
- test programs (printenv, recho, zecho)
-
-support/Makefile.in
- - use CC_FOR_BUILD and CCFLAGS_FOR_BUILD in recipe for building
- `man2html'
-
-lib/tilde/Makefile.in
- - substitute PROFILE_FLAGS, use PROFILE_FLAGS in $(CCFLAGS)
-
- 4/25
- ----
-Makefile.in, configure.in
- - moved RELSTATUS to configure.in; configure substitutes it into
- the generated Makefile
-
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - fix wchars() to deal with systems where MB_CUR_MAX is not a
- constant expression
-
- 5/2
- ---
-lib/sh/shquote.c
- - add `,' to list of chars that are backslash-quoted. It doesn't
- hurt normal usage and prevents filenames with commas from being
- inappropriately split by brace expansion after using
- complete-into-braces
-
- 5/6
- ---
-lib/sh/xstrchr.c
- - we only need the check of MB_CUR_MAX and the slow code for a
- few encodings, and even then only for a subset of the charset
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - some speedups for skipsubscript and multibyte chars from Bruno Haible
-
-locale.c
- - changed set_lang to call setlocale(LC_ALL, ...) if LC_ALL doesn't
- already have a value, but doesn't change any shell variables
-
-include/shmbutil.h
- - major speedups from Bruno Haible, mostly concerned with reducing
- the number of strlen(3) calls
-
-subst.c
- - change callers of macros in shmbutil.h to add extra argument as
- necessary
- - skip_single_quoted and skip_double_quoted take another argument:
- the length of the string; mostly useful when using multibyte chars
- - many speedups from precomputing string lengths at function start
- - fixed a small bug in de_backslash in the midst of rewriting for
- better efficiency
-
-{braces,make_cmd,pathexp}.c
- - change callers of macros in shmbutil.h to add extra argument as
- necessary
-
-pathexp.c
- - fix a one-too-far problem with multibyte chars in
- unquoted_glob_pattern_p
-
-braces.c
- - brace_gobbler takes a new argument, the length of the passed string
- - expand_amble takes a new argument, the length of the passed string
-
- 5/7
- ---
-subst.c
- - modified remove_quoted_nulls to eliminate the memory allocation and
- do the copy in place using the same strategy as de_backslash
-
-lib/readline/{rldefs.h,complete.c}
- - new define RL_QF_OTHER_QUOTE, so _rl_find_completion_word can note
- that it found a quoting character other than \'" that appears in
- rl_completer_quote_characters
-
- 5/9
- ---
-jobs.c
- - save and restore old value of jobs_list_frozen when calling trap
- handlers from set_job_status_and_cleanup to avoid seg faults when
- running recursive trap handlers
-
- 5/10
- ----
-builtins/common.h
- - new #defines to use for value of changed_dollar_vars (provides
- information about the caller who wants to blow away the old dollar
- variables)
-
-builtins/common.c
- - changed set_dollar_vars_changed to set changed_dollar_vars to one
- of the ARGS_* values depending on the caller and environment
-
-builtins/source.def
- - source restores the positional parameters unless the `set' builtin
- was called to specify a new set while not executing a shell function
-
- 5/13
- ----
-POSIX
- - new file, was in CWRU/POSIX.NOTES
-
-doc/{Makefile.in,Makefile}
- - changed `posix' rule to modify ../POSIX
-
-doc/mkposix
- - write to `POSIX' by default
-
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
- - when ansicstr is parsing a format string for `echo -e' (or the
- equivalent xpg_echo option is enabled), obey the POSIX-2001/SUSv3
- standard and accept 0-3 octal digits after a leading `0'
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - updated `echo' description to note that up to three octal digits
- are now accepted following `\0'
-
- 5/16
- ----
-doc/Makefile.in
- - remove the generated documentation on `make distclean' if the
- build directory and source directory are not the same
-
-Makefile.in
- - descend into `support' subdirectory on a `make clean' and
- `make distclean'
- - remove parser-built, y.tab[ch] on a `make distclean' if the build
- directory and source directory are not the same
-
-support/Makefile.in
- - support various `clean' targets and remove man2html.o and man2html
-
-{configure,Makefile}.in
- - move values for DEBUG and MALLOC_DEBUG into configure.in; on by
- default for development versions; off by default for releases
- (off for profiling, too)
-
- 5/21
- ----
-parse.y
- - modified the grammar to allow a simple_list followed by yacc_EOF
- to terminate a command. This fixes problems with things like
- a backslash-newline at the end of an `eval'd string
- - change handle_eof_input_unit() to reset the token state before
- calling prompt_again(), in case the prompt to be evaluated contains
- a command substitution
-
- 5/23
- ----
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - fix `r' command (rl_vi_change_char) when HANDLE_MULTIBYTE is defined
- but MB_CUR_MAX == 1
-
- 5/24
- ----
-lib/malloc/watch.c
- - don't try to print `file' argument to _watch_warn if it's null
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - changed guard checking code in internal_{malloc,free,realloc} to
- access memory as (char *) and copy into a union instead of
- casting and dereferencing a pointer to u_bits32_t, since that
- results in unaligned accesses which will cause Sparcs to upchuck
-
- 5/30
- ----
-[bash-2.05b-beta1 released]
-
-lib/readline/text.c
- - fixed a problem with rl_transpose_chars on systems supporting
- multibyte characters with a locale that doesn't have any multibyte
- chars
-
- 6/4
- ---
-expr.c
- - fix a/=0 and a%=0 to throw evaluation errors rather than core dumps
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - fix core dump when line wrapping a multibyte character (line
- accidentally dropped from the original patch)
-
-lib/readline/mbutil.c
- - fix reversed return value from _rl_is_mbchar_matched; fixes problem
- with backward-char-search
-
- 6/10
- ----
-lib/sh/getenv.c
- - fix getenv to not free value returned by find_tempenv_variable
- - add setenv, putenv, unsetenv for completeness
-
- 6/12
- ----
-shell.c
- - change init_noninteractive to init expand_aliases to the value of
- posixly_correct
- - don't initialize expand_aliases to posixly_correct anywhere else.
- This allows the -O expand_aliases invocation option to work correctly
-
-general.c
- - fix move_to_high_fd to not try the dup2 unless the fd loop results
- in an fd > 3; just return the passed file descriptor otherwise
- - use HIGH_FD_MAX, defined in general.h, instead of hard-coded 256
- as highest file descriptor to try
-
-subst.c
- - in process_substitute, call move_to_high_fd with `maxfd' parameter
- of -1 instead of 64, so move_to_high_fd will use its maximum
-
- 6/21
- ----
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - don't bother calling MALLOC_MEMSET if the requested size is 0
-
-builtins/setattr.def
- - note in short doc that export and readonly can take assignment
- statements as arguments
-
-error.c
- - new function, error_prolog(), to capture common error message
- prefix code (except for parser errors)
-
- 6/25
- ----
-aclocal.m4
- - add tests for standard-conforming declarations for putenv and
- unsetenv in system header files
-
-{configure,config.h}.in
- - call BASH_FUNC_STD_PUTENV and BASH_FUNC_STD_UNSETENV, define
- HAVE_STD_GETENV and HAVE_STD_UNSETENV, respectively, if they
- succeed
-
-lib/sh/getenv.c
- - change putenv and unsetenv to take differing prototypes in
- stdlib.h into account
-
- 6/27
- ----
-[bash-2.05b-beta2 released]
-
- 6/28
- ----
-builtins/common.c
- - fix get_job_spec so that %N works when N is the size of the jobs
- list (%8 means job 8, but the 7th member of the jobs array, so
- it's OK if N == job_slots because the function returns N-1)
-
- 7/1
- ---
-shell.c
- - turn off line editing if $EMACS is set to `t'
-
- 7/10
- ----
-builtins/set.def
- - remove mention of `-i' from long help doc, since it has no effect
-
- 7/17
- ----
-[bash-2.05b released]
-
- 7/18
- ----
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - make sure that the `free_return' label has a non-empty statement
- to branch to
-
- 7/19
- ----
-locale.c
- - only call setlocale() from set_lang() if HAVE_SETLOCALE is defined;
- otherwise just return 0
-
-lib/readline/mbutil.c
- - only try to memset `ps' in _rl_get_char_len if it's non-NULL. Ditto
- for _rl_adjust_point
-
- 7/23
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix for executing_line_number() when compiling without conditional
- commands, dparen arithmetic or the arithmetic for command
-
-
- 7/24
- ----
-support/Makefile.in
- - fix maintainer-clean, distclean, mostlyclean targets
-
-builtins/common.c
- - fix bug in sh_nojobs where it doesn't pass the right number of args
- to builtin_error
-
-bashline.c
- - when using command completion and trying to avoid appending a slash
- if there's a directory with the same name in the current directory,
- use absolute_pathname() instead of just checking whether the first
- char of the match is a slash to catch things like ./ and ../
-
-examples/complete/bashcc-1.0.1.tar.gz
- - a package of completions for Clear Case, from Richard S. Smith
- (http://www.rssnet.org/bashcc.html)
-
-input.c
- - fix check_bash_input to call sync_buffered_stream if the passed fd
- is 0 and the shell is currently reading input from fd 0 -- all it
- should cost is maybe an additional read system call, and it fixes
- the bug where an input redirection to a builtin inside a script
- which is being read from stdin causes the already-read-and-buffered
- part of the script to be thrown away, e.g.:
-
- bash < x1
-
- where x1 is
-
- hostname
- read Input < t.in
- echo $Input
- echo xxx
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - in initialize_subshell(), call unset_bash_input (0) to not mess with
- fd 0 if that's where bash thinks it's reading input from. Fixes
- bug reported by jg@cs.tu-berlin.de on 17 July 2002. Should be a way
- to check whether or not the current fd 0 at the time of the call has
- not been redirected, like in the bug report. Also might eventually
- want to throw in a sync_buffered_stream if bash is reading input
- from fd 0 in a non-interactive shell into a buffered stream, so the
- stream is sync'd -- might be necessary for some uses
-
- 7/25
- ----
-lib/readline/signals.c
- - make sure rl_catch_sigwinch is declared even if SIGWINCH is not
- defined, so the readline state saving and restoring functions in
- readline.c are always the same size even if SIGWINCH is not defined,
- and undefined references don't occur when SIGWINCH is not defined
-
- 7/30
- ----
-bashline.c
- - augment patch from 7/24 to not disable rl_filename_completion_desired
- if the first char of the match is `~'
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - when creating `shadow' keymaps `bound' to ANYOTHERKEY, don't bind
- a key whose type is ISFUNC but whose function is the `fake'
- rl_do_lowercase_version (fixes debian bash bug #154123)
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - don't call _rl_vi_set_last from _rl_dispatch_subseq if
- key == ANYOTHERKEY (when truncated to `sizeof(char)', it will be 0,
- which strchr will find in `vi_textmod')
-
- 7/31
- ----
-lib/readline/input.c
- - fix rl_gather_tyi to only slurp up one line of available input, even
- if more than one line is available (fixes debian bash bug #144585)
-
- 8/3
- ---
-bashline.c
- - better fix for command completion problem -- test for directory
- explicitly with test_for_directory before turning off
- rl_filename_completion_desired, since that's the case we're trying
- to protect against
-
- 8/5
- ---
-include/shmbutil.h
- - fix ADVANCE_CHAR macro to advance the string pointer if mbrlen
- returns 0, indicating that the null wide character (wide string
- terminator) was found (debian bash bug #155436)
-
-lib/readline/mbutil.c
- - fix _rl_adjust_point to increment the string pointer if mbrlen
- returns 0
-
-support/shobj-conf
- - fix for the `-install_name' value in SHLIB_XLDFLAGS assignment for
- Darwin from the fink folks
-
- 8/6
- ---
-builtins/exit.def
- - broke code that runs ~/.bash_logout out into a separate function:
- bash_logout()
-
-builtins/common.h
- - extern declaration for bash_logout()
-
-eval.c
- - call bash_logout() from alrm_catcher(), so timed-out login shells
- run ~/.bash_logout before processing the exit trap
-
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
- - implemented $'\x{hexdigits}' expansion from ksh93
-
-configure.in
- - define RECYCLES_PIDS in LOCAL_CFLAGS for cygwin; don't bother to
- link with -luser32
-
-examples/loadables/strftime.c
- - new loadable builtin, interface to strftime(3)
-
- 8/7
- ---
-parse.y
- - parse_arith_cmd now takes a second argument, a flag saying whether
- or not to add double quotes to a parsed arithmetic command; changed
- callers
- - changed parse_dparen so it tells parse_arith_cmd to not add the
- double quotes and therefore doesn't need to remove them
- - change parse_dparen to add W_NOGLOB|W_NOSPLIT|W_QUOTED flags to word
- created when parsing (( ... )) arithmetic command, since the double
- quotes are no longer added
-
-make_cmd.c
- - in make_arith_for_expr, set the flags on the created word to
- W_NOGLOB|W_NOSPLIT|W_QUOTED
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - change execute_arith_command to expand the expression with
- expand_words_no_vars, like the arithmetic for command code does
- - fix execute_arith_command to handle the case where the expanded
- expression results in a NULL word without crashing
-
-tests/{arith-for,cprint}.tests
- - change expected output to account for no longer adding quotes to
- ((...)) commands
-
- 8/8
- ---
-print_cmd.c
- - take out the space after printing the `((' and before printing the
- `))' in print_arith_command, print_arith_for_command, and
- xtrace_print_arith_cmd
-
-tests/{arith-for,cprint}.tests
- - change expected output to account for no longer adding leading and
- trailing spaces when printing ((...)) and arithmetic for commands
-
- 8/17
- ----
-subst.c
- - fix issep() define to handle case where separators[0] == '\0', in
- which case it always returns false
-
-lib/readline/histexpand.c
- - fix off-by-one error in history_expand_internal when using the `g'
- modifier that causes it to skip every other match when matching a
- single character (reported by gjyun90@resl.auto.inha.ac.kr)
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - make sure that the name=word form of argument to declare/typeset,
- export, and readonly is documented in the description
-
- 8/30
- ----
-lib/readline/histexpand.c
- - make history_expand_internal understand double quotes, because
- single quotes are not special inside double quotes, according to
- our shell-like quoting conventions. We don't want unmatched
- single quotes inside double-quoted strings inhibiting history
- expansion
- - make `a' modifier equivalent to `g' modifier for compatibility with
- the BSD csh
- - add a `G' modifier that performs a given substitution once per word
- (tokenized as the shell would do it) like the BSD csh `g' modifier
-
- 8/31
- ----
-braces.c
- - when compiling for the shell, treat ${...} like \{...} instead of
- trying to peek backward when we see a `{'. This makes it easier
- to handle things like \${, which should be brace expanded because
- the $ is quoted
-
- 9/7
- ---
-aclocal.m4
- - redirect stdin from /dev/null in BASH_CHECK_DEV_FD before testing
- the readability of /dev/fd/0, so we're dealing with a known quantity
-
- 9/11
- ----
-[prayers for the victims of 9/11/01]
-
-shell.c
- - fix maybe_make_restricted to handle a restricted login shell with a
- base pathname of `-rbash' and skip over any leading `-'
-
- 9/13
- ----
-builtins/evalstring.c
- - in parse_and_execute, make sure we don't try to run unwind-protects
- back to `pe_dispose' after a longjmp back to top_level if the
- pe_dispose frame hasn't been initialized
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - fix problem with prompt overwriting previous output when the output
- doesn't contain a newline in a multi-byte locale. This also should
- fix the problem of bash slowing down drastically on long lines when
- using a multi-byte locale, because it no longer tries to rewrite the
- entire line each time. Patch from Jiro SEKIBA <jir@yamato.ibm.com>
-
-parse.y
- - move the typedef for alias_t that is compiled in if ALIAS is not
- defined up before the prototype for push_string, since that takes
- an alias_t * parameter
-
-lib/readline/terminal.c
- - bind the termcap description's left and right arrow keys to
- rl_backward_char and rl_forward_char, respectively, instead of
- rl_forward and rl_backward (which are just there for backwards
- compatibility)
-
-aclocal.m4
- - when testing readability of /dev/stdin, redirect stdin from /dev/null
- to make sure it's a readable file
-
- 9/17
- ----
-config-bot.h
- - don't test __STDC__ when deciding whether or not to use stdarg.h;
- just use it if it's present
-
-tests/read2.sub
- - redirect from /dev/tty when using `read -t'
-
- 9/20
- ----
-builtins/history.def
- - when reading `new' entries from the history file with `history -n',
- fix increment of history_lines_this_session by taking any change
- in history_base into account
-
-lib/sh/pathphys.c
- - changes to sh_physpath to deal with pathnames that end up being
- longer than PATH_MAX without dumping core
-
-lib/readline/doc/{history.3,hsuser.texinfo},doc/ bash.1
- - documented new `a' and `G' history modifiers
-
- 9/25
- ----
-lib/readline/misc.c
- - when traversing the history list with arrow keys in vi insertion
- mode, put the cursor at the end of the line (like in emacs mode)
-
-mksyntax.c
- - don't try to use \a and \v unless __STDC__ is defined; use the
- ascii integer equivalents otherwise
- - include "config.h" in the generated syntax.c file for a possible
- definition of `const'
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - document the meaning of a null directory in $PATH
-
- 9/26
- ----
-parse.y
- - fix set_line_mbstate to handle case where mbrlen() returns 0,
- indicating the null wide character
- - fix set_line_mbstate so we don't directly compare a char variable
- to EOF, since char can (and is) unsigned on some machines
-
-bashline.c
- - change bash_execute_unix_command to save a little bit more state:
- last_shell_builtin, this_shell_builtin, last_command_exit_value
-
- 9/27
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - tentative change to execute_simple_command to avoid freeing freed
- memory in the case where bash forks early but still ends up calling
- execute_disk_command, without passing newly-allocated memory to
- make_child. This may fix the core dumps with the linux-from-scratch
- folks
-
- 9/28
- ----
-Makefile.in,{builtins,lib/sh}/Makefile.in
- - fix up dependencies, mostly on ${BUILD_DIR}/version.h, so that
- parallel makes work with GNU and BSD makes
-
-shell.h
- - new struct to save partial parsing state when doing things like
- bash_execute_unix_command and other operations that execute
- commands while a line is being entered and parsed
-
-parse.y
- - new functions, save_parser_state() and restore_parser_state(), to
- save and restore partial parsing state
-
-bashline.c
- - change bash_execute_unix_command to call {save,restore}_parser_state
-
-builtins/jobs.def
- - change execute_list_with_replacements to eliminate a run_unwind_frame
- in favor of calling the cleanup explicitly and discarding the frame
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - change execute_for_command to avoid a run_unwind_frame in the case
- where the loop variable is readonly or otherwise not assignable
- - change execute_select_command and execute_simple_command to use
- discard_unwind_frame by running the cleanup code explicitly, instead
- of using run_unwind_frame
- - make sure execute_select_command decreases loop_level even on error
-
- 9/30
- ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - fixed description of `unset' now that unsetting a previously-unset
- variable is no longer an error
-
- 10/3
- ----
-{configure,config.h}.in
- - augment check for strtold with additional check to detect the
- horribly broken hp/ux 11.x implementation that returns `long_double';
- defines STRTOLD_BROKEN if so
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - define floatmax_t as `double' if STRTOLD_BROKEN is defined
-
- 10/5
- ----
-lib/readline/keymaps.c
- - don't automatically bind uppercase keys to rl_do_lowercase_version
- in rl_make_bare_keymap
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - explicitly check for ANYOTHERKEY binding to rl_do_lowercase_version
- and dispatch to lowercase of key when a prefix is not matched
-
- 10/12
- -----
-bashline.c
- - set COMP_WORDBREAKS in enable_hostname_completion to the value
- of rl_completer_word_break_characters
-
-variables.c
- - new special variable COMP_WORDBREAKS, controls the value of
- rl_completer_word_break_characters
-
-variables.h
- - new extern declaration for sv_comp_wordbreaks()
-
-subst.c
- - change split_at_delims to behave more like shell word splitting if
- the passed value for the delimiters is NULL, indicating that the
- function is to use $IFS to split
-
-{execute_cmd,jobs,test,findcmd,input,make_cmd,redir,shell}.c
-builtins/mkbuiltins.c,builtins/{fc,history,source,umask}.def
-lib/sh/netconn.c
-lib/termcap/termcap.c
-lib/readline/histfile.c
- - make sure all inclusions of <sys/file.h> are protected by
- HAVE_SYS_FILE_H
-
-bashline.c
- - don't turn off rl_filename_completion_desired in
- attempt_shell_completion if the partial pathname contains a slash.
- This still doesn't solve the problem of partial pathname completion
- starting with a directory in the current directory without a
- leading `./'. There's no way to tell the difference between that
- and a file found in $PATH (which may contain `.') at the point that
- attempt_shell_completion acts
-
- 10/18
- -----
-locale.c
- - don't set lc_all to the default locale when LC_ALL is being unset
- - new function, reset_locale_vars(), called to recompute the correct
- locale variable values when LC_ALL is unset
- - changed set_lang to not set LC_ALL, which it never should have been
- doing in the first place, and to maintain a local variable `lang'
- corresponding to $LANG
- - change get_locale_var to use the precedence posix.2 specifies:
- LC_ALL overrides individual variables; LANG, if set, is the default
- - change set_locale_var to call get_locale_var to get the appropriate
- value for the variable being set or unset
- - call get_locale_var instead of using passed value in set_locale_var
- to get the defaulting and precedence right
-
-lib/readline/nls.c
- - new function, _rl_get_locale_var(), which does the same thing as
- locale.c:get_locale_var(), with the right precedence and defaulting,
- using sh_get_env_value to get the right bash variable values
- - if HAVE_SETLOCALE is defined, _rl_init_eightbit first calls
- _rl_get_locale_var to get the right value for LC_CTYPE, and uses
- that in the call to setlocale. If _rl_get_locale_var returns NULL,
- call setlocale() to get the current international environment, and,
- finally, if that returns null, call setlocale with a second argument
- of "" to force the implementation's `native' environment
-
-pcomplete.c
- - change gen_wordlist_completions to dequote the text before comparing
- it against the expanded word list
- - changed gen_matches_from_itemlist to do the same thing
-
-bashline.c
- - new global function, bash_dequote_word, calls bash_dequote_filename
- on the text passed. Used by the programmable completion code
-
-lib/readline/histfile.c
- - make sure that whenever read_history_range returns a non-zero value
- that it sets errno to some useful value
-
- 10/19
- -----
-variables.c
- - COMP_WORDBREAKS is now a dynamic variable, mirroring value of
- rl_completer_word_break_characters. Makes sure that the variable
- always points to dynamic memory if it's not null or the readline
- default
-
-bashline.c
- - change enable_hostname_completion to manage a dynamic value of
- rl_completer_word_break_characters, since assignments to
- COMP_WORDBREAKS can change its value unpredictably
-
-lib/readline/{complete.c,readline.h}
- - rl_completer_word_break_characters no longer has `const' attribute
-
-bashline.c
- - clean up necessary places due to rl_completer_word_break_characters
- no longer being `const'
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - document new COMP_WORDBREAKS variable
-
- 10/21
- -----
-print_cmd.c
- - fix indirection_level_string to handle the case where the decoded
- $PS4 is null without seg faulting
-
- 10/22
- -----
-builtins/shift.def
- - make sure that there is actually an argument when reporting a shift
- count that exceeds the number of positional paramters and
- shift_verbose is enabled
-
-lib/readline/rltty.c
- - change SET_SPECIAL to call a new function, set_special_char, since
- it contains a block. It's called infrequently, so the performance
- impact of making it a function should be negligible, and it helps
- debugging
-
- 10/29
- -----
-bashline.c
- - make sure the editor in VI_EDIT_COMMAND and EMACS_EDIT_COMMAND is
- quoted; it might contain spaces (e.g., `emacs -nw')
-
-aclocal.m4
- - cache ac_cv_rl_version in RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION macro
-
-configure.in
- - change logic that sets RL_INCLUDEDIR so that it doesn't try to set
- a bogus include path if the argument to --with-installed-readline
- is `yes' -- helps with cross-compiling
-
-lib/readline/histexpand.c
- - fix history_tokenize_word so that it handles <( and >( better
-
- 10/30
- -----
-redir.c
- - fix write_here_string so it handles the case where `herestr' expands
- to NULL without seg faulting
-
- 10/31
- -----
-mailcheck.c
- - reverse logic flip from bash-2.05 that handled systems that don't
- change the atime when the mailbox is accessed; make sure the file
- is bigger before we report new mail. This is the case in the vast
- majority of cases. Reported by jim@jtan.com
-
- 11/5
- ----
-parse.y
- - change action for `for x; { list; }' and corresponding `select'
- production to use \"$@\" instead of just $@, as it is with all the
- other actions
-
- 11/9
- ----
-parse.y
- - new flag for parse_matched_pair: P_DQUOTE, indicating that the
- pair of characters being matched is between double quotes
- - parse_matched_pair now passes P_DQUOTE down to recursive calls:
- if the open char to be matched is a `"' or the passed-in flags
- include P_DQUOTE, set the local `rflags' variable to P_DQUOTE and
- pass `rflags' down to recursive calls
- - if `rflags' includes P_DQUOTE, don't try to ansiexpand $'...' or
- locale expand $"..."; consistent with other quoting constructs
-
- 11/11
- -----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - explicitly note that variables referenced in arithmetic expressions
- without using `$' evaluate to 0 if they are null or unset
- - note that a null variable value evaluates to 0 when used in an
- arithmetic context, like when a variable with the `-i' attribute is
- assigned a null value
- - document the ${!prefix@} expansion as equivalent to ${!prefix*}
-
- 11/12
- -----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - note that the value of an arithmetic expression is as in C
- - change the wording to note that `arithmetic evaluation' (not
- arithmetic expansion, which has a different meaning) is performed
- on the value assigned to a variable whose integer attribute is set
-
- 11/13
- -----
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix execute_disk_command so it calls exit() after printing the error
- message in a restricted shell context if the shell has already forked
- (nofork != 0 && there are no pipes)
-
- 11/19
- -----
-builtins/type.def
- - don't report on aliases unless expand_aliases is set and the parser
- is performing alias expansion; changed tests/type.tests and
- tests/type.right accordingly
-
- 11/25
- -----
-general.c
- - fix for full pathnames including drive letters on cygwin from
- Corinna (convert to posix-style paths, which the rest of the
- code handles much better)
-
-lib/readline/text.c
- - fixes to overwrite mode from jimmy@is-vn.bg:
- o in _rl_overwrite_char, do the overwrite mode self-insert
- as one group, even when overwriting more than 1 char
- o in _rl_overwrite_char, do the insert before the delete so
- that an undo positions the cursor on the character restored,
- not to the right of it
- o in _rl_overwrite_rubout, don't do rl_insert_char(' ') unless
- rl_point < rl_end. Since overwrite-mode self-insert acts as
- in insert-mode when at eol, make rubout behave like
- insert-mode rubout
-
- 11/30
- -----
-lib/readline/misc.c
- - call rl_replace_line with `1' as second parameter if we're going to
- immediately overwrite the undo list
-
-lib/readline/search.c
- - in make_history_line_current, use _rl_replace_text to make the line
- replacement an undoable operation. Affects all non-incremental
- search functions.
-
-parse.y
- - make behavior introduced on 11/9 dependent on extended_quote
- variable, controllable by extquote shopt option. Default setting is
- on for backwards compatibility
-
-builtins/shopt.def
- - new `extquote' option to control extended_quote variable
-
- 12/3
- ----
-jobs.c
- - change message printed when attempting to put a background job in
- the background with `bg' to include the job id and make the
- statement declarative
-
- 12/10
- -----
-bashhist.h
- - define explicit flag values for history_control
-
-variables.c
- - change sv_history_control to use new flag values
- - change sv_history_control to parse $HISTCONTROL as a colon-separated
- list of values for the history_control variable
-
-bashhist.c
- - change check_history_control to use new flag values and restructure
- to remove case statement
- - new function hc_erasedups(line); removes all entries matching LINE
- from the history list
- - call hc_erasedups() from check_add_history after we've determined
- that we're saving the line
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented new options available for $HISTCONTROL and that it can
- be a colon-separated list of history control options
-
- 12/11
- -----
-subst.c
- - fix pat_subst() to not increment `e' (pointer to the end of the
- matched portion of the string) until after we're sure we're going
- around the loop again; fixes problem with empty replacements for
- a pattern that doesn't match (bug reported by Don Coleman
- <don@coleman.org>)
-
- 12/17
- -----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - fixes to multibyte redisplay from jir@yamato.ibm.com (Jiro SEKIBA):
- o speed up calculation of first difference between old and new
- lines in the common case
- o don't try to see if we're in the middle of a multbyte char
- in update_line (we'll see how this one works out)
-
- 12/18
- -----
-doc/bashref.texi
- - make it clear that the `command-list' function definition may be
- terminated by an ampersand before the closing brace
-
- 12/28
- -----
-redir.c
- - set `expanding_redir' flag when expanding words in a redirection
-
-subst.c
- - new function, exp_jump_to_top_level(), to do any word expansion
- cleanup before a call to jump_to_top_level from within that file;
- sets expanding_redir back to 0 before jump_to_top_level
-
-variables.c
- - in find_variable(), don't call find_variable_internal with a second
- parameter of 1 if expanding_redir is non-zero
- - in find_variable_internal(), don't search the temporary env if
- subshell_environment includes SUBSHELL_FORK (indicating a simple
- command) and expanding_redir is non-zero
-
-parse.y
- - increment line_number when we read a \<newline> pair
-
-array.c
- - added array_unshift_element and array_shift_element (which just call
- array_shift and array_rshift, respectively), for bash debugger
- support
-
- 1/4/2003
- --------
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - note in the section describing the execution environment passed to
- children that subshells inherit shell functions marked for export
- - note in the section describing shell functions the possibility
- that exported functions may result in two entries in the environment
- with the same name
-
-parse.y
- - when pushing an alias expansion onto the pushed_string list, append
- a space to the expanded definition to make the parser's lookahead
- work without using the `mustpop' hack in shell_getc
-
- 1/8
- ---
-shell.c
- - change calls to exit() with EX_USAGE as a parameter to use
- EX_BADUSAGE instead, since EX_USAGE is defined as 258 and is
- technically out of range
-
- 1/14
- ----
-aclocal.m4
- - check for the termcap functions in libc first: if we don't have
- to link in another library, let's not do it
- - change the test for mbstate_t to use AC_TRY_COMPILE instead of
- AC_TRY_RUN
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - document that bash turns line editing off if environment variable
- EMACS is set to `t' when it starts up
-
-doc/bash.1
- - minor change to give the ftp url for the latest version of bash in
- the bug reports section
-
-lib/readline/histexpand.c
- - in get_history_event, cast a couple of `const char *' variables to
- `char *' in function call parameter lists to avoid compiler warnings
-
- 1/21
- ----
-builtins/cd.def
- - change `cd -' so it prints the current working directory after a
- successful chdir even when the shell is not interactive
-
- 1/31
- ----
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texinfo
- - clarified exactly what is meant by the term `application-specific
- completion function', made its use consistent, and documented
- what variables are changed before such a function is called
-
-lib/readline/input.c
- - new function, _rl_pushed_input_available(), returns non-zero if
- there are characters in the input queue managed by rl_get_char
- and _rl_unget_char
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - new extern declaration for _rl_pushed_input_available
-
-lib/readline/callback.c
- - change rl_callback_read_char to check _rl_pushed_input_available
- and loop if there's something there, so characters don't languish
- until more keyboard input is read
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - new variable, last_command_exit_signal, non-zero if
- last_command_exit_value result from wait_for was result of a signal
-
-nojobs.c
- - keep track of whether or not a given pid was killed by a signal with
- a new flag in the pid_list array
- - new function int find_termsig_by_pid(pid_t pid) to get the
- terminating signal, if any, for a particular pid
- - new function int get_termsig(WAIT status) returns the terminating
- signal corresponding to status
- - set last_command_exit_signal in wait_for and the various wait_for_xx
- functions
-
-jobs.c
- - new functions, process_exit_signal and job_exit_signal, return the
- signal that killed a given process or job, if a signal caused its
- death
- - set last_command_exit_signal in wait_for by calling job_exit_signal
- or process_exit_signal appropriately
-
-subst.c
- - don't resend SIGINT to ourselves unless last_command_exit_signal is
- SIGINT and last_command_exit_value == 128 + SIGINT. This fixes the
- $(exit 130) bug reported by Paul Jarc
-
-expr.c
- - new function, expr_bind_variable, calls bind_int_variable and
- then stupidly_hack_special_variables. This fixes the
- `let OPTIND=1' bug
-
-bashline.c
- - change history_and_alias_expand_line and shell_expand_line to call
- history_expand_line_internal so calls to pre_process_line are
- localized
- - change history_expand_line_internal and cleanup_expansion_error to
- temporarily turn off hist_verify before calling pre_process_line
- to avoid the effects described by teirllm@dms.auburn.edu
-
-parse.y
- - don't unconditionally turn off PST_ALEXPNEXT in push_string. This
- fixes the multiple alias expansion bug reported by Paul Jarc.
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - change rl_vi_subst to push `l' instead of ` ' -- it should be
- equivalent, but this has been reported to fix a problem in multibyte
- locales
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - new state flag value RL_STATE_TTYCSAVED, indicates that save_tty_chars
- has been called. Since it's only used and visible internally, it's
- undocumented
-
-lib/readline/rltty.h
- - changed all of the members of _rl_tty_chars struct to `unsigned char'
-
-lib/readline/rltty.c
- - set the RL_STATE_TTYCSAVED after save_tty_chars is called
- - new function, rl_tty_unset_default_bindings(), resets bindings for
- everything rl_tty_set_default_bindings() messes with back to
- rl_insert, so rl_tty_set_default_bindings can be called again with
- possible changes
- - new function that does the bulk of the work for
- rltty_set_default_bindings: _rl_bind_tty_special_chars()
- - change prepare_terminal_settings so that it can track changes to the
- terminal special chars made by stty(1): unset the bindings with
- rl_tty_unset_default_bindings before calling save_tty_chars, and
- _rl_tty_set_default_bindings after, with the new values from
- get_tty_settings(). This implements a long-standing request, most
- recently made by Tim Waugh of Red Hat.
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - extern declaration for rl_tty_unset_default_bindings()
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - new function, reset_default_bindings, calls
- rl_tty_unset_default_bindings() to reset the terminal special chars
- back to rl_insert and then read the new ones
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texinfo
- - documented rl_tty_unset_default_bindings()
-
- 2/1
- ---
-[prayers and condolences to the families of the space shuttle crew members]
-
-aclocal.m4
- - add checks for mbrtowc and mbrlen in BASH_CHECK_MULTIBYTE
- - new check, BASH_FUNC_CTYPE_NONASCII, checks whether or not the ctype
- functions handle non-ascii characters correctly
-
-config.h.in
- - add HAVE_MBRTOWC and HAVE_MBRLEN
- - add NO_MULTIBYTE_SUPPORT for new configure argument
- - add CTYPE_NON_ASCII
-
-config-bot.h, lib/readline/rlmbutil.h
- - make sure that mbrtowc, mbrlen, and wcwidth are all present before
- turning on HANDLE_MULTIBYTE
- - turn off multibyte chars if NO_MULTIBYTE_SUPPORT is defined
-
-configure.in
- - new argument --enable-multibyte (enabled by default), allows
- multibyte support to be turned off even on systems that support it
-
-lib/readline/chardefs.h
- - define NON_NEGATIVE as 1 if CTYPE_NON_ASCII is defined
-
- 2/3
- ---
-config.h.in
- - add HAVE_WCTOMB
-
-aclocal.m4
- - check for wctomb in BASH_CHECK_MULTIBYTE
-
- 2/4
- ---
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - in _rl_vi_change_mbchar_case, make sure the result from wctomb()
- is NULL-terminated before trying to insert it with rl_insert_text()
-
- 2/5
- ---
-lib/readline/display.c
- - fix to update_line to avoid problems on systems with multibyte
- characters when moving between history lines when the new line
- has more glyphs but fewer bytes (twaugh@redhat.com)
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - use wcrtomb() instead of wctomb() in _rl_vi_change_mbchar_case
-
-pcomplete.c
- - fix init_itemlist_from_varlist to handle the case where the
- `varlist' is NULL
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - clarified when a simple command may fail without the shell exiting
- when -e is set
-
- 2/13
- ----
-parse.y
- - when bash is started with --nolineediting, ignore \[ and \] when
- decoding the prompt string
-
-subst.c
- - fix remove_quoted_nulls so that a string with a CTLESC appearing
- after a CTLNUL (which was removed) does not leave characters in
- the string inappropriately
-
- 2/14
- ----
-builtins/common.h
- - new flag value for parse_and_execute(): SEVAL_RESETLINE, which
- allows the caller to specify whether or not the internal idea
- of the line number should be reset to 1
-
-builtins/evalstring.c
- - parse_and_execute() now tells push_string to reset the line
- number only if the SEVAL_RESETLINE flag is set by the caller
-
- 2/15
- ----
-builtins/evalfile.c
- - pass SEVAL_RESETLINE from _evalfile() to parse_and_execute()
-
-subst.c
- - if the shell is currently interactive, pass SEVAL_RESETLINE to
- parse_and_execute() when doing command substitution
-
-jobs.c
- - add SEVAL_RESETLINE to parse_and_execute while running SIGCHLD trap
-
-command.h
- - add `line' members to case_com, for_com, select_com
- - rearranged order of members in some of the command structs, so
- `flags' and `line' are first
- - added a `source_file' member to the function_def struct; keeps
- track of where the function was defined
-
-doc/Makefile.in
- - add some new suffix rules: .dvi.ps
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - added text to the description of the `trap' builtin tightening up
- the language describing when the ERR trap will be run
-
-error.c
- - if $BASH_SOURCE (internally-maintained) exists, use BASH_SOURCE[0]
- in get_name_for_error if the shell is not interactive
-
-array.h
- - new convenience defines: array_push and array_pop
-
-variables.c
- - change get_funcname to return this_shell_function->name only if
- arrays have not been compiled into the shell
- - change init_funcname_var to initialize FUNCNAME as an array variable
- if we have arrays
- - new function: get_self(SHELL_VAR *self), a degenerate `dynamic_value'
- function for dynamic variables
- - new function: init_dynamic_array_var(), a generic dynamic array
- variable initializer to handle the common case
- - use init_dynamic_array_var() instead of explicit init_dirstack_var()
- - use init_dynamic_array_var() instead of explicit init_groups_var()
- - new dynamic array variables: BASH_ARGC, BASH_ARGV, BASH_SOURCE,
- BASH_LINENO, initialized with init_dynamic_array_var
-
-shell.c
- - initialize BASH_LINENO, BASH_SOURCE, FUNCNAME in open_shell_script
-
-{execute_cmd,trap}.c
- - take out trap_line_number, since parse_and_execute doesn't reset the
- line number any more when running the trap commands
-
-make_cmd.c
- - augment make_function_def to get source file name and call
- bind_function_def to save the entire FUNCTION_DEF
-
-variables.c
- - new hash table: shell_function_defs, keeps table of shell function
- definitions including source file and line number info corresponding
- to shell_functions table
- - new functions: find_function_def and bind_function_def to manage
- the shell_function_defs hash table
- - new function: unbind_function_def to remove a function definition
- from the shell_function_defs table (right now uncalled)
-
-variables.h
- - extern declaration for bind_function_def, find_function_def
- - new extern declaration for unbind_function_def
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - in function prologue and epilogue, push and pop FUNCNAME,
- BASH_SOURCE, and BASH_LINENO information
-
-dispose_cmd.c
- - broke the code that disposes a FUNCTION_DEF out into two new
- functions: dispose_function_def and dispose_function_def_contents
-
-dispose_cmd.h
- - new extern declarations for dispose_function_def_contents and
- dispose_function_def
-
-copy_cmd.c
- - move body of copy_function_def (other than allocating a new
- FUNCTION_DEF) to copy_function_def_contents
- - make sure to copy the new source_file member of a function_def in
- copy_function_def_contents
- - copy_function_def is no longer static, copy_function_def_contents
- is not either
-
-command.h
- - new extern declaration for copy_function_def_contents and
- copy_function_def
-
-parse.y
- - keep a stack of line numbers where case, select, and for commands
- start, with a maximum nesting level of 128; increment when reading
- word after `for', `select' or `case' in read_token_word; decrement
- in grammar actions after parsing a complete for, arith_for, select,
- or case command
- - create for, case, arith_for, and select commands with an extra
- line number (word_lineno[word_top]) argument
-
-make_cmd.c
- - make_for_or_select, make_for_command, make_case_command, and
- make_select_command all take an extra `line_number' argument
-
-make_cmd.h
- - corresponding changes to extern declarations for those functions
-
- 2/16
- ----
-{execute_cmd,shell,variables}.c
- - follow each call to remember_args with a call to push_args or
- pop_args to manage the BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC arrays. Only set
- when the shell is started to run shell script or runs a shell
- function. Doesn't handle `set' or `shift' yet, nor `source'.
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - keep track of the level of subshells with a new variable, manipulated
- in execute_in_subshell
- - set currently_executing_command in execute_command_internal(),
- even if we're running a trap
- - better line number management when executing simple commands,
- conditional commands, for commands in execute_command_internal()
- and the various functions that implement the commands
- (execute_cond_command, execute_for_command, execute_etc.)
-
-variables.c
- - new dynamic variable BASH_SUBSHELL, with new get_subshell and
- assign_subshell functions to manipulate it
- - new functions push_args (WORD_LIST *list) and pop_args (void) to
- manage the BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV dynamic array variables
-
-variables.h
- - new extern declarations for push_args and pop_args
-
-builtins/evalfile.c
- - in _evalfile, do appropriate things to the FUNCNAME, BASH_ARGV,
- BASH_ARGC, BASH_SOURCE, and BASH_LINENO variables
-
-support/mksignames.c
- - add another fake signal for `trap'; make NSIG+2 == `RETURN'
-
-trap.c
- - _run_trap_internal now returns an int: the exit value of the command
- run as the result of the trap
- - run_debug_trap now returns an int: the exit value of the command
- run as the result of the trap
- - RETURN is a new special trap
- - new function: set_return_trap(char *command) interface for the rest
- of the shell, like set_{debug,error}_trap
- - new function: run_return_trap()
- - command substitution and other child processes don't inherit the
- return trap
-
-trap.h
- - new extern declaration for set_return_trap() and run_return_trap
- - new defines for RETURN_TRAP; increment BASH_NSIG
- - change extern declaration for run_debug_trap() since it now returns
- an int
-
-shell.c
- - new invocation long option: --debugger, turns on debugging and
- sets internal `debugging_mode' variable
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - new code to save return trap when executing a shell function, so
- shell functions don't inherit it
- - run debug trap before binding the variable and running the action
- list in a `for' command
- - run debug trap before binding the selection variable and running
- the query in a `select' command
- - run debug trap before running matcher in a `case' command
-
-builtins/set.def
- - new `set -o functrace' (set -T), causes DEBUG trap to be inherited
- by shell functions
- - new `set -o errtrace' (set -E), causes ERR trap to be inherited
- by shell functions
-
-flags.c
- - new flags -E and -T, control error_trace_mode and
- function_trace_mode respectively
-
-flags.h
- - new extern declarations for error_trace_mode and function_trace_mode
-
- 2/17
- ----
-doc/bashref.texi
- - changed the `dircategory' as per Karl Berry's suggestion
-
-doc/texinfo.tex
- - update to version of 2003/02/04 from texinfo.org
-
-support/texi2dvi
- - update to version 1.14 from texinfo-4.5 distribution
-
- 2/20
- ----
-support/config.{guess,sub}
- - update to versions of 2002/11/30
-
-lib/readline/doc/manvers.texinfo
- - renamed to version.texi to match other GNU software
- - UPDATE-MONTH variable is now `UPDATED-MONTH'
-
-lib/readline/doc/{hist,rlman,rluserman}.texinfo
- - include version.texi
-
-doc/version.texi
- - new file, with standard stuff matching other GNU distributions
-
-{doc,lib/readline/doc}/Makefile.in
- - include right stuff for `version.texi'
-
-lib/readline/doc/{rluserman,rlman,hist}.texinfo
- - use @copying and @insertcopying and @ifnottex instead of @ifinfo
- - add FDL as an appendix entitled `Copying This Manual'
-
-lib/readline/doc/{rltech,rluser,hstech,hsuser}.texi
- - changed the suffix from `texinfo' to `texi'
-
-lib/readline/doc/{rlman,rluserman}.texinfo, doc/bashref.texi
- - include rltech.texi,rluser.texi,hstech.texi, and hsuser.texi
-
-lib/readline/doc/Makefile.in,doc/Makefile.in
- - made appropriate changes for {{rl,hs}tech,{rl,hs}user}.texi
-
-lib/readline/doc/{rlman,rluserman}.texinfo
- - changed the suffix from `texinfo' to `texi'
-
-lib/readline/doc/hist.texinfo
- - renamed to history.texi
-
- 2/25
- ----
-pathnames.h.in
- - moved pathnames.h here so value of DEBUGGER_START_FILE can be
- substituted by configure
-
-aclocal.m4
- - added AM_PATH_LISPDIR for debugger
-
-configure.in
- - added some variables: `bashvers', `relstatus' to use info in more
- than one place
- - call AM_PATH_LISPDIR
- - new option: --enable-debugger, sets DEBUGGER cpp option
- - new option with AC_ARG_VAR: DEBUGGER_START_FILE
- - make `pathnames.h' a file generated by configure
-
-Makefile.in
- - add rule to create pathnames.h
-
-builtins/declare.def
- - added extra line number and source file name to `declare -F' output
- if `--debugger' is used at startup
-
-builtins/evalfile.c
- - call run_return_trap from source_file before returning the result
- from _evalfile()
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - call run_return_trap in execute_function before restoring the old
- context
-
-builtins/source.def
- - arrange to save and restore DEBUG traps when sourcing files if
- function_trace_mode (set -o functrace) is not set
-
-print_cmd.c
- - broke print_for_command, print_select_command, print_case_command
- into two functions each: one to print the `header' and one for
- the body
- - print_cond_command is no longer static
- - print_arith_command now takes a WORD_LIST *, since it doesn't
- actually do anything with the ARITH_COM it's passed except print
- the enclosed WORD_LIST
- - print_arith_command is no longer static
-
-externs.h
- - extern declarations for print_{for,select,case}_command_head,
- print_cond_command, print_arith_command
-
-{.,builtins,lib/sh}/Makefile.in
- - corrected dependencies on pathnames.h, since it's now created in
- the build directory
-
- 3/5
- ---
-lib/glob/glob.c
- - handle alloca() failing (it's supposed to return NULL)
- - use malloc() (with its attendent bookkeeping) instead of alloca()
- in glob_filename()
-
-subst.c
- - check whether shell_glob_filename returns NULL in
- glob_expand_word_list
- - change parameter_brace_expand_rhs to handle cases like
- ${a[2]:=value} by properly creating the array element instead of a
- variable named `a[2]' (reported by <opengeometry@yahoo.ca>)
-
-variables.c
- - change bind_int_variable to use valid_array_reference instead
- of looking for `['
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - check for `a' in _rl_vi_done_inserting so the text inserted by an
- `a' command can be reinserted with a `.'
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - when entering vi insertion mode in readline_internal_setup(), make
- sure that _rl_vi_last_key_before_insert is set to `i' so that undo
- groups and redo work better (reported by <opengeometry@yahoo.ca>)
-
-lib/glob/sm_loop.c
- - handle ?(...) in a pattern immediately following a `*', instead of
- ignoring the `(' and treating the `?' as a single-char match, as
- long as FNM_EXTFLAG is set (reported by <anderson110@poptop.llnl.gov>)
-
-aclocal.m4
- - new test for presence of struct timezone, BASH_STRUCT_TIMEZONE
-
-config.h.in
- - add HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEZONE
-
-configure.in
- - call BASH_STRUCT_TIMEZONE
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - don't try to use `struct timezone' in calls to gettimeofday unless
- HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEZONE is defined; use (void *)NULL otherwise
-
- 3/20
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - new variable, the_printed_command_except_trap, saves the command
- being executed before a trap is executed, for the debugger
-
-trap.c
- - if in debugging mode, let command substitutions and other child
- processes inherit the DEBUG and ERR traps if the `functrace'
- (which is really a bad name, given this semantic) or `errtrace'
- options, respectively, have been set
-
-shell.c
- - local_pending_command renamed to command_execution_string; no longer
- static
-
-variables.c
- - new dynamic variable, BASH_COMMAND, set to the command string
- currently executing, or the one that caused a trap to execute
- (mapped to the_printed_command_except_trap)
- - new variable, BASH_EXECUTION_STRING, set to the argument to the
- -c invocation option, if the shell was started that way
-
- 3/22
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - changed execute_for_command, eval_arith_for_expr,
- execute_select_command, execute_arith_command, execute_cond_command,
- execute_simple_command to implement new DEBUG trap semantics
- for the debugger: if the DEBUG trap commands return a non-zero
- status and debugging_mode is non-zero, we skip the command to be
- executed
-
-trap.c
- - change run_debug_trap for the debugger: if we're in the debugger
- and the DEBUG trap returns 2 while we're in a function or sourced
- script, we force a `return'
-
-shell.c
- - new function, start_debugger(), that sources the debugger start file
- and turns the debugger on
-
-builtins/shopt.def
- - new settable option, `extdebug', turns on debugging_mode, as if
- --debugger had been supplied at invocation (but does not source
- debugger startup file)
-
-trap.c
- - make sure that run_exit_trap arranges for `returns' to come back
- there, too, so a `return' executed by an `exit' invoked within a
- shell function behaves correctly
-
-support/shobj-conf
- - change darwin/MacOS X stanza based on advice from mac os x developers
-
-lib/sh/mailstat.c
- - set the atime member of the synthesized stat struct to 0 if `cur/'
- is empty, rather than leaving it undefined
-
- 3/24
- ----
-builtins/caller.def
- - new builtin to provide a call stack for the debugger
-
-builtins/evalfile.c
- - added a second `flags' argument to source_file()
- - new flag value for flags argument to _evalfile(): FEVAL_NOPUSHARGS.
- If included in flags arg, it means to not manipulate the BASH_ARGV
- and BASH_ARGC arrays
-
-builtins/common.h
- - change prototype for source_file()
-
-builtins/source.def
- - add flag value to call to source_file(): set to 1 if we replaced
- the positional parameters
- - add call to push_args if additional arguments supplied to the
- source builtin
- - add call to pop_args in maybe_pop_dollar_vars
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - run the debug trap in execute_function so the debugger can stop
- before the first command in a function body is executed
- - modify subshell_level before executing a builtin or function in a
- subshell
- - print `for', `select', `case' command heads when set -x is enabled
-
-print_cmd.c
- - `xtrace_print_word_list' now takes an additional flags argument,
- which, if non-zero, says to print indirection_level_string()
- - new functions to print for, select, and case command heads when
- set -x is enabled
- - add spaces after `((' and before `))' in xtrace_print_arith_command
-
-externs.h
- - changed extern declaration for xtrace_print_word_list
- - new declarations for xtrace_print_{for,case,select}_command_head()
-
-subst.c
- - modify subshell_level when executing a command substitution
-
- 3/25
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - use `line_number' in executing_line_number instead of looking into
- the current command if it's a simple command; rearrange code to
- make this simpler to compile in and out
- - need to save and restore value of currently_executing_command around
- calls to debug trap and return trap in execute_function
-
-make_cmd.c
- - make sure make_arith_for_command() disposes the WORD_LIST * it is
- passed, since nothing else does and it's not used directly
-
- 3/28
- ----
-Makefile.in
- - fixed dependencies for `error.o' on shell.h and version.h -- makes
- parallel makes (gmake -j 4) work correctly
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented all new features added to support the debugger
-
- 4/1
- ---
-lib/sh/shquote.c
- - make sure CTLESC and CTLNUL characters are escaped with CTLESC
- by sh_double_quote, sh_backslash_quote and
- sh_backslash_quote_for_double_quotes
- Fixes vulnerability reported by svdb@stack.nl
-
-shell.h
- - new `pipestatus' member of sh_parser_state_t, to save and restore
- $PIPESTATUS
-
-parse.y
- - changes to save_parser_state and restore_parser_state to save and
- restore $PIPESTATUS
-
-builtins/read.def
- - add a call to word_list_remove_quoted_nulls before assigning the
- word list read from standard input to an array variable. Fixes
- bug reported by holzhey@ppprs1.phy.tu-dresden.de
-
- 4/3
- ---
-execute_cmd.c
- - in execute_null_command, if redirections are supplied, make sure
- things like 3</etc/passwd are undone immediately, since they're
- being done in the current shell
- - functions now inherit the RETURN trap only if function tracing is
- on for that function or globally
-
-lib/readline/misc.c
- - in rl_replace_from_history, don't force rl_replace_line to clear
- the undo_list, since it might point directly at an undo list
- from a history entry (to which we have no handle)
-
- 4/4
- ---
-trap.c
- - initialize RETURN_TRAP stuff appropriately in initialize_traps()
- - let command substitutions inherit the RETURN trap if we're in
- the debugger and function tracing has been enabled
-
-redir.c
- - do_redirections and do_redirection_internal now take a single
- flags argument instead of multiple boolean flags
-
-redir.h
- - new #defines for flags argument to do_redirection{s,_internal}
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - change all calls to do_redirection to use new flag values
-
-parse.y
- - new function, free_pushed_string_input(), an external interface to
- clear the pushed_string list (alias expansion)
- - new define SHOULD_PROMPT to say when it's OK to call prompt_again
- (if the shell is currently interactive and is reading input from
- the terminal or readline)
- - make sure shell_getc and read_secondary_line only call prompt_again
- if SHOULD_PROMPT evaluates to true
- - prompt_again shouldn't do anything if the shell is currently in the
- middle of expanding a multiline alias, since we won't be printing a
- prompt anyway
-
-externs.h
- - new extern declaration for free_pushed_string_input()
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - command_substitute and process_substitute now call
- free_pushed_string_input because they shouldn't deal with any
- partial alias expansion the parent shell may have started
-
- 4/5
- ---
-braces.c
- - added {x..y} brace expansion, shorthand for {x,x+1,x+2,...,y}:
- x, y can be integers or single characters; the sequence can be
- ascending or descending; increment is always 1. Beware that
- something like {a..A} can lead to non-letters.
-
- 4/7
- ---
-subst.c
- - change extract_delimited_string and extract_dollar_brace_string to
- return NULL on an expansion error when no_longjmp_on_fatal_error
- is set, so the calling functions don't assume that the expansion
- was successful (primarily the prompt expansion and completion code)
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented new sequence generation feature of brace expansion
-
- 4/8
- ---
-lib/sh/strstr.c
- - replacement for strstr(3), in case the C library doesn't provide it
-
-configure.in
- - check for strstr, add to LIBOBJS if not found
-
-array.c
- - array_walk now takes a third void * argument; it's passed to `func'
- as its second argument
-
-array.h
- - change sh_ae_map_func_t prototype to add void * second argument
-
- 4/10
- ----
-array.c
- - new function: array_keys_to_word_list, returns a list of indices for
- a given array
-
-array.h
- - new extern declaration for array_keys_to_word_list
-
-arrayfunc.c
-3 - new function: char *array_keys(), returns a string with keys for a
- given array, with the appropriate quoting
-
-arrayfunc.h
- - new extern declaration for array_keys
-
-subst.c
- - code to implement ksh93-like ${!array[@]} expansion (array[*] works,
- too), which expands to all the keys (indices) of ARRAY
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented new ${!array[@]} expansion
-
- 4/19
- ----
-builtins/setattr.def
- - remove any mention of the `-n' option from readonly builtin's short
- and long documentation
-
-pcomplib.c
- - fix progcomp_insert to increase the refcount on the `cs' argument
- before calling hash_insert -- fixes the problem of multiple calls
- to progcomp_insert with the same compspec
-
-doc/bash.1
- - add mention of characters that inhibit history expansion when found
- immediately following an unquoted `!'
-
-bashline.c
- - convert the code conditionally compiled in by the NO_FORCE_FIGNORE
- #define to something runtime-tunable with the `force_fignore'
- variable (opposite sense). force_fignore is 1 by default
-
-builtins/shopt.def
- - new tunable `shopt' option: `force_fignore', controls force_fignore
- variable and behavior of FIGNORE handling
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - new variable, _rl_complete_show_unmodified, causes completer to list
- possible completions if more than one completion and partial
- completion cannot be done
- - new value for what_to_do argument to rl_complete_internal, `@',
- indicating that we want the show-unmodified behavior
- - change rl_completion_type to return `@' when appropriate
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - new bindable variable, show-all-if-unmodified, which controls value
- of _rl_complete_show_unmodified
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - extern declaration for _rl_complete_show_unmodified
-
-lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
- - documented show-all-if-unmodified
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
- - documented new `@' value for second argument to rl_complete_internal
- - documented new return value from rl_completion_type
-
- 4/22
- ----
-lib/readline/signals.c
- - in rl_set_signal, set sa_flags to SA_RESTART for SIGWINCH, if we
- have POSIX signals -- this is what most applications expect, and
- they're not prepared to deal with EINTR
-
- 4/25
- ----
-bashline.c
- - take out attempts to suppress readline filename completion when
- attempting command completion and there is a directory with the
- same name in the current directory. #if 0'd for now; maybe make
- it conditional later
-
-error.c
- - new variable, gnu_error_format, causes non-interactive errors with
- line numbers to be printed in the `gnu style' (filename:lineno:)
- instead of the `shell style' (filename: line lineno:) by
- error_prolog and parser_error
-
-version.h,support/mkversion
- - don't put extern function declarations into created version.h any
- more
-
-version.c,externs.h
- - add extern declarations for show_shell_version() and
- shell_version_string(), since they're no longer in version.h
- (this backs out change from 9/10/2001)
-
-shell.h
- - don't include version.h
-
-Makefile.in
- - remove unneeded dependencies on version.h -- only version.o
- needs it now
-
-builtins/shopt.def
- - new option `gnu_errfmt', changes error messages with line numbers
- to use the `standard' gnu format
-
-pcomplete.h
- - new COPT_BASHDEFAULT and COPT_PLUSDIRS defines
-
-bashline.c
- - if the COPT_BASHDEFAULT flag is set, try the rest of the bash
- default completions if a compspec with that flag set generates
- no matches
- - broke bash completions out into separate function:
- bash_default_completion(const char *text, int start, int end,
- int qc, int in_command_position); change attempt_shell_completion
- to call it
-
-bashline.h
- - new extern declaration for bash_default_completion
-
-builtins/complete.def
- - added code to compgen to call bash_default_completion if a compspec
- with the COPT_BASHDEFAULT flag set generates no matches from the
- programmable completion options
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - document new `gnu_errfmt' shopt option
-
-doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
- - document new `-o bashdefault' option to complete and compgen
-
- 4/26
- ----
-pcomplete.c
- - if a compspec has the COPT_PLUSDIRS flag set, generate any
- directory name completions and add them to the set of possible
- completions as the last thing in gen_compspec_completions
-
-builtins/complete.def
- - add new `-o plusdirs' option to complete and compgen; means to
- do directory name completion in addition to other actions
- specified by the compspec, and do it last
-
- 5/12
- ----
-copy_cmd.c
- - fix copy_{for,select,case}_command to copy the line member
-
- 5/13
- ----
-lib/readline/rlmbutil.h,include/shmbutil.h
- - new #define MB_INVALIDCH, evaluates to true if return value from
- mbrtowc or mbrlen denotes an invalid multibyte character
- - new #define MB_NULLWCH, evaluates to true if return value from
- mbrtowc or mbrlen denotes a null multibyte character
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - new function, fnwidth(), returns printed length of a filename,
- correctly handling multibyte characters
- - new function, fnprint(), displays a filename on rl_outstream
- correctly handling multibyte characters
- - use fnwidth() instead of simple strlen() for length calculations
- in display_matches
-
-lib/readline/{display,mbutil}.c
- - use MB_INVALIDCH and MB_NULLWCH as appropriate
-
- 5/21
- ----
-configure.in
- - turn off the builtin malloc on GNU/FreeBSD systems (GNU userland,
- FreeBSD kernel)
-
- 5/24
- ----
-pcomplete.c
- - in programmable_completions, copy the compspec before using it to
- generate the possible completions, allowing the completion for the
- command to be changed by the compspec itself without causing a
- core dump because the shell frees freed memory (reported by
- marcus.harnish@gmx.net)
-
-parse.y
- - in shell_getc, don't call notify_and_cleanup in an interactive shell
- unless the shell is currently reading from the terminal and would
- print a prompt. This fixes programmable completions printing job
- notifications (reported by r.d.green@lancaster.ac.uk)
- - use SHOULD_PROMPT macro consistently
-
-shell.c
- - use get_string_value instead of getenv when looking up $TERM and
- $EMACS to see whether the shell is running under emacs
- - check for `TERM=dumb' as well as `EMACS=t' to decide whether or
- not to turn off command-line editing in emacs shell windows
- (reported by jik@kamens.brookline.ma.us)
-
- 5/28
- ----
-expr.c
- - save and restore the `evalbuf' context, since evalexp can be
- called recursively (e.g. a[b[c]])
-
- 5/29
- ----
-builtins/common.c
- - in display_signal_list, when displaying for `kill -l' in posix mode,
- display signal names without the `SIG' prefix
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - documented changed to posix mode behavior of kill -l
-
-builtins/kill.def
- - changed the error message printed when argument is not a pid or
- job id
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - fixed a slight inconsistency in the different sections describing
- the `promptvars' option
-
-doc/Makefile.in
- - new rule to create `bash.info' from `bashref.info' by running sed
- to change the internal references. This makes the installed
- bash.info work right
- - make the install target install bash.info after it's been modified
- from bashref.info
-
- 5/30
- ----
-builtins/cd.def
- - after testing with ferror(), call clearerr if ferror() evaluates
- to true
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - call clearerr(stdout) after executing a builtin or function,
- before restoring any redirections
-
-bashhist.c
- - initialize history_comment_char in bash_history_initialize
-
-builtins/alias.def
- - if posix mode is enabled, and the `-p' option is not supplied, don't
- list aliases with a preceding `alias ', as POSIX.2 specifies
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - note new posix mode behavior of displaying alias names and values
- - note new posix mode behavior of trap builtin not checking first
- argument to be a possible signal specification
- - note new posix mode behavior of `kill' not accepting signal names
- with a leading `SIG'
-
-include/stdc.h,lib/readline/rlstdc.h
- - don't check the __STRICT_ANSI__ define when deciding whether or not
- to #undef __attribute__
-
-trap.[ch]
- - decode_signal and signal_object_p take an additional flags arg to
- satisfy POSIX.2 signal name translation requirements
- - change decode_signal to honor the new DSIG_NOCASE (match case-
- insensitively) and DSIG_SIGPREFIX (allow signal specifications
- with the `SIG' prefix) flags
-
-builtins/{common.c,{trap,kill}.def}
- - change calls to decode_signal to add the new argument with
- appropriate values. For kill, POSIX.2 says case-insensitive without
- the `SIG' prefix. For trap, POSIX.2 says applications may decode
- case-insensitively and with the SIG prefix
-
-builtins/trap.def
- - when in posix mode, don't check for the first argument being a
- possible signal spec and revert the signal handling to the
- original disposition
-
- 6/1
- ---
-shell.h
- - new MATCH_STARSUB define, to tell the callers of the various pattern
- substitution and removal functions that call string_list to treat
- "$*" and "${array[*]}" appropriately
-subst.c
- - if get_var_and_type encounters an array variable subscripted by `*'
- or `$*', return VT_STARSUB or'd into the variable type value
- - callers of get_var_and_type check for VT_STARSUB in the returned type
- this will fix problems with ${*...} not being separated with the
- first character of $IFS when double-quoted
- - in parameter_brace_patsub, set MATCH_STARSUB if VT_STARSUB is set by
- get_var_and_type
- - change pos_params_pat_subst to call string_list_dollar_star if
- the match flags include MATCH_STARSUB
- - change parameter_brace_substring to call array_subrange with an
- additional argument indicating the character indexing the array
-
-array.c
- - change array_patsub to join the modified array elements with the
- first character of $IFS if MATCH_STARSUB is set in the match flags
- passed in
- - array_subrange now takes an additional argument indicating the
- index type -- used to separate with first char of $IFS if the
- index char is `*' and the expression is double-quoted
-
-array.h
- - change prototype declaration of array_subrange to add additional arg
-
- 6/2
- ---
-doc/FAQ
- - merged in some updates about POSIX from Andrew Josey
-
- 6/3
- ---
-bashjmp.h
- - new value for jump_to_top_level: ERREXIT
-
-{eval,shell,subst,trap}.c,builtins/evalstring.c
- - ERREXIT is (for now) equivalent to EXITPROG as a value from
- jump_to_top_level
-
- 6/9
- ---
-doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/readline.3
- - documented new `show-all-if-unmodified' readline variable
-
- 6/14
- ----
-lib/readline/history.c
- - new function, histdata_t free_history_entry (HIST_ENTRY *h),
- frees H and its line, returning the application-specific data
- - use free_history_entry where appropriate
-
-lib/readline/history.h
- - extern declaration for free_history_entry()
-
-lib/readline/doc/{history.3,hstech.texi}
- - document free_history_entry
-
- 6/16
- ----
-lib/readline/readline.[ch]
- - changed varions defines for readline/history library versions to 5.0
-
-subst.c
- - pass information about whether or not an indirectly-expanded variable
- contains ${array[@]}, ${array[*]}, $@, or $*
- - new function, chk_atstar, performs checks for ${array[@]},
- ${array[*]}, $@, or $* for the parameter_brace_expand* functions and
- sets flags (passed as args) to the results
- - call chk_atstar from parameter_brace_expand_indir and
- parameter_brace_expand
-
- 6/28
- ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - clarified that (...) commands are executed in a subshell environment
-
- 6/30
- ----
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - fix a problem with parsing nested if statements in inputrc files
- (fix from dimakar@yahoo.com)
-
- 7/3
- ---
-{jobs,nojobs}.c
- - fix places that use the return value from strsignal() to check
- for NULL return values using a new function, j_strsignal()
-
-builtins/kill.def
- - removed JOB_CONTROL restriction; kill is now available as a builtin
- when the shell is built without job control
-
- 7/10
- ----
-jobs.c
- - some systems have WIFCONTINUED but not WCONTINUED; separate the
- #defines
-
- 7/14
- ----
-lib/readline/history.h
- - new `timestamp' member of a HIST_ENTRY
- - extern declarations for add_history_time and history_get_time
-
-lib/readline/doc/{history.3,hstech.texi}
- - document add_history_time and history_get_time
-
-lib/readline/history.c
- - implementations of history_get_time and add_history_time
- - change add_history to initialize the timestamp information
- - change free_history_entry to free the timestamp
- - change replace_history_entry to duplicate the timestamp
- - change history_total_bytes to add the memory taken by the time
- stamps
-
-bashhist.c,builtins/history.def
- - use free_history_entry where appropriate
-
-lib/readline/histfile.c
- - changes to read_history_range to deal with new history file format
- including timestamps
- - changes to history_do_write to write out the timestamp information
- - changes to history_truncate_file to understand the timestamp
- information
-
- 7/22
- ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - fixed function declaration documentation to specify that any compound
- command may be used as the function body, not just a group command
-
- 7/23
- ----
-lib/readline/histfile.c
- - don't allocate space for null timestamps in history_do_write, and
- don't write out null timestamp entries
-
-parse.y
- - fix CHECK_FOR_RESERVED_WORD to call time_command_acceptable() and
- return TIME if the token is "time" and `time' is legal in that
- context
-
- 7/29
- ----
-lib/sh/fmtulong.c
- - include <inttypes.h> for possible definitions of intmax_t, uintmax_t
- (reported by ro@techfak.uni-bielefeld.de)
-
- 7/30
- ----
-parse.y
- - remove checking for `time' reserved word from special_case_tokens();
- use regular mechanism in CHECK_FOR_RESERVED_WORD. This allows `time'
- to be aliased. (Reported by Glenn Morris
- <gmorris+gmane@ast.cam.ac.uk>)
-
- 7/31
- ----
-lib/readline/history.h
- - extern declaration for history_write_timestamps
-
-lib/readline/histfile.c
- - don't write timestamps to the history file in history_do_write
- unless history_write_timestamps is set to non-zero by the application
- (set to 0 by default)
-
-lib/readline/doc/{hstech.texi,history.3}
- - document history_write_timestamps
-
-variables.[ch]
- - new special variable function, HISTTIMEFORMAT; special function
- sets history_write_timestamps to 1 if HISTTIMEFORMAT is set
-
- 8/4
- ---
-builtins/history.def
- - added support for printing time stamps based on the value of the
- HISTTIMEFORMAT variable when displaying history entries
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - added description of new HISTTIMEFORMAT variable
-
- 8/5
- ---
-config-top.h
- - remove /usr/ucb from any default paths
-
-mailcheck.c
- - make_default_mailpath now returns NULL if DEFAULT_MAIL_DIRECTORY
- is not defined
- - remember_mail_dates now returns if make_default_mailpath returns
- NULL
-
-config-bot.h
- - reorganized the sections; provide an explicit placeholder for
- builders to #undef any feature defines they don't want that
- configure creates for them, like the default mail path
-
- 8/9
- ---
-config.h.in
- - add HAVE_REGEX_H, HAVE_REGCOMP, HAVE_REGEXEC for detection of POSIX.2
- regular expression functions
- - add COND_REGEXP define to enable and disable the =~ operator for
- matching extended regular expressions in [[...]] commands
-
-configure.in
- - new option, --enable-cond-regexp, enables =~ and code to perform
- regular expression matching in [[...]]
-
-config-bot.h
- - undef COND_REGEXP if the OS doesn't provide posix regexp support
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - documnent new --enable-cond-regexp option to configure
-
- 8/18
- ----
-support/shobj-conf
- - support for shared objects on FreeBSD-gnu (from Robert Millan)
-
- 8/25
- ----
-lib/sh/shmatch.c
- - new file, shell interface to posix extended regular expression
- matching
-
-externs.h
- - new extern declarations for functions in shmatch.c
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - incorporate code into execute_cond_node that does extended regular
- expression matching for the =~ operator
-
-parse.y
- - add `=~' to the list of binary operators accepted by the conditional
- command parser
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented =~ conditional binary operator and the BASH_REMATCH
- variable
-
- 8/27
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - take multibyte characters into account when looking for quoted
- substrings on which to do completion (fix from jir@yamato.ibm.com)
-
-lib/readline/util.c
- - fix typo in _rl_strpbrk
-
-lib/readline/rldefs.h
- - use function version of _rl_strpbrk in multibyte locales, because
- it understands to skip over special characters in multibyte
- character sequences
-
- 8/28
- ----
-jobs.c
- - in wait_for, check for window size changes if a job that exits due
- to a signal or is stopped was in the foreground, not just if it's
- the current job
-
- 9/10
- ----
-support/config.{guess,sub}
- - add support to recognize FreeBSD running on the amd64
-
-subst.c
- - if the new `fail_glob_expansion' variable is non-zero, globbing that
- fails to match anything causes an expansion error
-
-builtins/shopt.def
- - new `failglob' expansion: if enabled, failed globs cause an error
-
-test/shopt.right
- - take `failglob' into account
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented new `failglob' option and its effects
-
- 9/12
- ----
-findcmd.c
- - fix file_status to treat the mode bits and uid right -- in particular,
- don't assume the `other' bits always apply. Bug reported by
- <moseley@hank.org>; fix inspired by <carlo@alinoe.com>
-
-command.h
- - new word flag: W_NOCOMSUB, meaning to not perform command
- substitution on a word
-
-subst.c
- - new flag for param_expand: PF_NOCOMSUB. If non-zero, $(...)
- command substitutions are not expanded, but returned unchanged
- - change expand_word_internal to pass through `` command substitutions
- unchanged if (word->flags & W_NOCOMSUB) != 0
- - change expand_word_internal to pass PF_NOCOMSUB to param_expand
- if (word->flags & W_NOCOMSUB) != 0
-
-builtins/shopt.def
- - rename set_interactive_comments to set_shellopts_after_change, which
- more accurately reflects its purpose
-
-syntax.h
- - add a define for isblank() in case the system doesn't provide one
-
-jobs.c
- - change raw_job_exit_status to understand `pipefail', using the new
- `pipefail_opt' variable
-
-flags.[ch]
- - declare pipefail_opt
- - reset pipefail_opt to 0 in reset_shell_flags
-
-builtins/set.def
- - add `set -o pipefail' and document it in help output
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - document `set -o pipefail' and the effect of the pipefail option
-
-mksyntax.c,syntax.h
- - sh_syntaxtab is no longer `const'
- - new generated variable, sh_syntabsiz, set to number of entries in
- sh_syntaxtab, written to generated syntax.c
-
-locale.c
- - new function, locale_setblanks(), sets each member of the current
- locale's <blank> class to have the CSHBRK flag in sh_syntaxtab
-
- 9/17
- ----
-arrayfunc.c
- - change convert_var_to_array to not set array[0] to a NULL value
- (if the scalar variable had no value; e.g., after being created
- with `local arrayvar')
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - save and restore the value of prompt_invis_chars_first_line in
- rl_{save,restore}_prompt, and reinitialize it to 0 before printing
- something in the message area
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - new functions: rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound_in_map(ks, func, kmap);
- binds key sequence KS to function FUNC in keymap KMAP, and
- rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound (ks, func); binds key sequence KS to
- function FUNC in the current keymap
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - extern function declarations for rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound_in_map and
- rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound
-
-lib/readline/{readline,terminal}.c
- - _rl_bind_if_unbound -> rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound
-
-lib/readline/{bind.c,rlprivate.h}
- - remove _rl_bind_if_unbound
-
- 9/18
- ----
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
- - document rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound and
- rl_bind_keyseq_if_unbound_in_map
-
- 9/19
- ----
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - new functions rl_bind_key_if_unbound_in_map and
- rl_bind_key_if_unbound; analogous to (and implemented in terms of)
- keyseq functions
- - rl_bind_keyseq_in_map: a new function, equivalent to rl_set_key
- (which remains for backwards compatibility); changed callers to
- use it
- - new function, rl_bind_keyseq, equivalent to rl_bind_keyseq_in_map
- with a third argument of _rl_keymap
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - extern declarations for rl_bind_key_if_unbound_in_map and
- rl_bind_key_if_unbound
- - extern declarations for rl_bind_keyseq_in_map and rl_bind_keyseq
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
- - document rl_bind_keyseq and rl_bind_keyseq_in_map
-
-configure.in
- - require at least readline-5.0
-
-config-bot.h
- - define SYS_SIGLIST_DECLARED if it's not defined, but
- HAVE_DECL_SYS_SIGLIST is, to deal with differences between
- autoconf versions
-
-bashline.c
- - use rl_bind_key_if_unbound_in_map when binding bash keybindings in
- initialize_readline(), so inputrc files can override them
-
- 9/22
- ----
-lib/readline/histsearch.c
- - do better bounds checking for history_offset and history_length in
- history_search_internal
-
-builtins/history.def
- - in delete_last_history(), make sure we don't leave the history
- offset longer than the history length after calling delete_histent
-
- 9/23
- ----
-jobs.c
- - small change to notify_of_job_status so job status messages get
- printed even if the shell was started to run `-c command'. The
- old behavior was intentional, but I cannot remember why, so we'll
- try it the other way for a while (debian bash bug #211693)
-
- 9/24
- ----
-jobs.c
- - slightly modify change from 9/23 so that jobs started to run
- command substitutions don't print job status messages
-
- 9/25
- ----
-lib/readline/search.c
- - when reading a non-incremental search string from the terminal,
- use a separate undo list rather than chaining it to the undo list
- from the rest of the line, since the whole undo list will get
- freed when the search string is complete
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - changed the defines guarding the stdarg prototype for rl_message to
- match what's actually used in display.c, where it's defined
-
- 9/26
- ----
-[bash-3.0-alpha released]
-
- 9/29
- ----
-lib/sh/shmatch.c
- - fix to build correctly when arrays are not compiled into the shell
-
-subst.c
- - fix command substitution to run any exit trap defined in the
- command substitution before returning; the exit trap is not inherited
- from the calling shell
-
-lib/readline/shell.c
- - change sh_set_lines_and_columns to free the memory allocated and
- passed to setenv(), since setenv is specified by POSIX to allocate
- new memory and copy its arguments
-
-jobs.c
- - change logic in make_child so that every child process attempts to
- set the terminal's process group to the pipeline's process group
- when PGRP_PIPE is defined, just like when it's undefined. This is
- reported to fix some tricky synchronization problems on Red Hat
- Enterprise Linux 3. Fix from Ernie Petrides <petrides@redhat.com>.
-
- 9/30
- ----
-builtins/printf.def
- - tescape no longer needs a `trans_squote' argument, since it's the
- same as the `sawc' argument. The `sawc' argument now means to do
- the %b argument processing if non-null
- - fix processing of octal constants for %b arguments (\0 followed by
- up to three octal digits) and other escape sequences (\ followed by
- up to three octal digits)
- - hex constants `\xHHH' are now allowed to contain any positive
- number of digits; previously they were restricted to two [removed]
- - allow two new escape sequences: \" and \?, for compatibility with
- ksh93 and ANSI C
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - documented processing that printf performs for arguments to %b
- escape sequences
-
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
- - add \" and \? to escape sequences recognized by `echo -e'
-
- 10/1
- ----
-version.c
- - use snprintf instead of sprintf if configure tells us we have it
-
- 10/3
- ----
-subst.c
- - in list_remove_pattern, take into account the fact that one of the
- list elements may be NULL, and don't free the result of
- remove_pattern() without checking
- - in remove_pattern, return savestring(param) if *param == '\0',
- since callers expect to free() non-null return values
-
- 10/4
- ----
-subst.c
- - change verify_substring_values to make it clearer that the first
- offset deals with array indices and the second deals with numbers
- of elements, when doing array subranges with ${a[@]:e1:e2}
-
-array.c
- - change array_subrange to make it explicit that the second offset
- argument is a count of the desired number of elements, not an
- ending index. This deals with sparse arrays correctly.
-
- 10/6
- ----
-variables.c
- - fix memory leak in assign_in_env
-
- 10/8
- ----
-subst.c
- - in parameter_brace_expand, check that the last characters are `]}'
- before checking for ${!array[@]}
-
-execute_cmd.c,builtins/source.def
- - push and pop the args (BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC) when executing a
- shell function or sourcing a script only when in debugging mode
-
- 10/11
- -----
-arrayfunc.c
- - make sure array_variable_name returns values for the SUBP and LENP
- arguments if they're non-null, since callers expect to use them
- even if the array subscript is bad
-
-error.c
- - call exit_shell instead of sh_exit from parser_error and
- report_error so the right things happen (running exit trap, doing
- the right interactive cleanup, etc.)
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - new variable, rl_completion_quote_character, set to any quote char
- readline thinks it finds before any application completion
- function is called
- - new variable, rl_completion_suppress_quote, settable by an
- application-specific completion function. If set to non-zero, the
- completion code does not append a closing quote in append_to_match
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - extern declarations for rl_completion_quote_character and
- rl_completion_suppress_quote
-
-bashline.c
- - set rl_completion_suppress_quote in command_subst_completion_function
- because that would be inserted before any closing "`" or ")", which
- is somewhat disconcerting
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
- - documented rl_completion_suppress_quote and
- rl_completion_quote_character
-
- 10/13
- -----
-bashhist.c
- - use sv_histchars instead of setting history_comment_char directly in
- bash_initialize_history so assignments to $histchars made in
- ~/.bashrc are honored
-
- 10/21
- -----
-trap.c
- - make sure run_exit_trap sets `running_trap' appropriately
- - new variable, trap_saved_exit_value, set to last_command_exit_value
- before running any trap commands; available to the rest of the
- shell; use trap_saved_exit_value to replace some function-local
- variables
-
-builtins/exit.def
- - if the shell is running the exit trap, and no argument is given
- to `exit', use trap_saved_exit_value as the exit status instead
- of the last command exit value (which could be the previous command
- run in the exit trap), as required by POSIX.2
-
- 10/25
- -----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - add `alias' to the list of documented `assignment statement' builtins
-
- 11/1
- ----
-doc/bash.1
- - remove the `.' from the sample $PATH value
-
-parse.y
- - make sure parse_compound_assignment prompts with $PS2 if it reads
- a newline while parsing the compound assignment statement. Bug
- reported by Stephane Chazelas
- - parse_string_to_word_list now takes a new second argument: `int flags'
- - new parser state flag: PST_COMPASSIGN; indicates that the shell is
- parsing a compound assignment statement
- - parse_string_to_word_list turns on PST_COMPASSIGN if `flags' arg
- has low bit set
- - turn PST_COMPASSIGN on and off in parse_compound_assignment
-
-externs.h
- - change prototype declaration for parse_string_to_word_list
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - change call to parse_string_to_word_list to add new flags arg
-
-general.c
- - assignment() takes a new `flags' second argument
- - if `flags' is non-zero, accept `[' as a legal assignment statement
- starter character (for parsing compound array assignments)
-
-general.h
- - add new argument to prototype declaration for assignment()
-
-parse.y,{subst,variables}.c, builtins/{setattr,declare}.def
- - change calls to assignment() (parse.y calls with flags == 1 when
- parser_state inlcudes PST_COMPASSIGN)
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - in assign_array_var_from_string(), don't treat an expanded word
- of the form [ind]=value specially unless the W_ASSIGNMENT flag is
- set. This means that words that are the result of expansions but
- happen to have the same format as compound assignment statement
- words will not be treated as such. For instance
-
- v='[12]=foobar'
- a=( $v )
-
- will result in a[0]='[12]=foobar' instead of a[12]=foobar. This
- is closer to how `regular' assignment statements are treated and
- compatible with ksh93. Bug reported by Stephane Chazelas
-
-shell.c
- - new --protected argument, disables command substitution when used
- with --wordexp (like --wordexp, it remains undocumented)
- - change run_wordexp to turn on the W_NOCOMSUB flag in each word
- to be expanded if protected_mode is set
-
- 11/7
- ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - clarified the language concerning inherited signal dispositions and
- when traps are run
-
-support/shobj-conf
- - slight changes to the darwin (Mac OS X) stanza for MacOS X 10.3
- (for the readline shared library builds, which shares this script)
-
-lib/readline/histexpand.c
- - change to make `^' behave as equivalent to word one, as csh does,
- and as the documentation states
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - in update_line, make sure to use col_lendiff in all calculations
- where the cursor position is concerned (like when calculating
- the value of _rl_last_c_pos). Fixes bug reported by Andreas
- Schwab
-
- 11/12
- -----
-trap.c
- - make _run_trap_internal catch `return' builtin longjmps and clean
- up before longjmping on to where the return was intended to go
- (fixes bug with not turning off SIG_INPROGRESS flag when `return'
- executed in trap command)
-
- 11/18
- -----
-builtins/cd.def
- - in posix mode, set errno to ENOTDIR if canonicalization fails,
- unless the canonicalization functions leave it set to ENOENT
-
- 11/25
- -----
-make_cmd.c
- - in make_simple_command, don't blindly dereference element.redirect
-
-parse.y
- - the list_terminator production now has an `int' value so it can be
- used in other grammar productions
- - add a rule that makes `time' on a line by itself time a null
- command (this is iffy)
-
- 11/28
- -----
-subst.c
- - change the pattern substitution code (${var//pat/rep}) to use the
- same pattern expansion function (getpattern()) as the pattern
- removal expansions. This has the effect of no longer performing
- quote removal on the pattern before trying to match it. This
- fixes an incompatibility with ksh93 reported on comp.unix.shell
-
-nojobs.c
- - add replacement function for siginterrupt on the off chance that a
- system has posix signals but lacks siginterrrupt
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - fix from Tim Waugh at Red Hat to speed up inserting characters into
- long lines in a UTF-8 environment by optimizing the calculation of
- the first difference between old and new lines by checking to see
- whether the old line is a subset of the new
-
- 11/29
- -----
-lib/malloc/stats.c
- - break code that opens file (and interprets %p) into separate function
- _imalloc_fopen(char *s, char *fn, char *def, char *defbuf, size_t defsiz)
- for use by rest of library
- - default stats file is now `stats.PID'
-
-lib/malloc/trace.c
- - new function, malloc_set_tracefn (char *s, char *fn), sets tracing
- to the file named by FN (with %p interpolated as the pid), using
- some default if FN is NULL
-
-lib/malloc/shmalloc.h
- - new extern declaration for malloc_set_tracefn
-
- 12/4
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - combined several common strings from do_piping() into one
- dup_error() function
-
-builtins/common.[ch]
- - new function, `sh_notbuiltin(s)' prints error message about s not
- being a shell builtin
-
-builtins/{builtin,enable}.def
- - call sh_notbuiltin instead of using literal string
-
-{arrayfunc,expr,error}.c
- - use one string variable for `bad array subscript' error message; use
- in calls to various error reporting functions
-
-Makefile.in
- - add variables for localedir and the PACKAGE_* variables, auto-set
- by configure
-
-configure.in
- - un-cache values for gettext, textdomain, and bindtextdomain if they're
- not in libc but in libintl so the right variables get set
-
-bashintl.h
- - add necessary defines for marking strings to be translated using
- gettext
-
-locale.c
- - set textdomain and directory in set_default_locale
- - don't call textdomain with the value of $TEXTDOMAIN, since we don't
- want to override the default domain ("bash")
- - don't call bindtextdomain unless default_domain already has a value
- - when translating $"..." strings, use dgettext with the script's
- default domain (value of $TEXTDOMAIN)
-
- 12/9
- ----
-builtins/mkbuiltins.c
- - include "bashintl.h" in the generated "builtins.c"
-
-support/{config.rpath,mkinstalldirs}
- - new files to support gettext i18n
-
-ABOUT-NLS
- - new readme file for gettext internationalization
-
-po/{Makefile.in.in,Rules-quot,boldquot.sed,en@boldquot.header,en@quot.header,insert-header.sin,quot.sed,remove-potcdate.sin}
-po/{POTFILES.in,bash.pot}
- - new files for gettext
-
-lib/intl
- - new directory, with libintl stuff from gettext
-
-aclocal.m4
- - add m4 files from gettext distribution needed by libintl
-
-configure.in
- - create po/Makefile.in and lib/intl/Makefile in AC_OUTPUT
- - add call to AM_GNU_GETTEXT to initialize gettext stuff
-
-Makefile.in
- - use mkinstalldirs instead of mkdirs in the `installdirs' target
- - changes for intl/ and po/ subdirectories in build and install
- - changes to have libintl linked in, as determined by configure
- - changes to have libintl built, just in case it's used (though I'd
- rather not)
-
- 12/10
- -----
-config.h.in
- - additional #defines required by the libintl library
- - add ENABLE_NLS define for AM_GNU_GETTEXT
- - take out defines for HAVE_{BINDTEXTDOMAIN,GETTEXT,TEXTDOMAIN}
-
-configure.in
- - removed old tests for libintl and gettext/textdomain/bindtextdomain
-
-locale.c
- - remove HAVE_GETTEXT code; we have gettext unconditionally now
-
-bashintl.h
- - change to include "gettext.h" and remove the conditional code based
- on whether or not gettext is present
-
- 12/16
- -----
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - fix problem with rl_vi_eWord that caused it to skip over the last
- character of a word if invoked while point was on the next-to-last
- character
-
- 12/18
- -----
-{arrayfunc,bashhist,bashline,error,eval,execute_cmd,expr,general,input,jobs}.c
-{mailcheck,make_cmd,nojobs,pcomplete,pcomplib,print_cmd,redir,shell,sig}.c
-{subst,test,trap,variables,version,xmalloc}.c
-parse.y
-builtins/{common,evalfile,getopt}.c
-builtins/{bind,break,caller,cd,complete,declare,enable,exec,exit,fc,fg_bg}.def
-builtins/{hash,help,history,jobs,kill,printf,pushd,read,return,set,setattr}.def
-builtins/{shift,shopt,source,suspend,type,ulimit,umask}.def
-lib/sh/{fmtulong,netopen}.c
- - include "bashintl.h" for gettext defines
-
-Makefile.in
- - add `-DBUILDTOOL' to CFLAGS for buildversion.o
-
-bashintl.h
- - if `BUILDTOOL' is defined, define ENABLE_NLS to 0 so we don't have
- to compile and link in the gettext stuff
-
-Makefile.in,lib/sh/Makefile.in,builtins/Makefile.in
- - update dependencies on bashintl.h and include/gettext.h
-
- 12/19
- -----
-{arrayfunc,bashhist,bashline,error,eval,execute_cmd,expr,general,input,jobs}.c
-{mailcheck,make_cmd,nojobs,pcomplete,pcomplib,print_cmd,redir,shell,sig}.c
-{subst,test,trap,variables,version,xmalloc}.c
-builtins/{common,evalfile,getopt}.c
-builtins/{bind,break,caller,cd,complete,declare,enable,exec,exit,fc,fg_bg}.def
-builtins/{hash,help,history,jobs,kill,let,printf,pushd,read,return,set}.def
-builtins/{setattr,shift,shopt,source,suspend,type,ulimit,umask}.def
-lib/sh/{fmtulong,netopen}.c
-lib/malloc/{malloc,stats,table,watch}.c
- - mark up strings in source files for gettext processing
-
-lib/malloc/imalloc.h
- - include "bashintl.h" if SHELL is defined, otherwise make _(x) an
- identity define
-
-lib/malloc/Makefile.in
- - add dependencies on ${topdir}/bashintl.h and ${BASHINCDIR}/gettext.h
-
- 12/21
- -----
-bashline.c
- - make sure we index into rl_line_buffer with indexes > 0 in
- attempt_shell_completion
-
- 12/31
- -----
-Makefile.in
- - descend into `po' and run make recursively for the various clean
- targets
-
- 1/4
- ---
-include/shmbutil.h
- - two new macros: BACKUP_CHAR(str, strsize, i), which backs up one
- multibyte character in STR starting at index I, and
- BACKUP_CHAR_P(str, strsize, p), which backs up one multibyte
- character in STR starting at P, which is a char *
-
- 1/6
- ---
-pcomplete.c
- - in pcomp_filename_completion_function, use the quote character
- readline found (and assigned to rl_complete_quote_character) when
- dequoting the filename by a completion call from readline (when
- rl_dispatching != 0)
-
-bashline.c
- - ditto for bash_directory_completion_matches
-
- 1/7
- ---
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - new variable, rl_completion_found_quote, set to non-zero value if
- readline finds what it thinks is quoting in the word to be completed
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - extern declaration for rl_completion_found_quote
-
- 1/8
- ---
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
- - documented rl_completion_found_quote
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - in compute_lcd_of_matches, if it looks like what the user typed was
- dequoted before generating filename matches, dequote the user's
- text again before figuring out the case-insensitive lcd
-
- 1/9
- ---
-lib/readline/display.c
- - fix from Edward Catmur <ed@catmur.co.uk> to logic that handles
- invisible characters in prompt string. Original code was wrong
- about local_prompt_prefix; it gave incorrect results when prompt
- contained invisible characters after a line break
-
- 1/10
- ----
-subst.c
- - new function, mb_substring(), does character (possibly multibyte)
- oriented rather than strictly byte-oriented substring extraction.
- The passed indices, rather than strictly indexing into the string,
- indicate character positions that need to be calculated. From
- Tim Waugh <twaugh@redhat.com>
- - change parameter_brace_substring to use mb_substring if necessary
-
-included/shmbutil.h
- - new define SADD_MBQCHAR_BODY, common code for adding a quoted
- (preceded by CTLESC) multibyte character to an accumulating string
- in the subst.c expansion code
-
-subst.c
- - use SADD_MBQCHAR_BODY in expand_word_internal
- - new static function, mb_getcharlens, allocates and returns an array
- of character lengths for (possibly multibyte) characters in the
- argument string
- - change pattern matching operations to use while loops instead of
- for loops to handle multibyte characters better (no more simple
- increment or decrement)
- - change pattern matching operations to use multibyte character
- operations instead of simple increments and decrements. Don't
- use BACKUP_CHAR_P -- use the mblen array instead, because that
- avoids the N**2 behavior of having to count from the beginning
- of the string each time you want to back up one character. Changes
- to remove_pattern and match_pattern
-
- 1/12
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - make expand_prompt count multbyte characters in the prompt string
- by using _rl_find_next_mbchar (and copying possibly more than one
- byte) instead of a simple increment and single byte copy
-
- 1/13
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - expand_prompt takes a new reference argument -- it returns
- the actual count of (possibly multibyte) characters displayed
- on the screen
- - don't short-circuit in expand_prompt unless we're not going to
- be using any multibyte characters
- - change calls to expand_prompt to pass an argument for the
- number of physical characters the prompt occupies
- (prompt_physical_chars)
- - initialize `lpos' (the physical cursor position) from
- prompt_physical_chars in rl_redisplay
-
-lib/readline/mbutil.c
- - in _rl_find_prev_mbchar_internal, if mbrtowc returns -1 or -2, and
- we assume that the character is a single-byte char, make sure we
- update `prev' so it doesn't get lost. Fixes problems encountered
- when a non-ascii char is the last char on the line and we're moving
- back past it with ^B, and other display problems caused by the same
- situation
-
- 1/15
- ----
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
- - document RL_PROMPT_START_IGNORE and RL_PROMPT_END_IGNORE in the
- description of rl_expand_prompt()
-
- 1/20
- ----
-bashline.c
- - in initialize_readline, make sure M-C-j and M-C-m are still bound to
- vi-editing-mode before unbinding them -- they may have been rebound
- in an inputrc
-
-variables.c
- - in unbind_variable, unset attributes other than `local' and exported
- (if the variable came from a temporary environment) when unsetting a
- local variable inside a function
-
- 1/21
- ----
-configure.in
- - add libintl build directory to the list of include directories if
- it's being built (using INTL_BUILDDIR)
-
-Makefile.in,{builtins,lib/{sh,malloc}}/Makefile.in
- - substitute LIBBUILD as ${BUILD_DIR}/${LIBSUBDIR}
- - define INTL_BUILDDIR as ${LIBBUILD}/intl
-
-{builtins,lib/sh}/Makefile.in
- - make sure INTL_INC is added to the list of include directories
- - make sure INTL_LIBSRC is defined with the correct value
-
-{configure,Makefile,{builtins,lib/sh}/Makefile}.in
- - substitute LIBINTL_H as ${INTL_BUILDDIR}/libintl.h
-
-Makefile.in,builtins/Makefile.iin
- - all files depending on bashintl.h also depend on ${LIBINTL_H}
- (which may be empty)
-
-Makefile.in
- - make a rule telling how to build lib/intl/libintl.h if necessary
-
- 1/24
- ----
-builtins/read.def
- - make sure that the array name supplied as an argument to -a is a
- valid identifier
-
-parse.y
- - make the \W expansion abbreviate $HOME with a ~ (seems to be more
- useful)
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - document new behavior of \W
-
-subst.c
- - make sure parameter_brace_expand_rhs uses the first character of
- $IFS when making the string to return from the expanded word
- (which, in the case of "$@" or $@, contains multiple words that
- need to be separated)
-
- 1/25
- ----
-builtins/common.c
- - change get_job_spec to make `%' by itself or an empty argument
- return NO_JOB
-
-jobs.h
- - new possible value for a job spec return value: BAD_JOBSPEC
- (for syntactically invalid specs, like the empty string)
-
-shell.c
- - in open_shell_script, check to see whether or not we can find and
- open the filename argument before setting dollar_vars[0] or
- manipulating BASH_SOURCE, so the error messages come out better
-
-subst.c
- - in string_list_internal, short-circuit right away to savestring()
- if the list only has a single element
-
- 1/28
- ----
-lib/readline/rltypedefs.h
- - new set of typedefs for functions returning char * with various
- arguments (standard set)
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - new function pointer, rl_completion_word_break_hook, called by
- _rl_find_completion_word, used to set word break characters at
- completion time, allowing them to be position-based
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
- - documented rl_completion_word_break_hook
-
-lib/readline/kill.c
- - added new rl_unix_filename_rubout, which deletes one filename
- component in a Unix pathname backward (delimiters are whitespace
- and `/')
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - extern declaration for rl_unix_filename_rubout
-
-lib/readline/funmap.c
- - new bindable readline command `unix-filename-rubout'
-
-lib/readline/doc/{readline.3,rluser.texi},doc/bash.1
- - documented `unix-filename-rubout'
-
- 1/29
- ----
-lib/readline/histexpand.c
- - change history_tokenize_internal to handle non-whitespace delimiter
- characters by creating separate fields (like the shell does when
- splitting on $IFS)
-
- 1/30
- ----
-lib/glob/xmbsrtowcs.c
- - new function, xdupmbstowcs, for convenience: calls xmbsrtowcs
- while allocating memory for the new wide character string
- - some small efficiency improvments to xmbsrtowcs
-
-include/shmbutil.h
- - extern declaration for xdupmbstowcs
-
-lib/glob/strmatch.h
- - include config.h for definition of HANDLE_MULTIBYTE
- - remove the HAVE_LIBC_FNM_EXTMATCH tests
- - new extern declaration for wcsmatch(whchar_t *, wchar_t *, int)
-
-configure.in
- - remove call to BASH_FUNC_FNMATCH_EXTMATCH; it's no longer used
-
-lib/glob/smatch.c
- - simplify xstrmatch() by using xdupmbstowcs() instead of inline code
-
-lib/glob/glob.c
- - modify mbskipname() to avoid the use of alloca
- - simplify mbskipname() by using xdupmbstowcs() instead of inline code
- - simplify glob_pattern_p() by using xdupmbstowcs() instead of
- inline code
- - fix memory leak in wdequote_pathname
- - simplify wdequote_pathname() by using xdupmbstowcs() instead of
- inline code
-
-lib/glob/strmatch.c
- - new function, wcsmatch(), `exported' wide-character equivalent of
- strmatch()
-
-subst.c
- - old match_pattern is now match_upattern
- - match_pattern now either calls match_upattern or converts
- mbstrings to wide chars and calls match_wpattern
- - match_upattern reverted to old non-multibyte code
- - new function: match_pattern_wchar, wide character version of
- match_pattern_char
-
- 2/1
- ---
-subst.c
- - old remove_pattern is now remove_upattern
- - remove_upattern reverted to old non-multibyte code (pre-Waugh patch)
- - new multibyte version of remove_pattern: remove_wpattern
- - remove_pattern now calls either remove_upattern or converts a
- multibyte string to a wide character string and calls
- remove_wpattern
- - new function, wcsdup, wide-character version of strdup(3)
-
- 2/4
- ---
-print_cmd.c
- - temporarily translate a >&filename redirection from
- r_duplicating_output_word to r_err_and_out (as the expansion code
- in redir.c does) so it prints without a leading `1' (file
- descriptor)
-
- 2/5
- ---
-aclocal.m4
- - add a check for wcsdup to BASH_CHECK_MULTIBYTE
-
-config.h.in
- - add HAVE_WCSDUP define
-
- 2/9
- ---
-builtins/shift.def
- - fix a call to sh_erange that possibly dereferences a NULL pointer
-
- 2/12
- ----
-general.c
- - start at a general set of file property checking functions:
- file_isdir(), file_iswdir() (is writable directory)
-
-general.h
- - extern declarations for new functions
-
-lib/sh/tmpfile.c
- - use file_iswdir() to make sure the temporary directory used for
- here documents and other temp files is writable in get_sys_tmpdir()
-
- 2/17
- ----
-bashline.c
- - fix conditional binding of emacs-mode M-~ -- there is a default
- binding for it (rl_tilde_expand), so a straight call to
- rl_bind_key_if_unbound_in_map doesn't do the right thing
-
- 2/27
- ----
-[bash-3.0-beta1 released]
-
- 2/29
- ----
-subst.c
- - fixed expansion so referencing $a, when a is an array variable
- without an element assigned to index 0, exits the shell when
- `-u' is enabled
-
-expr.c
- - make the exponentiation operator (**) associative, so things like
- 2**3**4 work right (change `if' to `while')
-
- 3/3
- ---
-lib/sh/strftime.c
- - SCO Unix 3.2, like Solaris, requires that the system's `timezone'
- variable be declared as long
-
-lib/readline/{bind,histfile,input,parens}.c
- - changes for Tandem (including `floss.h' (?))
-
- 3/4
- ---
-subst.c
- - change param_expand to quote the entire expanded string instead
- of just the escape characters if the expansion appears between
- double quotes or in a here-document (for simple variable expansions
- or expansions of positional parameters)
-
- 3/8
- ---
-subst.c
- - analogous changes to parameter_brace_expand_word to fix the same
- quoting problem as on 3/4; fix callers to understand that the
- value returned might be quoted now and should be dequoted if
- necessary
- - add a `quoted' argument to get_var_and_type, change callers
- - change today's fix and fix from 3/4 to not call quote_string if the
- value is "" (because quote_string turns that into CTLNUL\0)
-
- 3/9
- ---
-builtins/cd.def
- - resetpwd() now takes a `caller' argument so it can be used by pwd
- as well as cd
- - change pwd_builtin to call resetpwd() if sh_physpath() fails to
- return a valid pathname
-
- 3/14
- ----
-expr.c
- - reworked exp0 and readtok() to make post-increment and post-decrement
- into real tokens, which may be separated from their accompanying
- variables by whitesapce
- - made analogous changes to readtok() to make pre-increment and
- pre-decrement work when separated from their accompanying identifier
- by whitespace
-
- 3/18
- ----
-lib/readline/misc.c
- - in rl_maybe_unsave_line, don't force rl_replace_line to clear
- the undo_list, since it might point directly at an undo list
- from a history entry (to which we have no handle)
-
- 3/19
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - rl_save_prompt and rl_restore_prompt now save and restore the value
- of prompt_physical_chars
- - set prompt_physical_chars in rl_redisplay when expand_prompt has
- not been called (e.g., when rl_display_prompt is set and is not
- equal to rl_prompt, like when searching)
-
-lib/readline/histexpand.c
- - don't call add_history in history_expand if the `:p' modifier is
- supplied; leave that to the calling application. This means that
- `history -p', for example, will not add anything to the history
- list (as documented), nor will history expansions invoked by
- emacs-mode M-C-e line editing
-
-config-bot.h
- - check whether HAVE_DECL_SYS_SIGLIST is defined to 1 rather than just
- defined, to work around newer versions of autoconf defining it to 0
-
-config.h.in
- - change default status of HAVE_MALLOC to #undef instead of #define
-
-bashhist.c
- - extern declarations for rl_done and rl_dispatching
- - don't call re_edit from pre_process_line unless rl_dispatcing is zero,
- so we don't call it from something like shell-expand-line
- - change pre_process_line to add an expanded history specification
- that returned `print only' to the history list, since history_expand
- no longer does it (and, when using readline, do it only when
- rl_dispatching is zero)
-
- 3/22
- ----
-config.h.in,aclocal.m4
- - change bash-specific functions that look in struct dirent to define
- HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_xxx, like AC_CHECK_MEMBERS does (though the
- functions are otherwise the same)
- - new function, BASH_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_NAMLEN, define
- HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_NAMLEN if struct dirent has a `d_namlen' member
-
-configure.in
- - call BASH_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_NAMLEN
-
-include/posixdir.h
- - use new and renamed HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_xxx defines
-
- 4/7
- ---
-builtins/cd.def
- - ensure that we print out a non-null pathname after getting a
- directory from CDPATH and canonicalizing it (e.g., if the result
- exceeds PATH_MAX in length and the_current_working_directory is
- set to NULL)
-
- 4/12
- ----
-print_cmd.c
- - new function to print out assignment statements when `set -x' has
- been enabled: xtrace_print_assignment
-
-externs.h
- - extern declaration for xtrace_print_assignment
-
- 4/13
- ----
-{subst,variables}.c
- - call xtrace_print_assignment instead of using inline code
-
-jobs.c
- - if turning on job control when it was previously off, set
- pipeline_pgrp to 0 in set_job_control so make_child puts
- subsequent children in their own process group
-
- 4/14
- ----
-general.c
- - new function, legal_alias_name, called to decide whether an
- argument to add_alias is a valid alias name -- essentially any
- character except one which must be quoted to the shell parser
- and `/'
-
-general.h
- - new extern declaration for legal_alias_name
-
-builtins/alias.def
- - `unalias' now returns failure status if no NAME arguments are
- supplied and -a is not given
- - call legal_alias_name to make sure alias name is valid before
- calling add_alias from alias_builtin
-
- 4/19
- ----
-include/shmbutil.h
- - include <config.h> for definition of HANDLE_MULTIBYTE rather than
- duplicating logic
-
- 4/20
- ----
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - make sure $0 is consistently referred to as a `special parameter'
- - document which characters are now not allowed in alias names
-
- 4/23
- ----
-
-builtins/{jobs,kill,wait}.def
- - removed requirement that job control be enabled to use job control
- notation, as SUSv3 implies
-
-subst.c
- - based on a message from David Korn, change param_expand to not call
- string_list_dollar_star if the only quoting is Q_HERE_DOCUMENT --
- quoted here documents are like double quoting, but not exactly
- - analogous changes to list_remove_pattern and pos_params
-
- 4/24
- ----
-lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
- - fix error in description of emacs-mode C-xC-e command (uses $VISUAL
- instead of $FCEDIT)
-
- 4/28
- ----
-support/bashbug.sh
- - integrate a patch from Stefan Nordhausen
- <nordhaus@informatik.hu-berlin.de> that reduces race conditions
- by using a temporary directory inside $TMPDIR and creating the
- temp files in that
-
- 4/30
- ----
-builtins/common.c
- - use pathconf(".", _PC_PATH_MAX) where available to size the argument
- to getcwd() rather than using a straight PATH_MAX
-
-builtins/cd.def
- - if get_working_directory fails and returns null (causing resetpwd
- to return NULL), use set_working_directory to set $PWD to the
- absolute pathname for which chdir just succeeded
-
- 5/1
- ---
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - in rl_vi_change_to, call _rl_vi_set_last with rl_numeric_arg instead
- of `last', since they're equal at call time and rl_vi_domove can
- change rl_numeric_arg (which vi apparently updates). Fixes redo bug
- of `c2....' reported by Marion Berryman <mwberryman@copper.net>
-
- 5/4
- ---
-parse.y
- - fix decode_prompt_string to properly deal with strftime() returning 0
-
- 5/6
- ---
-variables.c
- - in make_local_array_variable, return an already-existing local array
- variable immediately rather than creating a new array (causing a
- memory leak)
-
- 5/8
- ---
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - change rl_vi_domove to set rl_explicit_arg before calling
- rl_digit_loop1 so that multi-digit numeric arguments work right
- - _rl_vi_last_command is no longer static
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - new extern declaration for _rl_vi_last_command
-
-lib/readline/text.c
- - change rl_newline to only call _rl_vi_reset_last if the last command
- (_rl_vi_last_command) is not a text modification command. This lets
- the last-command and last-argument work across command lines
-
- 5/13
- ----
-builtins/common.c
- - use getcwd(0,0) rather than providing a fixed pathname with a fixed
- length (PATH_MAX) so getcwd() will allocate sufficient memory
-
-aclocal.m4
- - change BASH_FUNC_GETCWD to check whether or not getcwd(0,0) will
- allocate memory for the returned value -- nobody implements that
- and getcwd-via-popen, so it should capture the old test as well
-
- 5/27
- ----
-
-builtins/trap.def
- - the historical behavior of assuming that a signal's handling should
- be set to its original disposition is only in effect if a single
- argument is given, otherwise the first argument is assumed to be a
- command to execute
- - when in posix mode, if trap gets a single argument, display an
- error message and return EX_USAGE
- - change the help message and usage string to better explain trap's
- behavior
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - describe the new default behavior when the first argument is a
- signal spec
- - note that signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is
- optional in arguments to `trap'
- - note that signal name arguments to `kill' are case-insensitive
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - make sure rl_on_new_line_with_prompt sets rl_display_prompt to
- rl_prompt (just to make sure it's set)
- - have rl_on_new_line_with_prompt use local_prompt if it's set
-
- 6/2
- ---
-subst.c
- - in string_extract_double_quoted, cope with extract_delimited_string
- returning NULL, as it can when attempting completion on an unclosed
- command substitution
-
- 6/24
- ----
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - change print_filename to add a `/' to listed directory names if
- `mark-directories' has been enabled
-
-builtins/umask.def
- - make sure that the mask passed to parse_symbolic_mode has all but
- the operative low eight bits masked off, to avoid complementing
- all 0s to -1, which is the error return code. This makes things
- like `a=rwx' and `ugo=rwx' work and turn off the umask
-
- 6/26
- ----
-builtins/getopts.def
- - when `getopts' reaches the end of options, unset OPTARG before
- returning EOF. In response to a bug report from Apple
-
-configure.in
- - when cross-compiling, don't set CPPFLAGS_FOR_BUILD and
- LDFLAGS_FOR_BUILD from CPPFLAGS and LDFLAGS, respectively, since
- those are for the target instead of the build platform (report
- from robert@schwebel.de)
-
-shell.c
- - a shell whose standard error (but not standard output) is directed
- to a terminal should be interactive, according to POSIX/SUS. This
- means that sh > sh.out will start an interactive shell. Bug report
- from llattanzi@apple.com
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - change mention of standard output to standard error in definition
- of interactive shell
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - new convenience function, rl_vi_start_inserting, calls
- _rl_vi_set_last to save the last textmod command state and then calls
- rl_vi_insertion_mode to enter insert mode
- - change functions to use rl_vi_start_inserting
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - extern declaration for rl_vi_start_inserting
-
-bashline.c
- - new function for vi-mode completion, bash_vi_complete. Does
- filename expansion as POSIX specifies, unlike the default readline
- bindings (which don't know about globbing). Bound to `\', `*',
- and `=' in vi command keymap. Internals very similar to
- rl_vi_complete; just calls bash glob expansion functions
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - change rl_vi_change_char so that an entire change is a single
- undoable event, rather than each individual change in a [count]r
- command
- - fix rl_vi_change_char so that replacing characters up to EOL works
- rather than generating rl_ding
- - fix rl_vi_change_case so that replacing characters up to EOL works
- rather than generating rl_ding
-
- 6/28
- ----
-builtins/echo.def
- - call clearerr(stdout) before writing anything and testing its
- failure or success
-
- 6/29
- ----
-bashline.c
- - only set rl_explicit_arg in bash_glob_complete_word if readline is
- in emacs mode; let bash_vi_complete take care of setting it in vi
- mode
- - fix bash_vi_complete to only set rl_explicit_arg unless the posix
- conditions are met: no globbing characters in the vi `bigword'
- being completed
-
- 6/30
- ----
-[bash-3.0-rc1 released]
-
- 7/1
- ---
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - make sure `extension_char' is initialized before deciding whether
- or not the append a `/' to a possible completion when visible-stats
- is not enabled
-
- 7/2
- ---
-subst.c
- - fix a boundary overrun in string_extract_double_quoted that could
- occur when the word completion code attempts to expand an incomplete
- construct (like a quoted unclosed command substitution)
-
- 7/4
- ---
-subst.c
- - set tempenv_assign_error to non-zero if an assignment to the
- temporary environment fails for some reason (e.g., attempted
- assignment to a readonly variable)
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix execute_simple_command to force a non-interactive shell in
- POSIX mode to exit if an assignment to the temporary environment
- preceding a special builtin fails (bug report from
- llattanzi@apple.com)
-
- 7/5
- ---
-bashline.c
- - in bash_directory_completion_hook, don't perform word expansions
- if the filename appears to have been completed from the file
- system rather than typed in by the user. Bug reported by Tim
- Waugh <twaugh@redhat.com>
-
- 7/7
- ---
-lib/readline/misc.c
- - if _rl_maybe_save_line is being asked to save a line other than
- what's already saved, free up the current saved line and save the
- current contents of rl_line_buffer. Bug reported by
- llattanzi@apple.com
-
- 7/12
- ----
-lib/readline/input.c
- - do better EOF detection in rl_gather_tyi -- if a read returns 0 when
- the fd is in non-blocking mode, stuff an EOF into the input stream
- (reported by mattias@virtutech.se)
-
- 7/13
- ----
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - make sure rl_vi_put honors `count' arguments and yanks things
- multiple times if requested
-
- 7/16
- ----
-builtins/umask.def
- - make sure that the `who' part of the umask symbolic mode argument
- defaults to `a' if it's missing
-
-flags.c
- - make sure that maybe_make_restricted only gets called after the
- shell is initialized, so `bash -r' doesn't result in inappropriate
- error messages
-
-[bash-3.0 frozen]
-
- 7/27
- ----
-doc/Makefile.in
- - small fixes
-
-[bash-3.0-released]
-
- 7/28
- ----
-array.c
- - in array_insert(), make sure the value to be added is non-NULL before
- calling savestring() on it
-
-builtins/reserved.def
- - fix description of `CDPATH'
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - when expanding a prompt that spans multiple lines with embedded
- newlines, set prompt_physical_chars from the portion after the
- final newline, not the preceding portion. Bug reported by
- "Ralf S. Engelschall" <rse@engelschall.com>
-
-make_cmd.c
- - explicitly declare `lineno' in function prologue for make_case_command
-
-builtins/evalfile.c
- - include `trap.h' for declaration for run_return_trap
-
-bashline.c
- - fix a `return' without a value in enable_hostname_completion
-
-general.c
- - include test.h for extern declaration for test_eaccess
-
-externs.h
- - add declaration for zcatfd
-
-tests/{history,histexp}.tests
- - unset HISTFILESIZE to avoid problems if a value of 0 is inherited
- from the environment
-
- 7/30
- ----
-bashline.c
- - small changes to glob_expand_word to perform tilde expansion before
- attempting globbing
-
-builtins/Makefile.in
- - fix the install-help target to not cd into the `helpfiles'
- subdirectory, so a value of $INSTALL_DATA containing a relative
- pathname (e.g., .././support/install.sh) remains valid
-
- 7/31
- ----
-subst.c
- - new function, mbstrlen(s), returns length of a multibyte character
- string
-
-include/shmbutil.h
- - new macro, MB_STRLEN(s), calls mbstrlen or STRLEN as appropriate
-
-builtins/trap.def
- - small change so that a first argument that's a valid signal number
- (digits only -- no symbolic names) will be treated as a signal and
- reverted back to the original handling disposition. Fixes debian
- complaints
-
-subst.c
- - call MB_STRLEN instead of STRLEN where appropriate in
- parameter_brace_expand_length to handle multibyte characters properly
- - call MB_STRLEN instead of strlen in verify_substring_values so that
- negative substrings of strings with multibyte chars work properly
-
- 8/1
- ---
-jobs.c
- - describe_pid needs to write to stderr, not stdout (POSIX)
- - start_job, since it's only used by builtins (fg/bg), needs to write
- its output to stdout, not stderr (POSIX)
-
-sig.c
- - add an `orig_flags' member to struct terminating_signal so the
- original signal handling flags (SA_RESTART, etc.) can be preserved
- on POSIX systems
- - make sure to preserve the signal flags state in
- initialize_terminating_signals and reset them for child processes
- in reset_terminating_signals
-
-builtins/fc.def
- - fixed an off-by-one error that caused `fc -l' to list one too many
- history entries
- - in posix mode, `fc' should not list any indication as to whether or
- not history lines have been modified (POSIX)
- - when in posix mode, the default editor for `fc' should be `ed' (POSIX)
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - updated the description of `trap' behavior when given a first
- argument that is a valid signal number
- - noted that `fc -l' won't indicate whether a history entry has been
- modified if the shell is in posix mode
-
-builtins/command.def
- - fixed bug: `command -v' is supposed to be silent if a command is not
- found
-
-builtins/hash.def
- - `hash' should print its `hash table empty' message to stderr
-
-lib/readline/misc.c
- - back out 7/7 change to _rl_maybe_save_line; it breaks emacs-mode ^P
-
-general.c
- - changed base_pathname so that it will return reasonable results for
- non-absolute pathnames -- this is what is intended by all of its
- callers
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - fix array_variable_part to return NULL if it finds an invisible
- variable in the hash table. Fixes seg fault caused by referring to
- unset local variable using array notation
-
-{locale,variables}.c
- - support LC_TIME as a special locale variable so HISTTIMEFORMAT tracks
- the current locale
-
- 8/2
- ---
-variables.c
- - fixed small memory leak in makunbound() when a local array variable
- is unset. Fix from William Park
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - fixed a problem when computing the number of invisible characters on
- the first line of a prompt whose length exceeds the screen width
- (should only happen when invisible characters occur after the
- line wrap). Bug reported by agriffis@gentoo.org
-
-builtins/command.def
- - `command -V' passes a new flag, CDESC_ABSPATH, which means to convert
- to an absolute path
-
-builtins/type.def
- - in posix mode, `type' and `command -v/-V' should not report
- non-executable files, even if the execution code will attempt to
- run them. Other posix shells do this
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - add note to POSIX Mode section describing behavior of type and command
- when finding a non-executable file
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - force extended_glob to 1 before calling binary_test in
- execute_cond_node so that the right extended pattern matching gets
- performed
-
- 8/3
- ---
-braces.c
- - make sure lhs[0] and rhs[0] are cast to `unsigned char' so chars
- with values > 128 are handled correctly
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - change bexpand() and printstr() to handle strings with a leading
- '\0' whose length is non-zero, since that's valid input for the
- `%b' format specifier
-
-subst.c
- - fix a couple of instances of find_variable that didn't check the
- result for an invisible variable
-
-variables.c
- - BASH_ARGC, BASH_ARGV, BASH_SOURCE, BASH_LINENO no longer created as
- invisible vars
-
-pcomplete.c
- - make sure COMP_WORDS is not invisible when bind_comp_words returns
- - ditto for COMPREPLY in gen_shell_function_matches
-
- 8/4
- ---
-braces.c
- - fix problem where ${ was ignored but did not increment the open
- brace count. Bug reported by Tim Waugh <twaugh@redhat.com>
-
-variables.c
- - if make_local_variable finds a variable in the correct context in
- the right variable scope, make sure it's not invisible before
- returning it
-
- 8/5
- ---
-builtins/trap.def
- - fixed usage message to show `action' as not optional, though it
- actually is when not in posix mode (for a single argument)
-
- 8/7
- ---
-configure.in
- - kfreebsd-gnu has had its sbrk() problems fixed, and no longer needs
- to be configured --without-gnu-malloc
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - in rl_vi_search, free any saved history line before starting the
- search, so failure leaves you at that line, not the last line in
- the history (assuming the current line is not the last history line).
- Fix from llattanzi@apple.com to replace fix of 7/7
-
- 8/9
- ---
-support/Makefile.in
- - renamed `mostly-clean' target to `mostlyclean'
-
- 8/11
- ----
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - make same change for EOL in multibyte character case of
- rl_vi_change_char
-
- 8/12
- ----
-subst.c
- - in verify_substring_values, fix off-by-one error checking bounds of
- `offset', esp. in array values (e.g., getting the highest element
- of an array)
-
- 8/16
- ----
-aclocal.m4
- - change BASH_CHECK_DEV_FD to make sure that file descriptors > 2 are
- accessible via /dev/fd, unlike FreeBSD 5.x
-
-lib/sh/strftime.c
- - make sure `zone' is initialized with gettimeofday before it is used
- - work around HPUX lack of `altzone' and differing definitions of
- `timezone'
-
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - internal_memalign and memalign now take a `size_t' as their first
- argument, which seems to be the prevailing standard
-
-lib/malloc/{malloc.c,shmalloc.h}
- - change sh_memalign to take a `size_t' as its first argument
-
-builtins/echo.def
- - if posixly_correct and xpg_echo are both set, don't try to interpret
- any arguments at all, as POSIX/XOPEN requires (fix inspired by Paul
- Eggert)
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - amend description of bash posix mode to include new echo behavior
-
-builtins/fg_bg.def
- - allow bg to take multiple job arguments, as posix seems to specify,
- placing them all in the background, returning the status of the last
- one as the status of `bg'
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode
- - fix _rl_vi_change_mbchar_case (multibyte-char version of `~'
- command) to have the right behavior at EOL -- handle case where vi
- mode backs up at the end of the line
-
- 8/18
- ----
-array.c
- - check for an empty array in array_rshift before shifting elements
- and adjusting max_index
- - check for null array in array_subrange
-
-jobs.c
- - fix raw_job_exit_status to not ignore exit status of the last
- process in the pipeline when `set -o pipefail' is enabled
-
- 8/19
- ----
-lib/readline/mbutil.c
- - make sure _rl_find_next_mbchar_internal has a valid multibyte
- character before it checks whether or not it's a zero-width
- wide character and adjusts point accordingly
-
- 8/24
- ----
-bashline.c
- - new function, bash_directory_expansion, duplicates the expansions
- performed on the directory name by rl_filename_completion_function
- - call bash_directory_expansion in command_word_completion_function
- if we decide we're doing tilde expansion (and any other
- canonicalization) on the directory name being completed
-
- 8/25
- ----
-configure.in
- - use new-style AC_CHECK_HEADER to check for sys/ptem.h (which requires
- sys/stream.h). The correct checks are in the code, but autoconf
- complains if sys/stream.h is not included, rather than simply
- checking for the header's presence
-
- 8/26
- ----
-builtins/hash.def
- - fix a bug that prevented `hash -d' from working right (as soon as
- hash removed a command from the table, the bug caused it to be added
- right back)
-
- 8/27
- ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - explicitly note that conditional primaries that operate on files
- operate on the targets of symbolic links rather than the links
- themselves
-
- 8/30
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - fix multibyte calculation of `physchars' in prompt expansion, to
- handle double-width multibyte characters correctly
- - changes to rl_redisplay to handle prompts longer than the screenwidth
- that might contain double-width multibyte characters. Fixes from
- Tomohiro Kubota
-
- 9/6
- ---
-subst.c
- - change word_list_split to avoid really bad behavior caused by calling
- list_append for each split word -- as the list gets long, you have
- to traverse it every time. Keep a pointer to the end of the list and
- and just tack onto it
-
- 9/8
- ---
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - change fnprint to calculate the displayed width of a filename in
- the same way as fnwidth
-
-subst.c
- - in verify_substring_values, when expanding ${array[@]:offset}, make
- sure negative offsets count from one greater than the array's
- maximum index so things like ${x[@}: -1} work to give the last element
- (requires fixing array tests)
-
-builtins/common.c
- - new error function, sh_wrerror(), for builtins to call when a write
- error occurs
-
-builtins/common.h
- - extern declaration for sh_wrerror()
-
-builtins/cd.def
- - change builtin_error call to use sh_wrerror()
-
-builtins/echo.def
- - report write errors with sh_wrerror() instead of just returning
- failure
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - change printstr to return failure (-1) or success (0) indication
- rather than void
- - report write errors when printstr() fails, return failure
- - if any of the PF/printf calls fail, report write error and return
- failure
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - change execute_in_subshell so the subshell command inherits the
- command timing flags from the enclosing COMMAND *
-
- 9/11
- ----
-[prayers for the victims of 9/11/2001]
-
-lib/sh/strnlen.c
- - new file, implementation of GNU libc extension function strnlen
-
-lib/sh/Makefile.in, {config.h,configure,Makefile}.in, MANIFEST
- - changes for strnlen
-
-configure.in
- - version changed to 3.1-devel
-
-doc/bash.1, lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
- - added description of `-o plusdirs' to complete/compgen (thanks,
- Arnold)
-
-parse.y
- - new parser_state flag, PST_ASSIGNOK, if set indicates we're parsing
- arguments to a builtin that accepts assignment statement arguments
- - turn on PST_ASSIGNOK in read_token_word when appropriate
- - turn off PST_ASSIGNOK in read_token when appropriate
- - don't attempt to parse a compound assignment specially unless we're
- in a position where an assignment statement is acceptable, or
- PST_ASSIGNOK is set
-
- 9/13
- ----
-variables.c
- - make BASH_ARGC, BASH_ARGV, BASH_LINENO, and BASH_SOURCE
- non-unsettable, since the shell uses those values internally
-
-expr.c
- - make exponentiation right-associative, as is apparently correct
-
- 9/16
- ----
-arrayfunc.c
- - make sure convert_var_to_array marks the environment as needing
- recreation if the converted variable was exported
-
- 9/17
- ----
-braces.c
- - mark ${ as introducing an additional level of braces only if it's
- not in a quoted string -- quoted strings are handled before brace
- matching is done
-
-parse.y
- - fixed an obscure problem in history_delimiting_chars where the `in'
- in a case statement could have a semicolon added after it, if the
- `case word' was on a previous line
-
-support/config.guess
- - support for newest versions of tandem non-stop kernel
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - in compute_lcd_of_matches, explicitly cast `text' to `char *' before
- passing it to rl_filename_dequoting_function
-
-lib/readline/terminal.c
- - bind the key sequence sent by the keypad `delete' key to delete-char
- (same as ^D in emacs mode)
-
-builtins/ulimit.def
- - in print_all_limits, don't print anything if get_limit returns
- -1/EINVAL, indicating that the kernel doesn't support that particular
- limit
- - add -i (max number of pending signals), -q (max size of posix msg
- queues), -x (max number of file locks) for systems (Linux) that
- support them
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - fix description of correspondence between FUNCNAME, BASH_LINENO,
- and BASH_SOURCE indices in description of BASH_LINENO
-
- 9/18
- ----
-lib/sh/shquote.c
- - don't quote CTLESC and CTLNUL with CTLESC in sh_backslash_quote, as
- long as the resultant string never gets sent to the word expansion
- functions without going through the shell parser
-
-externs.h
- - add extern declarations for strnlen and strpbkrk from lib/sh
-
-subst.[ch]
- - changes to handle case where IFS consists of multibyte characters.
- Changed: string_extract_verbatim, split_at_delims,
- string_list_dollar_star, string_list_dollar_at, list_string,
- get_word_from_string, setifs
-
- 9/19
- ----
-mailcheck.c
- - change file_mod_date_changed to reset the cached mail file data if
- the file size drops to zero
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - change append_to_match so that a non-zero value for
- rl_completion_suppress_append will cause no `/' to be appended to a
- directory name
-
-bashline.c
- - experimental change to suppress appending a slash for a completed
- filename that is found in PATH as well as a directory in the current
- directory under certain circumstances: a single instance found in
- $PATH when `.' is not in $PATH, and multiple instances found in the
- $PATH, even when `.' is in the $PATH
-
- 9/24
- ----
-command.h
- - new word flag: W_ASSIGNRHS, means word is rhs of assignment statement
- - new word flag: W_NOTILDE, means word is not to be tilde expanded
- - new word flag (internal): W_ITILDE, means the next character is a
- tilde that should be expanded
-
-general.c
- - new set of tilde suffixes for use when parsing the RHS of an
- assignment statement and =~ should not be subject to tilde expansion
- - if ASSIGN_P argument to bash_tilde_expand is 2, use tilde prefixes
- for parsing RHS of assignment statement
-
-general.[ch]
- - new function bash_tilde_find_word, drop-in replacement for
- tilde_find_word
-
-subst.c
- - call bash_tilde_expand with secord argument of 2 when expanding rhs
- of an assignment statement, so tildes after second and subsequent
- `=' in an assignment are not expanded
- - new function, expand_string_assignment, to expand the rhs of an
- assignment statement
- - add `~' to EXP_CHAR, the characters that will cause the word
- expansion functions to be called
- - move tilde expansion into expand_word_internal instead of many
- different calls to bash_tilde_expand scattered across different
- functions. NOTE: This means that double quotes surrounding a
- {paramOPword} expansion will cause tilde expansion to NOT be
- performed on `word'. I think this is right, what POSIX specifies,
- and consistent with the behavior of other characters in the rhs
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - take out calls to bash_tilde_expand before calling word expansion
- functions
-
- 9/26
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - make sure to call UNBLOCK_CHILD before returning on a pipe creation
- failure in execute_pipeline
-
- 9/27
- ----
-variables.c
- - change get_bash_command to deal with the_printed_command_except_trap
- being NULL
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix execute_simple_command to deal with the_printed_command being
- NULL when assigning to the_printed_command_except_trap -- fixes
- seg fault in savestring()
-
-parse.y
- - change the parser so that the closing `)' in a compound variable
- assignment delimits a token -- ksh93 does it this way
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - change description of tilde expansion to note that expansion is
- attempted only after the first =~ in an assignment statement
-
-builtins/declare.def
- - when assigning to an array variable with declare -a x=(...), make
- sure the last character in the rhs of the variable assignment is
- `)', not just that it appears somewhere
-
- 9/28
- ----
-command.h
- - add a `W_NOEXPAND' flag to inhibit all expansion except quote removal
- - add a `W_COMPASSIGN' flag to denote a word is a compound assignment
- statement
-
-parse.y
- - set W_COMPASSIGN on words that appear to be compound assignments
-
-subst.c
- - pass W_NOXPAND and W_COMPASSIGN through end of expand_word_internal
-
-subst.[ch]
- - new function, expand_assignment_string_to_string, calls
- expand_string_assignment and then string_list on the result
-
-variables.c
- - assign_in_env now calls expand_assignment_string_to_string
-
- 9/30
- ----
-builtins/common.c
- - change get_job_spec so the null job `%' once again means the current
- job
-
- 10/1
- ----
-subst.c
- - do_assignment_internal now takes a WORD_DESC * as its first
- argument, and uses its `word' member as the assignment string
- - change expand_word_list_internal to call do_word_assignment instead
- of do_assignment, passing it `word' instead of, e.g., `word->word'
- - change extract_array_assignment_list to just return the passed
- string minus a trailing `)' if the last character is a right
- paren
- - change do_assignment_internal to call extract_array_assignment_list
-
-subst.[ch]
- - change do_assignment and do_assignment_no_expand to take a `char *'
- instead of `const char *' first argument; change extern prototypes
- - new function, do_word_assignment, takes a WORD_DESC * and calls
- do_assignment_internal on it; add extern declaration with prototype
-
-general.h
- - new typedef, sh_wassign_func_t, like sh_assign_func_t but takes a
- WORD_DESC * as its first argument
-
-variables.[ch]
- - assign_in_env now takes a WORD_DESC * as its first argument
-
- 10/2
- ----
-command.h
- - new word flag, W_ASSNBLTIN, denotes that the word is a builtin
- command (in a command position) that takes assignment statements
- as arguments, like `declare'
- - new word flags, W_ASSIGNARG, denotes that word is an assignment
- statement given as argument to assignment builtin
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - set W_ASSNBLTIN flag in fix_assignment_words if necessary (if there
- are any arguments that are assignment statements)
- - set W_ASSIGNARG flag in fix_assignment_words if necessary
-
-subst.c
- - new function, do_compound_assignment, encapsulates the necessary
- code to perform a compound array assignment (including creation of
- local variables); called from do_assignment_internal
- - to fix the double-expansion problem with compound array assignments
- that are arguments to builtins like `declare', changed
- shell_expand_word_list to treat those arguments like assignment
- statements (with proper creation of local variables inside shell
- functions) and pass the attribute-setting portion of the statement
- onto the builtin. This is what ksh93 appears to do, from inspection
- of the `ksh93 -x' output
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix execute_simple_command: in case of pipeline or async command,
- when forking early, set `subshell_environment' so that it can contain
- both SUBSHELL_PIPE and SUBSHELL_ASYNC -- the two should not be
- mutually exclusive. Fixes bug reported by pierre.humblet@ieee.org
- - remove references to last_pid, old_command_subst_pid; use NO_PID as
- a sentinel value to decide whether or not a child process has been
- created and needs to be waited for. Submitted by
- pierre.humblet@ieee.org to fix recycling-pid problem on cygwin
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - fixed documentation of `@(pattern)' extended globbing operator --
- it succeeds if the string matches one of the patterns, not exactly
- one. This is what ksh93 does, too
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - fixed rl_menu_complete so that a negative argument cycles backwards
- through the list
-
- 10/3
- ----
-subst.c
- - use W_COMPASSIGN flag in do_assignment_internal instead of deciding
- lexically which assignments are compound array assignments
-
- 10/6
- ----
-support/shobj-conf
- - additions for System V.5 from Boyd Gerber <gerberb@zenez.com>
-
-subst.c
- - in command_substitute, if subshell_environment includes
- SUBSHELL_ASYNC, call make_child with the `async_p' argument set to
- non-zero. This keeps command substitutions for async commands or
- pipelines from trying to give the terminal back to the shell's
- pgrp. make sure to save and restore last_asynchronous_pid. Fix
- suggested by <pierre.humblet@ieee.org>
-
- 10/7
- ----
-config.h.in
- - add a placeholder definition for WCONTINUED_BROKEN
-
- 10/9
- ----
-aclocal.m4
- - add BASH_CHECK_WCONTINUED, checks for glibc bug where WCONTINUED is
- defined but rejected as invalid by waitpid(2)
-
-configure.in
- - add call to BASH_CHECK_WCONTINUED, defines WCONTINUED_BROKEN
-
-redir.c
- - experimental change to add_undo_redirect to save manipulations to
- file descriptors >= SHELL_FD_BASE (10) on the list of redirections
- to be undone even if `exec' causes the list to be discarded
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - note that redirections using file descriptors > 9 should be used
- carefully, because they might conflict with file descriptors the
- shell uses internally
-
- 10/11
- -----
-parse.y
- - fix pipeline_command production to handle case where `pipeline'
- as `argument' of `!' or `time' is null (e.g., a syntax error not
- handled by the grammar)
-
- 10/13
- -----
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - new internal variable, _rl_bind_stty_chars; if non-zero, bind the
- terminal special characters to readline equivalents at startup
- - change readline_default_bindings() and reset_default_bindings() to
- understand _rl_bind_stty_chars
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - new extern declaration for _rl_bind_stty_chars
-
-lib/readline/rltty.c
- - change rl_prep_terminal to add support for _rl_bind_stty_chars
-
- 10/15
- -----
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - new bindable variable, `bind-tty-special-chars', bound to value of
- _rl_bind_stty_chars
-
-doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/{readline.3,rluser.texi}
- - documented new readline variable `bind-tty-special-chars'
-
-builtins/pushd.def
- - make the first check for option `--' skip the rest of option
- checking
-
- 10/16
- -----
-lib/readline/shell.c
- - change sh_set_lines_and_columns to prefer setenv, which has
- predictable memory allocation behavior, to putenv, which does not
-
- 10/19
- -----
-variables.c
- - change push_exported_var so that a tempenv variable has to have the
- export attribute set (which they all do -- something to look at) and
- the `propagate' attribute set to be propagated down to the next
- scope
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - change execute_builtin so that if CMD_COMMAND_BUILTIN is set in the
- passed flags argument, call pop_scope with a value that says the
- builtin is not special, since `command' means that preceding variable
- assignments don't persist in the environment. Fixes problem with
- variable assignments preceding command preceding special builtin
- keeping those variable assignments around (when in posix mode)
-
- 10/20
- -----
-lib/sh/shquote.c
- - new function, sh_mkdoublequoted, brackets a given string with
- double quotes and returns a new string. Flags argument, if non-
- zero, means to quote embedded double quotes with backslashes
-
-externs.h
- - new extern declaration for sh_mkdoublequoted
-
-parse.y
- - use sh_mkdoublequoted after calling localeexpand()
-
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
- - change ansicstr to understand that (flags & 4) != 0 means to remove
- backslash from unrecognized escape sequences
-
-general.c
- - fix logic problem in assignment() that caused non-variable-starter
- characters to be allowed, resulting in things like `1=xxx' creating
- a variable `1' in the hash table
-
- 10/21
- -----
-bashline.c
- - don't call programmable_completions with an assignment statement
- argument
-
- 10/22
- -----
-lib/readline/rltty.c
- - in prepare_terminal_settings, turn echoing on (readline_echoing_p)
- if get_tty_settings fails because the input is not a terminal
-
- 10/24
- -----
-lib/readline/util.c
- - include rlmbutil.h for multibyte definitions
- - new function, _rl_walphabetic, wide char version of rl_alphabetic
-
-lib/readline/mbutil.c
- - new function, _rl_char_value(buf, ind), returns value of (possibly
- multibyte) character at buf[ind]
-
-lib/readline/rlmbutil.h
- - extern defines for _rl_walphabetic and _rl_char_value for when
- multibyte chars are not being used
- - new wrapper definitions for _rl_find_next_mbchar (MB_NEXTCHAR) and
- _rl_find_prev_mbchar (MB_PREVCHAR) that try to avoid unneeded
- function calls
-
-lib/readline/text.c
- - fix rl_foward_word to work with multibyte characters (or in a
- multibyte locale) using above utility functions
- - fix rl_backward_word to work with multibyte characters (or in a
- multibyte locale) using above utility functions
-
- 10/26
- -----
-parse.y
- - fix parse_matched_pair so that it doesn't swallow \<newline> when
- parsing a $'...' construct (call shell_getc with different arg)
-
- 10/28
- -----
-lib/glob/glob.c
- - after some (compiled-in) threshold, glob_vector will stop using
- alloca to allocate `struct globval's and will switch to using
- malloc, with appropriate cleanup before returning
-
-subst.c
- - don't expand tildes after `=' in expand_word_internal, even if the
- W_TILDEEXP flag is set, unless it's the first tilde in a word
- marked W_ASSIGNMENT
-
- 10/31
- -----
-lib/readline/text.c
- - make sure rl_point doesn't go below 0 in rl_delete_horizontal_space
- (from SUSE, but not sent in)
-
-shell.c
- - make sure shell_is_restricted skips over a single leading `-' in
- the shell name (from SUSE, but not sent in)
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - disable `fast redisplay' at the end of the line if in a locale that
- supports multibyte characters (from SUSE, but not sent in)
-
-lib/readline/histexpand.c
- - fix a problem with finding the delimiter of a `?' substring when
- compiled for multibyte characters (from SUSE, but not sent in)
-
- 11/1
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - correct some assignments to _rl_last_c_pos: when in a multibyte
- locale, it's used as an absolute cursor position; when not using
- multibyte characters, it's a buffer offset. I should have caught
- this when the multibyte character support was donated
-
- 11/5
- ----
-general.c
- - change `assignment()' to accept `+=' assignment operator
-
-arrayfunc.[ch]
- - bind_array_variable and assign_array_element both take a new `flags'
- argument
- - assign_array_var_from_string, assign_array_from_string, and
- assign_array_var_from_word_list now all take a new `flags' argument
- - change assign_array_var_from_word_list to understand how to append
- to an array variable
- - change assign_array_var_from_string to understand how to append
- to an array variable. It does not unset the previous value if
- appending, allowing both old values to be changed and new ones to
- be added
-
-subst.h
- - new flag #defines to use for evaluating assignment statements
-
-{subst,variables}.c, builtins/{declare,read}.def
- - change callers of assign_array_element and bind_array_variable
- - change do_compound_assignment to understand assignment flags
- - change do_assignment_internal to set assignment flags and pass them
- to underlying functions
-
-pcomplete.c,builtins/{declare,read}.def
- - fix callers of assign_array_var_from_string, assign_array_var_from_word_list
-
-variables.[ch]
- - make_variable_value now takes a new `flags' argument
- - make_variable_value now understands how to append to a particular
- variable, using the old value
- - bind_variable_value now takes a new `flags' argument
- - change make_variable_value to understand ASS_APPEND flag
- - bind_variable now takes a new `flags' argument
- - bind_variable_internal now takes a new `flags' argument
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - change callers of make_variable_value to add flags arg
-
-builtins/declare.def
- - change callers of bind_variable_value to add flags arg
-
-{execute_cmd,mailcheck,pcomplete,shell,subst,variables}.c,parse.y
-builtins/{cd,command,declare,getopts,read,set,setattr}.def
- - change callers of bind_variable to add flags arg
-
-variables.c
- - change callers of bind_variable_internal
- - change bind_variable_internal to pass assignment flags on to
- make_variable_value
- - change assign_in_env to treat `var+=value' like `var=value'
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - break code that actually constructs the new value and assigns it
- to a particular array index out into a new functions:
- bind_array_var_internal. This fakes out make_variable_value by
- passing a dummy SHELL_VAR * so it can do proper appending and other
- += processing
- - changes to assign_array_var_from_string to accept and process as if
- they were `standalone' assignment statements array assignment words
- of the form [ind]+=val
-
- 11/7
- ----
-builtins/declare.def
- - added support for `declare [flags] var+=value'. `Flags' are applied
- before the assignment is performed, which has implications for things
- like `-i' -- if -i is supplied, arithmetic evaluation and increment
- will be performed
-
-builtins/setattr.def
- - add support for `+=' assignment for rest of `assignment builtins':
- export, readonly
-
- 11/12
- -----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - make sure prompt_physical_chars and prompt_invis_chars_first_line
- are reset to 0 if the prompt string passed to rl_expand_prompt is
- NULL or empty
-
- 11/14
- -----
-{configure,config.h}.in
- - check for `raise', define HAVE_RAISE if available
-
-lib/intl/dcigettext.c
- - make sure `raise' is defined if HAVE_RAISE is not before
- eval-plurah.h is included
-
-lib/malloc/trace.c
- - put extern declaration for imalloc_fopen inside the MALLOC_TRACE
- #ifdef
-
- 11/16
- -----
-lib/intl/Makefile.in
- - make sure SHELL is defined to cpp
-
-lib/intl/dcigettext.c
- - make sure we use getcwd() even if HAVE_GETCWD is not defined after
- including config.h; if SHELL is defined, #define HAVE_GETCWD
-
- 11/18
- -----
-trap.[ch]
- - new function, int signal_in_progress(int sig), returns TRUE if the
- trap handler for signal SIG is currently executing
-
- 11/19
- -----
-redir.c
- - slightly change do_redirection_internal to set the close-on-exec
- flag for file descriptors > 2 used to save file descriptors < 2
- using explicit redirections (e.g., `exec 3>&1'). This keeps file
- descriptors pointing to pipes from being left open but doesn't
- change the shell's file descriptor semantics
-
- 11/20
- -----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - correct some minor typos, forwarded from doko@debian.org
-
- 11/22
- -----
-doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/{readline.3,rluser.texi}
- - documented detail that yank-last-arg and yank-nth-arg use the history
- arg expansion code (and, as a result, are subject to restrictions
- of the history-comment character)
-
- 11/23
- -----
-execute_cmd.c
- - changes so that BASH_COMMAND preserves its value into a DEBUG trap:
- for commands, arithmetic for command expressions, select commands,
- case commands, (( commands, [[ commands, simple commands
-
- 11/24
- -----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - changed description of `set' builtin slightly so that it is clear
- that only variables are displayed in posix mode and that read-only
- variables can't be reset by simply sourcing the output of `set'
-
-lib/sh/strftime.c
- - don't try to redefine `inline' if it's already defined
-
- 11/26
- -----
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix execute_function to check funcname_a after function execution,
- since FUNCNAME can be changed or unset within a function
-
- 11/27
- -----
-builtins/evalfile.c
- - make same changes as 11/26, this time to _evalfile
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - change execute_function to run the return trap after a function
- completes execution even if the shell is compiled without DEBUGGER
- defined
-
-trap.c
- - change reset_or_restore_signal_handlers so that the RETURN trap is
- not inherited by command substitution when DEBUGGER is not defined
-
- 11/30
- -----
-lib/readline/misc.c
- - fix memory leaks in _rl_free_history_entry and rl_maybe_replace_line
- caused by not freeing `timestamp' member of history entry
- - make sure timestamp is initialized to NULL in rl_maybe_save_line
-
- 12/1
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix execute_function so a function calling `return' will run the
- RETURN trap, if one's defined
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - fix description of RETURN trap in various places to indicate that it's
- only inherited by shell functions if function tracing is on globally
- or has been enabled for that function
- - fix documentation to indicate that the DEBUG and RETURN traps are
- inherited under the same conditions
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - a function does not inherit the RETURN trap if a DEBUG trap is
- currently running
-
- 12/2
- ----
-lib/glob/xmbsrtowcs.c
- - change xmbsrtowcs to handle the one case where malloc can fail
- (though it should not matter) -- don't try to free a null pointer
-
- 12/9
- ----
-subst.c
- - fix get_var_and_type to handle var[@], where `var' is a scalar
- variable, identically to var -- all calling expansions can now
- handle var[@] like var. Bug reported by agriffis@gentoo.org
-
- 12/10
- -----
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - make new-style "\M-x" keybindings obey `convert-meta' settings
- (bug reported by twaugh@redhat.com)
-
- 12/14
- -----
-builtins/set.def
- - added description of `-' option to help text
-
-builtins/shopt.def
- - fix bug that caused `gnu_errfmt' to not be compiled in unless
- READLINE is defined
-
- 12/16
- -----
-subst.c
- - fixed a typo in string_extract_verbatim in first call to MBLEN
- (used `slen - 1' instead of `slen - i')
-
- 12/17
- -----
-subst.c
- - avoid some calls to strlen if the value is only being used for
- ADVANCE_CHAR and MB_CUR_MAX == 1 (since ADVANCE_CHAR doesn't need
- it unless multibyte characters are possible)
- - change string_extract_verbatim so it takes the length of the string
- as a parameter, so we don't have to recompute the length of the same
- string over and over again when doing word splitting (that kills if
- it's a long string)
-
- 12/18
- -----
-subst.c
- - in string_list_dollar_star, make sure to null-terminate the
- separator if the character is longer than one byte
-
- 12/22
- -----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - changed text in quoting section explaining that double quotes do
- not prevent history expansion from taking place, and that backslashes
- escaping ! are not removed
-
- 12/28
- -----
-shell.c
- - set gnu_error_format to 1 if running under emacs. This should allow
- the emacs `next-error' stuff to work, at least for interactive shells
-
-parse.y
- - change yy_stream_get to set interrupt_immediately before calling
- getc_with_restart when the shell is interactive. This avoids the
- synchronization problem caused by the call to QUIT in read_a_line,
- which results in the first character after a SIGINT/^C to be
- dropped
-
- 12/30
- -----
-builtins/mkbuiltins.c
- - changes to write long documentation to arrays as a single string by
- default, rather than an array of strings -- enabled by default
- - new option, -S, to restore old behavior of writing multiple strings
- for long documentation
- - changes to avoid filenames written when the separate-filenames option
- (-H) has been supplied being run through gettext
-
-configure.in
- - new cofiguration option, --enable-single-help-strings (on by default),
- causes help text to be stored as a single string (or smaller set than
- one string per line)
-
-builtins/Makefile.in
- - pass `-S' to mkbuiltins if single-help-strings is turned off
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - documented new `single-help-strings' configure option
-
- 1/3/2005
- --------
-jobs.c
- - make wait_for return a non-zero status if the job or processed
- waited for is suspended. Returns 128 + stop signal. This fixes
- the problem with `echo one && sleep 5 && echo two' displaying
- `two' after the sleep is suspended
-
- 1/5
- ---
-print_cmd.c
- - change indirection_level_string so the code duplicates the first
- character of $PS4 to indicate the indirection level, rather than
- the first byte
-
- 1/8
- ---
-variables.c
- - new special variable hook function for COMP_WORDBREAKS; sets
- rl_completer_word_break_characters back to NULL when the variable
- is unset
- - change bind_variable_value to understand dynamic variables with
- assign_function set, and handle them correctly. If the variable is
- being appended to, use make_variable_value to create the new
- value
- - change bind_variable_internal to understand dynamic variables with
- assign_function set, and handle them the same way
- - RANDOM and LINENO now get the integer attribute, so appending works
- as expected
- - ditto for HISTCMD, MAILCHECK, OPTIND
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - change _rl_make_prompt_for_search to set prompt_physical_chars
- appropriately
- - rl_save_prompt and rl_restore_prompt save and restore
- prompt_prefix_length
- - change redraw_prompt to use rl_save_prompt and rl_restore_prompt
- - change rl_restore_prompt to set the `save' variables back to
- NULL/0 so code can check whether or not the prompt has been saved
- - change rl_message and rl_clear_message to save and restore the
- prompt if the caller has not already done it (using a simple
- semaphore-like variable)
- - change rl_message to call expand_prompt, so that local_prompt and
- local_prompt prefix are set before calling the redisplay functions,
- in case the prompt is longer than a screenwidth (fixes bug
- reported to debian by epl@unimelb.edu.au)
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
- - make sure to note that rl_save_prompt should be called before
- rl_message, and rl_restore_prompt before rl_clear_message
-
-pcomplete.c
- - make sure to save and restore the parser state around the call to
- execute_shell_function in gen_shell_function_matches. Fixes bug
- reported by a050106.1.keeLae3x@captaincrumb.com (cute)
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - fix _rl_dispatch_subseq in the case where we're recursing back up
- the chain (r == -2) and we encounter a key shadowed by a keymap,
- but originally bound to self-insert. Calling rl_dispatch with
- ANYOTHERKEY as the first argument will call rl_insert, but with
- ANYOTHERKEY (256) as the char to insert. Use the shadow keymap
- and set things up to dispatch to rl_insert with the shadowed key
- as the argument. Fixes the bug reported by Thomas Glanzmann
- (sithglan@stud.uni-erlangen.de)
-
- 1/13
- ----
-command.h
- - new word flag: W_HASQUOTEDNULL
-
-make_cmd.c
- - new function to allocate a WORD_DESC * without doing anything with a
- containing string: alloc_word_desc
-
-make_cmd.h
- - extern declaration for alloc_word_desc
-
-dispose_cmd.c
- - new function to just free a WORD_DESC * without freeing the contained
- string: dispose_word_desc
-
-dispose_cmd.h
- - extern declaration for dispose_word_desc
-
-subst.c
- - change some places to use alloc_word_desc
- - make same changes to word_list_quote_removal as were made to
- word_list_split
- - set W_HASQUOTEDNULL when a word is created with w->word[0] ==
- CTLNUL and w->word[1] == '\0'
-
-subst.c
- - parameter_brace_expand_word now returns a WORD_DESC * -- changed
- callers to understand
- - parameter_brace_expand_indir now returns a WORD_DESC * -- changed
- callers to understand
- - parameter_brace_expand_rhs now returns a WORD_DESC * -- changed
- callers to understand
- - remove W_HASQUOTEDNULL from a word's flags when remove_quoted_nulls
- is called on the word's enclosed string
-
- 1/15
- ----
-subst.c
- - param_expand now returns a WORD_DESC * -- changed callers to
- understand
- - parameter_brace_expand now returns a WORD_DESC * -- changed
- callers to understand
- - in expand_word_internal, only call remove_quoted_nulls after a word
- is returned with W_HASQUOTEDNULL
- - changes to pass W_HASQUOTEDNULL flag out of expand_word_internal;
- changed callers to call remove_quoted_nulls only if return value has
- W_HASQUOTEDNULL set. This is a mostly-complete fix for the
- long-standing CTLNUL confusion between a quoted null expansion and
- the expansion of a variable with a literal '\177' in its value
- - change string_list_dollar_at to compute the separator character the
- same way as string_list_dollar_star: using the already-computed
- values generated in setifs()
- - when expanding unquoted $*, if $IFS is empty, check whether or not
- we're eventually going to split the results (e.g., on the rhs of an
- assignment statement) and concatenate the positional parameters as
- if the expansion were within double quotes if we're not going to
- split
-
-tests/iquote.tests
- - test cases based on old bug reports about the quoted-null vs. 0177
- problem the recent code fixes
-
- 1/16
- ----
-dispose_cmd.c
- - set w->word to 0 before putting a WORD_DESC * back in the cache in
- dispose_word_desc; changed callers to delete those assignments
-
-variables.c
- - change assign_random and get_random_value so that the random number
- generator only gets re-seeded once in a subshell environment, and
- assigning a value to RANDOM counts as seeding the generator. This
- makes the sequences a little more predictable
-
- 1/20
- ----
-lib/readline/history.c
- - fix replace_history_entry, remove_history to return NULL if
- passed index is < 0
-
- 1/22
- ----
-lib/sh/netconn.c
- - fix isnetconn() to understand that getpeername can return ENOTCONN
- to indicate that an fd is not a socket
-
-configure.in
- - set BUILD_DIR to contain backslashes to escape any spaces in the
- directory name -- this is what make will accept in targets and
- prerequisites, so it's better than trying to use double quotes
- - set SIZE to the appropriate value if some cross-compiling tool
- chain is being used; `size' by default (can be overridden by
- SIZE environment variable)
-
-Makefile.in
- - use $(SIZE) instead of size; set SIZE from configure
-
- 1/31
- ----
-arrayfunc.c
- - in array_value_internal, return NULL right away if the variable's
- value is NULL, instead of passing a null string to add_string_to_list
-
- 2/1
- ---
-jobs.h
- - new struct to hold stats and counters for child processes and jobs
- - change some uses of global and static variables to use members of
- new struct (struct jobstats)
-
- 2/2
- ---
-
-jobs.[ch]
- - change PRUNNING to PALIVE
- - new define INVALID_JOB
- - new macro get_job_by_jid(ind), currently expands to jobs[ind]
- - new define J_JOBSTATE, operates on a JOB * like JOBSTATE operates on
- a job index
- - new function, reset_job_indices, called from delete_job if
- js.j_lastj or js.j_firstj are removed
- - change various functions to keep counters and stats in struct jobstats
-
-pcomplete.c, builtins/common.c, builtins/{exit,fg_bg,jobs,kill,wait}.def
- - change global variables (e.g., job_slots) to struct members
- (e.g., js.j_jobslots)
- - use INVALID_JOB define where appropriate
- - use get_job_by_jid and J_JOBSTATE where appropriate
-
-trap.c
- - change reset_or_restore_signal_handler to not free the exit trap
- string if the function pointer is reset_signal, which is used when
- the trap strings shouldn't be freed, like in command substitution
-
- 2/4
- ---
-jobs.c
- - new function, realloc_jobs_list, copies jobs array to newly-allocated
- memory shrinking (or growing) size to have next multiple of JOB_SLOTS
- greater than js.j_njobs
- - change compact_jobs_list to just call reap_dead_jobs and then
- realloc_jobs_list, simplifying it considerably
- - discard_pipeline now returns `int': the number of processes freed
- - slightly changed the logic deciding whether or not to call
- compact_jobs_list: now non-interactive shells will compact the
- list if it reaches MAX_JOBS_IN_ARRAY in size
-
-parse.y
- - move test for backslash-newline after pop_string in shell_getc so
- that things like
-
- ((echo 5) \
- (echo 6))
-
- work right
-
- 2/8
- ---
-jobs.h
- - new structs for holding status of exited background processes, as
- POSIX specifies
- - new job flag: J_ASYNC
-
-jobs.c
- - new functions to manipulate struct holding status of exited
- background processes
- - new members in struct jobstats to hold pointer to last created job
- and last created asynchronous job
- - initialize js.c_childmax in initialize_job_control
- - if the `async' arg to stop_pipeline is non-null, set the J_ASYNC
- flag in the job struct
- - set js.j_last_made_job and js.j_last_asynchronous_job in
- stop_pipeline
- - new function: find_last_proc, returns the PROCESS * to the last proc
- in a job's pipeline
- - changed find_last_pid to call find_last_proc
- - change delete_job to call bgp_add on the last proc of the job being
- deleted
- - change delete_all_jobs and wait_for_background_pids to call bgp_clear
-
- 2/9
- ---
-jobs.c
- - change wait_for_single_pid to look for pid in bgpids.list (using
- bgp_search()) if find_pipeline returns NULL
-
- 2/10
- ----
-support/shobj-conf
- - change the solaris-gcc stanza so that it auto-selects the appropriate
- options for ld depending on which `ld' gcc says it's going to run
-
- 2/11
- ----
-jobs.h
- - add support for PS_RECYCLED as a process state, add PRECYCLED macro
- to test it. Change PALIVE and PRUNNING macros to not count processes
- in PS_RECYCLED state
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - restore use of last_pid as sentinel value; use NO_PID as sentinel
- only if RECYCLES_PIDS is defined
-
-jobs.c
- - change find_job to return a pointer to the PROCESS the desired pid
- belongs to, analogous to find_pipeline returning pointer to JOB
- - change find_job callers to add extra argument
- - change running_only arguments to find_pipeline and find_job to
- alive_only, since we don't want recycled pids returned here and it
- better describes the result
- - new function find_process, calls find_pipeline and searches the
- returned pipeline for the PROCESS * describing the desired pid
- - in make_child, if fork() returns the same pid as the value of
- last_asynchronous_pid when RECYCLES_PIDS is defined, avoid pid
- aliasing by resetting last_asynchronous_pid to 1
- - use PRUNNING instead of child->running, since we, for the most
- part, don't want to consider recycled pids (e.g., in make_child())
- - call find_process instead of find_pipeline in waitchld()
- - use PEXITED(p) instead of testing p->running == PS_DONE
- - in make_child, call bgp_delete to remove a just-created pid from the
- last of saved pid statuses
- - in add_process, check whether or not pid being added is already in
- the_pipeline or the jobs list (using find_process) and mark it as
- recycled if so
- - This set of fixes mostly came from Pierre Humblet
- <pierre.humblet@ieee.org> to fix pid aliasing and reuse problems on
- cygwin
-
-variables.c
- - set $_ from the environment if we get it there, set to $0 by
- default if not in env
-
-doc/{bashref.texi,bash.1}
- - a couple of clarifying changes to the description of $_ based on
- comments from Glenn Morris <gmorris+mail@ast.cam.ac.uk>
-
- 2/15
- ----
-shell.c
- - use strstr instead of strmatch when checking whether $EMACS contains
- `term' -- simpler and faster
-
- 2/18
- ----
-builtins/cd.def
- - implement posix requirement that `pwd -P' set $PWD to a directory
- name containing no symlinks
- - add new function, setpwd(), just sets (and changes exported value)
- of PWD
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - add note to posix mode section about pwd -P setting $PWD
-
-doc{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - added note that BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV are only set in extended
- debug mode
- - expand description of extdebug option to include everything changed
- by extended debug mode
-
- 2/19
- ----
-pathexp.h
- - new flag macro, FNMATCH_IGNCASE, evaluates to FNM_CASEFOLD if the
- match_ignore_case variable is non-zero
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - new variable, match_ignore_case
- - change call to strmatch() in execute_case_command so it includes
- FNMATCH_IGNCASE
-
-test.c
- - change call to strmatch() in patcomp() so that pattern matching
- calls for [[ ... ]] obey the match_ignore_case variable
-
-lib/sh/shmatch.c
- - if match_ignore_case is set, enable REG_ICASE in the regexp match
- flags
-
-builtins/shopt.def
- - new settable option, `nocasematch', controls the match_ignore_case
- variable. Currently alters pattern matching for case and [[ ... ]]
- commands (==, !=, and =~ operators)
-
-doc/{bashref.texi,bash.1}
- - updated descriptions of [[ and case to include reference to
- nocasematch option
-
- 2/22
- ----
-builtins/mkbuiltins.c
- - add `times' to the list of posix special builtins
-
- 2/23
- ----
-builtins/cd.def
- - posix mode no longer turns on effect of -P option on $PWD if a
- directory is chosen from CDPATH
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - clarified that in posix mode, reserved words are not alias expanded
- only in a reserved word context
- - removed item about cd, $CDPATH, and -P from posix mode section
-
- 2/24
- ----
-builtins/reserved.def
- - minor cleanups to the description of `if'
-
- 3/2
- ---
-subst.c
- - change list_string and get_word_from_string to explicitly treat an
- IFS character that is not space, tab, or newline *and any adjacent
- IFS white space* as a single delimiter, as SUSv3/XPG6 says
-
-builtins/read.def
- - check whether or not the number of fields is exactly the same as
- the number of variables instead of just assigning the rest of the
- line (minus any trailing IFS white space) to the last variable.
- This parses a field and checks whether or not it consumes all of
- the input (including any trailing field delimiters), falling back
- to the previous behavior if it does not. This is what POSIX.2
- specifies, I believe (and the consensus of the austin-group list).
- This requires a few tests in read.tests to be changed: backslashes
- escaping IFS whitespace characters at the end of input cause the
- whitespace characters to be preserved in the value assigned to the
- variable, and the trailing non-whitespace field delimiter issue
-
- 3/7
- ---
-configure.in
- - add -D_POSIX_SOURCE to the LOCAL_CFLAGS for Interix
-
- 3/8
- ---
-bashline.c
- - make bash_directory_expansion a void function, since it doesn't have
- any return value
-
- 3/9
- ---
-builtins/read.def
- - when testing for a pipe, use `fd' instead of hard-coding 0, since we
- can read from other file descriptors now
-
-lib/sh/zread.c
- - in zsyncfd, only set lind and lused to 0 if the lseek succeeds.
- If the lseek fails, we might steal input from other programs, but
- a failed lseek won't cause us to erroneously discard input
-
- 3/11
- ----
-builtins/evalstring.c
- - don't allow parse_and_execute to short-circuit and call exec() if
- the command's return value is being inverted
-
- 3/15
- ----
-builtins/printf.def
- - new macro PC to call putchar and increment number of chars printed -
- fixes bug in computation of value for %n format char
- - `tw' is now a global var so printstr can modify it using PC()
- - convert PF macro to use asprintf into a local buffer
- Preparation for printf -v var
- - add code to add the text printed to a `variable buffer' if -v option
- supplied. The buffer grows as needed
- - printf now takes a `-v var' option to put the output into the variable
- VAR rather than sending it to stdout. It does not:
- print partial output on error (e.g., format string error)
- handle NULs in the variable value, as usual
-
- 3/16
- ----
-parse.y
- - fix bug in prompt string decoding that caused a core dump when PS1
- contained \W and PWD was unset (null pointer deref)
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - changed -v var behavior so it stores partial output into the named
- variable upon an error
-
- 3/24
- ----
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - bool_to_int now takes a `const char *' argument
-
-support/{printenv,recho,zecho}.c
- - include config.h
- - include "bashansi.h" for appropriate extern function declarations
-
-configure.in
- - on MacOS X 10.4, compensate for loader not allowing static library
- to override existing system dynamic library when compiling -dynamic
- (affects readline and history libraries); so use absolute pathname
- instead of -lreadline as library name
-
-lib/glob/{glob,sm_loop,smatch}.c
- - make sure to cast arguments to (char *) or (unsigned char *) as
- appropriate to avoid gcc4 warnings
-
-lib/glob/smatch.c
- - collsym (single-byte version) now takes a (CHAR *) first argument to
- match callers; cast argument to strncmp appropriately
-
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - fix ldfallback and dfallback to handle width and precision specs in
- the format passed to sprintf()
- - fix STAR_ARGS macro to deal with negative field widths and precisions
-
- 3/25
- ----
-builtins/printf.def
- - since a negative precision in a "x.x[fFgGeE]" format specifier should
- be allowed but treated as if the precision were missing, let it
- through
-
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - fix * code to deal with a negative precision by treating it as if
- the `.' and any digit string in the precision had not been specified
- - fix format parsing code to deal with a negative inline precision,
- e.g., "%4.-4f" by treating it as if the `'. and any digit string in
- the precision had not been specified
- - a `+' in a format specifier should only act as a flag if it comes
- before a `.' (otherwise it is ignored)
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - new function, rl_vi_rubout, to rl_rubout as rl_vi_delete is to
- rl_delete; saves deleted text for possible reinsertion as with any
- vi-mode `text modification' command (fixes problem with `X' reported
- by beat.wieland@gmx.ch)
-
-lib/readline/vi_keymap.c
- - bind `X' in vi command mode to rl_vi_rubout
-
-lib/readline/funmap.c
- - add a bindable `vi-rubout' command, runs rl_vi_rubout
-
-lib/readline/text.c
- - rewrote internals of _rl_rubout_char to make structure cleaner
-
-lib/readline/{complete,text}.c
- - changed code to remove #ifdef HANDLE_MULTIBYTE where possible
-
- 3/28
- ----
-lib/readline/examples/rl.c
- - include <sys/stat.h> instead of posixstat.h if READLINE_LIBRARY not
- defined
-
-subst.c
- - fix mbstrlen to treat invalid multibyte sequences as sequences of
- single-byte characters
-
- 4/8
- ---
-configure.in
- - default SIZE to `:' if cross-compiling and an appropriate size for
- the target is not found
-
- 4/11
- ----
-subst.c
- - change match_upattern and match_wpattern to check whether or not the
- supplied pattern matches anywhere in the supplied string, prefixing
- and appending the pattern with `*' if necessary. If it doesn't we
- can short-circuit immediately rather than waste time doing up to
- N-1 unsuccessful calls to strmatch/wcsmatch (which kills for long
- strings, even if the pattern is short)
-
- 4/12
- ----
-configure.in
- - make sure the special case for MacOS X 10.4 only kicks in if the
- `--with-installed-readline' option isn't supplied
-
-lib/readline/{callback,readline,signals}.c
- - make sure rl_prep_term_function and rl_deprep_term_function aren't
- dereferenced if NULL (as the documentation says)
-
-builtins/mkbuiltins.c
- - don't bother with the special HAVE_BCOPY code; just use straight
- assignments
-
-builtins/ulimit.def
- - use _POSIX_PIPE_BUF in pipesize() if it's defined and PIPE_BUF is
- not
-
- 4/13
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - add cm_function_def to the list of control structures for which
- child processes are forked when pipes come in or out
-
- 4/14
- ----
-builtins/read.def
- - make sure the ^As added for internal quoting are not counted as
- characters read when -n is supplied
-
- 4/20
- ----
-redir.c
- - fix redir_open so that the repeat open on failure that AFS support
- adds restores the correct value of errno for any error message
-
- 4/26
- ----
-
-Makefile.in
- - make sure mksignames and mksyntax are invoked with the $(EXEEXT)
- extension
-
- 4/28
- ----
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - new state variable: RL_STATE_CALLBACK, means readline is using the
- callback interface
-
-lib/readline/callback.c
- - set RL_STATE_CALLBACK in rl_callback_handler_install, unset in
- rl_callback_handler_remove
-
- 4/29
- ----
-config-top.h
- - DONT_REPORT_SIGPIPE is now on by default, since it apparently
- interferes with scripts
-
-configure.in
- - arrange things so PGRP_PIPE is defined on Linux-2.4+ and version 3
- kernels (ones that apparently schedule children to run before their
- parent)
-
- 4/30
- ----
-builtins/caller.def
- - add call to no_options, so it can handle `--' option
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - note explicitly that test, :, true, and false don't understand --
- as meaning the end of options
-
- 5/7
- ---
-support/shobj-conf
- - darwin 8 needs the same LDFLAGS setting as darwin 7
-
-parse.y
- - in save_parser_state, make sure we cast the return value from
- xmalloc() to the right type
- - remove casts to (char *) in calls to yyerror()
-
-lib/readline/signals.c
- - make SIGQUIT and SIGALRM code conditional on their definition
- - use raise() to send a signal if we don't have kill()
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - some MS-DOS and MINGW changes from the cygwin and mingw folks
-
-config.h.in
- - add HAVE_PWD_H for <pwd.h>
- - add HAVE_FCNTL, HAVE_KILL for respective system calls
- - add HAVE_GETPW{ENT,NAM,UID} for passwd functions
-
-configure.in
- - add check for <pwd.h>
- - add checks for fcntl, kill system calls
- - add checks for getpw{ent,nam,uid} C library functions
- - pass a flag indicating we're cross compiling through to
- CFLAGS_FOR_BUILD in Makefile.in
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - guard inclusion of <pwd.h> with HAVE_PWD_H
- - don't provide a missing declaration for getpwent if we don't have it
- - guard calls to {get,end}pwent with HAVE_GETPWENT
-
-lib/readline/shell.c
- - guard inclusion of <pwd.h> with HAVE_PWD_H
- - guard inclusion of <fcntl.h> with HAVE_FCNTL_H
- - don't provide a missing declaration for getpwuid if we don't have it
- - guard calls to getpwuid with HAVE_GETPWUID
- - don't bother with body of sh_unset_nodelay_mode if we don't have
- fcntl
-
-lib/tilde/tilde.c
- - guard inclusion of <pwd.h> with HAVE_PWD_H
- - guard calls to getpw{nam,uid} with HAVE_GETPW{NAM,UID}
- - guard calls to {get,end}pwent with HAVE_GETPWENT
-
-Makefile.in,builtins/Makefile.in
- - @CROSS_COMPILE@ is substituted into CFLAGS_FOR_BUILD (equal to
- -DCROSS_COMPILING if bash is being cross-compiled)
-
- 5/9
- ---
-aclocal.m4
- - print version as `0.0' in RL_LIB_READLINE_VERSION if the
- `rl_gnu_readline_p' variable isn't 1 (accept no imitations)
-
- 5/11
- ----
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - definition of a readline `search context', to be use for incremental
- search initially and other types of search later. Original from
- Bob Rossi as part of work on incremental searching problems when
- using callback interface
-
-lib/readline/isearch.c
- - functions to allocate and free search contexts
- - function to take a search context and a character just read and
- `dispatch' on it: change search parameters, add to search string,
- search further, etc.
- - isearch is now completely context-driven: a search context is
- allocated and passed to the rest of the functions
-
- 5/12
- ----
-lib/readline/isearch.c
- - an additional `isearch cleanup' function that can be called from
- the callback interface functions when the search is to be terminated
- - an additional `isearch callback' function that can be called from
- rl_callback_read_char when input is available
- - short-circuit from rl_search_history after initialization if
- the callback interface is being used
-
-lib/readline/callback.c
- - in rl_callback_read_char(), if RL_STATE_ISEARCH is set, call
- _rl_isearch_callback to read the character and dispatch on it.
- If RL_STATE_ISEARCH is unset when that call returns, and there is
- input pending, call rl_callback_read_char() again so we don't
- have to wait for new input to pick it up
-
-support/shobj-conf,configure.in
- - add support for dragonfly bsd, the same as freebsd
-
- 5/13-5/15
- ---------
-lib/readline/callback.c
- - support for readline functions to `register' a function that will
- be called when more input is available, with a generic data
- structure to encapsulate the arguments and parameters. Primarily
- intended for functions that read a single additional character,
- like quoted-insert
- - support for callback code reading numeric arguments in a loop,
- using readline state and an auxiliary variable
- - support for callback code performing non-incremental searches using
- the same search context struct as the isearch code
-
-lib/readline/{callback,display}.c
- - if a callback function sets `_rl_redisplay_wanted', the redisplay
- function will be called as soon as it returns
-
-lib/readline/input.c
- - changes to _rl_read_mbchar to handle reading the null multibyte
- character and translating it into '\0'
-
-lib/readline/misc.c
- - break rl_digit_loop() into component functions that can be called
- individually from the callback code more easily
- - share some of the functions with rl_digit_loop1() in vi_mode.c
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - change the version #defines to reflect readline 5.1
-
-lib/readline/search.c
- - break code into smaller functions that can be composed to work with
- the callback code more easily
-
-lib/readline/text.c
- - in rl_quoted_insert(), don't mess around with the tty signals if
- running in `callback mode'
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - changed set-mark, goto-mark, change-char, and char-search to work
- when called by callback functions
-
- 5/17
- ----
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - new struct declaration for a `reading key sequence' context
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - new variable, _rl_dispatching_keymap, keeps track of which keymap
- we are currently searching
- - functions to allocate and deallocate contexts for reading multi-char
- key sequences
-
- 5/18
- ----
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - new struct defining a context for multiple-key key sequences (the
- base case is escape-prefixed commands)
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - change structure of _rl_dispatch_subseq to allow for callback code
- to use it - rudimentary support for supporting the existing
- recursion using a stack of contexts, each with a reference to the
- previous
- - fix so that ^G works when in callback mode
-
-lib/readline/callback.c
- - call the appropriate multiple-key sequence callback if the state is
- set
-
- 5/19
- ----
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - broke code from _readline_internal_char after call to rl_dispatch
- out into separate function: _rl_internal_char_cleanup, callable by
- other parts of the code
- - change _rl_internal_char_cleanup to unset _rl_want_redisplay after
- it calls (*rl_redisplay_func)
-
-lib/readline/callback.c
- - call _rl_internal_char_cleanup from rl_callback_read_char when
- appropriate
-
- 5/24
- ----
-lib/readline/callback.c
- - use _rl_dispatch_callback and a chain of _rl_keyseq_contexts to
- simulate the recursion used to decode multicharacter key sequences
- (even things like ESC- as meta-prefix)
- - call setjmp in rl_callback_read_char to give things like rl_abort
- a place to jump, since the saved location in readline() will not
- be valid
- - keep calling _rl_dispatch_callback from rl_callback_read_char while
- we are still decoding a multi-key key sequence
- - keep calling readline_internal_char from rl_callback_read_char while
- we are reading characters from a macro
-
-lib/readline/macro.c
- - use a slightly different strategy upon encountering the end of a macro
- when using the callback interface: when the last character of a
- macro is read, and we are reading a command, pop the macro off the
- stack immediately so the loop in rl_callback_read_char terminates
- when it should
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - if longjmp() is called and we end up at the saved location while
- using the callback interface, just return -- don't go back into a
- blocking read
- - new function to dispose a chain of rl_keyseq_cxts
- - only read new input in _rl_dispatch_callback if the KSEQ_DISPATCHED
- flag is not set in the current keyseq context -- if it is, we are
- traversing the chain back up and should use what we already saved
- - use -3 as a magic value from _rl_dispatch_subseq to indicate that
- we're allocating a new context and moving downward in the chain
- (a special return value for the benefit of _rl_dispatch_callback)
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - new extern declaration for _rl_keyseq_chain_dispose
-
- 6/1
- ---
-builtins/read.def
- - fixed a bug that occurred when reading a set number of chars and
- the nth char is a backslash (read one too many). Bug reported by
- Chris Morgan <chmorgan@gmail.com>
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix execute_builtin so the `unset' builtin also operates on the
- temporary environment in POSIX mode (as well as source and eval),
- so that unsetting variables in the temporary environment doesn't
- leave them set when unset completes. Report by Eric Blake
- <ebb9@byu.net>
-
-array.c
- - fix from William Park for array_rshift when shifting right on an
- empty array -- corrects calculation of array->max_index
-
-builtins/exec.def
- - if an exec fails and the execfail option is set, don't call
- restart_job_control unless the shell is interactive or job_control
- is set
-
-jobs.c
- - add a run-time check for WCONTINUED being defined in header files
- but rejected with EINVAL by waitpid(). Fix from Maciej Rozycki
- <macro@linux-mips.org>
-
- 6/20
- ----
-bashhist.c
- - make sure calls to sv_histchars are protected by #ifdef BANG_HISTORY
- - ditto for calls to history_expand_line_internal
-
- 6/23
- ----
-doc/bashref.texi
- - remove extra blank lines in @menu constructs
-
-variables.c
- - assign export_env to environ (extern char **) every time it changes
- (mostly in add_to_export_env define), so maybe getenv will work on
- systems that don't allow it to be replaced
-
- 6/29
- ----
-bashline.c
- - in bash_directory_completion_hook, be careful about not turning `/'
- into `//' and `//' into `///' for benefit of those systems that treat
- `//' as some sort of `network root'. Fix from Eric Blake
- <ebb9@byu.net>
-
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - in to_print, do the right thing after stripping the trailing slash
- from full_pathname: // doesn't turn into /, and /// doesn't become
- //. Fix from Eric Blake <ebb9@byu.net>
-
- 6/30
- ----
-lib/malloc/trace.c
- - include <unistd.h> if it's available for a definition of size_t
-
-jobs.c
- - in wait_for, if a child process is marked as running but waitpid()
- returns -1/ECHILD (e.g., when the bash process is being traced by
- strace), make sure to increment c_reaped when marking the child as
- dead
- - in without_job_control, make sure to close the pgrp pipe after
- calling start_pipeline
-
- 7/1
- ---
-Makefile.in
- - only remove pathnames.h when the other files created by running
- configure are removed (e.g., Makefile). Fix from William Park
-
-lib/sh/shquote.c
- - since backslash-newline disappears when within double quotes, don't
- add a backslash in front of a newline in sh_double_quote. Problem
- reported by William Park
-
-jobs.c
- - in notify_of_job_status, don't print status messages about
- terminated background processes unless job control is active
-
-bashhist.c
- - new variable, hist_last_line_pushed, set to 0 in really_add_history
- (used by `history -s' code)
-
-bashhist.h
- - new extern declaration for history -s
-
-builtins/history.def
- - don't remove last history entry in push_history if it was added by
- a call to push_history -- use hist_last_line_pushed as a sentinel
- and set it after adding history entry. This allows multiple
- calls to history -s to work right: adding all lines to the history
- rather than deleting all but the last. Bug reported by Matthias
- Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de>
- - pay attention to hist_last_line_pushed in expand_and_print_history()
- so we don't delete an entry pushed by history -s
-
- 7/4
- ---
-print_cmd.c
- - fix print_arith_for_command to not print so many blanks between
- expressions in ((...))
-
-command.h
- - new word flag: W_DQUOTE. Means word should be treated as if double
- quoted
-
-make_cmd.c
- - add W_DQUOTE to word flags in make_arith_for_expr
-
-parse.y
- - add W_DQUOTE to word flags for (( ... )) arithmetic commands
-
-subst.c
- - don't perform tilde expansion on a word with W_DQUOTE flag set
- - don't perform process substitution on a word with W_DQUOTE flag set
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - expand an array index within [...] the same way as an arithmetic
- expansion between (( ... ))
-
-lib/readline/input.c
- - use getch() instead of read() on mingw
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - add a few key bindings for the arrow keys on mingw
-
-lib/readline/rldefs.h
- - if on mingw, define NO_TTY_DRIVER
-
-lib/readline/rltty.c
- - compile in the stub functions for _rl_{disable,restore}_tty_signals
- if on mingw
- - compile in stub function for rl_restart_output on mingw
- - make sure enough functions and macros are defined to compile if
- NO_TTY_DRIVER is defined (lightly tested - builds on MacOS X, at
- least)
-
- 7/7
- ---
-command.h
- - add a `flags' member to the PATTERN_LIST structure
-
-make_cmd.c
- - intialize the `flags' member of a PATTERN_LIST when it's created
-
-builtins/psize.c
- - protect extern declaration of errno with usual #ifdef errno
-
-configure.in, variables.c
- - changes for QNX 6.x
-
- 7/9
- ---
-parse.y
- - fix parse_matched_pair to handle single and double quoted strings
- inside old-style command substitution (``) since they can each
- quote the ` and embedded $-expansions. Report by Eric Blake
- <ebb9@byu.net>
-
-{configure,Makefile}.in
- - TILDE_LIB is now substituted into Makefile by configure
-
-configure.in
- - if configuring --with-installed-readline on cygwin, set TILDE_LIB
- to the empty string to avoid multiply-defined symbols. Cygwin
- doesn't allow undefined symbols in dynamic libraries. Report by
- Eric Blake <ebb9@byu.net>
-
- 7/11
- ----
-input.c
- - in duplicate_buffered_stream, don't call free_buffered_stream if the
- two buffered streams share the same b_buffer object (e.g., if they
- had already been duplicated with a previous call). Fixes Debian bug
- reported by eero17@bigfoot.com
-
- 7/12
- ----
-shell.c
- - make set_shell_name more resistant to a NULL argument
- - in bind_args, use < instead of != when counting the arguments and
- making the arg list
- - in main(), make sure arg_index is not initialized to a value greater
- than argc
-
- 7/14
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - in expand_prompt, don't set the location of the last invisible
- char if the sequence is zero length (\[\])
-
- 7/15
- ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - document that the shell uses $TMPDIR when creating temporary files
-
- 7/20
- ----
-[bash-3.1-alpha1 frozen]
-
- 7/29
- ----
-builtins/evalstring.c
- - make sure that parse_and_execute saves and restores the value of
- loop_level, so loops in sourced scripts and eval'd strings don't
- mess up the shell's parser state
-
-bashline.c
- - change command_subst_completion_function to suppress appending
- any character to a unique completion, instead of a space, unless
- the last word in the quoted command substitution completes to a
- directory name. In that case we append the expected slash
-
- 8/1
- ---
-builtins/printf.def
- - make sure variables are initialized if their values are tested later
-
-[bash-3.1-alpha1 updated and re-frozen]
-
- 8/2
- ---
-variables.c
- - make sure to call stifle_history with an `int' instead of an intmax_t.
- Sometimes it makes a difference
-
- 8/3
- ---
-[bash-3.1-alpha1 released]
-
-support/mksignames.c
- - add `SIGSTKFLT' (RHE3)
- - add `SIGXRES' (Solaris 9)
-
- 8/4
- ---
-builtins/ulimit.def
- - fix typo to make `x' the right option for locks
- - add new options to short help synopsis
-
-variables.c
- - use get_variable_value instead of direct reference to value_cell
- in make_variable_value when appending to the current value, so
- references to array variables without subscripts will be equivalent
- to element 0
-
-lib/readline/text.c
- - rewrote rl_change_case to correctly change the case of multibyte
- characters where appropriate
-
- 8/5
- ---
-configure.in
- - remove call to obsolete macro AC_ACVERSION
- - remove special calls to AC_CYGWIN and AC_MINGW32; AC_CANONICAL_HOST
- takes care of those cases
-
-general.h
- - include `chartypes.h' for definition of ISALPHA
- - fix definitions of ABSPATH and RELPATH for cygwin
- - fix definition of ISDIRSEP for cygwin to allow backslash as a
- directory name separator
-
- 8/9
- ---
-builtins/setattr.def
- - when setting a variable from the temporary environment in
- set_var_attribute (e.g., `LC_ALL=C export LC_ALL'), make sure to
- call stupidly_hack_special_variables after binding the variable in
- the current context
-
-builtins/printf.def
- - make sure to call stupidly_hack_special_variables if using `printf -v'
- to put formatted output in a shell variable
-
- 8/11
- ----
-support/shobj-conf
- - new variable: SHLIB_LIBPREF, prefix for shared library name (defaults
- to `lib'
- - new variable: SHLIB_DLLVERSION, used on Cygwin to set the library
- version number
- - new variable: SHLIB_DOT, separator character between library name and
- suffix and version information (defaults to `.')
- - new stanza for cygwin to generate windows-compatible dll
-
- 8/14
- ----
-variables.c
- - new special variable function for Cygwin, so the export environment
- is remade when HOME is changed. The environment is the only way to
- get information from the shell to cygwin dlls, for instanace, when
- bash is compiled to use an already-installed libreadline
-
-variables.h
- - new extern declaration for sv_home
-
- 8/15
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - call init_line_structures from rl_redisplay if vis_lbreaks == 0
- to avoid consequences of a poorly-timed SIGWINCH
-
- 8/16
- ----
-subst.c
- - fix logic for performing tilde expansion when in posix mode (don't
- rely on W_TILDEEXP flag always being set, because it won't be when
- expanding the RHS of assignment statement). Use W_TILDEEXP only
- when deciding to expand a word marked as W_ASSIGNMENT that doesn't
- precede a command name
-
- 8/17
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - in execute_function, when subshell == 1, don't short-cut by using
- the command contained in the group command -- if you do, any
- redirections attached to the group command (function) don't get
- executed
-
-general.h
- - new #define, FS_READABLE, indicates file is readable by current
- user
-
-findcmd.c
- - rewrote file_status to use S_xxx POSIX file mode bits and to add
- support for FS_READABLE (affects ./source and searching $PATH for
- scripts whose names are supplied as arguments on the command line)
- - change find_path_file to look for readable files -- source requires
- it
- - change find_in_path_element to do the right thing when FS_READABLE
- is supplied as a flag
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - remove note about posix non-compliance in `.': we now require and
- look for readable files when searching $PATH
-
- 8/20
- ----
-subst.c
- - fix setifs to handle case where passed variable is non-zero but
- v->value == 0 (as in an unset local variable); treat IFS as unset
- in this case
-
-jobs.c
- - in kill_pid, if asked to killpg a process or pgrp whose pgrp is
- recorded as the same as the shell's, just call killpg and let the
- chips fall where they may -- there may be other processes in that
- pgrp that are not children of the shell, so killing each process
- in the pipeline will not do a complete job, and killpg'ing each
- such process will send too many signals in the majority of cases
-
-builtins/cd.def
- - in posix mode, pwd needs to check that the value it prints and `.'
- are the same file
-
-builtins/read.def
- - if reading input from stdin in a non-interactive shell and calling
- `read', call sync_buffered_stream to seek backward in the input
- stream if necessary (XXX - should we do this for all shell builtins?)
-
- 8/23
- ----
-builtins/cd.def
- - in posix mode, if canonicalization of the absolute pathname fails
- because the path length exceeds PATH_MAX, but the length of the passed
- (non-absolute) pathname does not, attempt the chdir, just as when
- not in posix mode
-
-builtins/type.def
- - don't have describe_command call sh_makepath if the full path found
- is already an absolute pathname (sh_makepath will stick $PWD onto the
- front of it)
-
- 8/24
- ----
-
-jobs.c
- - in posix mode, don't have start_job print out and indication of
- whether the job started by `bg' is the current or previous job
- - change start_job to return success if a job to be resumed in the
- background is already running. This means that bg won't fail when
- asked to bg a background job, as SUSv3/XPG6 requires
- - new function, init_job_stats, to zero out the global jobstats struct
-
-{jobs,nojobs}.c
- - change kill_pid to handle pids < -1 by killing process groups
-
-jobs.h
- - extern declaration for init_job_stats
-
-lib/readline/history.c
- - check whether or not the history list is null in remove_history
-
-builtins/history.def
- - delete_last_history is no longer static so fc builtin can use it
-
-builtins/fc.def
- - use free_history_entry in fc_replhist instead of freeing struct
- members individually
- - call delete_last_history from fc_replhist instead of using inline
- code
- - if editing (-l not specified), make sure the fc command that caused
- the editing is removed from the history list, as POSIX specifies
-
-builtins/kill.def
- - just call kill_pid with any pid argument and let it handle pids < -1
- This is the only way to let kill_pid know whether a negative pid or
- a job spec was supplied as an argument to kill
-
-builtins/fg_bg.def
- - force fg_bg to return EXECUTION_SUCCESS explicitly if called by bg
- and start_job returns successfully
- - bg now returns success only if all the specified jobs were resumed
- successfully
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - call init_job_stats from initialize_subshell to zero out the global
- job stats structure
-
- 8/25
- ----
-bashline.c
- - change vi_edit_and_execute_command to just call vi when in posix
- mode, instead of checking $FCEDIT and $EDITOR
-
-lib/readline/search.c
- - if in vi_mode, call rl_free_undo_list in make_history_line_current
- to dispose of undo list accumulated while reading the search string
- (if this isn't done, since vi mode leaves the current history
- position at the entry which matched the search, the call to
- rl_revert_line in rl_internal_teardown will mangle the matched
- history entry using a bogus rl_undo_list)
- - call rl_free_undo_list after reading a non-incremental search string
- into rl_line_buffer -- that undo list should be discarded
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - add UNDO_LIST * member to search context struct
-
-lib/readline/isearch.c
- - initialize UNDO_LIST *save_undo_list member of search context struct
-
- 8/27
- ----
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - change rl_parse_and_bind to strip whitespace from the end of a
- variable value assignment before calling rl_variable_bind
-
-doc/bash.1,lib/readline/doc/{rluser.texi,readline.3}
- - clarified the language concerning parsing values for boolean
- variables in assignment statements
-
- 8/28
- ----
-lib/sh/pathphys.c
- - fix small memory leak in sh_realpath reported by Eric Blake
-
- 8/31
- ----
-doc/bashref.texi
- - add additional notes to posix mode section
-
- 9/3
- ---
-parse.y
- - if $'...' occurs within a ${...} parameter expansion within
- double quotes, don't single-quote the expanded result -- the double
- quotes will cause it to be expanded incorrectly
-
- 9/4
- ---
-builtins/fc.def
- - if STRICT_POSIX is defined, the posix mode default for the editor to
- use is $FCEDIT, then ed
-
-shell.c
- - if STRICT_POSIX is defined, initialize `posixly_correct' to 1
-
-config.h.in
- - add #undef STRICT_POSIX
-
- 9/5
- ---
-configure.in
- - add new option argument, --enable-strict-posix-default, configures
- bash to be posix-conformant (including defaulting echo to posix
- conformance) by default
-
-builtins/echo.def
- - if STRICT_POSIX is defined, default echo to xpg-style
-
-doc/bashref.texi
- - describe the --enable-strict-posix-default option to configure
-
- 9/10
- ----
-builtins/mkbuiltins.c
- - change to not generate N_(""), because the translated empty string is
- special to GNU gettext
-
- 9/13
- ----
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - a negative value for rl_completion_query_items means to not ask
-
-lib/readline/doc/{{rltech,rluser}.texi,readline.3}
- - documented new semantics for rl_completion_query_items/
- completion-query-items
-
- 9/14
- ----
-bashline.c
- - bind M-TAB in emacs mode to dynamic-complete-history even if the
- current binding is `tab-insert' (which is what it is by default),
- not just if it's unbound
-
- 9/15
- ----
-eval.c
- - call QUIT before calling dispose_command on current_command after
- the `exec_done' label. If we dispose current_command first, the
- longjmp might restore the value of current_command after we've
- disposed it, and the subsequent call to dispose_command from the
- DISCARD case will free memory twice
-
- 9/16
- ----
-lib/sh/strto[iu]max.c
- - make sure the function being declared is not a cpp define before
- defining it -- should fix problems on HP-UX
-
- 9/19
- ----
-Makefile.in
- - make sure the binaries for the tests are at the front of $PATH
-
- 9/22
- ----
-parse.y
- - new flag for parse_matched_pair: P_COMMAND, indicating that the
- text being parsed is a command (`...`, $(...))
- - change calls to parse_matched_pair to include P_COMMAND where
- appropriate
- - if P_COMMAND flag is set and the text is unquoted, check for comments
- and don't try to parse embedded quoted strings if in a comment (still
- not exactly right yet)
-
- 9/24
- ----
-builtins/history.def
- - if running history -n, don't count these new lines as history lines
- for the current session if the `histappend' shell option is set.
- If we're just appending to the history file, the issue that caused
- history_lines_this_session to be recalculated doesn't apply -- the
- history file won't be missing any entries
-
-lib/readline/isearch.c
- - fix C-w handler for isearch string reader to handle multibyte chars
-
-lib/readline/rlmbutil.h
- - new defines for _rl_to_wupper and _rl_to_wlower
-
-lib/readline/text.c
- - use _rl_to_wupper and _rl_to_wlower as appropriate
-
- 9/26
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - in shell_execve, if the exec fails due to E2BIG or ENOMEM, just print
- the appropriate error message instead of checking out any interpreter
- specified with #!
-
- 9/30
- ----
-bashhist.c
- - make $HISTCMD available anytime remember_on_history is non-zero,
- which indicates that we're saving commands to the history, and
- let it evaluate to 1 if we're not
-
- 10/4
- ----
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - in floating(), make sure d != 0 before calling chkinfnan -- gcc on the
- version of Solaris 9 I have translates 0 to -inf on the call
-
-[bash-3.1-beta1 frozen]
-
- 10/6
- ----
-jobs.c
- - set the_pipeline to NULL right away in cleanup_the_pipeline, and
- dispose a copy of the pointer so we don't mess with the_pipeline
- while we're in the process of destroying it
- - block and unblock SIGCHLD around manipulating the_pipeline in
- cleanup_the_pipeline
-
- 10/7
- ----
-[bash-3.1-beta1 released]
-
-lib/readline/isearch.c
- - when switching directions, make sure we turn off the SF_REVERSE
- flag in the search context's flags word if we're going from reverse
- to forward i-search
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - new function, rl_variable_value, returns a string representing a
- bindable readline variable's value
- - new auxiliary function, _rl_get_string_variable_value, encapsulates
- everything needed to get a bindable string variable's value
- - rewrote rl_variable_dumper to use _rl_get_string_variable_value
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - new extern declaration for rl_variable_value
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
- - documented rl_variable_value
-
-bashline.c
- - in command_word_completion_function, if readline sets
- rl_completion_found_quote, but doesn't set rl_completion_quote_character,
- we have an embedded quoted string or backslash-escaped character in
- the passed text. We need to dequote that before calling
- filename_completion_function. So far, this is in place only for
- absolute program names (those containing a `/')
- - in command_word_completion_function, use rl_variable_value to decide
- whether or not we should ignore case, and use strncasecmp instead of
- strncmp where appropriate
-
- 10/11
- -----
-builtins/fc.def
- - fixed a typo when using POSIX_FC_EDIT_COMMAND
-
-redir.h
- - new flag values for redirections: RX_INTERNAL and RX_USER (currently
- unused)
-
-redir.c
- - add_undo_redirect and add_undo_close_redirect now set RX_INTERNAL
- flag when making new redirects
- - in do_redirection_internal, only set file descriptors > 2 to CLEXEC
- if they're marked as RX_INTERNAL
-
- 10/12
- -----
-jobs.c
- - in wait_for_single_pid, if in posix mode, remove the waited-for pid
- from the list of background pids, forgetting it entirely. POSIX
- conformance tests test for this.
-
-lib/readline/{readline.h,vi_mode.c}
- - new state flag, RL_STATE_VICMDONCE, set after entering vi command
- mode the first time; reset on each call to readline()
-
- 10/13
- -----
-lib/readline/undo.c
- - in rl_revert_line, make sure that revert-line in vi mode leaves
- rl_point set to 0 no matter the state of the line buffer
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - when entering vi_command mode for the first time, free any existing
- undo list so the previous insertions won't be undone by the `U'
- command. This is how POSIX.2 says `U' should work (and the test
- suite tests for it)
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - change rl_parse_and_bind so only `set' commands involving boolean
- readline variables have trailing whitespace stripped from the value
- string
-
- 10/16
- -----
-lib/glob/sm_loop.c
- - fix patscan() to correctly scan backslash-escaped characters
-
- 10/18
- -----
-lib/sh/{winsize.c,Makefile.in},{jobs,nojobs}.c,Makefile.in,externs.h
- - moved get_new_window_size from jobs.c/nojobs.c to new file,
- lib/sh/winsize.c, made function global
-
-{jobs,nojobs,sig}.c,{jobs,sig}.h
- - moved SIGWINCH handling code to sig.c rather than duplicate it in
- jobs.c and nojobs.c
- - call set_sigwinch_handler from sig.c code rather than job control
- signal initialization
-
-sig.[ch]
- - new variable, sigwinch_received, acts like interrupt_state for
- SIGWINCH, set by sigwinch_sighandler. sigwinch_sighandler no longer
- calls get_new_window_size
-
-parse.y
- - add call to get_new_window_size if sigwinch_received at top of
- shell_getc
-
- 10/19
- -----
-lib/malloc/malloc.c
- - to avoid orphaning memory on free if the right bucket is busy, use a
- new function xplit(mem, bucket) to split the block into two or more
- smaller ones and add those to the right bucket (appropriately marking
- it as busy)
- - audit bsplit(), bcoalesce(), and xsplit() for proper use of busy[],
- since they're dealing with two separate buckets
-
- 10/22
- -----
-subst.c
- - new flag for string_extract: EX_REQMATCH, means to return an error
- if a matching/closing character is not found before EOS
- - new static flag variables: extract_string_error and extract_string_fatal
- - change expand_word_internal to check for new error returns from
- string_extract and return errors if appropriate
-
- 10/23
- -----
-builtins/cd.def
- - make sure we free TDIR in change_to_directory after calling
- set_working_directory (which allocates new memory) and other places
- we short-circuit and return
-
- 10/24
- -----
-subst.c
- - modified fix from 10/22 to allow bare ` to pass through (for
- some backwards compatibility and more correctness)
-
- 10/27
- -----
-conftypes.h
- - make MacOS X use the RHAPSODY code that gets HOSTTYPE, et al.
- at build rather than configure time, to support universal binaries
- (fix from llattanzi@apple.com)
-
- 10/30
- -----
-builtins/evalstring.c
- - make sure we don't turn on CMD_NO_FORK in parse_and_execute if
- we're running a trap command on signal receipt or exit
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - in shell_execve, improve the error message a little bit if the
- interpreter name in a #! exec header ends with a ^M (as in a DOS-
- format file)
-
- 11/1
- ----
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - fix vi-mode `r' command to leave the cursor in the right place
-
-[bash-3.1-rc1 frozen]
-
- 11/5
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - make sure a DEBUG trap doesn't overwrite a command string passed to
- make_child in execute_simple_command
-
-bashline.c
- - rearrange some code in bash_quote_filename so filenames with leading
- tildes containing spaces aren't tilde-expanded before being
- returned to the caller
-
- 11/6
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - when deciding where to move the cursor in rl_redisplay and needing
- to move the cursor back after moving it vertically and compensate
- for invisible characters in the prompt string, make sure that
- _rl_last_c_pos is treated as an absolute cursor position in a
- multibyte locale and the wrap offset (number of invisible characters)
- is added explicitly when deciding how many characters to backspace
-
- 11/10
- -----
-lib/readline/terminal.c
- - _rl_set_screen_size now interprets a lines or columns argument < 0
- as an indication not to change the current value
-
- 11/11
- -----
-
-lib/readline/terminal.c
- - new function, rl_reset_screen_size, calls _rl_get_screen_size to
- reset readline's idea of the terminal size
- - don't call _rl_get_screen_size in _rl_init_terminal_io if both
- _rl_screenheight and _rl_screenwidth are > 0
- - don't initialize _rl_screenheight and _rl_screenwidth to 0 in
- _rl_init_terminal_io; let caller take care of it
- - set _rl_screenheight and _rl_screenwidth to 0 before calling
- _rl_init_terminal_io
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - new extern declaration for rl_reset_screen_size
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
- - documented rl_reset_screen_size
-
-variables.c
- - if readline is being used, compile in a special var function for
- assignments to LINES and COLUMNS that calls rl_set_screen_size or
- rl_reset_screen_size as appropriate. Only do this in posix mode
- and only when STRICT_POSIX is defined at compile time
- - new semaphore variable, winsize_assignment, set while doing an
- assignment to LINES or COLUMNS
- - new variable, winsize_assigned, says LINES or COLUMNS was assigned
- to or found in the environment
- - if in the middle of an assignment to LINES or COLUMNS, make
- sh_set_lines_and_columns a no-op
-
-lib/sh/winsize.c
- - get_new_window_size now takes two int * arguments, to return the
- screen dimensions
-
-externs.h
- - change extern declaration for get_new_window_size
-
-{jobs,nojobs}.c, parse.y
- - change callers of get_new_window_size
-
- 11/12
- -----
-lib/readline/terminal.c
- - new variable, rl_prefer_env_winsize, gives LINES and COLUMNS
- precedence over values from the kernel when computing window size
-
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - extern declaration for rl_prefer_env_winsize
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
- - document rl_prefer_env_winsize
-
- 11/13
- -----
-lib/readline/rltty.c
- - change rl_prep_terminal to make sure we set and reset the tty
- special characters in the vi insertion keymap if in vi mode. This
- matters if we get accept-line for the previous line while in vi
- command mode
-
- 11/14
- -----
-builtins/pushd.def
- - make sure any call to cd_builtin includes a leading `--' from the
- argument list (or constructs one)
-
- 11/16
- -----
-pcomplete.c
- - fix small memory leak in gen_wordlist_matches
-
-[bash-3.1-rc2 frozen]
-
- 11/21
- -----
-[bash-3.1-rc2 released]
-
- 11/23
- -----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - changes to rl_redisplay to compensate for update_line updating
- _rl_last_c_pos without taking invisible characters in the line into
- account. Important in multibyte locales where _rl_last_c_pos is an
- absolute cursor position
- - changes to _rl_move_cursor_relative to account for _rl_last_c_pos
- being an absolute cursor position in a multibyte character locale
- - rewrote _rl_move_cursor_relative to make it a little simpler
-
- 11/29
- -----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - changes to rl_redisplay and update_line for update_line to communicate
- upward that it took the number of invisible characters on the current
- line into account when modifying _rl_last_c_pos
- - in update_line, adjust _rl_last_c_pos by wrap_offset before calling
- _rl_move_cursor_relative, so we pass correct information about the
- true cursor position
-
- 12/1
- ----
-configure.in
- - changed release status to `release'
-
-[bash-3.1 frozen]
-
- 12/8
- ----
-[bash-3.1 released]
-
- 12/9
- ----
-doc/{bash.1,version.texi},lib/readline/doc/version.texi
- - remove `beta1' from man page footer and texinfo documents
-
-variables.c
- - make sure winsize_assignment is protected by #ifdef READLINE, so
- minimal shell will compile
-
-builtins/read.def
- - make sure error cases free memory and run any unwind-protects to
- avoid memory leaks
-
- 12/10
- -----
-execute_cmd.c
- - change execute_command_internal to set $PIPESTATUS for ((...)) and
- [[ ... ]] commands
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi,version.texi}
- - add documentation for ulimit -[iqx] and bump revision date
-
- 12/12
- -----
-parse.y
- - make sure parse_compound_assignment saves and restores the
- PST_ASSIGNOK parser state flag around its calls to read_token.
- Fixes bug reported by Mike Frysinger
-
- 12/13
- -----
-parse.y
- - change parse_compound_assignment to save and restore the value of
- last_read_token. Not sure why it was set unconditionally in the
- first place after parsing the complete compound assignment
-
- 12/14
- -----
-lib/readline/text.c
- - don't use return value of rl_kill_text (which always succeeds and
- returns the number of characters killed) in rl_delete as an indication
- of success or failure
- - ditto for return value of rl_delete_text
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - don't return the value of the called readline function as the return
- value from _rl_dispatch_subseq; -1 means something different to the
- callers (return 0 all the time to indicate that a readline function
- was found and dispatched). Fix from Andreas Schwab for <DEL><DEL>
- bug in callback interface first reported by Mike Frysinger
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - fixed a typo in execute_case_command
-
- 12/15
- -----
-aclocal.m4
- - add check for wctype() to BASH_CHECK_MULTIBYTE, define HAVE_WCTYPE
-
-config.h.in
- - add HAVE_WCTYPE #define
-
-config-bot.h
- - add HAVE_WCTYPE to the set of checks for HANDLE_MULTIBYTE. This
- should catch the deficient NetBSD multibyte support
-
- 12/16
- -----
-parse.y
- - use CTLESC instead of literal '\001' when decode_prompt_string
- prefixes RL_PROMPT_START_IGNORE and RL_PROMPT_END_IGNORE
-
- 12/20
- -----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - don't treat RL_PROMPT_START_IGNORE specially inside a sequence of
- ignored characters
- - keep track of the start of the current sequence of ignored
- characters; make sure that an empty sequence of such characters
- really is an empty sequence, not one that happens to end with '\001'
- (RL_PROMPT_START_IGNORE)
-
- 12/21
- -----
-subst.c
- - change expand_word_internal to process rest of `tilde-word' as a
- regular part of the word if tilde expansion leaves the tilde-word
- unchanged. This means that ~$USER expands to ~chet, which seems
- more intuitive, and is effectively what bash-3.0 did
-
- 12/23
- -----
-subst.c
- - when making a local array variable in do_compound_assignment, make
- sure that we don't use a variable of the same name from a previous
- context
-
-doc/bash.1
- - documented expansions for word and patterns in case statement
-
-builtins/ulimit.def,doc/{bashref.texi,bash.1}
- - added new -e and -r (nice and rtprio) options to ulimit; documented
- them
-
- 12/26
- -----
-variables.c
- - use `hmax' instead of `num' in sv_histsize to avoid integer overflow
- problems with intmax_t
-
-builtins/read.def
- - add unwind-protect to restore rl_attempted_completion_function in
- case of a timeout
-
-{bashline,variables}.c
- - move initialization of HISTSIZE from initialization path to
- load_history, so it can be overridden by a value assigned in a
- startup file
-
-lib/readline/misc.c
- - add a missing `return r' so that rl_digit_loop returns a meaningful
- value
-
-lib/readline/{bind,callback,display,isearch,rltty,search,text,vi_mode}.c
- - minor cleanups to satisfy compiler warnings, mostly removing unused
- variables
-
- 12/27
- -----
-support/Makefile.in
- - add LIBS_FOR_BUILD support; defaults to ${LIBS}
-
-Makefile.in
- - add LIBS_FOR_BUILD with no default value; use when linking programs
- using CC_FOR_BUILD (e.g., bashversion)
-
- 12/28
- -----
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - fix rl_translate_keyseq bad translation of \M-\C-x sequences
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - in execute_arith_command, if the expression expands to more than one
- word, make sure we join the words into a single string and pass the
- entire thing to evalexp()
-
-expr.c
- - new functions: _is_arithop(c), returns true if C is a valid single-
- character arithmetic operator; _is_multiop(c), returns true if C is
- a token corresponding to a valid multi-character arithmetic operator
- - if we encounter a character that isn't a valid arithmetic
- operator, throw an error. Try to be intelligent about what type of
- error message to print
-
-subst.c
- - new function, expand_arith_string, calls expand_string_if_necessary;
- used where an arithmetic expression needs to be expanded
-
-subst.h
- - new extern declaration for expand_arith_string
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - in array_expand_index, call expand_arith_string to expand the
- subscript in a fashion consistent with other arithmetic expressions
-
-subst.c
- - fix parameter_brace_patsub so that we don't try to anchor the pattern
- at the beginning or end of the string if we're doing global
- replacement -- that combination doesn't doesn't make sense, and
- the changed behavior is compatible with ksh93
-
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - changed description of pattern substitution to match the new
- semantics
-
-tests/new-exp.tests
- - change tests to remove all ${pat//#rep} and ${pat//%rep}
- expansions, since they don't mean the same thing anymore
-
- 12/29
- -----
-support/signames.c
- - new file, initialize_signames() function from old mksignames.c. This
- file builds the signal_names array
-
-support/mksignames.c
- - strip out initialize_signames(), move to signames.c. This file only
- writes signames.h
- - set up to only write a stub signames.h if CROSS_COMPILING is defined,
- with extern declaration for initialize_signames
- - if not cross compiling, #define initialize_signames to nothing
-
-Makefile.in
- - mksignames is now linked from mksignames.o and buildsignames.o
- - add rules to build signames.o, assuming we're building it as part
- of the shell (cross-compiling)
-
-trap.c
- - call initialize_signames from initialize_traps
-
-configure.in
- - set SIGNAMES_O to nothing (normal) or signames.o (cross-compiling),
- substitute into Makefile
- - don't set SIGNAMES_H if cross-compiling any more
-
- 12/30
- -----
-command.h
- - new word flag: W_NOPROCSUB, inhibits process substitution on a word
-
-subst.c
- - change expand_word_internal to suppress process substitution if the
- word has the W_NOPROCSUB flag
-
-shell.c
- - --wordexp turns on W_NOPROCSUB in addition to W_NOCOMSUB
-
-subst.c
- - change string_list_dollar_at and string_list_dollar_star so that
- MB_CUR_MAX is used to size an array only when using gcc, since gcc
- can handle non-constant array sizes using a mechanism like alloca.
- Other compilers, e.g. Sun's compiler, do not implement that
- extension
-
- 12/31
- -----
-builtins/mkbuiltins.c
- - when cross-compiling, don't include <config.h>, since it's for the
- target rather than the host system. Instead, choose a reasonable
- set of default #defines based on a minimal POSIX system
-
-jobs.c
- - change find_process to handle a NULL return value from find_pipeline
- - return immediately from delete_job if jobs[index] is already NULL or
- if it has a null pipeline associated with it
- - in delete_job, if find_last_proc returns NULL, don't try to call
- bgp_delete
-
- 1/7
- ---
-doc/bash.1
- - patch from Tim Waugh to replace some literal single quotes with
- \(aq, the groff special character for it
-
-jobs.c
- - in realloc_jobs_list, make sure to zero out slots after j_lastj
- in the new list
-
- 1/9
- ---
-support/mksignames.c
- - make sure to include <signal.h> to get right value of NSIG from
- (usually) <sys/signal.h>
-
- 1/10
- ----
-parse.y
- - when calling parse_matched_pair on a $(...) command substitution,
- don't pass the P_DQUOTE flag so that single quotes don't get
- stripped from $'...' inside the command substitution. Bug report
- and fix from Mike Stroyan <mike.stroyan@hp.com>
-
-jobs.c
- - start maintaining true count of living children in js.c_living
- - call reset_current in realloc_jobs_list, since old values for current
- and previous job are most likely incorrect
- - don't allocate a new list in realloc_jobs_list if the old size and
- new size are the same; just compact the existing list
- - make sure realloc_jobs_list updates value of js.j_njobs
- - add some more itrace messages about non-null jobs after j_lastj in
- jobs array
-
- 1/11
- ----
-bashjmp.h
- - new value for second argument to longjmp: SIGEXIT. Reserved for
- future use
-
- 1/12
- ----
-jobs.c
- - add logic to make_child to figure out when pids wrap around
- - turn second argument to delete_job into flags word, added flag to
- prevent adding proc to bgpids list
-
- 1/13
- ----
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - move code that moves forward a character out of rl_vi_append_mode
- into a separate function, _rl_vi_append_forward
- - change _rl_vi_append_mode to save `a' as the last command, so it
- can be redone properly
- - new function _rl_vi_backup, moves point back a character taking
- multibyte locales into account
- - change rl_vi_redo to handle redoing an `a' command specially --
- it should be redone like `i' but after moving forward a character
- - change rl_vi_redo to use _rl_vi_backup to move point backward
- after redoing `i' or `a'
-
-jobs.c
- - new function, delete_old_job (pid), checks whether or not PID is in
- a job in the jobs list. If so, and the job is dead, it just removes
- the job from the list. If so, and the job is not dead, it zeros
- the pid in the appropriate PROCESS so pid aliasing doesn't occur
- - make_child calls delete_old_job to potentially remove an already-used
- instance of the pid just forked from the jobs list if pids have
- wrapped around. Finally fixes the bug reported by Tim Waugh
- <twaugh@redhat.com>
-
-trap.c
- - new define, GETORIGSIG(sig), gets the original handling for SIG and
- sets SIG_HARD_IGNORE if that handler is SIG_IGN
- - call GETORIGSIG from initialize_traps, get_original_signal, and
- set_signal
-
-jobs.c
- - in wait_for, if the original SIGINT handler is SIG_IGN, don't set
- the handler to wait_sigint_handler. This keeps scripts started in
- the background (and ignoring SIGINT) from dying due to SIGINT while
- they're waiting for a child to exit. Bug reported by Ingemar
- Nilsson <init@kth.se>
-
-lib/readline/vi_mode.c
- - don't save text to buffer unless undo pointer points to a record of
- type UNDO_INSERT; zero it out instead. This fixes bug reported by
- Craig Turner <craig@synect.com> with redoing `ctd[ESC]' (empty
- insert after change to)
-
-shell.c
- - change set_shell_name so invocations like "-/bin/bash" are marked as
- login shells
-
-doc/bash.1
- - add note about destroying functions with `unset -f' to the section
- on shell functions
-
-lib/readline/terminal.c
- - if readline hasn't been initialized (_rl_term_autowrap == -1, the
- value it's now initialized with), call _rl_init_terminal_io from
- _rl_set_screen_size before deciding whether or not to decrement
- _rl_screenwidth. Fixes bug from Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
-
- 1/14
- ----
-lib/readline/input.c
- - allow rl_set_keyboard_input_timeout to set the timeout to 0, for
- applications that want to use select() like a poll without any
- waiting
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
- - documented valid values for timeout in rl_set_keyboard_input_timeout
-
-jobs.c
- - in stop_pipeline, don't have the parent shell call give_terminal_to
- if subshell_environment contains SUBSHELL_ASYNC (no background
- process should ever give the terminal to anything other than
- shell_pgrp)
- - in make_child, don't give the terminal away if subshell_environment
- contains SUBSHELL_ASYNC
-
- 1/15
- ----
-subst.c
- - in parameter_brace_expand, if extracting ${#varname}, only allow
- `}' to end the expansion, since none of the other expansions are
- valid. Fixes Debian bug reported by Jan Nordhorlz <jckn@gmx.net>
-
- 1/17
- ----
-parse.y
- - in parse_matched_pair, protect all character tests with the MBTEST
- macro
- - in parse_dparen, take out extra make_word after call to alloc_word_desc
- (mem leak)
-
- 1/18
- ----
-parse.y
- - in parse_matched_pair, add P_ALLOWESC to flags passed to recursive
- parse_matched_pair call when encountering a single or double quote
- inside a ``-style command substitution
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - add call to QUIT at beginning of execute_command_internal; better
- responsiveness to SIGINT
-
- 1/21
- ----
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - change rl_invoking_keyseqs_in_map to honor the setting of
- convert-meta when listing key bindings, since if convert-meta is off,
- using '\M-' as the prefix for bindings in, for instance,
- emacs-escape-keymap, is wrong. This affects `bind -p' output
- - change rl_untranslate_keyseq to add '\e' instead of '\C-[' for
- ESC
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - add call to QUIT at end of execute_command
-
- 1/23
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - changed two places in update_line where a check of whether the cursor
- is before the last invisible character in the prompt string to
- differentiate between the multibyte character case (where
- _rl_last_c_pos is a physical cursor position) and the single-byte
- case (where it is a buffer index). This prevents many unnecessary
- \r-redraw the line sequences. Reported by Dan Jacobson.
-
- 1/24
- ----
-quit.h
- - wrap QUIT macro in do...while(0) like other compound statement
- macros
- - CHECK_TERMSIG define (placeholder for now); future use will be to
- handle any received signals that should cause the shell to
- terminate (e.g., SIGHUP)
-
-{input,jobs,nojobs}.c
- - add calls to CHECK_TERMSIG where appropriate (reading input and
- waiting for children)
- - include quit.h if necessary
-
- 1/25
- ----
-parse.y
- - undo change that makes `)' in a compound assignment delimit a token.
- It messes up arithmetic expressions in assignments to `let', among
- other things
-
-sig.h,{jobs,nojobs,sig,trap}.c,builtins/trap.def
- - rename termination_unwind_protect to termsig_sighandler
-
-sig.c
- - split termsig_sighandler into two functions: termsig_sighandler, which
- runs as a signal handler and sets a flag noting that a terminating
- signal was received, and termsig_handler, which runs when it is `safe'
- to handle the signal and exit
- - new terminate_immediately variable, similar to interrupt_immediately
- - termsig_sighandler calls termsig_handler immediately if
- terminate_immediately is non-zero
-
-quit.h
- - change CHECK_TERMSIG macro to check terminating_signal and call
- termsig_handler if it's non-zero
- - add same check of terminating_signal and call to termsig_handler to
- QUIT macro
-
-{jobs,nojobs}.c
- - change call to termsig_sighandler to call termsig_handler directly,
- as was intended
-
-parse.y,builtins/read.def
- - set terminate_immediately to non-zero value when reading interactive
- input, as is done with interrupt_immediately
-
- 1/26
- ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - reworded the POSIX standard references to remove mention of POSIX.2
- or 1003.2 -- it's all the 1003.1 standard now. Recommended by
- Arnold Robbins
-
- 1/27
- ----
-lib/readline/complete.c
- - move call to filename dequoting function into
- rl_filename_completion_function; call only if directory completion
- hook isn't set. This means that directory-completion-hook now needs
- to dequote the directory name. We don't want to dequote the directory
- name before calling the directory-completion-hook. Bug reported by
- Andrew Parker <andrewparker@bigfoot.com>
-
-bashline.c
- - add necessary directory name dequoting to bash_directory_completion_hook
- and bash_directory_expansion
-
-lib/readline/doc/rltech.texi
- - add note to description of rl_directory_completion_hook that it
- needs to dequote the directory name even if no other expansions are
- performed
-
- 1/28
- ----
-braces.c
- - make sure that we skip over braces that don't start a valid matched
- brace expansion construct in brace_expand -- there might be a valid
- brace expansion after the unmatched `{' later in the string
- - brace_gobbler now checks that when looking for a `}' to end a brace
- expansion word, there is an unquoted `,' or `..' that's not inside
- another pair of braces. Fixes the a{b{c,d}e}f problem reported by
- Tim Waugh
-
-builtins/declare.def
- - when not in posix mode, and operating on shell functions, typeset
- and declare do not require their variable operands to be valid
- shell identifiers. The other `attribute' builtins work this way.
- Fixes inconsistency reported by Mike Frysinger
-
-{configure,config.h}.in
- - add test for setregid, define HAVE_SETREGID and HAVE_DECL_SETREGID
- as appropriate
- - add test for eaccess, define HAVE_EACCESS if found
-
-lib/sh/eaccess.c
- - new file, with sh_stat and sh_eaccess functions, moved from test.c
- - renamed old sh_eaccess as sh_stataccess, since it uses the stat(2)
- information to determine file accessibility
- - new function, sh_euidaccess, to call when uid != euid or gid != egid;
- temporarily swaps uid/euid and gid/egid around call to access
- - rewrote sh_eaccess to call eaccess, access, sh_euidaccess or
- sh_stataccess as appropriate. access(2) will take into account
- things like ACLs, read-only file systems, file flags, and so on.
-
-lib/sh/Makefile.in,Makefile.in
- - add necessary entries for eaccess.[co]
-
-test.c
- - change calls to test_stat to call sh_stat
-
-{test,general}.c
- - change calls to test_eaccess to call sh_eaccess
-
-externs.h
- - new extern declaration for sh_eaccess
-
-test.[ch]
- - remove test_stat and test_eaccess
-
- 1/29
- ----
-braces.c
- - make change from 1/28 dependant on CSH_BRACE_COMPAT not being
- defined (since old bash behavior is what csh does, defining
- CSH_BRACE_COMPAT will produce old bash behavior)
-
- 1/30
- ----
-bashline.c
- - last argument of bash_default_completion is now a flags word:
- DEFCOMP_CMDPOS (in command position) is only current value
- - attempt_shell_completion now computes flags before calling
- bash_default_completion
- - if no_empty_command_completion is set, bash does not attempt command
- word completion even if not at the beginning of the line, as long
- as the word to be completed is empty and start == end (catches
- beginning of line and all whitespace preceding point)
-
- 2/4
- ---
-lib/readline/display.c
- - change _rl_make_prompt_for_search to use rl_prompt and append the
- search character to it, so the call to expand_prompt in rl_message
- will process the non-printing characters correctly. Bug reported
- by Mike Stroyan <mike.stroyan@hp.com>
-
- 2/5
- ---
-lib/readline/display.c
- - fix off-by-one error when comparing against PROMPT_ENDING_INDEX,
- which caused a prompt with invisible characters to be redrawn one
- extra time in a multibyte locale. Change from <= to < fixes
- multibyte locale, but I added 1 to single-byte definition of
- PROMPT_ENDING_INDEX (worth checking) to compensate. Bug reported
- by Egmont Koblinger <egmont@uhulinux.hu>
-
- 2/8
- ---
-lib/readline/terminal.c
- - call _emx_get_screensize with wr, wc like ioctl code for consistency
- - new function, _win_get_screensize, gets screen dimensions using
- standard Windows API for mingw32 (code from Denis Pilat)
- - call _win_get_screensize from _rl_get_screen_size on mingw32
-
-lib/readline/rlconf.h
- - define SYS_INPUTRC (/etc/inputrc) as system-wide default inputrc
- filename
-
-support/shobj-conf
- - changes to make loadable builtins work on MacOS X 10.[34]
-
-builtins/pushd.def
- - changes to make it work as a loadable builtin compiled with gcc4
-
- 2/9
- ---
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - add SYS_INPUTRC as last-ditch default (if DEFAULT_INPUTRC does not
- exist or can't be read) in rl_read_init_file
-
-lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi
- - add description of /etc/inputrc as ultimate default startup file
-
- 2/10
- ----
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - fix problem with rl_function_of_keyseq that returns a non-keymap
- bound to a portion of the passed key sequence without processing
- the entire thing. We can bind maps with existing non-map
- functions using the ANYOTHERKEY binding code.
-
-variables.c
- - shells running in posix mode do not set $HOME, as POSIX apparently
- requires
-
- 2/15
- ----
-braces.c
- - mkseq() now takes the increment as an argument; changed callers
-
- 2/16
- ----
-builtins/hash.def
- - print `hash table empty' message to stdout instead of stderr
-
- 2/17
- ----
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - when resetting rl_prompt in rl_set_prompt, make sure rl_display_prompt
- is set when the function returns
-
- 2/18
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - further fixes to _rl_make_prompt_for_search from Eric Blake to deal
- with multiple calls to expand_prompt
-
- 2/21
- ----
-builtins/hash.def
- - don't print `hash table empty' message in posix mode
-
- 2/27
- ----
-lib/glob/sm_loop.c
- - change extmatch() to turn off FNM_PERIOD in flags passed to recursive
- calls to gmatch() when calling it with a substring after the start
- of the string it receives. Changed `+', `*', `?, `@', and `!' cases
- to do the right thing. Fixes bug reported by Benoit Vila
- <bvila@free.fr>
-
-braces.c
- - add QUIT; statements to mkseq to make large sequence generation
- interruptible
-
- 2/28
- ----
-lib/glob/glob.c
- - initialize nalloca in glob_vector
-
- 3/1
- ---
-lib/glob/glob.c
- - in glob_vector, when freeing up the linked list after some error,
- make sure to set `tmplink' to 0 if `firstlink' is set to 0, else we
- get multiple-free errors
-
- 3/5
- ---
-trap.c
- - inheritance of the DEBUG, RETURN, and ERR traps is now dependent
- only on the `functrace' and `errtrace' shell options, as the
- documentation says, rather than on whether or not the shell is in
- debugging mode. Reported by Philip Susi <psusi@cfl.rr.com>
-
-parse.y
- - in parse_matched_pair, don't recursively parse ${...} or other
- ${...} constructs inside ``
- - in parse_matched_pair, remove special code that recursively parses
- quoted strings inside `` constructs. For Bourne shell compatibility
-
- 3/6
- ---
-builtins/pushd.def
- - let get_directory_stack take take an `int flags' argument and convert
- $HOME to ~ if flags&1 is non-zero
-
-builtins/common.h
- - change extern declaration for get_directory_stack
-
-variables.c
- - call get_directory_stack with an arg of 0 to inhibit converting
- $HOME to ~ in the result. Fixes cd ${DIRSTACK[1]} problem
- reported by Len Lattanzi <llattanzi@apple.com> (cd fails because
- the tildes won't be expanded after variable expansion)
-
-jobs.c
- - changed hangup_all_jobs slightly so stopped jobs marked J_NOHUP
- won't get a SIGCONT
-
-general.c
- - changed check_binary_file() to check for a NUL byte instead of a
- non-printable character. Might at some point want to check
- entire (possibly multibyte) characters instead of just bytes. Hint
- from ksh via David Korn
-
- 3/7
- ---
-builtins/reserved.def
- - changed runs of spaces to tabs in variables help text to make
- indentation better when displayed
-
-builtins/mkbuiltins.c
- - changes to avoid the annoying extra space that keeps gettext from
- being passed an empty string
-
- 3/9
- ---
-lib/glob/glob.c
- - make sure globbing is interrupted if the shell receives a terminating
- signal
-
- 3/14
- ----
-lib/readline/search.c
- - call rl_message with format argument of "%" in _rl_nsearch_init
- to avoid `%' characters in the prompt string from being interpreted
- as format specifiers to vsnprintf/vsprintf
-
- 3/19
- ----
-parse.y, eval.c, input.h
- - change execute_prompt_command to execute_variable_command; takes the
- variable name as a new second argument
-
- 3/25
- ----
-bashline.c
- - command_word_completion_function keeps track of when it's searching
- $PATH and doesn't return directory names as matches in that case.
- Problem reported by Pascal Terjan <pterjan@mandriva.com>
- - command_word_completion_function returns what it's passed as a
- possible match if it's the name of a directory in the current
- directory (only non-absolute pathnames are so tested).
-
- 3/27
- ----
-subst.c
- - expand_arith_string takes a new argument: quoted. Either 0 (outside
- subst.c) or Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES (substitution functions); changed callers
-
-subst.h
- - changed extern declaration for expand_arith_string
-
-arrayfunc.c
- - changed call to expand_arith_string in array_expand_index
-
- 3/31
- ----
-lib/readline/histfile.c
- - change read_history_range to allow windows-like \r\n line endings
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - add new variable, line_number_for_err_trap, currently set but not
- used
-
- 4/2
- ---
-lib/sh/strtrans.c
- - add code to echo -e and echo with xpg_echo enabled to require
- a leading 0 to specify octal constants
-
- 4/3
- ---
-subst.c
- - slight change to wcsdup() replacement: use memcpy instead of wcscpy
-
-parse.y
- - before turning on W_COMPASSIGN, make sure the final character in the
- token is a `(' (avoids problems with things like a=(4*3)/2)
-
- 4/4
- ---
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - in number() and lnumber(), turn off PF_ZEROPAD if explicit precision
- supplied in format
- - change number() and lnumber() to correctly implement zero-padding
- specified by a non-zero `.precision' part of the format
-
-subst.c
- - new flag for extract_delimited_string: EX_COMMAND. For $(...), so
- we can do things like skip over delimiters in comments. Added to
- appropriate callers
- - changes to extract_delimited_string to skip over shell comments when
- extracting a command for $(...) (EX_COMMAND is contained in the
- flags argument)
-
- 4/5
- ---
-subst.c
- - first argument to skip_single_quoted is now a const char *
- - new function, chk_arithsub, checks for valid arithmetic expressions
- by balancing parentheses. Fix based on a patch from Len Lattanzi
-
- 4/6
- ---
-{configure,config.h}.in
- - add separate test for isnan in libc, instead of piggybacking on
- isinf-in-libc test
-
-lib/sh/snprintf.c
- - separate the isnan replacement function so it's guarded by its own
- HAVE_ISNAN_IN_LIBC define
-
-lib/sh/wcsdup.c
- - new file, contains replacement wcsdup library function from subst.c
- with change back to using wcscpy
-
-Makefile.in,lib/sh/Makefile.in
- - make sure wcsdup.c is compiled and linked in
-
-subst.c
- - wcsdup now found in libsh; removed static definition
-
- 4/10
- ----
-lib/readline/callback.c
- - loop over body of rl_callback_read_char as long as there is additional
- input rather than just calling readline_internal_char, which does
- not handle multi-character key sequences or escape-prefixed chars
-
-lib/readline/macro.c
- - make sure we turn off RL_STATE_MACROINPUT when the macro stack is
- empty if we are reading additional input with RL_STATE_MOREINPUT
-
-support/shobj-conf
- - Mac OS X no longer likes the `-bundle' option to gcc when creating a
- dynamic shared library
-
- 4/11
- ----
-lib/tilde/tilde.c
- - don't try to dereference user_entry if HAVE_GETPWENT isn't defined
-
-lib/readline/input.c
- - make sure chars_avail is not used without being assigned a value in
- rl_gather_tyi
- - use _kbhit() to check for available input on Windows consoles, in
- rl_gather_tyi and _rl_input_available
-
- 4/21
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - calculate (in expand_prompt) and keep track of length of local_prompt
- in local_prompt_len; use where appropriate
- - when using o_pos to check whether or not we need to adjust
- _rl_last_c_pos after calling update_line, assume that it's correct
- (a buffer index in non-multibyte locales and a cursor position in
- multibyte locales) and adjust with wrap_offset as appropriate
- - in update_line, set cpos_adjusted to 1 after calling
- _rl_move_cursor_relative to move to the end of the displayed prompt
- string
- - in _rl_move_cursor_relative, check that the multibyte display
- position is after the last invisible character in the prompt string
- before offsetting it by the number of invisible characters in the
- prompt (woff)
-
- 4/26
- ----
-lib/readline/doc/{rluser.texi,readline.3}
- - make sure to note that key bindings don't allow any whitespace
- between the key name or sequence to be bound and the colon
-
- 4/28
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - in update_line, make sure we compare _rl_last_c_pos as strictly less
- than PROMPT_ENDING_INDEX, since it's 0-based, to avoid multiple
- prompt redraws
-
- 5/4
- ---
-parse.y
- - in decode_prompt_string, only prefix the expansion of \[ or \]
- with CTLESC if the corresponding readline escape character is
- CTLESC (coincidentally the same as \[) or CTLNUL. Bug report sent
- by Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org> prompted the discovery
-
-aclocal.m4
- - slight change to test for /dev/fd to compensate for a linux
- failing; suggested by Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
-
- 5/9
- ---
-arrayfunc.c
- - broke assign_array_var_from_string into two functions:
- expand_compound_array_assignment and assign_compound_array_list;
- assign_array_var_from_string just calls those functions now
-
-arrayfunc.h
- - new extern declarations for expand_compound_array_assignment and
- assign_compound_array_list
-
-subst.c
- - in do_compound_assignment, call expand_compound_array_assignment
- before creating the local variable so a previous inherited
- value can be used when expanding the rhs of the compound assignment
- statement
-
- 5/11
- ----
-doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - clarifed `trap' description to make it clear that trapped signals
- that are not set to SIG_IGN are reset when a subshell is created
-
- 5/18
- ----
-locale.c
- - change reset_locale_vars to call setlocale (LC_ALL, "") if LANG
- is unset or NULL
- - if LANG is unset or NULL, reset the export environment before
- calling setlocale in reset_locale_vars, and trust that it will
- change the environment setlocale() inspects
-
- 5/21
- ----
-lib/readline/history.c
- - new function, HIST_ENTRY *alloc_history_entry (char *string, char *ts);
- creates a new history entry with text STRING and timestamp TS (both
- of which may be NULL)
- - new function, HIST_ENTRY *copy_history_entry (HIST_ENTRY *hist),
- which copies the line and timestamp entries to new memory but just
- copies the data member, since that's an opaque pointer
- - new function, void replace_history_data (int which, histdata_t *old, histdata_t *new)
- which replaces the `data' member of specified history entries with
- NEW, as long as it is OLD. WHICH says which history entries to
- modify
- - add calls to replace_history_data in rl_free_undo_list and
- rl_do_undo
-
-lib/readline/undo.c
- - new function, alloc_undo_entry (enum undo_code what, int start, int end, char *text)
- takes care of allocating and populating a struct for an individual
- undo list entry
- - new function: _rl_copy_undo_entry(UNDO_LIST *entry)
- - new function: _rl_copy_undo_list(UNDO_LIST *head)
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - new extern declarations for _rl_copy_undo_{entry,list}
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - change execute_cond_node so that quoting the rhs of the =~
- operator forces string matching, like the == and != operators
-
- 5/23
- ----
-redir.c
- - add_undo_redirect now takes as an additional argument the type of
- redirection we're trying to undo
- - don't add a "preservation" redirection for fds > SHELL_FD_BASE if
- the redirection is closing the fd
-
- 5/24
- ----
-subst.c
- - make sure that parameter_brace_substring leaves this_command_name
- set to either NULL or its previous value after setting it so that
- arithmetic evaluation errors while expanding substring values
- contain meaningful information
-
- 6/9
- ---
-execute_cmd.c
- - make sure that SUBSHELL_ASYNC and SUBSHELL_PIPE are set as flag bits
- in subshell_environment, rather than setting only a single value
- - change execute_subshell_builtin_or_function to give the `return'
- builtin a place to longjmp to when executed in a subshell or pipeline
- (mostly as the last command in a pipeline). Bug reported by
- Oleg Verych <olecom@gmail.com>
- - in execute_simple_command, make sure to call execute_disk_command
- with the_printed_command_except_trap to keep DEBUG trap command
- strings from overwriting the command strings associated with jobs
- and printed in job control messages. Bug reported by Daniel Kahn
- Gillmor <dkg-debian.org@fifthhorseman.net>
-
-[bash-3.2-alpha frozen]
-
- 6/22
- ----
-syntax.h
- - add new CBLANK (for [:blank:] class) flag value for syntax table and
- shellblank(c) character test macro
-
-mksyntax.c
- - add support for setting CBLANK flag in the syntax table depending on
- whether or not isblank(x) returns true for character x
-
-locale.c
- - change locale_setblanks to set or unset CBLANK flag for each
- character when locale changes
-
-parse.y
- - change call to whitespace(c) in lexical analyzer (read_token()) to
- call shellblank(c) instead, so locale-specific blank characters are
- treated as white space. Fixes bug reported by Serge van deb Boom
- <svdb+bug-bash@stack.nl>
-
-print_cmd.c
- - when printing redirections, add a space between <, >, and <> and the
- following word, to avoid conflicts with process substitution. Bug
- reported by Ittay Dror <ittyad@qlusters.com>
-
- 6/26
- ----
-configure.in
- - set CROSS_COMPILE to the empty string by default, so we don't inherit
- a random value from the environment. Bug reported by
- Lee Revell <rlrevell@joe-job.com>
-
- 6/29
- ----
-lib/glob/xmbsrtowcs.c
- - make sure destp is non-null before assigning a 0 to *destp in
- xdupmbstowcs. Fix from Louiwa Salem <loulwas@us.ibm.com>
-
-execute_cmd.c
- - fix execute_in_subshell to make sure asynchronous isn't set to 0
- before subshell_environment is set appropriately and
- setup_async_signals is run. Based on report by Louiwa Salem
- <loulwas@us.ibm.com>
-
-lib/readline/bind.c
- - in rl_generic_bind(), make sure that the keys array is freed before
- an error return. Fix from Louiwa Salem <loulwas@us.ibm.com>
-
- 7/1
- ---
-builtins/read.def
- - make sure all editing code is protected with #ifdef READLINE, esp.
- unwind-protect that restores the default completion function
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - make sure to set local_prompt_len in rl_message() [in bash-3.2-alpha]
-
- 7/5
- ---
-builtins/printf.def
- - add more of echo's write error handling to printf. Suggested by
- martin.wilck@fujitsu-siemens.com
-
- 7/7
- ---
-lib/readline/display.c
- - save and restore local_prompt_len in rl_{save,restore}_prompt
- [in bash-3.2-alpha]
-
- 7/8
- ---
-[bash-3.2-alpha released]
-
- 7/9
- ---
-lib/readline/display.c
- - make sure that _rl_move_cursor_relative sets cpos_adjusted when it
- offsets `dpos' by wrap_offset in a multi-byte locale. Bug reported
- by Andreas Schwab and Egmont Koblinger
-
-subst.c
- - make sure that the call to mbstowcs in string_extract_verbatim is
- passed a string with enough space for the closing NUL. Reported
- by Andreas Schwab
-
- 7/18
- ----
-lib/readline/{display,terminal}.c
- - remove #ifdefs for HACK_TERMCAP_MOTION so we can use
- _rl_term_forward_char in the redisplay code unconditionally
-
-lib/readline/rlprivate.h
- - new extern declaration for _rl_term_forward_char
-
-lib/readline/display.c
- - in _rl_move_cursor_relative, use `dpos' instead of `new' when
- deciding whether or not a CR is faster than moving the cursor from
- its current position
- - in _rl_move_cursor_relative, we can use _rl_term_forward_char to
- move the cursor forward in a multibyte locale, if it's available.
- Since that function doesn't have a handle on where the cursor is in
- the display buffer, it has to output a cr and print all the data.
- Fixes rest of problem reported by Egmont Koblinger
- - change variable denoting the position of the cursor in the line buffer
- from c_pos (variable local to rl_redisplay) to cpos_buffer_position
- (variable local to file) for future use by other functions
-
- 7/25
- ----
-lib/malloc/{stats,table}.h
- - include <string.h> for prototypes for memset, strlen
-
-lib/termcap/{termcap,tparam}.c
- - include <string.h> and provide macro replacement for bcopy if
- necessary
-
- 7/27
- ----
-lib/readline/histexpand.c
- - add support for `<<<' here-string redirection operator to
- history_tokenize_word. Bug reported by agriffis@gentoo.org
-
-externs.h
- - don't add prototype for strerror() if HAVE_STRERROR defined
-
- 7/29
- ----
-subst.c
- - in list_string, use `string' instead of `s' -- s is not initialized
-
- 8/9
- ---
-subst.c
- - fix parameter_brace_expand to set W_HASQUOTEDNULL in the WORD_DESC it
- returns if the result of parameter_brace_substring is a quoted null
- ("\177"). Fixes bug reported by Igor Peshansky <pechtcha@cs.nyu.edu>
-
- 8/16
- ----
-lib/readline/readline.h
- - new #define, READERR, intended to be used to denote read/input errors
-
-lib/readline/input.c
- - in rl_getc, if read() returns an error other than EINTR (after the
- EWOULDBLOCK/EAGAIN cases are handled), return READERR rather than
- converting return value to EOF if readline is reading a top-level
- command (RL_STATE_READCMD)
-
-lib/readline/readline.c
- - if rl_read_key returns READERR to readline_internal_char[loop],
- abort as if it had read EOF on an empty line, without any conversion
- to newline, which would cause a partial line to be executed. This
- fixes the bug reported by Mathieu Bonnet <mathieu.bonnet@nalkym.org>
-
-aclocal.m4
- - when testing for validity of /dev/fd/3, use /dev/null instead of
- standard input, since the standard input fails with linux and `su'.
- Bug reported by Greg Shafer <gschafer@zip.com.au>
-
- 8/17
- ----
-Makefile.in
- - switch the TAGS and tags targets so TAGS is the output of `etags' and
- tags is the output of `ctags'. Suggested by Masatake YAMATO
-
- 8/25
- ----
-execute_cmd.c
- - change code to match documentation: set BASH_COMMAND (which takes its
- value from the_printed_command_except_trap) only when not running a
- trap. Rocky says the debugger is ok with this, and this is what his
- original diffs did
-
- 8/29
- ----
-variables.c
- - change set_if_not to create shell_variables if it is NULL, since
- -o invocation options can cause variables to be set before the
- environment is scanned
-
-[bash-3.2-beta frozen]
-
- 9/5
- ---
-[bash-3.2-beta released]
-
- 9/8
- ---
-variables.c
- - change dispose_used_env_vars to call maybe_make_export_env
- immediately if we're disposing a temporary environment, since
- `environ' points to the export environment and getenv() will use
- that on systems that don't allow getenv() to be replaced. This
- could cause the temporary environment to affect the shell. Bug
- reported by Vasco Pedro <vp@di.uevora.pt>
-
-builtins/echo.def,doc/{bash.1,bashref.texi}
- - clarify that `echo -e' and echo when the `xpg_echo' shell option is
- enabled require the \0 to precede any octal constant to be expanded.
- Reported by Vasco Pedro <vp@di.uevora.pt>
-
- 9/12
- ----
-builtins/printf.def
- - make sure `%q' format specifier outputs '' for empty string arguments
- Bug reported by Egmont Koblinger <egmont@uhulinux.hu>
-
-make_cmd.c
- - change make_here_document to echo lines in here-doc if set -v has
- been executed. Reported by Eduardo Ochs <eduardoochs@gmail.com>
-
-aclocal.m4
- - change BASH_CHECK_MULTIBYTE:
- o replace check for wctomb with check for wcrtomb
- o add checks for wcscoll, iswctype, iswupper, iswlower,
- towupper, towlower
- o add call to AC_FUNC_MBRTOWC to check for mbrtowc and mbstate_t
- define HAVE_MBSTATE_T manually
- o add checks for wchar_t, wctype_t, wint_t
-
-config.h.in
- - add defines for wcscoll, iswctype, iswupper, iswlower, towupper,
- towlower functions
- - replace define for wctomb with one for wcrtomb
- - add defines for wchar_t, wint_t, wctype_t types
-
-config-bot.h, lib/readline/rlmbutil.h
- - add check for HAVE_LOCALE_H before defining HANDLE_MULTIBYTE
- - add checks for: ISWCTYPE, ISWLOWER, ISWUPPER, TOWLOWER, TOWUPPER
- - add checks for: WCTYPE_T, WCHAR_T, WCTYPE_T
-
- 9/13
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - when displaying prompts longer than the screenwidth in rl_redisplay,
- and looking for the index of the last character whose buffer index
- is <= the screen width to set up the inv_lbreaks array, make sure to
- catch the case where the index == the screen width (an off-by-one
- error occurs otherwise with prompts one character longer than the
- screen width). Bug reported by Alexey Toptygin <alexeyt@freeshell.org>
-
-configure.in
- - change DEBUGGER_START_FILE to start with ${ac_default_prefix}/share,
- like bashdb installs itself. Reported by Nick Brown
- <nickbroon@blueyonder.co.uk>
-
- 9/14
- ----
-lib/readline/display.c
- - make multibyte code that computes the buffer indices of line breaks
- for a multi-line prompt dependent on MB_CUR_MAX, so we don't take
- the function call hit unless we're in a locale that can have
- multibyte characters
-
- 9/19
- ----
-subst.c
- - make dequote_list extern so other parts of the shell can use it
-
-subst.h
- - extern declaration for dequote_list
-
-builtins/read.def
- - call dequote_list before assigning words read to array variable if
- we saw an escape character. Old code left spurious CTLESCs in the
- string after processing backslashes. Bug reported by Daniel Dawson
- <ddawson@icehouse.net>
-
- 9/21
- ----
-[bash-3.2 frozen]
--- /dev/null
+CWRU.chlog
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+This file is set.def, from which is created set.c.
+It implements the "set" and "unset" builtins in Bash.
+
+Copyright (C) 1987, 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
+
+Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) any later
+version.
+
+Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
+for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+with Bash; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+$PRODUCES set.c
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include "../shell.h"
+#include "../flags.h"
+
+#include "bashgetopt.h"
+
+extern int interactive;
+extern int noclobber, posixly_correct;
+#if defined (READLINE)
+extern int rl_editing_mode, no_line_editing;
+#endif /* READLINE */
+
+$BUILTIN set
+$FUNCTION set_builtin
+$SHORT_DOC set [--abefhkmnptuvxldBCHP] [-o option] [arg ...]
+ -a Mark variables which are modified or created for export.
+ -b Notify of job termination immediately.
+ -e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.
+ -f Disable file name generation (globbing).
+ -h Locate and remember function commands as functions are
+ defined. Function commands are normally looked up when
+ the function is executed.
+ -i Force the shell to be an "interactive" one. Interactive shells
+ always read `~/.bashrc' on startup.
+ -k All keyword arguments are placed in the environment for a
+ command, not just those that precede the command name.
+ -m Job control is enabled.
+ -n Read commands but do not execute them.
+ -o option-name
+ Set the variable corresponding to option-name:
+ allexport same as -a
+ braceexpand same as -B
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ emacs use an emacs-style line editing interface
+#endif /* READLINE */
+ errexit same as -e
+ histexpand same as -H
+ ignoreeof the shell will not exit upon reading EOF
+ interactive-comments
+ allow comments to appear in interactive commands
+ monitor same as -m
+ noclobber disallow redirection to existing files
+ noexec same as -n
+ noglob same as -f
+ nohash same as -d
+ notify save as -b
+ nounset same as -u
+ physical same as -P
+ posix change the behavior of bash where the default
+ operation differs from the 1003.2 standard to
+ match the standard
+ privileged same as -p
+ verbose same as -v
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ vi use a vi-style line editing interface
+#endif /* READLINE */
+ xtrace same as -x
+ -p Turned on whenever the real and effective user ids do not match.
+ Disables processing of the $ENV file and importing of shell
+ functions. Turning this option off causes the effective uid and
+ gid to be set to the real uid and gid.
+ -t Exit after reading and executing one command.
+ -u Treat unset variables as an error when substituting.
+ -v Print shell input lines as they are read.
+ -x Print commands and their arguments as they are executed.
+ -l Save and restore the binding of the NAME in a FOR command.
+ -d Disable the hashing of commands that are looked up for execution.
+ Normally, commands are remembered in a hash table, and once
+ found, do not have to be looked up again.
+#if defined (BRACE_EXPANSION)
+ -B the shell will perform brace expansion
+#endif /* BRACE_EXPANSION */
+#if defined (BANG_HISTORY)
+ -H Enable ! style history substitution. This flag is on
+ by default.
+#endif /* BANG_HISTORY */
+ -C If set, disallow existing regular files to be overwritten
+ by redirection of output.
+ -P If set, do not follow symbolic links when executing commands
+ such as cd which change the current directory.
+
+Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. The
+flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current
+set of flags may be found in $-. The remaining n ARGs are positional
+parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, .. $n. If no
+ARGs are given, all shell variables are printed.
+$END
+
+/* An a-list used to match long options for set -o to the corresponding
+ option letter. */
+struct {
+ char *name;
+ int letter;
+} o_options[] = {
+ { "allexport", 'a' },
+#if defined (BRACE_EXPANSION)
+ { "braceexpand",'B' },
+#endif
+ { "errexit", 'e' },
+ { "histexpand", 'H' },
+ { "monitor", 'm' },
+ { "noexec", 'n' },
+ { "noglob", 'f' },
+ { "nohash", 'd' },
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
+ { "notify", 'b' },
+#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
+ {"nounset", 'u' },
+ {"physical", 'P' },
+ {"privileged", 'p' },
+ {"verbose", 'v' },
+ {"xtrace", 'x' },
+ {(char *)NULL, 0},
+};
+
+#define MINUS_O_FORMAT "%-15s\t%s\n"
+
+void
+list_minus_o_opts ()
+{
+ register int i;
+ char *on = "on", *off = "off";
+
+ printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "noclobber", (noclobber == 1) ? on : off);
+
+ if (find_variable ("ignoreeof") || find_variable ("IGNOREEOF"))
+ printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "ignoreeof", on);
+ else
+ printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "ignoreeof", off);
+
+ printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "interactive-comments",
+ interactive_comments ? on : off);
+
+ printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "posix", posixly_correct ? on : off);
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ if (no_line_editing)
+ {
+ printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "emacs", off);
+ printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "vi", off);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ /* Magic. This code `knows' how readline handles rl_editing_mode. */
+ printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "emacs", (rl_editing_mode == 1) ? on : off);
+ printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, "vi", (rl_editing_mode == 0) ? on : off);
+ }
+#endif /* READLINE */
+
+ for (i = 0; o_options[i].name; i++)
+ {
+ int *on_or_off, zero = 0;
+
+ on_or_off = find_flag (o_options[i].letter);
+ if (on_or_off == FLAG_UNKNOWN)
+ on_or_off = &zero;
+ printf (MINUS_O_FORMAT, o_options[i].name, (*on_or_off == 1) ? on : off);
+ }
+}
+
+set_minus_o_option (on_or_off, option_name)
+ int on_or_off;
+ char *option_name;
+{
+ int option_char = -1;
+
+ if (STREQ (option_name, "noclobber"))
+ {
+ if (on_or_off == FLAG_ON)
+ bind_variable ("noclobber", "");
+ else
+ unbind_variable ("noclobber");
+ stupidly_hack_special_variables ("noclobber");
+ }
+ else if (STREQ (option_name, "ignoreeof"))
+ {
+ unbind_variable ("ignoreeof");
+ unbind_variable ("IGNOREEOF");
+ if (on_or_off == FLAG_ON)
+ bind_variable ("IGNOREEOF", "10");
+ stupidly_hack_special_variables ("IGNOREEOF");
+ }
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ else if ((STREQ (option_name, "emacs")) || (STREQ (option_name, "vi")))
+ {
+ if (on_or_off == FLAG_ON)
+ {
+ rl_variable_bind ("editing-mode", option_name);
+
+ if (interactive)
+ with_input_from_stdin ();
+ no_line_editing = 0;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ int isemacs = (rl_editing_mode == 1);
+ if ((isemacs && STREQ (option_name, "emacs")) ||
+ (!isemacs && STREQ (option_name, "vi")))
+ {
+ if (interactive)
+ with_input_from_stream (stdin, "stdin");
+ no_line_editing = 1;
+ }
+ else
+ builtin_error ("not in %s editing mode", option_name);
+ }
+ }
+#endif /* READLINE */
+ else if (STREQ (option_name, "interactive-comments"))
+ interactive_comments = (on_or_off == FLAG_ON);
+ else if (STREQ (option_name, "posix"))
+ {
+ posixly_correct = (on_or_off == FLAG_ON);
+ unbind_variable ("POSIXLY_CORRECT");
+ unbind_variable ("POSIX_PEDANTIC");
+ if (on_or_off == FLAG_ON)
+ {
+ bind_variable ("POSIXLY_CORRECT", "");
+ stupidly_hack_special_variables ("POSIXLY_CORRECT");
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ register int i;
+ for (i = 0; o_options[i].name; i++)
+ {
+ if (STREQ (option_name, o_options[i].name))
+ {
+ option_char = o_options[i].letter;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ if (option_char == -1)
+ {
+ builtin_error ("%s: unknown option name", option_name);
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+ if (change_flag (option_char, on_or_off) == FLAG_ERROR)
+ {
+ bad_option (option_name);
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+ }
+ return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+/* Set some flags from the word values in the input list. If LIST is empty,
+ then print out the values of the variables instead. If LIST contains
+ non-flags, then set $1 - $9 to the successive words of LIST. */
+set_builtin (list)
+ WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+ int on_or_off, flag_name, force_assignment = 0;
+
+ if (!list)
+ {
+ SHELL_VAR **vars;
+
+ vars = all_shell_variables ();
+ if (vars)
+ {
+ print_var_list (vars);
+ free (vars);
+ }
+
+ vars = all_shell_functions ();
+ if (vars)
+ {
+ print_var_list (vars);
+ free (vars);
+ }
+
+ return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
+ }
+
+ /* Check validity of flag arguments. */
+ if (*list->word->word == '-' || *list->word->word == '+')
+ {
+ register char *arg;
+ WORD_LIST *save_list = list;
+
+ while (list && (arg = list->word->word))
+ {
+ char c;
+
+ if (arg[0] != '-' && arg[0] != '+')
+ break;
+
+ /* `-' or `--' signifies end of flag arguments. */
+ if (arg[0] == '-' &&
+ (!arg[1] || (arg[1] == '-' && !arg[2])))
+ break;
+
+ while (c = *++arg)
+ {
+ if (find_flag (c) == FLAG_UNKNOWN && c != 'o')
+ {
+ char s[2];
+ s[0] = c; s[1] = '\0';
+ bad_option (s);
+ if (c == '?')
+ builtin_usage ();
+ return (c == '?' ? EXECUTION_SUCCESS : EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+ }
+ list = list->next;
+ }
+ list = save_list;
+ }
+
+ /* Do the set command. While the list consists of words starting with
+ '-' or '+' treat them as flags, otherwise, start assigning them to
+ $1 ... $n. */
+ while (list)
+ {
+ char *string = list->word->word;
+
+ /* If the argument is `--' or `-' then signal the end of the list
+ and remember the remaining arguments. */
+ if (string[0] == '-' && (!string[1] || (string[1] == '-' && !string[2])))
+ {
+ list = list->next;
+
+ /* `set --' unsets the positional parameters. */
+ if (string[1] == '-')
+ force_assignment = 1;
+
+ /* Until told differently, the old shell behaviour of
+ `set - [arg ...]' being equivalent to `set +xv [arg ...]'
+ stands. Posix.2 says the behaviour is marked as obsolescent. */
+ else
+ {
+ change_flag ('x', '+');
+ change_flag ('v', '+');
+ }
+
+ break;
+ }
+
+ if ((on_or_off = *string) &&
+ (on_or_off == '-' || on_or_off == '+'))
+ {
+ int i = 1;
+ while (flag_name = string[i++])
+ {
+ if (flag_name == '?')
+ {
+ builtin_usage ();
+ return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
+ }
+ else if (flag_name == 'o') /* -+o option-name */
+ {
+ char *option_name;
+ WORD_LIST *opt;
+
+ opt = list->next;
+
+ if (!opt)
+ {
+ list_minus_o_opts ();
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ option_name = opt->word->word;
+
+ if (!option_name || !*option_name || (*option_name == '-'))
+ {
+ list_minus_o_opts ();
+ continue;
+ }
+ list = list->next; /* Skip over option name. */
+
+ if (set_minus_o_option (on_or_off, option_name) != EXECUTION_SUCCESS)
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ if (change_flag (flag_name, on_or_off) == FLAG_ERROR)
+ {
+ char opt[3];
+ opt[0] = on_or_off;
+ opt[1] = flag_name;
+ opt[2] = '\0';
+ bad_option (opt);
+ builtin_usage ();
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ break;
+ }
+ list = list->next;
+ }
+
+ /* Assigning $1 ... $n */
+ if (list || force_assignment)
+ remember_args (list, 1);
+ return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+$BUILTIN unset
+$FUNCTION unset_builtin
+$SHORT_DOC unset [-f] [-v] [name ...]
+For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function. Given
+the `-v', unset will only act on variables. Given the `-f' flag,
+unset will only act on functions. With neither flag, unset first
+tries to unset a variable, and if that fails, then tries to unset a
+function. Some variables (such as PATH and IFS) cannot be unset; also
+see readonly.
+$END
+
+#define NEXT_VARIABLE() any_failed++; list = list->next; continue;
+
+unset_builtin (list)
+ WORD_LIST *list;
+{
+ int unset_function, unset_variable, unset_array, opt, any_failed;
+ char *name;
+
+ unset_function = unset_variable = unset_array = any_failed = 0;
+
+ reset_internal_getopt ();
+ while ((opt = internal_getopt (list, "fv")) != -1)
+ {
+ switch (opt)
+ {
+ case 'f':
+ unset_function = 1;
+ break;
+ case 'v':
+ unset_variable = 1;
+ break;
+ default:
+ builtin_usage ();
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+ }
+
+ list = loptend;
+
+ if (unset_function && unset_variable)
+ {
+ builtin_error ("cannot simultaneously unset a function and a variable");
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ }
+
+ while (list)
+ {
+ SHELL_VAR *var;
+ int tem;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ char *t;
+#endif
+
+ name = list->word->word;
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ if (!unset_function && valid_array_reference (name))
+ {
+ t = strchr (name, '[');
+ *t++ = '\0';
+ unset_array++;
+ }
+#endif
+
+ var = unset_function ? find_function (name) : find_variable (name);
+
+ if (var && !unset_function && non_unsettable_p (var))
+ {
+ builtin_error ("%s: cannot unset", name);
+ NEXT_VARIABLE ();
+ }
+
+ /* Posix.2 says that unsetting readonly variables is an error. */
+ if (var && readonly_p (var))
+ {
+ builtin_error ("%s: cannot unset: readonly %s",
+ name, unset_function ? "function" : "variable");
+ NEXT_VARIABLE ();
+ }
+
+ /* Unless the -f option is supplied, the name refers to a variable. */
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ if (var && unset_array)
+ {
+ if (array_p (var) == 0)
+ {
+ builtin_error ("%s: not an array variable", name);
+ NEXT_VARIABLE ();
+ }
+ else
+ tem = unbind_array_element (var, t);
+ }
+ else
+#endif /* ARRAY_VARS */
+ tem = makunbound (name, unset_function ? shell_functions : shell_variables);
+
+ /* This is what Posix.2 draft 11+ says. ``If neither -f nor -v
+ is specified, the name refers to a variable; if a variable by
+ that name does not exist, a function by that name, if any,
+ shall be unset.'' */
+ if ((tem == -1) && !unset_function && !unset_variable)
+ tem = makunbound (name, shell_functions);
+
+ if (tem == -1)
+ any_failed++;
+ else if (!unset_function)
+ stupidly_hack_special_variables (name);
+
+ list = list->next;
+ }
+
+ if (any_failed)
+ return (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
+ else
+ return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
+}
--- /dev/null
+/* unwind_prot.h - Macros and functions for hacking unwind protection. */
+
+/* Copyright (C) 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
+
+ Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+ Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+
+ Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+ WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
+ for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+ with Bash; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. */
+
+#if !defined (_UNWIND_PROT_H)
+#define _UNWIND_PROT_H
+
+/* Run a function without interrupts. */
+extern void begin_unwind_frame ();
+extern void discard_unwind_frame ();
+extern void run_unwind_frame ();
+extern void add_unwind_protect ();
+extern void remove_unwind_protect ();
+extern void run_unwind_protects ();
+extern void unwind_protect_var ();
+
+/* Define for people who like their code to look a certain way. */
+#define end_unwind_frame()
+
+/* How to protect an integer. */
+#define unwind_protect_int(X) unwind_protect_var (&(X), (char *)(X), sizeof (int))
+
+/* How to protect a pointer to a string. */
+#define unwind_protect_string(X) \
+ unwind_protect_var ((int *)&(X), (X), sizeof (char *))
+
+/* How to protect any old pointer. */
+#define unwind_protect_pointer(X) unwind_protect_string (X)
+
+/* How to protect the contents of a jmp_buf. */
+#define unwind_protect_jmp_buf(X) \
+ unwind_protect_var ((int *)(X), (char *)(X), sizeof (procenv_t))
+
+#endif /* _UNWIND_PROT_H */
@%:@! /bin/sh
@%:@ From configure.in for Bash 3.2, version 3.190.
@%:@ Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles.
-@%:@ Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.59 for bash 3.2-rc.
+@%:@ Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.59 for bash 3.2-release.
@%:@
@%:@ Report bugs to <bug-bash@gnu.org>.
@%:@
# Identity of this package.
PACKAGE_NAME='bash'
PACKAGE_TARNAME='bash'
-PACKAGE_VERSION='3.2-rc'
-PACKAGE_STRING='bash 3.2-rc'
+PACKAGE_VERSION='3.2-release'
+PACKAGE_STRING='bash 3.2-release'
PACKAGE_BUGREPORT='bug-bash@gnu.org'
ac_unique_file="shell.h"
# Omit some internal or obsolete options to make the list less imposing.
# This message is too long to be a string in the A/UX 3.1 sh.
cat <<_ACEOF
-\`configure' configures bash 3.2-rc to adapt to many kinds of systems.
+\`configure' configures bash 3.2-release to adapt to many kinds of systems.
Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]...
if test -n "$ac_init_help"; then
case $ac_init_help in
- short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bash 3.2-rc:";;
+ short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bash 3.2-release:";;
esac
cat <<\_ACEOF
test -n "$ac_init_help" && exit 0
if $ac_init_version; then
cat <<\_ACEOF
-bash configure 3.2-rc
+bash configure 3.2-release
generated by GNU Autoconf 2.59
Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file contains any messages produced by compilers while
running configure, to aid debugging if configure makes a mistake.
-It was created by bash $as_me 3.2-rc, which was
+It was created by bash $as_me 3.2-release, which was
generated by GNU Autoconf 2.59. Invocation command line was
$ $0 $@
BASHVERS=3.2
-RELSTATUS=rc
+RELSTATUS=release
case "$RELSTATUS" in
alp*|bet*|dev*|rc*) DEBUG='-DDEBUG' MALLOC_DEBUG='-DMALLOC_DEBUG' ;;
} >&5
cat >&5 <<_CSEOF
-This file was extended by bash $as_me 3.2-rc, which was
+This file was extended by bash $as_me 3.2-release, which was
generated by GNU Autoconf 2.59. Invocation command line was
CONFIG_FILES = $CONFIG_FILES
cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<_ACEOF
ac_cs_version="\\
-bash config.status 3.2-rc
+bash config.status 3.2-release
configured by $0, generated by GNU Autoconf 2.59,
with options \\"`echo "$ac_configure_args" | sed 's/[\\""\`\$]/\\\\&/g'`\\"
{
'm4_pattern_forbid' => 1,
'AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR' => 1,
- 'AC_TYPE_OFF_T' => 1,
'AC_C_VOLATILE' => 1,
+ 'AC_TYPE_OFF_T' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_CLOSEDIR_VOID' => 1,
'AC_REPLACE_FNMATCH' => 1,
'AC_PROG_LIBTOOL' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_STAT' => 1,
- 'AC_FUNC_WAIT3' => 1,
'AC_HEADER_TIME' => 1,
- 'AM_AUTOMAKE_VERSION' => 1,
- 'AC_STRUCT_TM' => 1,
+ 'AC_FUNC_WAIT3' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_LSTAT' => 1,
- 'AC_FUNC_GETMNTENT' => 1,
+ 'AC_STRUCT_TM' => 1,
+ 'AM_AUTOMAKE_VERSION' => 1,
'AC_TYPE_MODE_T' => 1,
+ 'AC_FUNC_GETMNTENT' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_STRTOD' => 1,
'AC_CHECK_HEADERS' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_STRNLEN' => 1,
'AC_STRUCT_ST_BLOCKS' => 1,
'AC_TYPE_SIGNAL' => 1,
'AC_TYPE_UID_T' => 1,
- 'AC_PROG_MAKE_SET' => 1,
'AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' => 1,
- 'm4_pattern_allow' => 1,
+ 'AC_PROG_MAKE_SET' => 1,
'sinclude' => 1,
+ 'm4_pattern_allow' => 1,
'AC_DEFINE_TRACE_LITERAL' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_STRERROR_R' => 1,
'AC_PROG_CC' => 1,
- 'AC_DECL_SYS_SIGLIST' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_FORK' => 1,
- 'AC_FUNC_STRCOLL' => 1,
+ 'AC_DECL_SYS_SIGLIST' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_VPRINTF' => 1,
+ 'AC_FUNC_STRCOLL' => 1,
'AC_PROG_YACC' => 1,
'AC_INIT' => 1,
'AC_STRUCT_TIMEZONE' => 1,
'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_UTIME_NULL' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_SELECT_ARGTYPES' => 1,
- 'AC_HEADER_STAT' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_STRFTIME' => 1,
- 'AC_C_INLINE' => 1,
+ 'AC_HEADER_STAT' => 1,
'AC_PROG_CPP' => 1,
- 'AC_C_CONST' => 1,
- 'AC_PROG_LEX' => 1,
+ 'AC_C_INLINE' => 1,
'AC_TYPE_PID_T' => 1,
+ 'AC_PROG_LEX' => 1,
+ 'AC_C_CONST' => 1,
'AC_CONFIG_FILES' => 1,
'include' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_SETVBUF_REVERSED' => 1,
'AC_PROG_INSTALL' => 1,
'AM_GNU_GETTEXT' => 1,
- 'AC_FUNC_OBSTACK' => 1,
'AC_CHECK_LIB' => 1,
+ 'AC_FUNC_OBSTACK' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_MALLOC' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_GETGROUPS' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_GETLOADAVG' => 1,
'AH_OUTPUT' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_FSEEKO' => 1,
'AM_PROG_CC_C_O' => 1,
- 'AM_CONDITIONAL' => 1,
- 'AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_MKTIME' => 1,
+ 'AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM' => 1,
+ 'AM_CONDITIONAL' => 1,
'AC_CONFIG_HEADERS' => 1,
'AC_HEADER_SYS_WAIT' => 1,
- 'AC_PROG_LN_S' => 1,
'AC_FUNC_MEMCMP' => 1,
+ 'AC_PROG_LN_S' => 1,
'm4_include' => 1,
'AC_HEADER_DIRENT' => 1,
'AC_CHECK_FUNCS' => 1
-m4trace:configure.in:30: -1- AC_INIT([bash], [3.2-rc], [bug-bash@gnu.org])
+m4trace:configure.in:30: -1- AC_INIT([bash], [3.2-release], [bug-bash@gnu.org])
m4trace:configure.in:30: -1- m4_pattern_forbid([^_?A[CHUM]_])
m4trace:configure.in:30: -1- m4_pattern_forbid([_AC_])
m4trace:configure.in:30: -1- m4_pattern_forbid([^LIBOBJS$], [do not use LIBOBJS directly, use AC_LIBOBJ (see section `AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS'])
+++ /dev/null
-This file is printf.def, from which is created printf.c.
-It implements the builtin "printf" in Bash.
-
-Copyright (C) 1997-2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
-Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
-Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
-version.
-
-Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
-WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
-for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
-with Bash; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software
-Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
-
-$PRODUCES printf.c
-
-$BUILTIN printf
-$FUNCTION printf_builtin
-$SHORT_DOC printf [-v var] format [arguments]
-printf formats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT. FORMAT
-is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain
-characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape
-sequences which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
-format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
-argument. In addition to the standard printf(1) formats, %b means to
-expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument, and %q
-means to quote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input.
-If the -v option is supplied, the output is placed into the value of the
-shell variable VAR rather than being sent to the standard output.
-$END
-
-#include <config.h>
-
-#include "../bashtypes.h"
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#if defined (HAVE_LIMITS_H)
-# include <limits.h>
-#else
- /* Assume 32-bit ints. */
-# define INT_MAX 2147483647
-# define INT_MIN (-2147483647-1)
-#endif
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <chartypes.h>
-
-#ifdef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
-# include <inttypes.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "../bashansi.h"
-#include "../bashintl.h"
-
-#include "../shell.h"
-#include "stdc.h"
-#include "bashgetopt.h"
-#include "common.h"
-
-#if !defined (PRIdMAX)
-# if HAVE_LONG_LONG
-# define PRIdMAX "lld"
-# else
-# define PRIdMAX "ld"
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#if !defined (errno)
-extern int errno;
-#endif
-
-#define PC(c) \
- do { \
- char b[2]; \
- tw++; \
- b[0] = c; b[1] = '\0'; \
- if (vflag) \
- vbadd (b, 1); \
- else \
- putchar (c); \
- } while (0)
-
-#define PF(f, func) \
- do { \
- char *b = 0; \
- int nw; \
- if (have_fieldwidth && have_precision) \
- nw = asprintf(&b, f, fieldwidth, precision, func); \
- else if (have_fieldwidth) \
- nw = asprintf(&b, f, fieldwidth, func); \
- else if (have_precision) \
- nw = asprintf(&b, f, precision, func); \
- else \
- nw = asprintf(&b, f, func); \
- tw += nw; \
- if (b) \
- { \
- if (vflag) \
- (void)vbadd (b, nw); \
- else \
- (void)fputs (b, stdout); \
- if (ferror (stdout))
- free (b); \
- } \
- } while (0)
-
-/* We free the buffer used by mklong() if it's `too big'. */
-#define PRETURN(value) \
- do \
- { \
- if (vflag) \
- { \
- bind_variable (vname, vbuf, 0); \
- stupidly_hack_special_variables (vname); \
- } \
- if (conv_bufsize > 4096 ) \
- { \
- free (conv_buf); \
- conv_bufsize = 0; \
- conv_buf = 0; \
- } \
- if (vbsize > 4096) \
- { \
- free (vbuf); \
- vbsize = 0; \
- vbuf = 0; \
- } \
- fflush (stdout); \
- if (ferror (stdout)) \
- { \
- clearerr (stdout); \
- return (EXECUTION_FAILURE); \
- } \
- return (value); \
- } \
- while (0)
-
-#define SKIP1 "#'-+ 0"
-#define LENMODS "hjlLtz"
-
-static void printf_erange __P((char *));
-static int printstr __P((char *, char *, int, int, int));
-static int tescape __P((char *, char *, int *));
-static char *bexpand __P((char *, int, int *, int *));
-static char *vbadd __P((char *, int));
-static char *mklong __P((char *, char *, size_t));
-static int getchr __P((void));
-static char *getstr __P((void));
-static int getint __P((void));
-static intmax_t getintmax __P((void));
-static uintmax_t getuintmax __P((void));
-
-#if defined (HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE) && HAVE_DECL_STRTOLD && !defined(STRTOLD_BROKEN)
-typedef long double floatmax_t;
-# define FLOATMAX_CONV "L"
-# define strtofltmax strtold
-#else
-typedef double floatmax_t;
-# define FLOATMAX_CONV ""
-# define strtofltmax strtod
-#endif
-static floatmax_t getfloatmax __P((void));
-
-static int asciicode __P((void));
-
-static WORD_LIST *garglist;
-static int retval;
-static int conversion_error;
-
-/* printf -v var support */
-static int vflag = 0;
-static char *vbuf, *vname;
-static size_t vbsize;
-static int vblen;
-
-static intmax_t tw;
-
-static char *conv_buf;
-static size_t conv_bufsize;
-
-int
-printf_builtin (list)
- WORD_LIST *list;
-{
- int ch, fieldwidth, precision;
- int have_fieldwidth, have_precision;
- char convch, thisch, nextch, *format, *modstart, *fmt, *start;
-
- conversion_error = 0;
- retval = EXECUTION_SUCCESS;
-
- vflag = 0;
-
- reset_internal_getopt ();
- while ((ch = internal_getopt (list, "v:")) != -1)
- {
- switch (ch)
- {
- case 'v':
- if (legal_identifier (vname = list_optarg))
- {
- vflag = 1;
- vblen = 0;
- }
- else
- {
- sh_invalidid (vname);
- return (EX_USAGE);
- }
- break;
- default:
- builtin_usage ();
- return (EX_USAGE);
- }
- }
- list = loptend; /* skip over possible `--' */
-
- if (list == 0)
- {
- builtin_usage ();
- return (EX_USAGE);
- }
-
- if (list->word->word == 0 || list->word->word[0] == '\0')
- return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-
- format = list->word->word;
- tw = 0;
-
- garglist = list->next;
-
- /* If the format string is empty after preprocessing, return immediately. */
- if (format == 0 || *format == 0)
- return (EXECUTION_SUCCESS);
-
- /* Basic algorithm is to scan the format string for conversion
- specifications -- once one is found, find out if the field
- width or precision is a '*'; if it is, gather up value. Note,
- format strings are reused as necessary to use up the provided
- arguments, arguments of zero/null string are provided to use
- up the format string. */
- do
- {
- tw = 0;
- /* find next format specification */
- for (fmt = format; *fmt; fmt++)
- {
- precision = fieldwidth = 0;
- have_fieldwidth = have_precision = 0;
-
- if (*fmt == '\\')
- {
- fmt++;
- /* A NULL third argument to tescape means to bypass the
- special processing for arguments to %b. */
- fmt += tescape (fmt, &nextch, (int *)NULL);
- PC (nextch);
- fmt--; /* for loop will increment it for us again */
- continue;
- }
-
- if (*fmt != '%')
- {
- PC (*fmt);
- continue;
- }
-
- /* ASSERT(*fmt == '%') */
- start = fmt++;
-
- if (*fmt == '%') /* %% prints a % */
- {
- PC ('%');
- continue;
- }
-
- /* found format specification, skip to field width */
- for (; *fmt && strchr(SKIP1, *fmt); ++fmt)
- ;
-
- /* Skip optional field width. */
- if (*fmt == '*')
- {
- fmt++;
- have_fieldwidth = 1;
- fieldwidth = getint ();
- }
- else
- while (DIGIT (*fmt))
- fmt++;
-
- /* Skip optional '.' and precision */
- if (*fmt == '.')
- {
- ++fmt;
- if (*fmt == '*')
- {
- fmt++;
- have_precision = 1;
- precision = getint ();
- }
- else
- {
- /* Negative precisions are allowed but treated as if the
- precision were missing; I would like to allow a leading
- `+' in the precision number as an extension, but lots
- of asprintf/fprintf implementations get this wrong. */
-#if 0
- if (*fmt == '-' || *fmt == '+')
-#else
- if (*fmt == '-')
-#endif
- fmt++;
- while (DIGIT (*fmt))
- fmt++;
- }
- }
-
- /* skip possible format modifiers */
- modstart = fmt;
- while (*fmt && strchr (LENMODS, *fmt))
- fmt++;
-
- if (*fmt == 0)
- {
- builtin_error (_("`%s': missing format character"), start);
- PRETURN (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
- }
-
- convch = *fmt;
- thisch = modstart[0];
- nextch = modstart[1];
- modstart[0] = convch;
- modstart[1] = '\0';
-
- switch(convch)
- {
- case 'c':
- {
- char p;
-
- p = getchr ();
- PF(start, p);
- break;
- }
-
- case 's':
- {
- char *p;
-
- p = getstr ();
- PF(start, p);
- break;
- }
-
- case 'n':
- {
- char *var;
-
- var = getstr ();
- if (var && *var)
- {
- if (legal_identifier (var))
- bind_var_to_int (var, tw);
- else
- {
- sh_invalidid (var);
- PRETURN (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
- }
- }
- break;
- }
-
- case 'b': /* expand escapes in argument */
- {
- char *p, *xp;
- int rlen, r;
-
- p = getstr ();
- ch = rlen = r = 0;
- xp = bexpand (p, strlen (p), &ch, &rlen);
-
- if (xp)
- {
- /* Have to use printstr because of possible NUL bytes
- in XP -- printf does not handle that well. */
- r = printstr (start, xp, rlen, fieldwidth, precision);
- if (r < 0)
- {
- sh_wrerror ();
- clearerr (stdout);
- retval = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
- }
- free (xp);
- }
-
- if (ch || r < 0)
- PRETURN (retval);
- break;
- }
-
- case 'q': /* print with shell quoting */
- {
- char *p, *xp;
- int r;
-
- r = 0;
- p = getstr ();
- if (ansic_shouldquote (p))
- xp = ansic_quote (p, 0, (int *)0);
- else
- xp = sh_backslash_quote (p);
- if (xp)
- {
- /* Use printstr to get fieldwidth and precision right. */
- r = printstr (start, xp, strlen (xp), fieldwidth, precision);
- if (r < 0)
- {
- sh_wrerror ();
- clearerr (stdout);
- }
- free (xp);
- }
-
- if (r < 0)
- PRETURN (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
- break;
- }
-
- case 'd':
- case 'i':
- {
- char *f;
- long p;
- intmax_t pp;
-
- p = pp = getintmax ();
- if (p != pp)
- {
- f = mklong (start, PRIdMAX, sizeof (PRIdMAX) - 2);
- PF (f, pp);
- }
- else
- {
- /* Optimize the common case where the integer fits
- in "long". This also works around some long
- long and/or intmax_t library bugs in the common
- case, e.g. glibc 2.2 x86. */
- f = mklong (start, "l", 1);
- PF (f, p);
- }
- break;
- }
-
- case 'o':
- case 'u':
- case 'x':
- case 'X':
- {
- char *f;
- unsigned long p;
- uintmax_t pp;
-
- p = pp = getuintmax ();
- if (p != pp)
- {
- f = mklong (start, PRIdMAX, sizeof (PRIdMAX) - 2);
- PF (f, pp);
- }
- else
- {
- f = mklong (start, "l", 1);
- PF (f, p);
- }
- break;
- }
-
- case 'e':
- case 'E':
- case 'f':
- case 'F':
- case 'g':
- case 'G':
-#if defined (HAVE_PRINTF_A_FORMAT)
- case 'a':
- case 'A':
-#endif
- {
- char *f;
- floatmax_t p;
-
- p = getfloatmax ();
- f = mklong (start, FLOATMAX_CONV, sizeof(FLOATMAX_CONV) - 1);
- PF (f, p);
- break;
- }
-
- /* We don't output unrecognized format characters; we print an
- error message and return a failure exit status. */
- default:
- builtin_error (_("`%c': invalid format character"), convch);
- PRETURN (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
- }
-
- modstart[0] = thisch;
- modstart[1] = nextch;
- }
-
- if (ferror (stdout))
- {
- sh_wrerror ();
- clearerr (stdout);
- PRETURN (EXECUTION_FAILURE);
- }
- }
- while (garglist && garglist != list->next);
-
- if (conversion_error)
- retval = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
-
- PRETURN (retval);
-}
-
-static void
-printf_erange (s)
- char *s;
-{
- builtin_error ("warning: %s: %s", s, strerror(ERANGE));
-}
-
-/* We duplicate a lot of what printf(3) does here. */
-static int
-printstr (fmt, string, len, fieldwidth, precision)
- char *fmt; /* format */
- char *string; /* expanded string argument */
- int len; /* length of expanded string */
- int fieldwidth; /* argument for width of `*' */
- int precision; /* argument for precision of `*' */
-{
-#if 0
- char *s;
-#endif
- int padlen, nc, ljust, i;
- int fw, pr; /* fieldwidth and precision */
-
-#if 0
- if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
-#else
- if (string == 0 || len == 0)
-#endif
- return;
-
-#if 0
- s = fmt;
-#endif
- if (*fmt == '%')
- fmt++;
-
- ljust = fw = 0;
- pr = -1;
-
- /* skip flags */
- while (strchr (SKIP1, *fmt))
- {
- if (*fmt == '-')
- ljust = 1;
- fmt++;
- }
-
- /* get fieldwidth, if present */
- if (*fmt == '*')
- {
- fmt++;
- fw = fieldwidth;
- if (fw < 0)
- {
- fw = -fw;
- ljust = 1;
- }
- }
- else if (DIGIT (*fmt))
- {
- fw = *fmt++ - '0';
- while (DIGIT (*fmt))
- fw = (fw * 10) + (*fmt++ - '0');
- }
-
- /* get precision, if present */
- if (*fmt == '.')
- {
- fmt++;
- if (*fmt == '*')
- {
- fmt++;
- pr = precision;
- }
- else if (DIGIT (*fmt))
- {
- pr = *fmt++ - '0';
- while (DIGIT (*fmt))
- pr = (pr * 10) + (*fmt++ - '0');
- }
- }
-
-#if 0
- /* If we remove this, get rid of `s'. */
- if (*fmt != 'b' && *fmt != 'q')
- {
- internal_error ("format parsing problem: %s", s);
- fw = pr = 0;
- }
-#endif
-
- /* chars from string to print */
- nc = (pr >= 0 && pr <= len) ? pr : len;
-
- padlen = fw - nc;
- if (padlen < 0)
- padlen = 0;
- if (ljust)
- padlen = -padlen;
-
- /* leading pad characters */
- for (; padlen > 0; padlen--)
- PC (' ');
-
- /* output NC characters from STRING */
- for (i = 0; i < nc; i++)
- PC (string[i]);
-
- /* output any necessary trailing padding */
- for (; padlen < 0; padlen++)
- PC (' ');
-
- return (ferror (stdout) ? -1 : 0);
-}
-
-/* Convert STRING by expanding the escape sequences specified by the
- POSIX standard for printf's `%b' format string. If SAWC is non-null,
- perform the processing appropriate for %b arguments. In particular,
- recognize `\c' and use that as a string terminator. If we see \c, set
- *SAWC to 1 before returning. LEN is the length of STRING. */
-
-/* Translate a single backslash-escape sequence starting at ESTART (the
- character after the backslash) and return the number of characters
- consumed by the sequence. CP is the place to return the translated
- value. *SAWC is set to 1 if the escape sequence was \c, since that means
- to short-circuit the rest of the processing. If SAWC is null, we don't
- do the \c short-circuiting, and \c is treated as an unrecognized escape
- sequence; we also bypass the other processing specific to %b arguments. */
-static int
-tescape (estart, cp, sawc)
- char *estart;
- char *cp;
- int *sawc;
-{
- register char *p;
- int temp, c, evalue;
-
- p = estart;
-
- switch (c = *p++)
- {
-#if defined (__STDC__)
- case 'a': *cp = '\a'; break;
-#else
- case 'a': *cp = '\007'; break;
-#endif
-
- case 'b': *cp = '\b'; break;
-
- case 'e':
- case 'E': *cp = '\033'; break; /* ESC -- non-ANSI */
-
- case 'f': *cp = '\f'; break;
-
- case 'n': *cp = '\n'; break;
-
- case 'r': *cp = '\r'; break;
-
- case 't': *cp = '\t'; break;
-
- case 'v': *cp = '\v'; break;
-
- /* The octal escape sequences are `\0' followed by up to three octal
- digits (if SAWC), or `\' followed by up to three octal digits (if
- !SAWC). As an extension, we allow the latter form even if SAWC. */
- case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
- case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
- evalue = OCTVALUE (c);
- for (temp = 2 + (!evalue && !!sawc); ISOCTAL (*p) && temp--; p++)
- evalue = (evalue * 8) + OCTVALUE (*p);
- *cp = evalue & 0xFF;
- break;
-
- /* And, as another extension, we allow \xNNN, where each N is a
- hex digit. */
- case 'x':
-#if 0
- for (evalue = 0; ISXDIGIT ((unsigned char)*p); p++)
-#else
- for (temp = 2, evalue = 0; ISXDIGIT ((unsigned char)*p) && temp--; p++)
-#endif
- evalue = (evalue * 16) + HEXVALUE (*p);
- if (p == estart + 1)
- {
- builtin_error (_("missing hex digit for \\x"));
- *cp = '\\';
- return 0;
- }
- *cp = evalue & 0xFF;
- break;
-
- case '\\': /* \\ -> \ */
- *cp = c;
- break;
-
- /* SAWC == 0 means that \', \", and \? are recognized as escape
- sequences, though the only processing performed is backslash
- removal. */
- case '\'': case '"': case '?':
- if (!sawc)
- *cp = c;
- else
- {
- *cp = '\\';
- return 0;
- }
- break;
-
- case 'c':
- if (sawc)
- {
- *sawc = 1;
- break;
- }
- /* other backslash escapes are passed through unaltered */
- default:
- *cp = '\\';
- return 0;
- }
- return (p - estart);
-}
-
-static char *
-bexpand (string, len, sawc, lenp)
- char *string;
- int len, *sawc, *lenp;
-{
- int temp;
- char *ret, *r, *s, c;
-
-#if 0
- if (string == 0 || *string == '\0')
-#else
- if (string == 0 || len == 0)
-#endif
- {
- if (sawc)
- *sawc = 0;
- if (lenp)
- *lenp = 0;
- return ((char *)NULL);
- }
-
- ret = (char *)xmalloc (len + 1);
- for (r = ret, s = string; s && *s; )
- {
- c = *s++;
- if (c != '\\' || *s == '\0')
- {
- *r++ = c;
- continue;
- }
- temp = 0;
- s += tescape (s, &c, &temp);
- if (temp)
- {
- if (sawc)
- *sawc = 1;
- break;
- }
-
- *r++ = c;
- }
-
- *r = '\0';
- if (lenp)
- *lenp = r - ret;
- return ret;
-}
-
-static char *
-vbadd (buf, blen)
- char *buf;
- int blen;
-{
- size_t nlen;
-
- nlen = vblen + blen + 1;
- if (nlen >= vbsize)
- {
- vbsize = ((nlen + 63) >> 6) << 6;
- vbuf = (char *)xrealloc (vbuf, vbsize);
- }
-
- if (blen == 1)
- vbuf[vblen++] = buf[0];
- else
- {
- FASTCOPY (buf, vbuf + vblen, blen);
- vblen += blen;
- }
- vbuf[vblen] = '\0';
-
-#ifdef DEBUG
- if (strlen (vbuf) != vblen)
- internal_error ("printf:vbadd: vblen (%d) != strlen (vbuf) (%d)", vblen, strlen (vbuf));
-#endif
-
- return vbuf;
-}
-
-static char *
-mklong (str, modifiers, mlen)
- char *str;
- char *modifiers;
- size_t mlen;
-{
- size_t len, slen;
-
- slen = strlen (str);
- len = slen + mlen + 1;
-
- if (len > conv_bufsize)
- {
- conv_bufsize = (((len + 1023) >> 10) << 10);
- conv_buf = (char *)xrealloc (conv_buf, conv_bufsize);
- }
-
- FASTCOPY (str, conv_buf, slen - 1);
- FASTCOPY (modifiers, conv_buf + slen - 1, mlen);
-
- conv_buf[len - 2] = str[slen - 1];
- conv_buf[len - 1] = '\0';
- return (conv_buf);
-}
-
-static int
-getchr ()
-{
- int ret;
-
- if (garglist == 0)
- return ('\0');
-
- ret = (int)garglist->word->word[0];
- garglist = garglist->next;
- return ret;
-}
-
-static char *
-getstr ()
-{
- char *ret;
-
- if (garglist == 0)
- return ("");
-
- ret = garglist->word->word;
- garglist = garglist->next;
- return ret;
-}
-
-static int
-getint ()
-{
- intmax_t ret;
-
- ret = getintmax ();
-
- if (ret > INT_MAX)
- {
- printf_erange (garglist->word->word);
- ret = INT_MAX;
- }
- else if (ret < INT_MIN)
- {
- printf_erange (garglist->word->word);
- ret = INT_MIN;
- }
-
- return ((int)ret);
-}
-
-static intmax_t
-getintmax ()
-{
- intmax_t ret;
- char *ep;
-
- if (garglist == 0)
- return (0);
-
- if (garglist->word->word[0] == '\'' || garglist->word->word[0] == '"')
- return asciicode ();
-
- errno = 0;
- ret = strtoimax (garglist->word->word, &ep, 0);
-
- if (*ep)
- {
- sh_invalidnum (garglist->word->word);
- /* POSIX.2 says ``...a diagnostic message shall be written to standard
- error, and the utility shall not exit with a zero exit status, but
- shall continue processing any remaining operands and shall write the
- value accumulated at the time the error was detected to standard
- output.'' Yecch. */
- ret = 0;
- conversion_error = 1;
- }
- else if (errno == ERANGE)
- printf_erange (garglist->word->word);
-
- garglist = garglist->next;
- return (ret);
-}
-
-static uintmax_t
-getuintmax ()
-{
- uintmax_t ret;
- char *ep;
-
- if (garglist == 0)
- return (0);
-
- if (garglist->word->word[0] == '\'' || garglist->word->word[0] == '"')
- return asciicode ();
-
- errno = 0;
- ret = strtoumax (garglist->word->word, &ep, 0);
-
- if (*ep)
- {
- sh_invalidnum (garglist->word->word);
- /* Same POSIX.2 conversion error requirements as getintmax(). */
- ret = 0;
- conversion_error = 1;
- }
- else if (errno == ERANGE)
- printf_erange (garglist->word->word);
-
- garglist = garglist->next;
- return (ret);
-}
-
-static floatmax_t
-getfloatmax ()
-{
- floatmax_t ret;
- char *ep;
-
- if (garglist == 0)
- return (0);
-
- if (garglist->word->word[0] == '\'' || garglist->word->word[0] == '"')
- return asciicode ();
-
- errno = 0;
- ret = strtofltmax (garglist->word->word, &ep);
-
- if (*ep)
- {
- sh_invalidnum (garglist->word->word);
- /* Same thing about POSIX.2 conversion error requirements. */
- ret = 0;
- conversion_error = 1;
- }
- else if (errno == ERANGE)
- printf_erange (garglist->word->word);
-
- garglist = garglist->next;
- return (ret);
-}
-
-/* NO check is needed for garglist here. */
-static int
-asciicode ()
-{
- register int ch;
-
- ch = garglist->word->word[1];
- garglist = garglist->next;
- return (ch);
-}
--- /dev/null
+# This file is a shell script that caches the results of configure
+# tests for CYGWIN32 so they don't need to be done when cross-compiling.
+
+# AC_FUNC_GETPGRP should also define GETPGRP_VOID
+ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void=${ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void='yes'}
+# AC_FUNC_SETVBUF_REVERSED should not define anything else
+ac_cv_func_setvbuf_reversed=${ac_cv_func_setvbuf_reversed='no'}
+# on CYGWIN32, system calls do not restart
+ac_cv_sys_restartable_syscalls=${ac_cv_sys_restartable_syscalls='no'}
+bash_cv_sys_restartable_syscalls=${bash_cv_sys_restartable_syscalls='no'}
+
+# these may be necessary, but they are currently commented out
+#ac_cv_c_bigendian=${ac_cv_c_bigendian='no'}
+ac_cv_sizeof_char_p=${ac_cv_sizeof_char_p='4'}
+ac_cv_sizeof_int=${ac_cv_sizeof_int='4'}
+ac_cv_sizeof_long=${ac_cv_sizeof_long='4'}
+ac_cv_sizeof_double=${ac_cv_sizeof_double='8'}
+
+bash_cv_dup2_broken=${bash_cv_dup2_broken='no'}
+bash_cv_pgrp_pipe=${bash_cv_pgrp_pipe='no'}
+bash_cv_type_rlimit=${bash_cv_type_rlimit='long'}
+bash_cv_decl_under_sys_siglist=${bash_cv_decl_under_sys_siglist='no'}
+bash_cv_under_sys_siglist=${bash_cv_under_sys_siglist='no'}
+bash_cv_sys_siglist=${bash_cv_sys_siglist='no'}
+bash_cv_opendir_not_robust=${bash_cv_opendir_not_robust='no'}
+bash_cv_getenv_redef=${bash_cv_getenv_redef='yes'}
+bash_cv_printf_declared=${bash_cv_printf_declared='yes'}
+bash_cv_ulimit_maxfds=${bash_cv_ulimit_maxfds='no'}
+bash_cv_getcwd_calls_popen=${bash_cv_getcwd_calls_popen='no'}
+bash_cv_must_reinstall_sighandlers=${bash_cv_must_reinstall_sighandlers='no'}
+bash_cv_job_control_missing=${bash_cv_job_control_missing='present'}
+bash_cv_sys_named_pipes=${bash_cv_sys_named_pipes='missing'}
+bash_cv_func_sigsetjmp=${bash_cv_func_sigsetjmp='missing'}
+bash_cv_mail_dir=${bash_cv_mail_dir='unknown'}
+bash_cv_func_strcoll_broken=${bash_cv_func_strcoll_broken='no'}
+
+bash_cv_type_int32_t=${bash_cv_type_int32_t='int'}
+bash_cv_type_u_int32_t=${bash_cv_type_u_int32_t='int'}
+
+ac_cv_type_bits64_t=${ac_cv_type_bits64_t='no'}
+
+# end of cross-build/cygwin32.cache
-This is the Bash FAQ, version 3.34, for Bash version 3.2.
+This is the Bash FAQ, version 3.33, for Bash version 3.1.
This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning
Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command
of FAQ articles periodically posted to comp.unix.shell.
Questions and comments concerning this document should be sent to
-chet.ramey@case.edu.
+chet@po.cwru.edu.
This document is available for anonymous FTP with the URL
Section B: The latest version
-B1) What's new in version 3.2?
-B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-3.2 and
+B1) What's new in version 3.1?
+B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-3.1 and
bash-2.05b?
Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
E11) If I resize my xterm while another program is running, why doesn't bash
notice the change?
E12) Why don't negative offsets in substring expansion work like I expect?
-E13) Why does filename completion misbehave if a colon appears in the filename?
Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
A2) What's the latest version?
-The latest version is 3.2, first made available on 12 October, 2006.
+The latest version is 3.1, first made available on 09 December, 2005.
A3) Where can I get it?
Bash is the GNU project's shell, and so is available from the
master GNU archive site, ftp.gnu.org, and its mirrors. The
latest version is also available for FTP from ftp.cwru.edu.
-The following URLs tell how to get version 3.2:
+The following URLs tell how to get version 3.1:
-ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-3.2.tar.gz
-ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-3.2.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-3.1.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-3.1.tar.gz
Formatted versions of the documentation are available with the URLs:
-ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-3.2.tar.gz
-ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-3.2.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-3.1.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-3.1.tar.gz
Any patches for the current version are available with the URL:
-ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-3.2-patches/
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-3.1-patches/
A4) On what machines will bash run?
Cygnus originally ported bash-1.14.7, and that port was part of their
early GNU-Win32 (the original name) releases. Cygnus has also done
ports of bash-2.05b and bash-3.0 to the CYGWIN environment, and both
-are available as part of their current release. Bash-3.2 is currently
+are available as part of their current release. Bash-3.1 is currently
being tested and should be available soon.
Bash-2.05b and later versions should require no local Cygnus changes to
Bash-3.0 compiles and runs with no modifications under Microsoft's Services
for Unix (SFU), once known as Interix. I do not anticipate any problems
-with building bash-3.1 or bash-3.2.
+with building bash-3.1.
A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
Section B: The latest version
-B1) What's new in version 3.2?
+B1) What's new in version 3.1?
-Bash-3.2 is the second maintenance release of the third major release of
+Bash-3.1 is the first maintenance release of the third major release of
bash. It contains the following significant new features (see the manual
page for complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the
-bash-3.2 distribution).
-
-o Bash-3.2 now checks shell scripts for NUL characters rather than non-printing
- characters when deciding whether or not a script is a binary file.
-
-o Quoting the string argument to the [[ command's =~ (regexp) operator now
- forces string matching, as with the other pattern-matching operators.
-
-A short feature history dating from Bash-2.0:
-
-Bash-3.1 contained the following new features:
+bash-3.1 distribution).
o Bash-3.1 may now be configured and built in a mode that enforces strict
POSIX compliance.
o It is now possible to ignore case when matching in contexts other than
filename generation using the new `nocasematch' shell option.
+A short feature history dating from Bash-2.0:
+
Bash-3.0 contained the following new features:
o Features to support the bash debugger have been implemented, and there
lots of code now smaller and faster
test suite greatly expanded
-B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-3.2 and
+B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-3.1 and
bash-2.05b?
-There are a few incompatibilities between version 2.05b and version 3.2.
+There are a few incompatibilities between version 2.05b and version 3.1.
They are detailed in the file COMPAT in the bash distribution. That file
is not meant to be all-encompassing; send mail to bash-maintainers@gnu.org
if if you find something that's not mentioned there.
C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
-New things in ksh-93 not in bash-3.2:
+New things in ksh-93 not in bash-3.0:
associative arrays
floating point arithmetic and variables
math library functions
lexical scoping for local variables in `ksh' functions
no scoping for local variables in `POSIX' functions
-New things in ksh-93 present in bash-3.2:
+New things in ksh-93 present in bash-3.0:
[n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections (combination dup and close)
for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 )) ; do list; done - arithmetic for command
?:, ++, --, `expr1 , expr2' arithmetic operators
will print `Broken pipe' to stderr when ps is killed by a
SIGPIPE.
-As of bash-3.1, bash does not report SIGPIPE errors by default. You
+As of bash-3.1, bash will not report SIGPIPE errors by default. You
can build a version of bash that will report such errors.
E3) When I have terminal escape sequences in my prompt, why does bash
To use negative offsets that begin with a minus sign, separate the
minus sign and the colon with a space.
-E13) Why does filename completion misbehave if a colon appears in the filename?
-
-Filename completion (and word completion in general) may appear to behave
-improperly if there is a colon in the word to be completed.
-
-The colon is special to readline's word completion code: it is one of the
-characters that breaks words for the completer. Readline uses these characters
-in sort of the same way that bash uses $IFS: they break or separate the words
-the completion code hands to the application-specific or default word
-completion functions. The original intent was to make it easy to edit
-colon-separated lists (such as $PATH in bash) in various applications using
-readline for input.
-
-This is complicated by the fact that some versions of the popular
-`bash-completion' programmable completion package have problems with the
-default completion behavior in the presence of colons.
-
-The current set of completion word break characters is available in bash as
-the value of the COMP_WORDBREAKS variable. Removing `:' from that value is
-enough to make the colon not special to completion:
-
-COMP_WORDBREAKS=${COMP_WORDBREAKS//:}
-
-You can also quote the colon with a backslash to achieve the same result
-temporarily.
-
Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'?
H5) When will the next release appear?
-The next version will appear sometime in 2007. Never make predictions.
+The next version will appear sometime in 2006. Never make predictions.
-This document is Copyright 1995-2006 by Chester Ramey.
+This document is Copyright 1995-2005 by Chester Ramey.
Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and
without license or royalty fees, to use, copy, and distribute
--- /dev/null
+This is the Bash FAQ, version 3.34, for Bash version 3.2.
+
+This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning
+Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command
+interpreter with advanced features for both interactive use and shell
+programming.
+
+Another good source of basic information about shells is the collection
+of FAQ articles periodically posted to comp.unix.shell.
+
+Questions and comments concerning this document should be sent to
+chet@po.cwru.edu.
+
+This document is available for anonymous FTP with the URL
+
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/FAQ
+
+The Bash home page is http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/~chet/bash/bashtop.html
+
+----------
+Contents:
+
+Section A: The Basics
+
+A1) What is it?
+A2) What's the latest version?
+A3) Where can I get it?
+A4) On what machines will bash run?
+A5) Will bash run on operating systems other than Unix?
+A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
+A7) How can I make bash my login shell?
+A8) I just changed my login shell to bash, and now I can't FTP into my
+ machine. Why not?
+A9) What's the `POSIX Shell and Utilities standard'?
+A10) What is the bash `posix mode'?
+
+Section B: The latest version
+
+B1) What's new in version 3.2?
+B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-3.2 and
+ bash-2.05b?
+
+Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
+
+C1) How does bash differ from sh, the Bourne shell?
+C2) How does bash differ from the Korn shell, version ksh88?
+C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
+
+Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells?
+
+D1) Why does bash run a different version of `command' than
+ `which command' says it will?
+D2) Why doesn't bash treat brace expansions exactly like csh?
+D3) Why doesn't bash have csh variable modifiers?
+D4) How can I make my csh aliases work when I convert to bash?
+D5) How can I pipe standard output and standard error from one command to
+ another, like csh does with `|&'?
+D6) Now that I've converted from ksh to bash, are there equivalents to
+ ksh features like autoloaded functions and the `whence' command?
+
+Section E: Why does bash do certain things the way it does?
+
+E1) Why is the bash builtin `test' slightly different from /bin/test?
+E2) Why does bash sometimes say `Broken pipe'?
+E3) When I have terminal escape sequences in my prompt, why does bash
+ wrap lines at the wrong column?
+E4) If I pipe the output of a command into `read variable', why doesn't
+ the output show up in $variable when the read command finishes?
+E5) I have a bunch of shell scripts that use backslash-escaped characters
+ in arguments to `echo'. Bash doesn't interpret these characters. Why
+ not, and how can I make it understand them?
+E6) Why doesn't a while or for loop get suspended when I type ^Z?
+E7) What about empty for loops in Makefiles?
+E8) Why does the arithmetic evaluation code complain about `08'?
+E9) Why does the pattern matching expression [A-Z]* match files beginning
+ with every letter except `z'?
+E10) Why does `cd //' leave $PWD as `//'?
+E11) If I resize my xterm while another program is running, why doesn't bash
+ notice the change?
+E12) Why don't negative offsets in substring expansion work like I expect?
+E13) Why does filename completion misbehave if a colon appears in the filename?
+
+Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
+
+F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'?
+F2) I built bash on Solaris 2. Why do globbing expansions and filename
+ completion chop off the first few characters of each filename?
+F3) Why does bash dump core after I interrupt username completion or
+ `~user' tilde expansion on a machine running NIS?
+F4) I'm running SVR4.2. Why is the line erased every time I type `@'?
+F5) Why does bash report syntax errors when my C News scripts use a
+ redirection before a subshell command?
+F6) Why can't I use vi-mode editing on Red Hat Linux 6.1?
+F7) Why do bash-2.05a and bash-2.05b fail to compile `printf.def' on
+ HP/UX 11.x?
+
+Section G: How can I get bash to do certain common things?
+
+G1) How can I get bash to read and display eight-bit characters?
+G2) How do I write a function `x' to replace builtin command `x', but
+ still invoke the command from within the function?
+G3) How can I find the value of a shell variable whose name is the value
+ of another shell variable?
+G4) How can I make the bash `time' reserved word print timing output that
+ looks like the output from my system's /usr/bin/time?
+G5) How do I get the current directory into my prompt?
+G6) How can I rename "*.foo" to "*.bar"?
+G7) How can I translate a filename from uppercase to lowercase?
+G8) How can I write a filename expansion (globbing) pattern that will match
+ all files in the current directory except "." and ".."?
+
+Section H: Where do I go from here?
+
+H1) How do I report bugs in bash, and where should I look for fixes and
+ advice?
+H2) What kind of bash documentation is there?
+H3) What's coming in future versions?
+H4) What's on the bash `wish list'?
+H5) When will the next release appear?
+
+----------
+Section A: The Basics
+
+A1) What is it?
+
+Bash is a Unix command interpreter (shell). It is an implementation of
+the Posix 1003.2 shell standard, and resembles the Korn and System V
+shells.
+
+Bash contains a number of enhancements over those shells, both
+for interactive use and shell programming. Features geared
+toward interactive use include command line editing, command
+history, job control, aliases, and prompt expansion. Programming
+features include additional variable expansions, shell
+arithmetic, and a number of variables and options to control
+shell behavior.
+
+Bash was originally written by Brian Fox of the Free Software
+Foundation. The current developer and maintainer is Chet Ramey
+of Case Western Reserve University.
+
+A2) What's the latest version?
+
+The latest version is 3.2, first made available on XX October, 2006.
+
+A3) Where can I get it?
+
+Bash is the GNU project's shell, and so is available from the
+master GNU archive site, ftp.gnu.org, and its mirrors. The
+latest version is also available for FTP from ftp.cwru.edu.
+The following URLs tell how to get version 3.1:
+
+ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-3.2.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-3.2.tar.gz
+
+Formatted versions of the documentation are available with the URLs:
+
+ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-3.2.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-3.2.tar.gz
+
+Any patches for the current version are available with the URL:
+
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-3.2-patches/
+
+A4) On what machines will bash run?
+
+Bash has been ported to nearly every version of Unix. All you
+should have to do to build it on a machine for which a port
+exists is to type `configure' and then `make'. The build process
+will attempt to discover the version of Unix you have and tailor
+itself accordingly, using a script created by GNU autoconf.
+
+More information appears in the file `INSTALL' in the distribution.
+
+The Bash web page (http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/~chet/bash/bashtop.html)
+explains how to obtain binary versions of bash for most of the major
+commercial Unix systems.
+
+A5) Will bash run on operating systems other than Unix?
+
+Configuration specifics for Unix-like systems such as QNX and
+LynxOS are included in the distribution. Bash-2.05 and later
+versions should compile and run on Minix 2.0 (patches were
+contributed), but I don't believe anyone has built bash-2.x on
+earlier Minix versions yet.
+
+Bash has been ported to versions of Windows implementing the Win32
+programming interface. This includes Windows 95 and Windows NT.
+The port was done by Cygnus Solutions (now part of Red Hat) as part
+of their CYGWIN project. For more information about the project, see
+http://www.cygwin.com/.
+
+Cygnus originally ported bash-1.14.7, and that port was part of their
+early GNU-Win32 (the original name) releases. Cygnus has also done
+ports of bash-2.05b and bash-3.0 to the CYGWIN environment, and both
+are available as part of their current release. Bash-3.1 is currently
+being tested and should be available soon.
+
+Bash-2.05b and later versions should require no local Cygnus changes to
+build and run under CYGWIN.
+
+DJ Delorie has a port of bash-2.x which runs under MS-DOS, as part
+of the DJGPP project. For more information on the project, see
+
+http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/
+
+I have been told that the original DJGPP port was done by Daisuke Aoyama.
+
+Mark Elbrecht <snowball3@bigfoot.com> has sent me notice that bash-2.04
+is available for DJGPP V2. The files are available as:
+
+ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204b.zip binary
+ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204d.zip documentation
+ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204s.zip source
+
+Mark began to work with bash-2.05, but I don't know the current status.
+
+Bash-3.0 compiles and runs with no modifications under Microsoft's Services
+for Unix (SFU), once known as Interix. I do not anticipate any problems
+with building bash-3.1 or bash-3.2.
+
+A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
+
+Bash configures to use gcc by default if it is available. Read the
+file INSTALL in the distribution for more information.
+
+A7) How can I make bash my login shell?
+
+Some machines let you use `chsh' to change your login shell. Other
+systems use `passwd -s' or `passwd -e'. If one of these works for
+you, that's all you need. Note that many systems require the full
+pathname to a shell to appear in /etc/shells before you can make it
+your login shell. For this, you may need the assistance of your
+friendly local system administrator.
+
+If you cannot do this, you can still use bash as your login shell, but
+you need to perform some tricks. The basic idea is to add a command
+to your login shell's startup file to replace your login shell with
+bash.
+
+For example, if your login shell is csh or tcsh, and you have installed
+bash in /usr/gnu/bin/bash, add the following line to ~/.login:
+
+ if ( -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ) exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
+
+(the `--login' tells bash that it is a login shell).
+
+It's not a good idea to put this command into ~/.cshrc, because every
+csh you run without the `-f' option, even ones started to run csh scripts,
+reads that file. If you must put the command in ~/.cshrc, use something
+like
+
+ if ( $?prompt ) exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
+
+to ensure that bash is exec'd only when the csh is interactive.
+
+If your login shell is sh or ksh, you have to do two things.
+
+First, create an empty file in your home directory named `.bash_profile'.
+The existence of this file will prevent the exec'd bash from trying to
+read ~/.profile, and re-execing itself over and over again. ~/.bash_profile
+is the first file bash tries to read initialization commands from when
+it is invoked as a login shell.
+
+Next, add a line similar to the above to ~/.profile:
+
+ [ -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && [ -x /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && \
+ exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
+
+This will cause login shells to replace themselves with bash running as
+a login shell. Once you have this working, you can copy your initialization
+code from ~/.profile to ~/.bash_profile.
+
+I have received word that the recipe supplied above is insufficient for
+machines running CDE. CDE has a maze of twisty little startup files, all
+slightly different.
+
+If you cannot change your login shell in the password file to bash, you
+will have to (apparently) live with CDE using the shell in the password
+file to run its startup scripts. If you have changed your shell to bash,
+there is code in the CDE startup files (on Solaris, at least) that attempts
+to do the right thing. It is, however, often broken, and may require that
+you use the $BASH_ENV trick described below.
+
+`dtterm' claims to use $SHELL as the default program to start, so if you
+can change $SHELL in the CDE startup files, you should be able to use bash
+in your terminal windows.
+
+Setting DTSOURCEPROFILE in ~/.dtprofile will cause the `Xsession' program
+to read your login shell's startup files. You may be able to use bash for
+the rest of the CDE programs by setting SHELL to bash in ~/.dtprofile as
+well, but I have not tried this.
+
+You can use the above `exec' recipe to start bash when not logging in with
+CDE by testing the value of the DT variable:
+
+ if [ -n "$DT" ]; then
+ [ -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
+ fi
+
+If CDE starts its shells non-interactively during login, the login shell
+startup files (~/.profile, ~/.bash_profile) will not be sourced at login.
+To get around this problem, append a line similar to the following to your
+~/.dtprofile:
+
+ BASH_ENV=${HOME}/.bash_profile ; export BASH_ENV
+
+and add the following line to the beginning of ~/.bash_profile:
+
+ unset BASH_ENV
+
+A8) I just changed my login shell to bash, and now I can't FTP into my
+ machine. Why not?
+
+You must add the full pathname to bash to the file /etc/shells. As
+noted in the answer to the previous question, many systems require
+this before you can make bash your login shell.
+
+Most versions of ftpd use this file to prohibit `special' users
+such as `uucp' and `news' from using FTP.
+
+A9) What's the `POSIX Shell and Utilities standard'?
+
+POSIX is a name originally coined by Richard Stallman for a
+family of open system standards based on UNIX. There are a
+number of aspects of UNIX under consideration for
+standardization, from the basic system services at the system
+call and C library level to applications and tools to system
+administration and management. Each area of standardization is
+assigned to a working group in the 1003 series.
+
+The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard was originally developed by
+IEEE Working Group 1003.2 (POSIX.2). Today it has been merged with
+the original 1003.1 Working Group and is maintained by the Austin
+Group (a joint working group of the IEEE, The Open Group and
+ISO/IEC SC22/WG15). Today the Shell and Utilities are a volume
+within the set of documents that make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, and
+thus now the former POSIX.2 (from 1992) is now part of the current
+POSIX.1 standard (POSIX 1003.1-2001).
+
+The Shell and Utilities volume concentrates on the command
+interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from
+the command line or by other programs. The standard is freely
+available on the web at http://www.UNIX-systems.org/version3/ .
+Work continues at the Austin Group on maintenance issues; see
+http://www.opengroup.org/austin/ to join the discussions.
+
+Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior defined
+by the POSIX Shell and Utilities volume. The shell command
+language has of course been standardized, including the basic flow
+control and program execution constructs, I/O redirection and
+pipelining, argument handling, variable expansion, and quoting.
+
+The `special' builtins, which must be implemented as part of the
+shell to provide the desired functionality, are specified as
+being part of the shell; examples of these are `eval' and
+`export'. Other utilities appear in the sections of POSIX not
+devoted to the shell which are commonly (and in some cases must
+be) implemented as builtin commands, such as `read' and `test'.
+POSIX also specifies aspects of the shell's interactive
+behavior as part of the UPE, including job control and command
+line editing. Only vi-style line editing commands have been
+standardized; emacs editing commands were left out due to
+objections.
+
+The latest version of the POSIX Shell and Utilities standard is
+available (now updated to the 2004 Edition) as part of the Single
+UNIX Specification Version 3 at
+
+http://www.UNIX-systems.org/version3/
+
+A10) What is the bash `posix mode'?
+
+Although bash is an implementation of the POSIX shell
+specification, there are areas where the bash default behavior
+differs from that spec. The bash `posix mode' changes the bash
+behavior in these areas so that it obeys the spec more closely.
+
+Posix mode is entered by starting bash with the --posix or
+'-o posix' option or executing `set -o posix' after bash is running.
+
+The specific aspects of bash which change when posix mode is
+active are listed in the file POSIX in the bash distribution.
+They are also listed in a section in the Bash Reference Manual
+(from which that file is generated).
+
+Section B: The latest version
+
+B1) What's new in version 3.1?
+
+Bash-3.2 is the second maintenance release of the third major release of
+bash. It contains the following significant new features (see the manual
+page for complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the
+bash-3.2 distribution).
+
+o Bash-3.2 now checks shell scripts for NUL characters rather than non-printing
+ characters when deciding whether or not a script is a binary file.
+
+o Quoting the string argument to the [[ command's =~ (regexp) operator now
+ forces string matching, as with the other pattern-matching operators.
+
+A short feature history dating from Bash-2.0:
+
+Bash-3.1 contained the following new features:
+
+o Bash-3.1 may now be configured and built in a mode that enforces strict
+ POSIX compliance.
+
+o The `+=' assignment operator, which appends to the value of a string or
+ array variable, has been implemented.
+
+o It is now possible to ignore case when matching in contexts other than
+ filename generation using the new `nocasematch' shell option.
+
+Bash-3.0 contained the following new features:
+
+o Features to support the bash debugger have been implemented, and there
+ is a new `extdebug' option to turn the non-default options on
+
+o HISTCONTROL is now a colon-separated list of options and has been
+ extended with a new `erasedups' option that will result in only one
+ copy of a command being kept in the history list
+
+o Brace expansion has been extended with a new {x..y} form, producing
+ sequences of digits or characters
+
+o Timestamps are now kept with history entries, with an option to save
+ and restore them from the history file; there is a new HISTTIMEFORMAT
+ variable describing how to display the timestamps when listing history
+ entries
+
+o The `[[' command can now perform extended regular expression (egrep-like)
+ matching, with matched subexpressions placed in the BASH_REMATCH array
+ variable
+
+o A new `pipefail' option causes a pipeline to return a failure status if
+ any command in it fails
+
+o The `jobs', `kill', and `wait' builtins now accept job control notation
+ in their arguments even if job control is not enabled
+
+o The `gettext' package and libintl have been integrated, and the shell
+ messages may be translated into other languages
+
+Bash-2.05b introduced the following new features:
+
+o support for multibyte characters has been added to both bash and readline
+
+o the DEBUG trap is now run *before* simple commands, ((...)) commands,
+ [[...]] conditional commands, and for ((...)) loops
+
+o the shell now performs arithmetic in the largest integer size the machine
+ supports (intmax_t)
+
+o there is a new \D{...} prompt expansion; passes the `...' to strftime(3)
+ and inserts the result into the expanded prompt
+
+o there is a new `here-string' redirection operator: <<< word
+
+o when displaying variables, function attributes and definitions are shown
+ separately, allowing them to be re-used as input (attempting to re-use
+ the old output would result in syntax errors).
+
+o `read' has a new `-u fd' option to read from a specified file descriptor
+
+o the bash debugger in examples/bashdb has been modified to work with the
+ new DEBUG trap semantics, the command set has been made more gdb-like,
+ and the changes to $LINENO make debugging functions work better
+
+o the expansion of $LINENO inside a shell function is only relative to the
+ function start if the shell is interactive -- if the shell is running a
+ script, $LINENO expands to the line number in the script. This is as
+ POSIX-2001 requires
+
+Bash-2.05a introduced the following new features:
+
+o The `printf' builtin has undergone major work
+
+o There is a new read-only `shopt' option: login_shell, which is set by
+ login shells and unset otherwise
+
+o New `\A' prompt string escape sequence; expanding to time in 24-hour
+ HH:MM format
+
+o New `-A group/-g' option to complete and compgen; goes group name
+ completion
+
+o New [+-]O invocation option to set and unset `shopt' options at startup
+
+o ksh-like `ERR' trap
+
+o `for' loops now allow empty word lists after the `in' reserved word
+
+o new `hard' and `soft' arguments for the `ulimit' builtin
+
+o Readline can be configured to place the user at the same point on the line
+ when retrieving commands from the history list
+
+o Readline can be configured to skip `hidden' files (filenames with a leading
+ `.' on Unix) when performing completion
+
+Bash-2.05 introduced the following new features:
+
+o This version has once again reverted to using locales and strcoll(3) when
+ processing pattern matching bracket expressions, as POSIX requires.
+o Added a new `--init-file' invocation argument as a synonym for `--rcfile',
+ per the new GNU coding standards.
+o The /dev/tcp and /dev/udp redirections now accept service names as well as
+ port numbers.
+o `complete' and `compgen' now take a `-o value' option, which controls some
+ of the aspects of that compspec. Valid values are:
+
+ default - perform bash default completion if programmable
+ completion produces no matches
+ dirnames - perform directory name completion if programmable
+ completion produces no matches
+ filenames - tell readline that the compspec produces filenames,
+ so it can do things like append slashes to
+ directory names and suppress trailing spaces
+o A new loadable builtin, realpath, which canonicalizes and expands symlinks
+ in pathname arguments.
+o When `set' is called without options, it prints function defintions in a
+ way that allows them to be reused as input. This affects `declare' and
+ `declare -p' as well. This only happens when the shell is not in POSIX
+ mode, since POSIX.2 forbids this behavior.
+
+Bash-2.04 introduced the following new features:
+
+o Programmable word completion with the new `complete' and `compgen' builtins;
+ examples are provided in examples/complete/complete-examples
+o `history' has a new `-d' option to delete a history entry
+o `bind' has a new `-x' option to bind key sequences to shell commands
+o The prompt expansion code has new `\j' and `\l' escape sequences
+o The `no_empty_cmd_completion' shell option, if enabled, inhibits
+ command completion when TAB is typed on an empty line
+o `help' has a new `-s' option to print a usage synopsis
+o New arithmetic operators: var++, var--, ++var, --var, expr1,expr2 (comma)
+o New ksh93-style arithmetic for command:
+ for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done
+o `read' has new options: `-t', `-n', `-d', `-s'
+o The redirection code handles several filenames specially: /dev/fd/N,
+ /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr
+o The redirection code now recognizes /dev/tcp/HOST/PORT and
+ /dev/udp/HOST/PORT and tries to open a TCP or UDP socket, respectively,
+ to the specified port on the specified host
+o The ${!prefix*} expansion has been implemented
+o A new FUNCNAME variable, which expands to the name of a currently-executing
+ function
+o The GROUPS variable is no longer readonly
+o A new shopt `xpg_echo' variable, to control the behavior of echo with
+ respect to backslash-escape sequences at runtime
+o The NON_INTERACTIVE_LOGIN_SHELLS #define has returned
+
+The version of Readline released with Bash-2.04, Readline-4.1, had several
+new features as well:
+
+o Parentheses matching is always compiled into readline, and controllable
+ with the new `blink-matching-paren' variable
+o The history-search-forward and history-search-backward functions now leave
+ point at the end of the line when the search string is empty, like
+ reverse-search-history, and forward-search-history
+o A new function for applications: rl_on_new_line_with_prompt()
+o New variables for applications: rl_already_prompted, and rl_gnu_readline_p
+
+
+Bash-2.03 had very few new features, in keeping with the convention
+that odd-numbered releases provide mainly bug fixes. A number of new
+features were added to Readline, mostly at the request of the Cygnus
+folks.
+
+A new shopt option, `restricted_shell', so that startup files can test
+ whether or not the shell was started in restricted mode
+Filename generation is now performed on the words between ( and ) in
+ compound array assignments (this is really a bug fix)
+OLDPWD is now auto-exported, as POSIX.2 requires
+ENV and BASH_ENV are read-only variables in a restricted shell
+Bash may now be linked against an already-installed Readline library,
+ as long as the Readline library is version 4 or newer
+All shells begun with the `--login' option will source the login shell
+ startup files, even if the shell is not interactive
+
+There were lots of changes to the version of the Readline library released
+along with Bash-2.03. For a complete list of the changes, read the file
+CHANGES in the Bash-2.03 distribution.
+
+Bash-2.02 contained the following new features:
+
+a new version of malloc (based on the old GNU malloc code in previous
+ bash versions) that is more page-oriented, more conservative
+ with memory usage, does not `orphan' large blocks when they
+ are freed, is usable on 64-bit machines, and has allocation
+ checking turned on unconditionally
+POSIX.2-style globbing character classes ([:alpha:], [:alnum:], etc.)
+POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes
+POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols
+the ksh [[...]] extended conditional command
+the ksh egrep-style extended pattern matching operators
+a new `printf' builtin
+the ksh-like $(<filename) command substitution, which is equivalent to
+ $(cat filename)
+new tilde prefixes that expand to directories from the directory stack
+new `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation
+case-insensitive globbing (filename expansion)
+menu completion a la tcsh
+`magic-space' history expansion function like tcsh
+the readline inputrc `language' has a new file inclusion directive ($include)
+
+Bash-2.01 contained only a few new features:
+
+new `GROUPS' builtin array variable containing the user's group list
+new bindable readline commands: history-and-alias-expand-line and
+ alias-expand-line
+
+Bash-2.0 contained extensive changes and new features from bash-1.14.7.
+Here's a short list:
+
+new `time' reserved word to time pipelines, shell builtins, and
+ shell functions
+one-dimensional arrays with a new compound assignment statement,
+ appropriate expansion constructs and modifications to some
+ of the builtins (read, declare, etc.) to use them
+new quoting syntaxes for ANSI-C string expansion and locale-specific
+ string translation
+new expansions to do substring extraction, pattern replacement, and
+ indirect variable expansion
+new builtins: `disown' and `shopt'
+new variables: HISTIGNORE, SHELLOPTS, PIPESTATUS, DIRSTACK, GLOBIGNORE,
+ MACHTYPE, BASH_VERSINFO
+special handling of many unused or redundant variables removed
+ (e.g., $notify, $glob_dot_filenames, $no_exit_on_failed_exec)
+dynamic loading of new builtin commands; many loadable examples provided
+new prompt expansions: \a, \e, \n, \H, \T, \@, \v, \V
+history and aliases available in shell scripts
+new readline variables: enable-keypad, mark-directories, input-meta,
+ visible-stats, disable-completion, comment-begin
+new readline commands to manipulate the mark and operate on the region
+new readline emacs mode commands and bindings for ksh-88 compatibility
+updated and extended builtins
+new DEBUG trap
+expanded (and now documented) restricted shell mode
+
+implementation stuff:
+autoconf-based configuration
+nearly all of the bugs reported since version 1.14 have been fixed
+most builtins converted to use builtin `getopt' for consistency
+most builtins use -p option to display output in a reusable form
+ (for consistency)
+grammar tighter and smaller (66 reduce-reduce conflicts gone)
+lots of code now smaller and faster
+test suite greatly expanded
+
+B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-3.2 and
+ bash-2.05b?
+
+There are a few incompatibilities between version 2.05b and version 3.2.
+They are detailed in the file COMPAT in the bash distribution. That file
+is not meant to be all-encompassing; send mail to bash-maintainers@gnu.org
+if if you find something that's not mentioned there.
+
+Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
+
+C1) How does bash differ from sh, the Bourne shell?
+
+This is a non-comprehensive list of features that differentiate bash
+from the SVR4.2 shell. The bash manual page explains these more
+completely.
+
+Things bash has that sh does not:
+ long invocation options
+ [+-]O invocation option
+ -l invocation option
+ `!' reserved word to invert pipeline return value
+ `time' reserved word to time pipelines and shell builtins
+ the `function' reserved word
+ the `select' compound command and reserved word
+ arithmetic for command: for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done
+ new $'...' and $"..." quoting
+ the $(...) form of command substitution
+ the $(<filename) form of command substitution, equivalent to
+ $(cat filename)
+ the ${#param} parameter value length operator
+ the ${!param} indirect parameter expansion operator
+ the ${!param*} prefix expansion operator
+ the ${param:offset[:length]} parameter substring operator
+ the ${param/pat[/string]} parameter pattern substitution operator
+ expansions to perform substring removal (${p%[%]w}, ${p#[#]w})
+ expansion of positional parameters beyond $9 with ${num}
+ variables: BASH, BASH_VERSION, BASH_VERSINFO, UID, EUID, REPLY,
+ TIMEFORMAT, PPID, PWD, OLDPWD, SHLVL, RANDOM, SECONDS,
+ LINENO, HISTCMD, HOSTTYPE, OSTYPE, MACHTYPE, HOSTNAME,
+ ENV, PS3, PS4, DIRSTACK, PIPESTATUS, HISTSIZE, HISTFILE,
+ HISTFILESIZE, HISTCONTROL, HISTIGNORE, GLOBIGNORE, GROUPS,
+ PROMPT_COMMAND, FCEDIT, FIGNORE, IGNOREEOF, INPUTRC,
+ SHELLOPTS, OPTERR, HOSTFILE, TMOUT, FUNCNAME, histchars,
+ auto_resume
+ DEBUG trap
+ ERR trap
+ variable arrays with new compound assignment syntax
+ redirections: <>, &>, >|, <<<, [n]<&word-, [n]>&word-
+ prompt string special char translation and variable expansion
+ auto-export of variables in initial environment
+ command search finds functions before builtins
+ bash return builtin will exit a file sourced with `.'
+ builtins: cd -/-L/-P, exec -l/-c/-a, echo -e/-E, hash -d/-l/-p/-t.
+ export -n/-f/-p/name=value, pwd -L/-P,
+ read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s/-u,
+ readonly -a/-f/name=value, trap -l, set +o,
+ set -b/-m/-o option/-h/-p/-B/-C/-H/-P,
+ unset -f/-v, ulimit -i/-m/-p/-q/-u/-x,
+ type -a/-p/-t/-f/-P, suspend -f, kill -n,
+ test -o optname/s1 == s2/s1 < s2/s1 > s2/-nt/-ot/-ef/-O/-G/-S
+ bash reads ~/.bashrc for interactive shells, $ENV for non-interactive
+ bash restricted shell mode is more extensive
+ bash allows functions and variables with the same name
+ brace expansion
+ tilde expansion
+ arithmetic expansion with $((...)) and `let' builtin
+ the `[[...]]' extended conditional command
+ process substitution
+ aliases and alias/unalias builtins
+ local variables in functions and `local' builtin
+ readline and command-line editing with programmable completion
+ command history and history/fc builtins
+ csh-like history expansion
+ other new bash builtins: bind, command, compgen, complete, builtin,
+ declare/typeset, dirs, enable, fc, help,
+ history, logout, popd, pushd, disown, shopt,
+ printf
+ exported functions
+ filename generation when using output redirection (command >a*)
+ POSIX.2-style globbing character classes
+ POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes
+ POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols
+ egrep-like extended pattern matching operators
+ case-insensitive pattern matching and globbing
+ variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
+ even for builtins and functions
+ posix mode and strict posix conformance
+ redirection to /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr,
+ /dev/tcp/host/port, /dev/udp/host/port
+ debugger support, including `caller' builtin and new variables
+ RETURN trap
+ the `+=' assignment operator
+
+
+Things sh has that bash does not:
+ uses variable SHACCT to do shell accounting
+ includes `stop' builtin (bash can use alias stop='kill -s STOP')
+ `newgrp' builtin
+ turns on job control if called as `jsh'
+ $TIMEOUT (like bash $TMOUT)
+ `^' is a synonym for `|'
+ new SVR4.2 sh builtins: mldmode, priv
+
+Implementation differences:
+ redirection to/from compound commands causes sh to create a subshell
+ bash does not allow unbalanced quotes; sh silently inserts them at EOF
+ bash does not mess with signal 11
+ sh sets (euid, egid) to (uid, gid) if -p not supplied and uid < 100
+ bash splits only the results of expansions on IFS, using POSIX.2
+ field splitting rules; sh splits all words on IFS
+ sh does not allow MAILCHECK to be unset (?)
+ sh does not allow traps on SIGALRM or SIGCHLD
+ bash allows multiple option arguments when invoked (e.g. -x -v);
+ sh allows only a single option argument (`sh -x -v' attempts
+ to open a file named `-v', and, on SunOS 4.1.4, dumps core.
+ On Solaris 2.4 and earlier versions, sh goes into an infinite
+ loop.)
+ sh exits a script if any builtin fails; bash exits only if one of
+ the POSIX.2 `special' builtins fails
+
+C2) How does bash differ from the Korn shell, version ksh88?
+
+Things bash has or uses that ksh88 does not:
+ long invocation options
+ [-+]O invocation option
+ -l invocation option
+ `!' reserved word
+ arithmetic for command: for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done
+ arithmetic in largest machine-supported size (intmax_t)
+ posix mode and posix conformance
+ command hashing
+ tilde expansion for assignment statements that look like $PATH
+ process substitution with named pipes if /dev/fd is not available
+ the ${!param} indirect parameter expansion operator
+ the ${!param*} prefix expansion operator
+ the ${param:offset[:length]} parameter substring operator
+ the ${param/pat[/string]} parameter pattern substitution operator
+ variables: BASH, BASH_VERSION, BASH_VERSINFO, UID, EUID, SHLVL,
+ TIMEFORMAT, HISTCMD, HOSTTYPE, OSTYPE, MACHTYPE,
+ HISTFILESIZE, HISTIGNORE, HISTCONTROL, PROMPT_COMMAND,
+ IGNOREEOF, FIGNORE, INPUTRC, HOSTFILE, DIRSTACK,
+ PIPESTATUS, HOSTNAME, OPTERR, SHELLOPTS, GLOBIGNORE,
+ GROUPS, FUNCNAME, histchars, auto_resume
+ prompt expansion with backslash escapes and command substitution
+ redirection: &> (stdout and stderr), <<<, [n]<&word-, [n]>&word-
+ more extensive and extensible editing and programmable completion
+ builtins: bind, builtin, command, declare, dirs, echo -e/-E, enable,
+ exec -l/-c/-a, fc -s, export -n/-f/-p, hash, help, history,
+ jobs -x/-r/-s, kill -s/-n/-l, local, logout, popd, pushd,
+ read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s, readonly -a/-n/-f/-p,
+ set -o braceexpand/-o histexpand/-o interactive-comments/
+ -o notify/-o physical/-o posix/-o hashall/-o onecmd/
+ -h/-B/-C/-b/-H/-P, set +o, suspend, trap -l, type,
+ typeset -a/-F/-p, ulimit -i/-q/-u/-x, umask -S, alias -p,
+ shopt, disown, printf, complete, compgen
+ `!' csh-style history expansion
+ POSIX.2-style globbing character classes
+ POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes
+ POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols
+ egrep-like extended pattern matching operators
+ case-insensitive pattern matching and globbing
+ `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation
+ redirection to /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr
+ arrays of unlimited size
+ TMOUT is default timeout for `read' and `select'
+ debugger support, including the `caller' builtin
+ RETURN trap
+ Timestamps in history entries
+ {x..y} brace expansion
+ The `+=' assignment operator
+
+Things ksh88 has or uses that bash does not:
+ tracked aliases (alias -t)
+ variables: ERRNO, FPATH, EDITOR, VISUAL
+ co-processes (|&, >&p, <&p)
+ weirdly-scoped functions
+ typeset +f to list all function names without definitions
+ text of command history kept in a file, not memory
+ builtins: alias -x, cd old new, newgrp, print,
+ read -p/-s/var?prompt, set -A/-o gmacs/
+ -o bgnice/-o markdirs/-o trackall/-o viraw/-s,
+ typeset -H/-L/-R/-Z/-A/-ft/-fu/-fx/-l/-u/-t, whence
+ using environment to pass attributes of exported variables
+ arithmetic evaluation done on arguments to some builtins
+ reads .profile from $PWD when invoked as login shell
+
+Implementation differences:
+ ksh runs last command of a pipeline in parent shell context
+ bash has brace expansion by default (ksh88 compile-time option)
+ bash has fixed startup file for all interactive shells; ksh reads $ENV
+ bash has exported functions
+ bash command search finds functions before builtins
+ bash waits for all commands in pipeline to exit before returning status
+ emacs-mode editing has some slightly different key bindings
+
+C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
+
+New things in ksh-93 not in bash-3.0:
+ associative arrays
+ floating point arithmetic and variables
+ math library functions
+ ${!name[sub]} name of subscript for associative array
+ `.' is allowed in variable names to create a hierarchical namespace
+ more extensive compound assignment syntax
+ discipline functions
+ `sleep' and `getconf' builtins (bash has loadable versions)
+ typeset -n and `nameref' variables
+ KEYBD trap
+ variables: .sh.edchar, .sh.edmode, .sh.edcol, .sh.edtext, .sh.version,
+ .sh.name, .sh.subscript, .sh.value, .sh.match, HISTEDIT
+ backreferences in pattern matching (\N)
+ `&' operator in pattern lists for matching
+ print -f (bash uses printf)
+ `fc' has been renamed to `hist'
+ `.' can execute shell functions
+ exit statuses between 0 and 255
+ FPATH and PATH mixing
+ getopts -a
+ -I invocation option
+ printf %H, %P, %T, %Z modifiers, output base for %d
+ lexical scoping for local variables in `ksh' functions
+ no scoping for local variables in `POSIX' functions
+
+New things in ksh-93 present in bash-3.0:
+ [n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections (combination dup and close)
+ for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 )) ; do list; done - arithmetic for command
+ ?:, ++, --, `expr1 , expr2' arithmetic operators
+ expansions: ${!param}, ${param:offset[:len]}, ${param/pat[/str]},
+ ${!param*}
+ compound array assignment
+ the `!' reserved word
+ loadable builtins -- but ksh uses `builtin' while bash uses `enable'
+ `command', `builtin', `disown' builtins
+ new $'...' and $"..." quoting
+ FIGNORE (but bash uses GLOBIGNORE), HISTCMD
+ set -o notify/-C
+ changes to kill builtin
+ read -A (bash uses read -a)
+ read -t/-d
+ trap -p
+ exec -c/-a
+ `.' restores the positional parameters when it completes
+ POSIX.2 `test'
+ umask -S
+ unalias -a
+ command and arithmetic substitution performed on PS1, PS4, and ENV
+ command name completion
+ ENV processed only for interactive shells
+ set -o pipefail
+ The `+=' assignment operator
+
+Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells?
+
+D1) Why does bash run a different version of `command' than
+ `which command' says it will?
+
+On many systems, `which' is actually a csh script that assumes
+you're running csh. In tcsh, `which' and its cousin `where'
+are builtins. On other Unix systems, `which' is a perl script
+that uses the PATH environment variable.
+
+The csh script version reads the csh startup files from your
+home directory and uses those to determine which `command' will
+be invoked. Since bash doesn't use any of those startup files,
+there's a good chance that your bash environment differs from
+your csh environment. The bash `type' builtin does everything
+`which' does, and will report correct results for the running
+shell. If you're really wedded to the name `which', try adding
+the following function definition to your .bashrc:
+
+ which()
+ {
+ builtin type "$@"
+ }
+
+If you're moving from tcsh and would like to bring `where' along
+as well, use this function:
+
+ where()
+ {
+ builtin type -a "$@"
+ }
+
+D2) Why doesn't bash treat brace expansions exactly like csh?
+
+The only difference between bash and csh brace expansion is that
+bash requires a brace expression to contain at least one unquoted
+comma if it is to be expanded. Any brace-surrounded word not
+containing an unquoted comma is left unchanged by the brace
+expansion code. This affords the greatest degree of sh
+compatibility.
+
+Bash, ksh, zsh, and pd-ksh all implement brace expansion this way.
+
+D3) Why doesn't bash have csh variable modifiers?
+
+Posix has specified a more powerful, albeit somewhat more cryptic,
+mechanism cribbed from ksh, and bash implements it.
+
+${parameter%word}
+ Remove smallest suffix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce
+ a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
+ smallest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
+
+ x=file.c
+ echo ${x%.c}.o
+ -->file.o
+
+${parameter%%word}
+
+ Remove largest suffix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce
+ a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
+ largest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
+
+ x=posix/src/std
+ echo ${x%%/*}
+ -->posix
+
+${parameter#word}
+ Remove smallest prefix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce
+ a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
+ smallest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
+
+ x=$HOME/src/cmd
+ echo ${x#$HOME}
+ -->/src/cmd
+
+${parameter##word}
+ Remove largest prefix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce
+ a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
+ largest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
+
+ x=/one/two/three
+ echo ${x##*/}
+ -->three
+
+
+Given
+ a=/a/b/c/d
+ b=b.xxx
+
+ csh bash result
+ --- ---- ------
+ $a:h ${a%/*} /a/b/c
+ $a:t ${a##*/} d
+ $b:r ${b%.*} b
+ $b:e ${b##*.} xxx
+
+
+D4) How can I make my csh aliases work when I convert to bash?
+
+Bash uses a different syntax to support aliases than csh does.
+The details can be found in the documentation. We have provided
+a shell script which does most of the work of conversion for you;
+this script can be found in ./examples/misc/aliasconv.sh. Here is
+how you use it:
+
+Start csh in the normal way for you. (e.g., `csh')
+
+Pipe the output of `alias' through `aliasconv.sh', saving the
+results into `bash_aliases':
+
+ alias | bash aliasconv.sh >bash_aliases
+
+Edit `bash_aliases', carefully reading through any created
+functions. You will need to change the names of some csh specific
+variables to the bash equivalents. The script converts $cwd to
+$PWD, $term to $TERM, $home to $HOME, $user to $USER, and $prompt
+to $PS1. You may also have to add quotes to avoid unwanted
+expansion.
+
+For example, the csh alias:
+
+ alias cd 'cd \!*; echo $cwd'
+
+is converted to the bash function:
+
+ cd () { command cd "$@"; echo $PWD ; }
+
+The only thing that needs to be done is to quote $PWD:
+
+ cd () { command cd "$@"; echo "$PWD" ; }
+
+Merge the edited file into your ~/.bashrc.
+
+There is an additional, more ambitious, script in
+examples/misc/cshtobash that attempts to convert your entire csh
+environment to its bash equivalent. This script can be run as
+simply `cshtobash' to convert your normal interactive
+environment, or as `cshtobash ~/.login' to convert your login
+environment.
+
+D5) How can I pipe standard output and standard error from one command to
+ another, like csh does with `|&'?
+
+Use
+ command 2>&1 | command2
+
+The key is to remember that piping is performed before redirection, so
+file descriptor 1 points to the pipe when it is duplicated onto file
+descriptor 2.
+
+D6) Now that I've converted from ksh to bash, are there equivalents to
+ ksh features like autoloaded functions and the `whence' command?
+
+There are features in ksh-88 and ksh-93 that do not have direct bash
+equivalents. Most, however, can be emulated with very little trouble.
+
+ksh-88 feature Bash equivalent
+-------------- ---------------
+compiled-in aliases set up aliases in .bashrc; some ksh aliases are
+ bash builtins (hash, history, type)
+coprocesses named pipe pairs (one for read, one for write)
+typeset +f declare -F
+cd, print, whence function substitutes in examples/functions/kshenv
+autoloaded functions examples/functions/autoload is the same as typeset -fu
+read var?prompt read -p prompt var
+
+ksh-93 feature Bash equivalent
+-------------- ---------------
+sleep, getconf Bash has loadable versions in examples/loadables
+${.sh.version} $BASH_VERSION
+print -f printf
+hist alias hist=fc
+$HISTEDIT $FCEDIT
+
+Section E: How can I get bash to do certain things, and why does bash do
+ things the way it does?
+
+E1) Why is the bash builtin `test' slightly different from /bin/test?
+
+The specific example used here is [ ! x -o x ], which is false.
+
+Bash's builtin `test' implements the Posix.2 spec, which can be
+summarized as follows (the wording is due to David Korn):
+
+Here is the set of rules for processing test arguments.
+
+ 0 Args: False
+ 1 Arg: True iff argument is not null.
+ 2 Args: If first arg is !, True iff second argument is null.
+ If first argument is unary, then true if unary test is true
+ Otherwise error.
+ 3 Args: If second argument is a binary operator, do binary test of $1 $3
+ If first argument is !, negate two argument test of $2 $3
+ If first argument is `(' and third argument is `)', do the
+ one-argument test of the second argument.
+ Otherwise error.
+ 4 Args: If first argument is !, negate three argument test of $2 $3 $4.
+ Otherwise unspecified
+ 5 or more Args: unspecified. (Historical shells would use their
+ current algorithm).
+
+The operators -a and -o are considered binary operators for the purpose
+of the 3 Arg case.
+
+As you can see, the test becomes (not (x or x)), which is false.
+
+E2) Why does bash sometimes say `Broken pipe'?
+
+If a sequence of commands appears in a pipeline, and one of the
+reading commands finishes before the writer has finished, the
+writer receives a SIGPIPE signal. Many other shells special-case
+SIGPIPE as an exit status in the pipeline and do not report it.
+For example, in:
+
+ ps -aux | head
+
+`head' can finish before `ps' writes all of its output, and ps
+will try to write on a pipe without a reader. In that case, bash
+will print `Broken pipe' to stderr when ps is killed by a
+SIGPIPE.
+
+As of bash-3.1, bash does not report SIGPIPE errors by default. You
+can build a version of bash that will report such errors.
+
+E3) When I have terminal escape sequences in my prompt, why does bash
+ wrap lines at the wrong column?
+
+Readline, the line editing library that bash uses, does not know
+that the terminal escape sequences do not take up space on the
+screen. The redisplay code assumes, unless told otherwise, that
+each character in the prompt is a `printable' character that
+takes up one character position on the screen.
+
+You can use the bash prompt expansion facility (see the PROMPTING
+section in the manual page) to tell readline that sequences of
+characters in the prompt strings take up no screen space.
+
+Use the \[ escape to begin a sequence of non-printing characters,
+and the \] escape to signal the end of such a sequence.
+
+E4) If I pipe the output of a command into `read variable', why doesn't
+ the output show up in $variable when the read command finishes?
+
+This has to do with the parent-child relationship between Unix
+processes. It affects all commands run in pipelines, not just
+simple calls to `read'. For example, piping a command's output
+into a `while' loop that repeatedly calls `read' will result in
+the same behavior.
+
+Each element of a pipeline, even a builtin or shell function,
+runs in a separate process, a child of the shell running the
+pipeline. A subprocess cannot affect its parent's environment.
+When the `read' command sets the variable to the input, that
+variable is set only in the subshell, not the parent shell. When
+the subshell exits, the value of the variable is lost.
+
+Many pipelines that end with `read variable' can be converted
+into command substitutions, which will capture the output of
+a specified command. The output can then be assigned to a
+variable:
+
+ grep ^gnu /usr/lib/news/active | wc -l | read ngroup
+
+can be converted into
+
+ ngroup=$(grep ^gnu /usr/lib/news/active | wc -l)
+
+This does not, unfortunately, work to split the text among
+multiple variables, as read does when given multiple variable
+arguments. If you need to do this, you can either use the
+command substitution above to read the output into a variable
+and chop up the variable using the bash pattern removal
+expansion operators or use some variant of the following
+approach.
+
+Say /usr/local/bin/ipaddr is the following shell script:
+
+#! /bin/sh
+host `hostname` | awk '/address/ {print $NF}'
+
+Instead of using
+
+ /usr/local/bin/ipaddr | read A B C D
+
+to break the local machine's IP address into separate octets, use
+
+ OIFS="$IFS"
+ IFS=.
+ set -- $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr)
+ IFS="$OIFS"
+ A="$1" B="$2" C="$3" D="$4"
+
+Beware, however, that this will change the shell's positional
+parameters. If you need them, you should save them before doing
+this.
+
+This is the general approach -- in most cases you will not need to
+set $IFS to a different value.
+
+Some other user-supplied alternatives include:
+
+read A B C D << HERE
+ $(IFS=.; echo $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr))
+HERE
+
+and, where process substitution is available,
+
+read A B C D < <(IFS=.; echo $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr))
+
+E5) I have a bunch of shell scripts that use backslash-escaped characters
+ in arguments to `echo'. Bash doesn't interpret these characters. Why
+ not, and how can I make it understand them?
+
+This is the behavior of echo on most Unix System V machines.
+
+The bash builtin `echo' is modeled after the 9th Edition
+Research Unix version of `echo'. It does not interpret
+backslash-escaped characters in its argument strings by default;
+it requires the use of the -e option to enable the
+interpretation. The System V echo provides no way to disable the
+special characters; the bash echo has a -E option to disable
+them.
+
+There is a configuration option that will make bash behave like
+the System V echo and interpret things like `\t' by default. Run
+configure with the --enable-xpg-echo-default option to turn this
+on. Be aware that this will cause some of the tests run when you
+type `make tests' to fail.
+
+There is a shell option, `xpg_echo', settable with `shopt', that will
+change the behavior of echo at runtime. Enabling this option turns
+on expansion of backslash-escape sequences.
+
+E6) Why doesn't a while or for loop get suspended when I type ^Z?
+
+This is a consequence of how job control works on Unix. The only
+thing that can be suspended is the process group. This is a single
+command or pipeline of commands that the shell forks and executes.
+
+When you run a while or for loop, the only thing that the shell forks
+and executes are any commands in the while loop test and commands in
+the loop bodies. These, therefore, are the only things that can be
+suspended when you type ^Z.
+
+If you want to be able to stop the entire loop, you need to put it
+within parentheses, which will force the loop into a subshell that
+may be stopped (and subsequently restarted) as a single unit.
+
+E7) What about empty for loops in Makefiles?
+
+It's fairly common to see constructs like this in automatically-generated
+Makefiles:
+
+SUBDIRS = @SUBDIRS@
+
+ ...
+
+subdirs-clean:
+ for d in ${SUBDIRS}; do \
+ ( cd $$d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean ) \
+ done
+
+When SUBDIRS is empty, this results in a command like this being passed to
+bash:
+
+ for d in ; do
+ ( cd $d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean )
+ done
+
+In versions of bash before bash-2.05a, this was a syntax error. If the
+reserved word `in' was present, a word must follow it before the semicolon
+or newline. The language in the manual page referring to the list of words
+being empty referred to the list after it is expanded. These versions of
+bash required that there be at least one word following the `in' when the
+construct was parsed.
+
+The idiomatic Makefile solution is something like:
+
+SUBDIRS = @SUBDIRS@
+
+subdirs-clean:
+ subdirs=$SUBDIRS ; for d in $$subdirs; do \
+ ( cd $$d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean ) \
+ done
+
+The latest updated POSIX standard has changed this: the word list
+is no longer required. Bash versions 2.05a and later accept the
+new syntax.
+
+E8) Why does the arithmetic evaluation code complain about `08'?
+
+The bash arithmetic evaluation code (used for `let', $(()), (()), and in
+other places), interprets a leading `0' in numeric constants as denoting
+an octal number, and a leading `0x' as denoting hexadecimal. This is
+in accordance with the POSIX.2 spec, section 2.9.2.1, which states that
+arithmetic constants should be handled as signed long integers as defined
+by the ANSI/ISO C standard.
+
+The POSIX.2 interpretation committee has confirmed this:
+
+http://www.pasc.org/interps/unofficial/db/p1003.2/pasc-1003.2-173.html
+
+E9) Why does the pattern matching expression [A-Z]* match files beginning
+ with every letter except `z'?
+
+Bash-2.03, Bash-2.05 and later versions honor the current locale setting
+when processing ranges within pattern matching bracket expressions ([A-Z]).
+This is what POSIX.2 and SUSv3/XPG6 specify.
+
+The behavior of the matcher in bash-2.05 and later versions depends on the
+current LC_COLLATE setting. Setting this variable to `C' or `POSIX' will
+result in the traditional behavior ([A-Z] matches all uppercase ASCII
+characters). Many other locales, including the en_US locale (the default
+on many US versions of Linux) collate the upper and lower case letters like
+this:
+
+ AaBb...Zz
+
+which means that [A-Z] matches every letter except `z'. Others collate like
+
+ aAbBcC...zZ
+
+which means that [A-Z] matches every letter except `a'.
+
+The portable way to specify upper case letters is [:upper:] instead of
+A-Z; lower case may be specified as [:lower:] instead of a-z.
+
+Look at the manual pages for setlocale(3), strcoll(3), and, if it is
+present, locale(1). If you have locale(1), you can use it to find
+your current locale information even if you do not have any of the
+LC_ variables set.
+
+My advice is to put
+
+ export LC_COLLATE=C
+
+into /etc/profile and inspect any shell scripts run from cron for
+constructs like [A-Z]. This will prevent things like
+
+ rm [A-Z]*
+
+from removing every file in the current directory except those beginning
+with `z' and still allow individual users to change the collation order.
+Users may put the above command into their own profiles as well, of course.
+
+E10) Why does `cd //' leave $PWD as `//'?
+
+POSIX.2, in its description of `cd', says that *three* or more leading
+slashes may be replaced with a single slash when canonicalizing the
+current working directory.
+
+This is, I presume, for historical compatibility. Certain versions of
+Unix, and early network file systems, used paths of the form
+//hostname/path to access `path' on server `hostname'.
+
+E11) If I resize my xterm while another program is running, why doesn't bash
+ notice the change?
+
+This is another issue that deals with job control.
+
+The kernel maintains a notion of a current terminal process group. Members
+of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the
+current terminal process group ID) receive terminal-generated signals like
+SIGWINCH. (For more details, see the JOB CONTROL section of the bash
+man page.)
+
+If a terminal is resized, the kernel sends SIGWINCH to each member of
+the terminal's current process group (the `foreground' process group).
+
+When bash is running with job control enabled, each pipeline (which may be
+a single command) is run in its own process group, different from bash's
+process group. This foreground process group receives the SIGWINCH; bash
+does not. Bash has no way of knowing that the terminal has been resized.
+
+There is a `checkwinsize' option, settable with the `shopt' builtin, that
+will cause bash to check the window size and adjust its idea of the
+terminal's dimensions each time a process stops or exits and returns control
+of the terminal to bash. Enable it with `shopt -s checkwinsize'.
+
+E12) Why don't negative offsets in substring expansion work like I expect?
+
+When substring expansion of the form ${param:offset[:length} is used,
+an `offset' that evaluates to a number less than zero counts back from
+the end of the expanded value of $param.
+
+When a negative `offset' begins with a minus sign, however, unexpected things
+can happen. Consider
+
+ a=12345678
+ echo ${a:-4}
+
+intending to print the last four characters of $a. The problem is that
+${param:-word} already has a well-defined meaning: expand to word if the
+expanded value of param is unset or null, and $param otherwise.
+
+To use negative offsets that begin with a minus sign, separate the
+minus sign and the colon with a space.
+
+E13) Why does filename completion misbehave if a colon appears in the filename?
+
+Filename completion (and word completion in general) may appear to behave
+improperly if there is a colon in the word to be completed.
+
+The colon is special to readline's word completion code: it is one of the
+characters that breaks words for the completer. Readline uses these characters
+in sort of the same way that bash uses $IFS: they break or separate the words
+the completion code hands to the application-specific or default word
+completion functions. The original intent was to make it easy to edit
+colon-separated lists (such as $PATH in bash) in various applications using
+readline for input.
+
+This is complicated by the fact that some versions of the popular
+`bash-completion' programmable completion package have problems with the
+default completion behavior in the presence of colons.
+
+The current set of completion word break characters is available in bash as
+the value of the COMP_WORDBREAKS variable. Removing `:' from that value is
+enough to make the colon not special to completion:
+
+COMP_WORDBREAKS=${COMP_WORDBREAKS//:}
+
+You can also quote the colon with a backslash to achieve the same result
+temporarily.
+
+Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
+
+F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'?
+
+The problem is `cmdtool' and bash fighting over the input. When
+scrolling is enabled in a cmdtool window, cmdtool puts the tty in
+`raw mode' to permit command-line editing using the mouse for
+applications that cannot do it themselves. As a result, bash and
+cmdtool each try to read keyboard input immediately, with neither
+getting enough of it to be useful.
+
+This mode also causes cmdtool to not implement many of the
+terminal functions and control sequences appearing in the
+`sun-cmd' termcap entry. For a more complete explanation, see
+that file examples/suncmd.termcap in the bash distribution.
+
+`xterm' is a better choice, and gets along with bash much more
+smoothly.
+
+If you must use cmdtool, you can use the termcap description in
+examples/suncmd.termcap. Set the TERMCAP variable to the terminal
+description contained in that file, i.e.
+
+TERMCAP='Mu|sun-cmd:am:bs:km:pt:li#34:co#80:cl=^L:ce=\E[K:cd=\E[J:rs=\E[s:'
+
+Then export TERMCAP and start a new cmdtool window from that shell.
+The bash command-line editing should behave better in the new
+cmdtool. If this works, you can put the assignment to TERMCAP
+in your bashrc file.
+
+F2) I built bash on Solaris 2. Why do globbing expansions and filename
+ completion chop off the first few characters of each filename?
+
+This is the consequence of building bash on SunOS 5 and linking
+with the libraries in /usr/ucblib, but using the definitions
+and structures from files in /usr/include.
+
+The actual conflict is between the dirent structure in
+/usr/include/dirent.h and the struct returned by the version of
+`readdir' in libucb.a (a 4.3-BSD style `struct direct').
+
+Make sure you've got /usr/ccs/bin ahead of /usr/ucb in your $PATH
+when configuring and building bash. This will ensure that you
+use /usr/ccs/bin/cc or acc instead of /usr/ucb/cc and that you
+link with libc before libucb.
+
+If you have installed the Sun C compiler, you may also need to
+put /usr/ccs/bin and /opt/SUNWspro/bin into your $PATH before
+/usr/ucb.
+
+F3) Why does bash dump core after I interrupt username completion or
+ `~user' tilde expansion on a machine running NIS?
+
+This is a famous and long-standing bug in the SunOS YP (sorry, NIS)
+client library, which is part of libc.
+
+The YP library code keeps static state -- a pointer into the data
+returned from the server. When YP initializes itself (setpwent),
+it looks at this pointer and calls free on it if it's non-null.
+So far, so good.
+
+If one of the YP functions is interrupted during getpwent (the
+exact function is interpretwithsave()), and returns NULL, the
+pointer is freed without being reset to NULL, and the function
+returns. The next time getpwent is called, it sees that this
+pointer is non-null, calls free, and the bash free() blows up
+because it's being asked to free freed memory.
+
+The traditional Unix mallocs allow memory to be freed multiple
+times; that's probably why this has never been fixed. You can
+run configure with the `--without-gnu-malloc' option to use
+the C library malloc and avoid the problem.
+
+F4) I'm running SVR4.2. Why is the line erased every time I type `@'?
+
+The `@' character is the default `line kill' character in most
+versions of System V, including SVR4.2. You can change this
+character to whatever you want using `stty'. For example, to
+change the line kill character to control-u, type
+
+ stty kill ^U
+
+where the `^' and `U' can be two separate characters.
+
+F5) Why does bash report syntax errors when my C News scripts use a
+ redirection before a subshell command?
+
+The actual command in question is something like
+
+ < file ( command )
+
+According to the grammar given in the POSIX.2 standard, this construct
+is, in fact, a syntax error. Redirections may only precede `simple
+commands'. A subshell construct such as the above is one of the shell's
+`compound commands'. A redirection may only follow a compound command.
+
+This affects the mechanical transformation of commands that use `cat'
+to pipe a file into a command (a favorite Useless-Use-Of-Cat topic on
+comp.unix.shell). While most commands of the form
+
+ cat file | command
+
+can be converted to `< file command', shell control structures such as
+loops and subshells require `command < file'.
+
+The file CWRU/sh-redir-hack in the bash distribution is an
+(unofficial) patch to parse.y that will modify the grammar to
+support this construct. It will not apply with `patch'; you must
+modify parse.y by hand. Note that if you apply this, you must
+recompile with -DREDIRECTION_HACK. This introduces a large
+number of reduce/reduce conflicts into the shell grammar.
+
+F6) Why can't I use vi-mode editing on Red Hat Linux 6.1?
+
+The short answer is that Red Hat screwed up.
+
+The long answer is that they shipped an /etc/inputrc that only works
+for emacs mode editing, and then screwed all the vi users by setting
+INPUTRC to /etc/inputrc in /etc/profile.
+
+The short fix is to do one of the following: remove or rename
+/etc/inputrc, set INPUTRC=~/.inputrc in ~/.bashrc (or .bash_profile,
+but make sure you export it if you do), remove the assignment to
+INPUTRC from /etc/profile, add
+
+ set keymap emacs
+
+to the beginning of /etc/inputrc, or bracket the key bindings in
+/etc/inputrc with these lines
+
+ $if mode=emacs
+ [...]
+ $endif
+
+F7) Why do bash-2.05a and bash-2.05b fail to compile `printf.def' on
+ HP/UX 11.x?
+
+HP/UX's support for long double is imperfect at best.
+
+GCC will support it without problems, but the HP C library functions
+like strtold(3) and printf(3) don't actually work with long doubles.
+HP implemented a `long_double' type as a 4-element array of 32-bit
+ints, and that is what the library functions use. The ANSI C
+`long double' type is a 128-bit floating point scalar.
+
+The easiest fix, until HP fixes things up, is to edit the generated
+config.h and #undef the HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE line. After doing that,
+the compilation should complete successfully.
+
+Section G: How can I get bash to do certain common things?
+
+G1) How can I get bash to read and display eight-bit characters?
+
+This is a process requiring several steps.
+
+First, you must ensure that the `physical' data path is a full eight
+bits. For xterms, for example, the `vt100' resources `eightBitInput'
+and `eightBitOutput' should be set to `true'.
+
+Once you have set up an eight-bit path, you must tell the kernel and
+tty driver to leave the eighth bit of characters alone when processing
+keyboard input. Use `stty' to do this:
+
+ stty cs8 -istrip -parenb
+
+For old BSD-style systems, you can use
+
+ stty pass8
+
+You may also need
+
+ stty even odd
+
+Finally, you need to tell readline that you will be inputting and
+displaying eight-bit characters. You use readline variables to do
+this. These variables can be set in your .inputrc or using the bash
+`bind' builtin. Here's an example using `bind':
+
+ bash$ bind 'set convert-meta off'
+ bash$ bind 'set meta-flag on'
+ bash$ bind 'set output-meta on'
+
+The `set' commands between the single quotes may also be placed
+in ~/.inputrc.
+
+The script examples/scripts.noah/meta.bash encapsulates the bind
+commands in a shell function.
+
+G2) How do I write a function `x' to replace builtin command `x', but
+ still invoke the command from within the function?
+
+This is why the `command' and `builtin' builtins exist. The
+`command' builtin executes the command supplied as its first
+argument, skipping over any function defined with that name. The
+`builtin' builtin executes the builtin command given as its first
+argument directly.
+
+For example, to write a function to replace `cd' that writes the
+hostname and current directory to an xterm title bar, use
+something like the following:
+
+ cd()
+ {
+ builtin cd "$@" && xtitle "$HOST: $PWD"
+ }
+
+This could also be written using `command' instead of `builtin';
+the version above is marginally more efficient.
+
+G3) How can I find the value of a shell variable whose name is the value
+ of another shell variable?
+
+Versions of Bash newer than Bash-2.0 support this directly. You can use
+
+ ${!var}
+
+For example, the following sequence of commands will echo `z':
+
+ var1=var2
+ var2=z
+ echo ${!var1}
+
+For sh compatibility, use the `eval' builtin. The important
+thing to remember is that `eval' expands the arguments you give
+it again, so you need to quote the parts of the arguments that
+you want `eval' to act on.
+
+For example, this expression prints the value of the last positional
+parameter:
+
+ eval echo \"\$\{$#\}\"
+
+The expansion of the quoted portions of this expression will be
+deferred until `eval' runs, while the `$#' will be expanded
+before `eval' is executed. In versions of bash later than bash-2.0,
+
+ echo ${!#}
+
+does the same thing.
+
+This is not the same thing as ksh93 `nameref' variables, though the syntax
+is similar. I may add namerefs in a future bash version.
+
+G4) How can I make the bash `time' reserved word print timing output that
+ looks like the output from my system's /usr/bin/time?
+
+The bash command timing code looks for a variable `TIMEFORMAT' and
+uses its value as a format string to decide how to display the
+timing statistics.
+
+The value of TIMEFORMAT is a string with `%' escapes expanded in a
+fashion similar in spirit to printf(3). The manual page explains
+the meanings of the escape sequences in the format string.
+
+If TIMEFORMAT is not set, bash acts as if the following assignment had
+been performed:
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'
+
+The POSIX.2 default time format (used by `time -p command') is
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'real %2R\nuser %2U\nsys %2S'
+
+The BSD /usr/bin/time format can be emulated with:
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'\t%1R real\t%1U user\t%1S sys'
+
+The System V /usr/bin/time format can be emulated with:
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%1R\nuser\t%1U\nsys\t%1S'
+
+The ksh format can be emulated with:
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%2lR\nuser\t%2lU\nsys\t%2lS'
+
+G5) How do I get the current directory into my prompt?
+
+Bash provides a number of backslash-escape sequences which are expanded
+when the prompt string (PS1 or PS2) is displayed. The full list is in
+the manual page.
+
+The \w expansion gives the full pathname of the current directory, with
+a tilde (`~') substituted for the current value of $HOME. The \W
+expansion gives the basename of the current directory. To put the full
+pathname of the current directory into the path without any tilde
+subsitution, use $PWD. Here are some examples:
+
+ PS1='\w$ ' # current directory with tilde
+ PS1='\W$ ' # basename of current directory
+ PS1='$PWD$ ' # full pathname of current directory
+
+The single quotes are important in the final example to prevent $PWD from
+being expanded when the assignment to PS1 is performed.
+
+G6) How can I rename "*.foo" to "*.bar"?
+
+Use the pattern removal functionality described in D3. The following `for'
+loop will do the trick:
+
+ for f in *.foo; do
+ mv $f ${f%foo}bar
+ done
+
+G7) How can I translate a filename from uppercase to lowercase?
+
+The script examples/functions/lowercase, originally written by John DuBois,
+will do the trick. The converse is left as an exercise.
+
+G8) How can I write a filename expansion (globbing) pattern that will match
+ all files in the current directory except "." and ".."?
+
+You must have set the `extglob' shell option using `shopt -s extglob' to use
+this:
+
+ echo .!(.|) *
+
+A solution that works without extended globbing is given in the Unix Shell
+FAQ, posted periodically to comp.unix.shell.
+
+Section H: Where do I go from here?
+
+H1) How do I report bugs in bash, and where should I look for fixes and
+ advice?
+
+Use the `bashbug' script to report bugs. It is built and
+installed at the same time as bash. It provides a standard
+template for reporting a problem and automatically includes
+information about your configuration and build environment.
+
+`bashbug' sends its reports to bug-bash@gnu.org, which
+is a large mailing list gatewayed to the usenet newsgroup gnu.bash.bug.
+
+Bug fixes, answers to questions, and announcements of new releases
+are all posted to gnu.bash.bug. Discussions concerning bash features
+and problems also take place there.
+
+To reach the bash maintainers directly, send mail to
+bash-maintainers@gnu.org.
+
+H2) What kind of bash documentation is there?
+
+First, look in the doc directory in the bash distribution. It should
+contain at least the following files:
+
+bash.1 an extensive, thorough Unix-style manual page
+builtins.1 a manual page covering just bash builtin commands
+bashref.texi a reference manual in GNU tex`info format
+bashref.info an info version of the reference manual
+FAQ this file
+article.ms text of an article written for The Linux Journal
+readline.3 a man page describing readline
+
+Postscript, HTML, and ASCII files created from the above source are
+available in the documentation distribution.
+
+There is additional documentation available for anonymous FTP from host
+ftp.cwru.edu in the `pub/bash' directory.
+
+Cameron Newham and Bill Rosenblatt have written a book on bash, published
+by O'Reilly and Associates. The book is based on Bill Rosenblatt's Korn
+Shell book. The title is ``Learning the Bash Shell'', and the ISBN number
+of the third edition, published in March, 2005, is 0-596-00965-8. Look for
+it in fine bookstores near you. This edition of the book has been updated
+to cover bash-3.0.
+
+The GNU Bash Reference Manual has been published as a printed book by
+Network Theory Ltd (Paperback, ISBN: 0-9541617-7-7, Feb 2003). It covers
+bash-2.0 and is available from most online bookstores (see
+http://www.network-theory.co.uk/bash/manual/ for details). The publisher
+will donate $1 to the Free Software Foundation for each copy sold.
+
+Arnold Robbins and Nelson Beebe have written ``Classic Shell Scripting'',
+published by O'Reilly. The first edition, with ISBN number 0-596-00595-4,
+was published in May, 2005.
+
+Chris F. A. Johnson, a frequent contributor to comp.unix.shell and
+gnu.bash.bug, has written ``Shell Scripting Recipes: A Problem-Solution
+Approach,'' a new book on shell scripting, concentrating on features of
+the POSIX standard helpful to shell script writers. The first edition from
+Apress, with ISBN number 1-59059-471-1, was published in May, 2005.
+
+H3) What's coming in future versions?
+
+These are features I hope to include in a future version of bash.
+
+Rocky Bernstein's bash debugger (support is included with bash-3.0)
+associative arrays
+co-processes, but with a new-style syntax that looks like function declaration
+
+H4) What's on the bash `wish list' for future versions?
+
+These are features that may or may not appear in a future version of bash.
+
+breaking some of the shell functionality into embeddable libraries
+a module system like zsh's, using dynamic loading like builtins
+a bash programmer's guide with a chapter on creating loadable builtins
+a better loadable interface to perl with access to the shell builtins and
+ variables (contributions gratefully accepted)
+ksh93-like `nameref' variables
+ksh93-like `xx.yy' variables (including some of the .sh.* variables) and
+ associated disipline functions
+Some of the new ksh93 pattern matching operators, like backreferencing
+
+H5) When will the next release appear?
+
+The next version will appear sometime in 2006. Never make predictions.
+
+This document is Copyright 1995-2005 by Chester Ramey.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and
+without license or royalty fees, to use, copy, and distribute
+this document for any purpose, provided that the above copyright
+notice appears in all copies of this document and that the
+contents of this document remain unaltered.
--- /dev/null
+This is the Bash FAQ, version 3.24, for Bash version 2.05b.
+
+This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning
+Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command
+interpreter with advanced features for both interactive use and shell
+programming.
+
+Another good source of basic information about shells is the collection
+of FAQ articles periodically posted to comp.unix.shell.
+
+Questions and comments concerning this document should be sent to
+chet@po.cwru.edu.
+
+This document is available for anonymous FTP with the URL
+
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/FAQ
+
+The Bash home page is http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/~chet/bash/bashtop.html
+
+----------
+Contents:
+
+Section A: The Basics
+
+A1) What is it?
+A2) What's the latest version?
+A3) Where can I get it?
+A4) On what machines will bash run?
+A5) Will bash run on operating systems other than Unix?
+A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
+A7) How can I make bash my login shell?
+A8) I just changed my login shell to bash, and now I can't FTP into my
+ machine. Why not?
+A9) What's the `POSIX 1003.2 standard'?
+A10) What is the bash `posix mode'?
+
+Section B: The latest version
+
+B1) What's new in version 2.05b?
+B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-2.05b and
+ bash-1.14.7?
+
+Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
+
+C1) How does bash differ from sh, the Bourne shell?
+C2) How does bash differ from the Korn shell, version ksh88?
+C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
+
+Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells?
+
+D1) Why does bash run a different version of `command' than
+ `which command' says it will?
+D2) Why doesn't bash treat brace expansions exactly like csh?
+D3) Why doesn't bash have csh variable modifiers?
+D4) How can I make my csh aliases work when I convert to bash?
+D5) How can I pipe standard output and standard error from one command to
+ another, like csh does with `|&'?
+D6) Now that I've converted from ksh to bash, are there equivalents to
+ ksh features like autoloaded functions and the `whence' command?
+
+Section E: Why does bash do certain things the way it does?
+
+E1) Why is the bash builtin `test' slightly different from /bin/test?
+E2) Why does bash sometimes say `Broken pipe'?
+E3) When I have terminal escape sequences in my prompt, why does bash
+ wrap lines at the wrong column?
+E4) If I pipe the output of a command into `read variable', why doesn't
+ the output show up in $variable when the read command finishes?
+E5) I have a bunch of shell scripts that use backslash-escaped characters
+ in arguments to `echo'. Bash doesn't interpret these characters. Why
+ not, and how can I make it understand them?
+E6) Why doesn't a while or for loop get suspended when I type ^Z?
+E7) What about empty for loops in Makefiles?
+E8) Why does the arithmetic evaluation code complain about `08'?
+E9) Why does the pattern matching expression [A-Z]* match files beginning
+ with every letter except `z'?
+E10) Why does `cd //' leave $PWD as `//'?
+E11) If I resize my xterm while another program is running, why doesn't bash
+ notice the change?
+
+Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
+
+F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'?
+F2) I built bash on Solaris 2. Why do globbing expansions and filename
+ completion chop off the first few characters of each filename?
+F3) Why does bash dump core after I interrupt username completion or
+ `~user' tilde expansion on a machine running NIS?
+F4) I'm running SVR4.2. Why is the line erased every time I type `@'?
+F5) Why does bash report syntax errors when my C News scripts use a
+ redirection before a subshell command?
+F6) Why can't I use vi-mode editing on Red Hat Linux 6.1?
+F7) Why do bash-2.05a and bash-2.05b fail to compile `printf.def' on
+ HP/UX 11.x?
+
+Section G: How can I get bash to do certain common things?
+
+G1) How can I get bash to read and display eight-bit characters?
+G2) How do I write a function `x' to replace builtin command `x', but
+ still invoke the command from within the function?
+G3) How can I find the value of a shell variable whose name is the value
+ of another shell variable?
+G4) How can I make the bash `time' reserved word print timing output that
+ looks like the output from my system's /usr/bin/time?
+G5) How do I get the current directory into my prompt?
+G6) How can I rename "*.foo" to "*.bar"?
+G7) How can I translate a filename from uppercase to lowercase?
+G8) How can I write a filename expansion (globbing) pattern that will match
+ all files in the current directory except "." and ".."?
+
+Section H: Where do I go from here?
+
+H1) How do I report bugs in bash, and where should I look for fixes and
+ advice?
+H2) What kind of bash documentation is there?
+H3) What's coming in future versions?
+H4) What's on the bash `wish list'?
+H5) When will the next release appear?
+
+----------
+Section A: The Basics
+
+A1) What is it?
+
+Bash is a Unix command interpreter (shell). It is an implementation of
+the Posix 1003.2 shell standard, and resembles the Korn and System V
+shells.
+
+Bash contains a number of enhancements over those shells, both
+for interactive use and shell programming. Features geared
+toward interactive use include command line editing, command
+history, job control, aliases, and prompt expansion. Programming
+features include additional variable expansions, shell
+arithmetic, and a number of variables and options to control
+shell behavior.
+
+Bash was originally written by Brian Fox of the Free Software
+Foundation. The current developer and maintainer is Chet Ramey
+of Case Western Reserve University.
+
+A2) What's the latest version?
+
+The latest version is 2.05b, first made available on Wednesday, 17
+July, 2002.
+
+A3) Where can I get it?
+
+Bash is the GNU project's shell, and so is available from the
+master GNU archive site, ftp.gnu.org, and its mirrors. The
+latest version is also available for FTP from ftp.cwru.edu.
+The following URLs tell how to get version 2.05b:
+
+ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-2.05b.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-2.05b.tar.gz
+
+Formatted versions of the documentation are available with the URLs:
+
+ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-2.05b.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-2.05b.tar.gz
+
+A4) On what machines will bash run?
+
+Bash has been ported to nearly every version of UNIX. All you
+should have to do to build it on a machine for which a port
+exists is to type `configure' and then `make'. The build process
+will attempt to discover the version of UNIX you have and tailor
+itself accordingly, using a script created by GNU autoconf.
+
+More information appears in the file `INSTALL' in the distribution.
+
+The Bash web page (http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/~chet/bash/bashtop.html)
+explains how to obtain binary versions of bash for most of the major
+commercial Unix systems.
+
+A5) Will bash run on operating systems other than Unix?
+
+Configuration specifics for Unix-like systems such as QNX and
+LynxOS are included in the distribution. Bash-2.05 and later
+versions should compile and run on Minix 2.0 (patches were
+contributed), but I don't believe anyone has built bash-2.x on
+earlier Minix versions yet.
+
+Bash has been ported to versions of Windows implementing the Win32
+programming interface. This includes Windows 95 and Windows NT.
+The port was done by Cygnus Solutions as part of their CYGWIN
+project. For more information about the project, look at the URLs
+
+http://www.cygwin.com/
+http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin
+
+Cygnus originally ported bash-1.14.7, and that port was part of their
+early GNU-Win32 (the original name) releases. Cygnus has also done a
+port of bash-2.05 to the CYGWIN environment, and it is available as
+part of their current release.
+
+Bash-2.05b should require no local Cygnus changes to build and run under
+CYGWIN.
+
+The Cygnus port works only on Intel machines. There is a port of bash
+(I don't know which version) to the alpha/NT environment available from
+
+ftp://ftp.gnustep.org//pub/win32/bash-alpha-nt-1.01.tar.gz
+
+DJ Delorie has a port of bash-2.x which runs under MS-DOS, as part
+of the DJGPP project. For more information on the project, see
+
+http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/
+
+I have been told that the original DJGPP port was done by Daisuke Aoyama.
+
+Mark Elbrecht <snowball3@bigfoot.com> has sent me notice that bash-2.04
+is available for DJGPP V2. The files are available as:
+
+ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204b.zip binary
+ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204d.zip documentation
+ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204s.zip source
+
+Mark has begun to work with bash-2.05, but I don't know the status.
+
+Ports of bash-1.12 and bash-2.0 are available for OS/2 from
+
+ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/util/shell/bash_112.zip
+ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/util/shell/bash-2.0(253).zip
+
+I haven't looked at either, but the second appears to be a binary-only
+distribution. Beware.
+
+I have received word that Bash (I'm not sure which version, but I
+believe that it's at least bash-2.02.1) is the standard shell on
+BeOS.
+
+A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
+
+Bash configures to use gcc by default if it is available. Read the
+file INSTALL in the distribution for more information.
+
+A7) How can I make bash my login shell?
+
+Some machines let you use `chsh' to change your login shell. Other
+systems use `passwd -s' or `passwd -e'. If one of these works for
+you, that's all you need. Note that many systems require the full
+pathname to a shell to appear in /etc/shells before you can make it
+your login shell. For this, you may need the assistance of your
+friendly local system administrator.
+
+If you cannot do this, you can still use bash as your login shell, but
+you need to perform some tricks. The basic idea is to add a command
+to your login shell's startup file to replace your login shell with
+bash.
+
+For example, if your login shell is csh or tcsh, and you have installed
+bash in /usr/gnu/bin/bash, add the following line to ~/.login:
+
+ if ( -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ) exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
+
+(the `--login' tells bash that it is a login shell).
+
+It's not a good idea to put this command into ~/.cshrc, because every
+csh you run without the `-f' option, even ones started to run csh scripts,
+reads that file. If you must put the command in ~/.cshrc, use something
+like
+
+ if ( $?prompt ) exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
+
+to ensure that bash is exec'd only when the csh is interactive.
+
+If your login shell is sh or ksh, you have to do two things.
+
+First, create an empty file in your home directory named `.bash_profile'.
+The existence of this file will prevent the exec'd bash from trying to
+read ~/.profile, and re-execing itself over and over again. ~/.bash_profile
+is the first file bash tries to read initialization commands from when
+it is invoked as a login shell.
+
+Next, add a line similar to the above to ~/.profile:
+
+ [ -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && [ -x /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && \
+ exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
+
+This will cause login shells to replace themselves with bash running as
+a login shell. Once you have this working, you can copy your initialization
+code from ~/.profile to ~/.bash_profile.
+
+I have received word that the recipe supplied above is insufficient for
+machines running CDE. CDE has a maze of twisty little startup files, all
+slightly different.
+
+If you cannot change your login shell in the password file to bash, you
+will have to (apparently) live with CDE using the shell in the password
+file to run its startup scripts. If you have changed your shell to bash,
+there is code in the CDE startup files (on Solaris, at least) that attempts
+to do the right thing. It is, however, often broken, and may require that
+you use the $BASH_ENV trick described below.
+
+`dtterm' claims to use $SHELL as the default program to start, so if you
+can change $SHELL in the CDE startup files, you should be able to use bash
+in your terminal windows.
+
+Setting DTSOURCEPROFILE in ~/.dtprofile will cause the `Xsession' program
+to read your login shell's startup files. You may be able to use bash for
+the rest of the CDE programs by setting SHELL to bash in ~/.dtprofile as
+well, but I have not tried this.
+
+You can use the above `exec' recipe to start bash when not logging in with
+CDE by testing the value of the DT variable:
+
+ if [ -n "$DT" ]; then
+ [ -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
+ fi
+
+If CDE starts its shells non-interactively during login, the login shell
+startup files (~/.profile, ~/.bash_profile) will not be sourced at login.
+To get around this problem, append a line similar to the following to your
+~/.dtprofile:
+
+ BASH_ENV=${HOME}/.bash_profile ; export BASH_ENV
+
+and add the following line to the beginning of ~/.bash_profile:
+
+ unset BASH_ENV
+
+A8) I just changed my login shell to bash, and now I can't FTP into my
+ machine. Why not?
+
+You must add the full pathname to bash to the file /etc/shells. As
+noted in the answer to the previous question, many systems require
+this before you can make bash your login shell.
+
+Most versions of ftpd use this file to prohibit `special' users
+such as `uucp' and `news' from using FTP.
+
+A9) What's the `POSIX 1003.2 standard'?
+
+POSIX is a name originally coined by Richard Stallman for a
+family of open system standards based on UNIX. There are a
+number of aspects of UNIX under consideration for
+standardization, from the basic system services at the system
+call and C library level to applications and tools to system
+administration and management. Each area of standardization is
+assigned to a working group in the 1003 series.
+
+The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard has been developed by IEEE
+Working Group 1003.2 (POSIX.2). It concentrates on the command
+interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from
+the command line or by other programs. An initial version of the
+standard has been approved and published by the IEEE, and work is
+currently underway to update it.
+
+Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior
+defined by POSIX.2. The shell command language has of course
+been standardized, including the basic flow control and program
+execution constructs, I/O redirection and pipelining, argument
+handling, variable expansion, and quoting.
+
+The `special' builtins, which must be implemented as part of the
+shell to provide the desired functionality, are specified as
+being part of the shell; examples of these are `eval' and
+`export'. Other utilities appear in the sections of POSIX.2 not
+devoted to the shell which are commonly (and in some cases must
+be) implemented as builtin commands, such as `read' and `test'.
+POSIX.2 also specifies aspects of the shell's interactive
+behavior as part of the UPE, including job control and command
+line editing. Only vi-style line editing commands have been
+standardized; emacs editing commands were left out due to
+objections.
+
+The Open Group has made an older version of its Single Unix
+Specification (version 2), which is very similar to POSIX.2,
+available on the web at
+
+http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/
+
+The Single Unix Specification, version 3, is available on the web at
+
+http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904975/
+
+A10) What is the bash `posix mode'?
+
+Although bash is an implementation of the POSIX.2 shell
+specification, there are areas where the bash default behavior
+differs from that spec. The bash `posix mode' changes the bash
+behavior in these areas so that it obeys the spec more closely.
+
+Posix mode is entered by starting bash with the --posix or
+'-o posix' option or executing `set -o posix' after bash is running.
+
+The specific aspects of bash which change when posix mode is
+active are listed in the file POSIX in the bash distribution.
+They are also listed in a section in the Bash Reference Manual
+(from which that file is generated).
+
+Section B: The latest version
+
+B1) What's new in version 2.05b?
+
+The raison d'etre for bash-2.05b is to make a second intermediate
+release containing the first of the new features to be available
+in bash-3.0 and get feedback on those features before proceeding.
+The major new feature is multibyte character support in both Bash
+and Readline.
+
+Bash-2.05b contains the following new features (see the manual page for
+complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-2.05b
+distribution):
+
+o support for multibyte characters has been added to both bash and readline
+
+o the DEBUG trap is now run *before* simple commands, ((...)) commands,
+ [[...]] conditional commands, and for ((...)) loops
+
+o the shell now performs arithmetic in the largest integer size the machine
+ supports (intmax_t)
+
+o there is a new \D{...} prompt expansion; passes the `...' to strftime(3)
+ and inserts the result into the expanded prompt
+
+o there is a new `here-string' redirection operator: <<< word
+
+o when displaying variables, function attributes and definitions are shown
+ separately, allowing them to be re-used as input (attempting to re-use
+ the old output would result in syntax errors).
+
+o `read' has a new `-u fd' option to read from a specified file descriptor
+
+o the bash debugger in examples/bashdb has been modified to work with the
+ new DEBUG trap semantics, the command set has been made more gdb-like,
+ and the changes to $LINENO make debugging functions work better
+
+o the expansion of $LINENO inside a shell function is only relative to the
+ function start if the shell is interactive -- if the shell is running a
+ script, $LINENO expands to the line number in the script. This is as
+ POSIX-2001 requires
+
+
+A short feature history dating from Bash-2.0:
+
+Bash-2.05a introduced the following new features:
+
+o The `printf' builtin has undergone major work
+
+o There is a new read-only `shopt' option: login_shell, which is set by
+ login shells and unset otherwise
+
+o New `\A' prompt string escape sequence; expanding to time in 24-hour
+ HH:MM format
+
+o New `-A group/-g' option to complete and compgen; goes group name
+ completion
+
+o New [+-]O invocation option to set and unset `shopt' options at startup
+
+o ksh-like `ERR' trap
+
+o `for' loops now allow empty word lists after the `in' reserved word
+
+o new `hard' and `soft' arguments for the `ulimit' builtin
+
+o Readline can be configured to place the user at the same point on the line
+ when retrieving commands from the history list
+
+o Readline can be configured to skip `hidden' files (filenames with a leading
+ `.' on Unix) when performing completion
+
+Bash-2.05 introduced the following new features:
+
+o This version has once again reverted to using locales and strcoll(3) when
+ processing pattern matching bracket expressions, as POSIX requires.
+o Added a new `--init-file' invocation argument as a synonym for `--rcfile',
+ per the new GNU coding standards.
+o The /dev/tcp and /dev/udp redirections now accept service names as well as
+ port numbers.
+o `complete' and `compgen' now take a `-o value' option, which controls some
+ of the aspects of that compspec. Valid values are:
+
+ default - perform bash default completion if programmable
+ completion produces no matches
+ dirnames - perform directory name completion if programmable
+ completion produces no matches
+ filenames - tell readline that the compspec produces filenames,
+ so it can do things like append slashes to
+ directory names and suppress trailing spaces
+o A new loadable builtin, realpath, which canonicalizes and expands symlinks
+ in pathname arguments.
+o When `set' is called without options, it prints function defintions in a
+ way that allows them to be reused as input. This affects `declare' and
+ `declare -p' as well. This only happens when the shell is not in POSIX
+ mode, since POSIX.2 forbids this behavior.
+
+Bash-2.04 introduced the following new features:
+
+o Programmable word completion with the new `complete' and `compgen' builtins;
+ examples are provided in examples/complete/complete-examples
+o `history' has a new `-d' option to delete a history entry
+o `bind' has a new `-x' option to bind key sequences to shell commands
+o The prompt expansion code has new `\j' and `\l' escape sequences
+o The `no_empty_cmd_completion' shell option, if enabled, inhibits
+ command completion when TAB is typed on an empty line
+o `help' has a new `-s' option to print a usage synopsis
+o New arithmetic operators: var++, var--, ++var, --var, expr1,expr2 (comma)
+o New ksh93-style arithmetic for command:
+ for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done
+o `read' has new options: `-t', `-n', `-d', `-s'
+o The redirection code handles several filenames specially: /dev/fd/N,
+ /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr
+o The redirection code now recognizes /dev/tcp/HOST/PORT and
+ /dev/udp/HOST/PORT and tries to open a TCP or UDP socket, respectively,
+ to the specified port on the specified host
+o The ${!prefix*} expansion has been implemented
+o A new FUNCNAME variable, which expands to the name of a currently-executing
+ function
+o The GROUPS variable is no longer readonly
+o A new shopt `xpg_echo' variable, to control the behavior of echo with
+ respect to backslash-escape sequences at runtime
+o The NON_INTERACTIVE_LOGIN_SHELLS #define has returned
+
+The version of Readline released with Bash-2.04, Readline-4.1, had several
+new features as well:
+
+o Parentheses matching is always compiled into readline, and controllable
+ with the new `blink-matching-paren' variable
+o The history-search-forward and history-search-backward functions now leave
+ point at the end of the line when the search string is empty, like
+ reverse-search-history, and forward-search-history
+o A new function for applications: rl_on_new_line_with_prompt()
+o New variables for applications: rl_already_prompted, and rl_gnu_readline_p
+
+
+Bash-2.03 had very few new features, in keeping with the convention
+that odd-numbered releases provide mainly bug fixes. A number of new
+features were added to Readline, mostly at the request of the Cygnus
+folks.
+
+A new shopt option, `restricted_shell', so that startup files can test
+ whether or not the shell was started in restricted mode
+Filename generation is now performed on the words between ( and ) in
+ compound array assignments (this is really a bug fix)
+OLDPWD is now auto-exported, as POSIX.2 requires
+ENV and BASH_ENV are read-only variables in a restricted shell
+Bash may now be linked against an already-installed Readline library,
+ as long as the Readline library is version 4 or newer
+All shells begun with the `--login' option will source the login shell
+ startup files, even if the shell is not interactive
+
+There were lots of changes to the version of the Readline library released
+along with Bash-2.03. For a complete list of the changes, read the file
+CHANGES in the Bash-2.03 distribution.
+
+Bash-2.02 contained the following new features:
+
+a new version of malloc (based on the old GNU malloc code in previous
+ bash versions) that is more page-oriented, more conservative
+ with memory usage, does not `orphan' large blocks when they
+ are freed, is usable on 64-bit machines, and has allocation
+ checking turned on unconditionally
+POSIX.2-style globbing character classes ([:alpha:], [:alnum:], etc.)
+POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes
+POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols
+the ksh [[...]] extended conditional command
+the ksh egrep-style extended pattern matching operators
+a new `printf' builtin
+the ksh-like $(<filename) command substitution, which is equivalent to
+ $(cat filename)
+new tilde prefixes that expand to directories from the directory stack
+new `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation
+case-insensitive globbing (filename expansion)
+menu completion a la tcsh
+`magic-space' history expansion function like tcsh
+the readline inputrc `language' has a new file inclusion directive ($include)
+
+Bash-2.01 contained only a few new features:
+
+new `GROUPS' builtin array variable containing the user's group list
+new bindable readline commands: history-and-alias-expand-line and
+ alias-expand-line
+
+Bash-2.0 contained extensive changes and new features from bash-1.14.7.
+Here's a short list:
+
+new `time' reserved word to time pipelines, shell builtins, and
+ shell functions
+one-dimensional arrays with a new compound assignment statement,
+ appropriate expansion constructs and modifications to some
+ of the builtins (read, declare, etc.) to use them
+new quoting syntaxes for ANSI-C string expansion and locale-specific
+ string translation
+new expansions to do substring extraction, pattern replacement, and
+ indirect variable expansion
+new builtins: `disown' and `shopt'
+new variables: HISTIGNORE, SHELLOPTS, PIPESTATUS, DIRSTACK, GLOBIGNORE,
+ MACHTYPE, BASH_VERSINFO
+special handling of many unused or redundant variables removed
+ (e.g., $notify, $glob_dot_filenames, $no_exit_on_failed_exec)
+dynamic loading of new builtin commands; many loadable examples provided
+new prompt expansions: \a, \e, \n, \H, \T, \@, \v, \V
+history and aliases available in shell scripts
+new readline variables: enable-keypad, mark-directories, input-meta,
+ visible-stats, disable-completion, comment-begin
+new readline commands to manipulate the mark and operate on the region
+new readline emacs mode commands and bindings for ksh-88 compatibility
+updated and extended builtins
+new DEBUG trap
+expanded (and now documented) restricted shell mode
+
+implementation stuff:
+autoconf-based configuration
+nearly all of the bugs reported since version 1.14 have been fixed
+most builtins converted to use builtin `getopt' for consistency
+most builtins use -p option to display output in a reusable form
+ (for consistency)
+grammar tighter and smaller (66 reduce-reduce conflicts gone)
+lots of code now smaller and faster
+test suite greatly expanded
+
+B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-2.05b and
+ bash-1.14.7?
+
+There are a few incompatibilities between version 1.14.7 and version 2.05b.
+They are detailed in the file COMPAT in the bash distribution. That file
+is not meant to be all-encompassing; send mail to bash-maintainers@gnu.org
+if if you find something that's not mentioned there.
+
+Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
+
+C1) How does bash differ from sh, the Bourne shell?
+
+This is a non-comprehensive list of features that differentiate bash
+from the SVR4.2 shell. The bash manual page explains these more
+completely.
+
+Things bash has that sh does not:
+ long invocation options
+ [+-]O invocation option
+ -l invocation option
+ `!' reserved word to invert pipeline return value
+ `time' reserved word to time pipelines and shell builtins
+ the `function' reserved word
+ the `select' compound command and reserved word
+ arithmetic for command: for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done
+ new $'...' and $"..." quoting
+ the $(...) form of command substitution
+ the $(<filename) form of command substitution, equivalent to
+ $(cat filename)
+ the ${#param} parameter value length operator
+ the ${!param} indirect parameter expansion operator
+ the ${!param*} prefix expansion operator
+ the ${param:offset[:length]} parameter substring operator
+ the ${param/pat[/string]} parameter pattern substitution operator
+ expansions to perform substring removal (${p%[%]w}, ${p#[#]w})
+ expansion of positional parameters beyond $9 with ${num}
+ variables: BASH, BASH_VERSION, BASH_VERSINFO, UID, EUID, REPLY,
+ TIMEFORMAT, PPID, PWD, OLDPWD, SHLVL, RANDOM, SECONDS,
+ LINENO, HISTCMD, HOSTTYPE, OSTYPE, MACHTYPE, HOSTNAME,
+ ENV, PS3, PS4, DIRSTACK, PIPESTATUS, HISTSIZE, HISTFILE,
+ HISTFILESIZE, HISTCONTROL, HISTIGNORE, GLOBIGNORE, GROUPS,
+ PROMPT_COMMAND, FCEDIT, FIGNORE, IGNOREEOF, INPUTRC,
+ SHELLOPTS, OPTERR, HOSTFILE, TMOUT, FUNCNAME, histchars,
+ auto_resume
+ DEBUG trap
+ ERR trap
+ variable arrays with new compound assignment syntax
+ redirections: <>, &>, >|, <<<, [n]<&word-, [n]>&word-
+ prompt string special char translation and variable expansion
+ auto-export of variables in initial environment
+ command search finds functions before builtins
+ bash return builtin will exit a file sourced with `.'
+ builtins: cd -/-L/-P, exec -l/-c/-a, echo -e/-E, hash -d/-l/-p/-t.
+ export -n/-f/-p/name=value, pwd -L/-P,
+ read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s/-u,
+ readonly -a/-f/name=value, trap -l, set +o,
+ set -b/-m/-o option/-h/-p/-B/-C/-H/-P,
+ unset -f/-v, ulimit -m/-p/-u,
+ type -a/-p/-t/-f/-P, suspend -f, kill -n,
+ test -o optname/s1 == s2/s1 < s2/s1 > s2/-nt/-ot/-ef/-O/-G/-S
+ bash reads ~/.bashrc for interactive shells, $ENV for non-interactive
+ bash restricted shell mode is more extensive
+ bash allows functions and variables with the same name
+ brace expansion
+ tilde expansion
+ arithmetic expansion with $((...)) and `let' builtin
+ the `[[...]]' extended conditional command
+ process substitution
+ aliases and alias/unalias builtins
+ local variables in functions and `local' builtin
+ readline and command-line editing with programmable completion
+ command history and history/fc builtins
+ csh-like history expansion
+ other new bash builtins: bind, command, compgen, complete, builtin,
+ declare/typeset, dirs, enable, fc, help,
+ history, logout, popd, pushd, disown, shopt,
+ printf
+ exported functions
+ filename generation when using output redirection (command >a*)
+ POSIX.2-style globbing character classes
+ POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes
+ POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols
+ egrep-like extended pattern matching operators
+ case-insensitive pattern matching and globbing
+ variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
+ even for builtins and functions
+ posix mode
+ redirection to /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr,
+ /dev/tcp/host/port, /dev/udp/host/port
+
+Things sh has that bash does not:
+ uses variable SHACCT to do shell accounting
+ includes `stop' builtin (bash can use alias stop='kill -s STOP')
+ `newgrp' builtin
+ turns on job control if called as `jsh'
+ $TIMEOUT (like bash $TMOUT)
+ `^' is a synonym for `|'
+ new SVR4.2 sh builtins: mldmode, priv
+
+Implementation differences:
+ redirection to/from compound commands causes sh to create a subshell
+ bash does not allow unbalanced quotes; sh silently inserts them at EOF
+ bash does not mess with signal 11
+ sh sets (euid, egid) to (uid, gid) if -p not supplied and uid < 100
+ bash splits only the results of expansions on IFS, using POSIX.2
+ field splitting rules; sh splits all words on IFS
+ sh does not allow MAILCHECK to be unset (?)
+ sh does not allow traps on SIGALRM or SIGCHLD
+ bash allows multiple option arguments when invoked (e.g. -x -v);
+ sh allows only a single option argument (`sh -x -v' attempts
+ to open a file named `-v', and, on SunOS 4.1.4, dumps core.
+ On Solaris 2.4 and earlier versions, sh goes into an infinite
+ loop.)
+ sh exits a script if any builtin fails; bash exits only if one of
+ the POSIX.2 `special' builtins fails
+
+C2) How does bash differ from the Korn shell, version ksh88?
+
+Things bash has or uses that ksh88 does not:
+ long invocation options
+ [-+]O invocation option
+ -l invocation option
+ `!' reserved word
+ arithmetic for command: for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done
+ arithmetic in largest machine-supported size (intmax_t)
+ posix mode and posix conformance
+ command hashing
+ tilde expansion for assignment statements that look like $PATH
+ process substitution with named pipes if /dev/fd is not available
+ the ${!param} indirect parameter expansion operator
+ the ${!param*} prefix expansion operator
+ the ${param:offset[:length]} parameter substring operator
+ the ${param/pat[/string]} parameter pattern substitution operator
+ variables: BASH, BASH_VERSION, BASH_VERSINFO, UID, EUID, SHLVL,
+ TIMEFORMAT, HISTCMD, HOSTTYPE, OSTYPE, MACHTYPE,
+ HISTFILESIZE, HISTIGNORE, HISTCONTROL, PROMPT_COMMAND,
+ IGNOREEOF, FIGNORE, INPUTRC, HOSTFILE, DIRSTACK,
+ PIPESTATUS, HOSTNAME, OPTERR, SHELLOPTS, GLOBIGNORE,
+ GROUPS, FUNCNAME, histchars, auto_resume
+ prompt expansion with backslash escapes and command substitution
+ redirection: &> (stdout and stderr), <<<, [n]<&word-, [n]>&word-
+ more extensive and extensible editing and programmable completion
+ builtins: bind, builtin, command, declare, dirs, echo -e/-E, enable,
+ exec -l/-c/-a, fc -s, export -n/-f/-p, hash, help, history,
+ jobs -x/-r/-s, kill -s/-n/-l, local, logout, popd, pushd,
+ read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s, readonly -a/-n/-f/-p,
+ set -o braceexpand/-o histexpand/-o interactive-comments/
+ -o notify/-o physical/-o posix/-o hashall/-o onecmd/
+ -h/-B/-C/-b/-H/-P, set +o, suspend, trap -l, type,
+ typeset -a/-F/-p, ulimit -u, umask -S, alias -p, shopt,
+ disown, printf, complete, compgen
+ `!' csh-style history expansion
+ POSIX.2-style globbing character classes
+ POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes
+ POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols
+ egrep-like extended pattern matching operators
+ case-insensitive pattern matching and globbing
+ `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation
+ redirection to /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr
+ arrays of unlimited size
+ TMOUT is default timeout for `read' and `select'
+
+Things ksh88 has or uses that bash does not:
+ tracked aliases (alias -t)
+ variables: ERRNO, FPATH, EDITOR, VISUAL
+ co-processes (|&, >&p, <&p)
+ weirdly-scoped functions
+ typeset +f to list all function names without definitions
+ text of command history kept in a file, not memory
+ builtins: alias -x, cd old new, fc -e -, newgrp, print,
+ read -p/-s/var?prompt, set -A/-o gmacs/
+ -o bgnice/-o markdirs/-o nolog/-o trackall/-o viraw/-s,
+ typeset -H/-L/-R/-Z/-A/-ft/-fu/-fx/-l/-u/-t, whence
+ using environment to pass attributes of exported variables
+ arithmetic evaluation done on arguments to some builtins
+ reads .profile from $PWD when invoked as login shell
+
+Implementation differences:
+ ksh runs last command of a pipeline in parent shell context
+ bash has brace expansion by default (ksh88 compile-time option)
+ bash has fixed startup file for all interactive shells; ksh reads $ENV
+ bash has exported functions
+ bash command search finds functions before builtins
+ bash waits for all commands in pipeline to exit before returning status
+ emacs-mode editing has some slightly different key bindings
+
+C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
+
+New things in ksh-93 not in bash-2.05b:
+ associative arrays
+ floating point arithmetic and variables
+ math library functions
+ ${!name[sub]} name of subscript for associative array
+ `.' is allowed in variable names to create a hierarchical namespace
+ more extensive compound assignment syntax
+ discipline functions
+ `sleep' and `getconf' builtins (bash has loadable versions)
+ typeset -n and `nameref' variables
+ KEYBD trap
+ variables: .sh.edchar, .sh.edmode, .sh.edcol, .sh.edtext, .sh.version,
+ .sh.name, .sh.subscript, .sh.value, .sh.match, HISTEDIT
+ backreferences in pattern matching (\N)
+ `&' operator in pattern lists for matching
+ print -f (bash uses printf)
+ `fc' has been renamed to `hist'
+ `.' can execute shell functions
+ exit statuses between 0 and 255
+ set -o pipefail
+ `+=' variable assignment operator
+ FPATH and PATH mixing
+ getopts -a
+ -I invocation option
+ DEBUG trap now executed before each simple command, instead of after
+ printf %H, %P, %T, %Z modifiers, output base for %d
+ lexical scoping for local variables in `ksh' functions
+ no scoping for local variables in `POSIX' functions
+
+New things in ksh-93 present in bash-2.05b:
+ [n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections (combination dup and close)
+ for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 )) ; do list; done - arithmetic for command
+ ?:, ++, --, `expr1 , expr2' arithmetic operators
+ expansions: ${!param}, ${param:offset[:len]}, ${param/pat[/str]},
+ ${!param*}
+ compound array assignment
+ the `!' reserved word
+ loadable builtins -- but ksh uses `builtin' while bash uses `enable'
+ `command', `builtin', `disown' builtins
+ new $'...' and $"..." quoting
+ FIGNORE (but bash uses GLOBIGNORE), HISTCMD
+ set -o notify/-C
+ changes to kill builtin
+ read -A (bash uses read -a)
+ read -t/-d
+ trap -p
+ exec -c/-a
+ `.' restores the positional parameters when it completes
+ POSIX.2 `test'
+ umask -S
+ unalias -a
+ command and arithmetic substitution performed on PS1, PS4, and ENV
+ command name completion
+ ENV processed only for interactive shells
+
+Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells?
+
+D1) Why does bash run a different version of `command' than
+ `which command' says it will?
+
+On many systems, `which' is actually a csh script that assumes
+you're running csh. In tcsh, `which' and its cousin `where'
+are builtins. On other Unix systems, `which' is a perl script
+that uses the PATH environment variable.
+
+The csh script version reads the csh startup files from your
+home directory and uses those to determine which `command' will
+be invoked. Since bash doesn't use any of those startup files,
+there's a good chance that your bash environment differs from
+your csh environment. The bash `type' builtin does everything
+`which' does, and will report correct results for the running
+shell. If you're really wedded to the name `which', try adding
+the following function definition to your .bashrc:
+
+ which()
+ {
+ builtin type "$@"
+ }
+
+If you're moving from tcsh and would like to bring `where' along
+as well, use this function:
+
+ where()
+ {
+ builtin type -a "$@"
+ }
+
+D2) Why doesn't bash treat brace expansions exactly like csh?
+
+The only difference between bash and csh brace expansion is that
+bash requires a brace expression to contain at least one unquoted
+comma if it is to be expanded. Any brace-surrounded word not
+containing an unquoted comma is left unchanged by the brace
+expansion code. This affords the greatest degree of sh
+compatibility.
+
+Bash, ksh, zsh, and pd-ksh all implement brace expansion this way.
+
+D3) Why doesn't bash have csh variable modifiers?
+
+Posix has specified a more powerful, albeit somewhat more cryptic,
+mechanism cribbed from ksh, and bash implements it.
+
+${parameter%word}
+ Remove smallest suffix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce
+ a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
+ smallest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
+
+ x=file.c
+ echo ${x%.c}.o
+ -->file.o
+
+${parameter%%word}
+
+ Remove largest suffix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce
+ a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
+ largest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
+
+ x=posix/src/std
+ echo ${x%%/*}
+ -->posix
+
+${parameter#word}
+ Remove smallest prefix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce
+ a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
+ smallest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
+
+ x=$HOME/src/cmd
+ echo ${x#$HOME}
+ -->/src/cmd
+
+${parameter##word}
+ Remove largest prefix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce
+ a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
+ largest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
+
+ x=/one/two/three
+ echo ${x##*/}
+ -->three
+
+
+Given
+ a=/a/b/c/d
+ b=b.xxx
+
+ csh bash result
+ --- ---- ------
+ $a:h ${a%/*} /a/b/c
+ $a:t ${a##*/} d
+ $b:r ${b%.*} b
+ $b:e ${b##*.} xxx
+
+
+D4) How can I make my csh aliases work when I convert to bash?
+
+Bash uses a different syntax to support aliases than csh does.
+The details can be found in the documentation. We have provided
+a shell script which does most of the work of conversion for you;
+this script can be found in ./examples/misc/aliasconv.sh. Here is
+how you use it:
+
+Start csh in the normal way for you. (e.g., `csh')
+
+Pipe the output of `alias' through `aliasconv.sh', saving the
+results into `bash_aliases':
+
+ alias | bash aliasconv.sh >bash_aliases
+
+Edit `bash_aliases', carefully reading through any created
+functions. You will need to change the names of some csh specific
+variables to the bash equivalents. The script converts $cwd to
+$PWD, $term to $TERM, $home to $HOME, $user to $USER, and $prompt
+to $PS1. You may also have to add quotes to avoid unwanted
+expansion.
+
+For example, the csh alias:
+
+ alias cd 'cd \!*; echo $cwd'
+
+is converted to the bash function:
+
+ cd () { command cd "$@"; echo $PWD ; }
+
+The only thing that needs to be done is to quote $PWD:
+
+ cd () { command cd "$@"; echo "$PWD" ; }
+
+Merge the edited file into your ~/.bashrc.
+
+There is an additional, more ambitious, script in
+examples/misc/cshtobash that attempts to convert your entire csh
+environment to its bash equivalent. This script can be run as
+simply `cshtobash' to convert your normal interactive
+environment, or as `cshtobash ~/.login' to convert your login
+environment.
+
+D5) How can I pipe standard output and standard error from one command to
+ another, like csh does with `|&'?
+
+Use
+ command 2>&1 | command2
+
+The key is to remember that piping is performed before redirection, so
+file descriptor 1 points to the pipe when it is duplicated onto file
+descriptor 2.
+
+D6) Now that I've converted from ksh to bash, are there equivalents to
+ ksh features like autoloaded functions and the `whence' command?
+
+There are features in ksh-88 and ksh-93 that do not have direct bash
+equivalents. Most, however, can be emulated with very little trouble.
+
+ksh-88 feature Bash equivalent
+-------------- ---------------
+compiled-in aliases set up aliases in .bashrc; some ksh aliases are
+ bash builtins (hash, history, type)
+coprocesses named pipe pairs (one for read, one for write)
+typeset +f declare -F
+cd, print, whence function substitutes in examples/functions/kshenv
+autoloaded functions examples/functions/autoload is the same as typeset -fu
+read var?prompt read -p prompt var
+
+ksh-93 feature Bash equivalent
+-------------- ---------------
+sleep, getconf Bash has loadable versions in examples/loadables
+${.sh.version} $BASH_VERSION
+print -f printf
+hist alias hist=fc
+$HISTEDIT $FCEDIT
+
+Section E: How can I get bash to do certain things, and why does bash do
+ things the way it does?
+
+E1) Why is the bash builtin `test' slightly different from /bin/test?
+
+The specific example used here is [ ! x -o x ], which is false.
+
+Bash's builtin `test' implements the Posix.2 spec, which can be
+summarized as follows (the wording is due to David Korn):
+
+Here is the set of rules for processing test arguments.
+
+ 0 Args: False
+ 1 Arg: True iff argument is not null.
+ 2 Args: If first arg is !, True iff second argument is null.
+ If first argument is unary, then true if unary test is true
+ Otherwise error.
+ 3 Args: If second argument is a binary operator, do binary test of $1 $3
+ If first argument is !, negate two argument test of $2 $3
+ If first argument is `(' and third argument is `)', do the
+ one-argument test of the second argument.
+ Otherwise error.
+ 4 Args: If first argument is !, negate three argument test of $2 $3 $4.
+ Otherwise unspecified
+ 5 or more Args: unspecified. (Historical shells would use their
+ current algorithm).
+
+The operators -a and -o are considered binary operators for the purpose
+of the 3 Arg case.
+
+As you can see, the test becomes (not (x or x)), which is false.
+
+E2) Why does bash sometimes say `Broken pipe'?
+
+If a sequence of commands appears in a pipeline, and one of the
+reading commands finishes before the writer has finished, the
+writer receives a SIGPIPE signal. Many other shells special-case
+SIGPIPE as an exit status in the pipeline and do not report it.
+For example, in:
+
+ ps -aux | head
+
+`head' can finish before `ps' writes all of its output, and ps
+will try to write on a pipe without a reader. In that case, bash
+will print `Broken pipe' to stderr when ps is killed by a
+SIGPIPE.
+
+You can build a version of bash that will not report SIGPIPE errors
+by uncommenting the definition of DONT_REPORT_SIGPIPE in the file
+config-top.h.
+
+E3) When I have terminal escape sequences in my prompt, why does bash
+ wrap lines at the wrong column?
+
+Readline, the line editing library that bash uses, does not know
+that the terminal escape sequences do not take up space on the
+screen. The redisplay code assumes, unless told otherwise, that
+each character in the prompt is a `printable' character that
+takes up one character position on the screen.
+
+You can use the bash prompt expansion facility (see the PROMPTING
+section in the manual page) to tell readline that sequences of
+characters in the prompt strings take up no screen space.
+
+Use the \[ escape to begin a sequence of non-printing characters,
+and the \] escape to signal the end of such a sequence.
+
+E4) If I pipe the output of a command into `read variable', why doesn't
+ the output show up in $variable when the read command finishes?
+
+This has to do with the parent-child relationship between Unix
+processes. It affects all commands run in pipelines, not just
+simple calls to `read'. For example, piping a command's output
+into a `while' loop that repeatedly calls `read' will result in
+the same behavior.
+
+Each element of a pipeline runs in a separate process, a child of
+the shell running the pipeline. A subprocess cannot affect its
+parent's environment. When the `read' command sets the variable
+to the input, that variable is set only in the subshell, not the
+parent shell. When the subshell exits, the value of the variable
+is lost.
+
+Many pipelines that end with `read variable' can be converted
+into command substitutions, which will capture the output of
+a specified command. The output can then be assigned to a
+variable:
+
+ grep ^gnu /usr/lib/news/active | wc -l | read ngroup
+
+can be converted into
+
+ ngroup=$(grep ^gnu /usr/lib/news/active | wc -l)
+
+This does not, unfortunately, work to split the text among
+multiple variables, as read does when given multiple variable
+arguments. If you need to do this, you can either use the
+command substitution above to read the output into a variable
+and chop up the variable using the bash pattern removal
+expansion operators or use some variant of the following
+approach.
+
+Say /usr/local/bin/ipaddr is the following shell script:
+
+#! /bin/sh
+host `hostname` | awk '/address/ {print $NF}'
+
+Instead of using
+
+ /usr/local/bin/ipaddr | read A B C D
+
+to break the local machine's IP address into separate octets, use
+
+ OIFS="$IFS"
+ IFS=.
+ set -- $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr)
+ IFS="$OIFS"
+ A="$1" B="$2" C="$3" D="$4"
+
+Beware, however, that this will change the shell's positional
+parameters. If you need them, you should save them before doing
+this.
+
+This is the general approach -- in most cases you will not need to
+set $IFS to a different value.
+
+Some other user-supplied alternatives include:
+
+read A B C D << HERE
+ $(IFS=.; echo $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr))
+HERE
+
+and, where process substitution is available,
+
+read A B C D < <(IFS=.; echo $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr))
+
+E5) I have a bunch of shell scripts that use backslash-escaped characters
+ in arguments to `echo'. Bash doesn't interpret these characters. Why
+ not, and how can I make it understand them?
+
+This is the behavior of echo on most Unix System V machines.
+
+The bash builtin `echo' is modeled after the 9th Edition
+Research Unix version of `echo'. It does not interpret
+backslash-escaped characters in its argument strings by default;
+it requires the use of the -e option to enable the
+interpretation. The System V echo provides no way to disable the
+special characters; the bash echo has a -E option to disable
+them.
+
+There is a configuration option that will make bash behave like
+the System V echo and interpret things like `\t' by default. Run
+configure with the --enable-xpg-echo-default option to turn this
+on. Be aware that this will cause some of the tests run when you
+type `make tests' to fail.
+
+There is a shell option, `xpg_echo', settable with `shopt', that will
+change the behavior of echo at runtime. Enabling this option turns
+on expansion of backslash-escape sequences.
+
+E6) Why doesn't a while or for loop get suspended when I type ^Z?
+
+This is a consequence of how job control works on Unix. The only
+thing that can be suspended is the process group. This is a single
+command or pipeline of commands that the shell forks and executes.
+
+When you run a while or for loop, the only thing that the shell forks
+and executes are any commands in the while loop test and commands in
+the loop bodies. These, therefore, are the only things that can be
+suspended when you type ^Z.
+
+If you want to be able to stop the entire loop, you need to put it
+within parentheses, which will force the loop into a subshell that
+may be stopped (and subsequently restarted) as a single unit.
+
+E7) What about empty for loops in Makefiles?
+
+It's fairly common to see constructs like this in automatically-generated
+Makefiles:
+
+SUBDIRS = @SUBDIRS@
+
+ ...
+
+subdirs-clean:
+ for d in ${SUBDIRS}; do \
+ ( cd $$d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean ) \
+ done
+
+When SUBDIRS is empty, this results in a command like this being passed to
+bash:
+
+ for d in ; do
+ ( cd $d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean )
+ done
+
+In versions of bash before bash-2.05a, this was a syntax error. If the
+reserved word `in' was present, a word must follow it before the semicolon
+or newline. The language in the manual page referring to the list of words
+being empty referred to the list after it is expanded. These versions of
+bash required that there be at least one word following the `in' when the
+construct was parsed.
+
+The idiomatic Makefile solution is something like:
+
+SUBDIRS = @SUBDIRS@
+
+subdirs-clean:
+ subdirs=$SUBDIRS ; for d in $$subdirs; do \
+ ( cd $$d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean ) \
+ done
+
+The latest drafts of the updated POSIX standard have changed this: the
+word list is no longer required. Bash versions 2.05a and later accept
+the new syntax.
+
+E8) Why does the arithmetic evaluation code complain about `08'?
+
+The bash arithmetic evaluation code (used for `let', $(()), (()), and in
+other places), interprets a leading `0' in numeric constants as denoting
+an octal number, and a leading `0x' as denoting hexadecimal. This is
+in accordance with the POSIX.2 spec, section 2.9.2.1, which states that
+arithmetic constants should be handled as signed long integers as defined
+by the ANSI/ISO C standard.
+
+The POSIX.2 interpretation committee has confirmed this:
+
+http://www.pasc.org/interps/unofficial/db/p1003.2/pasc-1003.2-173.html
+
+E9) Why does the pattern matching expression [A-Z]* match files beginning
+ with every letter except `z'?
+
+Bash-2.03, Bash-2.05 and later versions honor the current locale setting
+when processing ranges within pattern matching bracket expressions ([A-Z]).
+This is what POSIX.2 and SUSv3/XPG6 specify.
+
+The behavior of the matcher in bash-2.05 and later versions depends on the
+current LC_COLLATE setting. Setting this variable to `C' or `POSIX' will
+result in the traditional behavior ([A-Z] matches all uppercase ASCII
+characters). Many other locales, including the en_US locale (the default
+on many US versions of Linux) collate the upper and lower case letters like
+this:
+
+ AaBb...Zz
+
+which means that [A-Z] matches every letter except `z'. Others collate like
+
+ aAbBcC...zZ
+
+which means that [A-Z] matches every letter except `a'.
+
+The portable way to specify upper case letters is [:upper:] instead of
+A-Z; lower case may be specified as [:lower:] instead of a-z.
+
+Look at the manual pages for setlocale(3), strcoll(3), and, if it is
+present, locale(1). If you have locale(1), you can use it to find
+your current locale information even if you do not have any of the
+LC_ variables set.
+
+My advice is to put
+
+ export LC_COLLATE=C
+
+into /etc/profile and inspect any shell scripts run from cron for
+constructs like [A-Z]. This will prevent things like
+
+ rm [A-Z]*
+
+from removing every file in the current directory except those beginning
+with `z' and still allow individual users to change the collation order.
+Users may put the above command into their own profiles as well, of course.
+
+E10) Why does `cd //' leave $PWD as `//'?
+
+POSIX.2, in its description of `cd', says that *three* or more leading
+slashes may be replaced with a single slash when canonicalizing the
+current working directory.
+
+This is, I presume, for historical compatibility. Certain versions of
+Unix, and early network file systems, used paths of the form
+//hostname/path to access `path' on server `hostname'.
+
+E11) If I resize my xterm while another program is running, why doesn't bash
+ notice the change?
+
+This is another issue that deals with job control.
+
+The kernel maintains a notion of a current terminal process group. Members
+of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the
+current terminal process group ID) receive terminal-generated signals like
+SIGWINCH. (For more details, see the JOB CONTROL section of the bash
+man page.)
+
+If a terminal is resized, the kernel sends SIGWINCH to each member of
+the terminal's current process group (the `foreground' process group).
+
+When bash is running with job control enabled, each pipeline (which may be
+a single command) is run in its own process group, different from bash's
+process group. This foreground process group receives the SIGWINCH; bash
+does not. Bash has no way of knowing that the terminal has been resized.
+
+There is a `checkwinsize' option, settable with the `shopt' builtin, that
+will cause bash to check the window size and adjust its idea of the
+terminal's dimensions each time a process stops or exits and returns control
+of the terminal to bash. Enable it with `shopt -s checkwinsize'.
+
+Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
+
+F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'?
+
+The problem is `cmdtool' and bash fighting over the input. When
+scrolling is enabled in a cmdtool window, cmdtool puts the tty in
+`raw mode' to permit command-line editing using the mouse for
+applications that cannot do it themselves. As a result, bash and
+cmdtool each try to read keyboard input immediately, with neither
+getting enough of it to be useful.
+
+This mode also causes cmdtool to not implement many of the
+terminal functions and control sequences appearing in the
+`sun-cmd' termcap entry. For a more complete explanation, see
+that file examples/suncmd.termcap in the bash distribution.
+
+`xterm' is a better choice, and gets along with bash much more
+smoothly.
+
+If you must use cmdtool, you can use the termcap description in
+examples/suncmd.termcap. Set the TERMCAP variable to the terminal
+description contained in that file, i.e.
+
+TERMCAP='Mu|sun-cmd:am:bs:km:pt:li#34:co#80:cl=^L:ce=\E[K:cd=\E[J:rs=\E[s:'
+
+Then export TERMCAP and start a new cmdtool window from that shell.
+The bash command-line editing should behave better in the new
+cmdtool. If this works, you can put the assignment to TERMCAP
+in your bashrc file.
+
+F2) I built bash on Solaris 2. Why do globbing expansions and filename
+ completion chop off the first few characters of each filename?
+
+This is the consequence of building bash on SunOS 5 and linking
+with the libraries in /usr/ucblib, but using the definitions
+and structures from files in /usr/include.
+
+The actual conflict is between the dirent structure in
+/usr/include/dirent.h and the struct returned by the version of
+`readdir' in libucb.a (a 4.3-BSD style `struct direct').
+
+Make sure you've got /usr/ccs/bin ahead of /usr/ucb in your $PATH
+when configuring and building bash. This will ensure that you
+use /usr/ccs/bin/cc or acc instead of /usr/ucb/cc and that you
+link with libc before libucb.
+
+If you have installed the Sun C compiler, you may also need to
+put /usr/ccs/bin and /opt/SUNWspro/bin into your $PATH before
+/usr/ucb.
+
+F3) Why does bash dump core after I interrupt username completion or
+ `~user' tilde expansion on a machine running NIS?
+
+This is a famous and long-standing bug in the SunOS YP (sorry, NIS)
+client library, which is part of libc.
+
+The YP library code keeps static state -- a pointer into the data
+returned from the server. When YP initializes itself (setpwent),
+it looks at this pointer and calls free on it if it's non-null.
+So far, so good.
+
+If one of the YP functions is interrupted during getpwent (the
+exact function is interpretwithsave()), and returns NULL, the
+pointer is freed without being reset to NULL, and the function
+returns. The next time getpwent is called, it sees that this
+pointer is non-null, calls free, and the bash free() blows up
+because it's being asked to free freed memory.
+
+The traditional Unix mallocs allow memory to be freed multiple
+times; that's probably why this has never been fixed. You can
+run configure with the `--without-gnu-malloc' option to use
+the C library malloc and avoid the problem.
+
+F4) I'm running SVR4.2. Why is the line erased every time I type `@'?
+
+The `@' character is the default `line kill' character in most
+versions of System V, including SVR4.2. You can change this
+character to whatever you want using `stty'. For example, to
+change the line kill character to control-u, type
+
+ stty kill ^U
+
+where the `^' and `U' can be two separate characters.
+
+F5) Why does bash report syntax errors when my C News scripts use a
+ redirection before a subshell command?
+
+The actual command in question is something like
+
+ < file ( command )
+
+According to the grammar given in the POSIX.2 standard, this construct
+is, in fact, a syntax error. Redirections may only precede `simple
+commands'. A subshell construct such as the above is one of the shell's
+`compound commands'. A redirection may only follow a compound command.
+
+This affects the mechanical transformation of commands that use `cat'
+to pipe a file into a command (a favorite Useless-Use-Of-Cat topic on
+comp.unix.shell). While most commands of the form
+
+ cat file | command
+
+can be converted to `< file command', shell control structures such as
+loops and subshells require `command < file'.
+
+The file CWRU/sh-redir-hack in the bash-2.05a distribution is an
+(unofficial) patch to parse.y that will modify the grammar to
+support this construct. It will not apply with `patch'; you must
+modify parse.y by hand. Note that if you apply this, you must
+recompile with -DREDIRECTION_HACK. This introduces a large
+number of reduce/reduce conflicts into the shell grammar.
+
+F6) Why can't I use vi-mode editing on Red Hat Linux 6.1?
+
+The short answer is that Red Hat screwed up.
+
+The long answer is that they shipped an /etc/inputrc that only works
+for emacs mode editing, and then screwed all the vi users by setting
+INPUTRC to /etc/inputrc in /etc/profile.
+
+The short fix is to do one of the following: remove or rename
+/etc/inputrc, set INPUTRC=~/.inputrc in ~/.bashrc (or .bash_profile,
+but make sure you export it if you do), remove the assignment to
+INPUTRC from /etc/profile, add
+
+ set keymap emacs
+
+to the beginning of /etc/inputrc, or bracket the key bindings in
+/etc/inputrc with these lines
+
+ $if mode=emacs
+ [...]
+ $endif
+
+F7) Why do bash-2.05a and bash-2.05b fail to compile `printf.def' on
+ HP/UX 11.x?
+
+HP/UX's support for long double is imperfect at best.
+
+GCC will support it without problems, but the HP C library functions
+like strtold(3) and printf(3) don't actually work with long doubles.
+HP implemented a `long_double' type as a 4-element array of 32-bit
+ints, and that is what the library functions use. The ANSI C
+`long double' type is a 128-bit floating point scalar.
+
+The easiest fix, until HP fixes things up, is to edit the generated
+config.h and #undef the HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE line. After doing that,
+the compilation should complete successfully.
+
+Section G: How can I get bash to do certain common things?
+
+G1) How can I get bash to read and display eight-bit characters?
+
+This is a process requiring several steps.
+
+First, you must ensure that the `physical' data path is a full eight
+bits. For xterms, for example, the `vt100' resources `eightBitInput'
+and `eightBitOutput' should be set to `true'.
+
+Once you have set up an eight-bit path, you must tell the kernel and
+tty driver to leave the eighth bit of characters alone when processing
+keyboard input. Use `stty' to do this:
+
+ stty cs8 -istrip -parenb
+
+For old BSD-style systems, you can use
+
+ stty pass8
+
+You may also need
+
+ stty even odd
+
+Finally, you need to tell readline that you will be inputting and
+displaying eight-bit characters. You use readline variables to do
+this. These variables can be set in your .inputrc or using the bash
+`bind' builtin. Here's an example using `bind':
+
+ bash$ bind 'set convert-meta off'
+ bash$ bind 'set meta-flag on'
+ bash$ bind 'set output-meta on'
+
+The `set' commands between the single quotes may also be placed
+in ~/.inputrc.
+
+G2) How do I write a function `x' to replace builtin command `x', but
+ still invoke the command from within the function?
+
+This is why the `command' and `builtin' builtins exist. The
+`command' builtin executes the command supplied as its first
+argument, skipping over any function defined with that name. The
+`builtin' builtin executes the builtin command given as its first
+argument directly.
+
+For example, to write a function to replace `cd' that writes the
+hostname and current directory to an xterm title bar, use
+something like the following:
+
+ cd()
+ {
+ builtin cd "$@" && xtitle "$HOST: $PWD"
+ }
+
+This could also be written using `command' instead of `builtin';
+the version above is marginally more efficient.
+
+G3) How can I find the value of a shell variable whose name is the value
+ of another shell variable?
+
+Versions of Bash newer than Bash-2.0 support this directly. You can use
+
+ ${!var}
+
+For example, the following sequence of commands will echo `z':
+
+ var1=var2
+ var2=z
+ echo ${!var1}
+
+For sh compatibility, use the `eval' builtin. The important
+thing to remember is that `eval' expands the arguments you give
+it again, so you need to quote the parts of the arguments that
+you want `eval' to act on.
+
+For example, this expression prints the value of the last positional
+parameter:
+
+ eval echo \"\$\{$#\}\"
+
+The expansion of the quoted portions of this expression will be
+deferred until `eval' runs, while the `$#' will be expanded
+before `eval' is executed. In versions of bash later than bash-2.0,
+
+ echo ${!#}
+
+does the same thing.
+
+This is not the same thing as ksh93 `nameref' variables, though the syntax
+is similar. I may add namerefs in a future bash version.
+
+G4) How can I make the bash `time' reserved word print timing output that
+ looks like the output from my system's /usr/bin/time?
+
+The bash command timing code looks for a variable `TIMEFORMAT' and
+uses its value as a format string to decide how to display the
+timing statistics.
+
+The value of TIMEFORMAT is a string with `%' escapes expanded in a
+fashion similar in spirit to printf(3). The manual page explains
+the meanings of the escape sequences in the format string.
+
+If TIMEFORMAT is not set, bash acts as if the following assignment had
+been performed:
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'
+
+The POSIX.2 default time format (used by `time -p command') is
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'real %2R\nuser %2U\nsys %2S'
+
+The BSD /usr/bin/time format can be emulated with:
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'\t%1R real\t%1U user\t%1S sys'
+
+The System V /usr/bin/time format can be emulated with:
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%1R\nuser\t%1U\nsys\t%1S'
+
+The ksh format can be emulated with:
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%2lR\nuser\t%2lU\nsys\t%2lS'
+
+G5) How do I get the current directory into my prompt?
+
+Bash provides a number of backslash-escape sequences which are expanded
+when the prompt string (PS1 or PS2) is displayed. The full list is in
+the manual page.
+
+The \w expansion gives the full pathname of the current directory, with
+a tilde (`~') substituted for the current value of $HOME. The \W
+expansion gives the basename of the current directory. To put the full
+pathname of the current directory into the path without any tilde
+subsitution, use $PWD. Here are some examples:
+
+ PS1='\w$ ' # current directory with tilde
+ PS1='\W$ ' # basename of current directory
+ PS1='$PWD$ ' # full pathname of current directory
+
+The single quotes are important in the final example to prevent $PWD from
+being expanded when the assignment to PS1 is performed.
+
+G6) How can I rename "*.foo" to "*.bar"?
+
+Use the pattern removal functionality described in D3. The following `for'
+loop will do the trick:
+
+ for f in *.foo; do
+ mv $f ${f%foo}bar
+ done
+
+G7) How can I translate a filename from uppercase to lowercase?
+
+The script examples/functions/lowercase, originally written by John DuBois,
+will do the trick. The converse is left as an exercise.
+
+G8) How can I write a filename expansion (globbing) pattern that will match
+ all files in the current directory except "." and ".."?
+
+You must have set the `extglob' shell option using `shopt -s extglob' to use
+this:
+
+ echo .!(.|) *
+
+A solution that works without extended globbing is given in the Unix Shell
+FAQ, posted periodically to comp.unix.shell.
+
+Section H: Where do I go from here?
+
+H1) How do I report bugs in bash, and where should I look for fixes and
+ advice?
+
+Use the `bashbug' script to report bugs. It is built and
+installed at the same time as bash. It provides a standard
+template for reporting a problem and automatically includes
+information about your configuration and build environment.
+
+`bashbug' sends its reports to bug-bash@gnu.org, which
+is a large mailing list gatewayed to the usenet newsgroup gnu.bash.bug.
+
+Bug fixes, answers to questions, and announcements of new releases
+are all posted to gnu.bash.bug. Discussions concerning bash features
+and problems also take place there.
+
+To reach the bash maintainers directly, send mail to
+bash-maintainers@gnu.org.
+
+H2) What kind of bash documentation is there?
+
+First, look in the doc directory in the bash distribution. It should
+contain at least the following files:
+
+bash.1 an extensive, thorough Unix-style manual page
+builtins.1 a manual page covering just bash builtin commands
+bashref.texi a reference manual in GNU tex`info format
+bashref.info an info version of the reference manual
+FAQ this file
+article.ms text of an article written for The Linux Journal
+readline.3 a man page describing readline
+
+Postscript, HTML, and ASCII files created from the above source are
+available in the documentation distribution.
+
+There is additional documentation available for anonymous FTP from host
+ftp.cwru.edu in the `pub/bash' directory.
+
+Cameron Newham and Bill Rosenblatt have written a book on bash, published
+by O'Reilly and Associates. The book is based on Bill Rosenblatt's Korn
+Shell book. The title is ``Learning the Bash Shell'', and the ISBN number
+is 1-56592-147-X. Look for it in fine bookstores near you. This book
+covers bash-1.14, but has an appendix describing some of the new features
+in bash-2.0.
+
+A second edition of this book is available, published in January, 1998.
+The ISBN number is 1-56592-347-2. Look for it in the same fine bookstores
+or on the web.
+
+The GNU Bash Reference Manual has been published as a printed book by
+Network Theory Ltd (Paperback, ISBN: 0-9541617-7-7, Feb 2003). It covers
+bash-2.0 and is available from most online bookstores (see
+http://www.network-theory.co.uk/bash/manual/ for details). The publisher
+will donate $1 to the Free Software Foundation for each copy sold.
+
+H3) What's coming in future versions?
+
+These are features I hope to include in a future version of bash.
+
+a better bash debugger (a minimally-tested version is included with bash-2.05b)
+associative arrays
+co-processes, but with a new-style syntax that looks like function declaration
+
+H4) What's on the bash `wish list' for future versions?
+
+These are features that may or may not appear in a future version of bash.
+
+breaking some of the shell functionality into embeddable libraries
+a module system like zsh's, using dynamic loading like builtins
+better internationalization using GNU `gettext'
+date-stamped command history
+a bash programmer's guide with a chapter on creating loadable builtins
+a better loadable interface to perl with access to the shell builtins and
+ variables (contributions gratefully accepted)
+ksh93-like `nameref' variables
+ksh93-like `+=' variable assignment operator
+ksh93-like `xx.yy' variables (including some of the .sh.* variables) and
+ associated disipline functions
+Some of the new ksh93 pattern matching operators, like backreferencing
+
+H5) When will the next release appear?
+
+The next version will appear sometime in 2002. Never make predictions.
+
+
+This document is Copyright 1995-2003 by Chester Ramey.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and
+without license or royalty fees, to use, copy, and distribute
+this document for any purpose, provided that the above copyright
+notice appears in all copies of this document and that the
+contents of this document remain unaltered.
--- /dev/null
+This is the Bash FAQ, version 3.24, for Bash version 2.05b.
+
+This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning
+Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command
+interpreter with advanced features for both interactive use and shell
+programming.
+
+Another good source of basic information about shells is the collection
+of FAQ articles periodically posted to comp.unix.shell.
+
+Questions and comments concerning this document should be sent to
+chet@po.cwru.edu.
+
+This document is available for anonymous FTP with the URL
+
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/FAQ
+
+The Bash home page is http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/~chet/bash/bashtop.html
+
+----------
+Contents:
+
+Section A: The Basics
+
+A1) What is it?
+A2) What's the latest version?
+A3) Where can I get it?
+A4) On what machines will bash run?
+A5) Will bash run on operating systems other than Unix?
+A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
+A7) How can I make bash my login shell?
+A8) I just changed my login shell to bash, and now I can't FTP into my
+ machine. Why not?
+A9) What's the `POSIX 1003.2 standard'?
+A10) What is the bash `posix mode'?
+
+Section B: The latest version
+
+B1) What's new in version 2.05b?
+B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-2.05b and
+ bash-1.14.7?
+
+Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
+
+C1) How does bash differ from sh, the Bourne shell?
+C2) How does bash differ from the Korn shell, version ksh88?
+C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
+
+Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells?
+
+D1) Why does bash run a different version of `command' than
+ `which command' says it will?
+D2) Why doesn't bash treat brace expansions exactly like csh?
+D3) Why doesn't bash have csh variable modifiers?
+D4) How can I make my csh aliases work when I convert to bash?
+D5) How can I pipe standard output and standard error from one command to
+ another, like csh does with `|&'?
+D6) Now that I've converted from ksh to bash, are there equivalents to
+ ksh features like autoloaded functions and the `whence' command?
+
+Section E: Why does bash do certain things the way it does?
+
+E1) Why is the bash builtin `test' slightly different from /bin/test?
+E2) Why does bash sometimes say `Broken pipe'?
+E3) When I have terminal escape sequences in my prompt, why does bash
+ wrap lines at the wrong column?
+E4) If I pipe the output of a command into `read variable', why doesn't
+ the output show up in $variable when the read command finishes?
+E5) I have a bunch of shell scripts that use backslash-escaped characters
+ in arguments to `echo'. Bash doesn't interpret these characters. Why
+ not, and how can I make it understand them?
+E6) Why doesn't a while or for loop get suspended when I type ^Z?
+E7) What about empty for loops in Makefiles?
+E8) Why does the arithmetic evaluation code complain about `08'?
+E9) Why does the pattern matching expression [A-Z]* match files beginning
+ with every letter except `z'?
+E10) Why does `cd //' leave $PWD as `//'?
+E11) If I resize my xterm while another program is running, why doesn't bash
+ notice the change?
+
+Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
+
+F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'?
+F2) I built bash on Solaris 2. Why do globbing expansions and filename
+ completion chop off the first few characters of each filename?
+F3) Why does bash dump core after I interrupt username completion or
+ `~user' tilde expansion on a machine running NIS?
+F4) I'm running SVR4.2. Why is the line erased every time I type `@'?
+F5) Why does bash report syntax errors when my C News scripts use a
+ redirection before a subshell command?
+F6) Why can't I use vi-mode editing on Red Hat Linux 6.1?
+F7) Why do bash-2.05a and bash-2.05b fail to compile `printf.def' on
+ HP/UX 11.x?
+
+Section G: How can I get bash to do certain common things?
+
+G1) How can I get bash to read and display eight-bit characters?
+G2) How do I write a function `x' to replace builtin command `x', but
+ still invoke the command from within the function?
+G3) How can I find the value of a shell variable whose name is the value
+ of another shell variable?
+G4) How can I make the bash `time' reserved word print timing output that
+ looks like the output from my system's /usr/bin/time?
+G5) How do I get the current directory into my prompt?
+G6) How can I rename "*.foo" to "*.bar"?
+G7) How can I translate a filename from uppercase to lowercase?
+G8) How can I write a filename expansion (globbing) pattern that will match
+ all files in the current directory except "." and ".."?
+
+Section H: Where do I go from here?
+
+H1) How do I report bugs in bash, and where should I look for fixes and
+ advice?
+H2) What kind of bash documentation is there?
+H3) What's coming in future versions?
+H4) What's on the bash `wish list'?
+H5) When will the next release appear?
+
+----------
+Section A: The Basics
+
+A1) What is it?
+
+Bash is a Unix command interpreter (shell). It is an implementation of
+the Posix 1003.2 shell standard, and resembles the Korn and System V
+shells.
+
+Bash contains a number of enhancements over those shells, both
+for interactive use and shell programming. Features geared
+toward interactive use include command line editing, command
+history, job control, aliases, and prompt expansion. Programming
+features include additional variable expansions, shell
+arithmetic, and a number of variables and options to control
+shell behavior.
+
+Bash was originally written by Brian Fox of the Free Software
+Foundation. The current developer and maintainer is Chet Ramey
+of Case Western Reserve University.
+
+A2) What's the latest version?
+
+The latest version is 2.05b, first made available on Wednesday, 17
+July, 2002.
+
+A3) Where can I get it?
+
+Bash is the GNU project's shell, and so is available from the
+master GNU archive site, ftp.gnu.org, and its mirrors. The
+latest version is also available for FTP from ftp.cwru.edu.
+The following URLs tell how to get version 2.05b:
+
+ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-2.05b.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-2.05b.tar.gz
+
+Formatted versions of the documentation are available with the URLs:
+
+ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-2.05b.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-2.05b.tar.gz
+
+A4) On what machines will bash run?
+
+Bash has been ported to nearly every version of UNIX. All you
+should have to do to build it on a machine for which a port
+exists is to type `configure' and then `make'. The build process
+will attempt to discover the version of UNIX you have and tailor
+itself accordingly, using a script created by GNU autoconf.
+
+More information appears in the file `INSTALL' in the distribution.
+
+The Bash web page (http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/~chet/bash/bashtop.html)
+explains how to obtain binary versions of bash for most of the major
+commercial Unix systems.
+
+A5) Will bash run on operating systems other than Unix?
+
+Configuration specifics for Unix-like systems such as QNX and
+LynxOS are included in the distribution. Bash-2.05 and later
+versions should compile and run on Minix 2.0 (patches were
+contributed), but I don't believe anyone has built bash-2.x on
+earlier Minix versions yet.
+
+Bash has been ported to versions of Windows implementing the Win32
+programming interface. This includes Windows 95 and Windows NT.
+The port was done by Cygnus Solutions as part of their CYGWIN
+project. For more information about the project, look at the URLs
+
+http://www.cygwin.com/
+http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin
+
+Cygnus originally ported bash-1.14.7, and that port was part of their
+early GNU-Win32 (the original name) releases. Cygnus has also done a
+port of bash-2.05 to the CYGWIN environment, and it is available as
+part of their current release.
+
+Bash-2.05b should require no local Cygnus changes to build and run under
+CYGWIN.
+
+The Cygnus port works only on Intel machines. There is a port of bash
+(I don't know which version) to the alpha/NT environment available from
+
+ftp://ftp.gnustep.org//pub/win32/bash-alpha-nt-1.01.tar.gz
+
+DJ Delorie has a port of bash-2.x which runs under MS-DOS, as part
+of the DJGPP project. For more information on the project, see
+
+http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/
+
+I have been told that the original DJGPP port was done by Daisuke Aoyama.
+
+Mark Elbrecht <snowball3@bigfoot.com> has sent me notice that bash-2.04
+is available for DJGPP V2. The files are available as:
+
+ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204b.zip binary
+ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204d.zip documentation
+ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204s.zip source
+
+Mark has begun to work with bash-2.05, but I don't know the status.
+
+Ports of bash-1.12 and bash-2.0 are available for OS/2 from
+
+ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/util/shell/bash_112.zip
+ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/util/shell/bash-2.0(253).zip
+
+I haven't looked at either, but the second appears to be a binary-only
+distribution. Beware.
+
+I have received word that Bash (I'm not sure which version, but I
+believe that it's at least bash-2.02.1) is the standard shell on
+BeOS.
+
+A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
+
+Bash configures to use gcc by default if it is available. Read the
+file INSTALL in the distribution for more information.
+
+A7) How can I make bash my login shell?
+
+Some machines let you use `chsh' to change your login shell. Other
+systems use `passwd -s' or `passwd -e'. If one of these works for
+you, that's all you need. Note that many systems require the full
+pathname to a shell to appear in /etc/shells before you can make it
+your login shell. For this, you may need the assistance of your
+friendly local system administrator.
+
+If you cannot do this, you can still use bash as your login shell, but
+you need to perform some tricks. The basic idea is to add a command
+to your login shell's startup file to replace your login shell with
+bash.
+
+For example, if your login shell is csh or tcsh, and you have installed
+bash in /usr/gnu/bin/bash, add the following line to ~/.login:
+
+ if ( -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ) exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
+
+(the `--login' tells bash that it is a login shell).
+
+It's not a good idea to put this command into ~/.cshrc, because every
+csh you run without the `-f' option, even ones started to run csh scripts,
+reads that file. If you must put the command in ~/.cshrc, use something
+like
+
+ if ( $?prompt ) exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
+
+to ensure that bash is exec'd only when the csh is interactive.
+
+If your login shell is sh or ksh, you have to do two things.
+
+First, create an empty file in your home directory named `.bash_profile'.
+The existence of this file will prevent the exec'd bash from trying to
+read ~/.profile, and re-execing itself over and over again. ~/.bash_profile
+is the first file bash tries to read initialization commands from when
+it is invoked as a login shell.
+
+Next, add a line similar to the above to ~/.profile:
+
+ [ -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && [ -x /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && \
+ exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
+
+This will cause login shells to replace themselves with bash running as
+a login shell. Once you have this working, you can copy your initialization
+code from ~/.profile to ~/.bash_profile.
+
+I have received word that the recipe supplied above is insufficient for
+machines running CDE. CDE has a maze of twisty little startup files, all
+slightly different.
+
+If you cannot change your login shell in the password file to bash, you
+will have to (apparently) live with CDE using the shell in the password
+file to run its startup scripts. If you have changed your shell to bash,
+there is code in the CDE startup files (on Solaris, at least) that attempts
+to do the right thing. It is, however, often broken, and may require that
+you use the $BASH_ENV trick described below.
+
+`dtterm' claims to use $SHELL as the default program to start, so if you
+can change $SHELL in the CDE startup files, you should be able to use bash
+in your terminal windows.
+
+Setting DTSOURCEPROFILE in ~/.dtprofile will cause the `Xsession' program
+to read your login shell's startup files. You may be able to use bash for
+the rest of the CDE programs by setting SHELL to bash in ~/.dtprofile as
+well, but I have not tried this.
+
+You can use the above `exec' recipe to start bash when not logging in with
+CDE by testing the value of the DT variable:
+
+ if [ -n "$DT" ]; then
+ [ -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
+ fi
+
+If CDE starts its shells non-interactively during login, the login shell
+startup files (~/.profile, ~/.bash_profile) will not be sourced at login.
+To get around this problem, append a line similar to the following to your
+~/.dtprofile:
+
+ BASH_ENV=${HOME}/.bash_profile ; export BASH_ENV
+
+and add the following line to the beginning of ~/.bash_profile:
+
+ unset BASH_ENV
+
+A8) I just changed my login shell to bash, and now I can't FTP into my
+ machine. Why not?
+
+You must add the full pathname to bash to the file /etc/shells. As
+noted in the answer to the previous question, many systems require
+this before you can make bash your login shell.
+
+Most versions of ftpd use this file to prohibit `special' users
+such as `uucp' and `news' from using FTP.
+
+A9) What's the `POSIX 1003.2 standard'?
+
+POSIX is a name originally coined by Richard Stallman for a
+family of open system standards based on UNIX. There are a
+number of aspects of UNIX under consideration for
+standardization, from the basic system services at the system
+call and C library level to applications and tools to system
+administration and management. Each area of standardization is
+assigned to a working group in the 1003 series.
+
+The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard has been developed by IEEE
+Working Group 1003.2 (POSIX.2). It concentrates on the command
+interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from
+the command line or by other programs. An initial version of the
+standard has been approved and published by the IEEE, and work is
+currently underway to update it.
+
+Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior
+defined by POSIX.2. The shell command language has of course
+been standardized, including the basic flow control and program
+execution constructs, I/O redirection and pipelining, argument
+handling, variable expansion, and quoting.
+
+The `special' builtins, which must be implemented as part of the
+shell to provide the desired functionality, are specified as
+being part of the shell; examples of these are `eval' and
+`export'. Other utilities appear in the sections of POSIX.2 not
+devoted to the shell which are commonly (and in some cases must
+be) implemented as builtin commands, such as `read' and `test'.
+POSIX.2 also specifies aspects of the shell's interactive
+behavior as part of the UPE, including job control and command
+line editing. Only vi-style line editing commands have been
+standardized; emacs editing commands were left out due to
+objections.
+
+The Open Group has made an older version of its Single Unix
+Specification (version 2), which is very similar to POSIX.2,
+available on the web at
+
+http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/
+
+The Single Unix Specification, version 3, is available on the web at
+
+http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904975/
+
+A10) What is the bash `posix mode'?
+
+Although bash is an implementation of the POSIX.2 shell
+specification, there are areas where the bash default behavior
+differs from that spec. The bash `posix mode' changes the bash
+behavior in these areas so that it obeys the spec more closely.
+
+Posix mode is entered by starting bash with the --posix or
+'-o posix' option or executing `set -o posix' after bash is running.
+
+The specific aspects of bash which change when posix mode is
+active are listed in the file POSIX in the bash distribution.
+They are also listed in a section in the Bash Reference Manual
+(from which that file is generated).
+
+Section B: The latest version
+
+B1) What's new in version 2.05b?
+
+The raison d'etre for bash-2.05b is to make a second intermediate
+release containing the first of the new features to be available
+in bash-3.0 and get feedback on those features before proceeding.
+The major new feature is multibyte character support in both Bash
+and Readline.
+
+Bash-2.05b contains the following new features (see the manual page for
+complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-2.05b
+distribution):
+
+o support for multibyte characters has been added to both bash and readline
+
+o the DEBUG trap is now run *before* simple commands, ((...)) commands,
+ [[...]] conditional commands, and for ((...)) loops
+
+o the shell now performs arithmetic in the largest integer size the machine
+ supports (intmax_t)
+
+o there is a new \D{...} prompt expansion; passes the `...' to strftime(3)
+ and inserts the result into the expanded prompt
+
+o there is a new `here-string' redirection operator: <<< word
+
+o when displaying variables, function attributes and definitions are shown
+ separately, allowing them to be re-used as input (attempting to re-use
+ the old output would result in syntax errors).
+
+o `read' has a new `-u fd' option to read from a specified file descriptor
+
+o the bash debugger in examples/bashdb has been modified to work with the
+ new DEBUG trap semantics, the command set has been made more gdb-like,
+ and the changes to $LINENO make debugging functions work better
+
+o the expansion of $LINENO inside a shell function is only relative to the
+ function start if the shell is interactive -- if the shell is running a
+ script, $LINENO expands to the line number in the script. This is as
+ POSIX-2001 requires
+
+
+A short feature history dating from Bash-2.0:
+
+Bash-2.05a introduced the following new features:
+
+o The `printf' builtin has undergone major work
+
+o There is a new read-only `shopt' option: login_shell, which is set by
+ login shells and unset otherwise
+
+o New `\A' prompt string escape sequence; expanding to time in 24-hour
+ HH:MM format
+
+o New `-A group/-g' option to complete and compgen; goes group name
+ completion
+
+o New [+-]O invocation option to set and unset `shopt' options at startup
+
+o ksh-like `ERR' trap
+
+o `for' loops now allow empty word lists after the `in' reserved word
+
+o new `hard' and `soft' arguments for the `ulimit' builtin
+
+o Readline can be configured to place the user at the same point on the line
+ when retrieving commands from the history list
+
+o Readline can be configured to skip `hidden' files (filenames with a leading
+ `.' on Unix) when performing completion
+
+Bash-2.05 introduced the following new features:
+
+o This version has once again reverted to using locales and strcoll(3) when
+ processing pattern matching bracket expressions, as POSIX requires.
+o Added a new `--init-file' invocation argument as a synonym for `--rcfile',
+ per the new GNU coding standards.
+o The /dev/tcp and /dev/udp redirections now accept service names as well as
+ port numbers.
+o `complete' and `compgen' now take a `-o value' option, which controls some
+ of the aspects of that compspec. Valid values are:
+
+ default - perform bash default completion if programmable
+ completion produces no matches
+ dirnames - perform directory name completion if programmable
+ completion produces no matches
+ filenames - tell readline that the compspec produces filenames,
+ so it can do things like append slashes to
+ directory names and suppress trailing spaces
+o A new loadable builtin, realpath, which canonicalizes and expands symlinks
+ in pathname arguments.
+o When `set' is called without options, it prints function defintions in a
+ way that allows them to be reused as input. This affects `declare' and
+ `declare -p' as well. This only happens when the shell is not in POSIX
+ mode, since POSIX.2 forbids this behavior.
+
+Bash-2.04 introduced the following new features:
+
+o Programmable word completion with the new `complete' and `compgen' builtins;
+ examples are provided in examples/complete/complete-examples
+o `history' has a new `-d' option to delete a history entry
+o `bind' has a new `-x' option to bind key sequences to shell commands
+o The prompt expansion code has new `\j' and `\l' escape sequences
+o The `no_empty_cmd_completion' shell option, if enabled, inhibits
+ command completion when TAB is typed on an empty line
+o `help' has a new `-s' option to print a usage synopsis
+o New arithmetic operators: var++, var--, ++var, --var, expr1,expr2 (comma)
+o New ksh93-style arithmetic for command:
+ for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done
+o `read' has new options: `-t', `-n', `-d', `-s'
+o The redirection code handles several filenames specially: /dev/fd/N,
+ /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr
+o The redirection code now recognizes /dev/tcp/HOST/PORT and
+ /dev/udp/HOST/PORT and tries to open a TCP or UDP socket, respectively,
+ to the specified port on the specified host
+o The ${!prefix*} expansion has been implemented
+o A new FUNCNAME variable, which expands to the name of a currently-executing
+ function
+o The GROUPS variable is no longer readonly
+o A new shopt `xpg_echo' variable, to control the behavior of echo with
+ respect to backslash-escape sequences at runtime
+o The NON_INTERACTIVE_LOGIN_SHELLS #define has returned
+
+The version of Readline released with Bash-2.04, Readline-4.1, had several
+new features as well:
+
+o Parentheses matching is always compiled into readline, and controllable
+ with the new `blink-matching-paren' variable
+o The history-search-forward and history-search-backward functions now leave
+ point at the end of the line when the search string is empty, like
+ reverse-search-history, and forward-search-history
+o A new function for applications: rl_on_new_line_with_prompt()
+o New variables for applications: rl_already_prompted, and rl_gnu_readline_p
+
+
+Bash-2.03 had very few new features, in keeping with the convention
+that odd-numbered releases provide mainly bug fixes. A number of new
+features were added to Readline, mostly at the request of the Cygnus
+folks.
+
+A new shopt option, `restricted_shell', so that startup files can test
+ whether or not the shell was started in restricted mode
+Filename generation is now performed on the words between ( and ) in
+ compound array assignments (this is really a bug fix)
+OLDPWD is now auto-exported, as POSIX.2 requires
+ENV and BASH_ENV are read-only variables in a restricted shell
+Bash may now be linked against an already-installed Readline library,
+ as long as the Readline library is version 4 or newer
+All shells begun with the `--login' option will source the login shell
+ startup files, even if the shell is not interactive
+
+There were lots of changes to the version of the Readline library released
+along with Bash-2.03. For a complete list of the changes, read the file
+CHANGES in the Bash-2.03 distribution.
+
+Bash-2.02 contained the following new features:
+
+a new version of malloc (based on the old GNU malloc code in previous
+ bash versions) that is more page-oriented, more conservative
+ with memory usage, does not `orphan' large blocks when they
+ are freed, is usable on 64-bit machines, and has allocation
+ checking turned on unconditionally
+POSIX.2-style globbing character classes ([:alpha:], [:alnum:], etc.)
+POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes
+POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols
+the ksh [[...]] extended conditional command
+the ksh egrep-style extended pattern matching operators
+a new `printf' builtin
+the ksh-like $(<filename) command substitution, which is equivalent to
+ $(cat filename)
+new tilde prefixes that expand to directories from the directory stack
+new `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation
+case-insensitive globbing (filename expansion)
+menu completion a la tcsh
+`magic-space' history expansion function like tcsh
+the readline inputrc `language' has a new file inclusion directive ($include)
+
+Bash-2.01 contained only a few new features:
+
+new `GROUPS' builtin array variable containing the user's group list
+new bindable readline commands: history-and-alias-expand-line and
+ alias-expand-line
+
+Bash-2.0 contained extensive changes and new features from bash-1.14.7.
+Here's a short list:
+
+new `time' reserved word to time pipelines, shell builtins, and
+ shell functions
+one-dimensional arrays with a new compound assignment statement,
+ appropriate expansion constructs and modifications to some
+ of the builtins (read, declare, etc.) to use them
+new quoting syntaxes for ANSI-C string expansion and locale-specific
+ string translation
+new expansions to do substring extraction, pattern replacement, and
+ indirect variable expansion
+new builtins: `disown' and `shopt'
+new variables: HISTIGNORE, SHELLOPTS, PIPESTATUS, DIRSTACK, GLOBIGNORE,
+ MACHTYPE, BASH_VERSINFO
+special handling of many unused or redundant variables removed
+ (e.g., $notify, $glob_dot_filenames, $no_exit_on_failed_exec)
+dynamic loading of new builtin commands; many loadable examples provided
+new prompt expansions: \a, \e, \n, \H, \T, \@, \v, \V
+history and aliases available in shell scripts
+new readline variables: enable-keypad, mark-directories, input-meta,
+ visible-stats, disable-completion, comment-begin
+new readline commands to manipulate the mark and operate on the region
+new readline emacs mode commands and bindings for ksh-88 compatibility
+updated and extended builtins
+new DEBUG trap
+expanded (and now documented) restricted shell mode
+
+implementation stuff:
+autoconf-based configuration
+nearly all of the bugs reported since version 1.14 have been fixed
+most builtins converted to use builtin `getopt' for consistency
+most builtins use -p option to display output in a reusable form
+ (for consistency)
+grammar tighter and smaller (66 reduce-reduce conflicts gone)
+lots of code now smaller and faster
+test suite greatly expanded
+
+B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-2.05b and
+ bash-1.14.7?
+
+There are a few incompatibilities between version 1.14.7 and version 2.05b.
+They are detailed in the file COMPAT in the bash distribution. That file
+is not meant to be all-encompassing; send mail to bash-maintainers@gnu.org
+if if you find something that's not mentioned there.
+
+Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
+
+C1) How does bash differ from sh, the Bourne shell?
+
+This is a non-comprehensive list of features that differentiate bash
+from the SVR4.2 shell. The bash manual page explains these more
+completely.
+
+Things bash has that sh does not:
+ long invocation options
+ [+-]O invocation option
+ -l invocation option
+ `!' reserved word to invert pipeline return value
+ `time' reserved word to time pipelines and shell builtins
+ the `function' reserved word
+ the `select' compound command and reserved word
+ arithmetic for command: for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done
+ new $'...' and $"..." quoting
+ the $(...) form of command substitution
+ the $(<filename) form of command substitution, equivalent to
+ $(cat filename)
+ the ${#param} parameter value length operator
+ the ${!param} indirect parameter expansion operator
+ the ${!param*} prefix expansion operator
+ the ${param:offset[:length]} parameter substring operator
+ the ${param/pat[/string]} parameter pattern substitution operator
+ expansions to perform substring removal (${p%[%]w}, ${p#[#]w})
+ expansion of positional parameters beyond $9 with ${num}
+ variables: BASH, BASH_VERSION, BASH_VERSINFO, UID, EUID, REPLY,
+ TIMEFORMAT, PPID, PWD, OLDPWD, SHLVL, RANDOM, SECONDS,
+ LINENO, HISTCMD, HOSTTYPE, OSTYPE, MACHTYPE, HOSTNAME,
+ ENV, PS3, PS4, DIRSTACK, PIPESTATUS, HISTSIZE, HISTFILE,
+ HISTFILESIZE, HISTCONTROL, HISTIGNORE, GLOBIGNORE, GROUPS,
+ PROMPT_COMMAND, FCEDIT, FIGNORE, IGNOREEOF, INPUTRC,
+ SHELLOPTS, OPTERR, HOSTFILE, TMOUT, FUNCNAME, histchars,
+ auto_resume
+ DEBUG trap
+ ERR trap
+ variable arrays with new compound assignment syntax
+ redirections: <>, &>, >|, <<<, [n]<&word-, [n]>&word-
+ prompt string special char translation and variable expansion
+ auto-export of variables in initial environment
+ command search finds functions before builtins
+ bash return builtin will exit a file sourced with `.'
+ builtins: cd -/-L/-P, exec -l/-c/-a, echo -e/-E, hash -d/-l/-p/-t.
+ export -n/-f/-p/name=value, pwd -L/-P,
+ read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s/-u,
+ readonly -a/-f/name=value, trap -l, set +o,
+ set -b/-m/-o option/-h/-p/-B/-C/-H/-P,
+ unset -f/-v, ulimit -m/-p/-u,
+ type -a/-p/-t/-f/-P, suspend -f, kill -n,
+ test -o optname/s1 == s2/s1 < s2/s1 > s2/-nt/-ot/-ef/-O/-G/-S
+ bash reads ~/.bashrc for interactive shells, $ENV for non-interactive
+ bash restricted shell mode is more extensive
+ bash allows functions and variables with the same name
+ brace expansion
+ tilde expansion
+ arithmetic expansion with $((...)) and `let' builtin
+ the `[[...]]' extended conditional command
+ process substitution
+ aliases and alias/unalias builtins
+ local variables in functions and `local' builtin
+ readline and command-line editing with programmable completion
+ command history and history/fc builtins
+ csh-like history expansion
+ other new bash builtins: bind, command, compgen, complete, builtin,
+ declare/typeset, dirs, enable, fc, help,
+ history, logout, popd, pushd, disown, shopt,
+ printf
+ exported functions
+ filename generation when using output redirection (command >a*)
+ POSIX.2-style globbing character classes
+ POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes
+ POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols
+ egrep-like extended pattern matching operators
+ case-insensitive pattern matching and globbing
+ variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
+ even for builtins and functions
+ posix mode
+ redirection to /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr,
+ /dev/tcp/host/port, /dev/udp/host/port
+
+Things sh has that bash does not:
+ uses variable SHACCT to do shell accounting
+ includes `stop' builtin (bash can use alias stop='kill -s STOP')
+ `newgrp' builtin
+ turns on job control if called as `jsh'
+ $TIMEOUT (like bash $TMOUT)
+ `^' is a synonym for `|'
+ new SVR4.2 sh builtins: mldmode, priv
+
+Implementation differences:
+ redirection to/from compound commands causes sh to create a subshell
+ bash does not allow unbalanced quotes; sh silently inserts them at EOF
+ bash does not mess with signal 11
+ sh sets (euid, egid) to (uid, gid) if -p not supplied and uid < 100
+ bash splits only the results of expansions on IFS, using POSIX.2
+ field splitting rules; sh splits all words on IFS
+ sh does not allow MAILCHECK to be unset (?)
+ sh does not allow traps on SIGALRM or SIGCHLD
+ bash allows multiple option arguments when invoked (e.g. -x -v);
+ sh allows only a single option argument (`sh -x -v' attempts
+ to open a file named `-v', and, on SunOS 4.1.4, dumps core.
+ On Solaris 2.4 and earlier versions, sh goes into an infinite
+ loop.)
+ sh exits a script if any builtin fails; bash exits only if one of
+ the POSIX.2 `special' builtins fails
+
+C2) How does bash differ from the Korn shell, version ksh88?
+
+Things bash has or uses that ksh88 does not:
+ long invocation options
+ [-+]O invocation option
+ -l invocation option
+ `!' reserved word
+ arithmetic for command: for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done
+ arithmetic in largest machine-supported size (intmax_t)
+ posix mode and posix conformance
+ command hashing
+ tilde expansion for assignment statements that look like $PATH
+ process substitution with named pipes if /dev/fd is not available
+ the ${!param} indirect parameter expansion operator
+ the ${!param*} prefix expansion operator
+ the ${param:offset[:length]} parameter substring operator
+ the ${param/pat[/string]} parameter pattern substitution operator
+ variables: BASH, BASH_VERSION, BASH_VERSINFO, UID, EUID, SHLVL,
+ TIMEFORMAT, HISTCMD, HOSTTYPE, OSTYPE, MACHTYPE,
+ HISTFILESIZE, HISTIGNORE, HISTCONTROL, PROMPT_COMMAND,
+ IGNOREEOF, FIGNORE, INPUTRC, HOSTFILE, DIRSTACK,
+ PIPESTATUS, HOSTNAME, OPTERR, SHELLOPTS, GLOBIGNORE,
+ GROUPS, FUNCNAME, histchars, auto_resume
+ prompt expansion with backslash escapes and command substitution
+ redirection: &> (stdout and stderr), <<<, [n]<&word-, [n]>&word-
+ more extensive and extensible editing and programmable completion
+ builtins: bind, builtin, command, declare, dirs, echo -e/-E, enable,
+ exec -l/-c/-a, fc -s, export -n/-f/-p, hash, help, history,
+ jobs -x/-r/-s, kill -s/-n/-l, local, logout, popd, pushd,
+ read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s, readonly -a/-n/-f/-p,
+ set -o braceexpand/-o histexpand/-o interactive-comments/
+ -o notify/-o physical/-o posix/-o hashall/-o onecmd/
+ -h/-B/-C/-b/-H/-P, set +o, suspend, trap -l, type,
+ typeset -a/-F/-p, ulimit -u, umask -S, alias -p, shopt,
+ disown, printf, complete, compgen
+ `!' csh-style history expansion
+ POSIX.2-style globbing character classes
+ POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes
+ POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols
+ egrep-like extended pattern matching operators
+ case-insensitive pattern matching and globbing
+ `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation
+ redirection to /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr
+ arrays of unlimited size
+ TMOUT is default timeout for `read' and `select'
+
+Things ksh88 has or uses that bash does not:
+ tracked aliases (alias -t)
+ variables: ERRNO, FPATH, EDITOR, VISUAL
+ co-processes (|&, >&p, <&p)
+ weirdly-scoped functions
+ typeset +f to list all function names without definitions
+ text of command history kept in a file, not memory
+ builtins: alias -x, cd old new, fc -e -, newgrp, print,
+ read -p/-s/var?prompt, set -A/-o gmacs/
+ -o bgnice/-o markdirs/-o nolog/-o trackall/-o viraw/-s,
+ typeset -H/-L/-R/-Z/-A/-ft/-fu/-fx/-l/-u/-t, whence
+ using environment to pass attributes of exported variables
+ arithmetic evaluation done on arguments to some builtins
+ reads .profile from $PWD when invoked as login shell
+
+Implementation differences:
+ ksh runs last command of a pipeline in parent shell context
+ bash has brace expansion by default (ksh88 compile-time option)
+ bash has fixed startup file for all interactive shells; ksh reads $ENV
+ bash has exported functions
+ bash command search finds functions before builtins
+ bash waits for all commands in pipeline to exit before returning status
+ emacs-mode editing has some slightly different key bindings
+
+C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
+
+New things in ksh-93 not in bash-2.05b:
+ associative arrays
+ floating point arithmetic and variables
+ math library functions
+ ${!name[sub]} name of subscript for associative array
+ `.' is allowed in variable names to create a hierarchical namespace
+ more extensive compound assignment syntax
+ discipline functions
+ `sleep' and `getconf' builtins (bash has loadable versions)
+ typeset -n and `nameref' variables
+ KEYBD trap
+ variables: .sh.edchar, .sh.edmode, .sh.edcol, .sh.edtext, .sh.version,
+ .sh.name, .sh.subscript, .sh.value, .sh.match, HISTEDIT
+ backreferences in pattern matching (\N)
+ `&' operator in pattern lists for matching
+ print -f (bash uses printf)
+ `fc' has been renamed to `hist'
+ `.' can execute shell functions
+ exit statuses between 0 and 255
+ set -o pipefail
+ `+=' variable assignment operator
+ FPATH and PATH mixing
+ getopts -a
+ -I invocation option
+ DEBUG trap now executed before each simple command, instead of after
+ printf %H, %P, %T, %Z modifiers, output base for %d
+ lexical scoping for local variables in `ksh' functions
+ no scoping for local variables in `POSIX' functions
+
+New things in ksh-93 present in bash-2.05b:
+ [n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections (combination dup and close)
+ for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 )) ; do list; done - arithmetic for command
+ ?:, ++, --, `expr1 , expr2' arithmetic operators
+ expansions: ${!param}, ${param:offset[:len]}, ${param/pat[/str]},
+ ${!param*}
+ compound array assignment
+ the `!' reserved word
+ loadable builtins -- but ksh uses `builtin' while bash uses `enable'
+ `command', `builtin', `disown' builtins
+ new $'...' and $"..." quoting
+ FIGNORE (but bash uses GLOBIGNORE), HISTCMD
+ set -o notify/-C
+ changes to kill builtin
+ read -A (bash uses read -a)
+ read -t/-d
+ trap -p
+ exec -c/-a
+ `.' restores the positional parameters when it completes
+ POSIX.2 `test'
+ umask -S
+ unalias -a
+ command and arithmetic substitution performed on PS1, PS4, and ENV
+ command name completion
+ ENV processed only for interactive shells
+
+Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells?
+
+D1) Why does bash run a different version of `command' than
+ `which command' says it will?
+
+On many systems, `which' is actually a csh script that assumes
+you're running csh. In tcsh, `which' and its cousin `where'
+are builtins. On other Unix systems, `which' is a perl script
+that uses the PATH environment variable.
+
+The csh script version reads the csh startup files from your
+home directory and uses those to determine which `command' will
+be invoked. Since bash doesn't use any of those startup files,
+there's a good chance that your bash environment differs from
+your csh environment. The bash `type' builtin does everything
+`which' does, and will report correct results for the running
+shell. If you're really wedded to the name `which', try adding
+the following function definition to your .bashrc:
+
+ which()
+ {
+ builtin type "$@"
+ }
+
+If you're moving from tcsh and would like to bring `where' along
+as well, use this function:
+
+ where()
+ {
+ builtin type -a "$@"
+ }
+
+D2) Why doesn't bash treat brace expansions exactly like csh?
+
+The only difference between bash and csh brace expansion is that
+bash requires a brace expression to contain at least one unquoted
+comma if it is to be expanded. Any brace-surrounded word not
+containing an unquoted comma is left unchanged by the brace
+expansion code. This affords the greatest degree of sh
+compatibility.
+
+Bash, ksh, zsh, and pd-ksh all implement brace expansion this way.
+
+D3) Why doesn't bash have csh variable modifiers?
+
+Posix has specified a more powerful, albeit somewhat more cryptic,
+mechanism cribbed from ksh, and bash implements it.
+
+${parameter%word}
+ Remove smallest suffix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce
+ a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
+ smallest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
+
+ x=file.c
+ echo ${x%.c}.o
+ -->file.o
+
+${parameter%%word}
+
+ Remove largest suffix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce
+ a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
+ largest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
+
+ x=posix/src/std
+ echo ${x%%/*}
+ -->posix
+
+${parameter#word}
+ Remove smallest prefix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce
+ a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
+ smallest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
+
+ x=$HOME/src/cmd
+ echo ${x#$HOME}
+ -->/src/cmd
+
+${parameter##word}
+ Remove largest prefix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce
+ a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the
+ largest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
+
+ x=/one/two/three
+ echo ${x##*/}
+ -->three
+
+
+Given
+ a=/a/b/c/d
+ b=b.xxx
+
+ csh bash result
+ --- ---- ------
+ $a:h ${a%/*} /a/b/c
+ $a:t ${a##*/} d
+ $b:r ${b%.*} b
+ $b:e ${b##*.} xxx
+
+
+D4) How can I make my csh aliases work when I convert to bash?
+
+Bash uses a different syntax to support aliases than csh does.
+The details can be found in the documentation. We have provided
+a shell script which does most of the work of conversion for you;
+this script can be found in ./examples/misc/aliasconv.sh. Here is
+how you use it:
+
+Start csh in the normal way for you. (e.g., `csh')
+
+Pipe the output of `alias' through `aliasconv.sh', saving the
+results into `bash_aliases':
+
+ alias | bash aliasconv.sh >bash_aliases
+
+Edit `bash_aliases', carefully reading through any created
+functions. You will need to change the names of some csh specific
+variables to the bash equivalents. The script converts $cwd to
+$PWD, $term to $TERM, $home to $HOME, $user to $USER, and $prompt
+to $PS1. You may also have to add quotes to avoid unwanted
+expansion.
+
+For example, the csh alias:
+
+ alias cd 'cd \!*; echo $cwd'
+
+is converted to the bash function:
+
+ cd () { command cd "$@"; echo $PWD ; }
+
+The only thing that needs to be done is to quote $PWD:
+
+ cd () { command cd "$@"; echo "$PWD" ; }
+
+Merge the edited file into your ~/.bashrc.
+
+There is an additional, more ambitious, script in
+examples/misc/cshtobash that attempts to convert your entire csh
+environment to its bash equivalent. This script can be run as
+simply `cshtobash' to convert your normal interactive
+environment, or as `cshtobash ~/.login' to convert your login
+environment.
+
+D5) How can I pipe standard output and standard error from one command to
+ another, like csh does with `|&'?
+
+Use
+ command 2>&1 | command2
+
+The key is to remember that piping is performed before redirection, so
+file descriptor 1 points to the pipe when it is duplicated onto file
+descriptor 2.
+
+D6) Now that I've converted from ksh to bash, are there equivalents to
+ ksh features like autoloaded functions and the `whence' command?
+
+There are features in ksh-88 and ksh-93 that do not have direct bash
+equivalents. Most, however, can be emulated with very little trouble.
+
+ksh-88 feature Bash equivalent
+-------------- ---------------
+compiled-in aliases set up aliases in .bashrc; some ksh aliases are
+ bash builtins (hash, history, type)
+coprocesses named pipe pairs (one for read, one for write)
+typeset +f declare -F
+cd, print, whence function substitutes in examples/functions/kshenv
+autoloaded functions examples/functions/autoload is the same as typeset -fu
+read var?prompt read -p prompt var
+
+ksh-93 feature Bash equivalent
+-------------- ---------------
+sleep, getconf Bash has loadable versions in examples/loadables
+${.sh.version} $BASH_VERSION
+print -f printf
+hist alias hist=fc
+$HISTEDIT $FCEDIT
+
+Section E: How can I get bash to do certain things, and why does bash do
+ things the way it does?
+
+E1) Why is the bash builtin `test' slightly different from /bin/test?
+
+The specific example used here is [ ! x -o x ], which is false.
+
+Bash's builtin `test' implements the Posix.2 spec, which can be
+summarized as follows (the wording is due to David Korn):
+
+Here is the set of rules for processing test arguments.
+
+ 0 Args: False
+ 1 Arg: True iff argument is not null.
+ 2 Args: If first arg is !, True iff second argument is null.
+ If first argument is unary, then true if unary test is true
+ Otherwise error.
+ 3 Args: If second argument is a binary operator, do binary test of $1 $3
+ If first argument is !, negate two argument test of $2 $3
+ If first argument is `(' and third argument is `)', do the
+ one-argument test of the second argument.
+ Otherwise error.
+ 4 Args: If first argument is !, negate three argument test of $2 $3 $4.
+ Otherwise unspecified
+ 5 or more Args: unspecified. (Historical shells would use their
+ current algorithm).
+
+The operators -a and -o are considered binary operators for the purpose
+of the 3 Arg case.
+
+As you can see, the test becomes (not (x or x)), which is false.
+
+E2) Why does bash sometimes say `Broken pipe'?
+
+If a sequence of commands appears in a pipeline, and one of the
+reading commands finishes before the writer has finished, the
+writer receives a SIGPIPE signal. Many other shells special-case
+SIGPIPE as an exit status in the pipeline and do not report it.
+For example, in:
+
+ ps -aux | head
+
+`head' can finish before `ps' writes all of its output, and ps
+will try to write on a pipe without a reader. In that case, bash
+will print `Broken pipe' to stderr when ps is killed by a
+SIGPIPE.
+
+You can build a version of bash that will not report SIGPIPE errors
+by uncommenting the definition of DONT_REPORT_SIGPIPE in the file
+config-top.h.
+
+E3) When I have terminal escape sequences in my prompt, why does bash
+ wrap lines at the wrong column?
+
+Readline, the line editing library that bash uses, does not know
+that the terminal escape sequences do not take up space on the
+screen. The redisplay code assumes, unless told otherwise, that
+each character in the prompt is a `printable' character that
+takes up one character position on the screen.
+
+You can use the bash prompt expansion facility (see the PROMPTING
+section in the manual page) to tell readline that sequences of
+characters in the prompt strings take up no screen space.
+
+Use the \[ escape to begin a sequence of non-printing characters,
+and the \] escape to signal the end of such a sequence.
+
+E4) If I pipe the output of a command into `read variable', why doesn't
+ the output show up in $variable when the read command finishes?
+
+This has to do with the parent-child relationship between Unix
+processes. It affects all commands run in pipelines, not just
+simple calls to `read'. For example, piping a command's output
+into a `while' loop that repeatedly calls `read' will result in
+the same behavior.
+
+Each element of a pipeline runs in a separate process, a child of
+the shell running the pipeline. A subprocess cannot affect its
+parent's environment. When the `read' command sets the variable
+to the input, that variable is set only in the subshell, not the
+parent shell. When the subshell exits, the value of the variable
+is lost.
+
+Many pipelines that end with `read variable' can be converted
+into command substitutions, which will capture the output of
+a specified command. The output can then be assigned to a
+variable:
+
+ grep ^gnu /usr/lib/news/active | wc -l | read ngroup
+
+can be converted into
+
+ ngroup=$(grep ^gnu /usr/lib/news/active | wc -l)
+
+This does not, unfortunately, work to split the text among
+multiple variables, as read does when given multiple variable
+arguments. If you need to do this, you can either use the
+command substitution above to read the output into a variable
+and chop up the variable using the bash pattern removal
+expansion operators or use some variant of the following
+approach.
+
+Say /usr/local/bin/ipaddr is the following shell script:
+
+#! /bin/sh
+host `hostname` | awk '/address/ {print $NF}'
+
+Instead of using
+
+ /usr/local/bin/ipaddr | read A B C D
+
+to break the local machine's IP address into separate octets, use
+
+ OIFS="$IFS"
+ IFS=.
+ set -- $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr)
+ IFS="$OIFS"
+ A="$1" B="$2" C="$3" D="$4"
+
+Beware, however, that this will change the shell's positional
+parameters. If you need them, you should save them before doing
+this.
+
+This is the general approach -- in most cases you will not need to
+set $IFS to a different value.
+
+Some other user-supplied alternatives include:
+
+read A B C D << HERE
+ $(IFS=.; echo $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr))
+HERE
+
+and, where process substitution is available,
+
+read A B C D < <(IFS=.; echo $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr))
+
+E5) I have a bunch of shell scripts that use backslash-escaped characters
+ in arguments to `echo'. Bash doesn't interpret these characters. Why
+ not, and how can I make it understand them?
+
+This is the behavior of echo on most Unix System V machines.
+
+The bash builtin `echo' is modeled after the 9th Edition
+Research Unix version of `echo'. It does not interpret
+backslash-escaped characters in its argument strings by default;
+it requires the use of the -e option to enable the
+interpretation. The System V echo provides no way to disable the
+special characters; the bash echo has a -E option to disable
+them.
+
+There is a configuration option that will make bash behave like
+the System V echo and interpret things like `\t' by default. Run
+configure with the --enable-xpg-echo-default option to turn this
+on. Be aware that this will cause some of the tests run when you
+type `make tests' to fail.
+
+There is a shell option, `xpg_echo', settable with `shopt', that will
+change the behavior of echo at runtime. Enabling this option turns
+on expansion of backslash-escape sequences.
+
+E6) Why doesn't a while or for loop get suspended when I type ^Z?
+
+This is a consequence of how job control works on Unix. The only
+thing that can be suspended is the process group. This is a single
+command or pipeline of commands that the shell forks and executes.
+
+When you run a while or for loop, the only thing that the shell forks
+and executes are any commands in the while loop test and commands in
+the loop bodies. These, therefore, are the only things that can be
+suspended when you type ^Z.
+
+If you want to be able to stop the entire loop, you need to put it
+within parentheses, which will force the loop into a subshell that
+may be stopped (and subsequently restarted) as a single unit.
+
+E7) What about empty for loops in Makefiles?
+
+It's fairly common to see constructs like this in automatically-generated
+Makefiles:
+
+SUBDIRS = @SUBDIRS@
+
+ ...
+
+subdirs-clean:
+ for d in ${SUBDIRS}; do \
+ ( cd $$d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean ) \
+ done
+
+When SUBDIRS is empty, this results in a command like this being passed to
+bash:
+
+ for d in ; do
+ ( cd $d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean )
+ done
+
+In versions of bash before bash-2.05a, this was a syntax error. If the
+reserved word `in' was present, a word must follow it before the semicolon
+or newline. The language in the manual page referring to the list of words
+being empty referred to the list after it is expanded. These versions of
+bash required that there be at least one word following the `in' when the
+construct was parsed.
+
+The idiomatic Makefile solution is something like:
+
+SUBDIRS = @SUBDIRS@
+
+subdirs-clean:
+ subdirs=$SUBDIRS ; for d in $$subdirs; do \
+ ( cd $$d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean ) \
+ done
+
+The latest drafts of the updated POSIX standard have changed this: the
+word list is no longer required. Bash versions 2.05a and later accept
+the new syntax.
+
+E8) Why does the arithmetic evaluation code complain about `08'?
+
+The bash arithmetic evaluation code (used for `let', $(()), (()), and in
+other places), interprets a leading `0' in numeric constants as denoting
+an octal number, and a leading `0x' as denoting hexadecimal. This is
+in accordance with the POSIX.2 spec, section 2.9.2.1, which states that
+arithmetic constants should be handled as signed long integers as defined
+by the ANSI/ISO C standard.
+
+The POSIX.2 interpretation committee has confirmed this:
+
+http://www.pasc.org/interps/unofficial/db/p1003.2/pasc-1003.2-173.html
+
+E9) Why does the pattern matching expression [A-Z]* match files beginning
+ with every letter except `z'?
+
+Bash-2.03, Bash-2.05 and later versions honor the current locale setting
+when processing ranges within pattern matching bracket expressions ([A-Z]).
+This is what POSIX.2 and SUSv3/XPG6 specify.
+
+The behavior of the matcher in bash-2.05 and later versions depends on the
+current LC_COLLATE setting. Setting this variable to `C' or `POSIX' will
+result in the traditional behavior ([A-Z] matches all uppercase ASCII
+characters). Many other locales, including the en_US locale (the default
+on many US versions of Linux) collate the upper and lower case letters like
+this:
+
+ AaBb...Zz
+
+which means that [A-Z] matches every letter except `z'. Others collate like
+
+ aAbBcC...zZ
+
+which means that [A-Z] matches every letter except `a'.
+
+The portable way to specify upper case letters is [:upper:] instead of
+A-Z; lower case may be specified as [:lower:] instead of a-z.
+
+Look at the manual pages for setlocale(3), strcoll(3), and, if it is
+present, locale(1). If you have locale(1), you can use it to find
+your current locale information even if you do not have any of the
+LC_ variables set.
+
+My advice is to put
+
+ export LC_COLLATE=C
+
+into /etc/profile and inspect any shell scripts run from cron for
+constructs like [A-Z]. This will prevent things like
+
+ rm [A-Z]*
+
+from removing every file in the current directory except those beginning
+with `z' and still allow individual users to change the collation order.
+Users may put the above command into their own profiles as well, of course.
+
+E10) Why does `cd //' leave $PWD as `//'?
+
+POSIX.2, in its description of `cd', says that *three* or more leading
+slashes may be replaced with a single slash when canonicalizing the
+current working directory.
+
+This is, I presume, for historical compatibility. Certain versions of
+Unix, and early network file systems, used paths of the form
+//hostname/path to access `path' on server `hostname'.
+
+E11) If I resize my xterm while another program is running, why doesn't bash
+ notice the change?
+
+This is another issue that deals with job control.
+
+The kernel maintains a notion of a current terminal process group. Members
+of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the
+current terminal process group ID) receive terminal-generated signals like
+SIGWINCH. (For more details, see the JOB CONTROL section of the bash
+man page.)
+
+If a terminal is resized, the kernel sends SIGWINCH to each member of
+the terminal's current process group (the `foreground' process group).
+
+When bash is running with job control enabled, each pipeline (which may be
+a single command) is run in its own process group, different from bash's
+process group. This foreground process group receives the SIGWINCH; bash
+does not. Bash has no way of knowing that the terminal has been resized.
+
+There is a `checkwinsize' option, settable with the `shopt' builtin, that
+will cause bash to check the window size and adjust its idea of the
+terminal's dimensions each time a process stops or exits and returns control
+of the terminal to bash. Enable it with `shopt -s checkwinsize'.
+
+Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
+
+F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'?
+
+The problem is `cmdtool' and bash fighting over the input. When
+scrolling is enabled in a cmdtool window, cmdtool puts the tty in
+`raw mode' to permit command-line editing using the mouse for
+applications that cannot do it themselves. As a result, bash and
+cmdtool each try to read keyboard input immediately, with neither
+getting enough of it to be useful.
+
+This mode also causes cmdtool to not implement many of the
+terminal functions and control sequences appearing in the
+`sun-cmd' termcap entry. For a more complete explanation, see
+that file examples/suncmd.termcap in the bash distribution.
+
+`xterm' is a better choice, and gets along with bash much more
+smoothly.
+
+If you must use cmdtool, you can use the termcap description in
+examples/suncmd.termcap. Set the TERMCAP variable to the terminal
+description contained in that file, i.e.
+
+TERMCAP='Mu|sun-cmd:am:bs:km:pt:li#34:co#80:cl=^L:ce=\E[K:cd=\E[J:rs=\E[s:'
+
+Then export TERMCAP and start a new cmdtool window from that shell.
+The bash command-line editing should behave better in the new
+cmdtool. If this works, you can put the assignment to TERMCAP
+in your bashrc file.
+
+F2) I built bash on Solaris 2. Why do globbing expansions and filename
+ completion chop off the first few characters of each filename?
+
+This is the consequence of building bash on SunOS 5 and linking
+with the libraries in /usr/ucblib, but using the definitions
+and structures from files in /usr/include.
+
+The actual conflict is between the dirent structure in
+/usr/include/dirent.h and the struct returned by the version of
+`readdir' in libucb.a (a 4.3-BSD style `struct direct').
+
+Make sure you've got /usr/ccs/bin ahead of /usr/ucb in your $PATH
+when configuring and building bash. This will ensure that you
+use /usr/ccs/bin/cc or acc instead of /usr/ucb/cc and that you
+link with libc before libucb.
+
+If you have installed the Sun C compiler, you may also need to
+put /usr/ccs/bin and /opt/SUNWspro/bin into your $PATH before
+/usr/ucb.
+
+F3) Why does bash dump core after I interrupt username completion or
+ `~user' tilde expansion on a machine running NIS?
+
+This is a famous and long-standing bug in the SunOS YP (sorry, NIS)
+client library, which is part of libc.
+
+The YP library code keeps static state -- a pointer into the data
+returned from the server. When YP initializes itself (setpwent),
+it looks at this pointer and calls free on it if it's non-null.
+So far, so good.
+
+If one of the YP functions is interrupted during getpwent (the
+exact function is interpretwithsave()), and returns NULL, the
+pointer is freed without being reset to NULL, and the function
+returns. The next time getpwent is called, it sees that this
+pointer is non-null, calls free, and the bash free() blows up
+because it's being asked to free freed memory.
+
+The traditional Unix mallocs allow memory to be freed multiple
+times; that's probably why this has never been fixed. You can
+run configure with the `--without-gnu-malloc' option to use
+the C library malloc and avoid the problem.
+
+F4) I'm running SVR4.2. Why is the line erased every time I type `@'?
+
+The `@' character is the default `line kill' character in most
+versions of System V, including SVR4.2. You can change this
+character to whatever you want using `stty'. For example, to
+change the line kill character to control-u, type
+
+ stty kill ^U
+
+where the `^' and `U' can be two separate characters.
+
+F5) Why does bash report syntax errors when my C News scripts use a
+ redirection before a subshell command?
+
+The actual command in question is something like
+
+ < file ( command )
+
+According to the grammar given in the POSIX.2 standard, this construct
+is, in fact, a syntax error. Redirections may only precede `simple
+commands'. A subshell construct such as the above is one of the shell's
+`compound commands'. A redirection may only follow a compound command.
+
+This affects the mechanical transformation of commands that use `cat'
+to pipe a file into a command (a favorite Useless-Use-Of-Cat topic on
+comp.unix.shell). While most commands of the form
+
+ cat file | command
+
+can be converted to `< file command', shell control structures such as
+loops and subshells require `command < file'.
+
+The file CWRU/sh-redir-hack in the bash-2.05a distribution is an
+(unofficial) patch to parse.y that will modify the grammar to
+support this construct. It will not apply with `patch'; you must
+modify parse.y by hand. Note that if you apply this, you must
+recompile with -DREDIRECTION_HACK. This introduces a large
+number of reduce/reduce conflicts into the shell grammar.
+
+F6) Why can't I use vi-mode editing on Red Hat Linux 6.1?
+
+The short answer is that Red Hat screwed up.
+
+The long answer is that they shipped an /etc/inputrc that only works
+for emacs mode editing, and then screwed all the vi users by setting
+INPUTRC to /etc/inputrc in /etc/profile.
+
+The short fix is to do one of the following: remove or rename
+/etc/inputrc, set INPUTRC=~/.inputrc in ~/.bashrc (or .bash_profile,
+but make sure you export it if you do), remove the assignment to
+INPUTRC from /etc/profile, add
+
+ set keymap emacs
+
+to the beginning of /etc/inputrc, or bracket the key bindings in
+/etc/inputrc with these lines
+
+ $if mode=emacs
+ [...]
+ $endif
+
+F7) Why do bash-2.05a and bash-2.05b fail to compile `printf.def' on
+ HP/UX 11.x?
+
+HP/UX's support for long double is imperfect at best.
+
+GCC will support it without problems, but the HP C library functions
+like strtold(3) and printf(3) don't actually work with long doubles.
+HP implemented a `long_double' type as a 4-element array of 32-bit
+ints, and that is what the library functions use. The ANSI C
+`long double' type is a 128-bit floating point scalar.
+
+The easiest fix, until HP fixes things up, is to edit the generated
+config.h and #undef the HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE line. After doing that,
+the compilation should complete successfully.
+
+Section G: How can I get bash to do certain common things?
+
+G1) How can I get bash to read and display eight-bit characters?
+
+This is a process requiring several steps.
+
+First, you must ensure that the `physical' data path is a full eight
+bits. For xterms, for example, the `vt100' resources `eightBitInput'
+and `eightBitOutput' should be set to `true'.
+
+Once you have set up an eight-bit path, you must tell the kernel and
+tty driver to leave the eighth bit of characters alone when processing
+keyboard input. Use `stty' to do this:
+
+ stty cs8 -istrip -parenb
+
+For old BSD-style systems, you can use
+
+ stty pass8
+
+You may also need
+
+ stty even odd
+
+Finally, you need to tell readline that you will be inputting and
+displaying eight-bit characters. You use readline variables to do
+this. These variables can be set in your .inputrc or using the bash
+`bind' builtin. Here's an example using `bind':
+
+ bash$ bind 'set convert-meta off'
+ bash$ bind 'set meta-flag on'
+ bash$ bind 'set output-meta on'
+
+The `set' commands between the single quotes may also be placed
+in ~/.inputrc.
+
+G2) How do I write a function `x' to replace builtin command `x', but
+ still invoke the command from within the function?
+
+This is why the `command' and `builtin' builtins exist. The
+`command' builtin executes the command supplied as its first
+argument, skipping over any function defined with that name. The
+`builtin' builtin executes the builtin command given as its first
+argument directly.
+
+For example, to write a function to replace `cd' that writes the
+hostname and current directory to an xterm title bar, use
+something like the following:
+
+ cd()
+ {
+ builtin cd "$@" && xtitle "$HOST: $PWD"
+ }
+
+This could also be written using `command' instead of `builtin';
+the version above is marginally more efficient.
+
+G3) How can I find the value of a shell variable whose name is the value
+ of another shell variable?
+
+Versions of Bash newer than Bash-2.0 support this directly. You can use
+
+ ${!var}
+
+For example, the following sequence of commands will echo `z':
+
+ var1=var2
+ var2=z
+ echo ${!var1}
+
+For sh compatibility, use the `eval' builtin. The important
+thing to remember is that `eval' expands the arguments you give
+it again, so you need to quote the parts of the arguments that
+you want `eval' to act on.
+
+For example, this expression prints the value of the last positional
+parameter:
+
+ eval echo \"\$\{$#\}\"
+
+The expansion of the quoted portions of this expression will be
+deferred until `eval' runs, while the `$#' will be expanded
+before `eval' is executed. In versions of bash later than bash-2.0,
+
+ echo ${!#}
+
+does the same thing.
+
+This is not the same thing as ksh93 `nameref' variables, though the syntax
+is similar. I may add namerefs in a future bash version.
+
+G4) How can I make the bash `time' reserved word print timing output that
+ looks like the output from my system's /usr/bin/time?
+
+The bash command timing code looks for a variable `TIMEFORMAT' and
+uses its value as a format string to decide how to display the
+timing statistics.
+
+The value of TIMEFORMAT is a string with `%' escapes expanded in a
+fashion similar in spirit to printf(3). The manual page explains
+the meanings of the escape sequences in the format string.
+
+If TIMEFORMAT is not set, bash acts as if the following assignment had
+been performed:
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'
+
+The POSIX.2 default time format (used by `time -p command') is
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'real %2R\nuser %2U\nsys %2S'
+
+The BSD /usr/bin/time format can be emulated with:
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'\t%1R real\t%1U user\t%1S sys'
+
+The System V /usr/bin/time format can be emulated with:
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%1R\nuser\t%1U\nsys\t%1S'
+
+The ksh format can be emulated with:
+
+ TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%2lR\nuser\t%2lU\nsys\t%2lS'
+
+G5) How do I get the current directory into my prompt?
+
+Bash provides a number of backslash-escape sequences which are expanded
+when the prompt string (PS1 or PS2) is displayed. The full list is in
+the manual page.
+
+The \w expansion gives the full pathname of the current directory, with
+a tilde (`~') substituted for the current value of $HOME. The \W
+expansion gives the basename of the current directory. To put the full
+pathname of the current directory into the path without any tilde
+subsitution, use $PWD. Here are some examples:
+
+ PS1='\w$ ' # current directory with tilde
+ PS1='\W$ ' # basename of current directory
+ PS1='$PWD$ ' # full pathname of current directory
+
+The single quotes are important in the final example to prevent $PWD from
+being expanded when the assignment to PS1 is performed.
+
+G6) How can I rename "*.foo" to "*.bar"?
+
+Use the pattern removal functionality described in D3. The following `for'
+loop will do the trick:
+
+ for f in *.foo; do
+ mv $f ${f%foo}bar
+ done
+
+G7) How can I translate a filename from uppercase to lowercase?
+
+The script examples/functions/lowercase, originally written by John DuBois,
+will do the trick. The converse is left as an exercise.
+
+G8) How can I write a filename expansion (globbing) pattern that will match
+ all files in the current directory except "." and ".."?
+
+You must have set the `extglob' shell option using `shopt -s extglob' to use
+this:
+
+ echo .!(.|) *
+
+A solution that works without extended globbing is given in the Unix Shell
+FAQ, posted periodically to comp.unix.shell.
+
+Section H: Where do I go from here?
+
+H1) How do I report bugs in bash, and where should I look for fixes and
+ advice?
+
+Use the `bashbug' script to report bugs. It is built and
+installed at the same time as bash. It provides a standard
+template for reporting a problem and automatically includes
+information about your configuration and build environment.
+
+`bashbug' sends its reports to bug-bash@gnu.org, which
+is a large mailing list gatewayed to the usenet newsgroup gnu.bash.bug.
+
+Bug fixes, answers to questions, and announcements of new releases
+are all posted to gnu.bash.bug. Discussions concerning bash features
+and problems also take place there.
+
+To reach the bash maintainers directly, send mail to
+bash-maintainers@gnu.org.
+
+H2) What kind of bash documentation is there?
+
+First, look in the doc directory in the bash distribution. It should
+contain at least the following files:
+
+bash.1 an extensive, thorough Unix-style manual page
+builtins.1 a manual page covering just bash builtin commands
+bashref.texi a reference manual in GNU tex`info format
+bashref.info an info version of the reference manual
+FAQ this file
+article.ms text of an article written for The Linux Journal
+readline.3 a man page describing readline
+
+Postscript, HTML, and ASCII files created from the above source are
+available in the documentation distribution.
+
+There is additional documentation available for anonymous FTP from host
+ftp.cwru.edu in the `pub/bash' directory.
+
+Cameron Newham and Bill Rosenblatt have written a book on bash, published
+by O'Reilly and Associates. The book is based on Bill Rosenblatt's Korn
+Shell book. The title is ``Learning the Bash Shell'', and the ISBN number
+is 1-56592-147-X. Look for it in fine bookstores near you. This book
+covers bash-1.14, but has an appendix describing some of the new features
+in bash-2.0.
+
+A second edition of this book is available, published in January, 1998.
+The ISBN number is 1-56592-347-2. Look for it in the same fine bookstores
+or on the web.
+
+The GNU Bash Reference Manual has been published as a printed book by
+Network Theory Ltd (Paperback, ISBN: 0-9541617-7-7, Feb 2003). It covers
+bash-2.0 and is available from most online bookstores (see
+http://www.network-theory.co.uk/bash/manual/ for details). The publisher
+will donate $1 to the Free Software Foundation for each copy sold.
+
+H3) What's coming in future versions?
+
+These are features I hope to include in a future version of bash.
+
+a better bash debugger (a minimally-tested version is included with bash-2.05b)
+associative arrays
+co-processes, but with a new-style syntax that looks like function declaration
+
+H4) What's on the bash `wish list' for future versions?
+
+These are features that may or may not appear in a future version of bash.
+
+breaking some of the shell functionality into embeddable libraries
+a module system like zsh's, using dynamic loading like builtins
+better internationalization using GNU `gettext'
+date-stamped command history
+a bash programmer's guide with a chapter on creating loadable builtins
+a better loadable interface to perl with access to the shell builtins and
+ variables (contributions gratefully accepted)
+ksh93-like `nameref' variables
+ksh93-like `+=' variable assignment operator
+ksh93-like `xx.yy' variables (including some of the .sh.* variables) and
+ associated disipline functions
+Some of the new ksh93 pattern matching operators, like backreferencing
+
+H5) When will the next release appear?
+
+The next version will appear sometime in 2002. Never make predictions.
+
+
+This document is Copyright 1995-2003 by Chester Ramey.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and
+without license or royalty fees, to use, copy, and distribute
+this document for any purpose, provided that the above copyright
+notice appears in all copies of this document and that the
+contents of this document remain unaltered.
-
BASH(1) BASH(1)
C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDS\bS
An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) consisting of the individ-
- ual words in the current command line. This variable is avail-
- able only in shell functions invoked by the programmable comple-
- tion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
+ ual words in the current command line. The words are split on
+ shell metacharacters as the shell parser would separate them.
+ This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by
+ the programmable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\be-\b-
+ t\bti\bio\bon\bn below).
D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK
An array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs below) containing the current con-
\\b\\\b\ backslash
\\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits)
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
- _\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three octal digits)
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\bad\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
+ Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
- to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
- the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
- If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
+ to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
+ the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+ If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
enabled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found via the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
- The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
+ instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
+ The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
shared object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading.
- The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.
+ The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.
If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied,
a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu-
- ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
- is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
- plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
- tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the
- output is restricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. The return
- value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an
+ ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
+ is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
+ plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
+ tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the
+ output is restricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. The return
+ value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an
error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
- mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
- its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
+ The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
+ mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
+ its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
- is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
+ is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
ning of the zeroth arg passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1)
does. The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty
- environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the
- zeroth argument to the executed command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be
- executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
- the shell option e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, in which case it returns
- failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file can-
- not be executed. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections
- take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.
+ environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the
+ zeroth argument to the executed command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be
+ executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
+ the shell option e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, in which case it returns
+ failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file can-
+ not be executed. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections
+ take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.
If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]] ...
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp
- The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
- given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
- if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of all names that are
- exported in this shell is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the
- export property to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable
- name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to
- _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
- option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
+ The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
+ ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
+ given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
+ if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of all names that are
+ exported in this shell is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the
+ export property to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable
+ name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
+ option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a func-
tion.
f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-n\bnl\blr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
- Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
- to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is selected from the history list. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may
- be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
- with that string) or as a number (an index into the history
+ Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
+ to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is selected from the history list. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may
+ be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
+ with that string) or as a number (an index into the history
list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur-
rent command number). If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not specified it is set to the
- current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the
+ current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the
last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise. If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not spec-
- ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
+ ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
listing.
- The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
- -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
- is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
- wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
- those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
- variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
- If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
+ The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
+ -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
+ is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
+ wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
+ those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
+ variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
+ If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
- In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
- of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. A useful alias to use with this is
- ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command
+ In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
+ of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. A useful alias to use with this is
+ ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command
beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last com-
mand.
- If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
- invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
- lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
+ If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
+ invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
+ lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
- form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
- cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
+ form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
+ cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
which case f\bfc\bc returns failure.
f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
- Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+ Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb
- is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
- the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
+ is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
+ the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not spec-
- ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
+ ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
without job control.
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bs]
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
- ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
- nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
- expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
- by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
- be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
- places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
+ ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
+ nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
+ expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
+ by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
+ be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to
- 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
- option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
- the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
- cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
+ 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
+ option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
+ the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
+ cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
ters is to be used.
- When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
- return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
+ When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
+ return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
the first non-option argument, and n\bna\bam\bme\be is set to ?.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those instead.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
- normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
- options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
+ of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
+ normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
+ options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
+ variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and, if
- not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in
+ not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in
O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and no diagnostic message is printed.
- If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
- a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
- diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
- colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
+ If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
+ a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
+ diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
+ colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
character found.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the full file name of the command is determined
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the full file name of the command is determined
by searching the directories in $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH and remembered. If the -\b-p\bp
option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
used as the full file name of the command. The -\b-r\br option causes
- the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd option
+ the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd option
causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
- supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the hashed full
+ If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
+ supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the hashed full
pathname. The -\b-l\bl option causes output to be displayed in a for-
- mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
+ mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, information about remembered commands is
- printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
+ printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
or an invalid option is supplied.
h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-s\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
- structures is printed. The -\b-s\bs option restricts the information
- displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
+ structures is printed. The -\b-s\bs option restricts the information
+ displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0
unless no command matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by [\b[_\bn]\b]
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg _\b._\b._\b.]
With no options, display the command history list with line num-
bers. Lines listed with a *\b* have been modified. An argument of
- _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
- F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
- played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
- the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
- supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
- the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
+ _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+ F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
+ played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
+ the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+ supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
+ the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
-\b-c\bc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-\b-d\bd _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt.
- -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
- since the beginning of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session) to the
+ -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
+ since the beginning of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session) to the
history file.
- -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file into the current history list. These are lines
- appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+ -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ file into the current history list. These are lines
+ appended to the history file since the beginning of the
current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
-\b-r\br Read the contents of the history file and use them as the
current history.
- -\b-w\bw Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
+ -\b-w\bw Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
ing the history file's contents.
- -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
- display the result on the standard output. Does not
- store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
+ -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
+ display the result on the standard output. Does not
+ store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs are added.
If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set, the time stamp information associ-
- ated with each history entry is written to the history file.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
- invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history
+ ated with each history entry is written to the history file.
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+ an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
+ invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history
expansion supplied as an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs [-\b-l\bln\bnp\bpr\brs\bs] [ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ... ]
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
+ -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
leader.
- -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
- status since the user was last notified of their status.
+ -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
+ status since the user was last notified of their status.
-\b-r\br Restrict output to running jobs.
-\b-s\bs Restrict output to stopped jobs.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
- that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
+ that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
If the -\b-x\bx option is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs replaces any _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc found in
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, returning its exit status.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] [_\bp_\bi_\bd | _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] ...
k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
- Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
- named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
- signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
- a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
- present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
- signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
- the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+ Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
+ named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
+ signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
+ a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
+ present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
+ signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
+ the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to
- -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
- status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
- if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
+ -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+ status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
+ if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
Each _\ba_\br_\bg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt returns
+ M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt returns
1; 0 is returned otherwise.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
- assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
+ For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
+ assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
by d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
tion and its children. With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of
- local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
+ local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt Exit a login shell.
p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
- removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
+ Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
+ removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
- +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
-\b-_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
- -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
last.
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
- directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+ directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well,
- and the return status is 0. p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid
+ If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well,
+ and the return status is 0. p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid
option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
fails.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf [-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br] _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
- control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which
- contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
- simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
- which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
- mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
+ Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
+ control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which
+ contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
+ simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
+ which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
+ mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In addition to the standard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(1) for-
- mats, %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in
- the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt (except that \\b\c\bc terminates output,
+ mats, %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in
+ the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt (except that \\b\c\bc terminates output,
backslashes in \\b\'\b', \\b\"\b", and \\b\?\b? are not removed, and octal escapes
- beginning with \\b\0\b0 may contain up to four digits), and %\b%q\bq causes
+ beginning with \\b\0\b0 may contain up to four digits), and %\b%q\bq causes
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a format that can
be reused as shell input.
- The -\b-v\bv option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
+ The -\b-v\bv option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
_\bv_\ba_\br rather than being printed to the standard output.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs. If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
+ the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
+ null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
- the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+ Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+ the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
- and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
+ and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
if supplied, have the following meanings:
- +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
- directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
+ directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
_\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well.
- If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
- fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
- tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
- specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
+ If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
+ fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
+ tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
+ specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
directory fails.
p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option
is supplied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command
- is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
- occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
+ is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
+ contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
+ occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-e\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-d\bd
_\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
- descriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, and the
+ One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
+ descriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, and the
first word is assigned to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the
- second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
- ing separators assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer
+ second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
+ ing separators assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer
words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names
- are assigned empty values. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to
- split the line into words. The backslash character (\\b\) may be
- used to remove any special meaning for the next character read
- and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol-
+ are assigned empty values. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to
+ split the line into words. The backslash character (\\b\) may be
+ used to remove any special meaning for the next character read
+ and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
ignored.
-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
- The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the
+ The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the
input line, rather than newline.
-\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
(see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) is used to obtain the line.
-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
waiting for a complete line of input.
-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
Display _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt on standard error, without a trailing new-
line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is
displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
+ slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
+ lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
continuation.
-\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
- Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
- line of input is not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. This
- option has no effect if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is not reading input from
+ Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
+ line of input is not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. This
+ option has no effect if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is not reading input from
the terminal or a pipe.
-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd.
If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
- able R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
- encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, or an invalid file descriptor is
+ able R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
+ encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, or an invalid file descriptor is
supplied as the argument to -\b-u\bu.
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\bap\bpf\bf] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
- The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
- is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
+ The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
+ is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
marked. The -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to arrays. If no
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
- list of all readonly names is printed. The -\b-p\bp option causes
- output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
- If a variable name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the vari-
- able is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
- option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
+ list of all readonly names is printed. The -\b-p\bp option causes
+ output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
+ If a variable name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the vari-
+ able is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
+ option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a func-
tion.
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
- Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _\bn.
- If _\bn is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
- executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but
- during execution of a script by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it
+ Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _\bn.
+ If _\bn is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
+ executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but
+ during execution of a script by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it
causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either
- _\bn or the exit status of the last command executed within the
- script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
- function and not during execution of a script by .\b., the return
+ _\bn or the exit status of the last command executed within the
+ script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
+ function and not during execution of a script by .\b., the return
status is false. Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is
- executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
+ executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
s\bse\bet\bt [-\b--\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCH\bHP\bP] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
+ Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can-
- not be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, only shell variables are listed.
- The output is sorted according to the current locale. When
- options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
- arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated
- as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in
+ not be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, only shell variables are listed.
+ The output is sorted according to the current locale. When
+ options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
+ arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated
+ as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in
order, to $\b$1\b1, $\b$2\b2, .\b..\b..\b. $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
- -\b-a\ba Automatically mark variables and functions which are
- modified or created for export to the environment of
+ -\b-a\ba Automatically mark variables and functions which are
+ modified or created for export to the environment of
subsequent commands.
- -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
+ -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
- -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
+ -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not
- exit if the command that fails is part of the command
- list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
- part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|
+ exit if the command that fails is part of the command
+ list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
+ part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|
list, or if the command's return value is being inverted
- via !\b!. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the
+ via !\b!. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the
shell exits.
-\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
- -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
+ -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
- -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
- placed in the environment for a command, not just those
+ -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
+ placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
- -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
- on by default for interactive shells on systems that
- support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). Background pro-
- cesses run in a separate process group and a line con-
- taining their exit status is printed upon their comple-
+ -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
+ on by default for interactive shells on systems that
+ support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). Background pro-
+ cesses run in a separate process group and a line con-
+ taining their exit status is printed upon their comple-
tion.
-\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
- to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
+ to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
ignored by interactive shells.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
Same as -\b-a\ba.
b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
Same as -\b-B\bB.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in inter-
active shells.
i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
- The effect is as if the shell command
- ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
+ The effect is as if the shell command
+ ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Same as -\b-k\bk.
m\bmo\bon\bni\bit\bto\bor\br Same as -\b-m\bm.
p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
Same as -\b-P\bP.
p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
- value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
- with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
- in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
+ value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
+ with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
+ in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
- operation differs from the POSIX standard to
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
+ operation differs from the POSIX standard to
match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be).
p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
Same as -\b-p\bp.
v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the values of the
- current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
- current option settings is displayed on the standard
+ current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
+ current option settings is displayed on the standard
output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
- $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
- not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
- variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
- If the shell is started with the effective user (group)
- id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp
- option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
+ $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
+ not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
+ variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
+ If the shell is started with the effective user (group)
+ id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp
+ option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the
effective user id is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp
- option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
+ option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective
- user and group ids to be set to the real user and group
+ user and group ids to be set to the real user and group
ids.
-\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
-\b-u\bu Treat unset variables as an error when performing param-
- eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset
+ eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset
variable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not
interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
-\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
+ play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
+ the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
rection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b>.
-\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
+ shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when
+ executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
+ chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
- shell functions, command substitutions, and commands
- executed in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
+ shell functions, command substitutions, and commands
+ executed in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
- -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
+ -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame-
- ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
+ ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
with a -\b-.
- -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
+ -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
be assigned to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv
options are turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the posi-
tional parameters remain unchanged.
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
- options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
- the shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
+ options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
+ the shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The
return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
- The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
- Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are
- unset. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
- $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given,
- it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional
- parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
+ The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
+ Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are
+ unset. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
+ $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given,
+ it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional
+ parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
zero if _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav-
ior. With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, a list of all set-
table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not
- each is set. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a
- form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol-
+ each is set. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a
+ form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
- tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
+ ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
+ tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
wise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, the dis-
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, the dis-
play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec-
- tively. Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled
+ tively. Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled
(unset) by default.
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
- options, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
+ options, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
valid shell option.
The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
+ not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
- ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
+ ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
- ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
- found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com-
- mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
+ ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
+ found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com-
+ mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
shells.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
+ ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
+ command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
formed.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each command
- and, if necessary, updates the values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bL-\b-
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each command
+ and, if necessary, updates the values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bL-\b-
U\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
+ line command in the same history entry. This allows
easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
the results of pathname expansion.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
exit if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
+ If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
enabled:
1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), a call to
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), a call to
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is simulated.
- 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
in their descriptions above.
- 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
(\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
- 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bRO\bOR\bR trap.
e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn are enabled.
e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
- within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
+ If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
+ within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
ble completions. See S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS above for a
- description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by
+ description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by
default.
g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
- by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell
exits, rather than overwriting the file.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
+ is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
above). This is enabled by default.
h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
If set, allow a word beginning with #\b# to cause that word
- and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
- in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This
+ and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
+ in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This
option is enabled by default.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
- shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
+ shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
changed.
m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
- message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
+ been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
+ message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
played.
n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not
attempt to search the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when
completion is attempted on an empty line.
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
[\b[[\b[ conditional commands.
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
- P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
+ P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
rather than themselves.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
If set, the programmable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
enabled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
- removal after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
+ removal after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
above. This option is enabled by default.
r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started in
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in
restricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
- may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
- files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
+ may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
+ files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
+ If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
ters.
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
If set, the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be (.\b.) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
- find the directory containing the file supplied as an
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an
argument. This option is enabled by default.
x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape
sequences by default.
s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
- signal. The -\b-f\bf option says not to complain if this is a login
- shell; just suspend anyway. The return status is 0 unless the
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
+ signal. The -\b-f\bf option says not to complain if this is a login
+ shell; just suspend anyway. The return status is 0 unless the
shell is a login shell and -\b-f\bf is not supplied, or if job control
is not enabled.
t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
- Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
- conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and operand must be
- a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
- described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not
+ Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
+ conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and operand must be
+ a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
+ described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not
accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of
-\b--\b- as signifying the end of options.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
listed in decreasing order of precedence.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
the normal precedence of operators.
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
+ above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+ If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
- using the first and third arguments as operands. If the
- first argument is !\b!, the value is the negation of the
- two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
+ using the first and third arguments as operands. If the
+ first argument is !\b!, the value is the negation of the
+ two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the third argument
- is exactly )\b), the result is the one-argument test of the
- second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
- The -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators
+ is exactly )\b), the result is the one-argument test of the
+ second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
+ The -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators
in this case.
4 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+ the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval-
- uated according to precedence using the rules listed
+ uated according to precedence using the rules listed
above.
5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bp] [[_\ba_\br_\bg] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell
- receives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\br_\bg is absent (and there is a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
- original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
- shell). If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each
- _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
- If _\ba_\br_\bg is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap
- commands associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc are displayed. If no
- arguments are supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the
- list of commands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option
- causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
- responding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name
- defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are
- case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc
- is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit from the shell.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed before every
+ The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell
+ receives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\br_\bg is absent (and there is a
+ single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
+ original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
+ shell). If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each
+ _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
+ If _\ba_\br_\bg is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap
+ commands associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc are displayed. If no
+ arguments are supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the
+ list of commands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option
+ causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
+ responding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name
+ defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are
+ case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc
+ is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit from the shell.
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed before every
_\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, every
arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br command, and before the first command executes in
- a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the
- description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for
- details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR,
- the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a simple command has a
- non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
- E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
- command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
+ a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the
+ description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for
+ details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR,
+ the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a simple command has a
+ non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
+ E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
+ command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list, or
- if the command's return value is being inverted via !\b!. These
- are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option. If a
+ if the command's return value is being inverted via !\b!. These
+ are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option. If a
_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed each time a shell
function or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins fin-
ishes executing. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot
- be trapped or reset. Trapped signals are reset to their origi-
- nal values in a child process when it is created. The return
- status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp
- returns true.
+ be trapped or reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored
+ are reset to their original values in a child process when it is
+ created. The return status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid;
+ otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
+ With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
used as a command name. If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a
- string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
- builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
- then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
- returned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
+ string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
+ builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
+ then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
+ returned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
name of the disk file that would be executed if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be were speci-
fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not
- return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
+ return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
even if ``type -t name'' would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If a command is
- hashed, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
+ hashed, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be
- prints all of the places that contain an executable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -\b-p\bp
- option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
- consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell func-
- tion lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if
+ prints all of the places that contain an executable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -\b-p\bp
+ option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
+ consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell func-
+ tion lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if
any of the arguments are found, false if none are found.
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-S\bSH\bHa\bac\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bil\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bx [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
- to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
- for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased once
- it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the
- hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is specified, both the soft
- and hard limits are set. The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in
+ for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased once
+ it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the
+ hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is specified, both the soft
+ and hard limits are set. The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in
the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values
- h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which stand for the current hard
- limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. If
- _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the
- resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is given. When more
- than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are
+ h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which stand for the current hard
+ limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. If
+ _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the
+ resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is given. When more
+ than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are
printed before the value. Other options are interpreted as fol-
lows:
-\b-a\ba All current limits are reported
-\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created
-\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment
-\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
- -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+ -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children
-\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals
-\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory
-\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority
-\b-s\bs The maximum stack size
-\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell
-\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks
If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is given, it is the new value of the specified resource
(the -\b-a\ba option is display only). If no option is given, then -\b-f\bf
- is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt,
- which is in seconds, -\b-p\bp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
- and -\b-n\bn and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values. The return status is
- 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
+ is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt,
+ which is in seconds, -\b-p\bp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
+ and -\b-n\bn and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values. The return status is
+ 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
occurs while setting a new limit.
u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
The user file-creation mask is set to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with
- a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
- interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
- printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
- bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
+ a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
+ printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
+ bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
- was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
+ was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If no options are supplied, or the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
- unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
- tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
- able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
- sequent commands. If any of R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD,
+ refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
+ unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
+ tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
+ able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
+ sequent commands. If any of R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD,
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, or D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK are unset, they lose their special
- properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit sta-
+ properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit sta-
tus is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly.
w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [_\bn _\b._\b._\b.]
- Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
- tus. Each _\bn may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
- job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
- waited for. If _\bn is not given, all currently active child pro-
- cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _\bn
- specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
- 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
+ Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
+ tus. Each _\bn may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
+ job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
+ waited for. If _\bn is not given, all currently active child pro-
+ cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _\bn
+ specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
+ 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
last process or job waited for.
R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started with the name r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh, or the -\b-r\br option is supplied at
- invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
- to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
- behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
+ invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
+ to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
+ behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
disallowed or not performed:
+\bo changing directories with c\bcd\bd
+\bo specifying command names containing /\b/
- +\bo specifying a file name containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
+ +\bo specifying a file name containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
builtin command
- +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +\bo Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
-\b-p\bp option to the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh builtin command
- +\bo importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+ +\bo importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup
- +\bo parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
+ +\bo parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
startup
+\bo redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect-
+\bo using the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command to replace the shell with another
command
- +\bo adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
+ +\bo adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
to the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command
- +\bo Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ +\bo Using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins
+\bo specifying the -\b-p\bp option to the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin command
These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
- M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
+ M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
spawned to execute the script.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
_\bB_\ba_\bs_\bh _\bR_\be_\bf_\be_\br_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bM_\ba_\bn_\bu_\ba_\bl, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
_\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bn_\bu _\bR_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
_\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bn_\bu _\bH_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
- _\bP_\bo_\br_\bt_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\bO_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bS_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bf_\ba_\bc_\be _\b(_\bP_\bO_\bS_\bI_\bX_\b) _\bP_\ba_\br_\bt _\b2_\b: _\bS_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bU_\bt_\bi_\bl_\bi_\b-
+ _\bP_\bo_\br_\bt_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\bO_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bS_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bf_\ba_\bc_\be _\b(_\bP_\bO_\bS_\bI_\bX_\b) _\bP_\ba_\br_\bt _\b2_\b: _\bS_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bU_\bt_\bi_\bl_\bi_\b-
_\bt_\bi_\be_\bs, IEEE
_\bs_\bh(1), _\bk_\bs_\bh(1), _\bc_\bs_\bh(1)
_\be_\bm_\ba_\bc_\bs(1), _\bv_\bi(1)
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc
The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt
- The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
+ The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
shell exits
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
Individual _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be initialization file
B\bBU\bUG\bG R\bRE\bEP\bPO\bOR\bRT\bTS\bS
If you find a bug in b\bba\bas\bsh\bh,\b, you should report it. But first, you should
- make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
- version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
+ make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+ version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b:_\b/_\b/_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b._\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg_\b/_\bp_\bu_\bb_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b/.
- Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
- command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
- to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
- be mailed to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
+ Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
+ command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
+ to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
+ be mailed to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
g\bgn\bnu\bu.\b.b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.\b.b\bbu\bug\bg.
ALL bug reports should include:
A description of the bug behaviour
A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
it provides for filing a bug report.
Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not
- handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a
- process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
- the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
- parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a
+ handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a
+ process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
+ the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
+ parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a
unit.
- Commands inside of $\b$(\b(...)\b) command substitution are not parsed until
- substitution is attempted. This will delay error reporting until some
+ Commands inside of $\b$(\b(...)\b) command substitution are not parsed until
+ substitution is attempted. This will delay error reporting until some
time after the command is entered. For example, unmatched parentheses,
- even inside shell comments, will result in error messages while the
+ even inside shell comments, will result in error messages while the
construct is being read.
Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
-GNU Bash-3.2 2006 Apr 27 BASH(1)
+GNU Bash-3.2 2006 September 28 BASH(1)
--- /dev/null
+.\"
+.\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to
+.\"
+.\" Chet Ramey
+.\" Information Network Services
+.\" Case Western Reserve University
+.\" chet@po.CWRU.Edu
+.\"
+.\" Last Change: Mon Apr 14 17:57:24 EDT 2003
+.\"
+.\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section
+.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
+.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
+.TH BASH 1 "2003 April 14" "GNU Bash-3.0"
+.\"
+.\" There's some problem with having a `@'
+.\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros.
+.\" It has to do with `@' appearing in the }1 macro.
+.\" This is a problem on 4.3 BSD and Ultrix, but Sun
+.\" appears to have fixed it.
+.\" If you're seeing the characters
+.\" `@u-3p' appearing before the lines reading
+.\" `possible-hostname-completions
+.\" and `complete-hostname' down in READLINE,
+.\" then uncomment this redefinition.
+.\"
+.de }1
+.ds ]X \&\\*(]B\\
+.nr )E 0
+.if !"\\$1"" .nr )I \\$1n
+.}f
+.ll \\n(LLu
+.in \\n()Ru+\\n(INu+\\n()Iu
+.ti \\n(INu
+.ie !\\n()Iu+\\n()Ru-\w\a\\*(]X\au-3p \{\\*(]X
+.br\}
+.el \\*(]X\h\a|\\n()Iu+\\n()Ru\a\c
+.}f
+..
+.\"
+.\" File Name macro. This used to be `.PN', for Path Name,
+.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much.
+.\"
+.de FN
+\fI\|\\$1\|\fP
+..
+.SH NAME
+bash \- GNU Bourne-Again SHell
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B bash
+[options]
+[file]
+.SH COPYRIGHT
+.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2002 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2002 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.B Bash
+is an \fBsh\fR-compatible command language interpreter that
+executes commands read from the standard input or from a file.
+.B Bash
+also incorporates useful features from the \fIKorn\fP and \fIC\fP
+shells (\fBksh\fP and \fBcsh\fP).
+.PP
+.B Bash
+is intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE
+POSIX Shell and Tools specification (IEEE Working Group 1003\.2).
+.SH OPTIONS
+In addition to the single-character shell options documented in the
+description of the \fBset\fR builtin command, \fBbash\fR
+interprets the following options when it is invoked:
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP 10
+.BI \-c "\| string\^"
+If the
+.B \-c
+option is present, then commands are read from
+.IR string .
+If there are arguments after the
+.IR string ,
+they are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with
+.BR $0 .
+.TP
+.B \-i
+If the
+.B \-i
+option is present, the shell is
+.IR interactive .
+.TP
+.B \-l
+Make
+.B bash
+act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see
+.SM
+.B INVOCATION
+below).
+.TP
+.B \-r
+If the
+.B \-r
+option is present, the shell becomes
+.I restricted
+(see
+.SM
+.B "RESTRICTED SHELL"
+below).
+.TP
+.B \-s
+If the
+.B \-s
+option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
+processing, then commands are read from the standard input.
+This option allows the positional parameters to be set
+when invoking an interactive shell.
+.TP
+.B \-D
+A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by \fB$\fP
+is printed on the standard ouput.
+These are the strings that
+are subject to language translation when the current locale
+is not \fBC\fP or \fBPOSIX\fP.
+This implies the \fB\-n\fP option; no commands will be executed.
+.TP
+.B [\-+]O [\fIshopt_option\fP]
+\fIshopt_option\fP is one of the shell options accepted by the
+\fBshopt\fP builtin (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+If \fIshopt_option\fP is present, \fB\-O\fP sets the value of that option;
+\fB+O\fP unsets it.
+If \fIshopt_option\fP is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
+options accepted by \fBshopt\fP are printed on the standard output.
+If the invocation option is \fB+O\fP, the output is displayed in a format
+that may be reused as input.
+.TP
+.B \-\-
+A
+.B \-\-
+signals the end of options and disables further option processing.
+Any arguments after the
+.B \-\-
+are treated as filenames and arguments. An argument of
+.B \-
+is equivalent to \fB\-\-\fP.
+.PD
+.PP
+.B Bash
+also interprets a number of multi-character options.
+These options must appear on the command line before the
+single-character options to be recognized.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-\-debugger
+Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
+starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the
+.B extdebug
+option to the
+.B shopt
+builtin below) and shell function tracing (see the description of the
+\fB\-o functrace\fP option to the
+.B set
+builtin below).
+.TP
+.B \-\-dump\-po\-strings
+Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP, but the output is in the GNU \fIgettext\fP
+\fBpo\fP (portable object) file format.
+.TP
+.B \-\-dump\-strings
+Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-\-help
+Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-init\-file\fP \fIfile\fP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP
+.PD
+Execute commands from
+.I file
+instead of the standard personal initialization file
+.I ~/.bashrc
+if the shell is interactive (see
+.SM
+.B INVOCATION
+below).
+.TP
+.B \-\-login
+Equivalent to \fB\-l\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-\-noediting
+Do not use the GNU
+.B readline
+library to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
+.TP
+.B \-\-noprofile
+Do not read either the system-wide startup file
+.FN /etc/profile
+or any of the personal initialization files
+.IR ~/.bash_profile ,
+.IR ~/.bash_login ,
+or
+.IR ~/.profile .
+By default,
+.B bash
+reads these files when it is invoked as a login shell (see
+.SM
+.B INVOCATION
+below).
+.TP
+.B \-\-norc
+Do not read and execute the personal initialization file
+.I ~/.bashrc
+if the shell is interactive.
+This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as
+.BR sh .
+.TP
+.B \-\-posix
+Change the behavior of \fBbash\fP where the default operation differs
+from the POSIX 1003.2 standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP).
+.TP
+.B \-\-restricted
+The shell becomes restricted (see
+.SM
+.B "RESTRICTED SHELL"
+below).
+.TP
+.B \-\-verbose
+Equivalent to \fB\-v\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-\-version
+Show version information for this instance of
+.B bash
+on the standard output and exit successfully.
+.PD
+.SH ARGUMENTS
+If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the
+.B \-c
+nor the
+.B \-s
+option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
+be the name of a file containing shell commands.
+If
+.B bash
+is invoked in this fashion,
+.B $0
+is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
+are set to the remaining arguments.
+.B Bash
+reads and executes commands from this file, then exits.
+\fBBash\fP's exit status is the exit status of the last command
+executed in the script.
+If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
+An attempt is first made to open the file in the current directory, and,
+if no file is found, then the shell searches the directories in
+.SM
+.B PATH
+for the script.
+.SH INVOCATION
+A \fIlogin shell\fP is one whose first character of argument zero is a
+.BR \- ,
+or one started with the
+.B \-\-login
+option.
+.PP
+An \fIinteractive\fP shell is one started without non-option arguments
+and without the
+.B \-c
+option
+whose standard input and output are
+both connected to terminals (as determined by
+.IR isatty (3)),
+or one started with the
+.B \-i
+option.
+.SM
+.B PS1
+is set and
+.B $\-
+includes
+.B i
+if
+.B bash
+is interactive,
+allowing a shell script or a startup file to test this state.
+.PP
+The following paragraphs describe how
+.B bash
+executes its startup files.
+If any of the files exist but cannot be read,
+.B bash
+reports an error.
+Tildes are expanded in file names as described below under
+.B "Tilde Expansion"
+in the
+.SM
+.B EXPANSION
+section.
+.PP
+When
+.B bash
+is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell
+with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first reads and
+executes commands from the file \fI/etc/profile\fP, if that
+file exists.
+After reading that file, it looks for \fI~/.bash_profile\fP,
+\fI~/.bash_login\fP, and \fI~/.profile\fP, in that order, and reads
+and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.
+The
+.B \-\-noprofile
+option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior.
+.PP
+When a login shell exits,
+.B bash
+reads and executes commands from the file \fI~/.bash_logout\fP, if it
+exists.
+.PP
+When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started,
+.B bash
+reads and executes commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, if that file exists.
+This may be inhibited by using the
+.B \-\-norc
+option.
+The \fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP option will force
+.B bash
+to read and execute commands from \fIfile\fP instead of \fI~/.bashrc\fP.
+.PP
+When
+.B bash
+is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it
+looks for the variable
+.SM
+.B BASH_ENV
+in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the
+expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
+.B Bash
+behaves as if the following command were executed:
+.sp .5
+.RS
+.if t \f(CWif [ \-n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi\fP
+.if n if [ \-n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
+.RE
+.sp .5
+but the value of the
+.SM
+.B PATH
+variable is not used to search for the file name.
+.PP
+If
+.B bash
+is invoked with the name
+.BR sh ,
+it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of
+.B sh
+as closely as possible,
+while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.
+When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive
+shell with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first attempts to
+read and execute commands from
+.I /etc/profile
+and
+.IR ~/.profile ,
+in that order.
+The
+.B \-\-noprofile
+option may be used to inhibit this behavior.
+When invoked as an interactive shell with the name
+.BR sh ,
+.B bash
+looks for the variable
+.SM
+.BR ENV ,
+expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
+expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
+Since a shell invoked as
+.B sh
+does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other startup
+files, the
+.B \-\-rcfile
+option has no effect.
+A non-interactive shell invoked with the name
+.B sh
+does not attempt to read any other startup files.
+When invoked as
+.BR sh ,
+.B bash
+enters
+.I posix
+mode after the startup files are read.
+.PP
+When
+.B bash
+is started in
+.I posix
+mode, as with the
+.B \-\-posix
+command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files.
+In this mode, interactive shells expand the
+.SM
+.B ENV
+variable and commands are read and executed from the file
+whose name is the expanded value.
+No other startup files are read.
+.PP
+.B Bash
+attempts to determine when it is being run by the remote shell
+daemon, usually \fIrshd\fP.
+If
+.B bash
+determines it is being run by \fIrshd\fP, it reads and executes
+commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, if that file exists and is readable.
+It will not do this if invoked as \fBsh\fP.
+The
+.B \-\-norc
+option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the
+.B \-\-rcfile
+option may be used to force another file to be read, but
+\fIrshd\fP does not generally invoke the shell with those options
+or allow them to be specified.
+.PP
+If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, no startup
+files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the
+.SM
+.B SHELLOPTS
+variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored,
+and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
+If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
+the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
+.SH DEFINITIONS
+.PP
+The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this
+document.
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B blank
+A space or tab.
+.TP
+.B word
+A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.
+Also known as a
+.BR token .
+.TP
+.B name
+A
+.I word
+consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and
+beginning with an alphabetic character or an underscore. Also
+referred to as an
+.BR identifier .
+.TP
+.B metacharacter
+A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following:
+.br
+.RS
+.PP
+.if t \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab\fP
+.if n \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+.TP
+.B control operator
+A \fItoken\fP that performs a control function. It is one of the following
+symbols:
+.RS
+.PP
+.if t \fB\(bv\(bv & && ; ;; ( ) | <newline>\fP
+.if n \fB|| & && ; ;; ( ) | <newline>\fP
+.RE
+.PD
+.SH "RESERVED WORDS"
+\fIReserved words\fP are words that have a special meaning to the shell.
+The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either
+the first word of a simple command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL GRAMMAR
+below) or the third word of a
+.B case
+or
+.B for
+command:
+.if t .RS
+.PP
+.B
+.if n ! case do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]]
+.if t ! case do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]]
+.if t .RE
+.RE
+.SH "SHELL GRAMMAR"
+.SS Simple Commands
+.PP
+A \fIsimple command\fP is a sequence of optional variable assignments
+followed by \fBblank\fP-separated words and redirections, and
+terminated by a \fIcontrol operator\fP. The first word
+specifies the command to be executed, and is passed as argument zero.
+The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command.
+.PP
+The return value of a \fIsimple command\fP is its exit status, or
+128+\fIn\^\fP if the command is terminated by signal
+.IR n .
+.SS Pipelines
+.PP
+A \fIpipeline\fP is a sequence of one or more commands separated by
+the character
+.BR | .
+The format for a pipeline is:
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fBtime\fP [\fB\-p\fP]] [ ! ] \fIcommand\fP [ \fB|\fP \fIcommand2\fP ... ]
+.RE
+.PP
+The standard output of
+.I command
+is connected via a pipe to the standard input of
+.IR command2 .
+This connection is performed before any redirections specified by the
+command (see
+.SM
+.B REDIRECTION
+below).
+.PP
+If the reserved word
+.B !
+precedes a pipeline, the exit status of that
+pipeline is the logical NOT of the exit status of the last command.
+Otherwise, the status of the pipeline is the exit status of the last
+command.
+The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to
+terminate before returning a value.
+.PP
+If the
+.B time
+reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and
+system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline
+terminates.
+The \fB\-p\fP option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX.
+The
+.SM
+.B TIMEFORMAT
+variable may be set to a format string that specifies how the timing
+information should be displayed; see the description of
+.SM
+.B TIMEFORMAT
+under
+.B "Shell Variables"
+below.
+.PP
+Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a
+subshell).
+.SS Lists
+.PP
+A \fIlist\fP is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one
+of the operators
+.BR ; ,
+.BR & ,
+.BR && ,
+or
+.BR \(bv\(bv ,
+and optionally terminated by one of
+.BR ; ,
+.BR & ,
+or
+.BR <newline> .
+.PP
+Of these list operators,
+.B &&
+and
+.B \(bv\(bv
+have equal precedence, followed by
+.B ;
+and
+.BR &,
+which have equal precedence.
+.PP
+A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a \fIlist\fP instead
+of a semicolon to delimit commands.
+.PP
+If a command is terminated by the control operator
+.BR & ,
+the shell executes the command in the \fIbackground\fP
+in a subshell. The shell does not wait for the command to
+finish, and the return status is 0. Commands separated by a
+.B ;
+are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each
+command to terminate in turn. The return status is the
+exit status of the last command executed.
+.PP
+The control operators
+.B &&
+and
+.B \(bv\(bv
+denote AND lists and OR lists, respectively.
+An AND list has the form
+.RS
+.PP
+\fIcommand1\fP \fB&&\fP \fIcommand2\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+.I command2
+is executed if, and only if,
+.I command1
+returns an exit status of zero.
+.PP
+An OR list has the form
+.RS
+.PP
+\fIcommand1\fP \fB\(bv\(bv\fP \fIcommand2\fP
+.PP
+.RE
+.PP
+.I command2
+is executed if and only if
+.I command1
+returns a non-zero exit status. The return status of
+AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command
+executed in the list.
+.SS Compound Commands
+.PP
+A \fIcompound command\fP is one of the following:
+.TP
+(\fIlist\fP)
+\fIlist\fP is executed in a subshell. Variable assignments and builtin
+commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect
+after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of
+\fIlist\fP.
+.TP
+{ \fIlist\fP; }
+\fIlist\fP is simply executed in the current shell environment.
+\fIlist\fP must be terminated with a newline or semicolon.
+This is known as a \fIgroup command\fP.
+The return status is the exit status of
+\fIlist\fP.
+Note that unlike the metacharacters \fB(\fP and \fB)\fP, \fB{\fP and
+\fB}\fP are \fIreserved words\fP and must occur where a reserved
+word is permitted to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word
+break, they must be separated from \fIlist\fP by whitespace.
+.TP
+((\fIexpression\fP))
+The \fIexpression\fP is evaluated according to the rules described
+below under
+.SM
+.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" .
+If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
+otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to
+\fBlet "\fIexpression\fP"\fR.
+.TP
+\fB[[\fP \fIexpression\fP \fB]]\fP
+Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
+the conditional expression \fIexpression\fP.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described below under
+.SM
+.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" .
+Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the words
+between the \fB[[\fP and \fB]]\fP; tilde expansion, parameter and
+variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
+substitution, and quote removal are performed.
+Conditional operators such as \fB\-f\fP must be unquoted to be recognized
+as primaries.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+When the \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP operators are used, the string to the
+right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
+to the rules described below under \fBPattern Matching\fP.
+The return value is 0 if the string matches or does not match
+the pattern, respectively, and 1 otherwise.
+Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a
+string.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+in decreasing order of precedence:
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B ( \fIexpression\fP )
+Returns the value of \fIexpression\fP.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+.TP
+.B ! \fIexpression\fP
+True if
+.I expression
+is false.
+.TP
+\fIexpression1\fP \fB&&\fP \fIexpression2\fP
+True if both
+.I expression1
+and
+.I expression2
+are true.
+.TP
+.if t \fIexpression1\fP \fB\(bv\(bv\fP \fIexpression2\fP
+.if n \fIexpression1\fP \fB||\fP \fIexpression2\fP
+True if either
+.I expression1
+or
+.I expression2
+is true.
+.PD
+.LP
+The \fB&&\fP and
+.if t \fB\(bv\(bv\fP
+.if n \fB||\fP
+operators do not evaluate \fIexpression2\fP if the value of
+\fIexpression1\fP is sufficient to determine the return value of
+the entire conditional expression.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBfor\fP \fIname\fP [ \fBin\fP \fIword\fP ] ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP
+The list of words following \fBin\fP is expanded, generating a list
+of items.
+The variable \fIname\fP is set to each element of this list
+in turn, and \fIlist\fP is executed each time.
+If the \fBin\fP \fIword\fP is omitted, the \fBfor\fP command executes
+\fIlist\fP once for each positional parameter that is set (see
+.SM
+.B PARAMETERS
+below).
+The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes.
+If the expansion of the items following \fBin\fP results in an empty
+list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0.
+.TP
+\fBfor\fP (( \fIexpr1\fP ; \fIexpr2\fP ; \fIexpr3\fP )) ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP
+First, the arithmetic expression \fIexpr1\fP is evaluated according
+to the rules described below under
+.SM
+.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" .
+The arithmetic expression \fIexpr2\fP is then evaluated repeatedly
+until it evaluates to zero.
+Each time \fIexpr2\fP evaluates to a non-zero value, \fIlist\fP is
+executed and the arithmetic expression \fIexpr3\fP is evaluated.
+If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
+The return value is the exit status of the last command in \fIlist\fP
+that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
+.TP
+\fBselect\fP \fIname\fP [ \fBin\fP \fIword\fP ] ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP
+The list of words following \fBin\fP is expanded, generating a list
+of items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard
+error, each preceded by a number. If the \fBin\fP
+\fIword\fP is omitted, the positional parameters are printed (see
+.SM
+.B PARAMETERS
+below). The
+.B PS3
+prompt is then displayed and a line read from the standard input.
+If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of
+the displayed words, then the value of
+.I name
+is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt
+are displayed again. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any
+other value read causes
+.I name
+to be set to null. The line read is saved in the variable
+.BR REPLY .
+The
+.I list
+is executed after each selection until a
+.B break
+command is executed.
+The exit status of
+.B select
+is the exit status of the last command executed in
+.IR list ,
+or zero if no commands were executed.
+.TP
+\fBcase\fP \fIword\fP \fBin\fP [ [(] \fIpattern\fP [ \fB|\fP \fIpattern\fP ] \
+... ) \fIlist\fP ;; ] ... \fBesac\fP
+A \fBcase\fP command first expands \fIword\fP, and tries to match
+it against each \fIpattern\fP in turn, using the same matching rules
+as for pathname expansion (see
+.B Pathname Expansion
+below). When a match is found, the
+corresponding \fIlist\fP is executed. After the first match, no
+subsequent matches are attempted. The exit status is zero if no
+pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the
+last command executed in \fIlist\fP.
+.TP
+\fBif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist;\fP \
+[ \fBelif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP; ] ... \
+[ \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP; ] \fBfi\fP
+The
+.B if
+.I list
+is executed. If its exit status is zero, the
+\fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed. Otherwise, each \fBelif\fP
+\fIlist\fP is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero,
+the corresponding \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed and the
+command completes. Otherwise, the \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP is
+executed, if present. The exit status is the exit status of the
+last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true.
+.TP
+\fBwhile\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdone\fP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBuntil\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdone\fP
+.PD
+The \fBwhile\fP command continuously executes the \fBdo\fP
+\fIlist\fP as long as the last command in \fIlist\fP returns
+an exit status of zero. The \fBuntil\fP command is identical
+to the \fBwhile\fP command, except that the test is negated;
+the
+.B do
+.I list
+is executed as long as the last command in
+.I list
+returns a non-zero exit status.
+The exit status of the \fBwhile\fP and \fBuntil\fP commands
+is the exit status
+of the last \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP command executed, or zero if
+none was executed.
+.TP
+[ \fBfunction\fP ] \fIname\fP () { \fIlist\fP; }
+This defines a function named \fIname\fP. The \fIbody\fP of the
+function is the
+.I list
+of commands between { and }. This list
+is executed whenever \fIname\fP is specified as the
+name of a simple command. The exit status of a function is
+the exit status of the last command executed in the body. (See
+.SM
+.B FUNCTIONS
+below.)
+.SH COMMENTS
+In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
+.B interactive_comments
+option to the
+.B shopt
+builtin is enabled (see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below), a word beginning with
+.B #
+causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to
+be ignored. An interactive shell without the
+.B interactive_comments
+option enabled does not allow comments. The
+.B interactive_comments
+option is on by default in interactive shells.
+.SH QUOTING
+\fIQuoting\fP is used to remove the special meaning of certain
+characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to
+disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent
+reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
+parameter expansion.
+.PP
+Each of the \fImetacharacters\fP listed above under
+.SM
+.B DEFINITIONS
+has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
+represent itself.
+.PP
+When the command history expansion facilities are being used, the
+\fIhistory expansion\fP character, usually \fB!\fP, must be quoted
+to prevent history expansion.
+.PP
+There are three quoting mechanisms: the
+.IR "escape character" ,
+single quotes, and double quotes.
+.PP
+A non-quoted backslash (\fB\e\fP) is the
+.IR "escape character" .
+It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows,
+with the exception of <newline>. If a \fB\e\fP<newline> pair
+appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \fB\e\fP<newline>
+is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the
+input stream and effectively ignored).
+.PP
+Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value
+of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur
+between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
+.PP
+Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value
+of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
+.BR $ ,
+.BR ` ,
+and
+.BR \e .
+The characters
+.B $
+and
+.B `
+retain their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash
+retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following
+characters:
+.BR $ ,
+.BR ` ,
+\^\fB"\fP\^,
+.BR \e ,
+or
+.BR <newline> .
+A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
+a backslash.
+When command history is being used, the double quote may not be used to
+quote the history expansion character.
+.PP
+The special parameters
+.B *
+and
+.B @
+have special meaning when in double
+quotes (see
+.SM
+.B PARAMETERS
+below).
+.PP
+Words of the form \fB$\fP'\fIstring\fP' are treated specially. The
+word expands to \fIstring\fP, with backslash-escaped characters replaced
+as specifed by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if
+present, are decoded as follows:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \ea
+alert (bell)
+.TP
+.B \eb
+backspace
+.TP
+.B \ee
+an escape character
+.TP
+.B \ef
+form feed
+.TP
+.B \en
+new line
+.TP
+.B \er
+carriage return
+.TP
+.B \et
+horizontal tab
+.TP
+.B \ev
+vertical tab
+.TP
+.B \e\e
+backslash
+.TP
+.B \e'
+single quote
+.TP
+.B \e\fInnn\fP
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
+(one to three digits)
+.TP
+.B \ex\fIHH\fP
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
+(one or two hex digits)
+.TP
+.B \ec\fIx\fP
+a control-\fIx\fP character
+.PD
+.RE
+.LP
+The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had
+not been present.
+.PP
+A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (\fB$\fP) will cause
+the string to be translated according to the current locale.
+If the current locale is \fBC\fP or \fBPOSIX\fP, the dollar sign
+is ignored.
+If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is
+double-quoted.
+.SH PARAMETERS
+A
+.I parameter
+is an entity that stores values.
+It can be a
+.IR name ,
+a number, or one of the special characters listed below under
+.BR "Special Parameters" .
+A
+.I variable
+is a parameter denoted by a
+.IR name .
+A variable has a \fIvalue\fP and zero or more \fIattributes\fP.
+Attributes are assigned using the
+.B declare
+builtin command (see
+.B declare
+below in
+.SM
+.BR "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" ).
+.PP
+A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is
+a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+the
+.B unset
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.PP
+A
+.I variable
+may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+.RS
+.PP
+\fIname\fP=[\fIvalue\fP]
+.RE
+.PP
+If
+.I value
+is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
+.I values
+undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
+removal (see
+.SM
+.B EXPANSION
+below). If the variable has its
+.B integer
+attribute set, then
+.I value
+is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion is
+not used (see
+.B "Arithmetic Expansion"
+below).
+Word splitting is not performed, with the exception
+of \fB"$@"\fP as explained below under
+.BR "Special Parameters" .
+Pathname expansion is not performed.
+Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
+.BR declare ,
+.BR typeset ,
+.BR export ,
+.BR readonly ,
+and
+.B local
+builtin commands.
+.SS Positional Parameters
+.PP
+A
+.I positional parameter
+is a parameter denoted by one or more
+digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are
+assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked,
+and may be reassigned using the
+.B set
+builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to
+with assignment statements. The positional parameters are
+temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see
+.SM
+.B FUNCTIONS
+below).
+.PP
+When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single
+digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see
+.SM
+.B EXPANSION
+below).
+.SS Special Parameters
+.PP
+The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
+only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B *
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the
+expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
+with the value of each parameter separated by the first character
+of the
+.SM
+.B IFS
+special variable. That is, "\fB$*\fP" is equivalent
+to "\fB$1\fP\fIc\fP\fB$2\fP\fIc\fP\fB...\fP", where
+.I c
+is the first character of the value of the
+.SM
+.B IFS
+variable. If
+.SM
+.B IFS
+is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.
+If
+.SM
+.B IFS
+is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
+.TP
+.B @
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the
+expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a
+separate word. That is, "\fB$@\fP" is equivalent to
+"\fB$1\fP" "\fB$2\fP" ...
+When there are no positional parameters, "\fB$@\fP" and
+.B $@
+expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
+.TP
+.B #
+Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+.TP
+.B ?
+Expands to the status of the most recently executed foreground
+pipeline.
+.TP
+.B \-
+Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invocation,
+by the
+.B set
+builtin command, or those set by the shell itself
+(such as the
+.B \-i
+option).
+.TP
+.B $
+Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it
+expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the
+subshell.
+.TP
+.B !
+Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed background
+(asynchronous) command.
+.TP
+.B 0
+Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at
+shell initialization. If
+.B bash
+is invoked with a file of commands,
+.B $0
+is set to the name of that file. If
+.B bash
+is started with the
+.B \-c
+option, then
+.B $0
+is set to the first argument after the string to be
+executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set
+to the file name used to invoke
+.BR bash ,
+as given by argument zero.
+.TP
+.B _
+At shell startup, set to the absolute file name of the shell or shell
+script being executed as passed in the argument list.
+Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous command,
+after expansion.
+Also set to the full file name of each command executed and placed in
+the environment exported to that command.
+When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file
+currently being checked.
+.PD
+.SS Shell Variables
+.PP
+The following variables are set by the shell:
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B BASH
+Expands to the full file name used to invoke this instance of
+.BR bash .
+.TP
+.B BASH_ARGC
+An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
+frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of
+parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
+with \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP) is at the top of the stack. When a
+subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
+\fBBASH_ARGC\fP.
+.TP
+.B BASH_ARGV
+An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash
+execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call
+is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
+at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
+are pushed onto \fBBASH_ARGV\fP.
+.TP
+.B BASH_COMMAND
+The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
+shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
+in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
+.TP
+.B BASH_EXECUTION_STRING
+The command argument to the \fB\-c\fP invocation option.
+.TP
+.B BASH_LINENO
+An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
+corresponding to each member of @var{FUNCNAME}.
+\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is the line number in the source
+file where \fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i + 1\fP\fB]}\fP was called.
+The corresponding source file name is \fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i + 1\fP\fB]}\fB.
+Use \fBLINENO\fP to obtain the current line number.
+.TP
+.B BASH_SOURCE
+An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding
+to the elements in the \fBFUNCNAME\fP array variable.
+.TP
+.B BASH_SUBSHELL
+Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned.
+The initial value is 0.
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSINFO
+A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for
+this instance of
+.BR bash .
+The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
+.sp .5
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP 24
+.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR0\fP]
+The major version number (the \fIrelease\fP).
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR1\fP]
+The minor version number (the \fIversion\fP).
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR2\fP]
+The patch level.
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR3\fP]
+The build version.
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR4\fP]
+The release status (e.g., \fIbeta1\fP).
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR5\fP]
+The value of \fBMACHTYPE\fP.
+.PD
+.RE
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSION
+Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
+.BR bash .
+.TP
+.B COMP_CWORD
+An index into \fB${COMP_WORDS}\fP of the word containing the current
+cursor position.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
+below).
+.TP
+.B COMP_LINE
+The current command line.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
+below).
+.TP
+.B COMP_POINT
+The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of
+the current command.
+If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command,
+the value of this variable is equal to \fB${#COMP_LINE}\fP.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
+below).
+.TP
+.B COMP_WORDBREAKS
+The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
+separators when performing word completion.
+If
+.SM
+.B COMP_WORDBREAKS
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B COMP_WORDS
+An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) consisting of the individual
+words in the current command line.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
+below).
+.TP
+.B DIRSTACK
+An array variable (see
+.B Arrays
+below) containing the current contents of the directory stack.
+Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
+.B dirs
+builtin.
+Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify
+directories already in the stack, but the
+.B pushd
+and
+.B popd
+builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
+Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
+If
+.SM
+.B DIRSTACK
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B EUID
+Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initialized at
+shell startup. This variable is readonly.
+.TP
+.B FUNCNAME
+An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+currently in the execution call stack.
+The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
+shell function.
+The bottom-most element is "main".
+This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+Assignments to
+.SM
+.B FUNCNAME
+have no effect and return an error status.
+If
+.SM
+.B FUNCNAME
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B GROUPS
+An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
+user is a member.
+Assignments to
+.SM
+.B GROUPS
+have no effect and return an error status.
+If
+.SM
+.B GROUPS
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B HISTCMD
+The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
+command.
+If
+.SM
+.B HISTCMD
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B HOSTNAME
+Automatically set to the name of the current host.
+.TP
+.B HOSTTYPE
+Automatically set to a string that uniquely
+describes the type of machine on which
+.B bash
+is executing.
+The default is system-dependent.
+.TP
+.B LINENO
+Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes
+a decimal number representing the current sequential line number
+(starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a
+script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
+be meaningful.
+If
+.SM
+.B LINENO
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B MACHTYPE
+Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
+type on which
+.B bash
+is executing, in the standard GNU \fIcpu-company-system\fP format.
+The default is system-dependent.
+.TP
+.B OLDPWD
+The previous working directory as set by the
+.B cd
+command.
+.TP
+.B OPTARG
+The value of the last option argument processed by the
+.B getopts
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.TP
+.B OPTIND
+The index of the next argument to be processed by the
+.B getopts
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.TP
+.B OSTYPE
+Automatically set to a string that
+describes the operating system on which
+.B bash
+is executing.
+The default is system-dependent.
+.TP
+.B PIPESTATUS
+An array variable (see
+.B Arrays
+below) containing a list of exit status values from the processes
+in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may
+contain only a single command).
+.TP
+.B PPID
+The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is readonly.
+.TP
+.B PWD
+The current working directory as set by the
+.B cd
+command.
+.TP
+.B RANDOM
+Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between
+0 and 32767 is
+generated. The sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning
+a value to
+.SM
+.BR RANDOM .
+If
+.SM
+.B RANDOM
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B REPLY
+Set to the line of input read by the
+.B read
+builtin command when no arguments are supplied.
+.TP
+.B SECONDS
+Each time this parameter is
+referenced, the number of seconds since shell invocation is returned. If a
+value is assigned to
+.SM
+.BR SECONDS ,
+the value returned upon subsequent
+references is
+the number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned.
+If
+.SM
+.B SECONDS
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B SHELLOPTS
+A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the
+.B \-o
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below). The options appearing in
+.SM
+.B SHELLOPTS
+are those reported as
+.I on
+by \fBset \-o\fP.
+If this variable is in the environment when
+.B bash
+starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
+reading any startup files.
+This variable is read-only.
+.TP
+.B SHLVL
+Incremented by one each time an instance of
+.B bash
+is started.
+.TP
+.B UID
+Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup.
+This variable is readonly.
+.PD
+.PP
+The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases,
+.B bash
+assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted
+below.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B BASH_ENV
+If this parameter is set when \fBbash\fP is executing a shell script,
+its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to
+initialize the shell, as in
+.IR ~/.bashrc .
+The value of
+.SM
+.B BASH_ENV
+is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion before being interpreted as a file name.
+.SM
+.B PATH
+is not used to search for the resultant file name.
+.TP
+.B CDPATH
+The search path for the
+.B cd
+command.
+This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks
+for destination directories specified by the
+.B cd
+command.
+A sample value is
+.if t \f(CW".:~:/usr"\fP.
+.if n ".:~:/usr".
+.TP
+.B COLUMNS
+Used by the \fBselect\fP builtin command to determine the terminal width
+when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a SIGWINCH.
+.TP
+.B COMPREPLY
+An array variable from which \fBbash\fP reads the possible completions
+generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
+facility (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP below).
+.TP
+.B EMACS
+If \fBbash\fP finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts
+with value
+.if t \f(CWt\fP,
+.if n "t",
+it assumes that the shell is running in an emacs shell buffer and disables
+line editing.
+.TP
+.B FCEDIT
+The default editor for the
+.B fc
+builtin command.
+.TP
+.B FIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+filename completion (see
+.SM
+.B READLINE
+below).
+A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in
+.SM
+.B FIGNORE
+is excluded from the list of matched filenames.
+A sample value is
+.if t \f(CW".o:~"\fP.
+.if n ".o:~".
+.TP
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
+be ignored by pathname expansion.
+If a filename matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one
+of the patterns in
+.SM
+.BR GLOBIGNORE ,
+it is removed from the list of matches.
+.TP
+.B HISTCONTROL
+A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on
+the history list.
+If the list of values includes
+.IR ignorespace ,
+lines which begin with a
+.B space
+character are not saved in the history list.
+A value of
+.I ignoredups
+causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved.
+A value of
+.I ignoreboth
+is shorthand for \fIignorespace\fP and \fIignoredups\fP.
+A value of
+.IR erasedups
+causes all previous lines matching the current line to be removed from
+the history list before that line is saved.
+Any value not in the above list is ignored.
+If \fBHISTCONTROL\fP is unset, or does not include a valid value,
+all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
+subject to the value of
+.BR HISTIGNORE .
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+.BR HISTCONTROL .
+.TP
+.B HISTFILE
+The name of the file in which command history is saved (see
+.SM
+.B HISTORY
+below). The default value is \fI~/.bash_history\fP. If unset, the
+command history is not saved when an interactive shell exits.
+.TP
+.B HISTFILESIZE
+The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this
+variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if
+necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines. The default
+value is 500. The history file is also truncated to this size after
+writing it when an interactive shell exits.
+.TP
+.B HISTIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines
+should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the
+beginning of the line and must match the complete line (no implicit
+`\fB*\fP' is appended). Each pattern is tested against the line
+after the checks specified by
+.B HISTCONTROL
+are applied.
+In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `\fB&\fP'
+matches the previous history line. `\fB&\fP' may be escaped using a
+backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+.BR HISTIGNORE .
+.TP
+.B HISTSIZE
+The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
+.SM
+.B HISTORY
+below). The default value is 500.
+.TP
+.B HOME
+The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the
+\fBcd\fP builtin command.
+The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion.
+.TP
+.B HOSTFILE
+Contains the name of a file in the same format as
+.FN /etc/hosts
+that should be read when the shell needs to complete a
+hostname.
+The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the
+shell is running;
+the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
+value is changed,
+.B bash
+adds the contents of the new file to the existing list.
+If
+.SM
+.B HOSTFILE
+is set, but has no value, \fBbash\fP attempts to read
+.FN /etc/hosts
+to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
+When
+.SM
+.B HOSTFILE
+is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+.TP
+.B IFS
+The
+.I Internal Field Separator
+that is used
+for word splitting after expansion and to
+split lines into words with the
+.B read
+builtin command. The default value is
+``<space><tab><newline>''.
+.TP
+.B IGNOREEOF
+Controls the
+action of an interactive shell on receipt of an
+.SM
+.B EOF
+character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of
+consecutive
+.SM
+.B EOF
+characters which must be
+typed as the first characters on an input line before
+.B bash
+exits. If the variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or
+has no value, the default value is 10. If it does not exist,
+.SM
+.B EOF
+signifies the end of input to the shell.
+.TP
+.B INPUTRC
+The filename for the
+.B readline
+startup file, overriding the default of
+.FN ~/.inputrc
+(see
+.SM
+.B READLINE
+below).
+.TP
+.B LANG
+Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
+selected with a variable starting with \fBLC_\fP.
+.TP
+.B LC_ALL
+This variable overrides the value of \fBLANG\fP and any other
+\fBLC_\fP variable specifying a locale category.
+.TP
+.B LC_COLLATE
+This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
+results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior of range
+expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within
+pathname expansion and pattern matching.
+.TP
+.B LC_CTYPE
+This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
+behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern
+matching.
+.TP
+.B LC_MESSAGES
+This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
+strings preceded by a \fB$\fP.
+.TP
+.B LC_NUMERIC
+This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
+.TP
+.B LINES
+Used by the \fBselect\fP builtin command to determine the column length
+for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a SIGWINCH.
+.TP
+.B MAIL
+If this parameter is set to a file name and the
+.SM
+.B MAILPATH
+variable is not set,
+.B bash
+informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file.
+.TP
+.B MAILCHECK
+Specifies how
+often (in seconds)
+.B bash
+checks for mail. The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check
+for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt.
+If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
+greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+.TP
+.B MAILPATH
+A colon-separated list of file names to be checked for mail.
+The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file
+may be specified by separating the file name from the message with a `?'.
+When used in the text of the message, \fB$_\fP expands to the name of
+the current mailfile.
+Example:
+.RS
+.PP
+\fBMAILPATH\fP='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell\-mail?"$_ has mail!"'
+.PP
+.B Bash
+supplies a default value for this variable, but the location of the user
+mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/\fB$USER\fP).
+.RE
+.TP
+.B OPTERR
+If set to the value 1,
+.B bash
+displays error messages generated by the
+.B getopts
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.SM
+.B OPTERR
+is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell
+script is executed.
+.TP
+.B PATH
+The search path for commands. It
+is a colon-separated list of directories in which
+the shell looks for commands (see
+.SM
+.B COMMAND EXECUTION
+below).
+A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of \fBPATH\fP indicates the
+current directory.
+A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial
+or trailing colon.
+The default path is system-dependent,
+and is set by the administrator who installs
+.BR bash .
+A common value is
+.if t \f(CW/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin:.\fP.
+.if n ``/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin:.''.
+.TP
+.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
+If this variable is in the environment when \fBbash\fP starts, the shell
+enters \fIposix mode\fP before reading the startup files, as if the
+.B \-\-posix
+invocation option had been supplied. If it is set while the shell is
+running, \fBbash\fP enables \fIposix mode\fP, as if the command
+.if t \f(CWset -o posix\fP
+.if n \fIset -o posix\fP
+had been executed.
+.TP
+.B PROMPT_COMMAND
+If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary
+prompt.
+.TP
+.B PS1
+The value of this parameter is expanded (see
+.SM
+.B PROMPTING
+below) and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is
+``\fB\es\-\ev\e$ \fP''.
+.TP
+.B PS2
+The value of this parameter is expanded as with
+.B PS1
+and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is
+``\fB> \fP''.
+.TP
+.B PS3
+The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the
+.B select
+command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL GRAMMAR
+above).
+.TP
+.B PS4
+The value of this parameter is expanded as with
+.B PS1
+and the value is printed before each command
+.B bash
+displays during an execution trace. The first character of
+.SM
+.B PS4
+is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple
+levels of indirection. The default is ``\fB+ \fP''.
+.TP
+.B TIMEFORMAT
+The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
+how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
+.B time
+reserved word should be displayed.
+The \fB%\fP character introduces an escape sequence that is
+expanded to a time value or other information.
+The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the
+braces denote optional portions.
+.sp .5
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP 10
+.B %%
+A literal \fB%\fP.
+.TP
+.B %[\fIp\fP][l]R
+The elapsed time in seconds.
+.TP
+.B %[\fIp\fP][l]U
+The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
+.TP
+.B %[\fIp\fP][l]S
+The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
+.TP
+.B %P
+The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
+.PD
+.RE
+.IP
+The optional \fIp\fP is a digit specifying the \fIprecision\fP,
+the number of fractional digits after a decimal point.
+A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
+At most three places after the decimal point may be specified;
+values of \fIp\fP greater than 3 are changed to 3.
+If \fIp\fP is not specified, the value 3 is used.
+.IP
+The optional \fBl\fP specifies a longer format, including
+minutes, of the form \fIMM\fPm\fISS\fP.\fIFF\fPs.
+The value of \fIp\fP determines whether or not the fraction is
+included.
+.IP
+If this variable is not set, \fBbash\fP acts as if it had the
+value \fB$'\enreal\et%3lR\enuser\et%3lU\ensys\t%3lS'\fP.
+If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.
+A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
+.TP
+.B TMOUT
+If set to a value greater than zero, \fBTMOUT\fP is treated as the
+default timeout for the \fBread\fP builtin.
+The \fBselect\fP command terminates if input does not arrive
+after \fBTMOUT\fP seconds when input is coming from a terminal.
+In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the
+number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary prompt.
+.B Bash
+terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if input does
+not arrive.
+.TP
+.B auto_resume
+This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
+job control. If this variable is set, single word simple
+commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption
+of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is
+more than one job beginning with the string typed, the job most recently
+accessed is selected. The
+.I name
+of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to
+start it.
+If set to the value
+.IR exact ,
+the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly;
+if set to
+.IR substring ,
+the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
+stopped job. The
+.I substring
+value provides functionality analogous to the
+.B %?
+job identifier (see
+.SM
+.B JOB CONTROL
+below). If set to any other value, the supplied string must
+be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
+analogous to the
+.B %
+job identifier.
+.TP
+.B histchars
+The two or three characters which control history expansion
+and tokenization (see
+.SM
+.B HISTORY EXPANSION
+below). The first character is the \fIhistory expansion\fP character,
+the character which signals the start of a history
+expansion, normally `\fB!\fP'.
+The second character is the \fIquick substitution\fP
+character, which is used as shorthand for re-running the previous
+command entered, substituting one string for another in the command.
+The default is `\fB^\fP'.
+The optional third character is the character
+which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found
+as the first character of a word, normally `\fB#\fP'. The history
+comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
+remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell
+parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
+.PD
+.SS Arrays
+.B Bash
+provides one-dimensional array variables. Any variable may be used as
+an array; the
+.B declare
+builtin will explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum
+limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
+be indexed or assigned contiguously. Arrays are indexed using
+integers and are zero-based.
+.PP
+An array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using
+the syntax \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP. The
+.I subscript
+is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number
+greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use
+.B declare \-a \fIname\fP
+(see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.B declare \-a \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]
+is also accepted; the \fIsubscript\fP is ignored. Attributes may be
+specified for an array variable using the
+.B declare
+and
+.B readonly
+builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array.
+.PP
+Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+\fIname\fP=\fB(\fPvalue\fI1\fP ... value\fIn\fP\fB)\fP, where each
+\fIvalue\fP is of the form [\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIstring\fP. Only
+\fIstring\fP is required. If
+the optional brackets and subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to;
+otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned
+to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero.
+This syntax is also accepted by the
+.B declare
+builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the
+\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP syntax introduced above.
+.PP
+Any element of an array may be referenced using
+${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}. The braces are required to avoid
+conflicts with pathname expansion. If
+\fIsubscript\fP is \fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, the word expands to
+all members of \fIname\fP. These subscripts differ only when the
+word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted,
+${\fIname\fP[*]} expands to a single
+word with the value of each array member separated by the first
+character of the
+.SM
+.B IFS
+special variable, and ${\fIname\fP[@]} expands each element of
+\fIname\fP to a separate word. When there are no array members,
+${\fIname\fP[@]} expands to nothing. This is analogous to the expansion
+of the special parameters \fB*\fP and \fB@\fP (see
+.B Special Parameters
+above). ${#\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]} expands to the length of
+${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}. If \fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or
+\fB@\fP, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
+Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing element zero.
+.PP
+The
+.B unset
+builtin is used to destroy arrays. \fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]
+destroys the array element at index \fIsubscript\fP.
+\fBunset\fP \fIname\fP, where \fIname\fP is an array, or
+\fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP], where
+\fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or \fB@\fP, removes the entire array.
+.PP
+The
+.BR declare ,
+.BR local ,
+and
+.B readonly
+builtins each accept a
+.B \-a
+option to specify an array. The
+.B read
+builtin accepts a
+.B \-a
+option to assign a list of words read from the standard input
+to an array. The
+.B set
+and
+.B declare
+builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
+reused as assignments.
+.SH EXPANSION
+Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
+words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
+.IR "brace expansion" ,
+.IR "tilde expansion" ,
+.IR "parameter and variable expansion" ,
+.IR "command substitution" ,
+.IR "arithmetic expansion" ,
+.IR "word splitting" ,
+and
+.IR "pathname expansion" .
+.PP
+The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion,
+parameter, variable and arithmetic expansion and
+command substitution
+(done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and pathname
+expansion.
+.PP
+On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
+available: \fIprocess substitution\fP.
+.PP
+Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion
+can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
+expand a single word to a single word.
+The only exceptions to this are the expansions of
+"\fB$@\fP" and "\fB${\fP\fIname\fP\fB[@]}\fP"
+as explained above (see
+.SM
+.BR PARAMETERS ).
+.SS Brace Expansion
+.PP
+.I "Brace expansion"
+is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings
+may be generated. This mechanism is similar to
+\fIpathname expansion\fP, but the filenames generated
+need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take
+the form of an optional
+.IR preamble ,
+followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or
+a sequence expression between a pair of braces, followed by
+an optional
+.IR postscript .
+The preamble is prefixed to each string contained
+within the braces, and the postscript is then appended
+to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
+.PP
+Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded
+string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved.
+For example, a\fB{\fPd,c,b\fB}\fPe expands into `ade ace abe'.
+.PP
+A sequence expression takes the form \fB{\fP\fIx\fP\fB..\fP\fIy\fP\fB}\fP,
+where \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP are either integers or single characters.
+When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
+\fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive.
+When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
+lexicographically between \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive. Note that
+both \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP must be of the same type.
+.PP
+Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions,
+and any characters special to other expansions are preserved
+in the result. It is strictly textual.
+.B Bash
+does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the
+expansion or the text between the braces.
+.PP
+A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening
+and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid
+sequence expression.
+Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+A \fB{\fP or \fB,\fP may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its
+being considered part of a brace expression.
+To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string \fB${\fP
+is not considered eligible for brace expansion.
+.PP
+This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common
+prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the
+above example:
+.RS
+.PP
+mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
+.RE
+or
+.RS
+chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
+.RE
+.PP
+Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with
+historical versions of
+.BR sh .
+.B sh
+does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they
+appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
+.B Bash
+removes braces from words as a consequence of brace
+expansion. For example, a word entered to
+.B sh
+as \fIfile{1,2}\fP
+appears identically in the output. The same word is
+output as
+.I file1 file2
+after expansion by
+.BR bash .
+If strict compatibility with
+.B sh
+is desired, start
+.B bash
+with the
+.B +B
+option or disable brace expansion with the
+.B +B
+option to the
+.B set
+command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.SS Tilde Expansion
+.PP
+If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`\fB~\fP'), all of
+the characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters,
+if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a \fItilde-prefix\fP.
+If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the
+characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a
+possible \fIlogin name\fP.
+If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+value of the shell parameter
+.SM
+.BR HOME .
+If
+.SM
+.B HOME
+is unset, the home directory of the user executing the shell is
+substituted instead.
+Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
+associated with the specified login name.
+.PP
+If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable
+.SM
+.B PWD
+replaces the tilde-prefix.
+If the tilde-prefix is a `~\-', the value of the shell variable
+.SM
+.BR OLDPWD ,
+if it is set, is substituted.
+If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist
+of a number \fIN\fP, optionally prefixed
+by a `+' or a `\-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding
+element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the
+.B dirs
+builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argument.
+If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a
+number without a leading `+' or `\-', `+' is assumed.
+.PP
+If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word
+is unchanged.
+.PP
+Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
+following a
+.B :
+or
+.BR = .
+In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed.
+Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to
+.SM
+.BR PATH ,
+.SM
+.BR MAILPATH ,
+and
+.SM
+.BR CDPATH ,
+and the shell assigns the expanded value.
+.SS Parameter Expansion
+.PP
+The `\fB$\fP' character introduces parameter expansion,
+command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name
+or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which
+are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from
+characters immediately following it which could be
+interpreted as part of the name.
+.PP
+When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `\fB}\fP'
+not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
+embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or paramter
+expansion.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP}
+The value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted. The braces are required
+when
+.I parameter
+is a positional parameter with more than one digit,
+or when
+.I parameter
+is followed by a character which is not to be
+interpreted as part of its name.
+.PD
+.PP
+If the first character of \fIparameter\fP is an exclamation point,
+a level of variable indirection is introduced.
+\fBBash\fP uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
+\fIparameter\fP as the name of the variable; this variable is then
+expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
+than the value of \fIparameter\fP itself.
+This is known as \fIindirect expansion\fP.
+The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!\fIprefix\fP*} and
+${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} described below.
+The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
+introduce indirection.
+.PP
+In each of the cases below, \fIword\fP is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+When not performing substring expansion, \fBbash\fP tests for a parameter
+that is unset or null; omitting the colon results in a test only for a
+parameter that is unset.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\-\fP\fIword\fP}
+\fBUse Default Values\fP. If
+.I parameter
+is unset or null, the expansion of
+.I word
+is substituted. Otherwise, the value of
+.I parameter
+is substituted.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:=\fP\fIword\fP}
+\fBAssign Default Values\fP.
+If
+.I parameter
+is unset or null, the expansion of
+.I word
+is assigned to
+.IR parameter .
+The value of
+.I parameter
+is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may
+not be assigned to in this way.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:?\fP\fIword\fP}
+\fBDisplay Error if Null or Unset\fP.
+If
+.I parameter
+is null or unset, the expansion of \fIword\fP (or a message to that effect
+if
+.I word
+is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it
+is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of \fIparameter\fP is
+substituted.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:+\fP\fIword\fP}
+\fBUse Alternate Value\fP.
+If
+.I parameter
+is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
+.I word
+is substituted.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP}
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP\fB:\fP\fIlength\fP}
+.PD
+\fBSubstring Expansion.\fP
+Expands to up to \fIlength\fP characters of \fIparameter\fP
+starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP.
+If \fIlength\fP is omitted, expands to the substring of
+\fIparameter\fP starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP.
+\fIlength\fP and \fIoffset\fP are arithmetic expressions (see
+.SM
+.B
+ARITHMETIC EVALUATION
+below).
+\fIlength\fP must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
+If \fIoffset\fP evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
+is used as an offset from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP.
+If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP, the result is \fIlength\fP positional
+parameters beginning at \fIoffset\fP.
+If \fIparameter\fP is an array name indexed by @ or *,
+the result is the \fIlength\fP
+members of the array beginning with ${\fIparameter\fP[\fIoffset\fP]}.
+Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1.
+.TP
+${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP}
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB@\fP}
+.PD
+Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with \fIprefix\fP,
+separated by the first character of the
+.SM
+.B IFS
+special variable.
+.TP
+${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]}
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI*\fP]}
+.PD
+If \fIname\fP is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
+(keys) assigned in \fIname\fP.
+If \fIname\fP is not an array, expands to 0 if \fIname\fP is set and null
+otherwise.
+When \fI@\fP is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+key expands to a separate word.
+.TP
+${\fB#\fP\fIparameter\fP}
+The length in characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted.
+If
+.I parameter
+is
+.B *
+or
+.BR @ ,
+the value substituted is the number of positional parameters.
+If
+.I parameter
+is an array name subscripted by
+.B *
+or
+.BR @ ,
+the value substituted is the number of elements in the array.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP}
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB##\fP\fIword\fP}
+.PD
+The
+.I word
+is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
+expansion. If the pattern matches the beginning of
+the value of
+.IR parameter ,
+then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of
+.I parameter
+with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB#\fP'' case) or the
+longest matching pattern (the ``\fB##\fP'' case) deleted.
+If
+.I parameter
+is
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+.I parameter
+is an array variable subscripted with
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB%\fP\fIword\fP}
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB%%\fP\fIword\fP}
+.PD
+The \fIword\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+pathname expansion.
+If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
+.IR parameter ,
+then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of
+.I parameter
+with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB%\fP'' case) or the
+longest matching pattern (the ``\fB%%\fP'' case) deleted.
+If
+.I parameter
+is
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+.I parameter
+is an array variable subscripted with
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB/\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP}
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB//\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP}
+.PD
+The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+pathname expansion.
+\fIParameter\fP is expanded and the longest match of \fIpattern\fP
+against its value is replaced with \fIstring\fP.
+In the first form, only the first match is replaced.
+The second form causes all matches of \fIpattern\fP to be
+replaced with \fIstring\fP.
+If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB#\fP, it must match at the beginning
+of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP.
+If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB%\fP, it must match at the end
+of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP.
+If \fIstring\fP is null, matches of \fIpattern\fP are deleted
+and the \fB/\fP following \fIpattern\fP may be omitted.
+If
+.I parameter
+is
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the substitution operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+.I parameter
+is an array variable subscripted with
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+.SS Command Substitution
+.PP
+\fICommand substitution\fP allows the output of a command to replace
+the command name. There are two forms:
+.PP
+.RS
+.PP
+\fB$(\fP\fIcommand\fP\|\fB)\fP
+.RE
+or
+.RS
+\fB`\fP\fIcommand\fP\fB`\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+.B Bash
+performs the expansion by executing \fIcommand\fP and
+replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
+command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
+Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
+word splitting.
+The command substitution \fB$(cat \fIfile\fP)\fR can be replaced by
+the equivalent but faster \fB$(< \fIfile\fP)\fR.
+.PP
+When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used,
+backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by
+.BR $ ,
+.BR ` ,
+or
+.BR \e .
+The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the
+command substitution.
+When using the $(\^\fIcommand\fP\|) form, all characters between the
+parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
+.PP
+Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted form,
+escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
+.PP
+If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+pathname expansion are not performed on the results.
+.SS Arithmetic Expansion
+.PP
+Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is:
+.RS
+.PP
+\fB$((\fP\fIexpression\fP\fB))\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+.I expression
+is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote
+inside the parentheses is not treated specially.
+All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string
+expansion, command substitution, and quote removal.
+Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
+.PP
+The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
+.SM
+.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" .
+If
+.I expression
+is invalid,
+.B bash
+prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
+.SS Process Substitution
+.PP
+\fIProcess substitution\fP is supported on systems that support named
+pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files.
+It takes the form of
+\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP
+or
+\fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP.
+The process \fIlist\fP is run with its input or output connected to a
+\fIFIFO\fP or some file in \fB/dev/fd\fP. The name of this file is
+passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
+expansion. If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to
+the file will provide input for \fIlist\fP. If the
+\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, the file passed as an
+argument should be read to obtain the output of \fIlist\fP.
+.PP
+When available, process substitution is performed
+simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution,
+and arithmetic expansion.
+.SS Word Splitting
+.PP
+The shell scans the results of
+parameter expansion,
+command substitution,
+and
+arithmetic expansion
+that did not occur within double quotes for
+.IR "word splitting" .
+.PP
+The shell treats each character of
+.SM
+.B IFS
+as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other
+expansions into words on these characters. If
+.SM
+.B IFS
+is unset, or its
+value is exactly
+.BR <space><tab><newline> ,
+the default, then
+any sequence of
+.SM
+.B IFS
+characters serves to delimit words. If
+.SM
+.B IFS
+has a value other than the default, then sequences of
+the whitespace characters
+.B space
+and
+.B tab
+are ignored at the beginning and end of the
+word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
+value of
+.SM
+.BR IFS
+(an
+.SM
+.B IFS
+whitespace character).
+Any character in
+.SM
+.B IFS
+that is not
+.SM
+.B IFS
+whitespace, along with any adjacent
+.SM
+.B IFS
+whitespace characters, delimits a field.
+A sequence of
+.SM
+.B IFS
+whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
+If the value of
+.SM
+.B IFS
+is null, no word splitting occurs.
+.PP
+Explicit null arguments (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \^\f3'\^'\fP\^) are retained.
+Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
+parameters that have no values, are removed.
+If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
+null argument results and is retained.
+.PP
+Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
+is performed.
+.SS Pathname Expansion
+.PP
+After word splitting,
+unless the
+.B \-f
+option has been set,
+.B bash
+scans each word for the characters
+.BR * ,
+.BR ? ,
+and
+.BR [ .
+If one of these characters appears, then the word is
+regarded as a
+.IR pattern ,
+and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of
+file names matching the pattern.
+If no matching file names are found,
+and the shell option
+.B nullglob
+is disabled, the word is left unchanged.
+If the
+.B nullglob
+option is set, and no matches are found,
+the word is removed.
+If the shell option
+.B nocaseglob
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+When a pattern is used for pathname expansion,
+the character
+.B ``.''
+at the start of a name or immediately following a slash
+must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option
+.B dotglob
+is set.
+When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be
+matched explicitly.
+In other cases, the
+.B ``.''
+character is not treated specially.
+See the description of
+.B shopt
+below under
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+for a description of the
+.BR nocaseglob ,
+.BR nullglob ,
+and
+.B dotglob
+shell options.
+.PP
+The
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a
+.IR pattern .
+If
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+is removed from the list of matches.
+The file names
+.B ``.''
+and
+.B ``..''
+are always ignored when
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+is set and not null. However, setting
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the
+.B dotglob
+shell option, so all other file names beginning with a
+.B ``.''
+will match.
+To get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a
+.BR ``.'' ,
+make
+.B ``.*''
+one of the patterns in
+.SM
+.BR GLOBIGNORE .
+The
+.B dotglob
+option is disabled when
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+is unset.
+.PP
+\fBPattern Matching\fP
+.PP
+Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
+characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
+occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
+escaping backslash is discarded when matching.
+The special pattern characters must be quoted if
+they are to be matched literally.
+.PP
+The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B *
+Matches any string, including the null string.
+.TP
+.B ?
+Matches any single character.
+.TP
+.B [...]
+Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters
+separated by a hyphen denotes a
+\fIrange expression\fP;
+any character that sorts between those two characters, inclusive,
+using the current locale's collating sequence and character set,
+is matched. If the first character following the
+.B [
+is a
+.B !
+or a
+.B ^
+then any character not enclosed is matched.
+The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
+the current locale and the value of the \fBLC_COLLATE\fP shell variable,
+if set.
+A
+.B \-
+may be matched by including it as the first or last character
+in the set.
+A
+.B ]
+may be matched by including it as the first character
+in the set.
+.br
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+Within
+.B [
+and
+.BR ] ,
+\fIcharacter classes\fP can be specified using the syntax
+\fB[:\fP\fIclass\fP\fB:]\fP, where \fIclass\fP is one of the
+following classes defined in the POSIX.2 standard:
+.PP
+.RS
+.B
+.if n alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper word xdigit
+.if t alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper word xdigit
+.br
+A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
+The \fBword\fP character class matches letters, digits, and the character _.
+.br
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+Within
+.B [
+and
+.BR ] ,
+an \fIequivalence class\fP can be specified using the syntax
+\fB[=\fP\fIc\fP\fB=]\fP, which matches all characters with the
+same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as
+the character \fIc\fP.
+.br
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+Within
+.B [
+and
+.BR ] ,
+the syntax \fB[.\fP\fIsymbol\fP\fB.]\fP matches the collating symbol
+\fIsymbol\fP.
+.RE
+.PD
+.PP
+If the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using the \fBshopt\fP
+builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.
+In the following description, a \fIpattern-list\fP is a list of one
+or more patterns separated by a \fB|\fP.
+Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
+sub-patterns:
+.sp 1
+.PD 0
+.RS
+.TP
+\fB?(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
+Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns
+.TP
+\fB*(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
+Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns
+.TP
+\fB+(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
+Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns
+.TP
+\fB@(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
+Matches exactly one of the given patterns
+.TP
+\fB!(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
+Matches anything except one of the given patterns
+.RE
+.PD
+.SS Quote Removal
+.PP
+After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
+characters
+.BR \e ,
+.BR ' ,
+and \^\f3"\fP\^ that did not result from one of the above
+expansions are removed.
+.SH REDIRECTION
+Before a command is executed, its input and output
+may be
+.I redirected
+using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
+Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the
+current shell execution environment. The following redirection
+operators may precede or appear anywhere within a
+.I simple command
+or may follow a
+.IR command .
+Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from
+left to right.
+.PP
+In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
+omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
+.BR < ,
+the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor
+0). If the first character of the redirection operator is
+.BR > ,
+the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor
+1).
+.PP
+The word following the redirection operator in the following
+descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
+tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting.
+If it expands to more than one word,
+.B bash
+reports an error.
+.PP
+Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example,
+the command
+.RS
+.PP
+ls \fB>\fP dirlist 2\fB>&\fP1
+.RE
+.PP
+directs both standard output and standard error to the file
+.IR dirlist ,
+while the command
+.RS
+.PP
+ls 2\fB>&\fP1 \fB>\fP dirlist
+.RE
+.PP
+directs only the standard output to file
+.IR dirlist ,
+because the standard error was duplicated as standard output
+before the standard output was redirected to
+.IR dirlist .
+.PP
+\fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+redirections, as described in the following table:
+.RS
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B /dev/fd/\fIfd\fP
+If \fIfd\fP is a valid integer, file descriptor \fIfd\fP is duplicated.
+.TP
+.B /dev/stdin
+File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
+.TP
+.B /dev/stdout
+File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
+.TP
+.B /dev/stderr
+File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
+.TP
+.B /dev/tcp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP
+If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP
+is an integer port number or service name, \fBbash\fP attempts to open
+a TCP connection to the corresponding socket.
+.TP
+.B /dev/udp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP
+If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP
+is an integer port number or service name, \fBbash\fP attempts to open
+a UDP connection to the corresponding socket.
+.PD
+.RE
+.PP
+A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
+.SS Redirecting Input
+.PP
+Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of
+.I word
+to be opened for reading on file descriptor
+.IR n ,
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if
+.I n
+is not specified.
+.PP
+The general format for redirecting input is:
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB<\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.SS Redirecting Output
+.PP
+Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of
+.I word
+to be opened for writing on file descriptor
+.IR n ,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if
+.I n
+is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created;
+if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
+.PP
+The general format for redirecting output is:
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB>\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+If the redirection operator is
+.BR > ,
+and the
+.B noclobber
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
+whose name results from the expansion of \fIword\fP exists and is
+a regular file.
+If the redirection operator is
+.BR >| ,
+or the redirection operator is
+.B >
+and the
+.B noclobber
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command is not enabled, the redirection is attempted even
+if the file named by \fIword\fP exists.
+.SS Appending Redirected Output
+.PP
+Redirection of output in this fashion
+causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of
+.I word
+to be opened for appending on file descriptor
+.IR n ,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if
+.I n
+is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created.
+.PP
+The general format for appending output is:
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB>>\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+.SS Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
+.PP
+.B Bash
+allows both the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
+to be redirected to the file whose name is the
+expansion of
+.I word
+with this construct.
+.PP
+There are two formats for redirecting standard output and
+standard error:
+.RS
+.PP
+\fB&>\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+and
+.RS
+\fB>&\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+Of the two forms, the first is preferred.
+This is semantically equivalent to
+.RS
+.PP
+\fB>\fP\fIword\fP 2\fB>&\fP1
+.RE
+.SS Here Documents
+.PP
+This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+current source until a line containing only
+.I word
+(with no trailing blanks)
+is seen. All of
+the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
+input for a command.
+.PP
+The format of here-documents is:
+.RS
+.PP
+.nf
+\fB<<\fP[\fB\-\fP]\fIword\fP
+ \fIhere-document\fP
+\fIdelimiter\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.PP
+No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+or pathname expansion is performed on
+.IR word .
+If any characters in
+.I word
+are quoted, the
+.I delimiter
+is the result of quote removal on
+.IR word ,
+and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
+If \fIword\fP is unquoted,
+all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion,
+command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter
+case, the character sequence
+.B \e<newline>
+is ignored, and
+.B \e
+must be used to quote the characters
+.BR \e ,
+.BR $ ,
+and
+.BR ` .
+.PP
+If the redirection operator is
+.BR <<\- ,
+then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the
+line containing
+.IR delimiter .
+This allows
+here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
+natural fashion.
+.SS "Here Strings"
+A variant of here documents, the format is:
+.RS
+.PP
+.nf
+\fB<<<\fP\fIword\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.PP
+The \fIword\fP is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard
+input.
+.SS "Duplicating File Descriptors"
+.PP
+The redirection operator
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB<&\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
+If
+.I word
+expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by
+.I n
+is made to be a copy of that file descriptor.
+If the digits in
+.I word
+do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs.
+If
+.I word
+evaluates to
+.BR \- ,
+file descriptor
+.I n
+is closed. If
+.I n
+is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
+.PP
+The operator
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB>&\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If
+.I n
+is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.
+If the digits in
+.I word
+do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs.
+As a special case, if \fIn\fP is omitted, and \fIword\fP does not
+expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard
+error are redirected as described previously.
+.SS "Moving File Descriptors"
+.PP
+The redirection operator
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB<&\fP\fIdigit\fP\fB\-\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+moves the file descriptor \fIdigit\fP to file descriptor
+.IR n ,
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if \fIn\fP is not specified.
+\fIdigit\fP is closed after being duplicated to \fIn\fP.
+.PP
+Similarly, the redirection operator
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB>&\fP\fIdigit\fP\fB\-\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+moves the file descriptor \fIdigit\fP to file descriptor
+.IR n ,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if \fIn\fP is not specified.
+.SS "Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing"
+.PP
+The redirection operator
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB<>\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+causes the file whose name is the expansion of
+.I word
+to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor
+.IR n ,
+or on file descriptor 0 if
+.I n
+is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
+.SH ALIASES
+\fIAliases\fP allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
+as the first word of a simple command.
+The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with the
+.B alias
+and
+.B unalias
+builtin commands (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+The first word of each command, if unquoted,
+is checked to see if it has an
+alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.
+The alias name and the replacement text may contain any valid
+shell input, including the
+.I metacharacters
+listed above, with the exception that the alias name may not
+contain \fI=\fP. The first word of the replacement text is tested
+for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded
+is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias
+.B ls
+to
+.BR "ls \-F" ,
+for instance, and
+.B bash
+does not try to recursively expand the replacement text.
+If the last character of the alias value is a
+.IR blank ,
+then the next command
+word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion.
+.PP
+Aliases are created and listed with the
+.B alias
+command, and removed with the
+.B unalias
+command.
+.PP
+There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text.
+If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see
+.SM
+.B FUNCTIONS
+below).
+.PP
+Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless
+the
+.B expand_aliases
+shell option is set using
+.B shopt
+(see the description of
+.B shopt
+under
+.SM
+\fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP
+below).
+.PP
+The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
+somewhat confusing.
+.B Bash
+always reads at least one complete line
+of input before executing any
+of the commands on that line. Aliases are expanded when a
+command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an
+alias definition appearing on the same line as another
+command does not take effect until the next line of input is read.
+The commands following the alias definition
+on that line are not affected by the new alias.
+This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
+Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
+not when the function is executed, because a function definition
+is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases
+defined in a function are not available until after that
+function is executed. To be safe, always put
+alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use
+.B alias
+in compound commands.
+.PP
+For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by
+shell functions.
+.SH FUNCTIONS
+A shell function, defined as described above under
+.SM
+.BR "SHELL GRAMMAR" ,
+stores a series of commands for later execution.
+When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name,
+the list of commands associated with that function name is executed.
+Functions are executed in the context of the
+current shell; no new process is created to interpret
+them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
+When a function is executed, the arguments to the
+function become the positional parameters
+during its execution.
+The special parameter
+.B #
+is updated to reflect the change. Positional parameter 0
+is unchanged.
+The first element of the
+.SM
+.B FUNCNAME
+variable is set to the name of the function while the function
+is executing.
+All other aspects of the shell execution
+environment are identical between a function and its caller
+with the exception that the
+.SM
+.B DEBUG
+trap (see the description of the
+.B trap
+builtin under
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below) is not inherited unless the function has been given the
+\fBtrace\fP attribute (see the description of the
+.SM
+.B declare
+builtin below) or the
+\fB\-o functrace\fP shell option has been enabled with
+the \fBset\fP builtin
+(in which case all functions inherit the \fBDEBUG\fP trap).
+.PP
+Variables local to the function may be declared with the
+.B local
+builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values
+are shared between the function and its caller.
+.PP
+If the builtin command
+.B return
+is executed in a function, the function completes and
+execution resumes with the next command after the function
+call.
+Any command associated with the \fBRETURN\fP trap is executed
+before execution resumes.
+When a function completes, the values of the
+positional parameters and the special parameter
+.B #
+are restored to the values they had prior to the function's
+execution.
+.PP
+Function names and definitions may be listed with the
+.B \-f
+option to the
+.B declare
+or
+.B typeset
+builtin commands. The
+.B \-F
+option to
+.B declare
+or
+.B typeset
+will list the function names only
+(and optionally the source file and line number, if the \fBextdebug\fP
+shell option is enabled).
+Functions may be exported so that subshells
+automatically have them defined with the
+.B \-f
+option to the
+.B export
+builtin.
+Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result
+in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the
+shell's children.
+Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
+.PP
+Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number
+of recursive calls.
+.SH "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION"
+The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under
+certain circumstances (see the \fBlet\fP and \fBdeclare\fP builtin
+commands and \fBArithmetic Expansion\fP).
+Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
+though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
+The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values
+are the same as in the C language.
+The following list of operators is grouped into levels of
+equal-precedence operators.
+The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \fIid\fP++ \fIid\fP\-\-
+variable post-increment and post-decrement
+.TP
+.B ++\fIid\fP \-\-\fIid\fP
+variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
+.TP
+.B \- +
+unary minus and plus
+.TP
+.B ! ~
+logical and bitwise negation
+.TP
+.B **
+exponentiation
+.TP
+.B * / %
+multiplication, division, remainder
+.TP
+.B + \-
+addition, subtraction
+.TP
+.B << >>
+left and right bitwise shifts
+.TP
+.B <= >= < >
+comparison
+.TP
+.B == !=
+equality and inequality
+.TP
+.B &
+bitwise AND
+.TP
+.B ^
+bitwise exclusive OR
+.TP
+.B |
+bitwise OR
+.TP
+.B &&
+logical AND
+.TP
+.B ||
+logical OR
+.TP
+.B \fIexpr\fP?\fIexpr\fP:\fIexpr\fP
+conditional operator
+.TP
+.B = *= /= %= += \-= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
+assignment
+.TP
+.B \fIexpr1\fP , \fIexpr2\fP
+comma
+.PD
+.PP
+Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
+performed before the expression is evaluated.
+Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name
+without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced
+by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
+when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
+\fIinteger\fP attribute using \fBdeclare -i\fP is assigned a value.
+A null value evaluates to 0.
+A shell variable need not have its integer attribute
+turned on to be used in an expression.
+.PP
+Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
+A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal.
+Otherwise, numbers take the form [\fIbase#\fP]n, where \fIbase\fP
+is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
+base, and \fIn\fP is a number in that base.
+If \fIbase#\fP is omitted, then base 10 is used.
+The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
+the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order.
+If \fIbase\fP is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
+letters may be used interchangably to represent numbers between 10
+and 35.
+.PP
+Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
+parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
+rules above.
+.SH "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS"
+Conditional expressions are used by the \fB[[\fP compound command and
+the \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP builtin commands to test file attributes
+and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.
+Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries.
+If any \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is of the form
+\fI/dev/fd/n\fP, then file descriptor \fIn\fP is checked.
+If the \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is one of
+\fI/dev/stdin\fP, \fI/dev/stdout\fP, or \fI/dev/stderr\fP, file
+descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
+.sp 1
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-a \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists.
+.TP
+.B \-b \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a block special file.
+.TP
+.B \-c \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a character special file.
+.TP
+.B \-d \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a directory.
+.TP
+.B \-e \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists.
+.TP
+.B \-f \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a regular file.
+.TP
+.B \-g \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is set-group-id.
+.TP
+.B \-h \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a symbolic link.
+.TP
+.B \-k \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set.
+.TP
+.B \-p \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
+.TP
+.B \-r \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is readable.
+.TP
+.B \-s \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and has a size greater than zero.
+.TP
+.B \-t \fIfd\fP
+True if file descriptor
+.I fd
+is open and refers to a terminal.
+.TP
+.B \-u \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+.TP
+.B \-w \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is writable.
+.TP
+.B \-x \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is executable.
+.TP
+.B \-O \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+.TP
+.B \-G \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective group id.
+.TP
+.B \-L \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a symbolic link.
+.TP
+.B \-S \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a socket.
+.TP
+.B \-N \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+.TP
+\fIfile1\fP \-\fBnt\fP \fIfile2\fP
+True if \fIfile1\fP is newer (according to modification date) than \fIfile2\fP,
+or if \fIfile1\fP exists and \fPfile2\fP does not.
+.TP
+\fIfile1\fP \-\fBot\fP \fIfile2\fP
+True if \fIfile1\fP is older than \fIfile2\fP, or if \fIfile2\fP exists
+and \fIfile1\fP does not.
+.TP
+\fIfile1\fP \fB\-ef\fP \fIfile2\fP
+True if \fIfile1\fP and \fIfile2\fP refer to the same device and
+inode numbers.
+.TP
+.B \-o \fIoptname\fP
+True if shell option
+.I optname
+is enabled.
+See the list of options under the description of the
+.B \-o
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin below.
+.TP
+.B \-z \fIstring\fP
+True if the length of \fIstring\fP is zero.
+.TP
+.B \-n \fIstring\fP
+.TP
+\fIstring\fP
+True if the length of
+.I string
+is non-zero.
+.TP
+\fIstring1\fP \fB==\fP \fIstring2\fP
+True if the strings are equal. \fB=\fP may be used in place of
+\fB==\fP for strict POSIX compliance.
+.TP
+\fIstring1\fP \fB!=\fP \fIstring2\fP
+True if the strings are not equal.
+.TP
+\fIstring1\fP \fB<\fP \fIstring2\fP
+True if \fIstring1\fP sorts before \fIstring2\fP lexicographically
+in the current locale.
+.TP
+\fIstring1\fP \fB>\fP \fIstring2\fP
+True if \fIstring1\fP sorts after \fIstring2\fP lexicographically
+in the current locale.
+.TP
+.I \fIarg1\fP \fBOP\fP \fIarg2\fP
+.SM
+.B OP
+is one of
+.BR \-eq ,
+.BR \-ne ,
+.BR \-lt ,
+.BR \-le ,
+.BR \-gt ,
+or
+.BR \-ge .
+These arithmetic binary operators return true if \fIarg1\fP
+is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to,
+greater than, or greater than or equal to \fIarg2\fP, respectively.
+.I Arg1
+and
+.I arg2
+may be positive or negative integers.
+.PD
+.SH "SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION"
+When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
+.IP 1.
+The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
+preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
+processing.
+.IP 2.
+The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word
+is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are
+the arguments.
+.IP 3.
+Redirections are performed as described above under
+.SM
+.BR REDIRECTION .
+.IP 4.
+The text after the \fB=\fP in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
+.PP
+If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
+shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
+of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment.
+If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status.
+.PP
+If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
+command to exit with a non-zero status.
+.PP
+If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions
+contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is
+the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there
+were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.
+.SH "COMMAND EXECUTION"
+After a command has been split into words, if it results in a
+simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following
+actions are taken.
+.PP
+If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
+locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that
+function is invoked as described above in
+.SM
+.BR FUNCTIONS .
+If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for
+it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that
+builtin is invoked.
+.PP
+If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin,
+and contains no slashes,
+.B bash
+searches each element of the
+.SM
+.B PATH
+for a directory containing an executable file by that name.
+.B Bash
+uses a hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable
+files (see
+.B hash
+under
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below).
+A full search of the directories in
+.SM
+.B PATH
+is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.
+If the search is unsuccessful, the shell prints an error
+message and returns an exit status of 127.
+.PP
+If the search is successful, or if the command name contains
+one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a
+separate execution environment.
+Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments
+to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
+.PP
+If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
+format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be
+a \fIshell script\fP, a file
+containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute
+it. This subshell reinitializes itself, so
+that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked
+to handle the script, with the exception that the locations of
+commands remembered by the parent (see
+.B hash
+below under
+.SM
+\fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP)
+are retained by the child.
+.PP
+If the program is a file beginning with
+.BR #! ,
+the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter
+for the program. The shell executes the
+specified interpreter on operating systems that do not
+handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the
+interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the
+interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed
+by the name of the program, followed by the command
+arguments, if any.
+.SH COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT
+The shell has an \fIexecution environment\fP, which consists of the
+following:
+.sp 1
+.IP \(bu
+open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+redirections supplied to the \fBexec\fP builtin
+.IP \(bu
+the current working directory as set by \fBcd\fP, \fBpushd\fP, or
+\fBpopd\fP, or inherited by the shell at invocation
+.IP \(bu
+the file creation mode mask as set by \fBumask\fP or inherited from
+the shell's parent
+.IP \(bu
+current traps set by \fBtrap\fP
+.IP \(bu
+shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with \fBset\fP
+or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+.IP \(bu
+shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
+parent in the environment
+.IP \(bu
+options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
+arguments) or by \fBset\fP
+.IP \(bu
+options enabled by \fBshopt\fP
+.IP \(bu
+shell aliases defined with \fBalias\fP
+.IP \(bu
+various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value
+of \fB$$\fP, and the value of \fB$PPID\fP
+.PP
+When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
+is to be executed, it
+is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
+the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited
+from the shell.
+.sp 1
+.IP \(bu
+the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
+by redirections to the command
+.IP \(bu
+the current working directory
+.IP \(bu
+the file creation mode mask
+.IP \(bu
+shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
+exported for the command, passed in the environment
+.IP \(bu
+traps caught by the shell are reset to the values the inherited
+from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+.PP
+A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+shell's execution environment.
+.PP
+Command substitution and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
+subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
+except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values
+that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin
+commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a
+subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment
+cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
+.PP
+If a command is followed by a \fB&\fP and job control is not active, the
+default standard input for the command is the empty file \fI/dev/null\fP.
+Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling
+shell as modified by redirections.
+.SH ENVIRONMENT
+When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
+called the
+.IR environment .
+This is a list of
+\fIname\fP\-\fIvalue\fP pairs, of the form
+.IR "name\fR=\fPvalue" .
+.PP
+The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment.
+On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and
+creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking
+it for
+.I export
+to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment.
+The
+.B export
+and
+.B declare \-x
+commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter
+in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part
+of the environment, replacing the old. The environment
+inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's
+initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell,
+less any pairs removed by the
+.B unset
+command, plus any additions via the
+.B export
+and
+.B declare \-x
+commands.
+.PP
+The environment for any
+.I simple command
+or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with
+parameter assignments, as described above in
+.SM
+.BR PARAMETERS .
+These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
+by that command.
+.PP
+If the
+.B \-k
+option is set (see the
+.B set
+builtin command below), then
+.I all
+parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,
+not just those that precede the command name.
+.PP
+When
+.B bash
+invokes an external command, the variable
+.B _
+is set to the full file name of the command and passed to that
+command in its environment.
+.SH "EXIT STATUS"
+For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a
+zero exit status has succeeded. An exit status of zero
+indicates success. A non-zero exit status indicates failure.
+When a command terminates on a fatal signal \fIN\fP, \fBbash\fP uses
+the value of 128+\fIN\fP as the exit status.
+.PP
+If a command is not found, the child process created to
+execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found
+but is not executable, the return status is 126.
+.PP
+If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
+the exit status is greater than zero.
+.PP
+Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (\fItrue\fP) if
+successful, and non-zero (\fIfalse\fP) if an error occurs
+while they execute.
+All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.
+.PP
+\fBBash\fP itself returns the exit status of the last command
+executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits
+with a non-zero value. See also the \fBexit\fP builtin
+command below.
+.SH SIGNALS
+When \fBbash\fP is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+.SM
+.B SIGTERM
+(so that \fBkill 0\fP does not kill an interactive shell),
+and
+.SM
+.B SIGINT
+is caught and handled (so that the \fBwait\fP builtin is interruptible).
+In all cases, \fBbash\fP ignores
+.SM
+.BR SIGQUIT .
+If job control is in effect,
+.B bash
+ignores
+.SM
+.BR SIGTTIN ,
+.SM
+.BR SIGTTOU ,
+and
+.SM
+.BR SIGTSTP .
+.PP
+Synchronous jobs started by \fBbash\fP have signal handlers
+set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent.
+When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands
+ignore
+.SM
+.B SIGINT
+and
+.SM
+.B SIGQUIT
+as well.
+Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the
+keyboard-generated job control signals
+.SM
+.BR SIGTTIN ,
+.SM
+.BR SIGTTOU ,
+and
+.SM
+.BR SIGTSTP .
+.PP
+The shell exits by default upon receipt of a
+.SM
+.BR SIGHUP .
+Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the
+.SM
+.B SIGHUP
+to all jobs, running or stopped.
+Stopped jobs are sent
+.SM
+.B SIGCONT
+to ensure that they receive the
+.SM
+.BR SIGHUP .
+To prevent the shell from
+sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the
+jobs table with the
+.B disown
+builtin (see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below) or marked
+to not receive
+.SM
+.B SIGHUP
+using
+.BR "disown \-h" .
+.PP
+If the
+.B huponexit
+shell option has been set with
+.BR shopt ,
+.B bash
+sends a
+.SM
+.B SIGHUP
+to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
+.PP
+When \fBbash\fP receives a signal for which a trap has been set while
+waiting for a command to complete, the trap will not be executed until
+the command completes.
+When \fBbash\fP is waiting for an asynchronous command via the \fBwait\fP
+builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will
+cause the \fBwait\fP builtin to return immediately with an exit status
+greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
+.SH "JOB CONTROL"
+.I Job control
+refers to the ability to selectively stop (\fIsuspend\fP)
+the execution of processes and continue (\fIresume\fP)
+their execution at a later point. A user typically employs
+this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly
+by the system's terminal driver and
+.BR bash .
+.PP
+The shell associates a
+.I job
+with each pipeline. It keeps a table of currently executing
+jobs, which may be listed with the
+.B jobs
+command. When
+.B bash
+starts a job asynchronously (in the
+.IR background ),
+it prints a line that looks like:
+.RS
+.PP
+[1] 25647
+.RE
+.PP
+indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID
+of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647.
+All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job.
+.B Bash
+uses the
+.I job
+abstraction as the basis for job control.
+.PP
+To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
+control, the operating system maintains the notion of a \fIcurrent terminal
+process group ID\fP. Members of this process group (processes whose
+process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID)
+receive keyboard-generated signals such as
+.SM
+.BR SIGINT .
+These processes are said to be in the
+.IR foreground .
+.I Background
+processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's;
+such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals.
+Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or write to the
+terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write to) the
+terminal are sent a
+.SM
+.B SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU)
+signal by the terminal driver,
+which, unless caught, suspends the process.
+.PP
+If the operating system on which
+.B bash
+is running supports
+job control,
+.B bash
+contains facilities to use it.
+Typing the
+.I suspend
+character (typically
+.BR ^Z ,
+Control-Z) while a process is running
+causes that process to be stopped and returns control to
+.BR bash .
+Typing the
+.I "delayed suspend"
+character (typically
+.BR ^Y ,
+Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it
+attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to
+be returned to
+.BR bash .
+The user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the
+.B bg
+command to continue it in the background, the
+.B fg
+command to continue it in the foreground, or
+the
+.B kill
+command to kill it. A \fB^Z\fP takes effect immediately,
+and has the additional side effect of causing pending output
+and typeahead to be discarded.
+.PP
+There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell.
+The character
+.B %
+introduces a job name. Job number
+.I n
+may be referred to as
+.BR %n .
+A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to
+start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.
+For example,
+.B %ce
+refers to a stopped
+.B ce
+job. If a prefix matches more than one job,
+.B bash
+reports an error. Using
+.BR %?ce ,
+on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string
+.B ce
+in its command line. If the substring matches more than one job,
+.B bash
+reports an error. The symbols
+.B %%
+and
+.B %+
+refer to the shell's notion of the
+.IR "current job" ,
+which is the last job stopped while it was in
+the foreground or started in the background.
+The
+.I "previous job"
+may be referenced using
+.BR %\- .
+In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the
+.B jobs
+command), the current job is always flagged with a
+.BR + ,
+and the previous job with a
+.BR \- .
+.PP
+Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the
+foreground:
+.B %1
+is a synonym for
+\fB``fg %1''\fP,
+bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground.
+Similarly,
+.B ``%1 &''
+resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to
+\fB``bg %1''\fP.
+.PP
+The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state.
+Normally,
+.B bash
+waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting
+changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt
+any other output. If the
+.B \-b
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command
+is enabled,
+.B bash
+reports such changes immediately.
+Any trap on
+.SM
+.B SIGCHLD
+is executed for each child that exits.
+.PP
+If an attempt to exit
+.B bash
+is made while jobs are stopped, the shell prints a warning message. The
+.B jobs
+command may then be used to inspect their status.
+If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command,
+the shell does not print another warning, and the stopped
+jobs are terminated.
+.SH PROMPTING
+When executing interactively,
+.B bash
+displays the primary prompt
+.SM
+.B PS1
+when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt
+.SM
+.B PS2
+when it needs more input to complete a command.
+.B Bash
+allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of
+backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \ea
+an ASCII bell character (07)
+.TP
+.B \ed
+the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26")
+.TP
+.B \eD{\fIformat\fP}
+the \fIformat\fP is passed to \fIstrftime\fP(3) and the result is inserted
+into the prompt string; an empty \fIformat\fP results in a locale-specific
+time representation. The braces are required
+.TP
+.B \ee
+an ASCII escape character (033)
+.TP
+.B \eh
+the hostname up to the first `.'
+.TP
+.B \eH
+the hostname
+.TP
+.B \ej
+the number of jobs currently managed by the shell
+.TP
+.B \el
+the basename of the shell's terminal device name
+.TP
+.B \en
+newline
+.TP
+.B \er
+carriage return
+.TP
+.B \es
+the name of the shell, the basename of
+.B $0
+(the portion following the final slash)
+.TP
+.B \et
+the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
+.TP
+.B \eT
+the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
+.TP
+.B \e@
+the current time in 12-hour am/pm format
+.TP
+.B \eA
+the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format
+.TP
+.B \eu
+the username of the current user
+.TP
+.B \ev
+the version of \fBbash\fP (e.g., 2.00)
+.TP
+.B \eV
+the release of \fBbash\fP, version + patchelvel (e.g., 2.00.0)
+.TP
+.B \ew
+the current working directory
+.TP
+.B \eW
+the basename of the current working directory
+.TP
+.B \e!
+the history number of this command
+.TP
+.B \e#
+the command number of this command
+.TP
+.B \e$
+if the effective UID is 0, a
+.BR # ,
+otherwise a
+.B $
+.TP
+.B \e\fInnn\fP
+the character corresponding to the octal number \fInnn\fP
+.TP
+.B \e\e
+a backslash
+.TP
+.B \e[
+begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could be used to
+embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt
+.TP
+.B \e]
+end a sequence of non-printing characters
+.PD
+.RE
+.PP
+The command number and the history number are usually different:
+the history number of a command is its position in the history
+list, which may include commands restored from the history file
+(see
+.SM
+.B HISTORY
+below), while the command number is the position in the sequence
+of commands executed during the current shell session.
+After the string is decoded, it is expanded via
+parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
+.B promptvars
+shell option (see the description of the
+.B shopt
+command under
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below).
+.SH READLINE
+This is the library that handles reading input when using an interactive
+shell, unless the
+.B \-\-noediting
+option is given at shell invocation.
+By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs.
+A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
+To turn off line editing after the shell is running, use the
+.B +o emacs
+or
+.B +o vi
+options to the
+.B set
+builtin (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.SS "Readline Notation"
+.PP
+In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote
+keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fR, e.g., C\-n
+means Control\-N. Similarly,
+.I meta
+keys are denoted by M\-\fIkey\fR, so M\-x means Meta\-X. (On keyboards
+without a
+.I meta
+key, M\-\fIx\fP means ESC \fIx\fP, i.e., press the Escape key
+then the
+.I x
+key. This makes ESC the \fImeta prefix\fP.
+The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC\-Control\-\fIx\fP,
+or press the Escape key
+then hold the Control key while pressing the
+.I x
+key.)
+.PP
+Readline commands may be given numeric
+.IR arguments ,
+which normally act as a repeat count.
+Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant.
+Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward
+direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP) causes that command to act in a
+backward direction.
+Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted
+below.
+.PP
+When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text
+deleted is saved for possible future retrieval
+(\fIyanking\fP). The killed text is saved in a
+\fIkill ring\fP. Consecutive kills cause the text to be
+accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
+Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text
+on the kill ring.
+.SS "Readline Initialization"
+.PP
+Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization
+file (the \fIinputrc\fP file).
+The name of this file is taken from the value of the
+.SM
+.B INPUTRC
+variable. If that variable is unset, the default is
+.IR ~/.inputrc .
+When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the
+initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables
+are set.
+There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
+readline initialization file.
+Blank lines are ignored.
+Lines beginning with a \fB#\fP are comments.
+Lines beginning with a \fB$\fP indicate conditional constructs.
+Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
+.PP
+The default key-bindings may be changed with an
+.I inputrc
+file.
+Other programs that use this library may add their own commands
+and bindings.
+.PP
+For example, placing
+.RS
+.PP
+M\-Control\-u: universal\-argument
+.RE
+or
+.RS
+C\-Meta\-u: universal\-argument
+.RE
+into the
+.I inputrc
+would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command
+.IR universal\-argument .
+.PP
+The following symbolic character names are recognized:
+.IR RUBOUT ,
+.IR DEL ,
+.IR ESC ,
+.IR LFD ,
+.IR NEWLINE ,
+.IR RET ,
+.IR RETURN ,
+.IR SPC ,
+.IR SPACE ,
+and
+.IR TAB .
+.PP
+In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound
+to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a \fImacro\fP).
+.SS "Readline Key Bindings"
+.PP
+The syntax for controlling key bindings in the
+.I inputrc
+file is simple. All that is required is the name of the
+command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which
+it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways:
+as a symbolic key name, possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP
+prefixes, or as a key sequence.
+.PP
+When using the form \fBkeyname\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP,
+.I keyname
+is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example:
+.sp
+.RS
+Control-u: universal\-argument
+.br
+Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
+.br
+Control-o: "> output"
+.RE
+.LP
+In the above example,
+.I C\-u
+is bound to the function
+.BR universal\-argument ,
+.I M\-DEL
+is bound to the function
+.BR backward\-kill\-word ,
+and
+.I C\-o
+is bound to run the macro
+expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
+.if t \f(CW> output\fP
+.if n ``> output''
+into the line).
+.PP
+In the second form, \fB"keyseq"\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP,
+.B keyseq
+differs from
+.B keyname
+above in that strings denoting
+an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence
+within double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be
+used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names
+are not recognized.
+.sp
+.RS
+"\eC\-u": universal\-argument
+.br
+"\eC\-x\eC\-r": re\-read\-init\-file
+.br
+"\ee[11~": "Function Key 1"
+.RE
+.PP
+In this example,
+.I C\-u
+is again bound to the function
+.BR universal\-argument .
+.I "C\-x C\-r"
+is bound to the function
+.BR re\-read\-init\-file ,
+and
+.I "ESC [ 1 1 ~"
+is bound to insert the text
+.if t \f(CWFunction Key 1\fP.
+.if n ``Function Key 1''.
+.PP
+The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \eC\-
+control prefix
+.TP
+.B \eM\-
+meta prefix
+.TP
+.B \ee
+an escape character
+.TP
+.B \e\e
+backslash
+.TP
+.B \e"
+literal "
+.TP
+.B \e'
+literal '
+.RE
+.PD
+.PP
+In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second
+set of backslash escapes is available:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \ea
+alert (bell)
+.TP
+.B \eb
+backspace
+.TP
+.B \ed
+delete
+.TP
+.B \ef
+form feed
+.TP
+.B \en
+newline
+.TP
+.B \er
+carriage return
+.TP
+.B \et
+horizontal tab
+.TP
+.B \ev
+vertical tab
+.TP
+.B \e\fInnn\fP
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
+(one to three digits)
+.TP
+.B \ex\fIHH\fP
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
+(one or two hex digits)
+.RE
+.PD
+.PP
+When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
+be used to indicate a macro definition.
+Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
+In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
+Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
+including " and '.
+.PP
+.B Bash
+allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified
+with the
+.B bind
+builtin command. The editing mode may be switched during interactive
+use by using the
+.B \-o
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.SS "Readline Variables"
+.PP
+Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its
+behavior. A variable may be set in the
+.I inputrc
+file with a statement of the form
+.RS
+.PP
+\fBset\fP \fIvariable\-name\fP \fIvalue\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+Except where noted, readline variables can take the values
+.B On
+or
+.BR Off .
+The variables and their default values are:
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B bell\-style (audible)
+Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
+If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell. If set to
+\fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
+If set to \fBaudible\fP, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
+.TP
+.B comment\-begin (``#'')
+The string that is inserted when the readline
+.B insert\-comment
+command is executed.
+This command is bound to
+.B M\-#
+in emacs mode and to
+.B #
+in vi command mode.
+.TP
+.B completion\-ignore\-case (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs filename matching and completion
+in a case\-insensitive fashion.
+.TP
+.B completion\-query\-items (100)
+This determines when the user is queried about viewing
+the number of possible completions
+generated by the \fBpossible\-completions\fP command.
+It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to
+zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than
+or equal to the value of this variable, the user is asked whether
+or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed
+on the terminal.
+.TP
+.B convert\-meta (On)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters with the
+eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence
+by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an
+escape character (in effect, using escape as the \fImeta prefix\fP).
+.TP
+.B disable\-completion (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion
+characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
+mapped to \fBself-insert\fP.
+.TP
+.B editing\-mode (emacs)
+Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar
+to \fIemacs\fP or \fIvi\fP.
+.B editing\-mode
+can be set to either
+.B emacs
+or
+.BR vi .
+.TP
+.B enable\-keypad (Off)
+When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable the application
+keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
+arrow keys.
+.TP
+.B expand\-tilde (Off)
+If set to \fBon\fP, tilde expansion is performed when readline
+attempts word completion.
+.TP
+.B history-preserve-point
+If set to \fBon\fP, the history code attempts to place point at the
+same location on each history line retrived with \fBprevious-history\fP
+or \fBnext-history\fP.
+.TP
+.B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off)
+When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display,
+scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
+becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line.
+.TP
+.B input\-meta (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
+it will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads),
+regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name
+.B meta\-flag
+is a synonym for this variable.
+.TP
+.B isearch\-terminators (``C\-[C\-J'')
+The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
+search without subsequently executing the character as a command.
+If this variable has not been given a value, the characters
+\fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search.
+.TP
+.B keymap (emacs)
+Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names is
+\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi,
+vi\-command\fP, and
+.IR vi\-insert .
+\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is
+equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP. The default value is
+.IR emacs ;
+the value of
+.B editing\-mode
+also affects the default keymap.
+.TP
+.B mark\-directories (On)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash
+appended.
+.TP
+.B mark\-modified\-lines (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, history lines that have been modified are displayed
+with a preceding asterisk (\fB*\fP).
+.TP
+.B mark\-symlinked\-directories (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, completed names which are symbolic links to directories
+have a slash appended (subject to the value of
+\fBmark\-directories\fP).
+.TP
+.B match\-hidden\-files (On)
+This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, causes readline to match files whose
+names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename
+completion, unless the leading `.' is
+supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
+.TP
+.B output\-meta (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the
+eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
+sequence.
+.TP
+.B page\-completions (On)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager
+to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
+.TP
+.B print\-completions\-horizontally (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display completions with matches
+sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
+.TP
+.B show\-all\-if\-ambiguous (Off)
+This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If
+set to
+.BR on ,
+words which have more than one possible completion cause the
+matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
+.TP
+.B visible\-stats (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, a character denoting a file's type as reported
+by \fIstat\fP(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible
+completions.
+.PD
+.SS "Readline Conditional Constructs"
+.PP
+Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
+bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
+of tests. There are four parser directives used.
+.IP \fB$if\fP
+The
+.B $if
+construct allows bindings to be made based on the
+editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
+readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
+no characters are required to isolate it.
+.RS
+.IP \fBmode\fP
+The \fBmode=\fP form of the \fB$if\fP directive is used to test
+whether readline is in emacs or vi mode.
+This may be used in conjunction
+with the \fBset keymap\fP command, for instance, to set bindings in
+the \fIemacs\-standard\fP and \fIemacs\-ctlx\fP keymaps only if
+readline is starting out in emacs mode.
+.IP \fBterm\fP
+The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific
+key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
+terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the
+.B =
+is tested against the both full name of the terminal and the portion
+of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP. This allows
+.I sun
+to match both
+.I sun
+and
+.IR sun\-cmd ,
+for instance.
+.IP \fBapplication\fP
+The \fBapplication\fP construct is used to include
+application-specific settings. Each program using the readline
+library sets the \fIapplication name\fP, and an initialization
+file can test for a particular value.
+This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
+a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a
+key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
+.sp 1
+.RS
+.nf
+\fB$if\fP Bash
+# Quote the current or previous word
+"\eC\-xq": "\eeb\e"\eef\e""
+\fB$endif\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.RE
+.IP \fB$endif\fP
+This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
+\fB$if\fP command.
+.IP \fB$else\fP
+Commands in this branch of the \fB$if\fP directive are executed if
+the test fails.
+.IP \fB$include\fP
+This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
+and bindings from that file. For example, the following directive
+would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP:
+.sp 1
+.RS
+.nf
+\fB$include\fP \^ \fI/etc/inputrc\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.SS Searching
+.PP
+Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+(see
+.SM
+.B HISTORY
+below) for lines containing a specified string.
+There are two search modes:
+.I incremental
+and
+.IR non-incremental .
+.PP
+Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+search string.
+As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays
+the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
+An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
+find the desired history entry.
+The characters present in the value of the \fBisearch-terminators\fP
+variable are used to terminate an incremental search.
+If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and
+Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
+Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
+line.
+When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
+search string becomes the current line.
+.PP
+To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
+Control-R as appropriate.
+This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
+entry matching the search string typed so far.
+Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate
+the search and execute that command.
+For instance, a \fInewline\fP will terminate the search and accept
+the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
+.PP
+Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two
+Control-Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a
+new search string, any remembered search string is used.
+.PP
+Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
+to search for matching history lines. The search string may be
+typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
+.SS "Readline Command Names"
+.PP
+The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
+key sequences to which they are bound.
+Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
+In the following descriptions, \fIpoint\fP refers to the current cursor
+position, and \fImark\fP refers to a cursor position saved by the
+\fBset\-mark\fP command.
+The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP.
+.SS Commands for Moving
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B beginning\-of\-line (C\-a)
+Move to the start of the current line.
+.TP
+.B end\-of\-line (C\-e)
+Move to the end of the line.
+.TP
+.B forward\-char (C\-f)
+Move forward a character.
+.TP
+.B backward\-char (C\-b)
+Move back a character.
+.TP
+.B forward\-word (M\-f)
+Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
+alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+.TP
+.B backward\-word (M\-b)
+Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are
+composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+.TP
+.B clear\-screen (C\-l)
+Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
+With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the
+screen.
+.TP
+.B redraw\-current\-line
+Refresh the current line.
+.PD
+.SS Commands for Manipulating the History
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B accept\-line (Newline, Return)
+Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is
+non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the
+.SM
+.B HISTCONTROL
+variable. If the line is a modified history
+line, then restore the history line to its original state.
+.TP
+.B previous\-history (C\-p)
+Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
+the list.
+.TP
+.B next\-history (C\-n)
+Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the
+list.
+.TP
+.B beginning\-of\-history (M\-<)
+Move to the first line in the history.
+.TP
+.B end\-of\-history (M\->)
+Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being
+entered.
+.TP
+.B reverse\-search\-history (C\-r)
+Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through
+the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
+.TP
+.B forward\-search\-history (C\-s)
+Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through
+the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
+.TP
+.B non\-incremental\-reverse\-search\-history (M\-p)
+Search backward through the history starting at the current line
+using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user.
+.TP
+.B non\-incremental\-forward\-search\-history (M\-n)
+Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for
+a string supplied by the user.
+.TP
+.B history\-search\-forward
+Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+.TP
+.B history\-search\-backward
+Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+.TP
+.B yank\-nth\-arg (M\-C\-y)
+Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
+the second word on the previous line) at point.
+With an argument
+.IR n ,
+insert the \fIn\fPth word from the previous command (the words
+in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument
+inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of the previous command.
+.TP
+.B
+yank\-last\-arg (M\-.\^, M\-_\^)
+Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of
+the previous history entry). With an argument,
+behave exactly like \fByank\-nth\-arg\fP.
+Successive calls to \fByank\-last\-arg\fP move back through the history
+list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn.
+.TP
+.B shell\-expand\-line (M\-C\-e)
+Expand the line as the shell does. This
+performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell
+word expansions. See
+.SM
+.B HISTORY EXPANSION
+below for a description of history expansion.
+.TP
+.B history\-expand\-line (M\-^)
+Perform history expansion on the current line.
+See
+.SM
+.B HISTORY EXPANSION
+below for a description of history expansion.
+.TP
+.B magic\-space
+Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space.
+See
+.SM
+.B HISTORY EXPANSION
+below for a description of history expansion.
+.TP
+.B alias\-expand\-line
+Perform alias expansion on the current line.
+See
+.SM
+.B ALIASES
+above for a description of alias expansion.
+.TP
+.B history\-and\-alias\-expand\-line
+Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
+.TP
+.B insert\-last\-argument (M\-.\^, M\-_\^)
+A synonym for \fByank\-last\-arg\fP.
+.TP
+.B operate\-and\-get\-next (C\-o)
+Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any
+argument is ignored.
+.TP
+.B edit\-and\-execute\-command (C\-xC\-e)
+Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell
+commands.
+\fBBash\fP attempts to invoke
+.SM
+.BR $FCEDIT ,
+.SM
+.BR $EDITOR ,
+and \fIemacs\fP as the editor, in that order.
+.PD
+.SS Commands for Changing Text
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B delete\-char (C\-d)
+Delete the character at point. If point is at the
+beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and
+the last character typed was not bound to \fBdelete\-char\fP,
+then return
+.SM
+.BR EOF .
+.TP
+.B backward\-delete\-char (Rubout)
+Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument,
+save the deleted text on the kill ring.
+.TP
+.B forward\-backward\-delete\-char
+Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
+end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
+deleted.
+.TP
+.B quoted\-insert (C\-q, C\-v)
+Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is
+how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example.
+.TP
+.B tab\-insert (C\-v TAB)
+Insert a tab character.
+.TP
+.B self\-insert (a,\ b,\ A,\ 1,\ !,\ ...)
+Insert the character typed.
+.TP
+.B transpose\-chars (C\-t)
+Drag the character before point forward over the character at point,
+moving point forward as well.
+If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes
+the two characters before point.
+Negative arguments have no effect.
+.TP
+.B transpose\-words (M\-t)
+Drag the word before point past the word after point,
+moving point over that word as well.
+If point is at the end of the line, this transposes
+the last two words on the line.
+.TP
+.B upcase\-word (M\-u)
+Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
+uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
+.TP
+.B downcase\-word (M\-l)
+Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
+lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
+.TP
+.B capitalize\-word (M\-c)
+Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
+capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
+.TP
+.B overwrite\-mode
+Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument,
+switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric
+argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only
+\fBemacs\fP mode; \fBvi\fP mode does overwrite differently.
+Each call to \fIreadline()\fP starts in insert mode.
+In overwrite mode, characters bound to \fBself\-insert\fP replace
+the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
+Characters bound to \fBbackward\-delete\-char\fP replace the character
+before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound.
+.PD
+.SS Killing and Yanking
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B kill\-line (C\-k)
+Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+.TP
+.B backward\-kill\-line (C\-x Rubout)
+Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
+.TP
+.B unix\-line\-discard (C\-u)
+Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line.
+The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+.\" There is no real difference between this and backward-kill-line
+.TP
+.B kill\-whole\-line
+Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
+.TP
+.B kill\-word (M\-d)
+Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+words, to the end of the next word.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP.
+.TP
+.B backward\-kill\-word (M\-Rubout)
+Kill the word behind point.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBbackward\-word\fP.
+.TP
+.B unix\-word\-rubout (C\-w)
+Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
+The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+.TP
+.B delete\-horizontal\-space (M\-\e)
+Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
+.TP
+.B kill\-region
+Kill the text in the current region.
+.TP
+.B copy\-region\-as\-kill
+Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
+.TP
+.B copy\-backward\-word
+Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
+The word boundaries are the same as \fBbackward\-word\fP.
+.TP
+.B copy\-forward\-word
+Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.
+The word boundaries are the same as \fBforward\-word\fP.
+.TP
+.B yank (C\-y)
+Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
+.TP
+.B yank\-pop (M\-y)
+Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works following
+.B yank
+or
+.BR yank\-pop .
+.PD
+.SS Numeric Arguments
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B digit\-argument (M\-0, M\-1, ..., M\-\-)
+Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
+argument. M\-\- starts a negative argument.
+.TP
+.B universal\-argument
+This is another way to specify an argument.
+If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a
+leading minus sign, those digits define the argument.
+If the command is followed by digits, executing
+.B universal\-argument
+again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
+As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
+character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count
+for the next command is multiplied by four.
+The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
+first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
+argument count sixteen, and so on.
+.PD
+.SS Completing
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B complete (TAB)
+Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
+.B Bash
+attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
+text begins with \fB$\fP), username (if the text begins with
+\fB~\fP), hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or
+command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none
+of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
+.TP
+.B possible\-completions (M\-?)
+List the possible completions of the text before point.
+.TP
+.B insert\-completions (M\-*)
+Insert all completions of the text before point
+that would have been generated by
+\fBpossible\-completions\fP.
+.TP
+.B menu\-complete
+Similar to \fBcomplete\fP, but replaces the word to be completed
+with a single match from the list of possible completions.
+Repeated execution of \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list
+of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
+At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
+(subject to the setting of \fBbell\-style\fP)
+and the original text is restored.
+An argument of \fIn\fP moves \fIn\fP positions forward in the list
+of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
+through the list.
+This command is intended to be bound to \fBTAB\fP, but is unbound
+by default.
+.TP
+.B delete\-char\-or\-list
+Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
+end of the line (like \fBdelete\-char\fP).
+If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
+\fBpossible\-completions\fP.
+This command is unbound by default.
+.TP
+.B complete\-filename (M\-/)
+Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
+.TP
+.B possible\-filename\-completions (C\-x /)
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a filename.
+.TP
+.B complete\-username (M\-~)
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a username.
+.TP
+.B possible\-username\-completions (C\-x ~)
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a username.
+.TP
+.B complete\-variable (M\-$)
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a shell variable.
+.TP
+.B possible\-variable\-completions (C\-x $)
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a shell variable.
+.TP
+.B complete\-hostname (M\-@)
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a hostname.
+.TP
+.B possible\-hostname\-completions (C\-x @)
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a hostname.
+.TP
+.B complete\-command (M\-!)
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a command name. Command completion attempts to
+match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
+functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames,
+in that order.
+.TP
+.B possible\-command\-completions (C\-x !)
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a command name.
+.TP
+.B dynamic\-complete\-history (M\-TAB)
+Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
+the text against lines from the history list for possible
+completion matches.
+.TP
+.B complete\-into\-braces (M\-{)
+Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions
+enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see
+.B Brace Expansion
+above).
+.PD
+.SS Keyboard Macros
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B start\-kbd\-macro (C\-x (\^)
+Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
+.TP
+.B end\-kbd\-macro (C\-x )\^)
+Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
+and store the definition.
+.TP
+.B call\-last\-kbd\-macro (C\-x e)
+Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
+in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
+.PD
+.SS Miscellaneous
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B re\-read\-init\-file (C\-x C\-r)
+Read in the contents of the \fIinputrc\fP file, and incorporate
+any bindings or variable assignments found there.
+.TP
+.B abort (C\-g)
+Abort the current editing command and
+ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of
+.BR bell\-style ).
+.TP
+.B do\-uppercase\-version (M\-a, M\-b, M\-\fIx\fP, ...)
+If the metafied character \fIx\fP is lowercase, run the command
+that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
+.TP
+.B prefix\-meta (ESC)
+Metafy the next character typed.
+.SM
+.B ESC
+.B f
+is equivalent to
+.BR Meta\-f .
+.TP
+.B undo (C\-_, C\-x C\-u)
+Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
+.TP
+.B revert\-line (M\-r)
+Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
+.B undo
+command enough times to return the line to its initial state.
+.TP
+.B tilde\-expand (M\-&)
+Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
+.TP
+.B set\-mark (C\-@, M\-<space>)
+Set the mark to the point. If a
+numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
+.TP
+.B exchange\-point\-and\-mark (C\-x C\-x)
+Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to
+the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
+.TP
+.B character\-search (C\-])
+A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
+character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences.
+.TP
+.B character\-search\-backward (M\-C\-])
+A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that
+character. A negative count searches for subsequent occurrences.
+.TP
+.B insert\-comment (M\-#)
+Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline
+.B comment\-begin
+variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
+the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
+of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, the value is inserted, otherwise
+the characters in \fBcomment-begin\fP are deleted from the beginning of
+the line.
+In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
+The default value of
+\fBcomment\-begin\fP causes this command to make the current line
+a shell comment.
+If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line
+will be executed by the shell.
+.TP
+.B glob\-complete\-word (M\-g)
+The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to
+generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
+.TP
+.B glob\-expand\-word (C\-x *)
+The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+pathname expansion.
+.TP
+.B glob\-list\-expansions (C\-x g)
+The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+.B glob\-expand\-word
+is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+pathname expansion.
+.TP
+.B dump\-functions
+Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
+readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
+.TP
+.B dump\-variables
+Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the
+readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
+.TP
+.B dump\-macros
+Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+strings they ouput. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
+.TP
+.B display\-shell\-version (C\-x C\-v)
+Display version information about the current instance of
+.BR bash .
+.PD
+.SS Programmable Completion
+.PP
+When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
+which a completion specification (a \fIcompspec\fP) has been defined
+using the \fBcomplete\fP builtin (see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below), the programmable completion facilities are invoked.
+.PP
+First, the command name is identified.
+If a compspec has been defined for that command, the
+compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word.
+If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
+pathname is searched for first.
+If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to
+find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
+.PP
+Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
+matching words.
+If a compspec is not found, the default \fBbash\fP completion as
+described above under \fBCompleting\fP is performed.
+.PP
+First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
+Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
+returned.
+When the
+.B \-f
+or
+.B \-d
+option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell
+variable
+.SM
+.B FIGNORE
+is used to filter the matches.
+.PP
+Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the
+\fB\-G\fP option are generated next.
+The words generated by the pattern need not match the word
+being completed.
+The
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the
+.SM
+.B FIGNORE
+variable is used.
+.PP
+Next, the string specified as the argument to the \fB\-W\fP option
+is considered.
+The string is first split using the characters in the
+.SM
+.B IFS
+special variable as delimiters.
+Shell quoting is honored.
+Each word is then expanded using
+brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and pathname expansion,
+as described above under
+.SM
+.BR EXPANSION .
+The results are split using the rules described above under
+\fBWord Splitting\fP.
+The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being
+completed, and the matching words become the possible completions.
+.PP
+After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
+specified with the \fB\-F\fP and \fB\-C\fP options is invoked.
+When the command or function is invoked, the
+.SM
+.B COMP_LINE
+and
+.SM
+.B COMP_POINT
+variables are assigned values as described above under
+\fBShell Variables\fP.
+If a shell function is being invoked, the
+.SM
+.B COMP_WORDS
+and
+.SM
+.B COMP_CWORD
+variables are also set.
+When the function or command is invoked, the first argument is the
+name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the
+second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument
+is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line.
+No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
+is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
+the matches.
+.PP
+Any function specified with \fB\-F\fP is invoked first.
+The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
+\fBcompgen\fP builtin described below, to generate the matches.
+It must put the possible completions in the
+.SM
+.B COMPREPLY
+array variable.
+.PP
+Next, any command specified with the \fB\-C\fP option is invoked
+in an environment equivalent to command substitution.
+It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the
+standard output.
+Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+.PP
+After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
+specified with the \fB\-X\fP option is applied to the list.
+The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a \fB&\fP
+in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed.
+A literal \fB&\fP may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash
+is removed before attempting a match.
+Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+A leading \fB!\fP negates the pattern; in this case any completion
+not matching the pattern will be removed.
+.PP
+Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP
+options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is
+returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible
+completions.
+.PP
+If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
+\fB\-o dirnames\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the
+compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
+.PP
+By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
+to the completion code as the full set of possible completions.
+The default \fBbash\fP completions are not attempted, and the readline
+default of filename completion is disabled.
+If the \fB-o default\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the
+compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed
+if the compspec generates no matches.
+.PP
+When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
+to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+the value of the \fBmark\-directories\fP readline variable, regardless
+of the setting of the \fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP readline variable.
+.SH HISTORY
+When the
+.B \-o history
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the
+\fIcommand history\fP,
+the list of commands previously typed.
+The value of the \fBHISTSIZE\fP variable is used as the
+number of commands to save in a history list.
+The text of the last
+.SM
+.B HISTSIZE
+commands (default 500) is saved. The shell
+stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
+variable expansion (see
+.SM
+.B EXPANSION
+above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
+values of the shell variables
+.SM
+.B HISTIGNORE
+and
+.SM
+.BR HISTCONTROL .
+.PP
+On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by
+the variable
+.SM
+.B HISTFILE
+(default \fI~/.bash_history\fP).
+The file named by the value of
+.SM
+.B HISTFILE
+is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than
+the number of lines specified by the value of
+.SM
+.BR HISTFILESIZE .
+When an interactive shell exits, the last
+.SM
+.B $HISTSIZE
+lines are copied from the history list to
+.SM
+.BR $HISTFILE .
+If the
+.B histappend
+shell option is enabled
+(see the description of
+.B shopt
+under
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below), the lines are appended to the history file,
+otherwise the history file is overwritten.
+If
+.SM
+.B HISTFILE
+is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is
+not saved. After saving the history, the history file is truncated
+to contain no more than
+.SM
+.B HISTFILESIZE
+lines. If
+.SM
+.B HISTFILESIZE
+is not set, no truncation is performed.
+.PP
+The builtin command
+.B fc
+(see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of
+the history list.
+The
+.B history
+builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and
+manipulate the history file.
+When using command-line editing, search commands
+are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
+history list.
+.PP
+The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+list. The
+.SM
+.B HISTCONTROL
+and
+.SM
+.B HISTIGNORE
+variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the
+commands entered.
+The
+.B cmdhist
+shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
+line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
+semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
+The
+.B lithist
+shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
+instead of semicolons. See the description of the
+.B shopt
+builtin below under
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+for information on setting and unsetting shell options.
+.SH "HISTORY EXPANSION"
+.PP
+The shell supports a history expansion feature that
+is similar to the history expansion in
+.BR csh.
+This section describes what syntax features are available. This
+feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be
+disabled using the
+.B \+H
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion
+by default.
+.PP
+History expansions introduce words from the history list into
+the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
+arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
+fix errors in previous commands quickly.
+.PP
+History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line
+is read, before the shell breaks it into words.
+It takes place in two parts.
+The first is to determine which line from the history list
+to use during substitution.
+The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into
+the current one.
+The line selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP,
+and the portions of that line that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP.
+Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words.
+The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when reading input,
+so that several \fImetacharacter\fP-separated words surrounded by
+quotes are considered one word.
+History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
+history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default.
+Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote
+the history expansion character.
+.PP
+Several shell options settable with the
+.B shopt
+builtin may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion.
+If the
+.B histverify
+shell option is enabled (see the description of the
+.B shopt
+builtin), and
+.B readline
+is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
+the shell parser.
+Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the
+.B readline
+editing buffer for further modification.
+If
+.B readline
+is being used, and the
+.B histreedit
+shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution will be reloaded
+into the
+.B readline
+editing buffer for correction.
+The
+.B \-p
+option to the
+.B history
+builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will
+do before using it.
+The
+.B \-s
+option to the
+.B history
+builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list
+without actually executing them, so that they are available for
+subsequent recall.
+.PP
+The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
+history expansion mechanism (see the description of
+.B histchars
+above under
+.BR "Shell Variables" ).
+.SS Event Designators
+.PP
+An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
+history list.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B !
+Start a history substitution, except when followed by a
+.BR blank ,
+newline, = or ( (when the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using
+the \fBshopt\fP builtin).
+.TP
+.B !\fIn\fR
+Refer to command line
+.IR n .
+.TP
+.B !\-\fIn\fR
+Refer to the current command line minus
+.IR n .
+.TP
+.B !!
+Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!\-1'.
+.TP
+.B !\fIstring\fR
+Refer to the most recent command starting with
+.IR string .
+.TP
+.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR
+Refer to the most recent command containing
+.IR string .
+The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if
+.I string
+is followed immediately by a newline.
+.TP
+.B \d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u
+Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing
+.I string1
+with
+.IR string2 .
+Equivalent to
+``!!:s/\fIstring1\fP/\fIstring2\fP/''
+(see \fBModifiers\fP below).
+.TP
+.B !#
+The entire command line typed so far.
+.PD
+.SS Word Designators
+.PP
+Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
+A
+.B :
+separates the event specification from the word designator.
+It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a
+.BR ^ ,
+.BR $ ,
+.BR * ,
+.BR \- ,
+or
+.BR % .
+Words are numbered from the beginning of the line,
+with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero).
+Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B 0 (zero)
+The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command
+word.
+.TP
+.I n
+The \fIn\fRth word.
+.TP
+.B ^
+The first argument. That is, word 1.
+.TP
+.B $
+The last argument.
+.TP
+.B %
+The word matched by the most recent `?\fIstring\fR?' search.
+.TP
+.I x\fB\-\fPy
+A range of words; `\-\fIy\fR' abbreviates `0\-\fIy\fR'.
+.TP
+.B *
+All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym
+for `\fI1\-$\fP'. It is not an error to use
+.B *
+if there is just one
+word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case.
+.TP
+.B x*
+Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP.
+.TP
+.B x\-
+Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP like \fBx*\fP, but omits the last word.
+.PD
+.PP
+If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+previous command is used as the event.
+.SS Modifiers
+.PP
+After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of
+one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.PP
+.TP
+.B h
+Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head.
+.TP
+.B t
+Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail.
+.TP
+.B r
+Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the
+basename.
+.TP
+.B e
+Remove all but the trailing suffix.
+.TP
+.B p
+Print the new command but do not execute it.
+.TP
+.B q
+Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
+.TP
+.B x
+Quote the substituted words as with
+.BR q ,
+but break into words at
+.B blanks
+and newlines.
+.TP
+.B s/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/
+Substitute
+.I new
+for the first occurrence of
+.I old
+in the event line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The
+final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the
+event line. The delimiter may be quoted in
+.I old
+and
+.I new
+with a single backslash. If & appears in
+.IR new ,
+it is replaced by
+.IR old .
+A single backslash will quote the &. If
+.I old
+is null, it is set to the last
+.I old
+substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
+the last
+.I string
+in a
+.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR
+search.
+.TP
+.B &
+Repeat the previous substitution.
+.TP
+.B g
+Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is
+used in conjunction with `\fB:s\fP' (e.g., `\fB:gs/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/\fR')
+or `\fB:&\fP'. If used with
+`\fB:s\fP', any delimiter can be used
+in place of /, and the final delimiter is optional
+if it is the last character of the event line.
+An \fBa\fP may be used as a synonym for \fBg\fP.
+.TP
+.B G
+Apply the following `\fBs\fP' modifier once to each word in the event line.
+.PD
+.SH "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+.\" start of bash_builtins
+.zZ
+.PP
+Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this
+section as accepting options preceded by
+.B \-
+accepts
+.B \-\-
+to signify the end of the options.
+.sp .5
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fB:\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
+.PD
+No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding
+.I arguments
+and performing any specified
+redirections. A zero exit code is returned.
+.TP
+\fB .\| \fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBsource\fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
+.PD
+Read and execute commands from
+.I filename
+in the current
+shell environment and return the exit status of the last command
+executed from
+.IR filename .
+If
+.I filename
+does not contain a slash, file names in
+.SM
+.B PATH
+are used to find the directory containing
+.IR filename .
+The file searched for in
+.SM
+.B PATH
+need not be executable.
+When \fBbash\fP is not in \fIposix mode\fP, the current directory is
+searched if no file is found in
+.SM
+.BR PATH .
+If the
+.B sourcepath
+option to the
+.B shopt
+builtin command is turned off, the
+.SM
+.B PATH
+is not searched.
+If any \fIarguments\fP are supplied, they become the positional
+parameters when \fIfilename\fP is executed. Otherwise the positional
+parameters are unchanged.
+The return status is the status of the last command exited within
+the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if
+.I filename
+is not found or cannot be read.
+.TP
+\fBalias\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
+\fBAlias\fP with no arguments or with the
+.B \-p
+option prints the list of aliases in the form
+\fBalias\fP \fIname\fP=\fIvalue\fP on standard output.
+When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for
+each \fIname\fP whose \fIvalue\fP is given.
+A trailing space in \fIvalue\fP causes the next word to be
+checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
+For each \fIname\fP in the argument list for which no \fIvalue\fP
+is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed.
+\fBAlias\fP returns true unless a \fIname\fP is given for which
+no alias has been defined.
+.TP
+\fBbg\fP [\fIjobspec\fP]
+Resume the suspended job \fIjobspec\fP in the background, as if it
+had been started with
+.BR & .
+If \fIjobspec\fP is not present, the shell's notion of the
+\fIcurrent job\fP is used.
+.B bg
+.I jobspec
+returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with
+job control enabled, if \fIjobspec\fP was not found or started without
+job control.
+.TP
+\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-lpsvPSV\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-q\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-r\fP \fIkeyseq\fP]
+.TP
+\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fB\-f\fP \fIfilename\fP
+.TP
+\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fB\-x\fP \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIshell\-command\fP
+.TP
+\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIfunction\-name\fP
+.TP
+\fBbind\fP \fIreadline\-command\fP
+.PD
+Display current
+.B readline
+key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a
+.B readline
+function or macro, or set a
+.B readline
+variable.
+Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in
+.IR .inputrc ,
+but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument;
+e.g., '"\eC\-x\eC\-r": re\-read\-init\-file'.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-m \fIkeymap\fP
+Use
+.I keymap
+as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings.
+Acceptable
+.I keymap
+names are
+\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi,
+vi\-move, vi\-command\fP, and
+.IR vi\-insert .
+\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is
+equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-l
+List the names of all \fBreadline\fP functions.
+.TP
+.B \-p
+Display \fBreadline\fP function names and bindings in such a way
+that they can be re-read.
+.TP
+.B \-P
+List current \fBreadline\fP function names and bindings.
+.TP
+.B \-v
+Display \fBreadline\fP variable names and values in such a way that they
+can be re-read.
+.TP
+.B \-V
+List current \fBreadline\fP variable names and values.
+.TP
+.B \-s
+Display \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+they output in such a way that they can be re-read.
+.TP
+.B \-S
+Display \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+they output.
+.TP
+.B \-f \fIfilename\fP
+Read key bindings from \fIfilename\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-q \fIfunction\fP
+Query about which keys invoke the named \fIfunction\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-u \fIfunction\fP
+Unbind all keys bound to the named \fIfunction\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-r \fIkeyseq\fP
+Remove any current binding for \fIkeyseq\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-x \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIshell\-command\fP
+Cause \fIshell\-command\fP to be executed whenever \fIkeyseq\fP is
+entered.
+.PD
+.PP
+The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an
+error occurred.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBbreak\fP [\fIn\fP]
+Exit from within a
+.BR for ,
+.BR while ,
+.BR until ,
+or
+.B select
+loop. If \fIn\fP is specified, break \fIn\fP levels.
+.I n
+must be \(>= 1. If
+.I n
+is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops
+are exited. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing
+a loop when
+.B break
+is executed.
+.TP
+\fBbuiltin\fP \fIshell\-builtin\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
+Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it
+.IR arguments ,
+and return its exit status.
+This is useful when defining a
+function whose name is the same as a shell builtin,
+retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function.
+The \fBcd\fP builtin is commonly redefined this way.
+The return status is false if
+.I shell\-builtin
+is not a shell builtin command.
+.TP
+\fBcd\fP [\fB\-L|-P\fP] [\fIdir\fP]
+Change the current directory to \fIdir\fP. The variable
+.SM
+.B HOME
+is the
+default
+.IR dir .
+The variable
+.SM
+.B CDPATH
+defines the search path for the directory containing
+.IR dir .
+Alternative directory names in
+.SM
+.B CDPATH
+are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in
+.SM
+.B CDPATH
+is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``\fB.\fP''. If
+.I dir
+begins with a slash (/),
+then
+.SM
+.B CDPATH
+is not used. The
+.B \-P
+option says to use the physical directory structure instead of
+following symbolic links (see also the
+.B \-P
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command); the
+.B \-L
+option forces symbolic links to be followed. An argument of
+.B \-
+is equivalent to
+.SM
+.BR $OLDPWD .
+The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed;
+false otherwise.
+.TP
+\fBcaller\fP [\fIexpr\fP]
+Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
+a script executed with the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins.
+Without \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP displays the line number and source
+filename of the current subroutine call.
+If a non-negative integer is supplied as \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP
+displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
+to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra
+information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The
+current frame is frame 0.
+The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
+call or \fIexpr\fP does not correspond to a valid position in the
+call stack.
+.TP
+\fBcommand\fP [\fB\-pVv\fP] \fIcommand\fP [\fIarg\fP ...]
+Run
+.I command
+with
+.I args
+suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin
+commands or commands found in the
+.SM
+.B PATH
+are executed. If the
+.B \-p
+option is given, the search for
+.I command
+is performed using a default value for
+.B PATH
+that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
+If either the
+.B \-V
+or
+.B \-v
+option is supplied, a description of
+.I command
+is printed. The
+.B \-v
+option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
+used to invoke
+.I command
+to be displayed; the
+.B \-V
+option produces a more verbose description.
+If the
+.B \-V
+or
+.B \-v
+option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if
+.I command
+was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and
+an error occurred or
+.I command
+cannot be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the
+.B command
+builtin is the exit status of
+.IR command .
+.TP
+\fBcompgen\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIword\fP]
+Generate possible completion matches for \fIword\fP according to
+the \fIoption\fPs, which may be any option accepted by the
+.B complete
+builtin with the exception of \fB\-p\fP and \fB\-r\fP, and write
+the matches to the standard output.
+When using the \fB\-F\fP or \fB\-C\fP options, the various shell variables
+set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not
+have useful values.
+.sp 1
+The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable
+completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification
+with the same flags.
+If \fIword\fP is specified, only those completions matching \fIword\fP
+will be displayed.
+.sp 1
+The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no
+matches were generated.
+.TP
+\fBcomplete\fP [\fB\-abcdefgjksuv\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIcomp-option\fP] [\fB\-A\fP \fIaction\fP] [\fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP] [\fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP] [\fB\-P\fP \fIprefix\fP] [\fB\-S\fP \fIsuffix\fP]
+.br
+[\fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP] [\fB\-F\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname ...\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBcomplete\fP \fB\-pr\fP [\fIname\fP ...]
+.PD
+Specify how arguments to each \fIname\fP should be completed.
+If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied, or if no options are supplied,
+existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows
+them to be reused as input.
+The \fB\-r\fP option removes a completion specification for
+each \fIname\fP, or, if no \fIname\fPs are supplied, all
+completion specifications.
+.sp 1
+The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion
+is attempted is described above under \fBProgrammable Completion\fP.
+.sp 1
+Other options, if specified, have the following meanings.
+The arguments to the \fB\-G\fP, \fB\-W\fP, and \fB\-X\fP options
+(and, if necessary, the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP options)
+should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the
+.B complete
+builtin is invoked.
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP 8
+\fB\-o\fP \fIcomp-option\fP
+The \fIcomp-option\fP controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior
+beyond the simple generation of completions.
+\fIcomp-option\fP may be one of:
+.RS
+.TP 8
+.B default
+Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates
+no matches.
+.TP 8
+.B dirnames
+Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
+.TP 8
+.B filenames
+Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
+filename\-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names or
+suppressing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions.
+.TP 8
+.B nospace
+Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
+the end of the line.
+.RE
+.TP 8
+\fB\-A\fP \fIaction\fP
+The \fIaction\fP may be one of the following to generate a list of possible
+completions:
+.RS
+.TP 8
+.B alias
+Alias names. May also be specified as \fB\-a\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B arrayvar
+Array variable names.
+.TP 8
+.B binding
+\fBReadline\fP key binding names.
+.TP 8
+.B builtin
+Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as \fB\-b\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B command
+Command names. May also be specified as \fB\-c\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B directory
+Directory names. May also be specified as \fB\-d\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B disabled
+Names of disabled shell builtins.
+.TP 8
+.B enabled
+Names of enabled shell builtins.
+.TP 8
+.B export
+Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as \fB\-e\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B file
+File names. May also be specified as \fB\-f\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B function
+Names of shell functions.
+.TP 8
+.B group
+Group names. May also be specified as \fB\-g\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B helptopic
+Help topics as accepted by the \fBhelp\fP builtin.
+.TP 8
+.B hostname
+Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
+.SM
+.B HOSTFILE
+shell variable.
+.TP 8
+.B job
+Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as \fB\-j\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B keyword
+Shell reserved words. May also be specified as \fB\-k\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B running
+Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
+.TP 8
+.B service
+Service names. May also be specified as \fB\-s\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B setopt
+Valid arguments for the \fB\-o\fP option to the \fBset\fP builtin.
+.TP 8
+.B shopt
+Shell option names as accepted by the \fBshopt\fP builtin.
+.TP 8
+.B signal
+Signal names.
+.TP 8
+.B stopped
+Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
+.TP 8
+.B user
+User names. May also be specified as \fB\-u\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B variable
+Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as \fB\-v\fP.
+.RE
+.TP 8
+\fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP
+The filename expansion pattern \fIglobpat\fP is expanded to generate
+the possible completions.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP
+The \fIwordlist\fP is split using the characters in the
+.SM
+.B IFS
+special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded.
+The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
+match the word being completed.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP
+\fIcommand\fP is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is
+used as the possible completions.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-F\fP \fIfunction\fP
+The shell function \fIfunction\fP is executed in the current shell
+environment.
+When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value
+of the
+.SM
+.B COMPREPLY
+array variable.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP
+\fIfilterpat\fP is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
+It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
+preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
+\fIfilterpat\fP is removed from the list.
+A leading \fB!\fP in \fIfilterpat\fP negates the pattern; in this
+case, any completion not matching \fIfilterpat\fP is removed.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-P\fP \fIprefix\fP
+\fIprefix\fP is added at the beginning of each possible completion
+after all other options have been applied.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-S\fP \fIsuffix\fP
+\fIsuffix\fP is appended to each possible completion
+after all other options have been applied.
+.PD
+.PP
+The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option
+other than \fB\-p\fP or \fB\-r\fP is supplied without a \fIname\fP
+argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for
+a \fIname\fP for which no specification exists, or
+an error occurs adding a completion specification.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBcontinue\fP [\fIn\fP]
+Resume the next iteration of the enclosing
+.BR for ,
+.BR while ,
+.BR until ,
+or
+.B select
+loop.
+If
+.I n
+is specified, resume at the \fIn\fPth enclosing loop.
+.I n
+must be \(>= 1. If
+.I n
+is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop
+(the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless the
+shell is not executing a loop when
+.B continue
+is executed.
+.TP
+\fBdeclare\fP [\fB\-afFirtx\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBtypeset\fP [\fB\-afFirtx\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
+.PD
+Declare variables and/or give them attributes.
+If no \fIname\fPs are given then display the values of variables.
+The
+.B \-p
+option will display the attributes and values of each
+.IR name .
+When
+.B \-p
+is used, additional options are ignored.
+The
+.B \-F
+option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the
+function name and attributes are printed.
+If the \fBextdebug\fP shell option is enabled using \fBshopt\fP,
+the source file name and line number where the function is defined
+are displayed as well. The
+.B \-F
+option implies
+.BR \-f .
+The following options can
+be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or
+to give variables attributes:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-a
+Each \fIname\fP is an array variable (see
+.B Arrays
+above).
+.TP
+.B \-f
+Use function names only.
+.TP
+.B \-i
+The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see
+.SM
+.B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" ") "
+is performed when the variable is assigned a value.
+.TP
+.B \-r
+Make \fIname\fPs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values
+by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+.TP
+.B \-t
+Give each \fIname\fP the \fItrace\fP attribute.
+Traced functions inherit the \fBDEBUG\fP trap from the calling shell.
+The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
+.TP
+.B \-x
+Mark \fIname\fPs for export to subsequent commands via the environment.
+.PD
+.PP
+Using `+' instead of `\-'
+turns off the attribute instead, with the exception that \fB+a\fP
+may not be used to destroy an array variable. When used in a function,
+makes each
+\fIname\fP local, as with the
+.B local
+command.
+If a variable name is followed by =\fIvalue\fP, the value of
+the variable is set to \fIvalue\fP.
+The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+an attempt is made to define a function using
+.if n ``\-f foo=bar'',
+.if t \f(CW\-f foo=bar\fP,
+an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
+using the compound assignment syntax (see
+.B Arrays
+above), one of the \fInames\fP is not a valid shell variable name,
+an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
+or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with \fB\-f\fP.
+.RE
+.TP
+.B dirs [\fB\-clpv\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP]
+Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.
+The default display is on a single line with directory names separated
+by spaces.
+Directories are added to the list with the
+.B pushd
+command; the
+.B popd
+command removes entries from the list.
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fB+\fP\fIn\fP
+Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list
+shown by
+.B dirs
+when invoked without options, starting with zero.
+.TP
+\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP
+Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list
+shown by
+.B dirs
+when invoked without options, starting with zero.
+.TP
+.B \-c
+Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.
+.TP
+.B \-l
+Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a
+tilde to denote the home directory.
+.TP
+.B \-p
+Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
+.TP
+.B \-v
+Print the directory stack with one entry per line,
+prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+.PD
+.PP
+The return value is 0 unless an
+invalid option is supplied or \fIn\fP indexes beyond the end
+of the directory stack.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBdisown\fP [\fB\-ar\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fIjobspec\fP ...]
+Without options, each
+.I jobspec
+is removed from the table of active jobs.
+If the \fB\-h\fP option is given, each
+.I jobspec
+is not removed from the table, but is marked so that
+.SM
+.B SIGHUP
+is not sent to the job if the shell receives a
+.SM
+.BR SIGHUP .
+If no
+.I jobspec
+is present, and neither the
+.B \-a
+nor the
+.B \-r
+option is supplied, the \fIcurrent job\fP is used.
+If no
+.I jobspec
+is supplied, the
+.B \-a
+option means to remove or mark all jobs; the
+.B \-r
+option without a
+.I jobspec
+argument restricts operation to running jobs.
+The return value is 0 unless a
+.I jobspec
+does not specify a valid job.
+.TP
+\fBecho\fP [\fB\-neE\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...]
+Output the \fIarg\fPs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
+The return status is always 0.
+If \fB\-n\fP is specified, the trailing newline is
+suppressed. If the \fB\-e\fP option is given, interpretation of
+the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. The
+.B \-E
+option disables the interpretation of these escape characters,
+even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
+The \fBxpg_echo\fP shell option may be used to
+dynamically determine whether or not \fBecho\fP expands these
+escape characters by default.
+.B echo
+does not interpret
+.B \-\-
+to mean the end of options.
+.B echo
+interprets the following escape sequences:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \ea
+alert (bell)
+.TP
+.B \eb
+backspace
+.TP
+.B \ec
+suppress trailing newline
+.TP
+.B \ee
+an escape character
+.TP
+.B \ef
+form feed
+.TP
+.B \en
+new line
+.TP
+.B \er
+carriage return
+.TP
+.B \et
+horizontal tab
+.TP
+.B \ev
+vertical tab
+.TP
+.B \e\e
+backslash
+.TP
+.B \e0\fInnn\fP
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
+(zero to three octal digits)
+.TP
+.B \e\fInnn\fP
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
+(one to three octal digits)
+.TP
+.B \ex\fIHH\fP
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
+(one or two hex digits)
+.PD
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBenable\fP [\fB\-adnps\fP] [\fB\-f\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
+Enable and disable builtin shell commands.
+Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name
+as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,
+even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+If \fB\-n\fP is used, each \fIname\fP
+is disabled; otherwise,
+\fInames\fP are enabled. For example, to use the
+.B test
+binary found via the
+.SM
+.B PATH
+instead of the shell builtin version, run
+.if t \f(CWenable -n test\fP.
+.if n ``enable -n test''.
+The
+.B \-f
+option means to load the new builtin command
+.I name
+from shared object
+.IR filename ,
+on systems that support dynamic loading. The
+.B \-d
+option will delete a builtin previously loaded with
+.BR \-f .
+If no \fIname\fP arguments are given, or if the
+.B \-p
+option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed.
+With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled
+shell builtins.
+If \fB\-n\fP is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed.
+If \fB\-a\fP is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an
+indication of whether or not each is enabled.
+If \fB\-s\fP is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX
+\fIspecial\fP builtins.
+The return value is 0 unless a
+.I name
+is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin
+from a shared object.
+.TP
+\fBeval\fP [\fIarg\fP ...]
+The \fIarg\fPs are read and concatenated together into a single
+command. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
+its exit status is returned as the value of
+.BR eval .
+If there are no
+.IR args ,
+or only null arguments,
+.B eval
+returns 0.
+.TP
+\fBexec\fP [\fB\-cl\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIname\fP] [\fIcommand\fP [\fIarguments\fP]]
+If
+.I command
+is specified, it replaces the shell.
+No new process is created. The
+.I arguments
+become the arguments to \fIcommand\fP.
+If the
+.B \-l
+option is supplied,
+the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth arg passed to
+.IR command .
+This is what
+.IR login (1)
+does. The
+.B \-c
+option causes
+.I command
+to be executed with an empty environment. If
+.B \-a
+is supplied, the shell passes
+.I name
+as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If
+.I command
+cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
+unless the shell option
+.B execfail
+is enabled, in which case it returns failure.
+An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed.
+If
+.I command
+is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell,
+and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the
+return status is 1.
+.TP
+\fBexit\fP [\fIn\fP]
+Cause the shell to exit
+with a status of \fIn\fP. If
+.I n
+is omitted, the exit status
+is that of the last command executed.
+A trap on
+.SM
+.B EXIT
+is executed before the shell terminates.
+.TP
+\fBexport\fP [\fB\-fn\fP\^] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP]] ...
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B export \-p
+.PD
+The supplied
+.I names
+are marked for automatic export to the environment of
+subsequently executed commands. If the
+.B \-f
+option is given,
+the
+.I names
+refer to functions.
+If no
+.I names
+are given, or if the
+.B \-p
+option is supplied, a list
+of all names that are exported in this shell is printed.
+The
+.B \-n
+option causes the export property to be removed from the
+named variables.
+If a variable name is followed by =\fIword\fP, the value of
+the variable is set to \fIword\fP.
+.B export
+returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is
+encountered,
+one of the \fInames\fP is not a valid shell variable name, or
+.B \-f
+is supplied with a
+.I name
+that is not a function.
+.TP
+\fBfc\fP [\fB\-e\fP \fIename\fP] [\fB\-nlr\fP] [\fIfirst\fP] [\fIlast\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBfc\fP \fB\-s\fP [\fIpat\fP=\fIrep\fP] [\fIcmd\fP]
+.PD
+Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from
+.I first
+to
+.I last
+is selected from the history list.
+.I First
+and
+.I last
+may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
+with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list,
+where a negative number is used as an offset from the current
+command number). If
+.I last
+is not specified it is set to
+the current command for listing (so that
+.if n ``fc \-l \-10''
+.if t \f(CWfc \-l \-10\fP
+prints the last 10 commands) and to
+.I first
+otherwise.
+If
+.I first
+is not specified it is set to the previous
+command for editing and \-16 for listing.
+.sp 1
+The
+.B \-n
+option suppresses
+the command numbers when listing. The
+.B \-r
+option reverses the order of
+the commands. If the
+.B \-l
+option is given,
+the commands are listed on
+standard output. Otherwise, the editor given by
+.I ename
+is invoked
+on a file containing those commands. If
+.I ename
+is not given, the
+value of the
+.SM
+.B FCEDIT
+variable is used, and
+the value of
+.SM
+.B EDITOR
+if
+.SM
+.B FCEDIT
+is not set. If neither variable is set,
+.FN vi
+is used. When editing is complete, the edited commands are
+echoed and executed.
+.sp 1
+In the second form, \fIcommand\fP is re-executed after each instance
+of \fIpat\fP is replaced by \fIrep\fP.
+A useful alias to use with this is
+.if n ``r="fc -s"'',
+.if t \f(CWr='fc \-s'\fP,
+so that typing
+.if n ``r cc''
+.if t \f(CWr cc\fP
+runs the last command beginning with
+.if n ``cc''
+.if t \f(CWcc\fP
+and typing
+.if n ``r''
+.if t \f(CWr\fP
+re-executes the last command.
+.sp 1
+If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid
+option is encountered or
+.I first
+or
+.I last
+specify history lines out of range.
+If the
+.B \-e
+option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last
+command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary
+file of commands. If the second form is used, the return status
+is that of the command re-executed, unless
+.I cmd
+does not specify a valid history line, in which case
+.B fc
+returns failure.
+.TP
+\fBfg\fP [\fIjobspec\fP]
+Resume
+.I jobspec
+in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+If
+.I jobspec
+is not present, the shell's notion of the \fIcurrent job\fP is used.
+The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground,
+or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with
+job control enabled, if
+.I jobspec
+does not specify a valid job or
+.I jobspec
+specifies a job that was started without job control.
+.TP
+\fBgetopts\fP \fIoptstring\fP \fIname\fP [\fIargs\fP]
+.B getopts
+is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.
+.I optstring
+contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character
+is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
+argument, which should be separated from it by white space.
+The colon and question mark characters may not be used as
+option characters.
+Each time it is invoked,
+.B getopts
+places the next option in the shell variable
+.IR name ,
+initializing
+.I name
+if it does not exist,
+and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
+variable
+.SM
+.BR OPTIND .
+.SM
+.B OPTIND
+is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script
+is invoked. When an option requires an argument,
+.B getopts
+places that argument into the variable
+.SM
+.BR OPTARG .
+The shell does not reset
+.SM
+.B OPTIND
+automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple
+calls to
+.B getopts
+within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters
+is to be used.
+.sp 1
+When the end of options is encountered, \fBgetopts\fP exits with a
+return value greater than zero.
+\fBOPTIND\fP is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
+and \fBname\fP is set to ?.
+.sp 1
+.B getopts
+normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
+given in
+.IR args ,
+.B getopts
+parses those instead.
+.sp 1
+.B getopts
+can report errors in two ways. If the first character of
+.I optstring
+is a colon,
+.I silent
+error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages
+are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are
+encountered.
+If the variable
+.SM
+.B OPTERR
+is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
+character of
+.I optstring
+is not a colon.
+.sp 1
+If an invalid option is seen,
+.B getopts
+places ? into
+.I name
+and, if not silent,
+prints an error message and unsets
+.SM
+.BR OPTARG .
+If
+.B getopts
+is silent,
+the option character found is placed in
+.SM
+.B OPTARG
+and no diagnostic message is printed.
+.sp 1
+If a required argument is not found, and
+.B getopts
+is not silent,
+a question mark (\^\fB?\fP\^) is placed in
+.IR name ,
+.SM
+.B OPTARG
+is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.
+If
+.B getopts
+is silent, then a colon (\^\fB:\fP\^) is placed in
+.I name
+and
+.SM
+.B OPTARG
+is set to the option character found.
+.sp 1
+.B getopts
+returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found.
+It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an
+error occurs.
+.TP
+\fBhash\fP [\fB\-lr\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fB\-dt\fP] [\fIname\fP]
+For each
+.IR name ,
+the full file name of the command is determined by searching
+the directories in
+.B $PATH
+and remembered.
+If the
+.B \-p
+option is supplied, no path search is performed, and
+.I filename
+is used as the full file name of the command.
+The
+.B \-r
+option causes the shell to forget all
+remembered locations.
+The
+.B \-d
+option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each \fIname\fP.
+If the
+.B \-t
+option is supplied, the full pathname to which each \fIname\fP corresponds
+is printed. If multiple \fIname\fP arguments are supplied with \fB\-t\fP,
+the \fIname\fP is printed before the hashed full pathname.
+The
+.B \-l
+option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
+If no arguments are given, or if only \fB\-l\fP is supplied,
+information about remembered commands is printed.
+The return status is true unless a
+.I name
+is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
+.TP
+\fBhelp\fP [\fB\-s\fP] [\fIpattern\fP]
+Display helpful information about builtin commands. If
+.I pattern
+is specified,
+.B help
+gives detailed help on all commands matching
+.IR pattern ;
+otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures
+is printed.
+The \fB\-s\fP option restricts the information displayed to a short
+usage synopsis.
+The return status is 0 unless no command matches
+.IR pattern .
+.TP
+\fBhistory [\fIn\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBhistory\fP \fB\-c\fP
+.TP
+\fBhistory \-d\fP \fIoffset\fP
+.TP
+\fBhistory\fP \fB\-anrw\fP [\fIfilename\fP]
+.TP
+\fBhistory\fP \fB\-p\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg ...\fP]
+.TP
+\fBhistory\fP \fB\-s\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg ...\fP]
+.PD
+With no options, display the command
+history list with line numbers. Lines listed
+with a
+.B *
+have been modified. An argument of
+.I n
+lists only the last
+.I n
+lines. If \fIfilename\fP is supplied, it is used as the
+name of the history file; if not, the value of
+.SM
+.B HISTFILE
+is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-c
+Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
+.TP
+\fB\-d\fP \fIoffset\fP
+Delete the history entry at position \fIoffset\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-a
+Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered since the
+beginning of the current \fBbash\fP session) to the history file.
+.TP
+.B \-n
+Read the history lines not already read from the history
+file into the current history list. These are lines
+appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+current \fBbash\fP session.
+.TP
+.B \-r
+Read the contents of the history file
+and use them as the current history.
+.TP
+.B \-w
+Write the current history to the history file, overwriting the
+history file's contents.
+.TP
+.B \-p
+Perform history substitution on the following \fIargs\fP and display
+the result on the standard output.
+Does not store the results in the history list.
+Each \fIarg\fP must be quoted to disable normal history expansion.
+.TP
+.B \-s
+Store the
+.I args
+in the history list as a single entry. The last command in the
+history list is removed before the
+.I args
+are added.
+.PD
+.PP
+The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
+error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
+\fIoffset\fP is supplied as an argument to \fB\-d\fP, or the
+history expansion supplied as an argument to \fB\-p\fP fails.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBjobs\fP [\fB\-lnprs\fP] [ \fIjobspec\fP ... ]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBjobs\fP \fB\-x\fP \fIcommand\fP [ \fIargs\fP ... ]
+.PD
+The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the following
+meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-l
+List process IDs
+in addition to the normal information.
+.TP
+.B \-p
+List only the process ID of the job's process group
+leader.
+.TP
+.B \-n
+Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
+the user was last notified of their status.
+.TP
+.B \-r
+Restrict output to running jobs.
+.TP
+.B \-s
+Restrict output to stopped jobs.
+.PD
+.PP
+If
+.I jobspec
+is given, output is restricted to information about that job.
+The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered
+or an invalid
+.I jobspec
+is supplied.
+.PP
+If the
+.B \-x
+option is supplied,
+.B jobs
+replaces any
+.I jobspec
+found in
+.I command
+or
+.I args
+with the corresponding process group ID, and executes
+.I command
+passing it
+.IR args ,
+returning its exit status.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBkill\fP [\fB\-s\fP \fIsigspec\fP | \fB\-n\fP \fIsignum\fP | \fB\-\fP\fIsigspec\fP] [\fIpid\fP | \fIjobspec\fP] ...
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBkill\fP \fB\-l\fP [\fIsigspec\fP | \fIexit_status\fP]
+.PD
+Send the signal named by
+.I sigspec
+or
+.I signum
+to the processes named by
+.I pid
+or
+.IR jobspec .
+.I sigspec
+is either a signal name such as
+.SM
+.B SIGKILL
+or a signal number;
+.I signum
+is a signal number. If
+.I sigspec
+is a signal name, the name may be
+given with or without the
+.SM
+.B SIG
+prefix.
+If
+.I sigspec
+is not present, then
+.SM
+.B SIGTERM
+is assumed.
+An argument of
+.B \-l
+lists the signal names.
+If any arguments are supplied when
+.B \-l
+is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+listed, and the return status is 0.
+The \fIexit_status\fP argument to
+.B \-l
+is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of
+a process terminated by a signal.
+.B kill
+returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false
+if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
+.TP
+\fBlet\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg\fP ...]
+Each
+.I arg
+is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see
+.SM
+.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" ).
+If the last
+.I arg
+evaluates to 0,
+.B let
+returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
+.TP
+\fBlocal\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
+For each argument, a local variable named
+.I name
+is created, and assigned
+.IR value .
+The \fIoption\fP can be any of the options accepted by \fBdeclare\fP.
+When
+.B local
+is used within a function, it causes the variable
+.I name
+to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children.
+With no operands,
+.B local
+writes a list of local variables to the standard output. It is
+an error to use
+.B local
+when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
+.B local
+is used outside a function, an invalid
+.I name
+is supplied, or
+\fIname\fP is a readonly variable.
+.TP
+.B logout
+Exit a login shell.
+.TP
+\fBpopd\fP [\-\fBn\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP]
+Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
+removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a
+.B cd
+to the new top directory.
+Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fB+\fP\fIn\fP
+Removes the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list
+shown by
+.BR dirs ,
+starting with zero. For example:
+.if n ``popd +0''
+.if t \f(CWpopd +0\fP
+removes the first directory,
+.if n ``popd +1''
+.if t \f(CWpopd +1\fP
+the second.
+.TP
+\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP
+Removes the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list
+shown by
+.BR dirs ,
+starting with zero. For example:
+.if n ``popd -0''
+.if t \f(CWpopd -0\fP
+removes the last directory,
+.if n ``popd -1''
+.if t \f(CWpopd -1\fP
+the next to last.
+.TP
+.B \-n
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories
+from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+.PD
+.PP
+If the
+.B popd
+command is successful, a
+.B dirs
+is performed as well, and the return status is 0.
+.B popd
+returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack
+is empty, a non-existent directory stack entry is specified, or the
+directory change fails.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBprintf\fP \fIformat\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
+Write the formatted \fIarguments\fP to the standard output under the
+control of the \fIformat\fP.
+The \fIformat\fP is a character string which contains three types of objects:
+plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
+escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
+format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
+\fIargument\fP.
+In addition to the standard \fIprintf\fP(1) formats, \fB%b\fP causes
+\fBprintf\fP to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
+\fIargument\fP, and \fB%q\fP causes \fBprintf\fP to output the corresponding
+\fIargument\fP in a format that can be reused as shell input.
+.sp 1
+The \fIformat\fP is reused as necessary to consume all of the \fIarguments\fP.
+If the \fIformat\fP requires more \fIarguments\fP than are supplied, the
+extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
+appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success,
+non-zero on failure.
+.TP
+\fBpushd\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [\fIdir\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBpushd\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP]
+.PD
+Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
+and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty.
+Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fB+\fP\fIn\fP
+Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory
+(counting from the left of the list shown by
+.BR dirs ,
+starting with zero)
+is at the top.
+.TP
+\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP
+Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory
+(counting from the right of the list shown by
+.BR dirs ,
+starting with zero) is at the top.
+.TP
+.B \-n
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories
+to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+.TP
+.I dir
+Adds
+.I dir
+to the directory stack at the top, making it the
+new current working directory.
+.PD
+.PP
+If the
+.B pushd
+command is successful, a
+.B dirs
+is performed as well.
+If the first form is used,
+.B pushd
+returns 0 unless the cd to
+.I dir
+fails. With the second form,
+.B pushd
+returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty,
+a non-existent directory stack element is specified,
+or the directory change to the specified new current directory
+fails.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBpwd\fP [\fB\-LP\fP]
+Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the
+.B \-P
+option is supplied or the
+.B \-o physical
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command is enabled.
+If the
+.B \-L
+option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.
+The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while
+reading the name of the current directory or an
+invalid option is supplied.
+.TP
+\fBread\fP [\fB\-ers\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-t\fP \fItimeout\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIaname\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIprompt\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
+One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
+\fIfd\fP supplied as an argument to the \fB\-u\fP option, and the first word
+is assigned to the first
+.IR name ,
+the second word to the second
+.IR name ,
+and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned
+to the last
+.IR name .
+If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
+the remaining names are assigned empty values.
+The characters in
+.SM
+.B IFS
+are used to split the line into words.
+The backslash character (\fB\e\fP) may be used to remove any special
+meaning for the next character read and for line continuation.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-a \fIaname\fP
+The words are assigned to sequential indices
+of the array variable
+.IR aname ,
+starting at 0.
+.I aname
+is unset before any new values are assigned.
+Other \fIname\fP arguments are ignored.
+.TP
+.B \-d \fIdelim\fP
+The first character of \fIdelim\fP is used to terminate the input line,
+rather than newline.
+.TP
+.B \-e
+If the standard input
+is coming from a terminal,
+.B readline
+(see
+.SM
+.B READLINE
+above) is used to obtain the line.
+.TP
+.B \-n \fInchars\fP
+\fBread\fP returns after reading \fInchars\fP characters rather than
+waiting for a complete line of input.
+.TP
+.B \-p \fIprompt\fP
+Display \fIprompt\fP on standard error, without a
+trailing newline, before attempting to read any input. The prompt
+is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
+.TP
+.B \-r
+Backslash does not act as an escape character.
+The backslash is considered to be part of the line.
+In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
+continuation.
+.TP
+.B \-s
+Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are
+not echoed.
+.TP
+.B \-t \fItimeout\fP
+Cause \fBread\fP to time out and return failure if a complete line of
+input is not read within \fItimeout\fP seconds.
+This option has no effect if \fBread\fP is not reading input from the
+terminal or a pipe.
+.TP
+.B \-u \fIfd\FP
+Read input from file descriptor \fIfd\fP.
+.PD
+.PP
+If no
+.I names
+are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable
+.SM
+.BR REPLY .
+The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, \fBread\fP
+times out, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to
+\fB\-u\fP.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBreadonly\fP [\fB\-apf\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP] ...]
+.PD
+The given
+\fInames\fP are marked readonly; the values of these
+.I names
+may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
+If the
+.B \-f
+option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the
+\fInames\fP are so
+marked.
+The
+.B \-a
+option restricts the variables to arrays.
+If no
+.I name
+arguments are given, or if the
+.B \-p
+option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
+The
+.B \-p
+option causes output to be displayed in a format that
+may be reused as input.
+If a variable name is followed by =\fIword\fP, the value of
+the variable is set to \fIword\fP.
+The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+one of the
+.I names
+is not a valid shell variable name, or
+.B \-f
+is supplied with a
+.I name
+that is not a function.
+.TP
+\fBreturn\fP [\fIn\fP]
+Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by
+.IR n .
+If
+.I n
+is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
+executed in the function body. If used outside a function,
+but during execution of a script by the
+.B .
+(\fBsource\fP) command, it causes the shell to stop executing
+that script and return either
+.I n
+or the exit status of the last command executed within the
+script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
+function and not during execution of a script by \fB.\fP\^,
+the return status is false.
+Any command associated with the \fBRETURN\fP trap is executed
+before execution resumes after the function or script.
+.TP
+\fBset\fP [\fB\-\-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...]
+Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed
+in a format that can be reused as input.
+The output is sorted according to the current locale.
+When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes.
+Any arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated
+as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
+.BR $1 ,
+.BR $2 ,
+.B ...
+.BR $\fIn\fP .
+Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP 8
+.B \-a
+Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or created
+for export to the environment of subsequent commands.
+.TP 8
+.B \-b
+Report the status of terminated background jobs
+immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is
+effective only when job control is enabled.
+.TP 8
+.B \-e
+Exit immediately if a \fIsimple command\fP (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL GRAMMAR
+above) exits with a non-zero status.
+The shell does not exit if the
+command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a
+.B while
+or
+.B until
+keyword,
+part of the test in an
+.I if
+statement, part of a
+.B &&
+or
+.B \(bv\(bv
+list, or if the command's return value is
+being inverted via
+.BR ! .
+A trap on \fBERR\fP, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
+.TP 8
+.B \-f
+Disable pathname expansion.
+.TP 8
+.B \-h
+Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution.
+This is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B \-k
+All arguments in the form of assignment statements
+are placed in the environment for a command, not just
+those that precede the command name.
+.TP 8
+.B \-m
+Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on
+by default for interactive shells on systems that support
+it (see
+.SM
+.B JOB CONTROL
+above). Background processes run in a separate process
+group and a line containing their exit status is printed
+upon their completion.
+.TP 8
+.B \-n
+Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to
+check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by
+interactive shells.
+.TP 8
+.B \-o \fIoption\-name\fP
+The \fIoption\-name\fP can be one of the following:
+.RS
+.TP 8
+.B allexport
+Same as
+.BR \-a .
+.TP 8
+.B braceexpand
+Same as
+.BR \-B .
+.TP 8
+.B emacs
+Use an emacs-style command line editing interface. This is enabled
+by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started
+with the
+.B \-\-noediting
+option.
+.TP 8
+.B errtrace
+Same as
+.BR \-E .
+.TP 8
+.B functrace
+Same as
+.BR \-T .
+.TP 8
+.B errexit
+Same as
+.BR \-e .
+.TP 8
+.B hashall
+Same as
+.BR \-h .
+.TP 8
+.B histexpand
+Same as
+.BR \-H .
+.TP 8
+.B history
+Enable command history, as described above under
+.SM
+.BR HISTORY .
+This option is on by default in interactive shells.
+.TP 8
+.B ignoreeof
+The effect is as if the shell command
+.if t \f(CWIGNOREEOF=10\fP
+.if n ``IGNOREEOF=10''
+had been executed
+(see
+.B Shell Variables
+above).
+.TP 8
+.B keyword
+Same as
+.BR \-k .
+.TP 8
+.B monitor
+Same as
+.BR \-m .
+.TP 8
+.B noclobber
+Same as
+.BR \-C .
+.TP 8
+.B noexec
+Same as
+.BR \-n .
+.TP 8
+.B noglob
+Same as
+.BR \-f .
+.B nolog
+Currently ignored.
+.TP 8
+.B notify
+Same as
+.BR \-b .
+.TP 8
+.B nounset
+Same as
+.BR \-u .
+.TP 8
+.B onecmd
+Same as
+.BR \-t .
+.TP 8
+.B physical
+Same as
+.BR \-P .
+.TP 8
+.B posix
+Change the behavior of
+.B bash
+where the default operation differs
+from the POSIX 1003.2 standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP).
+.TP 8
+.B privileged
+Same as
+.BR \-p .
+.TP 8
+.B verbose
+Same as
+.BR \-v .
+.TP 8
+.B vi
+Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
+.TP 8
+.B xtrace
+Same as
+.BR \-x .
+.sp .5
+.PP
+If
+.B \-o
+is supplied with no \fIoption\-name\fP, the values of the current options are
+printed.
+If
+.B +o
+is supplied with no \fIoption\-name\fP, a series of
+.B set
+commands to recreate the current option settings is displayed on
+the standard output.
+.RE
+.TP 8
+.B \-p
+Turn on
+.I privileged
+mode. In this mode, the
+.SM
+.B $ENV
+and
+.SM
+.B $BASH_ENV
+files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the
+environment, and the
+.SM
+.B SHELLOPTS
+variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
+If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, these actions
+are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
+If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
+not reset.
+Turning this option off causes the effective user
+and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
+.TP 8
+.B \-t
+Exit after reading and executing one command.
+.TP 8
+.B \-u
+Treat unset variables as an error when performing
+parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
+unset variable, the shell prints an error message, and,
+if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
+.TP 8
+.B \-v
+Print shell input lines as they are read.
+.TP 8
+.B \-x
+After expanding each \fIsimple command\fP,
+\fBfor\fP command, \fBcase\fP command, \fBselect\fP command, or
+arithmetic \fBfor\fP command, display the expanded value of
+.SM
+.BR PS4 ,
+followed by the command and its expanded arguments
+or associated word list.
+.TP 8
+.B \-B
+The shell performs brace expansion (see
+.B Brace Expansion
+above). This is on by default.
+.TP 8
+.B \-C
+If set,
+.B bash
+does not overwrite an existing file with the
+.BR > ,
+.BR >& ,
+and
+.B <>
+redirection operators. This may be overridden when
+creating output files by using the redirection operator
+.B >|
+instead of
+.BR > .
+.TP 8
+.B \-E
+If set, any trap on \fBERR\fP is inherited by shell functions, command
+substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
+The \fBERR\fP trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
+.TP 8
+.B \-H
+Enable
+.B !
+style history substitution. This option is on by
+default when the shell is interactive.
+.TP 8
+.B \-P
+If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when executing
+commands such as
+.B cd
+that change the current working directory. It uses the
+physical directory structure instead. By default,
+.B bash
+follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands
+which change the current directory.
+.TP 8
+.B \-T
+If set, any trap on \fBDEBUG\fP is inherited by shell functions, command
+substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
+The \fBDEBUG\fP trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
+.TP 8
+.B \-\-
+If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
+unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the
+\fIarg\fPs, even if some of them begin with a
+.BR \- .
+.TP 8
+.B \-
+Signal the end of options, cause all remaining \fIarg\fPs to be
+assigned to the positional parameters. The
+.B \-x
+and
+.B \-v
+options are turned off.
+If there are no \fIarg\fPs,
+the positional parameters remain unchanged.
+.PD
+.PP
+The options are off by default unless otherwise noted.
+Using + rather than \- causes these options to be turned off.
+The options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
+the shell.
+The current set of options may be found in
+.BR $\- .
+The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encountered.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBshift\fP [\fIn\fP]
+The positional parameters from \fIn\fP+1 ... are renamed to
+.B $1
+.B ....
+Parameters represented by the numbers \fB$#\fP
+down to \fB$#\fP\-\fIn\fP+1 are unset.
+.I n
+must be a non-negative number less than or equal to \fB$#\fP.
+If
+.I n
+is 0, no parameters are changed.
+If
+.I n
+is not given, it is assumed to be 1.
+If
+.I n
+is greater than \fB$#\fP, the positional parameters are not changed.
+The return status is greater than zero if
+.I n
+is greater than
+.B $#
+or less than zero; otherwise 0.
+.TP
+\fBshopt\fP [\fB\-pqsu\fP] [\fB\-o\fP] [\fIoptname\fP ...]
+Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior.
+With no options, or with the
+.B \-p
+option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with
+an indication of whether or not each is set.
+The \fB\-p\fP option causes output to be displayed in a form that
+may be reused as input.
+Other options have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-s
+Enable (set) each \fIoptname\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-u
+Disable (unset) each \fIoptname\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-q
+Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates
+whether the \fIoptname\fP is set or unset.
+If multiple \fIoptname\fP arguments are given with
+.BR \-q ,
+the return status is zero if all \fIoptnames\fP are enabled; non-zero
+otherwise.
+.TP
+.B \-o
+Restricts the values of \fIoptname\fP to be those defined for the
+.B \-o
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin.
+.PD
+.PP
+If either
+.B \-s
+or
+.B \-u
+is used with no \fIoptname\fP arguments, the display is limited to
+those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+Unless otherwise noted, the \fBshopt\fP options are disabled (unset)
+by default.
+.PP
+The return status when listing options is zero if all \fIoptnames\fP
+are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options,
+the return status is zero unless an \fIoptname\fP is not a valid shell
+option.
+.PP
+The list of \fBshopt\fP options is:
+.if t .sp .5v
+.if n .sp 1v
+.PD 0
+.TP 8
+.B cdable_vars
+If set, an argument to the
+.B cd
+builtin command that
+is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose
+value is the directory to change to.
+.TP 8
+.B cdspell
+If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a
+.B cd
+command will be corrected.
+The errors checked for are transposed characters,
+a missing character, and one character too many.
+If a correction is found, the corrected file name is printed,
+and the command proceeds.
+This option is only used by interactive shells.
+.TP 8
+.B checkhash
+If set, \fBbash\fP checks that a command found in the hash
+table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no
+longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
+.TP 8
+.B checkwinsize
+If set, \fBbash\fP checks the window size after each command
+and, if necessary, updates the values of
+.SM
+.B LINES
+and
+.SM
+.BR COLUMNS .
+.TP 8
+.B cmdhist
+If set,
+.B bash
+attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
+command in the same history entry. This allows
+easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
+.TP 8
+.B dotglob
+If set,
+.B bash
+includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname
+expansion.
+.TP 8
+.B execfail
+If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if
+it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the
+.B exec
+builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if
+.B exec
+fails.
+.TP 8
+.B expand_aliases
+If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+.SM
+.BR ALIASES .
+This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
+.TP 8
+.B extdebug
+If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+.RS
+.TP
+.B 1.
+The \fB\-F\fP option to the \fBdeclare\fP builtin displays the source
+file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied
+as an argument.
+.TP
+.B 2.
+If the command run by the \fBDEBUG\fP trap returns a non-zero value, the
+next command is skipped and not executed.
+.TP
+.B 3.
+If the command run by the \fBDEBUG\fP trap returns a value of 2, and the
+shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
+executed by the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins), a call to
+\fBreturn\fP is simulated.
+.RE
+.TP 8
+.B extglob
+If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under
+\fBPathname Expansion\fP are enabled.
+.TP 8
+.B extquote
+If set, \fB$\fP'\fIstring\fP' and \fB$\fP"\fIstring\fP" quoting is
+performed within \fB${\fP\fIparameter\fP\fB}\fP expansions
+enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B histappend
+If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value
+of the
+.B HISTFILE
+variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file.
+.TP 8
+.B histreedit
+If set, and
+.B readline
+is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
+failed history substitution.
+.TP 8
+.B histverify
+If set, and
+.B readline
+is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
+passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into
+the \fBreadline\fP editing buffer, allowing further modification.
+.TP 8
+.B hostcomplete
+If set, and
+.B readline
+is being used, \fBbash\fP will attempt to perform hostname completion when a
+word containing a \fB@\fP is being completed (see
+.B Completing
+under
+.SM
+.B READLINE
+above).
+This is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B huponexit
+If set, \fBbash\fP will send
+.SM
+.B SIGHUP
+to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
+.TP 8
+.B interactive_comments
+If set, allow a word beginning with
+.B #
+to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
+line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see
+.SM
+.B COMMENTS
+above). This option is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B lithist
+If set, and the
+.B cmdhist
+option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
+embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
+.TP 8
+.B login_shell
+The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see
+.SM
+.B "INVOCATION"
+above).
+The value may not be changed.
+.TP 8
+.B mailwarn
+If set, and a file that \fBbash\fP is checking for mail has been
+accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in
+\fImailfile\fP has been read'' is displayed.
+.TP 8
+.B no_empty_cmd_completion
+If set, and
+.B readline
+is being used,
+.B bash
+will not attempt to search the \fBPATH\fP for possible completions when
+completion is attempted on an empty line.
+.TP 8
+.B nocaseglob
+If set,
+.B bash
+matches filenames in a case\-insensitive fashion when performing pathname
+expansion (see
+.B Pathname Expansion
+above).
+.TP 8
+.B nullglob
+If set,
+.B bash
+allows patterns which match no
+files (see
+.B Pathname Expansion
+above)
+to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
+.TP 8
+.B progcomp
+If set, the programmable completion facilities (see
+\fBProgrammable Completion\fP above) are enabled.
+This option is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B promptvars
+If set, prompt strings undergo variable and parameter expansion after
+being expanded as described in
+.SM
+.B PROMPTING
+above. This option is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B restricted_shell
+The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see
+.SM
+.B "RESTRICTED SHELL"
+below).
+The value may not be changed.
+This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing
+the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
+.TP 8
+.B shift_verbose
+If set, the
+.B shift
+builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the
+number of positional parameters.
+.TP 8
+.B sourcepath
+If set, the
+\fBsource\fP (\fB.\fP) builtin uses the value of
+.SM
+.B PATH
+to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
+This option is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B xpg_echo
+If set, the \fBecho\fP builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+by default.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBsuspend\fP [\fB\-f\fP]
+Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
+.SM
+.B SIGCONT
+signal. The
+.B \-f
+option says not to complain if this is
+a login shell; just suspend anyway. The return status is 0 unless
+the shell is a login shell and
+.B \-f
+is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.
+.TP
+\fBtest\fP \fIexpr\fP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fB[\fP \fIexpr\fP \fB]\fP
+Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on
+the evaluation of the conditional expression
+.IR expr .
+Each operator and operand must be a separate argument.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described above under
+.SM
+.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" .
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+in decreasing order of precedence.
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B ! \fIexpr\fP
+True if
+.I expr
+is false.
+.TP
+.B ( \fIexpr\fP )
+Returns the value of \fIexpr\fP.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+.TP
+\fIexpr1\fP \-\fBa\fP \fIexpr2\fP
+True if both
+.I expr1
+and
+.I expr2
+are true.
+.TP
+\fIexpr1\fP \-\fBo\fP \fIexpr2\fP
+True if either
+.I expr1
+or
+.I expr2
+is true.
+.PD
+.PP
+\fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP evaluate conditional
+expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+.PD 0
+.TP
+0 arguments
+The expression is false.
+.TP
+1 argument
+The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null.
+.TP
+2 arguments
+If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the expression is true if and
+only if the second argument is null.
+If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators listed above
+under
+.SM
+.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" ,
+the expression is true if the unary test is true.
+If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression
+is false.
+.TP
+3 arguments
+If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above
+under
+.SM
+.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" ,
+the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using
+the first and third arguments as operands.
+If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the value is the negation of
+the two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
+If the first argument is exactly \fB(\fP and the third argument is
+exactly \fB)\fP, the result is the one-argument test of the second
+argument.
+Otherwise, the expression is false.
+The \fB\-a\fP and \fB\-o\fP operators are considered binary operators
+in this case.
+.TP
+4 arguments
+If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the result is the negation of
+the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
+Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+precedence using the rules listed above.
+.TP
+5 or more arguments
+The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
+using the rules listed above.
+.RE
+.PD
+.TP
+.B times
+Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
+.TP
+\fBtrap\fP [\fB\-lp\fP] [\fIarg\fP] [\fIsigspec\fP ...]
+The command
+.I arg
+is to be read and executed when the shell receives
+signal(s)
+.IR sigspec .
+If
+.I arg
+is absent or
+.BR \- ,
+all specified signals are
+reset to their original values (the values they had
+upon entrance to the shell).
+If
+.I arg
+is the null string the signal specified by each
+.I sigspec
+is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
+If
+.I arg
+is not present and
+.B \-p
+has been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each
+.I sigspec
+are displayed.
+If no arguments are supplied or if only
+.B \-p
+is given,
+.B trap
+prints the list of commands associated with each signal number.
+The
+.B \-l
+option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and
+their corresponding numbers.
+Each
+.I sigspec
+is either
+a signal name defined in <\fIsignal.h\fP>, or a signal number.
+If a
+.I sigspec
+is
+.SM
+.B EXIT
+(0) the command
+.I arg
+is executed on exit from the shell.
+If a
+.I sigspec
+is
+.SM
+.BR DEBUG ,
+the command
+.I arg
+is executed before every \fIsimple command\fP, \fIfor\fP command,
+\fIcase\fP command, \fIselect\fP command, every arithmetic \fIfor\fP
+command, and before the first command executes in a shell function (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL GRAMMAR
+above).
+Refer to the description of the \fBextglob\fP option to the
+\fBshopt\fP builtin for details of its effect on the \fBDEBUG\fP trap.
+If a
+.I sigspec
+is
+.SM
+.BR ERR ,
+the command
+.I arg
+is executed whenever a simple command has a non\-zero exit status.
+The
+.SM
+.B ERR
+trap is not executed if the failed
+command is part of the command list immediately following a
+.B while
+or
+.B until
+keyword,
+part of the test in an
+.I if
+statement, part of a
+.B &&
+or
+.B \(bv\(bv
+list, or if the command's return value is
+being inverted via
+.BR ! .
+If a
+.I sigspec
+is
+.SM
+.BR RETURN ,
+the command
+.I arg
+is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the
+\fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins finishes executing.
+Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
+Trapped signals are reset to their original values in a child
+process when it is created.
+The return status is false if any
+.I sigspec
+is invalid; otherwise
+.B trap
+returns true.
+.TP
+\fBtype\fP [\fB\-aftpP\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname\fP ...]
+With no options,
+indicate how each
+.I name
+would be interpreted if used as a command name.
+If the
+.B \-t
+option is used,
+.B type
+prints a string which is one of
+.IR alias ,
+.IR keyword ,
+.IR function ,
+.IR builtin ,
+or
+.I file
+if
+.I name
+is an alias, shell reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file,
+respectively.
+If the
+.I name
+is not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false
+is returned.
+If the
+.B \-p
+option is used,
+.B type
+either returns the name of the disk file
+that would be executed if
+.I name
+were specified as a command name,
+or nothing if
+.if t \f(CWtype -t name\fP
+.if n ``type -t name''
+would not return
+.IR file .
+The
+.B \-P
+option forces a
+.SM
+.B PATH
+search for each \fIname\fP, even if
+.if t \f(CWtype -t name\fP
+.if n ``type -t name''
+would not return
+.IR file .
+If a command is hashed,
+.B \-p
+and
+.B \-P
+print the hashed value, not necessarily the file that appears
+first in
+.SM
+.BR PATH .
+If the
+.B \-a
+option is used,
+.B type
+prints all of the places that contain
+an executable named
+.IR name .
+This includes aliases and functions,
+if and only if the
+.B \-p
+option is not also used.
+The table of hashed commands is not consulted
+when using
+.BR \-a .
+The
+.B \-f
+option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the \fBcommand\fP builtin.
+.B type
+returns true if any of the arguments are found, false if
+none are found.
+.TP
+\fBulimit\fP [\fB\-SHacdflmnpstuv\fP [\fIlimit\fP]]
+Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to
+processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+The \fB\-H\fP and \fB\-S\fP options specify that the hard or soft limit is
+set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased once it
+is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
+If neither \fB\-H\fP nor \fB\-S\fP is specified, both the soft and hard
+limits are set.
+The value of
+.I limit
+can be a number in the unit specified for the resource
+or one of the special values
+.BR hard ,
+.BR soft ,
+or
+.BR unlimited ,
+which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and
+no limit, respectively.
+If
+.I limit
+is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the resource is
+printed, unless the \fB\-H\fP option is given. When more than one
+resource is specified, the limit name and unit are printed before the value.
+Other options are interpreted as follows:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-a
+All current limits are reported
+.TP
+.B \-c
+The maximum size of core files created
+.TP
+.B \-d
+The maximum size of a process's data segment
+.TP
+.B \-f
+The maximum size of files created by the shell
+.TP
+.B \-l
+The maximum size that may be locked into memory
+.TP
+.B \-m
+The maximum resident set size
+.TP
+.B \-n
+The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not
+allow this value to be set)
+.TP
+.B \-p
+The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
+.TP
+.B \-s
+The maximum stack size
+.TP
+.B \-t
+The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
+.TP
+.B \-u
+The maximum number of processes available to a single user
+.TP
+.B \-v
+The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell
+.PD
+.PP
+If
+.I limit
+is given, it is the new value of the specified resource (the
+.B \-a
+option is display only).
+If no option is given, then
+.B \-f
+is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for
+.BR \-t ,
+which is in seconds,
+.BR \-p ,
+which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
+and
+.B \-n
+and
+.BR \-u ,
+which are unscaled values.
+The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
+or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBumask\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fB\-S\fP] [\fImode\fP]
+The user file-creation mask is set to
+.IR mode .
+If
+.I mode
+begins with a digit, it
+is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise
+it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar
+to that accepted by
+.IR chmod (1).
+If
+.I mode
+is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed.
+The
+.B \-S
+option causes the mask to be printed in symbolic form; the
+default output is an octal number.
+If the
+.B \-p
+option is supplied, and
+.I mode
+is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.
+The return status is 0 if the mode was successfully changed or if
+no \fImode\fP argument was supplied, and false otherwise.
+.TP
+\fBunalias\fP [\-\fBa\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
+Remove each \fIname\fP from the list of defined aliases. If
+.B \-a
+is supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return
+value is true unless a supplied
+.I name
+is not a defined alias.
+.TP
+\fBunset\fP [\-\fBfv\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
+For each
+.IR name ,
+remove the corresponding variable or function.
+If no options are supplied, or the
+.B \-v
+option is given, each
+.I name
+refers to a shell variable.
+Read-only variables may not be unset.
+If
+.B \-f
+is specifed,
+each
+.I name
+refers to a shell function, and the function definition
+is removed.
+Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment
+passed to subsequent commands.
+If any of
+.SM
+.BR RANDOM ,
+.SM
+.BR SECONDS ,
+.SM
+.BR LINENO ,
+.SM
+.BR HISTCMD ,
+.SM
+.BR FUNCNAME ,
+.SM
+.BR GROUPS ,
+or
+.SM
+.B DIRSTACK
+are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are
+subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a
+.I name
+is readonly.
+.TP
+\fBwait\fP [\fIn\fP]
+Wait for the specified process and return its termination
+status.
+.I n
+may be a process
+ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes
+in that job's pipeline are waited for. If
+.I n
+is not given, all currently active child processes
+are waited for, and the return status is zero. If
+.I n
+specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
+127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last
+process or job waited for.
+.\" bash_builtins
+.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
+.SH "RESTRICTED SHELL"
+.\" rbash.1
+.zY
+.PP
+If
+.B bash
+is started with the name
+.BR rbash ,
+or the
+.B \-r
+option is supplied at invocation,
+the shell becomes restricted.
+A restricted shell is used to
+set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.
+It behaves identically to
+.B bash
+with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
+.IP \(bu
+changing directories with \fBcd\fP
+.IP \(bu
+setting or unsetting the values of
+.BR SHELL ,
+.BR PATH ,
+.BR ENV ,
+or
+.B BASH_ENV
+.IP \(bu
+specifying command names containing
+.B /
+.IP \(bu
+specifying a file name containing a
+.B /
+as an argument to the
+.B .
+builtin command
+.IP \(bu
+Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+.B \-p
+option to the
+.B hash
+builtin command
+.IP \(bu
+importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup
+.IP \(bu
+parsing the value of \fBSHELLOPTS\fP from the shell environment at startup
+.IP \(bu
+redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators
+.IP \(bu
+using the
+.B exec
+builtin command to replace the shell with another command
+.IP \(bu
+adding or deleting builtin commands with the
+.B \-f
+and
+.B \-d
+options to the
+.B enable
+builtin command
+.IP \(bu
+Using the \fBenable\fP builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins
+.IP \(bu
+specifying the
+.B \-p
+option to the
+.B command
+builtin command
+.IP \(bu
+turning off restricted mode with
+\fBset +r\fP or \fBset +o restricted\fP.
+.PP
+These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+.PP
+When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see
+.SM
+.B "COMMAND EXECUTION"
+above),
+.B rbash
+turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the
+script.
+.\" end of rbash.1
+.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fIBash Reference Manual\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+.TP
+\fIThe Gnu Readline Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+.TP
+\fIThe Gnu History Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+.TP
+\fIPortable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities\fP, IEEE
+.TP
+\fIsh\fP(1), \fIksh\fP(1), \fIcsh\fP(1)
+.TP
+\fIemacs\fP(1), \fIvi\fP(1)
+.TP
+\fIreadline\fP(3)
+.PD
+.SH FILES
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.FN /bin/bash
+The \fBbash\fP executable
+.TP
+.FN /etc/profile
+The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells
+.TP
+.FN ~/.bash_profile
+The personal initialization file, executed for login shells
+.TP
+.FN ~/.bashrc
+The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
+.TP
+.FN ~/.bash_logout
+The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits
+.TP
+.FN ~/.inputrc
+Individual \fIreadline\fP initialization file
+.PD
+.SH AUTHORS
+Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
+.br
+bfox@gnu.org
+.PP
+Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
+.br
+chet@po.CWRU.Edu
+.SH BUG REPORTS
+If you find a bug in
+.B bash,
+you should report it. But first, you should
+make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+version of
+.BR bash .
+The latest version is always available from
+\fIftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/bash/\fP.
+.PP
+Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
+.I bashbug
+command to submit a bug report.
+If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well!
+Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
+to \fIbug-bash@gnu.org\fP or posted to the Usenet
+newsgroup
+.BR gnu.bash.bug .
+.PP
+ALL bug reports should include:
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP 20
+The version number of \fBbash\fR
+.TP
+The hardware and operating system
+.TP
+The compiler used to compile
+.TP
+A description of the bug behaviour
+.TP
+A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug
+.PD
+.PP
+.I bashbug
+inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+it provides for filing a bug report.
+.PP
+Comments and bug reports concerning
+this manual page should be directed to
+.IR chet@po.CWRU.Edu .
+.SH BUGS
+.PP
+It's too big and too slow.
+.PP
+There are some subtle differences between
+.B bash
+and traditional versions of
+.BR sh ,
+mostly because of the
+.SM
+.B POSIX
+specification.
+.PP
+Aliases are confusing in some uses.
+.PP
+Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
+.PP
+Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c'
+are not handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted.
+When a process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next
+command in the sequence.
+It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
+parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as
+a unit.
+.PP
+Commands inside of \fB$(\fP...\fB)\fP command substitution are not
+parsed until substitution is attempted. This will delay error
+reporting until some time after the command is entered.
+.PP
+Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
+.zZ
+.zY
</HEAD>
<BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2006 Apr 27<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2006 September 28<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
<DD>
An array variable (see <B>Arrays</B> below) consisting of the individual
words in the current command line.
+The words are split on shell metacharacters as the shell parser would
+separate them.
This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
programmable completion facilities (see <B>Programmable Completion</B>
below).
<DD>
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I>
(zero to three octal digits)
-<DT><B>\</B><I>nnn</I>
-
-<DD>
-the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I>
-(one to three octal digits)
<DT><B>\x</B><I>HH</I>
<DD>
is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the
<B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins finishes executing.
Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
-Trapped signals are reset to their original values in a child
-process when it is created.
+Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original
+values in a child process when it is created.
The return status is false if any
<I>sigspec</I>
<HR>
<TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash-3.2<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2006 Apr 27<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash-3.2<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2006 September 28<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
</DL>
<HR>
This document was created by man2html from bash.1.<BR>
-Time: 11 May 2006 14:12:28 EDT
+Time: 03 October 2006 08:54:31 EDT
</BODY>
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(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks)
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-2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472
+5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 144 R F2 .472(COMMAND EXECUTION)
+2.972 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .471
(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 156 S
-.345(lue of).25 F F1 -.74(PA)2.845 G(TH)-.21 E F0 .345
-(indicates the current directory)2.845 F 5.345(.A)-.65 G .344
-(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 2.844(oa)-.1 G(djacent)
--2.844 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 168 R .868
-(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the)
--.1 F 26.329(administrator who installs)144 180 R F1(bash)28.829 E F0
-31.329(.A)C 26.328(common v)-2.501 F 26.328(alue is)-.25 F/F3 10
-/Courier@0 SF(/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin)144 192
-Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 204 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 216
-R .471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)
-2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
-.472(posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011
+.344(lue of).25 F F1 -.74(PA)2.844 G(TH)-.21 E F0 .344
+(indicates the current directory)2.844 F 5.345(.A)-.65 G .345
+(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 2.845(oa)-.1 G(djacent)
+-2.845 E .868(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 168 R .868
+(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the)
+-.1 F 26.328(administrator who installs)144 180 R F1(bash)28.828 E F0
+31.329(.A)C 26.329(common v)-2.5 F 26.329(alue is)-.25 F/F3 10/Courier@0
+SF(/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin)144 192 Q F0(.)A
+F1(POSIXL)108 204 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v)144 216 R .472
+(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)2.971 E
+F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .471
+(posix mode)2.971 F F0 .471(before reading)2.971 F .011
(the startup \214les, as if the)144 228 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011
(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 240 Q F1(bash)2.5
(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 252 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
(If set, the v)144 264 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PS1)
-108 276 Q F0 .064(The v)19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F
+108 276 Q F0 .065(The v)19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F
.065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E
.065(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 288 R
(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0
--.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 300 Q F0 .005(The v)19.33 F .005
+-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 300 Q F0 .004(The v)19.33 F .004
(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .005(xpanded as with)-.15 F F1(PS1)
-2.505 E F0 .004(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.505 F(The)
-5.004 E(def)144 312 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
-(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 324 Q F0 1.115(The v)19.33 F 1.115
+2.505 E F0 .005(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.505 F(The)
+5.005 E(def)144 312 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
+(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 324 Q F0 1.116(The v)19.33 F 1.115
(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select)
-3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR)
+3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F2 1.115(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR)
144 336 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 348 Q F0
-1.099(The v)19.33 F 1.099(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.099
-(xpanded as with)-.15 F F1(PS1)3.599 E F0 1.099(and the v)3.599 F 1.098
-(alue is printed before each com-)-.25 F(mand)144 360 Q F1(bash)3.725 E
-F0 1.225(displays during an e)3.725 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.225
-(cution trace.).15 F 1.226(The \214rst character of)6.225 F F2(PS4)3.726
-E F0 1.226(is replicated multiple)3.476 F(times, as necessary)144 372 Q
+1.098(The v)19.33 F 1.099(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.099
+(xpanded as with)-.15 F F1(PS1)3.599 E F0 1.099(and the v)3.599 F 1.099
+(alue is printed before each com-)-.25 F(mand)144 360 Q F1(bash)3.726 E
+F0 1.226(displays during an e)3.726 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.226
+(cution trace.).15 F 1.225(The \214rst character of)6.226 F F2(PS4)3.725
+E F0 1.225(is replicated multiple)3.475 F(times, as necessary)144 372 Q
2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0
--.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 384 Q F0 .664
+-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 384 Q F0 .663
(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 396 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F
-.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .663
+.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .664
(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 408 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55
-G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 420 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v)144
+G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 420 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v)144
432 R .826
(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F
-3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649
-(pipelines pre\214x)144 444 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0
-(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
-(The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711
+3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648
+(pipelines pre\214x)144 444 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0
+(reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
+(The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712
(an escape sequence that is e)144 456 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
-.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F
+.711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F
(and their meanings are as follo)144 468 Q
(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 486 Q F0 2.5
(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 498 Q F4(p)A F1
F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87
(The optional)144 550.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
3.37 F F4(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
-(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.525(point. A)
-144 562.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025
-(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .026
-(At most three places after the)5.025 F .538
-(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 574.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F4
-(p)3.038 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E
-F4(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 586.8 Q
-(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 603.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0
+(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.526(point. A)
+144 562.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025
+(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .025
+(At most three places after the)5.025 F .537
+(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 574.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F4
+(p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E
+F4(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 586.8 Q
+(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 603.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0
.668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F
-F4(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F4(SS)A F0(.)A F4(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va)
-3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 615.6 Q F4(p)2.5 E F0
-(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E .001
-(If this v)144 632.4 R .001(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.501 E
-F0 .001(acts as if it had the v)2.501 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr)2.5 E
-(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys%3lS\010)-.18 E F0(.)A .494(If the v)144
+F4(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F4(SS)A F0(.)A F4(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va)
+3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 615.6 Q F4(p)2.5 E F0
+(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E(If this v)144
+632.4 Q(ariable is not set,)-.25 E F1(bash)2.501 E F0 .001
+(acts as if it had the v)2.501 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr)2.501 E
+(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys%3lS\010)-.18 E F0(.)A .495(If the v)144
644.4 R .494(alue is null, no timing information is displayed.)-.25 F
2.994(At)5.494 G .494(railing ne)-2.994 F .494
(wline is added when the for)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(mat string is displayed.)144
-656.4 Q F1(TMOUT)108 673.2 Q F0 .718(If set to a v)144 685.2 R .717
+656.4 Q F1(TMOUT)108 673.2 Q F0 .717(If set to a v)144 685.2 R .717
(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F F1(TMOUT)3.217 E F0 .717
-(is treated as the def)3.217 F .717(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18
-(re)3.217 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.217 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 697.2 Q F1
+(is treated as the def)3.217 F .718(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18
+(re)3.218 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.218 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 697.2 Q F1
(select)2.542 E F0 .042(command terminates if input does not arri)2.542
F .342 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F1(TMOUT)2.542 E F0 .042
-(seconds when input is com-)2.542 F .886(ing from a terminal.)144 709.2
-R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v)
-.15 F .885(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1
+(seconds when input is com-)2.542 F .885(ing from a terminal.)144 709.2
+R .885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v)
+.15 F .886(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1
(wa)144 721.2 S .546(it for input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F
F1(Bash)5.546 E F0 .546(terminates after w)3.046 F .546
-(aiting for that number of)-.1 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2006 May 11)
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-%%Page: 15 16
+(aiting for that number of)-.1 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
+(2006 September 28)135.125 E(14)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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%%BeginPageSetup
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(seconds if input does not arri)144 84 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E/F1
-10/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMPDIR)108 100.8 Q F0 .274(If set,)144 112.8 R F1
-(Bash)2.774 E F0 .274(uses its v)2.774 F .274
-(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(Bash)2.773 E F0 .273
-(creates temporary \214les for the)2.773 F(shell')144 124.8 Q 2.5(su)
--.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 141.6 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144
-153.6 R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531
-(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531
-(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 165.6 R
+10/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMPDIR)108 100.8 Q F0 .273(If set,)144 112.8 R F1
+(Bash)2.773 E F0 .273(uses its v)2.773 F .274
+(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(Bash)2.774 E F0 .274
+(creates temporary \214les for the)2.774 F(shell')144 124.8 Q 2.5(su)
+-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 141.6 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144
+153.6 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531
+(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53
+(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 165.6 R
.538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\
- for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 177.6 S .366(isting stopped job)
-.15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.366 F .366
-(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F
-1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144
-189.6 R(The)6.125 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.985 E F0 1.124
-(of a stopped job, in this)3.805 F(conte)144 201.6 Q 1.132
+ for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 177.6 S .367(isting stopped job)
+.15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366
+(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F
+1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144
+189.6 R(The)6.125 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.985 E F0 1.125
+(of a stopped job, in this)3.805 F(conte)144 201.6 Q 1.133
(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v)
-6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F2 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133
-(he string supplied must)-3.633 F .625
+6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F2 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132
+(he string supplied must)-3.632 F .624
(match the name of a stopped job e)144 213.6 R .624(xactly; if set to)
--.15 F F2(substring)3.124 E F0 3.124(,t).22 G .624
-(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.124 F .884
+-.15 F F2(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625
+(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.125 F .885
(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 225.6 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
--5.884 E F2(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885
-(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 237.6 Q F1(%?)3.334 E
-F0 .834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .834
+-5.884 E F2(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884
+(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 237.6 Q F1(%?)3.333 E
+F0 .833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .834
(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834
-(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo)-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833
-(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .315
+(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo)-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834
+(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .316
(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 249.6 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316
-(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F
-F1(%)2.816 E F2(string)A F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 261.6 Q(.)-.55
-E F1(histchars)108 278.4 Q F0 2.07(The tw)144 290.4 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57
-(rt)-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07
-(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)4.569 E(OR)
--.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 302.4 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.465 E 3.715
-(w\). The)-.25 F 1.215(\214rst character is the)3.715 F F2 1.216
-(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.716 E 3.716(,t)-.4 G
-1.216(he character which)-3.716 F .798(signals the start of a history e)
+(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .315(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F
+F1(%)2.815 E F2(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 261.6 Q(.)-.55
+E F1(histchars)108 278.4 Q F0 2.069(The tw)144 290.4 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G
+4.57(rt)-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F
+2.07(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)4.57 E
+(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 302.4 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.466 E
+3.716(w\). The)-.25 F 1.216(\214rst character is the)3.716 F F2 1.215
+(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.715 E 3.715(,t)-.4 G
+1.215(he character which)-3.715 F .798(signals the start of a history e)
144 314.4 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B
.798(second character is the)3.298 F F2(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G
-(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 326.4 Q F0(character)2.739 E 2.739(,w)-.4 G
-.239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.739 F .24
-(vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .576
+(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 326.4 Q F0(character)2.74 E 2.74(,w)-.4 G
+.239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.74 F .239
+(vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .575
(ing one string for another in the command.)144 338.4 R .575(The def)
-5.575 F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .575
-(optional third character is the)3.075 F .223(character which indicates\
+5.575 F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .576
+(optional third character is the)3.076 F .223(character which indicates\
that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \
-char)144 350.4 R(-)-.2 E 1.294(acter of a w)144 362.4 R 1.294
-(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.794('. The)B 1.293
-(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F
-.379(skipped for the remaining w)144 374.4 R .379(ords on the line.)-.1
-F .38(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F
+char)144 350.4 R(-)-.2 E 1.293(acter of a w)144 362.4 R 1.293
+(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.793('. The)B 1.294
+(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F .38
+(skipped for the remaining w)144 374.4 R .38(ords on the line.)-.1 F
+.379(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F
(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 386.4 Q F1(Arrays)87 403.2 Q
(Bash)108 415.2 Q F0(pro)2.958 E .458(vides one-dimensional array v)-.15
F 2.958(ariables. An)-.25 F 2.958(yv)-.15 G .458
(ariable may be used as an array; the)-3.208 F F1(declar)2.958 E(e)-.18
-E F0 -.2(bu)2.958 G(iltin).2 E .96(will e)108 427.2 R .96
-(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 F 5.96(.T)-.65 G .961
-(here is no maximum limit on the size of an array)-5.96 F 3.461(,n)-.65
-G .961(or an)-3.461 F 3.461(yr)-.15 G(equirement)-3.461 E
+E F0 -.2(bu)2.958 G(iltin).2 E .961(will e)108 427.2 R .961
+(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 F 5.961(.T)-.65 G .961
+(here is no maximum limit on the size of an array)-5.961 F 3.46(,n)-.65
+G .96(or an)-3.46 F 3.46(yr)-.15 G(equirement)-3.46 E
(that members be inde)108 439.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(ra)
-2.5 G(ssigned contiguously)-2.5 E 5(.A)-.65 G(rrays are inde)-5 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.5(du).15 G(sing inte)-2.5 E(gers and are zero-based.)-.15 E
-1.302(An array is created automatically if an)108 456 R 3.801(yv)-.15 G
-1.301(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-4.051 F F2(name)3.801 E
+1.301(An array is created automatically if an)108 456 R 3.801(yv)-.15 G
+1.302(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-4.051 F F2(name)3.802 E
F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0(.)A(The)108 468 Q F2
-(subscript)3.181 E F0 .341(is treated as an arithmetic e)3.521 F .342
-(xpression that must e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .342
-(luate to a number greater than or equal to).25 F 4.077(zero. T)108 480
-R 4.077(oe)-.8 G 1.577(xplicitly declare an array)-4.227 F 4.077(,u)-.65
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G(se)-4.077 E F1(declar)4.077 E 4.077<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.077 E F2(name)
-4.077 E F0(\(see)4.077 E F3 1.577(SHELL B)4.077 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.576
-(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.826 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 492 Q
-3.375<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.375 E F2(name)3.375 E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])
-A F0 .875(is also accepted; the)3.375 F F2(subscript)3.375 E F0 .875
-(is ignored.)3.375 F(Attrib)5.875 E .876(utes may be speci\214ed for an)
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+(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.827 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 492 Q
+3.376<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.376 E F2(name)3.376 E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])
+A F0 .876(is also accepted; the)3.376 F F2(subscript)3.375 E F0 .875
+(is ignored.)3.375 F(Attrib)5.875 E .875(utes may be speci\214ed for an)
-.2 F(array v)108 504 Q(ariable using the)-.25 E F1(declar)2.5 E(e)-.18
E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G 2.5
(iltins. Each).2 F(attrib)2.5 E(ute applies to all members of an array)
-.2 E(.)-.65 E 1.647
(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 520.8
R F2(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F2(1)A F0 1.647
-(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F2(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.147(,w)C 1.647(here each)
--4.147 F F2(value)108 532.8 Q F0 .65(is of the form [)3.15 F F2
+(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F2(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.148(,w)C 1.648(here each)
+-4.148 F F2(value)108 532.8 Q F0 .65(is of the form [)3.15 F F2
(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(string)A F0 5.65(.O)C(nly)-5.65 E F2(string)3.15
E F0 .65(is required.)3.15 F .65(If the optional brack)5.65 F .65
-(ets and subscript are)-.1 F .277(supplied, that inde)108 544.8 R 2.777
-(xi)-.15 G 2.777(sa)-2.777 G .277(ssigned to; otherwise the inde)-2.777
-F 2.777(xo)-.15 G 2.777(ft)-2.777 G .276
-(he element assigned is the last inde)-2.777 F 2.776(xa)-.15 G .276
-(ssigned to)-2.776 F 1.393(by the statement plus one.)108 556.8 R(Inde)
-6.393 E 1.393(xing starts at zero.)-.15 F 1.394
-(This syntax is also accepted by the)6.394 F F1(declar)3.894 E(e)-.18 E
-F0 -.2(bu)3.894 G(iltin.).2 E(Indi)108 568.8 Q
+(ets and subscript are)-.1 F .276(supplied, that inde)108 544.8 R 2.776
+(xi)-.15 G 2.776(sa)-2.776 G .276(ssigned to; otherwise the inde)-2.776
+F 2.777(xo)-.15 G 2.777(ft)-2.777 G .277
+(he element assigned is the last inde)-2.777 F 2.777(xa)-.15 G .277
+(ssigned to)-2.777 F 1.394(by the statement plus one.)108 556.8 R(Inde)
+6.394 E 1.394(xing starts at zero.)-.15 F 1.393
+(This syntax is also accepted by the)6.394 F F1(declar)3.893 E(e)-.18 E
+F0 -.2(bu)3.893 G(iltin.).2 E(Indi)108 568.8 Q
(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 E F2(name)2.5 E
F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0(syntax introduced abo)2.5 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 585.6 Q 3.576(ye)-.15 G 1.076
-(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.576 F F2(name)A F0([)A
-F2(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.075(braces are required to a)3.575 F
--.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.541(con\215icts with pathname e)108 597.6 R 4.041
+-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 585.6 Q 3.575(ye)-.15 G 1.075
+(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.575 F F2(name)A F0([)A
+F2(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.076(braces are required to a)3.576 F
+-.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.542(con\215icts with pathname e)108 597.6 R 4.041
(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0
(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)
--.1 F 1.541(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F2(name)4.042 E F0(.)A 1.057
-(These subscripts dif)108 609.6 R 1.057(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057
-(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.056(If the w)6.056 F 1.056
-(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 621.6 Q F2(name)A F0 .52([*]} e)B
-.52(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .52(ord with the v)-.1 F .521
+-.1 F 1.541(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F2(name)4.041 E F0(.)A 1.056
+(These subscripts dif)108 609.6 R 1.056(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057
+(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.057(If the w)6.057 F 1.057
+(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 621.6 Q F2(name)A F0 .521([*]} e)B
+.521(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .521(ord with the v)-.1 F .52
(alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F
-1.375(of the)108 633.6 R F3(IFS)3.875 E F0 1.375(special v)3.625 F 1.375
+1.374(of the)108 633.6 R F3(IFS)3.874 E F0 1.374(special v)3.624 F 1.375
(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F2(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375
-(xpands each element of)-.15 F F2(name)3.875 E F0 1.374(to a separate w)
-3.875 F 3.874(ord. When)-.1 F 2.027(there are no array members, ${)108
+(xpands each element of)-.15 F F2(name)3.875 E F0 1.375(to a separate w)
+3.875 F 3.875(ord. When)-.1 F 2.028(there are no array members, ${)108
645.6 R F2(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F
-2.028(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.028(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .759
+2.027(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.027(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .758
(within a w)108 657.6 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759
(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759
-(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .515(and the e)108
+(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .516(and the e)108
669.6 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\
-t of the original w)-.15 F 3.016(ord. This)-.1 F .516(is analogous)3.016
-F .228(to the e)108 681.6 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15
+t of the original w)-.15 F 3.015(ord. This)-.1 F .515(is analogous)3.015
+F .227(to the e)108 681.6 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15
F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228
-(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.727 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.727
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(\). ${#).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 693.6
S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A
F0 3.386(]}. If)B F2(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F1(*)3.386 E F0(or)
3.386 E F1(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886
-(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .734(ments in the array)108 705.6
-R 5.734(.R)-.65 G .733(eferencing an array v)-5.734 F .733
-(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .733
+(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .733(ments in the array)108 705.6
+R 5.733(.R)-.65 G .733(eferencing an array v)-5.733 F .733
+(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .734
(lent to referencing element).25 F(zero.)108 717.6 Q(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E(The)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(unset)2.766 E F0 -.2(bu)2.766
+-.35 E(The)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(unset)2.767 E F0 -.2(bu)2.767
G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G(rrays.)-2.767 E F1
(unset)5.267 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2(subscript)
A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F
-(x)-.15 E F2(sub-)2.767 E(script)108 96 Q F0 6.38(.C)C 1.38
+(x)-.15 E F2(sub-)2.766 E(script)108 96 Q F0 6.38(.C)C 1.38
(are must be tak)-6.38 F 1.38(en to a)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.2 G 1.38(id unw).2
F 1.38(anted side ef)-.1 F 1.38(fects caused by \214lename generation.)
-.25 F F1(unset)6.38 E F2(name)3.88 E F0(,)A(where)108 108 Q F2(name)2.5
E F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(], where)A F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is)2.5 E F1
(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
2.5(st).15 G(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(The)108 124.8 Q F1(declar)
-3.67 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(local)3.67 E F0 3.67(,a)C(nd)-3.67 E F1 -.18
-(re)3.67 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.67 G 1.17(iltins each accept a).2 F
-F1<ad61>3.671 E F0 1.171(option to specify an array)3.671 F 6.171(.T)
--.65 G(he)-6.171 E F1 -.18(re)3.671 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.671 G(iltin)
-.2 E .441(accepts a)108 136.8 R F1<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441
-(option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441
+3.671 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(local)3.671 E F0 3.671(,a)C(nd)-3.671 E F1
+-.18(re)3.671 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.671 G 1.171
+(iltins each accept a).2 F F1<ad61>3.671 E F0 1.17
+(option to specify an array)3.671 F 6.17(.T)-.65 G(he)-6.17 E F1 -.18
+(re)3.67 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.67 G(iltin).2 E .44(accepts a)108 136.8
+R F1<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441(option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441
(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he)
--5.441 E F1(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F1(declar)2.94 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
+-5.441 E F1(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F1(declar)2.941 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
(bu)108 148.8 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E
(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F3 10.95
/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 165.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\
rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 177.6 R 3.26
(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76
-(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 189.6 S .37(pansion performed:).15 F F2(br)
-2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369(tilde e)
+(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 189.6 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F F2
+(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369(tilde e)
2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(par)2.869 E .369
-(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369
+(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .37
(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 201.6 Q F0(,).24 E F2(arithmetic e)
2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5
E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F2(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24
-E .47(The order of e)108 218.4 R .471(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .471
+E .471(The order of e)108 218.4 R .471(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .471
(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .471(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F 2.971(,v)-.4 G
-.471(ariable and arithmetic e)-3.221 F(xpansion)-.15 E
+.47(ariable and arithmetic e)-3.221 F(xpansion)-.15 E
(and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f)108 230.4 Q
(ashion\), w)-.1 E(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E
(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 247.2 Q
(xpansion a)-.15 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(pr)2.5 E
-(ocess substitution)-.45 E F0(.)A 1.487(Only brace e)108 264 R 1.487
-(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.487(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487
-(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.486(ords of the)-.1 F -.15
-(ex)108 276 S 1.164(pansion; other e).15 F 1.164(xpansions e)-.15 F
-1.164(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665
-(ord. The)-.1 F 1.165(only e)3.665 F 1.165(xceptions to this are the)
+(ocess substitution)-.45 E F0(.)A 1.486(Only brace e)108 264 R 1.486
+(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.486(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487
+(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.487(ords of the)-.1 F -.15
+(ex)108 276 S 1.165(pansion; other e).15 F 1.165(xpansions e)-.15 F
+1.165(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665
+(ord. The)-.1 F 1.164(only e)3.665 F 1.164(xceptions to this are the)
-.15 F -.15(ex)108 288 S(pansions of ").15 E F1($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ")
-2.5 E F1(${)A F2(name)A F1([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G
(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0
(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415
(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F
.415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G
-(he)-2.915 E .152(form of an optional)108 340.8 R F2(pr)2.652 E(eamble)
+(he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 340.8 R F2(pr)2.651 E(eamble)
-.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151
(wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25
F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 352.8 R
.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F2(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G
.563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659
(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\
-ch resulting string, e)108 364.8 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)
-108 376.8 Q .718(Brace e)108 393.6 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15
+ch resulting string, e)108 364.8 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)
+108 376.8 Q .719(Brace e)108 393.6 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15
F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719
(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv)
108 405.6 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0
-(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.134(As)
-108 422.4 S .634(equence e)-3.134 F .634(xpression tak)-.15 F .634
-(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.134 E F2(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1(})A F0 3.134
-(,w)C(here)-3.134 E F2(x)3.134 E F0(and)3.134 E F2(y)3.133 E F0 .633
-(are either inte)3.133 F .633(gers or single characters.)-.15 F(When)
-5.633 E(inte)108 434.4 Q .401(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .401
+(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.133(As)
+108 422.4 S .633(equence e)-3.133 F .633(xpression tak)-.15 F .633
+(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.133 E F2(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1(})A F0 3.133
+(,w)C(here)-3.133 E F2(x)3.133 E F0(and)3.134 E F2(y)3.134 E F0 .634
+(are either inte)3.134 F .634(gers or single characters.)-.15 F(When)
+5.634 E(inte)108 434.4 Q .402(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .402
(xpression e)-.15 F .401(xpands to each number between)-.15 F F2(x)2.901
-E F0(and)2.902 E F2(y)2.902 E F0 2.902(,i)C(nclusi)-2.902 E -.15(ve)-.25
-G 5.402(.W).15 G .402(hen characters)-5.402 F .688(are supplied, the e)
+E F0(and)2.901 E F2(y)2.901 E F0 2.901(,i)C(nclusi)-2.901 E -.15(ve)-.25
+G 5.401(.W).15 G .401(hen characters)-5.401 F .687(are supplied, the e)
108 446.4 R .688(xpression e)-.15 F .688(xpands to each character le)
-.15 F .688(xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)3.188 E F0(and)3.188 E
-F2(y)3.188 E F0 3.187(,i)C(nclusi)-3.187 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.687(.N).15 G
-(ote)-5.687 E(that both)108 458.4 Q F2(x)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(y)2.5 E
-F0(must be of the same type.)2.5 E .581(Brace e)108 475.2 R .581
-(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581(ther e)
--3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582
-(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016
-(are preserv)108 487.2 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016
-(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015
-(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015
-(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 499.2 Q
+F2(y)3.188 E F0 3.188(,i)C(nclusi)-3.188 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.688(.N).15 G
+(ote)-5.688 E(that both)108 458.4 Q F2(x)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(y)2.5 E
+F0(must be of the same type.)2.5 E .582(Brace e)108 475.2 R .582
+(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581(ther e)
+-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581
+(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015
+(are preserv)108 487.2 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015
+(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016
+(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016
+(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 499.2 Q
(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)
--.15 E 3.632(Ac)108 516 S 1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132(\
+-.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 516 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132(\
xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\
- one)-.15 F 3.441(unquoted comma or a v)108 528 R 3.441(alid sequence e)
+ one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 528 R 3.441(alid sequence e)
-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441
-(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.44(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755
+(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755
(unchanged. A)108 540 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0 .255
(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255
-(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.911
-(sion. T)108 552 R 2.911(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.111 G .411
+(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91
+(sion. T)108 552 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41
(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F
-F1(${)2.911 E F0 .41(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
+F1(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 564 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used as\
shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is)
108 580.8 R(longer than in the abo)108 592.8 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H
-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 650.4 R .618
(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F
.618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618
-(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247
-(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 662.4 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G
-.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248
-(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 674.4 Q -.15
+(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248
+(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 662.4 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G
+.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247
+(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 674.4 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03
(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03
(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh)
-3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F2(\214le{1,2})108 686.4 Q F0 .514
-(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515
-(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515(after e)
-3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437
+3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F2(\214le{1,2})108 686.4 Q F0 .515
+(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515
+(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e)
+3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436
(If strict compatibility with)108 698.4 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1
-(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436
+(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437
(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 710.4 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1
(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E F4(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E
(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
-(2006 May 11)147.345 E(16)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(Ti)87 84 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0
-1.086(If a w)108 96 R 1.086(ord be)-.1 F 1.086
-(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 1.087
+1.087(If a w)108 96 R 1.087(ord be)-.1 F 1.087
+(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 1.086
('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\
\(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a)
108 108 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0
-5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(i\
+5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(i\
n the tilde-pre\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x f\
-ollo)108 120 R .726(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2
-(lo)108 132 Q .523(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523
+ollo)108 120 R .725(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2
+(lo)108 132 Q .522(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522
(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v)
--3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(HOME)108 144 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E
-F0 .287(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G .287(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)
+-3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
+(HOME)108 144 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F3(HOME)2.787 E
+F0 .287(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15
+G .286(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)
-.2 E(wise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory asso\
-ciated with the speci\214ed login name.)108 156 Q .093
+ciated with the speci\214ed login name.)108 156 Q .092
(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 172.8 R .092
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
-(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
-5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 184.8 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903
+(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
+5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 184.8 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
-.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo)
-5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F 1.642
-(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 196.8 R F2(N)4.142
-E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.641
-(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.437(replaced w\
+.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo)
+5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F 1.641
+(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 196.8 R F2(N)4.141
+E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.642
+(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.438(replaced w\
ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108
-208.8 R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu)
-108 220.8 S .455(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.955(dw).1 G
-.455(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.955 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F
-.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .454
+208.8 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu)
+108 220.8 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G
+.454(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.954 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F
+.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .455
(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F
(consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)
108 232.8 Q(If the login name is in)108 249.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E
-(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166(Each v)108 266.4 R .167
+(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 266.4 R .167
(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)
-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E
-F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E
-.282(these cases, tilde e)108 278.4 R .282(xpansion is also performed.)
+F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E
+.281(these cases, tilde e)108 278.4 R .282(xpansion is also performed.)
-.15 F(Consequently)5.282 E 2.782(,o)-.65 G .282
(ne may use \214le names with tildes in assign-)-2.782 F(ments to)108
290.4 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)
-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
.855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E
-(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 307.2 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.605
-(The `)108 319.2 R F1($)A F0 4.105('c)C 1.605
-(haracter introduces parameter e)-4.105 F 1.606
-(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.106
-(xpansion. The)-.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 331.2 R
-.407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .406
-(ut serv)-.2 F 2.906(et)-.15 G 2.906(op)-2.906 G(ro-)-2.906 E .032
-(tect the v)108 343.2 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032
-(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .033
+(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 307.2 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.606
+(The `)108 319.2 R F1($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606
+(haracter introduces parameter e)-4.106 F 1.605
+(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.105
+(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 331.2 R
+.407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .407
+(ut serv)-.2 F 2.907(et)-.15 G 2.907(op)-2.907 G(ro-)-2.907 E .033
+(tect the v)108 343.2 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033
+(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .032
(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108
-355.2 Q 1.19
+355.2 Q 1.189
(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108
-372 R F1(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)
--3.689 F 2.15(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108
+372 R F1(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)
+-3.69 F 2.15(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108
384 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex)
108 396 S(pansion.).15 E(${)108 412.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A
-1.205(The v)144 424.8 R 1.205(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.705 E(ameter)-.15
-E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.705 F 1.204(The braces are required when)
-6.204 F F2(par)4.954 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is a positional)4.434 F
+1.204(The v)144 424.8 R 1.204(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.704 E(ameter)-.15
+E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.704 F 1.204(The braces are required when)
+6.204 F F2(par)4.955 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.205(is a positional)4.435 F
.264(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 436.8 R F2(par)
4.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264
(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F
-(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 448.8 Q 1.509
+(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 448.8 Q 1.508
(If the \214rst character of)108 465.6 R F2(par)4.009 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
1.509(is an e)4.009 F 1.509(xclamation point, a le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-4.009(lo).15 G 4.008(fv)-4.009 G 1.508
-(ariable indirection is introduced.)-4.258 F F1(Bash)108 477.6 Q F0 .106
+4.009(lo).15 G 4.009(fv)-4.009 G 1.509
+(ariable indirection is introduced.)-4.259 F F1(Bash)108 477.6 Q F0 .106
(uses the v)2.606 F .106(alue of the v)-.25 F .106
(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F2(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
.106(as the name of the v)2.606 F .106(ariable; this v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25
-E .352(able is then e)108 489.6 R .352(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .351
+E .351(able is then e)108 489.6 R .351(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .352
(alue is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the v)-.25 F
-.351(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.851 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 501.6 Q F0 2.519
-(itself. This)2.519 F .019(is kno)2.519 F .019(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)
-2.519 E .019(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019
-F .02(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .02(xpansions of ${!)-.15 F F2
-(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .02(*} and)B(${)108 513.6 Q F1(!)A F2(name)A F0
-([)A F2(@)A F0 .763(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .763
-(he e).65 F .763(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 3.263
-(wt)-.25 G .763(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F
-(introduce indirection.)108 525.6 Q .334(In each of the cases belo)108
-542.4 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor)3.484 E(d)-.37 E F0 .334
-(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334
-(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F 1.418(and arithmetic e)108 554.4
-R 3.918(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.418(not performing substring e)3.918 F
-(xpansion,)-.15 E F1(bash)3.918 E F0 1.418
-(tests for a parameter that is)3.918 F(unset or null; omitting the colo\
-n results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)108 566.4 Q(${)
-108 583.2 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1
-.722(Use Default V)144 595.2 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722 E F2
-(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F .723
-(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.)
-3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 607.2 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2
+.352(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.852 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 501.6 Q F0 2.52
+(itself. This)2.52 F .02(is kno)2.52 F .02(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)2.52 E
+.02(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019 F .019
+(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .019(xpansions of ${!)-.15 F F2(pr)A
+(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .019(*} and)B(${)108 513.6 Q F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A
+F2(@)A F0 .762(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .763(he e).65
+F .763(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 3.263(wt)-.25 G
+.763(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F(introduce indirection.)108 525.6
+Q .334(In each of the cases belo)108 542.4 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor)3.484
+E(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334
+(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15
+F 1.417(and arithmetic e)108 554.4 R 3.918(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.418
+(not performing substring e)3.918 F(xpansion,)-.15 E F1(bash)3.918 E F0
+1.418(tests for a parameter that is)3.918 F(unset or null; omitting the\
+ colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)108 566.4 Q
+(${)108 583.2 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})
+A F1 .723(Use Default V)144 595.2 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723
+E F2(par)4.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F
+.722(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F0 .722(is substituted.)
+3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 607.2 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2
(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 619.2 Q F2
-(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 2.005
-(Assign Default V)144 631.2 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.005(.I)C(f)-7.005 E F2
-(par)5.755 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005(is unset or null, the e)5.235 F
-2.004(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.844 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.004
-(is assigned to)5.274 F F2(par)144 643.2 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.278(.T).73
-G .278(he v)-5.278 F .278(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.028 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
-.278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .279
+(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 2.004
+(Assign Default V)144 631.2 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.004(.I)C(f)-7.004 E F2
+(par)5.754 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005(is unset or null, the e)5.234 F
+2.005(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.845 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.005
+(is assigned to)5.275 F F2(par)144 643.2 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.279(.T).73
+G .279(he v)-5.279 F .279(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.029 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
+.278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .278
(Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F
(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 655.2 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E
(${)108 667.2 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:?)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A
F1 .535(Display Err)144 679.2 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535
(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F2(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535
(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.035 E
-(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .661(sage to that ef)144 691.2 R
-.661(fect if)-.25 F F2(wor)3.501 E(d)-.37 E F0 .662(is not present\) is\
- written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.931 F
+(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .662(sage to that ef)144 691.2 R
+.662(fect if)-.25 F F2(wor)3.502 E(d)-.37 E F0 .661(is not present\) is\
+ written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.932 F
(interacti)144 703.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,)
-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0
-(is substituted.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2006 May 11)147.345 E(17)
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(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 108 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0
(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 120 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1
(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 132 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1
-(of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .796
-(Substring Expansion.)144 144 R F0 .796(Expands to up to)5.796 F F1
+(of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .797
+(Substring Expansion.)144 144 R F0 .796(Expands to up to)5.797 F F1
(length)3.296 E F0 .796(characters of)3.296 F F1(par)3.296 E(ameter)-.15
-E F0 .797(starting at the character)3.296 F .229(speci\214ed by)144 156
-R F1(of)2.729 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.229(.I)C(f)-5.229 E F1(length)2.729 E
+E F0 .796(starting at the character)3.296 F .228(speci\214ed by)144 156
+R F1(of)2.728 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.228(.I)C(f)-5.228 E F1(length)2.728 E
F0 .229(is omitted, e)2.729 F .229(xpands to the substring of)-.15 F F1
-(par)2.729 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .228(starting at the char)2.728 F(-)-.2 E
-.432(acter speci\214ed by)144 168 R F1(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1
+(par)2.729 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .229(starting at the char)2.729 F(-)-.2 E
+.433(acter speci\214ed by)144 168 R F1(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1
(length)5.433 E F0(and)2.933 E F1(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .433
(are arithmetic e)2.933 F .433(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
-SF .433(ARITHMETIC EV)2.933 F(ALU-)-1.215 E -.855(AT)144 180 S(ION).855
-E F0(belo)2.577 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(length)5.327 E F0 .327(must e)2.827 F
+SF .432(ARITHMETIC EV)2.933 F(ALU-)-1.215 E -.855(AT)144 180 S(ION).855
+E F0(belo)2.576 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(length)5.326 E F0 .326(must e)2.826 F
-.25(va)-.25 G .326(luate to a number greater than or equal to zero.).25
-F(If)5.326 E F1(of)2.826 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)2.826 G(luates).25 E
-.015(to a number less than zero, the v)144 192 R .015
+F(If)5.327 E F1(of)2.827 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)2.827 G(luates).25 E
+.016(to a number less than zero, the v)144 192 R .015
(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .015(fset from the end of the v)-.25 F
-.016(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.516 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.016(.I)C(f)-5.016
+.015(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.515 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.015(.I)C(f)-5.015
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-(inde)3.141 E .64(xing is zero-based unless the)-.15 F
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(xing starts at 1.)-.15 E(${)108 280.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2
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(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 398.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A
-(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A 1.392(The length in characters of the v)144 410.4
+(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A 1.391(The length in characters of the v)144 410.4
R 1.392(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.892 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.392
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(scripted by)144 434.4 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
(he v)-2.5 E(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)
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--.37 E F0(})A(The)144 475.2 Q F1(wor)3.331 E(d)-.37 E F0 .491(is e)3.761
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(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.911(,t).73 G .411(hen the result of the e)-2.911 F
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2.087 -.74('' c)D .607(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the).74 F
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(turn, and the e)144 547.2 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)
108 564 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108
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.79(matching pattern \(the `)144 624 R(`)-.74 E F2(%%)A F0 2.27 -.74
('' c)D .79(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.79 E F1(par)4.54 E(ameter)-.15 E
F0(is)4.02 E F2(@)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F2(*)3.29 E F0 3.29(,t)C .79
(he pattern remo)-3.29 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.29(lo).25 G(pera-)-3.29 E
1.758(tion is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)
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(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.589 E F0(or)2.589 E F2(*)2.589 E
-F0 2.589(,t)C .089(he pattern remo)-2.589 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.589(lo).25
-G .089(peration is applied to)-2.589 F
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(each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 660 Q
(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 676.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)
-.15 E F2(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A(The)144 688.8 Q F1
144 700.8 S 1.304(panded and the longest match of).15 F F1(pattern)3.804
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-F2(/)3.93 E F1 1.43(following pattern may be omitted.)3.93 F(If)6.43 E
-(par)145.25 108 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.329 E F2(@)2.599 E F0(or)2.598 E
-F2(*)2.598 E F0 2.598(,t)C .098(he substitution operation is applied to\
- each positional parameter in turn, and)-2.598 F .64(the e)144 120 R .64
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(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.64 E F1(par)4.39 E(ameter)
-.15 E F0 .64(is an array v)3.87 F .64(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F
F2(@)3.14 E F0(or)3.14 E F2(*)3.14 E F0 3.14(,t)C(he)-3.14 E 1.446(subs\
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-(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698
-(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 184.8 Q F2($\()144 206.4 Q F1
+the e)144 132 R 1.447(xpansion is the)-.15 F(resultant list.)144 144 Q
+F2(Command Substitution)87 160.8 Q F1 1.698(Command substitution)108
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+(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.697
+(There are tw)6.697 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 184.8 Q F2($\()144 206.4 Q F1
(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 218.4 Q F2(`)144 230.4 Q F1(command)A
-F2(`)A(Bash)108 247.2 Q F0 .02(performs the e)2.52 F .02(xpansion by e)
--.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(command)2.519 E F0 .019
-(and replacing the command substitution with the stan-)2.519 F .768
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+(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(command)2.519 E F0
+.02(and replacing the command substitution with the stan-)2.519 F .768
(dard output of the command, with an)108 259.2 R 3.268(yt)-.15 G .768
(railing ne)-3.268 F .768(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .768(Embedded ne)5.768
-F .768(wlines are not deleted, b)-.25 F(ut)-.2 E(the)108 271.2 Q 3.219
-(ym)-.15 G .719(ay be remo)-3.219 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.219(dd).15 G .719
-(uring w)-3.219 F .719(ord splitting.)-.1 F .719
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+(ym)-.15 G .718(ay be remo)-3.218 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.218(dd).15 G .719
+(uring w)-3.218 F .719(ord splitting.)-.1 F .719
(The command substitution)5.719 F F2($\(cat)3.219 E F1(\214le)3.219 E F2
-(\))A F0 .718(can be replaced by the)3.219 F(equi)108 283.2 Q -.25(va)
+(\))A F0 .719(can be replaced by the)3.219 F(equi)108 283.2 Q -.25(va)
-.25 G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F2($\(<)2.5 E F1(\214le)2.5 E
F2(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution \
is used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 300 R(xcept)-.15 E
-.315(when follo)108 312 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F2($)2.815 E F0(,)A F2(`)
-2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F2(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(he \
+.314(when follo)108 312 R .314(wed by)-.25 F F2($)2.814 E F0(,)A F2(`)
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\214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command su\
-b-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 324 R 1.386(using the $\()3.886 F
-F1(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387
-(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.886 F 3.887(eu)-.1 G
-3.887(pt)-3.887 G 1.387(he com-)-3.887 F
+b-)-5.314 F 3.887(stitution. When)108 324 R 1.387(using the $\()3.887 F
+F1(command).833 E F0 3.887(\)f)1.666 G 1.386
+(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.887 F 3.886(eu)-.1 G
+3.886(pt)-3.886 G 1.386(he com-)-3.886 F
(mand; none are treated specially)108 336 Q(.)-.65 E .894
(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 352.8 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H
.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F
(quotes with backslashes.)108 364.8 Q .422
(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 381.6 R .422
-(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15
+(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .422(xpansion are not performed)-.15
F(on the results.)108 393.6 Q F2(Arithmetic Expansion)87 410.4 Q F0
-1.035(Arithmetic e)108 422.4 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035
+1.034(Arithmetic e)108 422.4 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034
(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F
-1.034(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F
+1.035(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F
(The format for arithmetic e)108 434.4 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F2($\(\()
144 451.2 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F2(\)\))A F0(The)108 468 Q
-F1 -.2(ex)2.665 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165
-(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.905 F .166
-(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F 1.075
-(treated specially)108 480 R 6.075(.A)-.65 G 1.074(ll tok)-6.075 F 1.074
+F1 -.2(ex)2.666 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165
+(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.906 F .165
+(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F 1.074
+(treated specially)108 480 R 6.074(.A)-.65 G 1.074(ll tok)-6.074 F 1.074
(ens in the e)-.1 F 1.074(xpression under)-.15 F 1.074(go parameter e)
--.18 F 1.074(xpansion, string e)-.15 F 1.074(xpansion, command)-.15 F
+-.18 F 1.074(xpansion, string e)-.15 F 1.075(xpansion, command)-.15 F
(substitution, and quote remo)108 492 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 2.5
-(l. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.378
+(l. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379
(The e)108 508.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378
(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu)
-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F
(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
-(If)5.879 E F1 -.2(ex)108 520.8 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E
+(If)5.878 E F1 -.2(ex)108 520.8 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E
-.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f)
2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F2(Pr)87 537.6 Q
-(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F1(Pr)108 549.6 Q .971(ocess substitution)
--.45 F F0 .971(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.471
-F F1(FIFOs)A F0 3.47(\)o)C 3.47(rt)-3.47 G(he)-3.47 E F2(/de)3.47 E
-(v/fd)-.15 E F0 .97(method of)3.47 F .021(naming open \214les.)108 561.6
-R .021(It tak)5.021 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F2(<\()2.521 E F1(list)A
-F2(\)).833 E F0(or)2.521 E F2(>\()2.521 E F1(list)A F2(\)).833 E F0
-5.021(.T)C .021(he process)-5.021 F F1(list)2.521 E F0 .021
-(is run with its input or output con-)2.521 F .059(nected to a)108 573.6
-R F1(FIFO)2.559 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.559 F F2(/de)2.558 E(v/fd)
+(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F1(Pr)108 549.6 Q .97(ocess substitution)-.45
+F F0 .971(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.47 F F1
+(FIFOs)A F0 3.471(\)o)C 3.471(rt)-3.471 G(he)-3.471 E F2(/de)3.471 E
+(v/fd)-.15 E F0 .971(method of)3.471 F .022(naming open \214les.)108
+561.6 R .021(It tak)5.022 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F2(<\()2.521 E F1
+(list)A F2(\)).833 E F0(or)2.521 E F2(>\()2.521 E F1(list)A F2(\)).833 E
+F0 5.021(.T)C .021(he process)-5.021 F F1(list)2.521 E F0 .021
+(is run with its input or output con-)2.521 F .058(nected to a)108 573.6
+R F1(FIFO)2.558 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.558 F F2(/de)2.558 E(v/fd)
-.15 E F0 5.058(.T)C .058(he name of this \214le is passed as an ar)
--5.058 F .058(gument to the current com-)-.18 F .13
-(mand as the result of the e)108 585.6 R 2.63(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)
+-5.058 F .059(gument to the current com-)-.18 F .131
+(mand as the result of the e)108 585.6 R 2.631(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)
2.63 E F2(>\()2.63 E F1(list)A F2(\)).833 E F0 .13
-(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)2.63 F .131
-(vide input for)-.15 F F1(list)2.631 E F0(.)A(If the)108 597.6 Q F2(<\()
-2.5 E F1(list)A F2(\)).833 E F0
-(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E
+(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)2.63 F .13(vide input for)
+-.15 F F1(list)2.63 E F0(.)A(If the)108 597.6 Q F2(<\()2.5 E F1(list)A
+F2(\)).833 E F0(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E
(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F1(list)2.5 E F0
-(.)A .897(When a)108 614.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\
-ution is performed simultaneously with parameter and v).25 F .896
+(.)A .896(When a)108 614.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\
+ution is performed simultaneously with parameter and v).25 F .897
(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 626.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2
--.75(Wo)87 643.2 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142
-(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 655.2 R 1.143
-(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143
+-.75(Wo)87 643.2 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143
+(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 655.2 R 1.142
+(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142
(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 667.2 Q
F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063
(The shell treats each character of)108 684 R F3(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063
(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063
(nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w)
--.15 F(ords)-.1 E .627(on these characters.)108 696 R(If)5.627 E F3(IFS)
-3.127 E F0 .627(is unset, or its v)2.877 F .627(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)
--.15 E F2(<space><tab><newline>)3.127 E F0 3.128(,t)C .628(he def)-3.128
-F .628(ault, then an)-.1 F(y)-.15 E 2.528(sequence of)108 708 R F3(IFS)
-5.028 E F0 2.527(characters serv)4.778 F 2.527(es to delimit w)-.15 F
+-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .628(on these characters.)108 696 R(If)5.628 E F3(IFS)
+3.128 E F0 .627(is unset, or its v)2.877 F .627(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)
+-.15 E F2(<space><tab><newline>)3.127 E F0 3.127(,t)C .627(he def)-3.127
+F .627(ault, then an)-.1 F(y)-.15 E 2.527(sequence of)108 708 R F3(IFS)
+5.027 E F0 2.527(characters serv)4.777 F 2.527(es to delimit w)-.15 F
5.027(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)5.027 E F0 2.527(has a v)4.777 F 2.527
-(alue other than the def)-.25 F 2.527(ault, then)-.1 F .362
+(alue other than the def)-.25 F 2.528(ault, then)-.1 F .363
(sequences of the whitespace characters)108 720 R F2(space)2.863 E F0
-(and)2.863 E F2(tab)2.863 E F0 .363(are ignored at the be)2.863 F .363
-(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .363(ord, as)-.1 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E .335(long as the whitespace character is in the v)108 84 R .334
+-.35 E .334(long as the whitespace character is in the v)108 84 R .334
(alue of)-.25 F/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.834 E F0(\(an)2.584 E F1(IFS)
-2.834 E F0 .334(whitespace character\).)2.584 F(An)5.334 E 2.834(yc)-.15
-G .334(haracter in)-2.834 F F1(IFS)2.834 E F0 .295(that is not)108 96 R
+2.834 E F0 .335(whitespace character\).)2.585 F(An)5.335 E 2.835(yc)-.15
+G .335(haracter in)-2.835 F F1(IFS)2.835 E F0 .296(that is not)108 96 R
F1(IFS)2.795 E F0 .295(whitespace, along with an)2.545 F 2.795(ya)-.15 G
(djacent)-2.795 E F1(IFS)2.795 E F0 .295
-(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)2.545 F 2.796(As)5.296 G
-(equence)-2.796 E(of)108 108 Q F1(IFS)3.753 E F0 1.252
-(whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter)3.503 F 6.252(.I)
+(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)2.545 F 2.795(As)5.295 G
+(equence)-2.795 E(of)108 108 Q F1(IFS)3.752 E F0 1.252
+(whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter)3.502 F 6.252(.I)
-.55 G 3.752(ft)-6.252 G 1.252(he v)-3.752 F 1.252(alue of)-.25 F F1
-(IFS)3.752 E F0 1.252(is null, no w)3.502 F 1.252(ord splitting)-.1 F
-(occurs.)108 120 Q 1.878(Explicit null ar)108 136.8 R 1.878(guments \()
+(IFS)3.752 E F0 1.253(is null, no w)3.502 F 1.253(ord splitting)-.1 F
+(occurs.)108 120 Q 1.879(Explicit null ar)108 136.8 R 1.879(guments \()
-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .833("").833 G F0(or)3.545 E F2 .833<0808>
5.211 G F0 4.378(\)a)C 1.878(re retained.)-4.378 F 1.878
-(Unquoted implicit null ar)6.878 F 1.879(guments, resulting from the)
--.18 F -.15(ex)108 148.8 S .177(pansion of parameters that ha).15 F .477
--.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.677(ov).15 G .177(alues, are remo)-2.927 F -.15(ve)
--.15 G 2.676(d. If).15 F 2.676(ap)2.676 G .176(arameter with no v)-2.676
-F .176(alue is e)-.25 F .176(xpanded within)-.15 F
+(Unquoted implicit null ar)6.878 F 1.878(guments, resulting from the)
+-.18 F -.15(ex)108 148.8 S .176(pansion of parameters that ha).15 F .476
+-.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.676(ov).15 G .176(alues, are remo)-2.926 F -.15(ve)
+-.15 G 2.676(d. If).15 F 2.677(ap)2.677 G .177(arameter with no v)-2.677
+F .177(alue is e)-.25 F .177(xpanded within)-.15 F
(double quotes, a null ar)108 160.8 Q(gument results and is retained.)
-.18 E(Note that if no e)108 177.6 Q
(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 194.4 S
-(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 206.4 R .37
-(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F2<ad66>2.87 E F0 .37
-(option has been set,)2.87 F F2(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F
-.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F2(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F2(?)2.871 E F0
-2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F2([)2.871 E F0(.)A .678
+(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .371(After w)108 206.4 R .371
+(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F2<ad66>2.871 E F0 .371
+(option has been set,)2.871 F F2(bash)2.871 E F0 .37(scans each w)2.87 F
+.37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F2(*)2.87 E F0(,)A F2(?)2.87 E F0 2.87
+(,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F2([)2.87 E F0(.)A .677
(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 218.4 R .677
(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F/F3 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)3.177 E F0 3.177(,a).24 G .677
-(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F 1.456
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)3.177 E F0 3.177(,a).24 G .678
+(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F 1.457
(cally sorted list of \214le names matching the pattern.)108 230.4 R
-1.457(If no matching \214le names are found, and the shell)6.457 F
+1.456(If no matching \214le names are found, and the shell)6.457 F
(option)108 242.4 Q F2(nullglob)3.265 E F0 .765(is disabled, the w)3.265
F .765(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .765(If the)5.765 F F2(nullglob)
-3.265 E F0 .765(option is set, and no matches are)3.265 F .305
-(found, the w)108 254.4 R .305(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.805
+3.265 E F0 .765(option is set, and no matches are)3.265 F .306
+(found, the w)108 254.4 R .306(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.806
(d. If).15 F(the)2.805 E F2(failglob)2.805 E F0 .305
(shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message)2.805 F
-.929(is printed and the command is not e)108 266.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
+.928(is printed and the command is not e)108 266.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
3.428(cuted. If).15 F .928(the shell option)3.428 F F2(nocaseglob)3.428
-E F0 .928(is enabled, the match is per)3.428 F(-)-.2 E .032
-(formed without re)108 278.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .032
-(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .033
-(When a pattern is used for pathname e)5.033 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .105
-(the character)108 290.4 R F2 -.63(``)2.605 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
-.105(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.105 F .104
-(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.604(,u)-.65 G
-(nless)-2.604 E .887(the shell option)108 302.4 R F2(dotglob)3.387 E F0
-.887(is set.)3.387 F .888
-(When matching a pathname, the slash character must al)5.887 F -.1(wa)
--.1 G .888(ys be matched).1 F -.15(ex)108 314.4 S(plicitly).15 E 6.166
-(.I)-.65 G 3.666(no)-6.166 G 1.166(ther cases, the)-3.666 F F2 -.63(``)
-3.666 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.166
-(character is not treated specially)6.166 F 6.165(.S)-.65 G 1.165
-(ee the description of)-6.165 F F2(shopt)3.665 E F0(belo)3.665 E(w)-.25
-E(under)108 326.4 Q F1 .477(SHELL B)2.977 F(UIL)-.09 E .477
-(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .477(for a description of the)2.727 F F2
-(nocaseglob)2.978 E F0(,)A F2(nullglob)2.978 E F0(,)A F2(failglob)2.978
-E F0 2.978(,a)C(nd)-2.978 E F2(dotglob)2.978 E F0(shell options.)108
-338.4 Q(The)108 355.2 Q F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.631 E F0 .131(shell v)2.381 F
-.131(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)
--.25 F F3(pattern)2.63 E F0 5.13(.I).24 G(f)-5.13 E F1(GLO-)2.63 E
+E F0 .929(is enabled, the match is per)3.429 F(-)-.2 E .033
+(formed without re)108 278.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .033
+(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .032
+(When a pattern is used for pathname e)5.032 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .104
+(the character)108 290.4 R F2 -.63(``)2.604 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
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+(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.605(,u)-.65 G
+(nless)-2.605 E .888(the shell option)108 302.4 R F2(dotglob)3.388 E F0
+.888(is set.)3.388 F .887
+(When matching a pathname, the slash character must al)5.888 F -.1(wa)
+-.1 G .887(ys be matched).1 F -.15(ex)108 314.4 S(plicitly).15 E 6.165
+(.I)-.65 G 3.665(no)-6.165 G 1.165(ther cases, the)-3.665 F F2 -.63(``)
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+(character is not treated specially)6.165 F 6.166(.S)-.65 G 1.166
+(ee the description of)-6.166 F F2(shopt)3.666 E F0(belo)3.666 E(w)-.25
+E(under)108 326.4 Q F1 .478(SHELL B)2.978 F(UIL)-.09 E .478
+(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .477(for a description of the)2.728 F F2
+(nocaseglob)2.977 E F0(,)A F2(nullglob)2.977 E F0(,)A F2(failglob)2.977
+E F0 2.977(,a)C(nd)-2.977 E F2(dotglob)2.977 E F0(shell options.)108
+338.4 Q(The)108 355.2 Q F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.63 E F0 .13(shell v)2.38 F .131
+(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25
+F F3(pattern)2.631 E F0 5.131(.I).24 G(f)-5.131 E F1(GLO-)2.631 E
(BIGNORE)108 367.2 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that al\
-so matches one of the patterns in)4.264 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is)
-4.265 E(remo)108 379.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.504(df).15 G .004
-(rom the list of matches.)-2.504 F .003(The \214le names)5.003 F F2 -.63
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+4.264 E(remo)108 379.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.503(df).15 G .003
+(rom the list of matches.)-2.503 F .003(The \214le names)5.003 F F2 -.63
(``)2.503 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.003 E F2 -.63(``)2.503 G(..)
-.63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .003(are al)5.633 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .003
-(ys ignored when).1 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.503 E F0(is)2.253 E .045
-(set and not null.)108 391.2 R(Ho)5.045 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .845
--.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.545 E F0 .046
-(to a non-null v)2.296 F .046(alue has the ef)-.25 F .046
-(fect of enabling the)-.25 F F2(dotglob)2.546 E F0 .614
+.63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .004(are al)5.633 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .004
+(ys ignored when).1 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.504 E F0(is)2.254 E .046
+(set and not null.)108 391.2 R(Ho)5.046 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .846
+-.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.546 E F0 .046
+(to a non-null v)2.296 F .045(alue has the ef)-.25 F .045
+(fect of enabling the)-.25 F F2(dotglob)2.545 E F0 .613
(shell option, so all other \214le names be)108 403.2 R .614
(ginning with a)-.15 F F2 -.63(``)3.114 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .614
-(will match.)5.614 F 2.213 -.8(To g)5.614 H .613(et the old beha).8 F
-.613(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .456(\214le names be)108 415.2 R .456
+(will match.)5.614 F 2.214 -.8(To g)5.614 H .614(et the old beha).8 F
+.614(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .457(\214le names be)108 415.2 R .457
(ginning with a)-.15 F F2 -.63(``)2.957 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0
2.957(,m)C(ak)-2.957 E(e)-.1 E F2 -.63(``)2.957 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0
.457(one of the patterns in)5.457 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.957 E/F4 9
-/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)4.957 E F2(dotglob)2.957 E F0 .457
-(option is)2.957 F(disabled when)108 427.2 Q F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0
+/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)4.957 E F2(dotglob)2.956 E F0 .456
+(option is)2.956 F(disabled when)108 427.2 Q F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0
(is unset.)2.25 E F2 -.1(Pa)108 444 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)
-2.5 E F0(An)108 460.8 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in \
a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described belo)
(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2(*)108 530.4 Q F0(Matches an)31
E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tring, including the null string.)-2.5 E F2(?)108 542.4
Q F0(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2
-([...])108 554.4 Q F0 .256(Matches an)21.84 F 2.756(yo)-.15 G .257
-(ne of the enclosed characters.)-2.756 F 2.757(Ap)5.257 G .257
-(air of characters separated by a h)-2.757 F .257(yphen denotes a)-.05 F
-F3 -.15(ra)144 566.4 S(ng).15 E 3.29(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.49 E(ession)-.37 E
-F0 3.29(;a)C 1.09 -.15(ny c)-3.29 H .789
+([...])108 554.4 Q F0 .257(Matches an)21.84 F 2.757(yo)-.15 G .257
+(ne of the enclosed characters.)-2.757 F 2.757(Ap)5.257 G .257
+(air of characters separated by a h)-2.757 F .256(yphen denotes a)-.05 F
+F3 -.15(ra)144 566.4 S(ng).15 E 3.289(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.489 E(ession)-.37
+E F0 3.289(;a)C 1.089 -.15(ny c)-3.289 H .789
(haracter that sorts between those tw).15 F 3.289(oc)-.1 G .789
-(haracters, inclusi)-3.289 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.289(,u).15 G .789
-(sing the cur)-3.289 F(-)-.2 E .349(rent locale')144 578.4 R 2.849(sc)
--.55 G .349(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-2.849 F
-.35(If the \214rst character follo)5.349 F .35(wing the)-.25 F F2([)2.85
-E F0 .564(is a)144 590.4 R F2(!)3.064 E F0 .564(or a)5.564 F F2(^)3.064
-E F0 .564(then an)3.064 F 3.064(yc)-.15 G .564
-(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.064 F .563
+(haracters, inclusi)-3.289 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.29(,u).15 G .79
+(sing the cur)-3.29 F(-)-.2 E .35(rent locale')144 578.4 R 2.85(sc)-.55
+G .35(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-2.85 F .349
+(If the \214rst character follo)5.349 F .349(wing the)-.25 F F2([)2.849
+E F0 .563(is a)144 590.4 R F2(!)3.063 E F0 .563(or a)5.563 F F2(^)3.063
+E F0 .564(then an)3.063 F 3.064(yc)-.15 G .564
+(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.064 F .564
(The sorting order of characters in range)5.564 F -.15(ex)144 602.4 S
1.102(pressions is determined by the current locale and the v).15 F
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E F0 .088(may be matched by including it as the \214rst or last charact\
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(matched by including it as the \214rst character in the set.)144 626.4
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(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)2.915 F F2([:)2.915 E F3(class)A F2
-(:])A F0 2.915(,w)C(here)-2.915 E F3(class)2.915 E F0 .415(is one of)
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(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F2 5.421
(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)144 668.4 R 5.421
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--.15 G .019(haracter belonging to that class.)-2.518 F(The)5.019 E F2
--.1(wo)2.519 G(rd).1 E F0 .019(character class matches)2.519 F
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(letters, digits, and the character _.)144 704.4 Q -.4(Wi)144 722.4 S
-(thin).4 E F2([)3.547 E F0(and)3.547 E F2(])3.547 E F0 3.547(,a)C(n)
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E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)144 102 S(thin).4 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([)2.5 E F0
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-3.205 G .705(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .705(ral e).15 F .705
-(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .256(are recognized.)108
-130.8 R .256(In the follo)5.256 F .256(wing description, a)-.25 F F1
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-(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F2(|)2.755 E
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F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)
108 142.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F2(?\()144 166.8 Q F1
(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F0
.15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(!\()144 262.8 Q F1(pattern-list).833 E F2(\))
.833 E F0(Matches an)180 274.8 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)
-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(Quote Remo)87 291.6
-Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 303.6 R 1.112
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(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F2(\\)
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-1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 315.6 Q .3
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-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3
10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 332.4 Q F0 .545
(Before a command is e)108 344.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545
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-(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .616
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-(cution en).15 F(viron-)-.4 E 3.275(ment. The)108 368.4 R(follo)3.275 E
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.774(wing redirection operators may precede or appear an)-.25 F .774
-(ywhere within a)-.15 F F1 .774(simple command)3.614 F F0(or)4.044 E
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(may follo)108 380.4 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G F1(command)A F0 5(.R).77 G
(edirections are processed in the order the)-5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(ppear)
--2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .283(In the follo)108
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(ion operator is)108 409.2 R F2(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)
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(redirection operator is)108 421.2 Q F2(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).)
--2.5 E .824(The w)108 438 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824
-(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825
-(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .773
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(jected to brace e)108 450 R .773(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .773
-(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .772
-(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E .843
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(sion, quote remo)108 462 R -.25(va)-.15 G .843(l, pathname e).25 F .843
(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .843(ord splitting.)-.1 F .843(If it e)5.843 F
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(reports an error)108 474 Q(.)-.55 E
(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 490.8 Q -.15
(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 507.6 Q F2(>)2.5
E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A
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(as duplicated as standard output)-.1 F(before the standard output w)108
570 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F2(Bash)108
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-(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)-.15 G .599
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+(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)-.15 G .598
(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F(wing)-.25 E
(table:)108 598.8 Q F2(/de)144 615.6 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F1(fd)A F0(If)180
627.6 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 E 2.5
651.6 Q F2(/de)144 663.6 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0
(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 675.6 Q F2(/de)144 687.6 Q
(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 699.6 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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-/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 96 Q F2(host)2.997
-E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497(alid hostname or Internet address, and)
--.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496(is an inte)2.996 F .496
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 96 Q F2(host)2.996
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(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E(vice name,)180 108 Q F1(bash)2.5
E F0(attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E
(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144 120 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0
-(If)180 132 Q F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496
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+(If)180 132 Q F2(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497
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(vice name,)180 144 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.)
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(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)-2.6 E
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-(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.446 F
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(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 189.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87
206.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
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(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 247.2 Q([)144 264 Q F2
(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 280.8 Q(ecting Output)
--.18 E F0 .175
+-.18 E F0 .174
(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
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-(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .824(ing on \214le descriptor)108 304.8
-R F2(n)3.324 E F0 3.324(,o).24 G 3.324(rt)-3.324 G .824
-(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.324 F F2(n)3.684 E F0
-.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .825(If the \214le does not)5.825 F
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+(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 304.8
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+(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F2(n)3.684 E F0
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-.15(ex)108 316.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E
(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 333.6 Q([)144 350.4 Q
-F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .155
-(If the redirection operator is)108 367.2 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C
-.155(nd the)-2.655 F F1(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the)
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-(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 379.2 R
-.657(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658
-(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658
-(ists and is a re).15 F .658(gular \214le.)-.15 F .658(If the redi-)
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+(If the redirection operator is)108 367.2 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C
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+(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 379.2 R
+.658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658
+(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657
+(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-)
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2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E
F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409
-(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408
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(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108
403.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87
-420 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641
+420 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642
(Redirection of output in this f)108 432 R .642
-(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642
-(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F0 .642(to be)3.912 F .474
-(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 444 R F2(n)2.974 E F0
+(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641
+(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473
+(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 444 R F2(n)2.973 E F0
2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474
-(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.333 E F0
-.473(is not speci\214ed.)3.213 F(If)5.473 E(the \214le does not e)108
+(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.334 E F0
+.474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108
456 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
(The general format for appending output is:)108 472.8 Q([)144 489.6 Q
F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 511.2 Q
(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E(Bash)108 523.2
-Q F0(allo)3.141 E .642(ws both the standard output \(\214le descriptor \
+Q F0(allo)3.142 E .642(ws both the standard output \(\214le descriptor \
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(be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 535.2 Q
(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0(with this construct.)3.27
E F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(Her)87 643.2 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33
(This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the cu\
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-667.2 Q(d)-.37 E F0 .683(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.953 F
+667.2 Q(d)-.37 E F0 .684(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.954 F
.684
(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard)
5.684 F(input for a command.)108 679.2 Q
(The format of here-documents is:)108 696 Q F1(<<)144 712.8 Q F0([)A F1
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(No parameter e)108 100.8 R .127
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .127
-(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F .127(xpansion is performed)-.15 F(on)108
-112.8 Q F1(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.774(.I).77 G 3.274(fa)-5.774 G
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F0 .774(are quoted, the)4.044 F F1(delimiter)3.624 E F0 .774
-(is the result of quote remo)4.004 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.275(lo).25 G(n)
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(the lines in the here-document are not e)108 124.8 R 3.405(xpanded. If)
--.15 F F1(wor)3.405 E(d)-.37 E F0 .904
-(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are)3.405 F .694
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+(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are)3.405 F .695
(subjected to parameter e)108 136.8 R .695
-(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.195
-(xpansion. In)-.15 F .695(the latter case, the)3.195 F
+(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.194
+(xpansion. In)-.15 F .694(the latter case, the)3.194 F
(character sequence)108 148.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\<newline>)2.5 E
F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0
(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($)2.5
-E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2(`)2.5 E F0(.)A .602
+E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2(`)2.5 E F0(.)A .601
(If the redirection operator is)108 165.6 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101
(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\
and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 177.6 Q F1(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5
E F0(is e)2.5 E
(xpanded and supplied to the command on its standard input.)-.15 E F2
(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 256.8 Q F0(The redirection operator)108
-268.8 Q([)144 285.6 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126
+268.8 Q([)144 285.6 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .127
(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 302.4 R(If)5.127 E
-F1(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127
+F1(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .126
(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108
-314.4 Q F1(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G
-2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
-2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F1(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0
-.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149
-(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 326.4 R(If)5.149 E F1(wor)
-2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F2<ad>2.649 E
-F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F1(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.)
-2.89 F(If)5.15 E F1(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F
-(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 338.4 Q
+314.4 Q F1(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G
+2.957(ft)-2.957 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.957 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
+2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F1(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F0
+.458(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.728 F .15
+(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 326.4 R(If)5.15 E F1(wor)
+2.99 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F2<ad>2.65 E F0
+2.649<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F1(n)3.009 E F0 .149
+(is closed.)2.889 F(If)5.149 E F1(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,)
+2.889 F(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 338.4 Q
(The operator)108 355.2 Q([)144 372 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(wor)A(d)
--.37 E F0 .444
+-.37 E F0 .443
(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 388.8 R
-(If)5.444 E F1(n)3.304 E F0 .443
-(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F 1.357
-(tor 1\) is used.)108 400.8 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F1(wor)
-4.197 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\
-utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.597(occurs. As)108 412.8 R 2.597
-(as)2.597 G .097(pecial case, if)-2.597 F F1(n)2.596 E F0 .096
+(If)5.443 E F1(n)3.304 E F0 .444
+(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.184 F 1.358
+(tor 1\) is used.)108 400.8 R 1.358(If the digits in)6.358 F F1(wor)
+4.198 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.357(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\
+utput, a redirection error)4.628 F 2.596(occurs. As)108 412.8 R 2.596
+(as)2.596 G .096(pecial case, if)-2.596 F F1(n)2.596 E F0 .096
(is omitted, and)2.596 F F1(wor)2.596 E(d)-.37 E F0 .096(does not e)
2.596 F .096(xpand to one or more digits, the standard out-)-.15 F
(put and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 424.8 Q
(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2(Mo)87 441.6 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0
(The redirection operator)108 453.6 Q([)144 470.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<&)
-A F1(digit)A F2<ad>A F0(mo)108 487.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(st).15 G
-.535(he \214le descriptor)-3.035 F F1(digit)3.035 E F0 .535
-(to \214le descriptor)3.035 F F1(n)3.035 E F0 3.035(,o).24 G 3.035(rt)
--3.035 G .536(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.035 F F1
-(n)3.036 E F0 .536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 499.2 Q F1(digit)5
+A F1(digit)A F2<ad>A F0(mo)108 487.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G
+.536(he \214le descriptor)-3.036 F F1(digit)3.036 E F0 .536
+(to \214le descriptor)3.036 F F1(n)3.036 E F0 3.036(,o).24 G 3.036(rt)
+-3.036 G .535(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.036 F F1
+(n)3.035 E F0 .535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 499.2 Q F1(digit)5
E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.)A
(Similarly)108 516 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144
532.8 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>&)A F1(digit)A F2<ad>A F0(mo)108 549.6 Q -.15
-(ve)-.15 G 2.786(st).15 G .286(he \214le descriptor)-2.786 F F1(digit)
-2.786 E F0 .286(to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F1(n)2.786 E F0 2.786(,o)
-.24 G 2.786(rt)-2.786 G .285
-(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.786 F F1(n)2.785 E F0
-.285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 561.6 Q F2
+(ve)-.15 G 2.785(st).15 G .285(he \214le descriptor)-2.785 F F1(digit)
+2.785 E F0 .285(to \214le descriptor)2.785 F F1(n)2.785 E F0 2.785(,o)
+.24 G 2.785(rt)-2.785 G .286
+(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.785 F F1(n)2.786 E F0
+.286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 561.6 Q F2
(Opening File Descriptors f)87 578.4 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
(The redirection operator)108 590.4 Q([)144 607.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>)
A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108
108 636 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G
(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 652.8 Q F1(Aliases)108 664.8 Q F0(allo)3.174
-E 3.174(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674
-(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .673
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 652.8 Q F1(Aliases)108 664.8 Q F0(allo)3.173
+E 3.173(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.173 F .674
+(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674
(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\
-ses that may be set and unset with the)108 676.8 R F2(alias)2.894 E F0
-(and)2.894 E F2(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394(iltin commands).2
-F(\(see)108 688.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E
-1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98
-(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1
-F(check)108 700.8 Q .472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472
-(If so, that w)5.472 F .473(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473
-(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473(The characters)5.473 F F2(/)2.973 E F0(,)A
-F2($)2.973 E F0(,)A F2(`)2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 712.8 Q F2(=)3.612 E F0
-1.112(and an)3.612 F 3.612(yo)-.15 G 3.612(ft)-3.612 G 1.112(he shell)
--3.612 F F1(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
-(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.411 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.111
-(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 724.8 R 1.119
-(replacement te)3.619 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G
-1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.12
-(The \214rst)6.12 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2006 May 11)147.345 E(23)
-197.335 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 24 25
+ses that may be set and unset with the)108 676.8 R F2(alias)2.893 E F0
+(and)2.893 E F2(unalias)2.893 E F0 -.2(bu)2.893 G .393(iltin commands).2
+F(\(see)108 688.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09
+E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98
+(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F
+(check)108 700.8 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473
+(If so, that w)5.473 F .472(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472
+(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472(The characters)5.472 F F2(/)2.972 E F0(,)A
+F2($)2.972 E F0(,)A F2(`)2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 712.8 Q F2(=)3.611 E F0
+1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell)
+-3.611 F F1(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
+(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.412 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.112
+(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 724.8 R 1.12
+(replacement te)3.62 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G
+1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.119
+(The \214rst)6.119 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2006 September 28)135.125 E
+(23)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 24 24
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E -.1(wo)108 84 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1 F .514
-(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .514(ut a w)-.2 F .513
-(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .513(xpanded is)-.15 F
-.295(not e)108 96 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
-(This means that one may alias)5.295 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(ls)2.796 E
-F0(to)2.796 E F1 .296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296
-(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F
-.543(to recursi)108 108 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .543(ly e).15 F .543
-(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F 3.043(xt. If)-.15 F .543
-(the last character of the alias v)3.043 F .542(alue is a)-.25 F/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(blank)3.042 E F0 3.042(,t).67 G .542(hen the ne)
--3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 120 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
+-.35 E -.1(wo)108 84 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1 F .513
+(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .513(ut a w)-.2 F .514
+(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F
+.296(not e)108 96 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
+(This means that one may alias)5.296 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(ls)2.796 E
+F0(to)2.796 E F1 .296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295
+(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F
+.542(to recursi)108 108 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .542(ly e).15 F .542
+(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F 3.042(xt. If)-.15 F .543
+(the last character of the alias v)3.042 F .543(alue is a)-.25 F/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(blank)3.043 E F0 3.043(,t).67 G .543(hen the ne)
+-3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 120 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15
E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 136.8 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1
(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 194.4 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F3
(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25
-E .435
+E .436
(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108
-211.2 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1
-(wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .338
+211.2 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1
+(wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .337
(one complete line of input before e)108 223.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
(cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338
-(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .337(Aliases are e)5.337 F .337
-(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 235.2 S .904
-(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.403 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404
+(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .338(Aliases are e)5.338 F .338
+(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.404(ac)108 235.2 S .904
+(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.404 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404
(cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904
-(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.162
+(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.161
(another command does not tak)108 247.2 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662
G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F
-1.161(The commands follo)6.161 F 1.161(wing the)-.25 F .277
+1.162(The commands follo)6.162 F 1.162(wing the)-.25 F .277
(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 259.2 R .277
(fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha)
-2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .699(are e)108
-271.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F
+2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .698(are e)108
+271.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.198(cuted. Aliases).15 F .698(are e)3.198 F
.699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\
-n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .494
+n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .495
(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 283.2
-R .495(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .085
+R .494(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .084
(tion are not a)108 295.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084
(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.584
(cuted. T).15 F 2.584(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)-2.584 G .084(afe, al)-2.584 F
--.1(wa)-.1 G .084(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F
+-.1(wa)-.1 G .085(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F
(rate line, and do not use)108 307.2 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 324 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5
E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.)
-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)72 340.8 Q F0 3.467(As)108
-352.8 S .967(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267
+.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)72 340.8 Q F0 3.468(As)108
+352.8 S .968(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267
-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9
-/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F
-1.002(later e)108 364.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002
+/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F
+1.001(later e)108 364.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002
(the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the lis\
-t of com-)3.502 F .315(mands associated with that function name is e)108
+t of com-)3.501 F .316(mands associated with that function name is e)108
376.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G .316(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15
-F .036(shell; no ne)108 388.8 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036
-(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035
-F .639(function is e)108 400.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .315(cuted in the conte).15 F .315(xt of the current)-.15
+F .035(shell; no ne)108 388.8 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036
+(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.535 F
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .036(When a)5.036
+F .64(function is e)108 400.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F
.639
(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e)
--.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 412.8
-R F1(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532
-(Special parameter 0 is unchanged.)5.532 F .532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F
-1.017(ment of the)108 424.8 R F3(FUNCN)3.517 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)
-3.267 G 1.017
+-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 412.8
+R F1(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .533
+(Special parameter 0 is unchanged.)5.532 F .533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F
+1.018(ment of the)108 424.8 R F3(FUNCN)3.518 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)
+3.268 G 1.017
(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G 3.518(cuting. All).15 F 1.285
+-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.517(cuting. All).15 F 1.285
(other aspects of the shell e)108 436.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.285
(cution en).15 F 1.285
(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with the)-.4
-F -.15(ex)108 448.8 S 2.029(ception that the).15 F F3(DEB)4.529 E(UG)
--.09 E F0(and)4.279 E F1(RETURN)4.529 E F0 2.029
-(traps \(see the description of the)4.529 F F1(trap)4.53 E F0 -.2(bu)
-4.53 G 2.03(iltin under).2 F F3(SHELL)4.53 E -.09(BU)108 460.8 S(IL).09
-E .479(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.729 E .479
+F -.15(ex)108 448.8 S 2.03(ception that the).15 F F3(DEB)4.53 E(UG)-.09
+E F0(and)4.28 E F1(RETURN)4.53 E F0 2.029
+(traps \(see the description of the)4.53 F F1(trap)4.529 E F0 -.2(bu)
+4.529 G 2.029(iltin under).2 F F3(SHELL)4.529 E -.09(BU)108 460.8 S(IL)
+.09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479
(w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F1(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E
-.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 472.8 R F3(declar)
+-.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F1(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E
+.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 472.8 R F3(declar)
2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the)
-.25 F F1 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42
-(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F1(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu)
+(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F1(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu)
108 484.8 S(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 E F1(DEB)
2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps\).)2.5 E -1.11(Va)
-108 501.6 S .656(riables local to the function may be declared with the)
-1.11 F F1(local)3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.155 G .655(iltin command.).2 F
-(Ordinarily)5.655 E 3.155(,v)-.65 G .655(ariables and)-3.405 F(their v)
+108 501.6 S .655(riables local to the function may be declared with the)
+1.11 F F1(local)3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.156 G .656(iltin command.).2 F
+(Ordinarily)5.656 E 3.156(,v)-.65 G .656(ariables and)-3.406 F(their v)
108 513.6 Q(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E
-(.)-.55 E .043(If the b)108 530.4 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F1 -.18
+(.)-.55 E .044(If the b)108 530.4 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F1 -.18
(re)2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043
(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 542.4 R 1.012
+.043(cution resumes with).15 F 1.011(the ne)108 542.4 R 1.011
(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G
-1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011
-(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 554.4 R
--.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213
-(When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214
+1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.512 E F0 1.012
+(trap is e)3.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .214(before e)108 554.4 R
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .214(cution resumes.).15 F .213
+(When a function completes, the v)5.214 F .213
(alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter)
108 566.4 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E
2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)
--2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.359
+-2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.358
(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 583.2 R F1
<ad66>3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F1(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E
-F0(or)3.858 E F1(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F
+F0(or)3.859 E F1(typeset)3.859 E F0 -.2(bu)3.859 G 1.359(iltin com-).2 F
3.39(mands. The)108 595.2 R F1<ad46>3.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F1
(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F1(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89
(will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F
-.327(\214le and line number)108 607.2 R 2.827(,i)-.4 G 2.827(ft)-2.827 G
-(he)-2.827 E F1(extdeb)2.827 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326
-(shell option is enabled\).)2.827 F .326(Functions may be e)5.326 F .326
-(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.297(automatically ha)108 619.2 R
-1.597 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.297(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F1<ad66>3.797 E
-F0 1.297(option to the)3.797 F F1(export)3.798 E F0 -.2(bu)3.798 G 3.798
-(iltin. A).2 F 1.298(function de\214nition may be)3.798 F .161
-(deleted using the)108 631.2 R F1<ad66>2.661 E F0 .161(option to the)
-2.661 F F1(unset)2.661 E F0 -.2(bu)2.661 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .16
-(that shell functions and v)2.661 F .16(ariables with the same name)-.25
-F 1.325(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en)108
-643.2 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G 3.825
-(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 655.2 Q
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+(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.298(automatically ha)108 619.2 R
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+F0 1.298(option to the)3.798 F F1(export)3.797 E F0 -.2(bu)3.797 G 3.797
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+(that shell functions and v)2.661 F .161(ariables with the same name)
+-.25 F 1.325(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en)
+108 643.2 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G
+3.825(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 655.2 Q
(en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E
(Functions may be recursi)108 672 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.N).15 G 2.5(ol)-5
G(imit is imposed on the number of recursi)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H
(alls.).15 E F4(ARITHMETIC EV)72 688.8 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G
-(ION)1.04 E F0 2.298(The shell allo)108 700.8 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)
+(ION)1.04 E F0 2.297(The shell allo)108 700.8 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)
-.25 F 2.297(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.297
-(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)4.797 E F0
-(and)4.797 E F1(declar)108 712.8 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.705 G .205
-(iltin commands and).2 F F1 .205(Arithmetic Expansion)2.705 F F0 2.705
-(\). Ev)B .205(aluation is done in \214x)-.25 F .206(ed-width inte)-.15
-F .206(gers with no)-.15 F 2.07(check for o)108 724.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G
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(r\215o).15 E 3.37 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.07(hough di).65 F 2.07
(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F 7.07(.T)-.55 G
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(grouped into le)108 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 E(The le)5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(Shell v)108 405.6 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68
(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68
(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F
--.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 417.6 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4
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(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter)
--.25 F -.15(ex)108 429.6 S 1.041(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.541(As)6.041 G
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-(The v)6.466 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25
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+(The v)6.467 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25
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(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 453.6 R 1.389
-(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.889(nt).15 G(he)
--3.889 E F1(inte)3.889 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.889 E 1.389
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-(As)5.343 G .343(hell v)-2.843 F .343(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .643
--.15(ve i)-.2 H .343(ts inte).15 F .344(ger attrib)-.15 F .344
-(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 477.6 Q(xpression.)-.15 E
-1.406(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108
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-(xadecimal.)-.15 E .589(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 506.4 R 3.089(et)-.1
-G .589(he form [)-3.089 F F1(base#)A F0 .589(]n, where)B F1(base)3.089 E
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-(ing the arithmetic base, and)108 518.4 R F1(n)2.593 E F0 .093
-(is a number in that base.)2.593 F(If)5.093 E F1(base#)2.593 E F0 .092
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+(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .343(luates to 0.).25 F 2.843(As)5.343 G
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(wercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order)-.25 F
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-(bers between 10 and 35.)108 554.4 Q .234(Operators are e)108 571.2 R
--.25(va)-.25 G .234(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E
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(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 583.2 S
(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95
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-(Conditional e)108 612 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[)
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(utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77
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-(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F1(/de)3.54 E
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(/de)108 660 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C
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(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo)
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(as last read.)-.1 E F2(\214le1)108 324 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F1(nt)A F2
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F0 .039(is ne)2.539 F .039
(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 F F2(\214le2)2.539 E
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-2.53
9 F F2(\214le1)108 348 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0
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8 F F2(\214le1)108 348 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0
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3 F F1<ad6f>
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648 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(.)
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(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.)
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-(which, unless caught, suspends the process.)108 108 Q 1.087
+/Times-Bold@0 SF .759(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.259 F(OU\))-.162 E F0 .759
+(signal by the terminal dri)3.009 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G
+(which, unless caught, suspends the process.)108 108 Q 1.088
(If the operating system on which)108 124.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F2(bash)
-3.588 E F0 1.088(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8
-(Ty)108 136.8 S .302(ping the).8 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(suspend)3.142
-E F0 .302(character \(typically)3.572 F F2(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301
+(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F2(bash)
+3.587 E F0 1.087(contains f)3.587 F 1.087(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8
+(Ty)108 136.8 S .301(ping the).8 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(suspend)3.141
+E F0 .301(character \(typically)3.571 F F2(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301
(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801
-F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 148.8 R F2(bash)4.642 E F0
+F 2.143(stopped and returns control to)108 148.8 R F2(bash)4.642 E F0
7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F3 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0
-2.143(character \(typically)5.413 F F2(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C
-(ontrol-Y\))-4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\
+2.142(character \(typically)5.412 F F2(^Y)4.642 E F0 4.642(,C)C
+(ontrol-Y\))-4.642 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\
mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108
160.8 R(to)108 172.8 Q F2(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892
(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F
-F2(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .895
-(background, the)108 184.8 R F2(fg)3.395 E F0 .895
-(command to continue it in the fore)3.395 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F
-F2(kill)3.395 E F0 .894(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.894 E F2(^Z)
-3.394 E F0(tak)3.394 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 196.8 Q .948(fect immediately)
--.25 F 3.448(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.448 F .948
+F2(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .894
+(background, the)108 184.8 R F2(fg)3.394 E F0 .895
+(command to continue it in the fore)3.394 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F
+F2(kill)3.395 E F0 .895(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.895 E F2(^Z)
+3.395 E F0(tak)3.395 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 196.8 Q .949(fect immediately)
+-.25 F 3.449(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.449 F .948
(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.)
-108 208.8 Q 1.098(There are a number of w)108 225.6 R 1.097
+108 208.8 Q 1.097(There are a number of w)108 225.6 R 1.097
(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F 1.097(The character)6.097 F
-F2(%)3.597 E F0 1.097(introduces a job name.)3.597 F(Job)6.097 E(number)
+F2(%)3.597 E F0 1.098(introduces a job name.)3.597 F(Job)6.098 E(number)
108 237.6 Q F3(n)3.13 E F0 .27(may be referred to as)3.01 F F2(%n)2.77 E
F0 5.27(.A)C .27
(job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the name used to start)
-2.5 F .277(it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.)
108 249.6 R -.15(Fo)5.277 G 2.777(re).15 G(xample,)-2.927 E F2(%ce)2.777
-E F0 .277(refers to a stopped)2.777 F F2(ce)2.777 E F0(job)2.777 E 5.277
-(.I)-.4 G 2.777(fa)-5.277 G .38(pre\214x matches more than one job,)108
+E F0 .277(refers to a stopped)2.777 F F2(ce)2.777 E F0(job)2.778 E 5.278
+(.I)-.4 G 2.778(fa)-5.278 G .38(pre\214x matches more than one job,)108
261.6 R F2(bash)2.88 E F0 .38(reports an error)2.88 F 5.38(.U)-.55 G
(sing)-5.38 E F2(%?ce)2.88 E F0 2.88(,o)C 2.88(nt)-2.88 G .38
-(he other hand, refers to an)-2.88 F 2.88(yj)-.15 G(ob)-2.88 E .623
-(containing the string)108 273.6 R F2(ce)3.123 E F0 .622
-(in its command line.)3.123 F .622
-(If the substring matches more than one job,)5.622 F F2(bash)3.122 E F0
-.622(reports an)3.122 F(error)108 285.6 Q 5.143(.T)-.55 G .143
+(he other hand, refers to an)-2.88 F 2.88(yj)-.15 G(ob)-2.88 E .622
+(containing the string)108 273.6 R F2(ce)3.122 E F0 .622
+(in its command line.)3.122 F .622
+(If the substring matches more than one job,)5.622 F F2(bash)3.123 E F0
+.623(reports an)3.123 F(error)108 285.6 Q 5.143(.T)-.55 G .143
(he symbols)-5.143 F F2(%%)2.643 E F0(and)2.643 E F2(%+)2.643 E F0 .143
(refer to the shell')2.643 F 2.643(sn)-.55 G .143(otion of the)-2.643 F
F3(curr)2.643 E .143(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.643(,w).23 G .143
-(hich is the last job stopped)-2.643 F 1.209(while it w)108 297.6 R
-1.209(as in the fore)-.1 F 1.208(ground or started in the background.)
+(hich is the last job stopped)-2.643 F 1.208(while it w)108 297.6 R
+1.208(as in the fore)-.1 F 1.208(ground or started in the background.)
-.15 F(The)6.208 E F3(pr)4.958 E -.15(ev)-.37 G 1.208(ious job).15 F F0
-1.208(may be referenced using)3.938 F F2<25ad>108 309.6 Q F0 5.486(.I)C
-2.986(no)-5.486 G .486
-(utput pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)-2.986 F F2(jobs)
-2.987 E F0 .487(command\), the current job is al)2.987 F -.1(wa)-.1 G
-.487(ys \215agged).1 F .15(with a)108 321.6 R F2(+)2.65 E F0 2.65(,a)C
+1.209(may be referenced using)3.939 F F2<25ad>108 309.6 Q F0 5.487(.I)C
+2.987(no)-5.487 G .487
+(utput pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)-2.987 F F2(jobs)
+2.987 E F0 .486(command\), the current job is al)2.987 F -.1(wa)-.1 G
+.486(ys \215agged).1 F .15(with a)108 321.6 R F2(+)2.65 E F0 2.65(,a)C
.15(nd the pre)-2.65 F .15(vious job with a)-.25 F F2<ad>2.65 E F0 5.15
(.A)C .15(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .15
(ying job speci\214cation\) also refers to)-.15 F(the current job)108
-333.6 Q(.)-.4 E .443
+333.6 Q(.)-.4 E .444
(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 350.4 R
-(ground:)-.15 E F2(%1)2.944 E F0 .444(is a synon)2.944 F .444(ym for)
--.15 F F2 -.63(``)2.944 G .444(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.944(,b)C
-(ringing)-2.944 E 1.473(job 1 from the background into the fore)108
-362.4 R 3.973(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F2 -.63(``)3.972 G 1.472
-(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.472(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.972 F
+(ground:)-.15 E F2(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for)
+-.15 F F2 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C
+(ringing)-2.943 E 1.472(job 1 from the background into the fore)108
+362.4 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F2 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473
+(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.473(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.973 F
(equi)108 374.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1')
-.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .13(The shell learns immediately whene)108 391.2 R
--.15(ve)-.25 G 2.63(raj).15 G .13(ob changes state.)-2.63 F(Normally)
-5.131 E(,)-.65 E F2(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.631 G .131
-(its until it is about to print a).1 F .158
-(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 403.2 R 2.658(ss)-.55 G
-.158(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.658 F 2.657(yo)-.15 G .157
-(ther output.)-2.657 F .157(If the)5.157 F F2<ad62>2.657 E F0 .157
-(option to)2.657 F(the)108 415.2 Q F2(set)3.951 E F0 -.2(bu)3.951 G
-1.451(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F2(bash)3.951 E F0 1.452
-(reports such changes immediately)3.951 F 6.452(.A)-.65 G 1.752 -.15
-(ny t)-6.452 H 1.452(rap on).15 F F1(SIGCHLD)3.952 E F0(is)3.702 E -.15
-(exe)108 427.2 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E 1.027
+.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 391.2
+R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F
+(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F2(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13
+(its until it is about to print a).1 F .157
+(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 403.2 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G
+.157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158
+(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F2<ad62>2.658 E F0 .158
+(option to)2.658 F(the)108 415.2 Q F2(set)3.952 E F0 -.2(bu)3.952 G
+1.452(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F2(bash)3.952 E F0 1.451
+(reports such changes immediately)3.952 F 6.451(.A)-.65 G 1.751 -.15
+(ny t)-6.451 H 1.451(rap on).15 F F1(SIGCHLD)3.951 E F0(is)3.701 E -.15
+(exe)108 427.2 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E 1.026
(If an attempt to e)108 444 R(xit)-.15 E F2(bash)3.527 E F0 1.027
-(is made while jobs are stopped, the shell prints a w)3.527 F 1.026
-(arning message.)-.1 F(The)6.026 E F2(jobs)3.526 E F0 .255
+(is made while jobs are stopped, the shell prints a w)3.527 F 1.027
+(arning message.)-.1 F(The)6.027 E F2(jobs)3.527 E F0 .256
(command may then be used to inspect their status.)108 456 R .255
-(If a second attempt to e)5.255 F .256(xit is made without an interv)
+(If a second attempt to e)5.255 F .255(xit is made without an interv)
-.15 F(en-)-.15 E(ing command, the shell does not print another w)108
468 Q(arning, and the stopped jobs are terminated.)-.1 E/F4 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 484.8 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .645(When e)108 496.8
-R -.15(xe)-.15 G .645(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)
--.65 E F2(bash)3.145 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F1
-(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.825
-(and the secondary prompt)108 508.8 R F1(PS2)4.325 E F0 1.825
-(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.075 F F2(Bash)6.826 E
-F0(allo)4.326 E 1.826(ws these)-.25 F 1.499(prompt strings to be custom\
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 484.8 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 496.8
+R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)
+-.65 E F2(bash)3.144 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F1
+(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.826
+(and the secondary prompt)108 508.8 R F1(PS2)4.326 E F0 1.825
+(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.076 F F2(Bash)6.825 E
+F0(allo)4.325 E 1.825(ws these)-.25 F 1.499(prompt strings to be custom\
ized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that\
are)108 520.8 R(decoded as follo)108 532.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144
544.8 Q F0(an ASCII bell character \(07\))28.22 E F2(\\d)144 556.8 Q F0
(the date in "W)27.66 E(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E
(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F2(\\D{)144 568.8 Q F3(format)A F2(})A F0(the)180
-580.8 Q F3(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to)3.926 F F3(strftime)
-3.926 E F0 1.427
+580.8 Q F3(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F F3(strftime)
+3.927 E F0 1.427
(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180
592.8 Q F3(format)2.5 E F0
(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E
(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F2(\\t)144
700.8 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)29.89 E F2(\\T)
144 712.8 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)26.55 E
-(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2006 May 11)147.345 E(30)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 31 32
+(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2006 September 28)135.125 E(30)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 31 31
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
(be)29.89 E 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which coul\
d be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F(control sequence into the prompt)
180 240 Q F1(\\])144 252 Q F0(end a sequence of non-printing characters)
-29.89 E .119(The command number and the history number are usually dif)
-108 268.8 R .12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F
+29.89 E .12(The command number and the history number are usually dif)
+108 268.8 R .119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F
1.585(position in the history list, which may include commands restored\
from the history \214le \(see)108 280.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)
-4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)108 292.8 Q .541(w\), while the co\
+4.085 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)108 292.8 Q .541(w\), while the co\
mmand number is the position in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G .541(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546
+(xe)-.15 G .54(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546
(rent shell session.)108 304.8 R .546
(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546
(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F
-.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 316.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
+.352(tion, arithmetic e)108 316.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
-.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1
-(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .352(shell option \(see the)2.852
+(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .351(shell option \(see the)2.852
F(description of the)108 328.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E
F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)
--.25 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 345.6 Q F0 .151
+-.25 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 345.6 Q F0 .15
(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti)
-108 357.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1
-(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E .066(is gi)108 369.6 R -.15
-(ve)-.25 G 2.566(na).15 G 2.566(ts)-2.566 G .066(hell in)-2.566 F -.2
+108 357.6 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F1
+(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E .067(is gi)108 369.6 R -.15
+(ve)-.25 G 2.567(na).15 G 2.566(ts)-2.567 G .066(hell in)-2.566 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G 2.566(cation. By).2 F(def)2.566 E .066
(ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs.)-.1 F
-2.567(Av)5.067 G(i-style)-2.567 E .566(line editing interf)108 381.6 R
-.566(ace is also a)-.1 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.065(ilable. T).25 F 3.065(ot)
+2.566(Av)5.066 G(i-style)-2.566 E .565(line editing interf)108 381.6 R
+.565(ace is also a)-.1 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.065(ilable. T).25 F 3.065(ot)
-.8 G .565(urn of)-3.065 F 3.065(fl)-.25 G .565
-(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.065 F F1 .565
-(+o emacs)3.065 F F0(or)108 393.6 Q F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5
+(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.065 F F1 .566
+(+o emacs)3.066 F F0(or)108 393.6 Q F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5
E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)
-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
-(Readline Notation)87 410.4 Q F0 .567
+(Readline Notation)87 410.4 Q F0 .568
(In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote k)108 422.4
-R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 3.068(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)3.068 G .568
-(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F2 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.153
-(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 434.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,)-.65 E
-F2(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F
-F2 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152
-(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 446.4 S .83
-(yboards without a)-.05 F F2(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65
-(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F2(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F2(x)3.33 E F0 3.33
-(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831
-(hen the).15 F F2(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H
-.831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 458.4 R F2 .6(meta pr)3.1 F
-(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F2(x)A F0
-.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F2(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)
--3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599
+R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 3.067(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)3.067 G .567
+(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F2 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.152
+(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 434.4 R(Similarly)6.152 E(,)-.65 E
+F2(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F
+F2 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653(oM)-3.653 G 1.153
+(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)108 446.4 S .831
+(yboards without a)-.05 F F2(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke)3.591 G 2.131 -.65
+(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F2(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F F2(x)3.331 E F0
+3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .83
+(hen the).15 F F2(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65(y. T)-.05 H .83
+(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 458.4 R F2 .599(meta pr)3.099 F
+(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F2
+(x)A F0 .599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F2(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099
+(rp)-3.099 G .6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6
(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 470.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H
(hile pressing the).15 E F2(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\))
-.65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 487.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119
+.65 E .62(Readline commands may be gi)108 487.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119
(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F2(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G
-.619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.62 E(ho)
-108 499.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G
-3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
+.619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.619 E
+(ho)108 499.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti)
+.4 G 3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne)
.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619
-(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 511.2 R 1.018
+(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 511.2 R 1.018
(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C
-1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019
-(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 523.2 Q
+1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018
+(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 523.2 Q
(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo)
--.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 540 R F2
+-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 540 R F2
(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811
-(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811
-(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F2
-(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 552 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F
+(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812
+(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F2
+(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 552 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F
.029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F2
.029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H
.029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,)
(xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.)
108 576 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 592.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\
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-R F2(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .092
-(name of this \214le)2.591 F .197(is tak)108 616.8 R .196(en from the v)
+R F2(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .091
+(name of this \214le)2.591 F .196(is tak)108 616.8 R .196(en from the v)
-.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F3(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G
2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196
(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F2(~/.inputr)2.696
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-(va)108 640.8 S 1.15(riables are set.).25 F 1.15(There are only a fe)
-6.15 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.149
-(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.149 E .736
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(lines are ignored.)108 652.8 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737
(ginning with a)-.15 F F1(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737
-(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.237 E F0 .737
-(indicate conditional)3.237 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 664.8 R
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-(ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 681.6 R .987(ault k)-.1 F
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-.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F2(inputr)
3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987
(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 693.6 Q
(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 710.4 S 2.5(re).15 G
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SF(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G
(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F1
-(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.26(The follo)
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108 124.8 R 1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F
F1 -.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F1
-(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 E F1(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F1(NEWLINE)3.761 E F0
-(,).73 E F1(RET)3.761 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(RETURN)108 136.8 Q F0(,)1.1 E F1
+(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 E F1(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F1(NEWLINE)3.76 E F0
+(,).73 E F1(RET)3.76 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(RETURN)108 136.8 Q F0(,)1.1 E F1
(SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F1(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G
(nd)-2.5 E F1 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209
(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 153.6 R .209(ws k)-.25
(The syntax for controlling k)108 194.4 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366
(indings in the).15 F F1(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366
(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the)
-5.366 F .383(command or the te)108 206.4 R .383(xt of a macro and a k)
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-.15 F .683 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .383
(equence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-).15 F .853
(\214ed in one of tw)108 218.4 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853
(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .853
(ame, possibly with).15 F F1(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F1(Contr)
3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15
-(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 230.4 Q 1.542(When using the form)108 247.2 R F2
--.1(ke)4.042 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)4.042
+(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 230.4 Q 1.541(When using the form)108 247.2 R F2
+-.1(ke)4.041 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)4.041
E F1(macr)4.042 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)4.042 G(yname)-.2 E F0 1.542
-(is the name of a k)4.222 F 1.841 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.541(pelled out in)
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(Control-u: uni)144 283.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18
E(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 295.2 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E
-(Control-o: "> output")144 307.2 Q .698(In the abo)108 324 R .998 -.15
+(Control-o: "> output")144 307.2 Q .699(In the abo)108 324 R .998 -.15
(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F1(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698
(is bound to the function)3.448 F F2(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G
(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F1(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698
(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 336 Q F2(backward\255kill\255w)
-2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F1(C\255o)2.599 E F0 .258
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(xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108
348 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0
-(into the line\).)2.5 E .055(In the second form,)108 364.8 R F2("k)2.555
-E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.555 E F1(macr)
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-(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15
-(ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284
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(denoting an entire k)108 376.8 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\
ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F
-(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 388.8 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H
-.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .386
-(xample, b)-.15 F .386(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F
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(are not recognized.)108 400.8 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 424.8 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E
("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 436.8 Q
-("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 448.8 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .315
-(In this e)108 465.6 R(xample,)-.15 E F1(C\255u)2.655 E F0 .315(is ag)
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<ad72>.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1
(ESC [ 1 1 ~)3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3
(Function Key 1)2.5 E F0(.)A
-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)
144 703.2 Q F1(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E
(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0
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-H .429(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.93
-E F0 -.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046
-(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 124.8 R .346 -.15
-(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F1<ad6f>2.545 E F0 .045
-(option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045
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(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 136.8 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
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R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F
(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043
-(riable may be set in the).25 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inpu-)2.554 E
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(tr)108 177.6 Q(c)-.37 E F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E
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(Except where noted, readline v)108 211.2 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F
3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues)-.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1
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(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v)
--.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449
-(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 235.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468
+-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .448
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(\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On)
2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25
-F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467
-(he v)-5.468 F .467(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108
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+F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .468
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(Controls what happens when readline w)144 276 R .011
-(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none)
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-.94(rings the bell.)144 288 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0
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+(rings the bell.)144 288 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0
3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va)
-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0(,)A
(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 300 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.)
--2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 312 Q F0 .055
-(If set to)144 324 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline attempts \
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-(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 336 Q -.15(ve)
+-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 312 Q F0 .056
+(If set to)144 324 R F1(On)2.556 E F0 2.556(,r)C .056(eadline attempts \
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+(ernel')-.1 E 2.555(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.555 E(nal dri)144 336 Q -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25
G(lents.).25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 348 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E
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-(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 372 Q F1
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+(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .885(command is e)3.385 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
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(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0
(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 384 Q
(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 396 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C
(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255insen\
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-(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 408 Q F0 .529
-(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 420 R .53
-(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the)
-144 432 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)3.061
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--.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 444 R
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+(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 420 R .529
+(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .56(erated by the)
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.783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \
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+the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 456 S .237
(riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie)
-.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G
.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 468 Q F1(con)108 480
-Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 492 R F1(On)
-3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613
-(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15
-(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541
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+(ey s)-.1 H .612(equence by).15 F .541
(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
-144 504 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F3 .541(meta pr)3.041 F
+144 504 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F3 .542(meta pr)3.042 F
(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 516 Q F0(\).)A F1(disable\255completion \(Off\))108
528 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 540 R F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038
(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
144 552 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0
-(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 564 Q F0 .253
+(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 564 Q F0 .252
(Controls whether readline be)144 576 R .253(gins with a set of k)-.15 F
-.553 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .253(indings similar to).15 F F3(emacs)2.752 E F0
-(or)2.752 E F3(vi)2.752 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.252 E F0
+.553 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .253(indings similar to).15 F F3(emacs)2.753 E F0
+(or)2.753 E F3(vi)2.753 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.253 E F0
(can be set to either)144 588 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(enable\255k)108 600 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892(When set to)
+F0(.)A F1(enable\255k)108 600 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893(When set to)
144 612 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
-.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .893(Some sys-)5.893 F
+.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F
(tems need this to enable the arro)144 624 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6
G(s.).15 E F1(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 636 Q F0(If set to)144 648 Q
F1(on)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E
(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w)-.15 E(ord completion.)
-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 660 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1(ve)-.1 G
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-3.993(,t)C 1.493(he history code attempts to place point at the same lo\
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+(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.492(If set to)144 672 R F1(on)3.992 E F0
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(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious-history).15 E F0
(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(horizontal\255scr)108 696 Q
-(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448(When set to)144 708 R F1(On)2.948 E
-F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448
-(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .449
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-Q F0 .227(If set to)144 108 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .228(eadline \
+Q F0 .228(If set to)144 108 R F1(On)2.728 E F0 2.728(,r)C .227(eadline \
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(ga)-.15 G .956(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F
-.956(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.456 E F0 .956(is a)3.456 F
+.957(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.457 E F0 .957(is a)3.457 F
(synon)144 132 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 144 Q
(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .439(\
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search wi\
-thout subsequently e)144 156 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .935
+thout subsequently e)144 156 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .934
(ing the character as a command.)144 168 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935
-(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15 G .934
-(alue, the characters)-3.684 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ESC)3.434 E F0
+(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935
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(and)144 180 Q F2(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)
-2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)108 192 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02
+2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)108 192 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021
(Set the current readline k)144 204 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F
2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021
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+G 1.544(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C
1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs)
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-(editing\255mode)4.044 E F0(also)4.044 E(af)144 240 Q(fects the def)-.25
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E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 252 Q
(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 264 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.)
(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475
-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 324
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-(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 336 Q F0 .192(This v)144 348 R
-.192(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.692 E F0 2.692(,c)C .192
-(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.692 F .193
-(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.693('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.693 E 1.024
+(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 336 Q F0 .193(This v)144 348 R
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+(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192
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(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion, unless the leading `.)
-144 360 R 3.523('i)-.7 G 3.523(ss)-3.523 G 1.023
+144 360 R 3.523('i)-.7 G 3.523(ss)-3.523 G 1.024
(upplied by the user in the)-3.523 F(\214lename to be completed.)144 372
-Q F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 384 Q F0 .506(If set to)144 396 R F1(On)
-3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will display characters with the eig\
-hth bit set directly rather than as a meta-)-3.006 F(pre\214x)144 408 Q
+Q F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 384 Q F0 .507(If set to)144 396 R F1(On)
+3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will display characters with the eig\
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(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1(page\255completions \(On\))108 420 Q F0
-.809(If set to)144 432 R F1(On)3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808
+.808(If set to)144 432 R F1(On)3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808
(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2(mor)3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A
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-(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 456 Q F0 1.318
-(If set to)144 468 R F1(On)3.818 E F0 3.818(,r)C 1.319(eadline will dis\
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+(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 456 Q F0 1.319
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F(order)144 480 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25
-E F1(sho)108 492 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .478
-(This alters the def)144 504 R .478(ault beha)-.1 F .478
-(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .477(If set to)5.477 F F1(on)
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+E F1(sho)108 492 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .477
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(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\
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-(sho)108 540 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.346
-(This alters the def)144 552 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345
-(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to)
--.1 F F1(sho)144 564 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.922(.I)C
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-(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 576 R 3.54
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-(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F
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-(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 600 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 612 R F1(On)
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+(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 600 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 612 R F1(On)
3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346
(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846
(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B
(when listing possible completions.)144 624 Q F1
(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 640.8 Q F0 .05
(Readline implements a f)108 652.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\
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-(which allo)108 664.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096
+he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .097
+(which allo)108 664.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096
(indings and v).15 F .096
-(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097
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(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 676.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
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(or the application using readline.)144 705.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477
(xt of the test e)-.15 F .477
(xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F
(are required to isolate it.)144 717.6 Q(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065
(mode. This)180 96 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F F1
(emacs\255standar)3.235 E(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235
E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F
(out in emacs mode.)180 120 Q F1(term)144 136.8 Q F0(The)15.46 E F1
-(term=)3.196 E F0 .696
-(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.196 F .996 -.15
-(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 148.8 R
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+(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 148.8 R
.954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154
(sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1
-(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 160.8 Q F1(=)3.231
-E F0 .731(is tested ag)3.231 F .732(ainst the both full name of the ter\
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+E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst the both full name of the ter\
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172.8 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0
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(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F
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213.6 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114
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+(ci\214c program.)180 237.6 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396
(nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15
-(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 249.6
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Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in Bash:)-.1 E F1($if)180 273.6 Q F0(Bash)2.5 E 2.5
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("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 297.6 Q F1($endif)180 309.6 Q($endif)
(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1($else)
108 343.2 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)15.45 E F1($if)2.5 E F0
(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 360 Q F0 .357
-(This directi)144 372 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .357
-(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .356
+(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 360 Q F0 .356
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(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F)
144 384 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3
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($include)144 408 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 424.8 Q
-(ching)-.18 E F0 .834(Readline pro)108 436.8 R .834
+(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 436.8 R .835
(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F
-/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.335 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.085 E
-.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 448.8 Q
+/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E
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(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E
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-E .698(Incremental searches be)108 465.6 R .698
+E .697(Incremental searches be)108 465.6 R .697
(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F
-.697(As each character of the)5.697 F .112
+.698(As each character of the)5.698 F .113
(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 477.6 R .112
(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1
-E 5.113(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.113 E .542
+E 5.112(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.112 E .542
(incremental search requires only as man)108 489.6 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G
.542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F
-5.541(.T)-.65 G .541(he char)-5.541 F(-)-.2 E .224
+5.542(.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224
(acters present in the v)108 501.6 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)
2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224
(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66
(If that v)108 513.6 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66
(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25
-F .096(mental search.)108 525.6 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\
-tal search and restore the original line.)5.096 F .097
-(When the search is)5.097 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\
-e search string becomes the current line.)108 537.6 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214)
+F .097(mental search.)108 525.6 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\
+tal search and restore the original line.)5.097 F .096
+(When the search is)5.096 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\
+e search string becomes the current line.)108 537.6 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214)
108 554.4 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\
-ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674
-(search backw)108 566.4 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674
-(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .675
-(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.675
-(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 578.4 R .475 -.15(ey s)-.1
+ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675
+(search backw)108 566.4 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675
+(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .674
+(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.674
+(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 578.4 R .474 -.15(ey s)-.1
H .174
(equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15
-F -.15(xe)-.15 G .174(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.174 G(r).15 E
-.54(instance, a)108 590.4 R F2(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541
-(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.04 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G .541(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108
-602.4 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108
-619.2 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653
-(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)-3.153 F 3.152(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.152 E
-(en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 631.2 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G
+F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E
+.541(instance, a)108 590.4 R F2(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541
+(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.041 F -.15
+(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 602.4
+Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 619.2
+R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)
+-3.153 F 3.153(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.153 E(en-)-.15 E
+(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 631.2 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G
(earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.)
-2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\
re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 648 R(The search \
string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the curre\
-nt line.)108 660 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 676.8 Q F0 1.392
+nt line.)108 660 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 676.8 Q F0 1.391
(The follo)108 688.8 R 1.391
(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391
(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F
-3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 700.8 R .121
-(names without an accompan)2.621 F .121(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1
-H .122(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.622(ault. In)-.1 F .122
-(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 712.8 Q F2(point)3.411
-E F0 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F2(mark)
-3.411 E F0 .91(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.41
-(db).15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F1(set\255mark)108 724.8 Q F0 2.5
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+(names without an accompan)2.622 F .122(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1
+H .121(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.621(ault. In)-.1 F .121
+(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 712.8 Q F2(point)3.41 E
+F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F2(mark)3.411 E
+F0 .911(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.411(db)
+.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 724.8 Q F0 2.5
(command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E
(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re)
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.15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108
168 Q F0(Mo)144 180 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E
F1 -.25(fo)108 192 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 204
-Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F
-.523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .523
+Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F
+.523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .522
(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F
(ters and digits\).)144 216 Q F1(backward\255w)108 228 Q(ord \(M\255b\))
-.1 E F0(Mo)144 240 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41
(current line without clearing the screen.)144 288 Q F1 -.18(re)108 300
S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144
312 Q F1(Commands f)87 328.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E
-(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 340.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159
-(Accept the line re)144 352.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .159
+(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 340.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .158
+(Accept the line re)144 352.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .158
(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158(If this line is non-empty)
-5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699
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(according to the state of the)144 364.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F
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.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5
(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18
(re v)108 484.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0
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-(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.47
+1.47(Search backw)144 496.8 R 1.471
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(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E
(This is an incremental search.)144 508.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 520.8 S
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-(Search forw)144 532.8 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo)
--.1 F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary)
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+(Search forw)144 532.8 R 1.132(ard starting at the current line and mo)
+-.1 F 1.131(ving `do)-.15 F 1.131(wn' through the history as necessary)
-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 544.8 Q F1
(non\255incr)108 556.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H
-(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .165(Search backw)
+(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .164(Search backw)
144 568.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\
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(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 592.8 Q
(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18
-E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 604.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \
+E F0 1.354(Search forw)144 604.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \
a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144
616.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 628.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)
--.25 E F0 .249(Search forw)144 640.8 R .249(ard through the history for\
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the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F
(and the point.)144 652.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1
-(history\255sear)108 664.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)
+(history\255sear)108 664.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw)
144 676.8 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters b\
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(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 700.8 Q
2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144
712.8 R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622
(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F
-.622(vious line\))-.25 F .794(at point.)144 724.8 R -.4(Wi)5.794 G .794
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-(ord from the pre)-.1 F .794(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .795
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(history e)144 108 Q(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E/F2 10
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-132 R 1.308(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307(vious command \(the last w)
--.25 F 1.307(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.307(vious history entry\).)-.25 F
--.4(Wi)144 144 S .735(th an ar).4 F .735(gument, beha)-.18 F 1.035 -.15
-(ve ex)-.2 H .735(actly lik).15 F(e)-.1 E F2(yank\255nth\255ar)3.235 E
-(g)-.1 E F0 5.736(.S)C(uccessi)-5.736 E 1.036 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .736
-(alls to).15 F F2(yank\255last\255ar)3.236 E(g)-.1 E F0(mo)3.236 E -.15
+(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.307(Insert the last ar)144
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+-.4(Wi)144 144 S .736(th an ar).4 F .736(gument, beha)-.18 F 1.036 -.15
+(ve ex)-.2 H .736(actly lik).15 F(e)-.1 E F2(yank\255nth\255ar)3.235 E
+(g)-.1 E F0 5.735(.S)C(uccessi)-5.735 E 1.035 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .735
+(alls to).15 F F2(yank\255last\255ar)3.235 E(g)-.1 E F0(mo)3.235 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G .728(back through the history list, inserting the last ar)144
-156 R .728(gument of each line in turn.)-.18 F .728(The history e)5.728
+156 R .728(gument of each line in turn.)-.18 F .729(The history e)5.728
F(xpan-)-.15 E .14(sion f)144 168 R .14(acilities are used to e)-.1 F
.14(xtract the last ar)-.15 F .14(gument, as if the "!$" history e)-.18
F .14(xpansion had been speci-)-.15 F(\214ed.)144 180 Q F2
-(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 192 Q F0 .623
+(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 192 Q F0 .622
(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 204 R .622
-(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .622
+(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .623
(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 216 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5
(xpansions. See)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25
(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G
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-(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 228 Q F0 .938
+(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 228 Q F0 .939
(Perform history e)144 240 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
(See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E
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--3.439 F(tion of history e)144 252 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(magic\255space)
-108 264 Q F0 1.627(Perform history e)144 276 R 1.627
-(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.626 E F3
-(HIST)4.126 E(OR)-.162 E 3.876(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.876 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0
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+-3.438 F(tion of history e)144 252 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(magic\255space)
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+(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.627 E F3
+(HIST)4.127 E(OR)-.162 E 3.877(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.877 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0
(belo)144 288 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E
-(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(alias\255expand\255line)108 300 Q F0 .394
-(Perform alias e)144 312 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
-(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
-.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 324 Q F2
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+(Perform alias e)144 312 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F
+(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .694 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
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(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 336 Q F0
(Perform history and alias e)144 348 Q(xpansion on the current line.)
-.15 E F2(insert\255last\255ar)108 360 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M)
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-(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 384 Q F0 .948
+(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 384 Q F0 .947
(Accept the current line for e)144 396 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948
-(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.247 -.15
-(ve t)-.25 H 3.447(ot).15 G .947(he current line from the)-3.447 F
+(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.248 -.15
+(ve t)-.25 H 3.448(ot).15 G .948(he current line from the)-3.448 F
(history for editing.)144 408 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G
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(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255xC\255e\))108 420 Q F0(In)144
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(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2(Commands f)87 460.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E
-(ext)-.92 E(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 472.8 Q F0 .358
+(ext)-.92 E(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 472.8 Q F0 .357
(Delete the character at point.)144 484.8 R .358(If point is at the be)
5.358 F .358(ginning of the line, there are no characters in the)-.15 F
(line, and the last character typed w)144 496.8 Q(as not bound to)-.1 E
F2(delete\255char)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(hen return)-2.5 E F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.)
-A F2(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 508.8 Q F0 .552
+A F2(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 508.8 Q F0 .553
(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 520.8 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553
(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553(umeric ar)-3.053 F
-.553(gument, sa)-.18 F .853 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .553(he deleted te).15 F
-.553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 532.8 Q F2 -.25(fo)108 544.8 S
-(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .474
-(Delete the character under the cursor)144 556.8 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474
-(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F
+.552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552(he deleted te).15 F
+.552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 532.8 Q F2 -.25(fo)108 544.8 S
+(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473
+(Delete the character under the cursor)144 556.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474
+(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F
(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 568.8 Q F2
-(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 580.8 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144
+(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 580.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144
592.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279
(erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279
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-(,f)C(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 604.8 S(ample.).15 E F2
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+(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 604.8 S(ample.).15 E F2
(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 616.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0
(Insert a tab character)144 628.8 Q(.)-.55 E F2
(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 640.8 Q F0
(Insert the character typed.)144 652.8 Q F2
-(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 664.8 Q F0 .322
+(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 664.8 Q F0 .321
(Drag the character before point forw)144 676.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15
-(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321
-(ving point forw)-.15 F .321(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182
+(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322
+(ving point forw)-.15 F .322(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182
(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144
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-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 700.8 Q(guments ha)-.18 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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-E F0 .024(Drag the w)144 96 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F
+E F0 .023(Drag the w)144 96 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F
.023(ord after point, mo)-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w)-2.523 F .023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023
-(If point)5.023 F
+2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w)-2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024
+(If point)5.024 F
(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 108 Q 2.5
(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 120 Q
-(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 132
+(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 132
R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
--.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699
+-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698
(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 144 S(rd, b).1 E
(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 156 Q
-(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 168 Q 1.648
-(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.648(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.148
-(ord. W)-.1 F 1.647(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.947 -.15
-(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre)
+(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 168 Q 1.647
+(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147
+(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15
+(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre)
-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 180 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 192 Q
-(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 204
+(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 204
R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
--.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975
+-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974
(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 216 S(rd, b).1
E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 228
-S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 240 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
-G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438
-(xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437
-(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
-(Wi)144 252 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15
-(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.)
--.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 264 Q F1
-(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi)4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395
-F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G
-1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.394 G
-(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968(mode. In)144
-276 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1
-(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469
-(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958(pushing the te)144 288 R .958
-(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957(Characters bound to)5.958 F F1
-(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 .957(replace the character)3.457
-F(before point with a space.)144 300 Q(By def)5 E
-(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 316.8 Q
-(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 328.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144
-340.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
+S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 240 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
+G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437
+(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438
+(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
+(Wi)144 252 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081
+-.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781
+(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F
+(fects)-.25 E(only)144 264 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi)
+4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15
+F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895
+(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 276 R -.15(ove)3.969 G
+1.469(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E
+F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F
+.957(pushing the te)144 288 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958
+(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0
+.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 300 Q
+(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87
+316.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 328.8 Q F0
+(Kill the te)144 340.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 352.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
144 364.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 376.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 388.8
(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)
-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 400.8 Q F0
(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
-412.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 424.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728
-(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 436.8 R .729
-(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729
+412.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 424.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729
+(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 436.8 R .728
+(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728
(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 448.8 S
(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G
(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 460.8 Q
(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 472.8 Q(ord behind point.)
-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1
(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 484.8 Q
-(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 496.8 R .365
-(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1
-F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
-(ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144
-508.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 520.8 Q F0 .166(Kill the w)
+(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 496.8 R .364
+(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1
+F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
+(ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144
+508.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 520.8 Q F0 .167(Kill the w)
144 532.8 R .166
(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
--.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 544.8 Q
+-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 544.8 Q
(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)
-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 556.8 Q F0
(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 568.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108
-.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 604.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E
F0(Cop)144 616.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1
-(copy\255backward\255w)108 628.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 640.8 Q 4.801
-(yt)-.1 G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F
-(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3
-(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 652.8
-Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 664.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E
-F0(Cop)144 676.8 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)
--.1 F 2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008
-(.T)-.55 G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1
-F F1 -.25(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 688.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)
-A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 700.8 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 712.8 S
-(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25
-E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2006 May 11)147.345 E(38)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 39 40
+(copy\255backward\255w)108 628.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 640.8 Q 4.8(yt)
+-.1 G 2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E
+(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301
+(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144
+652.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 664.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E
+(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 676.8 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008
+(ord follo)-.1 F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25
+E 7.007(.T)-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007
+(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G
+(ward\255w)144 688.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 700.8 Q
+F0 -1(Ya)144 712.8 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E
+(fer at point.)-.25 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2006 September 28)135.125 E
+(38)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 112.8 Q
(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 124.8 Q
-(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .642
+(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .641
(Add this digit to the ar)144 136.8 R .641
(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18
-(rg)-3.141 G 3.141(ument. M\255\255).18 F .641(starts a ne)3.141 F(g-)
+(rg)-3.141 G 3.142(ument. M\255\255).18 F .642(starts a ne)3.142 F(g-)
-.15 E(ati)144 148.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1
-(uni)108 160.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .778
+(uni)108 160.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .779
(This is another w)144 172.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279
-(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779
+(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778
(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
184.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
196.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
--.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 208.8 R .898
-(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898
+-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 208.8 R .898
+(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898
(wed by a character that is)-.25 F .243
(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 220.8 R .243
(gument count for the ne)-.18 F .243(xt command is multiplied by four)
--.15 F 5.243(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.243 E(ar)144 232.8 Q .378
+-.15 F 5.242(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.242 E(ar)144 232.8 Q .378
(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378
(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378(es the ar)-.1 F
.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 244.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)
(Completing)87 261.6 Q(complete \(T)108 273.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 285.6 R 1.137
(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
-(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 297.6 Q .533(xt as a v)
--.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
--.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F
-.532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
-144 309.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701
-(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702
+(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 297.6 Q .532(xt as a v)
+-.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
+-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F
+.533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
+144 309.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701
+(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701
(If none of these pro-)5.701 F
(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 321.6 Q F1
(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 333.6 Q F0
-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 357.6 Q F0 .783
(Insert all completions of the te)144 369.6 R .783
(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
-.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144
-381.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 393.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144
-405.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628
+.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144
+381.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 393.6 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144
+405.6 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629
F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F
-1.194(possible completions.)144 417.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193
-(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828
+1.193(possible completions.)144 417.6 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15
+(xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194
+(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829
(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 429.6 R .828
(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727
(\(subject to the setting of)144 441.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F
.727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227
-E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73
+E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73
(positions forw)144 453.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73
(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1
(ault.)-.1 E F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 477.6 Q F0 .234
(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 489.6 R
.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)
-2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 501.6 R -.15
+2.735 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 501.6 R -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1
(possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425
(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 513.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1
(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 693.6 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 705.6 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768
-Q(2006 May 11)147.345 E(39)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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+Q(2006 September 28)135.125 E(39)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 84 Q F0
-.581(Attempt completion on the te)144 96 R .581
-(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58
-(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 108 R
+.58(Attempt completion on the te)144 96 R .581
+(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .581
+(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 108 R
.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F
.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F
(\214nally e)144 120 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 132 Q F0
(List the possible completions of the te)144 144 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1
-(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 156 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425
+(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 156 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424
(Attempt completion on the te)144 168 R .425
-(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424
+(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .425
(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F
(for possible completion matches.)144 180 Q F1
(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 192 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1
(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 292.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
-E F0(Re-e)144 304.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1
-G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\
-ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 316.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1
-(Miscellaneous)87 333.6 Q -.18(re)108 345.6 S<ad72>.18 E
-(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.776
+E F0(Re-e)144 304.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)
+-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\
+ appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 316.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15
+
E F1(Miscellaneous)87 333.6 Q -.18(re)108 345.6 S<ad72>.18 E
+(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777
(Read in the contents of the)144 357.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
-4.276 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.777(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.277(yb)
--.15 G 1.777(indings or v)-4.277 F 1.777(ariable assignments)-.25 F
-(found there.)144 369.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 381.6 Q F0 3.249
+4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)
+-.15 G 1.776(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F
+(found there.)144 369.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 381.6 Q F0 3.248
(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 393.6 R
-5.748(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1
+5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1
(bell\255style)144 405.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 417.6 Q
(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.)
-C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.755(If the meta\214ed character)144 429.6 R F2(x)
-4.255 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.255 F 1.756
+C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.756(If the meta\214ed character)144 429.6 R F2(x)
+4.256 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.256 F 1.755
(wercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)-.25 F
(uppercase character)144 441.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 453.6 Q
(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 465.6 Q
(Set the mark to the point.)144 573.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1
(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 585.6 Q F0(Sw)
-144 597.6 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
+144 597.6 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283
(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
-2.783(dp).15 G .283(osition, and the old)-2.783 F(cursor position is sa)
+2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa)
144 609.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1
-(character\255sear)108 621.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.036(Ac)144
-633.6 S .536(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.036 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
+(character\255sear)108 621.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144
+633.6 S .535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
3.035(dt).15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535
-(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.535(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
-(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .835 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre)
+(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.536(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
+(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .836 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre)
144 645.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 657.6 Q
-(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.543(Ac)144 669.6 S 1.043
-(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.543 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G
+(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.544(Ac)144 669.6 S 1.044
+(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G
3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044
-(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.044(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
+(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.043(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 681.6 Q F1
-(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 693.6 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 705.6 S .481
-(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481(gument, the v)-.18 F .481
+(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 693.6 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 705.6 S .48
+(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v)-.18 F .481
(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)
-2.981 G .48(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 717.6 Q .097
-(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .098(If a numeric ar)5.097 F .098
-(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:)-.18 F(if)5.098 E
-.322(the characters at the be)144 729.6 R .321
+2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 717.6 Q .098
+(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .098(If a numeric ar)5.098 F .097
+(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:)-.18 F(if)5.097 E
+.321(the characters at the be)144 729.6 R .321
(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1
-(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.821(,t)C .321(he v)-2.821 F .321(alue is)
--.25 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2006 May 11)147.345 E(40)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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+(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is)
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--.35 E 1.013(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 84 R/F1 10
+-.35 E 1.014(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 84 R/F1 10
/Times-Bold@0 SF(comment-begin)3.514 E F0 1.014(are deleted from the be)
-3.514 F 1.014(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.469
+3.514 F 1.013(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468
(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 96 R 1.468
-(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.468(The def)6.468 F 1.468(ault v)-.1 F
-1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 108 Q F0 .839
-(causes this command to mak)3.339 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839
-(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .84(If a numeric ar)5.84 F
+(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F
+1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 108 Q F0 .84
+(causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839
+(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F
(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 120 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 132 Q
-(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 144 R .791
-(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .791
+(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 144 R .791
+(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .792
(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 156
R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214le names for possi\
ble completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 168 Q
-(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .371(The w)144 180 R .372
-(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .372
+(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .372(The w)144 180 R .372
+(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .371
(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le)-.15 F .516
(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 192 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016
(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516
.872(the line is redra)144 240 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872
(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15
-(ex)144 252 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 264 Q F0 .626
-(Print all of the functions and their k)144 276 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
-.627(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .627(If a numeric ar)
-5.627 F(gu-)-.18 E
+(ex)144 252 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 264 Q F0 .627
+(Print all of the functions and their k)144 276 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
+.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar)
+5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E
(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 288 Q
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 300 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0
-1.8(Print all of the settable readline v)144 312 R 1.799
-(ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.799(alues to the readline output stream.)
--.25 F 1.799(If a)6.799 F .304(numeric ar)144 324 R .304
+1.799(Print all of the settable readline v)144 312 R 1.799
+(ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.8(alues to the readline output stream.)
+-.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 324 R .304
(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304
(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 336 Q(c)-.37 E F0
-(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 348 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .593
-(Print all of the readline k)144 360 R .893 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592
-(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.092(yo)-.15 G
-3.092(utput. If)-3.092 F 3.092(an)3.092 G(umeric)-3.092 E(ar)144 372 Q
+(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 348 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592
+(Print all of the readline k)144 360 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592
+(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G
+3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 372 Q
.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528
-(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.028 E(c)-.37 E F0
+(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0
(\214le.)144 384 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 396 Q
(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 408 Q
(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 424.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108
+F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 424.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108
436.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147
(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F
-F2(compspec)108 448.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329
-(as been de\214ned using the)-3.828 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu)
+F2(compspec)108 448.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329
+(as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu)
3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829
-F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.329(w\), the)
+F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the)
-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 460.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2
-(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .334
-(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 477.6 R .333
+(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .333
+(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 477.6 R .334
(If a compspec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is)
-5.334 F .587
+5.333 F .587
(used to generate the list of possible completions for the w)108 489.6 R
-3.087(ord. If)-.1 F .587(the command w)3.087 F .587
-(ord is a full pathname, a)-.1 F 1.181
+3.087(ord. If)-.1 F .587(the command w)3.087 F .586
+(ord is a full pathname, a)-.1 F 1.18
(compspec for the full pathname is searched for \214rst.)108 501.6 R
-1.18(If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an)6.181 F
+1.181(If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an)6.181 F
(attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the portion follo)108 513.6 Q
(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it\
is used to generate the list of matching w)108 530.4 R 3.317(ords. If)
-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108
542.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3
-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E
-.464(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 559.2
-R .463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F
-.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 571.2 R .595
-(When the)5.595 F F1<ad66>3.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .596
+.463(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 559.2
+R .464(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .464(ed by the w)-.15 F
+.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 571.2 R .596
+(When the)5.596 F F1<ad66>3.096 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .595
(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F
(shell v)108 583.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0
(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 600 Q 2.585(yc)-.15 G
.085(ompletions speci\214ed by a \214lename e)-2.585 F .085
(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>2.585 E F0 .085
(option are generated ne)2.585 F 2.585(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)2.585 G
-(rds).1 E .843(generated by the pattern need not match the w)108 612 R
-.844(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.844 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.344 E F0
-.844(shell v)3.094 F .844(ariable is)-.25 F
+(rds).1 E .844(generated by the pattern need not match the w)108 612 R
+.844(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.844 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.343 E F0
+.843(shell v)3.093 F .843(ariable is)-.25 F
(not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 624 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3(FIGNORE)
-2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 640.8 Q .321
-(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 F
-F1<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32
-(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108
-652.8 R F3(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412
+2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 640.8 Q .32
+(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .32(gument to the)-.18 F F1
+<ad57>2.82 E F0 .321(option is considered.)2.821 F .321
+(The string is \214rst split using the)5.321 F .413(characters in the)
+108 652.8 R F3(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412
(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F
-.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092
-(using brace e)108 664.8 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
-(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091
-(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108
+.412(Each w)5.412 F .412(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .091
+(using brace e)108 664.8 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
+(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .092
+(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.397(metic e)108
676.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
(nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108
-688.8 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21
-(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209
-(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209
+688.8 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209
+(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.209(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.209 F .209
+(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .21(ainst the w)-.05 F .21
(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 700.8 Q
-(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.237
-(After these matches ha)108 717.6 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237
-(een generated, an).15 F 3.737(ys)-.15 G 1.238
-(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F1<ad46>3.738 E
-F0(and)3.738 E F1<ad43>3.738 E F0 2.159(options is in)108 729.6 R -.2
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-(the command or function is in)4.659 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.158
-(d, the).1 F F3(COMP_LINE)4.658 E F0(and)4.408 E F3(COMP_POINT)4.658 E
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+(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.238
+(After these matches ha)108 717.6 R 1.538 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.238
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+(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.738 F F1<ad46>3.737 E
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E -.25(va)108 84 S 2.345(riables are assigned v).25 F 2.345
+-.35 E -.25(va)108 84 S 2.346(riables are assigned v).25 F 2.346
(alues as described abo)-.25 F 2.645 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F1 10
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-(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .657(d, the).1 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.157
-E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)2.907 E F2(COMP_CW)3.157 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)
-2.906 G .656(riables are also set.).25 F .656
-(When the function or command)5.656 F .527(is in)108 108 R -.2(vo)-.4 G
+4.845(fas)-7.345 G 2.345(hell function is being)-4.845 F(in)108 96 Q -.2
+(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .656(d, the).1 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.156
+E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)2.906 E F2(COMP_CW)3.156 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)
+2.906 G .656(riables are also set.).25 F .657
+(When the function or command)5.656 F .528(is in)108 108 R -.2(vo)-.4 G
-.1(ke).2 G .527(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .527
(gument is the name of the command whose ar)-.18 F .527
-(guments are being completed, the sec-)-.18 F .847(ond ar)108 120 R .847
-(gument is the w)-.18 F .847(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F
-.846(gument is the w)-.18 F .846(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .846
-(ord being)-.1 F .499(completed on the current command line.)108 132 R
-.499(No \214ltering of the generated completions ag)5.499 F .5
-(ainst the w)-.05 F .5(ord being)-.1 F(completed is performed; the func\
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-Q(An)108 160.8 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with)-2.938 F
-F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937
-<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F
-2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .437
-(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 172.8 Q F1(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2
-(bu)2.956 G .456(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956
-(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457
+(guments are being completed, the sec-)-.18 F .846(ond ar)108 120 R .846
+(gument is the w)-.18 F .846(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F
+.847(gument is the w)-.18 F .847(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .847
+(ord being)-.1 F .5(completed on the current command line.)108 132 R
+.499(No \214ltering of the generated completions ag)5.499 F .499
+(ainst the w)-.05 F .499(ord being)-.1 F(completed is performed; the fu\
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+144 Q(An)108 160.8 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with)
+-2.937 F F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
+2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F
+2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .438
+(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 172.8 Q F1(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2
+(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956
+(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456
(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F2(COMPREPL)108
-184.8 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(Ne)108 201.6 Q .081
-(xt, an)-.15 F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F
-F1<ad43>2.581 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
-2.581(di).1 G 2.58(na)-2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08
-(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.858
+184.8 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(Ne)108 201.6 Q .08
+(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F1
+<ad43>2.58 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581
+(di).1 G 2.581(na)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081
+(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859
(stitution. It)108 213.6 R .359(should print a list of completions, one\
- per line, to the standard output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used)
+ per line, to the standard output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)
5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 225.6 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E
-.377(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 242.4 R
-2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F1<ad58>2.876
-E F0 .376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 254.4 R
-.681(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.181 F .681
-(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .682
-(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.182 F .682(xt of)-.15 F .523
-(the w)108 266.4 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.023(Al)5.523 G
-(iteral)-3.023 E F1(&)3.023 E F0 .522
+.376(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 242.4 R
+2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F1<ad58>2.877
+E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 254.4 R
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+(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .681
+(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522
+(the w)108 266.4 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G
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(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve)
--.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 278.4
-R(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849
-(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.349 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-3.35(df).15 G .85(rom the list.)-3.35 F 3.35(Al)5.85 G(eading)-3.35 E F1
-(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 290.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
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(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G
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-(d.).15 E(Finally)108 307.2 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H
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+(d.).15 E(Finally)108 307.2 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H
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<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F1<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587
(options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 F(pletion list, and\
the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of \
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(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247
(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247
-(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)108 348 Q F0
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-(If the)108 364.8 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w)
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+(If the)108 364.8 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w)
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(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1
F(pletion is attempted and an)108 376.8 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
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-(By def)108 393.6 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
-(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56
-(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F
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-E F1(bash)3.132 E F0 .631
-(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631
-(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 417.6 R
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-(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 429.6 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672
-(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F1(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671
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+(By def)108 393.6 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
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+(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632
+(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 417.6 R
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+(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 429.6 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671
+(e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F1(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671
(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.)
--.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F1<ad6f>3.171 E(default)108 441.6 Q F0 1.207
-(option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0
+-.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F1<ad6f>3.172 E(default)108 441.6 Q F0 1.207
+(option w)3.707 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0
1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F
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(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108
453.6 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)
2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \
-desired, the programmable completion func-)108 470.4 R .632(tions force\
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- to directories, subject)108 482.4 R 2.762(to the v)108 494.4 R 2.762
-(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
-(readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761
-(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 506.4
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+(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
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-10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 523.2 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .371
-(When the)108 535.2 R F1 .371(\255o history)2.871 F F0 .371
-(option to the)2.871 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372
-(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .372(vides access to the)-.15 F/F4
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(The v)5.031 F .031(alue of the)-.25 F F1(HISTSIZE)2.531 E F0 -.25(va)
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-(mands to sa)108 559.2 R .729 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.929(nah).15 G .429
-(istory list.)-2.929 F .429(The te)5.429 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F2
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(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108
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(xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565
(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F2(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0
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(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v)
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(is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G
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(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 636 R .953(alue of)-.25 F F2
(HISTFILESIZE)3.453 E F5(.)A F0 .953(When an interacti)5.453 F 1.253
-.15(ve s)-.25 H .953(hell e).15 F .953(xits, the last)-.15 F F2
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(shell option is enabled \(see the descrip-)3.15 F .141(tion of)108 660
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(w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, other)-.25 F(-)-.2 E
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(rwritten. If).15 F F2(HISTFILE)3.073 E F0 .573
(is unset, or if the history \214le is unwritable, the history is)2.823
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-(he history \214le is truncated to contain no more than)-3.642 F F2
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+(he history \214le is truncated to contain no more than)-3.641 F F2
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(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.279 F -.25(va)
--.2 G .28(ilable in each).25 F(editing mode that pro)108 96 Q
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(hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt)
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-(The)5.458 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(cmdhist)108 136.8 Q F0 .75
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+(The)5.457 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(cmdhist)108 136.8 Q F0 .75
(shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05
-.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077
(the same history entry)108 148.8 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077
(dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G
-1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F2(lithist)3.577 E F0
-.374(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 160.8 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2
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-(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .373(See the)5.373 F .318
-(description of the)108 172.8 R F2(shopt)2.818 E F0 -.2(bu)2.818 G .318
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+H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .374
+(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .374(See the)5.374 F .319
+(description of the)108 172.8 R F2(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318
(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F1 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F
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-(describes what syntax features are a)108 225.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371
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-(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.171 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .871(hells, and).15 F
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+(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.17 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .87(hells, and).15 F
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(option to the)4.514 F F2(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014
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(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 249.6 Q 2.5(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F
.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells do not perform history e).15 E
-(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E 1.305(History e)108 266.4 R 1.305
+(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E 1.306(History e)108 266.4 R 1.306
(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords from the history list into the\
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-(commands, insert the ar)108 278.4 R .21(guments to a pre)-.18 F .209
+ input stream, making it easy to repeat)-.1 F .209
+(commands, insert the ar)108 278.4 R .209(guments to a pre)-.18 F .21
(vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25
-F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 290.4 Q(.)-.65 E 1.163(History e)108
+F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 290.4 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108
307.2 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\
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(rds. It).1 F(tak)3.2 E .7(es place in tw)-.1 F 3.2(op)-.1 G 3.2
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(\214rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during)
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-(The line)6.868 F .663(selected from the history is the)108 343.2 R/F4
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-(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.163 F F4(wor)
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-(ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.726(ords. The)-.1 F .227
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-(ashion)-.1 E .352(as when reading input, so that se)108 367.2 R -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F4(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .351
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-(one w)108 379.2 R 3.124(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.124 G .624
-(pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .625
-(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.125(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.125 E(is)108 391.2 Q
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+(The line)6.867 F .662(selected from the history is the)108 343.2 R/F4
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+(line is brok)2.726 F .226(en into w)-.1 F .226(ords in the same f)-.1 F
+(ashion)-.1 E .351(as when reading input, so that se)108 367.2 R -.15
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+(-separated w)B .352(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 F .625
+(one w)108 379.2 R 3.125(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.125 G .624
+(pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .624
+(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.124(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.124 E(is)108 391.2 Q
F2(!)3.333 E F0(by def)3.333 E 2.5(ault. Only)-.1 F(backslash \()2.5 E
F2(\\).833 E F0 2.5(\)a).833 G(nd single quotes can quote the history e)
-2.5 E(xpansion character)-.15 E(.)-.55 E(Se)108 408 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
.03(ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03
(xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25
-F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 420 T 3.162
-(ni).25 G 3.162(fi)-3.162 G 3.162(ti)-3.162 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G .662
+F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 420 T 3.163
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(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and)-.25
F F2(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F2(extglob)
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(will also inhibit e)108 432 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 448.8 Q -.15(ve)
--.25 G .11(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.61 E F0
--.2(bu)2.61 G .109(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .109
-(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.258(If the)108 460.8 R F2
-(histv)3.758 E(erify)-.1 E F0 1.259
-(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.758 F F2(shopt)
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-(adline).18 E F0 1.259(is being)3.759 F 1.498(used, history substitutio\
-ns are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 472.8 R 6.497(.I)
--.55 G 1.497(nstead, the e)-6.497 F 1.497(xpanded line is)-.15 F 2.228
+-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.609 E
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+(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.259(If the)108 460.8 R F2
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+(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.759 F F2(shopt)
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(reloaded into the)108 484.8 R F2 -.18(re)4.728 G(adline).18 E F0 2.228
(editing b)4.728 F(uf)-.2 E 2.228(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F
(If)7.228 E F2 -.18(re)4.728 G(adline).18 E F0 2.228
1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202
(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re)
3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 508.8 S -.25(ff).2 G
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-(option to the)3.66 F F2(history)3.66 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.161
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-S .056(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.056 E F2<ad73>2.556
-E F0 .056(option to the)2.556 F F2(history)2.555 E F0 -.2(bu)2.555 G
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(end of the history list without actually e)108 532.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
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(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(\).)A F2(Ev)87 578.4 Q
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-108 607.2 Q F0 1.608(Start a history substitution, e)32.67 F 1.608
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(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107
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--5 I F1(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F1(^)5 I F0 2.63(Quick substitution.)144
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96 R 2.629(Repeat the last command, replacing)7.629 F F2(string1)5.469 E
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108 261.6 Q F0(The w)26 E(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F2
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321.6 Q F0(Abbre)25.3 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1
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108 338.4 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
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108 396 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
(railing \214le name component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F3
(t)108 408 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1 E F3(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C
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(wlines.)-.25 E F3(s/)108 480 Q F2(old)A F3(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F3(/)A
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-(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.032 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221(in the e)
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3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721(yd)-.15 G
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(If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166
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108 552 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F3(g)108
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-(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 576 Q F3(:gs/)A F2(old)A F3(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E
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F3(G)108 612 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F3(s)A F0 2.5
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R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\
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-(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 694.8 R .451
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(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding)
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(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
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R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608
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-(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.332 E F0 .832(is not in)3.332 F F2 .832
-(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833
-(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982
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+(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .832
+(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .981
(\214le is found in)144 156 R F3 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F4 9
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E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
-(iltin command is turned of).2 F .981(f, the)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)144 168
-S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112(If an)5.112 F(y)-.15
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+S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.363 F .112(If an)5.112 F(y)-.15
E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F 2.612
(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2
-(\214lename)144 180 Q F0 .342(is e)2.842 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.842
-(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .342(the positional parameters are unchanged.)
-2.842 F .341(The return status is the)5.341 F .716
+(\214lename)144 180 Q F0 .341(is e)2.841 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.841
+(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .341(the positional parameters are unchanged.)
+2.841 F .342(The return status is the)5.342 F .716
(status of the last command e)144 192 R .716
(xited within the script \(0 if no commands are e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .716(alse if)-.1 F F2(\214lename)145.91 204 Q
+.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .715(alse if)-.1 F F2(\214lename)145.91 204 Q
F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 220.8 Q F0([)2.5
E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
-(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 232.8 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724
+(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 232.8 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724
(guments or with the)-.18 F F1<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724
-(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.224 E
+(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.225 E
F2(name)144 244.8 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F
.58(When ar)5.58 F .58
(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name)
(ord to be check)-.1 F .395(ed for alias sub-)-.1 F .054
(stitution when the alias is e)144 268.8 R 2.554(xpanded. F)-.15 F .054
(or each)-.15 F F2(name)2.554 E F0 .054(in the ar)2.554 F .054
-(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)2.554 E F0 .054(is sup-)2.554
-F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 280.8 R 1.314
+(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)2.554 E F0 .053(is sup-)2.553
+F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 280.8 R 1.314
(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314
-(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.313(is gi)3.814 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G 3.813(nf).15 G(or)-3.813 E
+(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F
+-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E
(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 292.8 Q F1(bg)108 309.6 Q F0([)
2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .847(Resume each suspended job)144
321.6 R F2(jobspec)3.347 E F0 .847
(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.347 F F1(&)3.347 E
-F0 5.847(.I)C(f)-5.847 E F2(job-)3.348 E(spec)144 333.6 Q F0 .689
-(is not present, the shell')3.189 F 3.189(sn)-.55 G .689(otion of the)
+F0 5.847(.I)C(f)-5.847 E F2(job-)3.347 E(spec)144 333.6 Q F0 .689
+(is not present, the shell')3.188 F 3.189(sn)-.55 G .689(otion of the)
-3.189 F F2(curr)3.189 E .689(ent job)-.37 F F0 .689(is used.)3.189 F F1
-(bg)5.689 E F2(jobspec)4.929 E F0 .688(returns 0 unless run)3.499 F .418
+(bg)5.689 E F2(jobspec)4.929 E F0 .689(returns 0 unless run)3.499 F .419
(when job control is disabled or)144 345.6 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419
-(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.919(ys)-.15 G
-(peci\214ed)-2.919 E F2(jobspec)2.919 E F0 -.1(wa)2.919 G 2.919(sn).1 G
-(ot)-2.919 E(found or w)144 357.6 Q(as started without job control.)-.1
+(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G
+(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F2(jobspec)2.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G
+(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 357.6 Q(as started without job control.)-.1
E F1(bind)108 374.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0
2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSV)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 386.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad71>-2.5 E F2
(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)
2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2
(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 434.4 Q F2 -.37(re)2.5 G
-(adline\255command).37 E F0 .239(Display current)144 446.4 R F1 -.18(re)
-2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.739 G 2.739(ya)-.05 G .239
-(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.739 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .238
-(equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 .238(function or)
-2.738 F .475(macro, or set a)144 458.4 R F1 -.18(re)2.975 G(adline).18 E
-F0 -.25(va)2.975 G 2.975(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F
-.476(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .476(ould appear in)-.1 F F2
-(.inputr)144 470.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.984(,b).31 G .484
-(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.184 F
-.483(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5
+(adline\255command).37 E F0 .238(Display current)144 446.4 R F1 -.18(re)
+2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239
+(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239
+(equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 .239(function or)
+2.739 F .476(macro, or set a)144 458.4 R F1 -.18(re)2.976 G(adline).18 E
+F0 -.25(va)2.976 G 2.976(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F
+.475(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .475(ould appear in)-.1 F F2
+(.inputr)144 470.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.983(,b).31 G .484
+(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.183 F
+.484(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5
(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 482.4 R(if supplied, ha)2.5
E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6d>144
-494.4 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 506.4 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.158 G
-(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af)
-.15 F 2.659(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.659 E
-F2 -.1(ke)180 518.4 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.193(names are)5.883 F F2 3.193
-(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192
+494.4 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 506.4 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.159 G
+(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.659(as the k)5.349 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af)
+.15 F 2.658(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.658 E
+F2 -.1(ke)180 518.4 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.192(names are)5.882 F F2 3.192
+(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.692 F 3.193
(d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E
-(vi\255command)180 530.4 Q F0 4.429(,a)C(nd)-4.429 E F2(vi\255insert)
-4.429 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.929 E F0 1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G
-1.929(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.429 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)4.429 E F0
-1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.93(lent to).25 F F2
-
(emacs\255standar)180 542.4 Q(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1<ad6c>144 554.4 Q F0
+(vi\255command)180 530.4 Q F0 4.43(,a)C(nd)-4.43 E F2(vi\255insert)4.429
+E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.929 E F0 1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.929
+(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.429 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)4.429 E F0 1.929
+(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.929(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)
+180 542.4 Q(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1<ad6c>144 554.4 Q F0
(List the names of all)27.52 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0
(functions.)2.5 E F1<ad70>144 566.4 Q F0(Display)24.74 E F1 -.18(re)2.5
G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E
(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 698.4 Q F2(function)
2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 710.4 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G
(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
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E F0(is entered.)2.5 E(The return v)144 136.8 Q
(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 E F1(br)108
-153.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .054(Exit from within a)144
-165.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)2.554 E F0(,)A F1
+153.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .055(Exit from within a)144
+165.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)2.555 E F0(,)A F1
(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1(select)2.555 E F0 2.555
(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2
-(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.415 E F0 .055
-(must be)2.795 F/F3 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.555 E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 177.6 Q
-F2(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all\
- enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714(xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)
-2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless the shell is not e)144 189.6 Q -.15(xe)
+(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.414 E F0 .054
+(must be)2.794 F/F3 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.554 E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 177.6 Q
+F2(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all\
+ enclosing loops are e)2.954 F 2.715(xited. The)-.15 F .215(return v)
+2.715 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless the shell is not e)144 189.6 Q -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuting a loop when).15 E F1(br)2.5 E(eak)-.18 E F0(is e)2.5 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -.2(bu)108 206.4 S(iltin).2 E F2
(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A
-(Ex)144 218.4 Q .792(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .792
+(Ex)144 218.4 Q .793(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .793
(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2(ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G
-.793(nd return its e)-3.293 F .793(xit status.)-.15 F .793
-(This is useful)5.793 F .616
+.793(nd return its e)-3.293 F .792(xit status.)-.15 F .792
+(This is useful)5.792 F .615
(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144
-230.4 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144
+230.4 R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144
242.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0
-.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E
5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 254.4 Q(alse if)-.1
R F2(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T)C .21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E/F4 9
/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.71 E F0 .21(is the def)2.46 F(ault)-.1 E F2(dir)
2.71 E F0 5.21(.T).73 G .21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(CDP)2.71 E
--.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .776
+-.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .777
(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)144 295.2 R F2
-(dir)3.276 E F0 5.777(.A).73 G(lternati)-5.777 E 1.077 -.15(ve d)-.25 H
-.777(irectory names in).15 F F4(CDP)3.277 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0
+(dir)3.276 E F0 5.776(.A).73 G(lternati)-5.776 E 1.076 -.15(ve d)-.25 H
+.776(irectory names in).15 F F4(CDP)3.276 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0
.764(are separated by a colon \(:\).)144 307.2 R 3.264(An)5.764 G .764
(ull directory name in)-3.264 F F4(CDP)3.264 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E
-F0 .764(is the same as the current direc-)3.014 F(tory)144 319.2 Q 2.973
-(,i)-.65 G .473(.e., `)-2.973 F(`)-.74 E F1(.)A F0 -.74('')C 5.473(.I)
-.74 G(f)-5.473 E F2(dir)3.323 E F0(be)3.703 E .474
+F0 .764(is the same as the current direc-)3.014 F(tory)144 319.2 Q 2.974
+(,i)-.65 G .474(.e., `)-2.974 F(`)-.74 E F1(.)A F0 -.74('')C 5.474(.I)
+.74 G(f)-5.474 E F2(dir)3.324 E F0(be)3.704 E .474
(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F4(CDP)2.974 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
-.855 E F0 .474(is not used. The)2.724 F F1<ad50>2.974 E F0 .474
-(option says to use)2.974 F .58(the ph)144 331.2 R .58
+.855 E F0 .473(is not used. The)2.724 F F1<ad50>2.973 E F0 .473
+(option says to use)2.973 F .579(the ph)144 331.2 R .579
(ysical directory structure instead of follo)-.05 F .579
-(wing symbolic links \(see also the)-.25 F F1<ad50>3.079 E F0 .579
-(option to the)3.079 F F1(set)144 343.2 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.383 G .883
-(iltin command\); the).2 F F1<ad4c>3.383 E F0 .884
+(wing symbolic links \(see also the)-.25 F F1<ad50>3.08 E F0 .58
+(option to the)3.08 F F1(set)144 343.2 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.384 G .884
+(iltin command\); the).2 F F1<ad4c>3.384 E F0 .884
(option forces symbolic links to be follo)3.384 F 3.384(wed. An)-.25 F
-(ar)3.384 E .884(gument of)-.18 F F1<ad>3.384 E F0(is)3.384 E(equi)144
-355.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .063(lent to).25 F F4($OLDPWD)2.563 E/F5 9
-/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .063(If a non-empty directory name from)4.563 F
-F1(CDP)2.562 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .062(is used, or if)2.562 F F1
-<ad>2.562 E F0 .062(is the \214rst)2.562 F(ar)144 367.2 Q .116(gument, \
+(ar)3.383 E .883(gument of)-.18 F F1<ad>3.383 E F0(is)3.383 E(equi)144
+355.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .062(lent to).25 F F4($OLDPWD)2.562 E/F5 9
+/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .062(If a non-empty directory name from)4.562 F
+F1(CDP)2.562 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .063(is used, or if)2.562 F F1
+<ad>2.563 E F0 .063(is the \214rst)2.563 F(ar)144 367.2 Q .116(gument, \
and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)
--.18 F 2.616(ww)-.25 G .116(orking direc-)-2.716 F 1.165
+-.18 F 2.615(ww)-.25 G .115(orking direc-)-2.715 F 1.164
(tory is written to the standard output.)144 379.2 R 1.164(The return v)
-6.164 F 1.164(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 F 1.164
+6.164 F 1.165(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 F 1.165
(as successfully)-.1 F(changed; f)144 391.2 Q(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
-(caller)108 408 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0(])A .253
+(caller)108 408 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0(])A .254
(Returns the conte)144 420 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)
-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254
(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.754 E F0(or)2.754 E F1(sour)144 432 Q
-(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.063 G 3.063(iltins. W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2
+.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F1(sour)144 432 Q
+(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.062 G 3.062(iltins. W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2
(ex)3.062 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)3.062 E F0 .562
(displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)3.062 F
-.253(subroutine call.)144 444 R .253(If a non-ne)5.253 F -.05(ga)-.15 G
-(ti).05 E .553 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 F
-F2 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .254
-(displays the line number)2.754 F 2.754(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.754 E 1.327(rou\
+.254(subroutine call.)144 444 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15 G
+(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 F
+F2 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .253
+(displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\
tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\
-ent e)144 456 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e)144
-468 Q(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 E .001
-(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F .001(The current frame is frame)
-5.001 F 3.02(0. The)144 480 R .52(return v)3.02 F .52
-(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .519
-(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.019 G(pr).2 E F0 .519
-(does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 492 Q
+ent e)144 456 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001
+(This e)144 468 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001
+(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E
+3.019(0. The)144 480 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519
+(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52
+(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52
+(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 492 Q
(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(command)108 508.8 Q F0([)2.5
E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(Run)144 520.8 Q F2(command)2.956 E F0(with)3.527 E F2(ar)
+(...])2.5 E(Run)144 520.8 Q F2(command)2.957 E F0(with)3.527 E F2(ar)
3.087 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .257
(suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only b)3.027 F .257
-(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 532.8 R F4
--.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.002
+(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 532.8 R F4
+-.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.002
(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F1<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502(option is gi)3.002
-F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F2(command)3.201 E F0(is)
-3.771 E .231(performed using a def)144 544.8 R .231(ault v)-.1 F .231
+F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F2(command)3.202 E F0(is)
+3.772 E .232(performed using a def)144 544.8 R .231(ault v)-.1 F .231
(alue for)-.25 F F1 -.74(PA)2.731 G(TH)-.21 E F0 .231
(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.731 F(If)
-5.232 E .175(either the)144 556.8 R F1<ad56>2.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1
-<ad76>2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F2
-(command)2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F1<ad76>2.674 E
-F0 .174(option causes)2.674 F 3.11(as)144 568.8 S .61(ingle w)-3.11 F
+5.231 E .174(either the)144 556.8 R F1<ad56>2.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F1
+<ad76>2.674 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F2
+(command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F1<ad76>2.675 E
+F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.11(as)144 568.8 S .61(ingle w)-3.11 F
.61(ord indicating the command or \214le name used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)
-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.41 E F0 .61(to be displayed; the)3.88 F
-F1<ad56>144 580.8 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25
-(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.2
5 F F1<ad56>2.749 E F0(or)
-2.749 E F1<ad76>2.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249
-(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 592.8 R F2(command)3.704 E F0 -.1
-(wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005
+F1<ad56>144 580.8 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249
+(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.2
49 F F1<ad56>2.749 E F0(or)
+2.749 E F1<ad76>2.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25
+(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 592.8 R F2(command)3.705 E F0 -.1
+(wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004
(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F2
-(command)144.2 604.8 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599
-(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598
-(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 616.8 S
+(command)144.2 604.8 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599
+(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599
+(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 616.8 S
(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F1
(compgen)108 633.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d)
--.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 645.6 R
+-.37 E F0(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 645.6 R
F2(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513
-E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E .982
-(accepted by the)144 657.6 R F1(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
+E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E .981
+(accepted by the)144 657.6 R F1(complete)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F1<ad70>3.481 E F0(and)
-3.481 E F1<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .981(nd write the matches to the)
+3.481 E F1<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .982(nd write the matches to the)
-3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 669.6 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F
F1<ad46>3.915 E F0(or)3.915 E F1<ad43>3.915 E F0 1.415(options, the v)
3.915 F 1.415(arious shell v)-.25 F 1.415(ariables set by the pro-)-.25
em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144
717.6 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)
2.52 F(those completions matching)144 729.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0
-(will be displayed.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2006 May 11)147.345 E
-(46)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 47 48
+(will be displayed.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2006 September 28)
+135.125 E(46)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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%%BeginPageSetup
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E(The return v)144 84 Q(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)
-.4 G(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E/F1 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.787 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A
-F0 2.787(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.787 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(comp-option)2.786
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.786 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A
+F0 2.786(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.786 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(comp-option)2.786
E F0 2.786(][)C F1<ad41>-2.786 E F2(action)2.786 E F0 2.786(][)C F1
<ad47>-2.786 E F2(globpat)2.786 E F0 2.786(][)C F1<ad57>-2.786 E F2(wor)
2.786 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 2.786(][)C F1<ad50>-2.786 E F2(pr)2.786 E
-(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.786(][)C F1<ad53>-2.786 E F2(suf-)2.786 E<8c78>108
+(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.787(][)C F1<ad53>-2.787 E F2(suf-)2.787 E<8c78>108
112.8 Q F0(])A([)144 124.8 Q F1<ad58>A F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F1<ad46>-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(command)
2.5 E F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name ...)A F0(])A F1
-(complete \255pr)108 136.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .634
-(Specify ho)144 148.8 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634
-(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134
-F .633(If the)5.634 F F1<ad70>3.133 E F0 .633
-(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)144
+(complete \255pr)108 136.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .633
+(Specify ho)144 148.8 R 3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633
+(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.133 E F0 .633(should be completed.)3.133
+F .634(If the)5.634 F F1<ad70>3.134 E F0 .634
+(option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .14(options are supplied, e)144
160.8 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15
-F .14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)
-144 172.8 R(The)5.31 E F1<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)
--.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2
-(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E
-F2(name)2.81 E F0(s)A(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144
-184.8 Q 1.437
+F .139(ay that allo)-.1 F .139(ws them to be)-.25 F .31
+(reused as input.)144 172.8 R(The)5.31 E F1<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31
+(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31
+(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C
+1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2(name)2.81 E F0(s)A
+(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 184.8 Q 1.438
(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144
-208.8 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144
+208.8 R 1.437(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144
220.8 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E
-(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556
-(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 244.8 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555
+(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .555
+(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 244.8 R .855 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555
(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555
-(guments to the)-.18 F F1<ad47>3.055 E F0(,)A F1<ad57>3.055 E F0 3.055
-(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F1<ad58>3.055 E F0 .722(options \(and, if necessary)
-144 256.8 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F1<ad50>3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E
-F1<ad53>3.222 E F0 .723
-(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E
+(guments to the)-.18 F F1<ad47>3.056 E F0(,)A F1<ad57>3.056 E F0 3.056
+(,a)C(nd)-3.056 E F1<ad58>3.056 E F0 .723(options \(and, if necessary)
+144 256.8 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F1<ad50>3.223 E F0(and)3.223 E
+F1<ad53>3.223 E F0 .722
+(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E
(sion before the)144 268.8 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1<ad6f>144 280.8 Q
-F2(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 292.8 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291
+F2(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 292.8 Q F2(comp-option)2.79 E F0 .291
(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec')
.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291
(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 304.8 Q F2
(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 316.8 Q F0
.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 328.8 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E
F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224
-340.8 Q F1(default)184 352.8 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')10 F 5.376(sd)-.55
-G(ef)-5.376 E 2.875
+340.8 Q F1(default)184 352.8 Q F0 2.875(Use readline')10 F 5.375(sd)-.55
+G(ef)-5.375 E 2.876
(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.)
224 364.8 Q F1(dir)184 376.8 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name c\
ompletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 388.8 Q F1
(\214lenames)184 400.8 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 412.8 S .137(ll readline that th\
-e compspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>
--.15 G(le-)-2.637 E .496(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 424.8 R
+e compspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.636<798c>
+-.15 G(le-)-2.636 E .496(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 424.8 R
2.996(ea)-.1 G .496(dding a slash to directory names or suppress-)-2.996
F(ing trailing spaces\).)224 436.8 Q
(Intended to be used with shell functions.)5 E F1(nospace)184 448.8 Q F0
(ault\) to w)-.1 F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224
460.8 Q F1(plusdirs)184 472.8 Q F0 1.985(After an)5.54 F 4.485(ym)-.15 G
1.985(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)
--4.485 F .583(completion is attempted and an)224 484.8 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G
+-4.485 F .584(completion is attempted and an)224 484.8 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G
.584(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224
496.8 Q F1<ad41>144 508.8 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 520.8 Q F2
(action)2.5 E F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E
2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 688.8 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E
(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184
700.8 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 712.8 Q(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
-(2006 May 11)147.345 E(47)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 48 49
+(2006 September 28)135.125 E(47)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 264 S
(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)5.1 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F
(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad47>144 276 Q/F3
-10/Times-Italic@0 SF(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.411(The \214lename e)184 288 R
+10/Times-Italic@0 SF(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.41(The \214lename e)184 288 R
1.411(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.911 E F0 1.411(is e)3.911 F
1.411(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 300 Q
-F1<ad57>144 312 Q F3(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 324 Q F3(wor)
-3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14(is split using the characters in the)3.639
-F F2(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14(special v)3.39 F 1.14
-(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.008(each resultant w)184 336 R
-2.008(ord is e)-.1 F 4.508(xpanded. The)-.15 F 2.007
-(possible completions are the members of the)4.508 F
-(resultant list which match the w)184 348 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E
-F1<ad43>144 360 Q F3(command)2.5 E(command)184 372 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555
-F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056
+F1<ad57>144 312 Q F3(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 324 Q F3(wor)3.64
+E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F2
+(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)
+-.25 F 2.007(each resultant w)184 336 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507
+(xpanded. The)-.15 F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)
+4.507 F(resultant list which match the w)184 348 Q(ord being completed.)
+-.1 E F1<ad43>144 360 Q F3(command)2.5 E(command)184 372 Q F0 1.056
+(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056
(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.)
-184 384 Q F1<ad46>144 396 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 1.181
-(The shell function)184 408 R F3(function)3.681 E F0 1.181(is e)3.681 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G 1.181(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 3.68
-(vironment. When)-.4 F 1.18(it \214n-)3.68 F .932
+184 384 Q F1<ad46>144 396 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 1.18
+(The shell function)184 408 R F3(function)3.68 E F0 1.181(is e)3.681 F
+-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.181(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 3.681
+(vironment. When)-.4 F 1.181(it \214n-)3.681 F .932
(ishes, the possible completions are retrie)184 420 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.432(df).15 G .932(rom the v)-3.432 F .932(alue of the)-.25 F F2
-(COMPREPL)3.432 E(Y)-.828 E F0(array)3.182 E -.25(va)184 432 S(riable.)
+(COMPREPL)3.431 E(Y)-.828 E F0(array)3.181 E -.25(va)184 432 S(riable.)
.25 E F1<ad58>144 444 Q F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 456 Q F0
-.733(is a pattern as used for \214lename e)3.234 F 3.233(xpansion. It)
+.733(is a pattern as used for \214lename e)3.233 F 3.233(xpansion. It)
-.15 F .733(is applied to the list of possible)3.233 F 1.596
(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 468 R 1.596
(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 480 Q F3(\214lterpat)
-3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704
-(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0
-(in)3.204 E F3(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704
+3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704
+(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0
+(in)3.204 E F3(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705
(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 492 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E F1<ad50>144 504 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)
-184 516 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534
+184 516 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534
(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 528 Q F1<ad53>144 540 Q F3(suf)2.5 E
2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0
(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5
-E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E .467(The return v)144 556.8 R
-.467(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
-(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.966 E F0
-(or)2.966 E F1<ad72>2.966 E F0 .466(is sup-)2.966 F 1.361
-(plied without a)144 568.8 R F3(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361
-(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.662 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H
-1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F3(name)144 580.8 Q F0
+E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E .466(The return v)144 556.8 R
+.466(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
+(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0
+(or)2.967 E F1<ad72>2.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362
+(plied without a)144 568.8 R F3(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361
+(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H
+1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F3(name)144 580.8 Q F0
(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E
-F1(continue)108 597.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144
-609.6 R 1.754(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r)
+F1(continue)108 597.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(n)A F0(])A 1.753(Resume the ne)144
+609.6 R 1.753(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r)
.25 E F0(,)A F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)
--4.254 E F1(select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F3(n)4.613 E F0
-1.753(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 621.6 R F3(n)3.709
+-4.254 E F1(select)4.254 E F0 4.254(loop. If)4.254 F F3(n)4.614 E F0
+1.754(is speci\214ed,)4.494 F 1.209(resume at the)144 621.6 R F3(n)3.709
E F0 1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F3(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F4
10/Symbol SF<b3>3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F3(n)4.069 E F0 1.209
-(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .668
+(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .667
(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 633.6 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.168('l)-.74 G .668(oop\) is resumed.)-3.168 F .667
-(The return v)5.667 F .667(alue is 0 unless the)-.25 F(shell is not e)
+(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.167('l)-.74 G .667(oop\) is resumed.)-3.167 F .668
+(The return v)5.668 F .668(alue is 0 unless the)-.25 F(shell is not e)
144 645.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting a loop when).15 E F1(continue)2.5 E F0
(is e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(declar)108 662.4 Q(e)-.18 E
F0([)2.5 E F1(\255afFirtx)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3
(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F3(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108
674.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255afFirtx)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5
-(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F3(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.264
-(Declare v)144 686.4 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t)
--.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F3(name)
-3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765(nt).15 G
-1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 698.4
-S 3.327(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.327 E F0 .826
-(option will display the attrib)3.327 F .826(utes and v)-.2 F .826
-(alues of each)-.25 F F3(name)3.326 E F0 5.826(.W).18 G(hen)-5.826 E F1
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-(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 3
28.8 Q F1<ad64>
-2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F
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--.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .36
6(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 340.8 R F1<ad70>
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+(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 3
16.8 Q F1<ad64>
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7(n, or).15 F .399(if the)144 328.8 R F1<ad70>
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(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4
-F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144
-3
52.8 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098
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-(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879
-(enabled. If)144 376.8 R F1<ad73>2.879 E F0 .379
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--.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144
-400.8 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 417.6 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37
-E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 429.6 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C
-.671(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F
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40.8 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098
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--2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 453.6 Q
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(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1
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70.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2
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58.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2
(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)
--.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 482.4 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306
-(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805
-(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E
-(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 494.4 R .176
+-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 470.4 Q F2(command)3.005 E F0 .305
+(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.575 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805
+(wp)-.25 G .306(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.306 E F2(ar)3.136 E
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(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G
(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176
-(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177
-(ginning of)-.15 F .16(the zeroth ar)144 506.4 R 2.66(gp)-.18 G .16
-(assed to)-2.66 F F2(command)2.66 E F0 5.16(.T).77 G .159(his is what)
--5.16 F F2(lo)2.659 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .159(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.159 E F1
-<ad63>2.659 E F0 .159(option causes)2.659 F F2(command)2.859 E F0(to)
-3.429 E 1.195(be e)144 518.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.195
-(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.69
5(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.696 E
-F0 1.196(is supplied, the shell passes)3.696 F F2(name)4.056 E F0 1.196
-(as the zeroth)3.876 F(ar)144 530.4 Q .02(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15
+(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .176
+(ginning of)-.15 F .159(the zeroth ar)144 494.4 R 2.659(gp)-.18 G .159
+(assed to)-2.659 F F2(command)2.659 E F0 5.159(.T).77 G .159
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6(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.696 E
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(xe)-.15 G .02(cuted command.).15 F(If)5.02 E F2(command)2.72 E F0 .02
(cannot be e)3.29 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .02
-(cuted for some reason, a non-inter).15 F(-)-.2 E(acti)144 542.4 Q 1.066
--.15(ve s)-.25 H .766(hell e).15 F .766(xits, unless the shell option)
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-(is enabled, in which case it returns f)3.266 F 3.267(ailure. An)-.1 F
-(interacti)144 554.4 Q 1.519 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.219(hell returns f).15 F
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1.219(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.719
-(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)3.918 E F0 1.218(is not speci\214ed, an)
-4.488 F(y)-.15 E .133(redirections tak)144 566.4 R 2.633(ee)-.1 G -.25
-(ff)-2.633 G .134(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.)
+(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)3.919 E F0 1.219(is not speci\214ed, an)
+4.489 F(y)-.15 E .134(redirections tak)144 554.4 R 2.634(ee)-.1 G -.25
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-(the return status is 1.)144 578.4 Q F1(exit)108 595.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2
-(n)A F0 6.29(]C)C .096(ause the shell to e)-6.29 F .096
-(xit with a status of)-.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)
-2.955 E F0 .095(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095
-(xit status is that of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 607.2 S 2.5
+(the return status is 1.)144 566.4 Q F1(exit)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2
+(n)A F0 6.29(]C)C .095(ause the shell to e)-6.29 F .095
+(xit with a status of)-.15 F F2(n)2.595 E F0 5.095(.I)C(f)-5.095 E F2(n)
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+(xit status is that of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 595.2 S 2.5
(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15
-G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 624 Q F0([)2.5
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E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E
-F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 636 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 648 R F2
+F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 624 Q F0 .257(The supplied)144 636 R F2
(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F
.257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.62
7(commands. If)144 660 R(the)2.627 E F1<ad66>
-2.627 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2
+(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.62
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(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2
-(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the)
-.15 F F1<ad70>144 672 Q F0 .659
-(option is supplied, a list of all names that are e)3.159 F .66
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-(option)3.16 E 1.587(causes the e)144 684 R 1.587
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+(option is supplied, a list of all names that are e)3.16 F .659
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F .304(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)2.804 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1
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-(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .294
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108 96 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
-(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .477(Fix Command.)144 108 R .478
-(In the \214rst form, a range of commands from)5.477 F F2<8c72>4.888 E
-(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.658 E F2(last)3.068 E F0 .478
-(is selected from the his-)3.658 F .882(tory list.)144 120 R F2 -.45(Fi)
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+(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .478(Fix Command.)144 108 R .478
+(In the \214rst form, a range of commands from)5.478 F F2<8c72>4.888 E
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+(is selected from the his-)3.658 F .881(tory list.)144 120 R F2 -.45(Fi)
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(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command be)4.062 F
-.881(ginning with)-.15 F .797(that string\) or as a number \(an inde)144
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132 R 3.297(xi)-.15 G .797(nto the history list, where a ne)-3.297 F
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-.15 F(of)144 144 Q .277(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F
-(If)5.277 E F2(last)2.867 E F0 .276
-(is not speci\214ed it is set to the current command)3.457 F .092
+-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.097 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .796(umber is used as an)
+.15 F(of)144 144 Q .276(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F
+(If)5.276 E F2(last)2.866 E F0 .277
+(is not speci\214ed it is set to the current command)3.456 F .093
(for listing \(so that)144 156 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .092
(fc \255l \25510)2.592 F F0 .092(prints the last 10 commands\) and to)
2.592 F F2<8c72>4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.592(otherwise. If)3.272 F F2<8c72>
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(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 192 Q
F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022
(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 204 R .438(If the)5.438
F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438
(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E
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.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F
-(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
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--.15(exe)144 252 S(cuted.).15 E .039(In the second form,)144 276 R F2
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-(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)2.54 E F0 .04(is replaced by)
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-(alias to use with this is)144 288 R F3 .406(r='fc \255s')2.906 F F0
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--.15 F F3(cc)144 300 Q F0(and typing)2.5 E F3(r)2.5 E F0(re-e)2.5 E -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(cutes the last command.).15 E .142
+(If)5.335 E F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
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+F -.15(exe)144 252 S(cuted.).15 E .04(In the second form,)144 276 R F2
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(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 324 R .142
(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142
(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322
-E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 336 R
+E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 336 R
.454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454
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-(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 348 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787
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(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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144 84 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(of)2.922 E
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-/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad64>2.921 E F0(,)A(or the history e)144 96 Q
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(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 E(gument to)-.18 E F2<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1
(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F2(jobs)108 112.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5
(][)C F1(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F2(jobs \255x)108 124.8 Q F1(command)
(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F2
<ad70>144 160.8 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5
(sp)-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2<ad6e>144 172.8 Q F0
-.193(Display information only about jobs that ha)24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c)
--.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F
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+-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 F .193(as last noti-)-.1 F
(\214ed of their status.)180 184.8 Q F2<ad72>144 196.8 Q F0
(Restrict output to running jobs.)25.86 E F2<ad73>144 208.8 Q F0
(Restrict output to stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 225.6 Q F1(jobspec)
-4.554 E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314
-(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T)
--.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 237.6 Q -.25
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+(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T)
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(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25
-E F1(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 254.4 R F2
-<ad78>2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F2(jobs)2.894 E F0
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.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F1(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in)
-3.204 F F1(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F1(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395
+3.204 F F1(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F1(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394
(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 266.4 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F1(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F1(ar)
2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E
<ad6e>2.5 E F1(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2<ad>2.5 E F1(sigspec)A F0 2.5
(][)C F1(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F2
(kill \255l)108 295.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5
-G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .12(Send the signal named by)144 307.2 R F1
-(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F1(signum)2.96 E F0 .119
-(to the processes named by)2.939 F F1(pid)3.869 E F0(or)3.389 E F1
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-(either a case-insensiti)144 319.2 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318
-(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319
-(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319
-(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 331.2 Q F1(signum)4.189 E F0
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+(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 331.2 Q F1(signum)4.188 E F0
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4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0
-1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 343.2 Q .522(gument of)-.18
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F F2<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)
5.523 F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when)
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(n, the names).15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 355.2
R .28(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E
-F1 -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 367.2 Q .377(gument to)-.18 F
-F2<ad6c>2.877 E F0 .378
-(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378
-(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .594(nated by a signal.)144 379.2
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R F2(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F
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(occurs or an in)144 391.2 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.)
.25 E F2(let)108 408 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E
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-(is an arithmetic e)3.854 F 1.134(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25
-G 1.135(luated \(see).25 F F3 1.135(ARITHMETIC EV)3.635 F(ALU)-1.215 E
--.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 1.135(If the)
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+(is an arithmetic e)3.855 F 1.134(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25
+G 1.134(luated \(see).25 F F3 1.134(ARITHMETIC EV)3.634 F(ALU)-1.215 E
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(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)
2.5 E F2(local)108 448.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)
-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 460.8 S
2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06
(ariable named)-.25 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)
2.74 F F1(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)-5.06 E F1(option)2.56 E F0
-.06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 472.8 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652
-(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F2(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
-C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)3.152 E F0 .653
+.06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 472.8 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653
+(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F2(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
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(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
-484.8 Q F1(name)3.721 E F0 .861(to ha)3.541 F 1.161 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H
-.861(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F
--.4(Wi)5.86 G .86(th no operands,).4 F F2(local)144 496.8 Q F0 1.164
-(writes a list of local v)3.664 F 1.165
+484.8 Q F1(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861
+(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4
+(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F2(local)144 496.8 Q F0 1.165
+(writes a list of local v)3.665 F 1.165
(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use)
-6.165 F F2(local)3.665 E F0 1.165(when not)3.665 F .233
-(within a function.)144 508.8 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.233
+6.165 F F2(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232
+(within a function.)144 508.8 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232
F F2(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F
--.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)3.092 E F0(is)2.912 E(supplied, or)144
+-.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144
520.8 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2
(logout)108 537.6 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F2(popd)108 554.4 Q F0
<5bad>2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1
-(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 566.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(se).15 G .299
-(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.799 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299(th no ar)
-.4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G .3
-(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.479(stack, and performs a)144
-578.4 R F2(cd)3.979 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.979 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479
-(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.478
-(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.778 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.478(he follo).15
+(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 566.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se).15 G .3
+(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.8 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299(th no ar).4
+F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G .299
+(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478(stack, and performs a)144
+578.4 R F2(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479
+(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.479
+(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.479(he follo).15
F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 590.4 Q F2(+)144 602.4 Q F1(n)A F0(Remo)25.3
E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F1(n)2.64 E F0 .14
(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F F2
614.4 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0
(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,)
-.65 E F5(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F2<ad>144 626.4 Q F1(n)A F0
-(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F1(n)3.76 E F0
-1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by)
--.25 F F2(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5
-(zero. F)180 638.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F5(popd -0)2.5 E F0
-(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65
-E F5(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E F2<ad6e>144 650.4
-Q F0 .551(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F
-.551(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F
-(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 662.4 Q .644(If the)144 679.2 R
-F2(popd)3.144 E F0 .644(command is successful, a)3.144 F F2(dirs)3.143 E
-F0 .643(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143 F F2
-(popd)5.643 E F0 .415(returns f)144 691.2 R .415(alse if an in)-.1 F
+(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F1(n)3.759 E F0
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+(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F .551
+(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F
+(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 662.4 Q .643(If the)144 679.2 R
+F2(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F2(dirs)3.143 E
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+(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 691.2 R .416(alse if an in)-.1 F
-.25(va)-.4 G .415
-(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.916
-(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.916 E .416(xistent direc-)-.15 F
+(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915
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(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 703.2 Q
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(guments)-.37 E F0 .372(to the standard output under the control of the)
2.872 F F2(format)2.872 E F0 5.372(.T)C(he)-5.372 E F2(format)2.872 E F0
1.804(is a character string which contains three types of objects: plai\
-n characters, which are simply)144 108 R .159
+n characters, which are simply)144 108 R .158
(copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are con)
-144 120 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .158(rted and copied to the stan-).15 F .499(da\
+144 120 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .159(rted and copied to the stan-).15 F .499(da\
rd output, and format speci\214cations, each of which causes printing o\
-f the ne)144 132 R .5(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)3.15 E
-(gu-)-.37 E(ment)144 144 Q F0 5.424(.I)C 2.924(na)-5.424 G .424
-(ddition to the standard)-2.924 F F2(printf)2.924 E F0 .424
-(\(1\) formats,)B F1(%b)2.924 E F0(causes)2.923 E F1(printf)2.923 E F0
-.423(to e)2.923 F .423(xpand backslash escape)-.15 F .976
+f the ne)144 132 R .499(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)3.149 E
+(gu-)-.37 E(ment)144 144 Q F0 5.423(.I)C 2.923(na)-5.423 G .423
+(ddition to the standard)-2.923 F F2(printf)2.923 E F0 .424
+(\(1\) formats,)B F1(%b)2.924 E F0(causes)2.924 E F1(printf)2.924 E F0
+.424(to e)2.924 F .424(xpand backslash escape)-.15 F .977
(sequences in the corresponding)144 156 R F2(ar)3.476 E(gument)-.37 E F0
(\(e)3.476 E .976(xcept that)-.15 F F1(\\c)3.476 E F0 .976
-(terminates output, backslashes in)3.476 F F1<5c08>3.477 E F0(,)A F1
-(\\")3.477 E F0(,)A(and)144 168 Q F1(\\?)3.422 E F0 .922(are not remo)
-3.422 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .922(d, and octal escapes be).15 F .922
-(ginning with)-.15 F F1(\\0)3.422 E F0 .921
+(terminates output, backslashes in)3.476 F F1<5c08>3.476 E F0(,)A F1
+(\\")3.476 E F0(,)A(and)144 168 Q F1(\\?)3.421 E F0 .921(are not remo)
+3.421 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .922(d, and octal escapes be).15 F .922
+(ginning with)-.15 F F1(\\0)3.422 E F0 .922
(may contain up to four digits\), and)3.422 F F1(%q)144 180 Q F0(causes)
-3.63 E F1(printf)3.63 E F0 1.13(to output the corresponding)3.63 F F2
-(ar)3.631 E(gument)-.37 E F0 1.131
+3.631 E F1(printf)3.631 E F0 1.131(to output the corresponding)3.631 F
+F2(ar)3.631 E(gument)-.37 E F0 1.13
(in a format that can be reused as shell)3.631 F(input.)144 192 Q(The)
-144 216 Q F1<ad76>2.904 E F0 .404
-(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)2.904 F(ariable)-.25 E
+144 216 Q F1<ad76>2.903 E F0 .404
+(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)2.903 F(ariable)-.25 E
F2(var)2.904 E F0 .404(rather than being printed to the)2.904 F
-(standard output.)144 228 Q(The)144 252 Q F2(format)3.423 E F0 .923
-(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F2(ar)3.423 E
+(standard output.)144 228 Q(The)144 252 Q F2(format)3.424 E F0 .923
+(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.424 F F2(ar)3.423 E
(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format)
-3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F2(ar)144 264 Q(guments)-.37 E F0
-.033(than are supplied, the e)2.534 F .033
+3.423 E F0 .923(requires more)3.423 F F2(ar)144 264 Q(guments)-.37 E F0
+.033(than are supplied, the e)2.533 F .033
(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si)
-.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .033(alue or null string,)
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-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 276 Q(The return v)5 E
(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd)
108 292.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A F1
(pushd)108 304.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0
-2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of th\
-e directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 316.8 R 3.14
-(wt)-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F 1.316(stack the current w)144 328.8 R
-1.316(orking directory)-.1 F 6.316(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.716 F
-1.315(guments, e)-.18 F 1.315(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.815(od)-.1 G
-1.315(irectories and)-3.815 F .871
+2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the\
+ directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 316.8 R 3.139
+(wt)-.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F 1.315(stack the current w)144 328.8 R
+1.315(orking directory)-.1 F 6.315(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.715 F
+1.315(guments, e)-.18 F 1.316(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.816(od)-.1 G
+1.316(irectories and)-3.816 F .872
(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 340.8 R 5.871(.A)
--.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .872(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.172 -.15
-(ve t)-.2 H .872(he follo).15 F .872(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 352.8 Q
-F1(+)144 364.8 Q F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2
-(n)3.768 E F0 1.267
-(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.267(wn by)
+-.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .871(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.171 -.15
+(ve t)-.2 H .871(he follo).15 F .871(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 352.8 Q
+F1(+)144 364.8 Q F2(n)A F0 1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2
+(n)3.767 E F0 1.268
+(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.268(wn by)
-.25 F F1(dirs)180 376.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C
(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1<ad>144 388.8 Q F2(n)A F0
.92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92
(only the stack is manipulated.)180 424.8 Q F2(dir)144.35 436.8 Q F0
(Adds)23.98 E F2(dir)2.85 E F0
(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.23 E 2.5(wc)-.25
-G(urrent w)-2.5 E(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .488(If the)144 453.6
-R F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F1(dirs)
-2.988 E F0 .488(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489
-(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04
-(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 465.6 R F2(dir)3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G
-3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 F F1(pushd)3.539 E F0
-1.039(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846(stack is empty)144
-477.6 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent directory stack ele\
-ment is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)-.15 F
-(speci\214ed ne)144 489.6 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E
-(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 506.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845
+G(urrent w)-2.5 E(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .489(If the)144 453.6
+R F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 .489(command is successful, a)2.989 F F1(dirs)
+2.988 E F0 .488(is performed as well.)2.988 F .488
+(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 1.039
+(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 465.6 R F2(dir)3.889 E F0 -.1(fa)4.269 G
+3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 F F1(pushd)3.54 E F0
+1.04(returns 0 unless the directory)3.54 F .847(stack is empty)144 477.6
+R 3.347(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.347 E .847(xistent directory stack element i\
+s speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144
+489.6 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108
+506.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844
(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 518.4 R .845
-(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844
-(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144
+(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845
+(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144
530.4 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1
.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1
-(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264
-(enabled. If)144 542.4 R(the)3.264 E F1<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763
-(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264
-F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
+(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263
+(enabled. If)144 542.4 R(the)3.263 E F1<ad4c>3.263 E F0 .763
+(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263
+F .764(The return)5.764 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 554.4 R -.25(va)
-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 566.4 Q F1 -.18(re)108 583.2 S
(ad).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255ers)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E
(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad64>
-2.5 E F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .516(One\
line is read from the standard input, or from the \214le descriptor)144
-595.2 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .516(gument to)
--.18 F(the)144 607.2 Q F1<ad75>2.538 E F0 .038
-(option, and the \214rst w)2.538 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst)
--.1 F F2(name)2.539 E F0 2.539(,t).18 G .039(he second w)-2.539 F .039
-(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)2.539 E F0(,).18 E .42
+595.2 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .517(gument to)
+-.18 F(the)144 607.2 Q F1<ad75>2.539 E F0 .039
+(option, and the \214rst w)2.539 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst)
+-.1 F F2(name)2.538 E F0 2.538(,t).18 G .038(he second w)-2.538 F .038
+(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)2.538 E F0(,).18 E .42
(and so on, with lefto)144 619.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42
(ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42
(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I)
-.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .54(are fe)144 631.2 R .54(wer w)-.25
-F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names \
-are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 643.2 S 2.511(lues. The).25 F .011
-(characters in)2.511 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.511 E F0 .011
+.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .541(are fe)144 631.2 R .541(wer w)
+-.25 F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining n\
+ames are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 643.2 S 2.51(lues. The).25 F
+.011(characters in)2.511 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.511 E F0 .011
(are used to split the line into w)2.261 F 2.511(ords. The)-.1 F .011
-(backslash character \()2.511 F F1(\\)A F0 2.51(\)m)C(ay)-2.51 E 1.89
-(be used to remo)144 655.2 R 2.19 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 2.19 -.15(ny s).15 H
-1.891(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.891
+(backslash character \()2.511 F F1(\\)A F0 2.511(\)m)C(ay)-2.511 E 1.891
+(be used to remo)144 655.2 R 2.191 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 2.191 -.15(ny s).15
+H 1.891(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.89
(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F
(Options, if supplied, ha)144 667.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 679.2 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w)
-180 691.2 R 1.049
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 679.2 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049
+(The w)180 691.2 R 1.049
(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable)
--.25 E F2(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F
-F2(aname)180.33 703.2 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5
--.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0
-(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2006 May 11)
-147.345 E(54)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 55 56
+-.25 E F2(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F2
+(aname)180.33 703.2 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25
+(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5
+E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q(2006 September 28)
+135.125 E(54)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 55 55
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad64>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(delim)2.5 E F0(The \214rst character of)180 96 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0
(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E
-F1<ad65>144 108 Q F0 .372
+F1<ad65>144 108 Q F0 .373
(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F1 -.18(re)
2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)
-2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G
-(sed)-2.87
3 E(to obtain the line.)180 120 Q F1<ad6e>144 132 Q F2(nc)2.5
-E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 144 S(ad).18 E F0 1.395
-(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395
-(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394(aiting for a complete line of)
+2.872 E F0(abo)2.622 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G
+(sed)-2.87
2 E(to obtain the line.)180 120 Q F1<ad6e>144 132 Q F2(nc)2.5
+E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 144 S(ad).18 E F0 1.394
+(returns after reading)3.894 F F2(nc)3.894 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395
+(characters rather than w)3.894 F 1.395(aiting for a complete line of)
-.1 F(input.)180 156 Q F1<ad70>144 168 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0
-(Display)180 180 Q F2(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)
-3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161
+(Display)180 180 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)
+3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161
(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 192 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5
(nput. The)-2.5 F
(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
-<ad72>144 204 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
-25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of)
+<ad72>144 204 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
+25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of)
-5.543 F(the line.)180 216 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)
-.25 E F1<ad73>144 228 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E
(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
-<ad74>144 240 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 252 Q F1 -.18(re)3.548 G
-(ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.548 F 1.048
+<ad74>144 240 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 252 Q F1 -.18(re)3.549 G
+(ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.549 F 1.048
(ailure if a complete line of input is not read within)-.1 F F2(timeout)
180 264 Q F0 2.92(seconds. This)2.92 F .42(option has no ef)2.92 F .42
(fect if)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)2.92 G(ad).18 E F0 .42
(is not reading input from the terminal)2.92 F(or a pipe.)180 276 Q F1
<ad75>144 288 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)14.46 E
-F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .191(If no)144 304.8 R F2(names)3.051 E F0 .191
-(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.961 F(ariable)-.25 E
-F3(REPL)2.692 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .192
-(The return code is zero,)4.692 F 1.218
-(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 316.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.718 G(ad)
-.18 E F0 1.217(times out, or an in)3.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.217
+F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .192(If no)144 304.8 R F2(names)3.052 E F0 .192
+(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.962 F(ariable)-.25 E
+F3(REPL)2.691 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .191
+(The return code is zero,)4.691 F 1.217
+(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 316.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.717 G(ad)
+.18 E F0 1.217(times out, or an in)3.717 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.218
(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the).25 F(ar)144 328.8 Q
(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 345.6 S(adonly).18
E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255apf)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)
-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 357.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n)
.15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1
F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77
-(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097(quent assignment.)144 369.6 R
-1.097(If the)6.097 F F1<ad66>3.597 E F0 1.097
-(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2
-(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 381.6 Q 2.872(ed. The)
--.1 F F1<ad61>2.872 E F0 .372(option restricts the v)2.872 F .372
+(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 369.6 R
+1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097
+(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2
+(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 381.6 Q 2.873(ed. The)
+-.1 F F1<ad61>2.873 E F0 .373(option restricts the v)2.873 F .372
(ariables to arrays.)-.25 F .372(If no)5.372 F F2(name)3.232 E F0(ar)
-3.053 E .373(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .373(n, or if the).15
+3.052 E .372(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .372(n, or if the).15
F F1<ad70>144 393.6 Q F0 .796
-(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.297 F
+(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.296 F
(The)5.796 E F1<ad70>3.296 E F0 .796(option causes output to be)3.296 F
.828(displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 405.6 R .828
-(If a v)5.828 F .828(ariable name is follo)-.25 F .828(wed by =)-.25 F
-F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.328(,t)C(he)-3.328 E -.25(va)144 417.6 S .405
-(lue of the v).25 F .405(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)2.905 E(d)-.37
-E F0 5.405(.T)C .404(he return status is 0 unless an in)-5.405 F -.25
-(va)-.4 G .404(lid option is encountered,).25 F 1.069(one of the)144
+(If a v)5.828 F .828(ariable name is follo)-.25 F .827(wed by =)-.25 F
+F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.327(,t)C(he)-3.327 E -.25(va)144 417.6 S .404
+(lue of the v).25 F .404(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)2.904 E(d)-.37
+E F0 5.404(.T)C .405(he return status is 0 unless an in)-5.404 F -.25
+(va)-.4 G .405(lid option is encountered,).25 F 1.07(one of the)144
429.6 R F2(names)3.929 E F0 1.069(is not a v)3.839 F 1.069(alid shell v)
-.25 F 1.069(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.569 E F0 1.069
(is supplied with a)3.569 F F2(name)3.929 E F0 1.069(that is not a)3.749
F(function.)144 441.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 458.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0([)
-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .587(Causes a function to e)144 470.4 R .587
+2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .586(Causes a function to e)144 470.4 R .587
(xit with the return v)-.15 F .587(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)3.087
-E F0 5.587(.I).24 G(f)-5.587 E F2(n)3.447 E F0 .586
+E F0 5.587(.I).24 G(f)-5.587 E F2(n)3.447 E F0 .587
(is omitted, the return status is)3.327 F 1.335
(that of the last command e)144 482.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.335
(cuted in the function body).15 F 6.335(.I)-.65 G 3.835(fu)-6.335 G
1.335(sed outside a function, b)-3.835 F 1.335(ut during)-.2 F -.15(exe)
144 494.4 S .794(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.294 E F0(\()
5.794 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.294(\)c)C .794
-(ommand, it causes the shell to stop e)-3.294 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .794
-(cuting that script).15 F .245(and return either)144 506.4 R F2(n)3.105
-E F0 .246(or the e)2.985 F .246(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G .246(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .246
-(xit sta-)-.15 F .082(tus of the script.)144 518.4 R .082
+(ommand, it causes the shell to stop e)-3.294 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .795
+(cuting that script).15 F .246(and return either)144 506.4 R F2(n)3.106
+E F0 .246(or the e)2.986 F .246(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .246(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .245
+(xit sta-)-.15 F .081(tus of the script.)144 518.4 R .082
(If used outside a function and not during e)5.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .082
-(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.582 E F0 2.581(,t).833 G .081
-(he return sta-)-2.581 F 2.305(tus is f)144 530.4 R 4.805(alse. An)-.1 F
-4.805(yc)-.15 G 2.305(ommand associated with the)-4.805 F F1(RETURN)
-4.805 E F0 2.306(trap is e)4.806 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.306(cuted before e)
+(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.582 E F0 2.582(,t).833 G .082
+(he return sta-)-2.582 F 2.306(tus is f)144 530.4 R 4.806(alse. An)-.1 F
+4.806(yc)-.15 G 2.305(ommand associated with the)-4.806 F F1(RETURN)
+4.805 E F0 2.305(trap is e)4.805 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.305(cuted before e)
.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E(resumes after the function or script.)
144 542.4 Q F1(set)108 559.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCHP)A
F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)
--.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 571.2 S .836
+-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 571.2 S .835
(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F
-.835(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
+.836(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 583.2
-R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784
-(riables cannot be).25 F 2.947(reset. In)144 595.2 R F2 .447(posix mode)
-2.947 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447
+R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .783
+(riables cannot be).25 F 2.946(reset. In)144 595.2 R F2 .447(posix mode)
+2.946 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447
(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .447
-(The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.53
-(locale. When)144 607.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F
-3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An)
--.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F .202
+(The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.531
+(locale. When)144 607.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.531 F
+3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.53(utes. An)
+-.2 F 3.53(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.53 G 1.03(uments remaining).18 F .202
(after the options are processed are treated as v)144 619.2 R .202
(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned,)-.25 F(in order)
144 631.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A
F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3
-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 643.2 Q
-F0 .539(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539
-(ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F .54
-(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 655.2 Q(vironment of subsequent commands.)
--.4 E F1<ad62>144 667.2 Q F0 .132
+F0 .54(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539
+(ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F
+.539(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 655.2 Q
+(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 667.2 Q F0 .131
(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F
-2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E
+2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E
(primary prompt.)184 679.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)
-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 691.2 Q F0
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(xit status is printed upon their com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 192 Q F1
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184 564 Q F0(Same as)15 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 576 Q F0
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684 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 696 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)
7.33 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 708 Q F0
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(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F
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(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-)
.15 F(tor)184 366 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
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(If set, the shell does not follo)28.19 F 3.664(ws)-.25 G 1.164
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(mands which change the current directory)184 474 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
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(parameters remain unchanged.)184 570 Q .425(The options are of)144
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(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
-(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
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-(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 651.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0
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-.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06
+(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 651.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0
+.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G
+.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 663.6 Q F1($#)2.582
+E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082
+(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)
+-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to)
+.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06
(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 675.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
-(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 687.6 R
-.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0
-.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0
+(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 687.6 R
+.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0
+.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0
(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 699.6 Q(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
-(2006 May 11)147.345 E(57)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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+(2006 September 28)135.125 E(57)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
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5.222(.W)-.55 G .222(ith no options, or with the)-5.622 F F1<ad70>2.722
E F0 .721(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an \
indication of whether or not each is set.)144 108 R(The)144 120 Q F1
-<ad70>2.827 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displayed in a form th\
-at may be reused as input.)2.827 F .328(Other options)5.328 F(ha)144 132
+<ad70>2.828 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displayed in a form th\
+at may be reused as input.)2.828 F .327(Other options)5.327 F(ha)144 132
Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144
144 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144
156 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>
144 168 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return s\
-tatus indicates whether the)24.74 F F2(optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E
-.255(set or unset.)180 180 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 E
-F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G
-(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256
-(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 192 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0
+tatus indicates whether the)24.74 F F2(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E
+.256(set or unset.)180 180 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 E
+F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G
+(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255
+(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 192 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0
(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 204 Q F0
(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5
-E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .128(If either)144 220.8 R F1
-<ad73>2.628 E F0(or)2.628 E F1<ad75>2.628 E F0 .127(is used with no)
+E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .127(If either)144 220.8 R F1
+<ad73>2.627 E F0(or)2.627 E F1<ad75>2.627 E F0 .127(is used with no)
2.627 F F2(optname)2.627 E F0(ar)2.627 E .127
-(guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18 F 1.023
-(are set or unset, respecti)144 232.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.023
-(.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.023 F F1(shopt)3.524 E F0
-1.024(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.524 F(def)144 244.8 Q(ault.)
+(guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18 F 1.024
+(are set or unset, respecti)144 232.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.024
+(.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.024 F F1(shopt)3.523 E F0
+1.023(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.523 F(def)144 244.8 Q(ault.)
-.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144
-261.6 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
-4.044 F .696
+261.6 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
+4.045 F .696
(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an)
-144 273.6 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696
+144 273.6 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695
(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 285.6 Q(The list of)144 302.4 Q F1(shopt)
-2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(cdable_v)144 320.4 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156
-(If set, an ar)184 332.4 R .156(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0
--.2(bu)2.656 G .155
+2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(cdable_v)144 320.4 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155
+(If set, an ar)184 332.4 R .155(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0
+-.2(bu)2.655 G .156
(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F
(name of a v)184 344.4 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 356.4 Q F0
1.055
(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)
-10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988
-(corrected. The)184 368.4 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487
-(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a)
--.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .552(one character too man)184 380.4 R 4.352 -.65
+10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987
+(corrected. The)184 368.4 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487
+(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a)
+-.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .552(one character too man)184 380.4 R 4.352 -.65
(y. I)-.15 H 3.052(fac).65 G .552
(orrection is found, the corrected \214le name is printed, and)-3.052 F
(the command proceeds.)184 392.4 Q
(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
-.15 E F1(checkhash)144 404.4 Q F0 2.08(If set,)184 416.4 R F1(bash)4.58
-E F0 2.079(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.58 F 2.079
-(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 428.4 S(cute it.).15 E
+.15 E F1(checkhash)144 404.4 Q F0 2.079(If set,)184 416.4 R F1(bash)
+4.579 E F0 2.079(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.579 F
+2.08(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 428.4 S(cute it.).15 E
(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E
(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkwinsize)144
-440.4 Q F0 .796(If set,)184 452.4 R F1(bash)3.296 E F0 .796
-(checks the windo)3.296 F 3.296(ws)-.25 G .797
-(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.296 F 3.297(,u)-.65 G .797
-(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 464.4 S(lues of).25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
+440.4 Q F0 .797(If set,)184 452.4 R F1(bash)3.297 E F0 .797
+(checks the windo)3.297 F 3.297(ws)-.25 G .796
+(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.297 F 3.296(,u)-.65 G .796
+(pdates the)-3.296 F -.25(va)184 464.4 S(lues of).25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(LINES)2.5 E F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A
F1(cmdhist)144 476.4 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202
(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202
Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165
(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i)
-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F
-(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144 512.4 Q F0 1.387
-(If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.687 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386
+(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144 512.4 Q F0 1.386
+(If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386
(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-1.386(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 524.4 Q
+1.387(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 524.4 Q
(gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E
(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15
E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 536.4 Q
-F0 .716(If set, aliases are e)184 548.4 R .717(xpanded as described abo)
+F0 .717(If set, aliases are e)184 548.4 R .717(xpanded as described abo)
-.15 F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(ALIASES)3.217 E F4(.)A F0
-.717(This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 560.4 Q
+.716(This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 560.4 Q
(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(extdeb)144
572.4 Q(ug)-.2 E F0(If set, beha)184 584.4 Q
(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184
-596.4 Q F0(The)28.5 E F1<ad46>4.251 E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 F F1
+596.4 Q F0(The)28.5 E F1<ad46>4.25 E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F1
(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751
(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F
(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 608.4
Q(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 620.4 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)
28.5 F F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167
F 1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220
-632.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 644.4 Q F0 .841
-(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)3.341 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841
-(trap returns a v)3.341 F .84(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15
+632.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 644.4 Q F0 .84
+(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841
+(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15
(exe)220 656.4 S .488
(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1
(sour)220 668.4 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\), a call to).2 E F1
-.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(is simulated.)2.5 E F1 26(4. B)184
-680.4 R(ASH_ARGC)-.3 E F0(and)3.776 E F1 -.3(BA)3.776 G(SH_ARGV).3 E F0
-1.275(are updated as described in their descrip-)3.776 F(tions abo)220
+680.4 R(ASH_ARGC)-.3 E F0(and)3.775 E F1 -.3(BA)3.775 G(SH_ARGV).3 E F0
+1.276(are updated as described in their descrip-)3.775 F(tions abo)220
692.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 704.4 Q F0 1.359
(Function tracing is enabled:)28.5 F 1.359
(command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)6.359 F(shells in)220
716.4 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F2
(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0
(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
-(2006 May 11)147.345 E(58)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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+(2006 September 28)135.125 E(58)185.115 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 59 59
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(6.)184 84 Q F0 .805
-(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .804
-(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.805 F(in)220 96
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(6.)184 84 Q F0 .804
+(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .805
+(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.804 F(in)220 96
Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F2 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1
(ERR)2.5 E(OR)-.3 E F0(trap.)2.5 E F1(extglob)144 108 Q F0 .4
-4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G
(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 156 Q
(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 168 Q F0
-1.424(If set, patterns which f)7.77 F 1.425
-(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.425
+1.425(If set, patterns which f)7.77 F 1.425
+(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.424
(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 180 S(pansion error).15 E(.)
-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 192 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0
.585(If set, the suf)184 204 R<8c78>-.25 E .585(es speci\214ed by the)
-.15 F F1(FIGNORE)3.085 E F0 .585(shell v)3.085 F .585(ariable cause w)
-.25 F .585(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 216 R .32
(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32
-(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 3.33
-(pletions. See)184 228 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .83(SHELL V)3.33 F
-(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0(abo)3.08 E 1.13 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .829
-(or a description of).15 F F1(FIGNORE)3.329 E F0 5.829(.T)C .829
-(his option)-5.829 F(is enabled by def)184 240 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1
+(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 3.329
+(pletions. See)184 228 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .829(SHELL V)3.329 F
+(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0(abo)3.079 E 1.129 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .83
+(or a description of).15 F F1(FIGNORE)3.33 E F0 5.83(.T)C .83
+(his option)-5.83 F(is enabled by def)184 240 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1
(gnu_errfmt)144 252 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are written in th\
e standard GNU error message format.)184 264 Q F1(histappend)144 276 Q
-F0 .383
+F0 .384
(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184
-288 R .384(alue of the)-.25 F F1(HISTFILE)2.884 E F0 -.25(va)2.884 G
+288 R .383(alue of the)-.25 F F1(HISTFILE)2.883 E F0 -.25(va)2.883 G
(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 300 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 312 Q(eedit)-.18
-E F0 .576(If set, and)184 324 R F1 -.18(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E F0 .575
-(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .575
-(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .575(ailed his-)-.1 F
-(tory substitution.)184 336 Q F1(histv)144 348 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .402
+E F0 .575(If set, and)184 324 R F1 -.18(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575
+(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576
+(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .576(ailed his-)-.1 F
+(tory substitution.)184 336 Q F1(histv)144 348 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403
(If set, and)184 360 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403
(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately)
-2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 372 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661
-(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161
-G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 384 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E
+2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 372 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662
+(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162
+G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 384 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E
2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1
-(hostcomplete)144 396 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 408 R F1 -.18(re)3.681
-G(adline).18 E F0 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.182
-(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F 1.381(when a w)184
-420 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381
-(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.88 E F0(under)3.88 E
-F3(READLINE)3.88 E F0(abo)184 432 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F
+(hostcomplete)144 396 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 408 R F1 -.18(re)3.682
+G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181
+(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184
+420 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381
+(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E
+F3(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 432 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F
(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 444 Q F0(If set,)
184 456 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F3(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0
(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e)
(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967
(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 492 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25
H .967(hell \(see).15 F F3(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15
-G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F(enabled by def)184 504 Q
-(ault.)-.1 E F1(lithist)144 516 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)15.55 F F1
-(cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)
-3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)
--3.155 F(with embedded ne)184 528 Q
+G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F(enabled by def)184 504 Q
+(ault.)-.1 E F1(lithist)144 516 Q F0 .655(If set, and the)15.55 F F1
+(cmdhist)3.155 E F0 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)
+3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.154(dt).15 G 3.154(ot)-3.154 G .654(he history)
+-3.154 F(with embedded ne)184 528 Q
(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1
(login_shell)144 540 Q F0 .486
(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184
-552 R F3(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve)
--.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 564 S(lue may not be changed.).25
-E F1(mailwar)144 576 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184
-588 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815
-(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F
+552 R F3(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve)
+-.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 564 S(lue may not be changed.).25
+E F1(mailwar)144 576 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815(If set, and a \214le that)184
+588 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814
+(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F
-.1(wa)184 600 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E
(`The mail in)-.74 E F2(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)
-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 612
-Q F0 .146(If set, and)184 624 R F1 -.18(re)2.646 G(adline).18 E F0 .146
-(is being used,)2.646 F F1(bash)2.646 E F0 .145
-(will not attempt to search the)2.646 F F1 -.74(PA)2.645 G(TH)-.21 E F0
-.145(for possible)2.645 F
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(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 636 Q F1
-(nocaseglob)144 648 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 660 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436
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(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 684 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184
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F(while e)184 708 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5
E F1([[)2.5 E F0(conditional commands.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-3.2)72 768 Q
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--3.355 E -.15(ex)184 108 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv)
-.15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 120 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677
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+.15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 120 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .676
(If set, the programmable completion f)184 132 R .677(acilities \(see)
--.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E
+-.1 F F1(Pr)3.177 E .677(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.177 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 144 Q
(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 156 Q(omptv)
--.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)184 168 R 1.448
-(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)
--.15 F -.15(ex)184 180 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15
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+(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.447(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)
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G 2.67(la).25 G .17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)
--.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15
-(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 192 Q(ault.)-.1 E
-F1 -.18(re)144 204 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069
+-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.671 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.421 E
+-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 192 Q(ault.)-.1
+E F1 -.18(re)144 204 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069
(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see)
184 216 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 228 Q 4.178
(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678(lue may not be changed.).25 F
1.678(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F -.15(exe)
184 240 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E
-F1(shift_v)144 252 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 264 R F1
-(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501
-(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502
+F1(shift_v)144 252 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .502(If set, the)184 264 R F1
+(shift)3.002 E F0 -.2(bu)3.002 G .501
+(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .501
(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 276 Q F1(sour)
-144 288 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 300 R F1(sour)3.271 E
-(ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v)
--3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77
-(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar)
-184 312 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)
--.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 324 Q F0(If set, the)184 336 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0
--.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15
-E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 348 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A .492
-(Suspend the e)144 360 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .492
-(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.992(sa).15 G
-F2(SIGCONT).001 E F0 2.993(signal. The)2.743 F F1<ad66>2.993 E F0 .493
-(option says not to)2.993 F .759
+144 288 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .77(If set, the)184 300 R F1(sour)3.27 E(ce)
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+(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.021 F
+(\214le supplied as an ar)184 312 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F
+(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 324 Q F0
+(If set, the)184 336 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E
+(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)
+108 348 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A .493(Suspend the e)144 360 R -.15
+(xe)-.15 G .493(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+2.992(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)A F0 2.992(signal. The)2.742 F F1<ad66>2.992 E
+F0 .492(option says not to)2.992 F .758
(complain if this is a login shell; just suspend an)144 372 R(yw)-.15 E
-(ay)-.1 E 5.758(.T)-.65 G .758
+(ay)-.1 E 5.758(.T)-.65 G .759
(he return status is 0 unless the shell is a)-5.758 F(login shell and)
144 384 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0
(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 E F1(test)108
(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 1.15
(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)6.77 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.15
(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)3.65 G
-(pr).2 E F0 6.15(.E).73 G(ach)-6.15 E 1.188
+(pr).2 E F0 6.15(.E).73 G(ach)-6.15 E 1.187
(operator and operand must be a separate ar)144 420 R 3.688
-(gument. Expressions)-.18 F 1.187(are composed of the primaries)3.688 F
-1.889(described abo)144 432 R 2.189 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2
-(CONDITION)4.389 E 1.889(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A
-F1(test)6.389 E F0 1.89(does not accept an)4.389 F 4.39(yo)-.15 G 1.89
-(ptions, nor)-4.39 F(does it accept and ignore an ar)144 444 Q
+(gument. Expressions)-.18 F 1.188(are composed of the primaries)3.688 F
+1.89(described abo)144 432 R 2.19 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2
+(CONDITION)4.39 E 1.89(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A
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+(ptions, nor)-4.389 F(does it accept and ignore an ar)144 444 Q
(gument of)-.18 E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5
-E .786(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 462 R .785
+E .785(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 462 R .786
(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence.)144
474 Q F1(!)144 486 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.6 G(ue if).35
E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 498 Q F3
E 2.5(2a)144 640.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)
180 652.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87
F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37
-(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 664.8 R .38
-(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68
--.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 676.8 Q .553
+(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 664.8 R .38
+(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679
+-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 676.8 Q .552
(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552
(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552
(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 688.8 Q
(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E
(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 700.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G
-(uments).18 E .023(If the second ar)180 712.8 R .023
+(uments).18 E .024(If the second ar)180 712.8 R .023
(gument is one of the binary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F
-.324 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CON-)2.524 E(DITION)180 724.8 Q
-1.478(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 1.477(the result of the e)3.727 F
+.323 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CON-)2.523 E(DITION)180 724.8 Q
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1.477(xpression is the result of the binary test)-.15 F(GNU Bash-3.2)72
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E .397(using the \214rst and third ar)180 84 R .397
-(guments as operands.)-.18 F .398(If the \214rst ar)5.398 F .398
-(gument is)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.898 E F0 2.898(,t)C .398
-(he v)-2.898 F .398(alue is the)-.25 F(ne)180 96 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .263
+-.35 E .398(using the \214rst and third ar)180 84 R .398
+(guments as operands.)-.18 F .398(If the \214rst ar)5.398 F .397
+(gument is)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.897 E F0 2.897(,t)C .397
+(he v)-2.897 F .397(alue is the)-.25 F(ne)180 96 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .262
(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 E .262
(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 2.762(guments. If)-.18
-F .262(the \214rst ar)2.762 F(gu-)-.18 E .205(ment is e)180 108 R
-(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()2.705 E F0 .205(and the third ar)2.705 F .205
-(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.705 E F0 2.705(,t)C .206
-(he result is the one-ar)-2.705 F .206(gument test of)-.18 F 1.171
-(the second ar)180 120 R 3.671(gument. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.171(the e)
+F .263(the \214rst ar)2.762 F(gu-)-.18 E .206(ment is e)180 108 R
+(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()2.706 E F0 .205(and the third ar)2.706 F .205
+(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.705 E F0 2.705(,t)C .205
+(he result is the one-ar)-2.705 F .205(gument test of)-.18 F 1.17
+(the second ar)180 120 R 3.67(gument. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.171(the e)
3.671 F 1.171(xpression is f)-.15 F 3.671(alse. The)-.1 F F1<ad61>3.671
-E F0(and)3.671 E F1<ad6f>3.67 E F0 1.17(operators are)3.67 F
+E F0(and)3.671 E F1<ad6f>3.671 E F0 1.171(operators are)3.671 F
(considered binary operators in this case.)180 132 Q 2.5(4a)144 144 S
--.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .384(If the \214rst ar)180 156 R .384
-(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.884 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)
--2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .385(tion of the three-ar).05 F .385(gument e)
--.18 F .385(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.648(posed of the remaining ar)180
-168 R 4.147(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647
+-.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .385(If the \214rst ar)180 156 R .385
+(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.885 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)
+-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .384(tion of the three-ar).05 F .384(gument e)
+-.18 F .384(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.647(posed of the remaining ar)180
+168 R 4.147(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.648
(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E
(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 180 Q -.15(ve)
-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 192 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18
s run from the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 244.8 Q F1
(trap)108 261.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E/F2 10
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-(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F2(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f)-5.703 E F2
-(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609(absent \(and there is a single)
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+(ignal\(s\))-3.202 E F2(sigspec)3.202 E F0 5.702(.I).31 G(f)-5.702 E F2
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144 285.6 R F2(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F1<ad>3.108 E
F0 3.108(,e)C .608
(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F
-.658(\(the v)144 297.6 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)
--.25 F(If)5.658 E F2(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659
+.659(\(the v)144 297.6 R .659(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).)
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(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F2(sigspec)
-144.34 309.6 Q F0 .581
-(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G
--.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F2(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58
-(is not present and)3.3 F F1<ad70>3.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214
+144.34 309.6 Q F0 .58(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)
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(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 321.6 R
-F2(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215
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E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86
(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83
(signal. The)144 345.6 R F1<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \
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-4.311(bers. Each)144 357.6 R F2(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811
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-(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E .745
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+(bers. Each)144 357.6 R F2(sigspec)4.65 E F0 1.811
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(names are case insensiti)144 369.6 R 1.045 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .745
(nd the SIG pre\214x is optional.).15 F .745(If a)5.745 F F2(sigspec)
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--.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.629(the command)3.88 F F2(ar)4.459
-E(g)-.37 E F0 1.629(is e)4.349 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.206
-(before e)144 393.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F2 1.206(simple command)
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-(command,)3.706 E F2(select)3.707 E F0 1.207(command, e)3.707 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 1.207(ry arithmetic).15 F F2(for)144 405.6 Q F0 .412
-(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.913 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .412
-(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F3 .412(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.912 F F0
-(abo)144 417.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.665(\). Refer).15 F .166
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+1.206(ry arithmetic).15 F F2(for)144 405.6 Q F0 .412
+(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.912 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .412
+(cutes in a shell function \(see).15 F F3 .413(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.912 F F0
+(abo)144 417.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.666(\). Refer).15 F .166
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(option to the)2.666 F F1(shopt)2.666 E F0 -.2(bu)2.666 G .166
-(iltin for details of its ef).2 F(fect)-.25 E .509(on the)144 429.6 R F1
-(DEB)3.009 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.009(trap. If)3.009 F(a)3.009 E F2(sigspec)
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+(DEB)3.008 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.008(trap. If)3.008 F(a)3.008 E F2(sigspec)
3.348 E F0(is)3.318 E F3(ERR)3.008 E F4(,)A F0 .508(the command)2.758 F
-F2(ar)3.338 E(g)-.37 E F0 .508(is e)3.228 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .508
-(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.008(ras).15 G .508(imple com-)-3.008
+F2(ar)3.338 E(g)-.37 E F0 .509(is e)3.228 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .509
+(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.009(ras).15 G .509(imple com-)-3.009
F 2.506(mand has a non\255zero e)144 441.6 R 2.506
(xit status, subject to the follo)-.15 F 2.506(wing conditions.)-.25 F
(The)7.506 E F3(ERR)5.006 E F0 2.506(trap is not)4.756 F -.15(exe)144
(ke)144 465.6 S(yw)-.05 E .936(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F2(if)
3.446 E F0 .936(statement, part of a)5.396 F F1(&&)3.436 E F0(or)3.436 E
/F5 10/Symbol SF<efef>3.436 E F0 .936(list, or if the command')3.436 F
-3.436(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.436 E -.25(va)144 477.6 S 1.095
+3.436(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.436 E -.25(va)144 477.6 S 1.094
(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.094(rted via).15 F F1(!)3.594 E
F0 6.094(.T)C 1.094(hese are the same conditions obe)-6.094 F 1.094
-(yed by the)-.15 F F1(err)3.594 E(exit)-.18 E F0 3.594(option. If)3.594
-F(a)3.594 E F2(sigspec)144.34 489.6 Q F0(is)3.348 E F3(RETURN)3.038 E F4
-(,)A F0 .538(the command)2.788 F F2(ar)3.368 E(g)-.37 E F0 .538(is e)
+(yed by the)-.15 F F1(err)3.594 E(exit)-.18 E F0 3.595(option. If)3.594
+F(a)3.595 E F2(sigspec)144.34 489.6 Q F0(is)3.349 E F3(RETURN)3.039 E F4
+(,)A F0 .539(the command)2.789 F F2(ar)3.368 E(g)-.37 E F0 .538(is e)
3.258 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .538
(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted).15 E .506(with the)144 501.6 R F1(.)3.006 E F0(or)3.006 E F1
-(sour)3.006 E(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.006 G .506(iltins \214nishes e).2 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G 3.006(cuting. Signals).15 F .505
-(ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be)3.006 F .703
-(trapped or reset.)144 513.6 R -.35(Tr)5.703 G .704
+(cuted).15 E .505(with the)144 501.6 R F1(.)3.005 E F0(or)3.005 E F1
+(sour)3.005 E(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.005 G .505(iltins \214nishes e).2 F
+-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.006(cuting. Signals).15 F .506
+(ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be)3.006 F .704
+(trapped or reset.)144 513.6 R -.35(Tr)5.704 G .704
(apped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original v)
-.35 F .704(alues in a)-.25 F .224(child process when it is created.)144
+.35 F .703(alues in a)-.25 F .224(child process when it is created.)144
525.6 R .224(The return status is f)5.224 F .224(alse if an)-.1 F(y)-.15
-E F2(sigspec)3.064 E F0 .224(is in)3.034 F -.25(va)-.4 G .224
-(lid; otherwise).25 F F1(trap)2.724 E F0(returns true.)144 537.6 Q F1
+E F2(sigspec)3.064 E F0 .224(is in)3.034 F -.25(va)-.4 G .225
+(lid; otherwise).25 F F1(trap)2.725 E F0(returns true.)144 537.6 Q F1
(type)108 554.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)
-2.5 E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 566.4 S .173
-(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F2(name)
-3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174
-(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F
-F1<ad74>144 578.4 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F1(type)3.343 E F0
+2.5 E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 566.4 S .174
+(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F2(name)
+3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173
+(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F
+F1<ad74>144 578.4 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F1(type)3.342 E F0
.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E
F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0
-(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F2
-(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F2(name)144.36 590.4 Q F0 .086
-(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086
-(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F2
-(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119
+(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F2
+(\214le)5.253 E F0(if)3.523 E F2(name)144.36 590.4 Q F0 .087
+(is an alias, shell reserv)2.767 F .087(ed w)-.15 F .087
+(ord, function, b)-.1 F .086(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F2
+(name)2.946 E F0 .086(is not)2.766 F .118
(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 602.4 R .118
-(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F
-F1<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F1(type)2.618 E F0 .855
+(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .119(If the)5.119 F
+F1<ad70>2.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F1(type)2.619 E F0 .855
(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 614.4 R .855
(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0
-.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if)
-144 626.4 R/F6 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141
-G .641(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E
-F1<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F F3 -.666(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189
-E F0 .112(search for each)144 638.4 R F2(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15
-(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F6 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0
--.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I)
-.18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F1<ad70>2.613 E
-F0(and)144 650.4 Q F1<ad50>2.945 E F0 .445(print the hashed v)2.945 F
-.444(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 F F3
--.666(PA)2.944 G(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .444(If the)4.944 F F1<ad61>2.944
-E F0(option)2.944 E .265(is used,)144 662.4 R F1(type)2.765 E F0 .265
-(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .265
-(cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18 G .265
-(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .427(and functions, if and only if the)
+.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .64(mand name, or nothing if)144
+626.4 R/F6 10/Courier@0 SF .64(type -t name)3.14 F F0 -.1(wo)3.14 G .641
+(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.141 E F0 5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E F1
+<ad50>3.141 E F0 .641(option forces a)3.141 F F3 -.666(PA)3.141 G(TH)
+-.189 E F0 .113(search for each)144 638.4 R F2(name)2.613 E F0 2.613(,e)
+C -.15(ve)-2.863 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F6 .113(type -t name)2.613
+F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113
+(.I).18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112(command is hashed,)-.001 F F1<ad70>
+2.612 E F0(and)144 650.4 Q F1<ad50>2.944 E F0 .444(print the hashed v)
+2.944 F .444(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)
+-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.945 G(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .445(If the)4.945 F F1
+<ad61>2.945 E F0(option)2.945 E .265(is used,)144 662.4 R F1(type)2.765
+E F0 .265(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F -.15(xe)
+-.15 G .265(cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18 G .265
+(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .426(and functions, if and only if the)
144 674.4 R F1<ad70>2.926 E F0 .426(option is not also used.)2.926 F
-.426(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .548
-(consulted when using)144 686.4 R F1<ad61>3.048 E F0 5.548(.T)C(he)
--5.548 E F1<ad66>3.048 E F0 .549
-(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.048 F F1
-(command)3.049 E F0 -.2(bu)144 698.4 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0
+.427(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .549
+(consulted when using)144 686.4 R F1<ad61>3.049 E F0 5.549(.T)C(he)
+-5.549 E F1<ad66>3.049 E F0 .548
+(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.049 F F1
+(command)3.048 E F0 -.2(bu)144 698.4 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0
(returns true if an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he ar)-2.5 E
(guments are found, f)-.18 E(alse if none are found.)-.1 E(GNU Bash-3.2)
-72 768 Q(2006 May 11)147.345 E(61)197.335 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(ulimit)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
(\255SHacde\214lmnpqrstuvx)A F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)A
-F0(]])A(Pro)144 96 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744
-(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
+F0(]])A(Pro)144 96 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743
+(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
-.943(that allo)144 108 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F(The)
-5.943 E F1<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944
+.944(that allo)144 108 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F(The)
+5.944 E F1<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
-144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.738(nr).15 G 2.738(esource. A)-2.738 F .238(\
+144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.737(nr).15 G 2.737(esource. A)-2.737 F .238(\
hard limit cannot be increased once it is set; a soft limit may be incr\
-eased up to)2.738 F .355(the v)144 132 R .355(alue of the hard limit.)
--.25 F .35
5(If neither)5.355 F F1<ad48>2.855 E F0(nor)2.855 E F1<ad53>
-2.855 E F0 .356(is speci\214ed, both the soft and hard limits are set.)
-2.856 F .402(The v)144 144 R .402(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.992 E F0
+eased up to)2.738 F .356(the v)144 132 R .356(alue of the hard limit.)
+-.25 F .35
6(If neither)5.356 F F1<ad48>2.856 E F0(nor)2.856 E F1<ad53>
+2.856 E F0 .355(is speci\214ed, both the soft and hard limits are set.)
+2.855 F .402(The v)144 144 R .402(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.992 E F0
.402(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one of\
- the special v)3.582 F(al-)-.25 E(ues)144 156 Q F1(hard)3.018 E F0(,)A
-F1(soft)3.018 E F0 3.018(,o)C(r)-3.018 E F1(unlimited)3.018 E F0 3.018
+ the special v)3.582 F(al-)-.25 E(ues)144 156 Q F1(hard)3.019 E F0(,)A
+F1(soft)3.019 E F0 3.019(,o)C(r)-3.019 E F1(unlimited)3.019 E F0 3.018
(,w)C .518
(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no)
--3.018 F .354(limit, respecti)144 168 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.354
-(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.354 E F2(limit)2.944 E F0 .354
-(is omitted, the current v)3.534 F .353
+-3.018 F .353(limit, respecti)144 168 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.353
+(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.353 E F2(limit)2.943 E F0 .353
+(is omitted, the current v)3.533 F .354
(alue of the soft limit of the resource is printed,)-.25 F .37
(unless the)144 180 R F1<ad48>2.87 E F0 .37(option is gi)2.87 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.87(n. When).15 F .37
(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 288 Q F0
(The maximum resident set size)21.97 E F1<ad6e>144 300 Q F0 .791(The ma\
ximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)24.74
-F 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F(be set\))180 312 Q
-F1<ad70>144 324 Q F0
+F 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F(be set\))180
+
312 Q F1<ad70>144 324 Q F0
(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F1
<ad71>144 336 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)
24.74 E F1<ad72>144 348 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)
E F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .343(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843
(wv)-.25 G .343(alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)-3.093 F F1<ad61>
2.843 E F0 .343(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F
-.17
6(option is gi)144 436.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .176(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>
-2.676 E F0 .175(is assumed.)2.676 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175
-(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .175(xcept for)-.15 F F1
-<ad74>2.675 E F0 2.675(,w)C .175(hich is in)-2.675 F(seconds,)144 448.8
-Q F1<ad70>2.697 E F0 2.697(,w)C .197
-(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.69
7 F F1<ad6e>2.698 E F0
-(and)2.698 E F1<ad75>2.698 E F0 2.698(,w)C .198(hich are unscaled v)
--2.698 F 2.698(alues. The)-.25 F .404(return status is 0 unless an in)
+.17
5(option is gi)144 436.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .175(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>
+2.675 E F0 .175(is assumed.)2.675 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175
+(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .176(xcept for)-.15 F F1
+<ad74>2.676 E F0 2.676(,w)C .176(hich is in)-2.676 F(seconds,)144 448.8
+Q F1<ad70>2.698 E F0 2.698(,w)C .198
+(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.69
8 F F1<ad6e>2.698 E F0
+(and)2.698 E F1<ad75>2.697 E F0 2.697(,w)C .197(hich are unscaled v)
+-2.697 F 2.697(alues. The)-.25 F .404(return status is 0 unless an in)
144 460.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G .404(lid option or ar).25 F .404
(gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting)-.18 F 2.5(an)144
472.8 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 489.6 Q F0([)2.5 E
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
pted by)144 513.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
-525.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
+525.6 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382
(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 537.6 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
-(mode)144.38 549.6 Q F0 .551
-(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231
-F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 561.6 Q
+(mode)144.38 549.6 Q F0 .552
+(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232
+F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 561.6 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
(unalias)108 578.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
F(remo)144 602.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 619.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
-(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 631.2 S 3.106
-(re).15 G(ach)-3.106 E F2(name)3.106 E F0 3.106(,r).18 G(emo)-3.106 E
-.906 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .606(he corresponding v).15 F .607
-(ariable or function.)-.25 F .607(If no options are supplied, or the)
-5.607 F F1<ad76>144 643.2 Q F0 .305(option is gi)2.805 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-.305(n, each).15 F F2(name)3.165 E F0 .305(refers to a shell v)2.985 F
-2.805(ariable. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.805 G .304
-(riables may not be unset.).25 F(If)5.304 E F1<ad66>144 655.2 Q F0 .459
-(is speci\214ed, each)2.959 F F2(name)3.319 E F0 .459
-(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)3.139
-F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.96(d. Each).15 F .903(unset v)144 667.2 R .903
+(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 631.2 S 3.107
+(re).15 G(ach)-3.107 E F2(name)3.107 E F0 3.107(,r).18 G(emo)-3.107 E
+.907 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .607(he corresponding v).15 F .607
+(ariable or function.)-.25 F .606(If no options are supplied, or the)
+5.607 F F1<ad76>144 643.2 Q F0 .304(option is gi)2.804 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+.304(n, each).15 F F2(name)3.164 E F0 .305(refers to a shell v)2.985 F
+2.805(ariable. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.805 G .305
+(riables may not be unset.).25 F(If)5.305 E F1<ad66>144 655.2 Q F0 .46
+(is speci\214ed, each)2.96 F F2(name)3.32 E F0 .459
+(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)3.14
+F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.959(d. Each).15 F .902(unset v)144 667.2 R .902
(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.402(df).15 G .902
-(rom the en)-3.402 F .902(vironment passed to subsequent commands.)-.4 F
-(If)5.902 E(an)144 679.2 Q 4.284(yo)-.15 G(f)-4.284 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
-SF(RANDOM)4.284 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(SECONDS)4.035 E F4(,)A F3
+(rom the en)-3.402 F .903(vironment passed to subsequent commands.)-.4 F
+(If)5.903 E(an)144 679.2 Q 4.285(yo)-.15 G(f)-4.285 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
+SF(RANDOM)4.285 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(SECONDS)4.035 E F4(,)A F3
(LINENO)4.035 E F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.035 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)4.035 E(AME)
-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.035 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.035 E F3(DIRST)
-4.285 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0(are)4.035 E .329(unset, the)144
-691.2 R 2.829(yl)-.15 G .328(ose their special properties, e)-2.829 F
+4.284 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0(are)4.034 E .328(unset, the)144
+691.2 R 2.828(yl)-.15 G .328(ose their special properties, e)-2.828 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.828(ni).15 G 2.828(ft)-2.828 G(he)-2.828 E 2.828(ya)
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-<!-- Created on May, 11 2006 by texi2html 1.64 -->
+<!-- Created on September, 28 2006 by texi2html 1.64 -->
<!--
Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author)
Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
<H1>Bash Reference Manual</H1></P><P>
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 3.2, 27 April 2006).
+the Bash shell (version 3.2, 28 September 2006).
</P><P>
-This is Edition 3.2, last updated 27 April 2006,
+This is Edition 3.2, last updated 28 September 2006,
of <CITE>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</CITE>,
for <CODE>Bash</CODE>, Version 3.2.
</P><P>
<P>
Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
-Trapped signals are reset to their original values in a child
-process when it is created.
+Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original
+values in a child process when it is created.
</P><P>
The return status is zero unless a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> does not specify a
<DT><CODE>\0<VAR>nnn</VAR></CODE>
<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <VAR>nnn</VAR>
(zero to three octal digits)
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<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <VAR>HH</VAR>
(one or two hex digits)
<DD><A NAME="IDX165"></A>
An array variable consisting of the individual
words in the current command line.
+The words are split on shell metacharacters as the shell parser would
+separate them.
This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
<P>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1>About this document</H1>
-This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>May, 11 2006</I>
+This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>September, 28 2006</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
<P></P>
<BR>
<FONT SIZE="-1">
This document was generated
-by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>May, 11 2006</I>
+by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>September, 28 2006</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
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Loading texinfo [version 2003-02-03.16]: Basics,
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[42] [43] [44] [45]
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[46] [47] [48]
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[49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] Chapter 5 [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61]
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--- /dev/null
+\input texinfo.tex @c -*- texinfo -*-
+@c %**start of header
+@setfilename bashref.info
+@settitle Bash Reference Manual
+@c %**end of header
+
+@setchapternewpage odd
+
+@include version.texi
+
+@copying
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
+the Bash shell (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}).
+
+This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED},
+of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual},
+for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}.
+
+Copyright @copyright{} 1988-2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+@quotation
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
+Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,''
+and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is
+included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.''
+
+(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify
+this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
+Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.''
+@end quotation
+@end copying
+
+@defcodeindex bt
+@defcodeindex rw
+@set BashFeatures
+
+@dircategory Basics
+@direntry
+* Bash: (bash). The GNU Bourne-Again SHell.
+@end direntry
+
+@finalout
+
+@titlepage
+@title Bash Reference Manual
+@subtitle Reference Documentation for Bash
+@subtitle Edition @value{EDITION}, for @code{Bash} Version @value{VERSION}.
+@subtitle @value{UPDATED-MONTH}
+@author Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
+@author Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
+
+@page
+@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+@insertcopying
+
+@sp 1
+Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
+59 Temple Place, Suite 330, @*
+Boston, MA 02111-1307 @*
+USA @*
+
+@end titlepage
+
+@contents
+
+@ifnottex
+@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
+@top Bash Features
+
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
+the Bash shell (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED})..
+
+This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED},
+of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual},
+for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}.
+
+Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
+features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has
+borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (@file{sh}), the Korn Shell
+(@file{ksh}), and the C-shell (@file{csh} and its successor,
+@file{tcsh}). The following menu breaks the features up into
+categories based upon which one of these other shells inspired the
+feature.
+
+This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
+Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive
+reference on shell behavior.
+
+@menu
+* Introduction:: An introduction to the shell.
+
+* Definitions:: Some definitions used in the rest of this
+ manual.
+
+* Basic Shell Features:: The shell "building blocks".
+
+* Shell Builtin Commands:: Commands that are a part of the shell.
+
+* Shell Variables:: Variables used or set by Bash.
+
+* Bash Features:: Features found only in Bash.
+
+* Job Control:: A chapter describing what job control is
+ and how Bash allows you to use it.
+
+* Using History Interactively:: Chapter dealing with history expansion
+ rules.
+
+* Command Line Editing:: Chapter describing the command line
+ editing features.
+
+* Installing Bash:: How to build and install Bash on your system.
+
+* Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs in Bash.
+
+* Major Differences From The Bourne Shell:: A terse list of the differences
+ between Bash and historical
+ versions of /bin/sh.
+
+* Copying This Manual:: Copying this manual.
+
+* Builtin Index:: Index of Bash builtin commands.
+
+* Reserved Word Index:: Index of Bash reserved words.
+
+* Variable Index:: Quick reference helps you find the
+ variable you want.
+
+* Function Index:: Index of bindable Readline functions.
+
+* Concept Index:: General index for concepts described in
+ this manual.
+@end menu
+@end ifnottex
+
+@node Introduction
+@chapter Introduction
+@menu
+* What is Bash?:: A short description of Bash.
+
+* What is a shell?:: A brief introduction to shells.
+@end menu
+
+@node What is Bash?
+@section What is Bash?
+
+Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter,
+for the @sc{gnu} operating system.
+The name is an acronym for the @samp{Bourne-Again SHell},
+a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of
+the current Unix shell @code{/bin/sh},
+which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version
+of Unix.
+
+Bash is largely compatible with @code{sh} and incorporates useful
+features from the Korn shell @code{ksh} and the C shell @code{csh}.
+It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the @sc{ieee}
+@sc{posix} Shell and Tools specification (@sc{ieee} Working Group 1003.2).
+It offers functional improvements over @code{sh} for both interactive and
+programming use.
+
+While the @sc{gnu} operating system provides other shells, including
+a version of @code{csh}, Bash is the default shell.
+Like other @sc{gnu} software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs
+on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems @minus{}
+independently-supported ports exist for @sc{ms-dos}, @sc{os/2},
+Windows @sc{95/98}, and Windows @sc{nt}.
+
+@node What is a shell?
+@section What is a shell?
+
+At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes
+commands. A Unix shell is both a command interpreter, which
+provides the user interface to the rich set of @sc{gnu} utilities,
+and a programming language, allowing these utilitites to be
+combined. Files containing commands can be created, and become
+commands themselves. These new commands have the same status as
+system commands in directories such as @file{/bin}, allowing users
+or groups to establish custom environments.
+
+A shell allows execution of @sc{gnu} commands, both synchronously and
+asynchronously.
+The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete before accepting
+more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute in parallel
+with the shell while it reads and executes additional commands.
+The @dfn{redirection} constructs permit
+fine-grained control of the input and output of those commands.
+Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands'
+environments.
+Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively: they accept
+input typed from the keyboard or from a file.
+
+Shells also provide a small set of built-in
+commands (@dfn{builtins}) implementing functionality impossible
+or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities.
+For example, @code{cd}, @code{break}, @code{continue}, and
+@code{exec}) cannot be implemented outside of the shell because
+they directly manipulate the shell itself.
+The @code{history}, @code{getopts}, @code{kill}, or @code{pwd}
+builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities,
+but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands.
+All of the shell builtins are described in
+subsequent sections.
+
+While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and
+complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming
+languages. Like any high-level language, the shell provides
+variables, flow control constructs, quoting, and functions.
+
+Shells offer features geared specifically for
+interactive use rather than to augment the programming language.
+These interactive features include job control, command line
+editing, history and aliases. Each of these features is
+described in this manual.
+
+@node Definitions
+@chapter Definitions
+These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item POSIX
+@cindex POSIX
+A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash
+is concerned with @sc{posix} 1003.2, the Shell and Tools Standard.
+
+@item blank
+A space or tab character.
+
+@item builtin
+@cindex builtin
+A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather
+than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
+
+@item control operator
+@cindex control operator
+A @code{word} that performs a control function. It is a @code{newline}
+or one of the following:
+@samp{||}, @samp{&&}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{;;},
+@samp{|}, @samp{(}, or @samp{)}.
+
+@item exit status
+@cindex exit status
+The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is restricted
+to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
+
+@item field
+@cindex field
+A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. After
+expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as
+the command name and arguments.
+
+@item filename
+@cindex filename
+A string of characters used to identify a file.
+
+@item job
+@cindex job
+A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended
+from it, that are all in the same process group.
+
+@item job control
+@cindex job control
+A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart
+(resume) execution of processes.
+
+@item metacharacter
+@cindex metacharacter
+A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is
+a @code{blank} or one of the following characters:
+@samp{|}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{(}, @samp{)}, @samp{<}, or
+@samp{>}.
+
+@item name
+@cindex name
+@cindex identifier
+A @code{word} consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
+and beginning with a letter or underscore. @code{Name}s are used as
+shell variable and function names.
+Also referred to as an @code{identifier}.
+
+@item operator
+@cindex operator, shell
+A @code{control operator} or a @code{redirection operator}.
+@xref{Redirections}, for a list of redirection operators.
+
+@item process group
+@cindex process group
+A collection of related processes each having the same process
+group @sc{id}.
+
+@item process group ID
+@cindex process group ID
+A unique identifer that represents a @code{process group}
+during its lifetime.
+
+@item reserved word
+@cindex reserved word
+A @code{word} that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved
+words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as @code{for} and
+@code{while}.
+
+@item return status
+@cindex return status
+A synonym for @code{exit status}.
+
+@item signal
+@cindex signal
+A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel
+of an event occurring in the system.
+
+@item special builtin
+@cindex special builtin
+A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
+@sc{posix} 1003.2 standard.
+
+@item token
+@cindex token
+A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. It is
+either a @code{word} or an @code{operator}.
+
+@item word
+@cindex word
+A @code{token} that is not an @code{operator}.
+@end table
+
+@node Basic Shell Features
+@chapter Basic Shell Features
+@cindex Bourne shell
+
+Bash is an acronym for @samp{Bourne-Again SHell}.
+The Bourne shell is
+the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.
+All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash,
+and the rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the @sc{posix}
+1003.2 specification for the `standard' Unix shell.
+
+This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks':
+commands, control structures, shell functions, shell @i{parameters},
+shell expansions,
+@i{redirections}, which are a way to direct input and output from
+and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
+
+@menu
+* Shell Syntax:: What your input means to the shell.
+* Shell Commands:: The types of commands you can use.
+* Shell Functions:: Grouping commands by name.
+* Shell Parameters:: How the shell stores values.
+* Shell Expansions:: How Bash expands parameters and the various
+ expansions available.
+* Redirections:: A way to control where input and output go.
+* Executing Commands:: What happens when you run a command.
+* Shell Scripts:: Executing files of shell commands.
+@end menu
+
+@node Shell Syntax
+@section Shell Syntax
+@menu
+* Shell Operation:: The basic operation of the shell.
+
+* Quoting:: How to remove the special meaning from characters.
+
+* Comments:: How to specify comments.
+@end menu
+
+When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a
+sequence of operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a
+comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (@samp{#}), and the rest
+of that line.
+
+Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and
+divides the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules
+to select which meanings to assign various words and characters.
+
+The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs,
+removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, expands
+others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the specified
+command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that exit status
+available for further inspection or processing.
+
+@node Shell Operation
+@subsection Shell Operation
+
+The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it
+reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the
+following:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Reads its input from a file (@pxref{Shell Scripts}), from a string
+supplied as an argument to the @option{-c} invocation option
+(@pxref{Invoking Bash}), or from the user's terminal.
+
+@item
+Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules
+described in @ref{Quoting}. These tokens are separated by
+@code{metacharacters}. Alias expansion is performed by this step
+(@pxref{Aliases}).
+
+@item
+Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands
+(@pxref{Shell Commands}).
+
+@item
+Performs the various shell expansions (@pxref{Shell Expansions}), breaking
+the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (@pxref{Filename Expansion})
+and commands and arguments.
+
+@item
+Performs any necessary redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) and removes
+the redirection operators and their operands from the argument list.
+
+@item
+Executes the command (@pxref{Executing Commands}).
+
+@item
+Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit
+status (@pxref{Exit Status}).
+
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Quoting
+@subsection Quoting
+@cindex quoting
+@menu
+* Escape Character:: How to remove the special meaning from a single
+ character.
+* Single Quotes:: How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence
+ of characters.
+* Double Quotes:: How to suppress most of the interpretation of a
+ sequence of characters.
+* ANSI-C Quoting:: How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.
+
+* Locale Translation:: How to translate strings into different languages.
+@end menu
+
+Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain
+characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to
+disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent
+reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
+parameter expansion.
+
+Each of the shell metacharacters (@pxref{Definitions})
+has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
+represent itself.
+When the command history expansion facilities are being used, the
+@var{history expansion} character, usually @samp{!}, must be quoted
+to prevent history expansion. @xref{Bash History Facilities}, for
+more details concerning history expansion.
+
+There are three quoting mechanisms: the
+@var{escape character}, single quotes, and double quotes.
+
+@node Escape Character
+@subsubsection Escape Character
+A non-quoted backslash @samp{\} is the Bash escape character.
+It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows,
+with the exception of @code{newline}. If a @code{\newline} pair
+appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the @code{\newline}
+is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from
+the input stream and effectively ignored).
+
+@node Single Quotes
+@subsubsection Single Quotes
+
+Enclosing characters in single quotes (@samp{'}) preserves the literal value
+of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur
+between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
+
+@node Double Quotes
+@subsubsection Double Quotes
+
+Enclosing characters in double quotes (@samp{"}) preserves the literal value
+of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
+@samp{$}, @samp{`}, and @samp{\}.
+The characters @samp{$} and @samp{`}
+retain their special meaning within double quotes (@pxref{Shell Expansions}).
+The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of
+the following characters:
+@samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{"}, @samp{\}, or @code{newline}.
+Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one of these
+characters are removed. Backslashes preceding characters without a
+special meaning are left unmodified.
+A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
+a backslash.
+When command history is being used, the double quote may not be used to
+quote the history expansion character.
+
+The special parameters @samp{*} and @samp{@@} have special meaning
+when in double quotes (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@node ANSI-C Quoting
+@subsubsection ANSI-C Quoting
+@cindex quoting, ANSI
+
+Words of the form @code{$'@var{string}'} are treated specially. The
+word expands to @var{string}, with backslash-escaped characters replaced
+as specified by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if
+present, are decoded as follows:
+
+@table @code
+@item \a
+alert (bell)
+@item \b
+backspace
+@item \e
+an escape character (not ANSI C)
+@item \f
+form feed
+@item \n
+newline
+@item \r
+carriage return
+@item \t
+horizontal tab
+@item \v
+vertical tab
+@item \\
+backslash
+@item \'
+single quote
+@item \@var{nnn}
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
+(one to three digits)
+@item \x@var{HH}
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
+(one or two hex digits)
+@item \c@var{x}
+a control-@var{x} character
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
+been present.
+
+@node Locale Translation
+@subsubsection Locale-Specific Translation
+@cindex localization
+@cindex internationalization
+@cindex native languages
+@cindex translation, native languages
+
+A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (@samp{$}) will cause
+the string to be translated according to the current locale.
+If the current locale is @code{C} or @code{POSIX}, the dollar sign
+is ignored.
+If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is
+double-quoted.
+
+@vindex LC_MESSAGES
+@vindex TEXTDOMAIN
+@vindex TEXTDOMAINDIR
+Some systems use the message catalog selected by the @env{LC_MESSAGES}
+shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the
+value of the @env{TEXTDOMAIN} shell variable, possibly adding a
+suffix of @samp{.mo}. If you use the @env{TEXTDOMAIN} variable, you
+may need to set the @env{TEXTDOMAINDIR} variable to the location of
+the message catalog files. Still others use both variables in this
+fashion:
+@env{TEXTDOMAINDIR}/@env{LC_MESSAGES}/LC_MESSAGES/@env{TEXTDOMAIN}.mo.
+
+@node Comments
+@subsection Comments
+@cindex comments, shell
+
+In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
+@code{interactive_comments} option to the @code{shopt}
+builtin is enabled (@pxref{Bash Builtins}),
+a word beginning with @samp{#}
+causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to
+be ignored. An interactive shell without the @code{interactive_comments}
+option enabled does not allow comments. The @code{interactive_comments}
+option is on by default in interactive shells.
+@xref{Interactive Shells}, for a description of what makes
+a shell interactive.
+
+@node Shell Commands
+@section Shell Commands
+@cindex commands, shell
+
+A simple shell command such as @code{echo a b c} consists of the command
+itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces.
+
+More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together
+in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one command
+becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional construct, or in
+some other grouping.
+
+@menu
+* Simple Commands:: The most common type of command.
+* Pipelines:: Connecting the input and output of several
+ commands.
+* Lists:: How to execute commands sequentially.
+* Looping Constructs:: Shell commands for iterative action.
+* Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution.
+* Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands.
+@end menu
+
+@node Simple Commands
+@subsection Simple Commands
+@cindex commands, simple
+
+A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often.
+It's just a sequence of words separated by @code{blank}s, terminated
+by one of the shell's control operators (@pxref{Definitions}). The
+first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the
+rest of the words being that command's arguments.
+
+The return status (@pxref{Exit Status}) of a simple command is
+its exit status as provided
+by the @sc{posix} 1003.1 @code{waitpid} function, or 128+@var{n} if
+the command was terminated by signal @var{n}.
+
+@node Pipelines
+@subsection Pipelines
+@cindex pipeline
+@cindex commands, pipelines
+
+A @code{pipeline} is a sequence of simple commands separated by
+@samp{|}.
+
+@rwindex time
+@rwindex !
+@cindex command timing
+The format for a pipeline is
+@example
+[@code{time} [@code{-p}]] [@code{!}] @var{command1} [@code{|} @var{command2} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe
+to the input of the next command.
+That is, each command reads the previous command's output.
+
+The reserved word @code{time} causes timing statistics
+to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes.
+The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and
+user and system time consumed by the command's execution.
+The @option{-p} option changes the output format to that specified
+by @sc{posix}.
+The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable may be set to a format string that
+specifies how the timing information should be displayed.
+@xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of the available formats.
+The use of @code{time} as a reserved word permits the timing of
+shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external
+@code{time} command cannot time these easily.
+
+If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (@pxref{Lists}), the
+shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
+
+Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell
+(@pxref{Command Execution Environment}). The exit
+status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the
+pipeline. If the reserved word @samp{!} precedes the pipeline, the
+exit status is the logical negation of the exit status of the last command.
+
+@node Lists
+@subsection Lists of Commands
+@cindex commands, lists
+
+A @code{list} is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one
+of the operators @samp{;}, @samp{&}, @samp{&&}, or @samp{||},
+and optionally terminated by one of @samp{;}, @samp{&}, or a
+@code{newline}.
+
+Of these list operators, @samp{&&} and @samp{||}
+have equal precedence, followed by @samp{;} and @samp{&},
+which have equal precedence.
+
+A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a @code{list}
+to delimit commands, equivalent to a semicolon.
+
+If a command is terminated by the control operator @samp{&},
+the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell.
+This is known as executing the command in the @var{background}.
+The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return
+status is 0 (true).
+When job control is not active (@pxref{Job Control}),
+the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any
+explicit redirections, is redirected from @code{/dev/null}.
+
+Commands separated by a @samp{;} are executed sequentially; the shell
+waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the
+exit status of the last command executed.
+
+The control operators @samp{&&} and @samp{||}
+denote @sc{and} lists and @sc{or} lists, respectively.
+An @sc{and} list has the form
+@example
+@var{command1} && @var{command2}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+@var{command2} is executed if, and only if, @var{command1}
+returns an exit status of zero.
+
+An @sc{or} list has the form
+@example
+@var{command1} || @var{command2}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+@var{command2} is executed if, and only if, @var{command1}
+returns a non-zero exit status.
+
+The return status of
+@sc{and} and @sc{or} lists is the exit status of the last command
+executed in the list.
+
+@node Looping Constructs
+@subsection Looping Constructs
+@cindex commands, looping
+
+Bash supports the following looping constructs.
+
+Note that wherever a @samp{;} appears in the description of a
+command's syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
+
+@table @code
+@item until
+@rwindex until
+@rwindex do
+@rwindex done
+The syntax of the @code{until} command is:
+@example
+until @var{test-commands}; do @var{consequent-commands}; done
+@end example
+Execute @var{consequent-commands} as long as
+@var{test-commands} has an exit status which is not zero.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed
+in @var{consequent-commands}, or zero if none was executed.
+
+@item while
+@rwindex while
+The syntax of the @code{while} command is:
+@example
+while @var{test-commands}; do @var{consequent-commands}; done
+@end example
+
+Execute @var{consequent-commands} as long as
+@var{test-commands} has an exit status of zero.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed
+in @var{consequent-commands}, or zero if none was executed.
+
+@item for
+@rwindex for
+The syntax of the @code{for} command is:
+
+@example
+for @var{name} [in @var{words} @dots{}]; do @var{commands}; done
+@end example
+Expand @var{words}, and execute @var{commands} once for each member
+in the resultant list, with @var{name} bound to the current member.
+If @samp{in @var{words}} is not present, the @code{for} command
+executes the @var{commands} once for each positional parameter that is
+set, as if @samp{in "$@@"} had been specified
+(@pxref{Special Parameters}).
+The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes.
+If there are no items in the expansion of @var{words}, no commands are
+executed, and the return status is zero.
+
+An alternate form of the @code{for} command is also supported:
+
+@example
+for (( @var{expr1} ; @var{expr2} ; @var{expr3} )) ; do @var{commands} ; done
+@end example
+First, the arithmetic expression @var{expr1} is evaluated according
+to the rules described below (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+The arithmetic expression @var{expr2} is then evaluated repeatedly
+until it evaluates to zero.
+Each time @var{expr2} evaluates to a non-zero value, @var{commands} are
+executed and the arithmetic expression @var{expr3} is evaluated.
+If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
+The return value is the exit status of the last command in @var{list}
+that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
+
+@end table
+
+The @code{break} and @code{continue} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
+may be used to control loop execution.
+
+@node Conditional Constructs
+@subsection Conditional Constructs
+@cindex commands, conditional
+
+@table @code
+@item if
+@rwindex if
+@rwindex then
+@rwindex else
+@rwindex elif
+@rwindex fi
+The syntax of the @code{if} command is:
+
+@example
+if @var{test-commands}; then
+ @var{consequent-commands};
+[elif @var{more-test-commands}; then
+ @var{more-consequents};]
+[else @var{alternate-consequents};]
+fi
+@end example
+
+The @var{test-commands} list is executed, and if its return status is zero,
+the @var{consequent-commands} list is executed.
+If @var{test-commands} returns a non-zero status, each @code{elif} list
+is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero,
+the corresponding @var{more-consequents} is executed and the
+command completes.
+If @samp{else @var{alternate-consequents}} is present, and
+the final command in the final @code{if} or @code{elif} clause
+has a non-zero exit status, then @var{alternate-consequents} is executed.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
+zero if no condition tested true.
+
+@item case
+@rwindex case
+@rwindex in
+@rwindex esac
+The syntax of the @code{case} command is:
+
+@example
+@code{case @var{word} in [ [(] @var{pattern} [| @var{pattern}]@dots{}) @var{command-list} ;;]@dots{} esac}
+@end example
+
+@code{case} will selectively execute the @var{command-list} corresponding to
+the first @var{pattern} that matches @var{word}.
+The @samp{|} is used to separate multiple patterns, and the @samp{)}
+operator terminates a pattern list.
+A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known
+as a @var{clause}. Each clause must be terminated with @samp{;;}.
+The @var{word} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
+substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before matching is
+attempted. Each @var{pattern} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter
+expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+
+There may be an arbitrary number of @code{case} clauses, each terminated
+by a @samp{;;}. The first pattern that matches determines the
+command-list that is executed.
+
+Here is an example using @code{case} in a script that could be used to
+describe one interesting feature of an animal:
+
+@example
+echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: "
+read ANIMAL
+echo -n "The $ANIMAL has "
+case $ANIMAL in
+ horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";;
+ man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";;
+ *) echo -n "an unknown number of";;
+esac
+echo " legs."
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The return status is zero if no @var{pattern} is matched. Otherwise, the
+return status is the exit status of the @var{command-list} executed.
+
+@item select
+@rwindex select
+
+The @code{select} construct allows the easy generation of menus.
+It has almost the same syntax as the @code{for} command:
+
+@example
+select @var{name} [in @var{words} @dots{}]; do @var{commands}; done
+@end example
+
+The list of words following @code{in} is expanded, generating a list
+of items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard
+error output stream, each preceded by a number. If the
+@samp{in @var{words}} is omitted, the positional parameters are printed,
+as if @samp{in "$@@"} had been specifed.
+The @env{PS3} prompt is then displayed and a line is read from the
+standard input.
+If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed
+words, then the value of @var{name} is set to that word.
+If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again.
+If @code{EOF} is read, the @code{select} command completes.
+Any other value read causes @var{name} to be set to null.
+The line read is saved in the variable @env{REPLY}.
+
+The @var{commands} are executed after each selection until a
+@code{break} command is executed, at which
+point the @code{select} command completes.
+
+Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the
+current directory, and displays the name and index of the file
+selected.
+
+@example
+select fname in *;
+do
+ echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\)
+ break;
+done
+@end example
+
+@item ((@dots{}))
+@example
+(( @var{expression} ))
+@end example
+
+The arithmetic @var{expression} is evaluated according to the rules
+described below (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
+otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to
+@example
+let "@var{expression}"
+@end example
+@noindent
+@xref{Bash Builtins}, for a full description of the @code{let} builtin.
+
+@item [[@dots{}]]
+@rwindex [[
+@rwindex ]]
+@example
+[[ @var{expression} ]]
+@end example
+
+Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
+the conditional expression @var{expression}.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
+@ref{Bash Conditional Expressions}.
+Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words
+between the @samp{[[} and @samp{]]}; tilde expansion, parameter and
+variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
+substitution, and quote removal are performed.
+Conditional operators such as @samp{-f} must be unquoted to be recognized
+as primaries.
+
+When the @samp{==} and @samp{!=} operators are used, the string to the
+right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
+to the rules described below in @ref{Pattern Matching}.
+The return value is 0 if the string matches or does not match
+the pattern, respectively, and 1 otherwise.
+Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a
+string.
+
+Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+in decreasing order of precedence:
+
+@table @code
+@item ( @var{expression} )
+Returns the value of @var{expression}.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+
+@item ! @var{expression}
+True if @var{expression} is false.
+
+@item @var{expression1} && @var{expression2}
+True if both @var{expression1} and @var{expression2} are true.
+
+@item @var{expression1} || @var{expression2}
+True if either @var{expression1} or @var{expression2} is true.
+@end table
+@noindent
+The @code{&&} and @code{||} operators do not evaluate @var{expression2} if the
+value of @var{expression1} is sufficient to determine the return
+value of the entire conditional expression.
+
+@end table
+
+@node Command Grouping
+@subsection Grouping Commands
+@cindex commands, grouping
+
+Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed
+as a unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied
+to the entire command list. For example, the output of all the
+commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream.
+
+@table @code
+@item ()
+@example
+( @var{list} )
+@end example
+
+Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
+to be created, and each of the commands in @var{list} to be executed
+in that subshell. Since the @var{list} is executed in a subshell,
+variable assignments do not remain in effect after the subshell completes.
+
+@item @{@}
+@rwindex @{
+@rwindex @}
+@example
+@{ @var{list}; @}
+@end example
+
+Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to
+be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created.
+The semicolon (or newline) following @var{list} is required.
+@end table
+
+In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference
+between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The braces
+are @code{reserved words}, so they must be separated from the @var{list}
+by @code{blank}s. The parentheses are @code{operators}, and are
+recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not separated
+from the @var{list} by whitespace.
+
+The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
+@var{list}.
+
+@node Shell Functions
+@section Shell Functions
+@cindex shell function
+@cindex functions, shell
+
+Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution
+using a single name for the group. They are executed just like
+a "regular" command.
+When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name,
+the list of commands associated with that function name is executed.
+Shell functions are executed in the current
+shell context; no new process is created to interpret them.
+
+Functions are declared using this syntax:
+@rwindex function
+@example
+[ @code{function} ] @var{name} () @{ @var{command-list}; @}
+@end example
+
+This defines a shell function named @var{name}. The reserved
+word @code{function} is optional.
+If the @code{function} reserved
+word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
+The @var{body} of the function is the @var{command-list} between @{ and @}.
+This list is executed whenever @var{name} is specified as the
+name of a command. The exit status of a function is
+the exit status of the last command executed in the body.
+
+Note that for historical reasons, the curly braces that surround
+the body of the function must be separated from the body by
+@code{blank}s or newlines.
+This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized
+as such when they are separated by whitespace.
+Also, the @var{command-list} must be terminated by a semicolon,
+a @samp{&}, or a newline.
+
+When a function is executed, the arguments to the
+function become the positional parameters
+during its execution (@pxref{Positional Parameters}).
+The special parameter @samp{#} that expands to the number of
+positional parameters is updated to reflect the change.
+Positional parameter @code{0} is unchanged.
+The first element of the @env{FUNCNAME} variable is set to the
+name of the function while the function is executing.
+All other aspects of the shell execution
+environment are identical between a function and its caller
+with the exception that the @env{DEBUG} trap
+below) is not inherited unless the function has been given the
+@code{trace} attribute using the @code{declare} builtin or
+the @code{-o functrace} option has been enabled with
+the @code{set} builtin,
+(in which case all functions inherit the @code{DEBUG} trap).
+@xref{Bourne Shell Builtins}, for the description of the
+@code{trap} builtin.
+
+If the builtin command @code{return}
+is executed in a function, the function completes and
+execution resumes with the next command after the function
+call.
+Any command associated with the @code{RETURN} trap is executed
+before execution resumes.
+When a function completes, the values of the
+positional parameters and the special parameter @samp{#}
+are restored to the values they had prior to the function's
+execution. If a numeric argument is given to @code{return},
+that is the function's return status; otherwise the function's
+return status is the exit status of the last command executed
+before the @code{return}.
+
+Variables local to the function may be declared with the
+@code{local} builtin. These variables are visible only to
+the function and the commands it invokes.
+
+Function names and definitions may be listed with the
+@option{-f} option to the @code{declare} or @code{typeset}
+builtin commands (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+The @option{-F} option to @code{declare} or @code{typeset}
+will list the function names only
+(and optionally the source file and line number, if the @code{extdebug}
+shell option is enabled).
+Functions may be exported so that subshells
+automatically have them defined with the
+@option{-f} option to the @code{export} builtin
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result
+in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the
+shell's children.
+Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
+
+Functions may be recursive. No limit is placed on the number of
+recursive calls.
+
+@node Shell Parameters
+@section Shell Parameters
+@cindex parameters
+@cindex variable, shell
+@cindex shell variable
+
+@menu
+* Positional Parameters:: The shell's command-line arguments.
+* Special Parameters:: Parameters denoted by special characters.
+@end menu
+
+A @var{parameter} is an entity that stores values.
+It can be a @code{name}, a number, or one of the special characters
+listed below.
+A @var{variable} is a parameter denoted by a @code{name}.
+A variable has a @var{value} and zero or more @var{attributes}.
+Attributes are assigned using the @code{declare} builtin command
+(see the description of the @code{declare} builtin in @ref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is
+a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+the @code{unset} builtin command.
+
+A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+@example
+@var{name}=[@var{value}]
+@end example
+@noindent
+If @var{value}
+is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
+@var{value}s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
+removal (detailed below). If the variable has its @code{integer}
+attribute set, then @var{value}
+is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the @code{$((@dots{}))}
+expansion is not used (@pxref{Arithmetic Expansion}).
+Word splitting is not performed, with the exception
+of @code{"$@@"} as explained below.
+Filename expansion is not performed.
+Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
+@code{declare}, @code{typeset}, @code{export}, @code{readonly},
+and @code{local} builtin commands.
+
+@node Positional Parameters
+@subsection Positional Parameters
+@cindex parameters, positional
+
+A @var{positional parameter} is a parameter denoted by one or more
+digits, other than the single digit @code{0}. Positional parameters are
+assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked,
+and may be reassigned using the @code{set} builtin command.
+Positional parameter @code{N} may be referenced as @code{$@{N@}}, or
+as @code{$N} when @code{N} consists of a single digit.
+Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.
+The @code{set} and @code{shift} builtins are used to set and
+unset them (@pxref{Shell Builtin Commands}).
+The positional parameters are
+temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed
+(@pxref{Shell Functions}).
+
+When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single
+digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
+
+@node Special Parameters
+@subsection Special Parameters
+@cindex parameters, special
+
+The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
+only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
+
+@vtable @code
+
+@item *
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the
+expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
+with the value of each parameter separated by the first character
+of the @env{IFS}
+special variable. That is, @code{"$*"} is equivalent
+to @code{"$1@var{c}$2@var{c}@dots{}"}, where @var{c}
+is the first character of the value of the @code{IFS}
+variable.
+If @env{IFS} is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.
+If @env{IFS} is null, the parameters are joined without intervening
+separators.
+
+
+@item @@
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the
+expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a
+separate word. That is, @code{"$@@"} is equivalent to
+@code{"$1" "$2" @dots{}}.
+When there are no positional parameters, @code{"$@@"} and
+@code{$@@}
+expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
+
+@item #
+Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+
+@item ?
+Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground
+pipeline.
+
+@item -
+(A hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon
+invocation, by the @code{set}
+builtin command, or those set by the shell itself
+(such as the @option{-i} option).
+
+@item $
+Expands to the process @sc{id} of the shell. In a @code{()} subshell, it
+expands to the process @sc{id} of the invoking shell, not the subshell.
+
+@item !
+Expands to the process @sc{id} of the most recently executed background
+(asynchronous) command.
+
+@item 0
+Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at
+shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands
+(@pxref{Shell Scripts}), @code{$0} is set to the name of that file.
+If Bash is started with the @option{-c} option (@pxref{Invoking Bash}),
+then @code{$0} is set to the first argument after the string to be
+executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set
+to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
+
+@item _
+(An underscore.)
+At shell startup, set to the absolute filename of the shell or shell
+script being executed as passed in the argument list.
+Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous command,
+after expansion.
+Also set to the full pathname of each command executed and placed in
+the environment exported to that command.
+When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
+@end vtable
+
+@node Shell Expansions
+@section Shell Expansions
+@cindex expansion
+
+Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
+@code{token}s. There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
+@itemize @bullet
+@item brace expansion
+@item tilde expansion
+@item parameter and variable expansion
+@item command substitution
+@item arithmetic expansion
+@item word splitting
+@item filename expansion
+@end itemize
+
+@menu
+* Brace Expansion:: Expansion of expressions within braces.
+* Tilde Expansion:: Expansion of the ~ character.
+* Shell Parameter Expansion:: How Bash expands variables to their values.
+* Command Substitution:: Using the output of a command as an argument.
+* Arithmetic Expansion:: How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.
+* Process Substitution:: A way to write and read to and from a
+ command.
+* Word Splitting:: How the results of expansion are split into separate
+ arguments.
+* Filename Expansion:: A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.
+* Quote Removal:: How and when quote characters are removed from
+ words.
+@end menu
+
+The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion,
+parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
+command substitution
+(done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and filename
+expansion.
+
+On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
+available: @var{process substitution}. This is performed at the
+same time as parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
+command substitution.
+
+Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion
+can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
+expand a single word to a single word.
+The only exceptions to this are the expansions of
+@code{"$@@"} (@pxref{Special Parameters}) and @code{"$@{@var{name}[@@]@}"}
+(@pxref{Arrays}).
+
+After all expansions, @code{quote removal} (@pxref{Quote Removal})
+is performed.
+
+@node Brace Expansion
+@subsection Brace Expansion
+@cindex brace expansion
+@cindex expansion, brace
+
+Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.
+This mechanism is similar to
+@var{filename expansion} (@pxref{Filename Expansion}),
+but the file names generated need not exist.
+Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional @var{preamble},
+followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequnce expression
+between a pair of braces,
+followed by an optional @var{postscript}.
+The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and
+the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left
+to right.
+
+Brace expansions may be nested.
+The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order
+is preserved.
+For example,
+@example
+bash$ echo a@{d,c,b@}e
+ade ace abe
+@end example
+
+A sequence expression takes the form @code{@{@var{x}..@var{y}@}},
+where @var{x} and @var{y} are either integers or single characters.
+When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
+@var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive.
+When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
+lexicographically between @var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive. Note that
+both @var{x} and @var{y} must be of the same type.
+
+Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions,
+and any characters special to other expansions are preserved
+in the result. It is strictly textual. Bash
+does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the
+expansion or the text between the braces.
+To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string @samp{$@{}
+is not considered eligible for brace expansion.
+
+A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening
+and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid
+sequence expression.
+Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+
+A @{ or @samp{,} may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its
+being considered part of a brace expression.
+To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string @samp{$@{}
+is not considered eligible for brace expansion.
+
+This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common
+prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the
+above example:
+@example
+mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/@{old,new,dist,bugs@}
+@end example
+or
+@example
+chown root /usr/@{ucb/@{ex,edit@},lib/@{ex?.?*,how_ex@}@}
+@end example
+
+@node Tilde Expansion
+@subsection Tilde Expansion
+@cindex tilde expansion
+@cindex expansion, tilde
+
+If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (@samp{~}), all of the
+characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters,
+if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a @var{tilde-prefix}.
+If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the
+characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a
+possible @var{login name}.
+If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+value of the @env{HOME} shell variable.
+If @env{HOME} is unset, the home directory of the user executing the
+shell is substituted instead.
+Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
+associated with the specified login name.
+
+If the tilde-prefix is @samp{~+}, the value of
+the shell variable @env{PWD} replaces the tilde-prefix.
+If the tilde-prefix is @samp{~-}, the value of the shell variable
+@env{OLDPWD}, if it is set, is substituted.
+
+If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a
+number @var{N}, optionally prefixed by a @samp{+} or a @samp{-},
+the tilde-prefix is replaced with the
+corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed
+by the @code{dirs} builtin invoked with the characters following tilde
+in the tilde-prefix as an argument (@pxref{The Directory Stack}).
+If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a
+leading @samp{+} or @samp{-}, @samp{+} is assumed.
+
+If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is
+left unchanged.
+
+Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
+following a @samp{:} or @samp{=}.
+In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed.
+Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to
+@env{PATH}, @env{MAILPATH}, and @env{CDPATH},
+and the shell assigns the expanded value.
+
+The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
+
+@table @code
+@item ~
+The value of @code{$HOME}
+@item ~/foo
+@file{$HOME/foo}
+
+@item ~fred/foo
+The subdirectory @code{foo} of the home directory of the user
+@code{fred}
+
+@item ~+/foo
+@file{$PWD/foo}
+
+@item ~-/foo
+@file{$@{OLDPWD-'~-'@}/foo}
+
+@item ~@var{N}
+The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs +@var{N}}
+
+@item ~+@var{N}
+The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs +@var{N}}
+
+@item ~-@var{N}
+The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs -@var{N}}
+
+@end table
+
+@node Shell Parameter Expansion
+@subsection Shell Parameter Expansion
+@cindex parameter expansion
+@cindex expansion, parameter
+
+The @samp{$} character introduces parameter expansion,
+command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name
+or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which
+are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from
+characters immediately following it which could be
+interpreted as part of the name.
+
+When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first @samp{@}}
+not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
+embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
+expansion.
+
+The basic form of parameter expansion is $@{@var{parameter}@}.
+The value of @var{parameter} is substituted. The braces are required
+when @var{parameter}
+is a positional parameter with more than one digit,
+or when @var{parameter}
+is followed by a character that is not to be
+interpreted as part of its name.
+
+If the first character of @var{parameter} is an exclamation point,
+a level of variable indirection is introduced.
+Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
+@var{parameter} as the name of the variable; this variable is then
+expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
+than the value of @var{parameter} itself.
+This is known as @code{indirect expansion}.
+The exceptions to this are the expansions of $@{!@var{prefix*}@}
+and $@{!@var{name}[@@]@}
+described below.
+The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
+introduce indirection.
+
+In each of the cases below, @var{word} is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+
+When not performing substring expansion, Bash tests for a parameter
+that is unset or null; omitting the colon results in a test only for a
+parameter that is unset. Put another way, if the colon is included,
+the operator tests for both existence and that the value is not null;
+if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}:@minus{}@var{word}@}
+If @var{parameter} is unset or null, the expansion of
+@var{word} is substituted. Otherwise, the value of
+@var{parameter} is substituted.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}:=@var{word}@}
+If @var{parameter}
+is unset or null, the expansion of @var{word}
+is assigned to @var{parameter}.
+The value of @var{parameter}
+is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may
+not be assigned to in this way.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}:?@var{word}@}
+If @var{parameter}
+is null or unset, the expansion of @var{word} (or a message
+to that effect if @var{word}
+is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it
+is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of @var{parameter} is
+substituted.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}:+@var{word}@}
+If @var{parameter}
+is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
+@var{word} is substituted.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}:@var{offset}@}
+@itemx $@{@var{parameter}:@var{offset}:@var{length}@}
+Expands to up to @var{length} characters of @var{parameter}
+starting at the character specified by @var{offset}.
+If @var{length} is omitted, expands to the substring of
+@var{parameter} starting at the character specified by @var{offset}.
+@var{length} and @var{offset} are arithmetic expressions
+(@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+This is referred to as Substring Expansion.
+
+@var{length} must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
+If @var{offset} evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
+is used as an offset from the end of the value of @var{parameter}.
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@}, the result is @var{length} positional
+parameters beginning at @var{offset}.
+If @var{parameter} is an array name indexed by @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the result is the @var{length}
+members of the array beginning with @code{$@{@var{parameter}[@var{offset}]@}}.
+Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1.
+
+@item $@{!@var{prefix}*@}
+@itemx $@{!@var{prefix}@@@}
+Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with @var{prefix},
+separated by the first character of the @env{IFS} special variable.
+
+@item $@{!@var{name}[@@]@}
+@itemx $@{!@var{name}[*]@}
+If @var{name} is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
+(keys) assigned in @var{name}.
+If @var{name} is not an array, expands to 0 if @var{name} is set and null
+otherwise.
+When @samp{@@} is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+key expands to a separate word.
+
+@item $@{#@var{parameter}@}
+The length in characters of the expanded value of @var{parameter} is
+substituted.
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{*} or @samp{@@}, the value substituted
+is the number of positional parameters.
+If @var{parameter} is an array name subscripted by @samp{*} or @samp{@@},
+the value substituted is the number of elements in the array.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}#@var{word}@}
+@itemx $@{@var{parameter}##@var{word}@}
+The @var{word}
+is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
+expansion (@pxref{Filename Expansion}). If the pattern matches
+the beginning of the expanded value of @var{parameter},
+then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of @var{parameter}
+with the shortest matching pattern (the @samp{#} case) or the
+longest matching pattern (the @samp{##} case) deleted.
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If @var{parameter} is an array variable subscripted with
+@samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}%@var{word}@}
+@itemx $@{@var{parameter}%%@var{word}@}
+The @var{word} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+filename expansion.
+If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
+@var{parameter}, then the result of the expansion is the value of
+@var{parameter} with the shortest matching pattern (the @samp{%} case)
+or the longest matching pattern (the @samp{%%} case) deleted.
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If @var{parameter}
+is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}/@var{pattern}/@var{string}@}
+@itemx $@{@var{parameter}//@var{pattern}/@var{string}@}
+
+The @var{pattern} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+filename expansion.
+@var{Parameter} is expanded and the longest match of @var{pattern}
+against its value is replaced with @var{string}.
+In the first form, only the first match is replaced.
+The second form causes all matches of @var{pattern} to be
+replaced with @var{string}.
+If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{#}, it must match at the beginning
+of the expanded value of @var{parameter}.
+If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{%}, it must match at the end
+of the expanded value of @var{parameter}.
+If @var{string} is null, matches of @var{pattern} are deleted
+and the @code{/} following @var{pattern} may be omitted.
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the substitution operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If @var{parameter}
+is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+@end table
+
+@node Command Substitution
+@subsection Command Substitution
+@cindex command substitution
+
+Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace
+the command itself.
+Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed as follows:
+@example
+$(@var{command})
+@end example
+@noindent
+or
+@example
+`@var{command}`
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Bash performs the expansion by executing @var{command} and
+replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
+command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
+Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
+word splitting.
+The command substitution @code{$(cat @var{file})} can be
+replaced by the equivalent but faster @code{$(< @var{file})}.
+
+When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used,
+backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by
+@samp{$}, @samp{`}, or @samp{\}.
+The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the
+command substitution.
+When using the @code{$(@var{command})} form, all characters between
+the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
+
+Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted
+form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
+
+If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+filename expansion are not performed on the results.
+
+@node Arithmetic Expansion
+@subsection Arithmetic Expansion
+@cindex expansion, arithmetic
+@cindex arithmetic expansion
+
+Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is:
+
+@example
+$(( @var{expression} ))
+@end example
+
+The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but
+a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially.
+All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, command
+substitution, and quote removal.
+Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
+
+The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
+(@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating
+failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs.
+
+@node Process Substitution
+@subsection Process Substitution
+@cindex process substitution
+
+Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
+pipes (@sc{fifo}s) or the @file{/dev/fd} method of naming open files.
+It takes the form of
+@example
+<(@var{list})
+@end example
+@noindent
+or
+@example
+>(@var{list})
+@end example
+@noindent
+The process @var{list} is run with its input or output connected to a
+@sc{fifo} or some file in @file{/dev/fd}. The name of this file is
+passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
+expansion. If the @code{>(@var{list})} form is used, writing to
+the file will provide input for @var{list}. If the
+@code{<(@var{list})} form is used, the file passed as an
+argument should be read to obtain the output of @var{list}.
+Note that no space may appear between the @code{<} or @code{>}
+and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
+as a redirection.
+
+When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion.
+
+@node Word Splitting
+@subsection Word Splitting
+@cindex word splitting
+
+The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution,
+and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for
+word splitting.
+
+The shell treats each character of @env{$IFS}
+as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other
+expansions into words on these characters. If
+@env{IFS} is unset, or its value is exactly @code{<space><tab><newline>},
+the default, then any sequence of @env{IFS}
+characters serves to delimit words. If @env{IFS}
+has a value other than the default, then sequences of
+the whitespace characters @code{space} and @code{tab}
+are ignored at the beginning and end of the
+word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
+value of @env{IFS} (an @env{IFS} whitespace character).
+Any character in @env{IFS} that is not @env{IFS}
+whitespace, along with any adjacent @env{IFS}
+whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of @env{IFS}
+whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
+If the value of @env{IFS} is null, no word splitting occurs.
+
+Explicit null arguments (@code{""} or @code{''}) are retained.
+Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
+parameters that have no values, are removed.
+If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
+null argument results and is retained.
+
+Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
+is performed.
+
+@node Filename Expansion
+@subsection Filename Expansion
+@menu
+* Pattern Matching:: How the shell matches patterns.
+@end menu
+@cindex expansion, filename
+@cindex expansion, pathname
+@cindex filename expansion
+@cindex pathname expansion
+
+After word splitting, unless the @option{-f} option has been set
+(@pxref{The Set Builtin}), Bash scans each word for the characters
+@samp{*}, @samp{?}, and @samp{[}.
+If one of these characters appears, then the word is
+regarded as a @var{pattern},
+and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of
+file names matching the pattern. If no matching file names are found,
+and the shell option @code{nullglob} is disabled, the word is left
+unchanged.
+If the @code{nullglob} option is set, and no matches are found, the word
+is removed.
+If the shell option @code{nocaseglob} is enabled, the match is performed
+without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+When a pattern is used for filename generation, the character @samp{.}
+at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash
+must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option @code{dotglob} is set.
+When matching a file name, the slash character must always be
+matched explicitly.
+In other cases, the @samp{.} character is not treated specially.
+
+See the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{Bash Builtins},
+for a description of the @code{nocaseglob}, @code{nullglob},
+and @code{dotglob} options.
+
+The @env{GLOBIGNORE}
+shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a
+pattern. If @env{GLOBIGNORE}
+is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in
+@env{GLOBIGNORE} is removed from the list of matches. The filenames
+@file{.} and @file{..}
+are always ignored when @env{GLOBIGNORE}
+is set and not null.
+However, setting @env{GLOBIGNORE} to a non-null value has the effect of
+enabling the @code{dotglob}
+shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
+@samp{.} will match.
+To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
+@samp{.}, make @samp{.*} one of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}.
+The @code{dotglob} option is disabled when @env{GLOBIGNORE}
+is unset.
+
+@node Pattern Matching
+@subsubsection Pattern Matching
+@cindex pattern matching
+@cindex matching, pattern
+
+Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
+characters described below, matches itself.
+The @sc{nul} character may not occur in a pattern.
+A backslash escapes the following character; the
+escaping backslash is discarded when matching.
+The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched
+literally.
+
+The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
+@table @code
+@item *
+Matches any string, including the null string.
+@item ?
+Matches any single character.
+@item [@dots{}]
+Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters
+separated by a hyphen denotes a @var{range expression};
+any character that sorts between those two characters, inclusive,
+using the current locale's collating sequence and character set,
+is matched. If the first character following the
+@samp{[} is a @samp{!} or a @samp{^}
+then any character not enclosed is matched. A @samp{@minus{}}
+may be matched by including it as the first or last character
+in the set. A @samp{]} may be matched by including it as the first
+character in the set.
+The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
+the current locale and the value of the @env{LC_COLLATE} shell variable,
+if set.
+
+For example, in the default C locale, @samp{[a-dx-z]} is equivalent to
+@samp{[abcdxyz]}. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in
+these locales @samp{[a-dx-z]} is typically not equivalent to @samp{[abcdxyz]};
+it might be equivalent to @samp{[aBbCcDdxXyYz]}, for example. To obtain
+the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can
+force the use of the C locale by setting the @env{LC_COLLATE} or
+@env{LC_ALL} environment variable to the value @samp{C}.
+
+Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, @var{character classes} can be specified
+using the syntax
+@code{[:}@var{class}@code{:]}, where @var{class} is one of the
+following classes defined in the @sc{posix} 1003.2 standard:
+@example
+alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
+print punct space upper word xdigit
+@end example
+@noindent
+A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
+The @code{word} character class matches letters, digits, and the character
+@samp{_}.
+
+Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, an @var{equivalence class} can be
+specified using the syntax @code{[=}@var{c}@code{=]}, which
+matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined
+by the current locale) as the character @var{c}.
+
+Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, the syntax @code{[.}@var{symbol}@code{.]}
+matches the collating symbol @var{symbol}.
+@end table
+
+If the @code{extglob} shell option is enabled using the @code{shopt}
+builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.
+In the following description, a @var{pattern-list} is a list of one
+or more patterns separated by a @samp{|}.
+Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
+sub-patterns:
+
+@table @code
+@item ?(@var{pattern-list})
+Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
+
+@item *(@var{pattern-list})
+Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+
+@item +(@var{pattern-list})
+Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+
+@item @@(@var{pattern-list})
+Matches exactly one of the given patterns.
+
+@item !(@var{pattern-list})
+Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
+@end table
+
+@node Quote Removal
+@subsection Quote Removal
+
+After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
+characters @samp{\}, @samp{'}, and @samp{"} that did not
+result from one of the above expansions are removed.
+
+@node Redirections
+@section Redirections
+@cindex redirection
+
+Before a command is executed, its input and output
+may be @var{redirected}
+using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
+Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the
+current shell execution environment. The following redirection
+operators may precede or appear anywhere within a
+simple command or may follow a command.
+Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from
+left to right.
+
+In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
+omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
+@samp{<}, the redirection refers to the standard input (file
+descriptor 0). If the first character of the redirection operator
+is @samp{>}, the redirection refers to the standard output (file
+descriptor 1).
+
+The word following the redirection operator in the following
+descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
+tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting.
+If it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
+
+Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example,
+the command
+@example
+ls > @var{dirlist} 2>&1
+@end example
+@noindent
+directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
+(file descriptor 2) to the file @var{dirlist}, while the command
+@example
+ls 2>&1 > @var{dirlist}
+@end example
+@noindent
+directs only the standard output to file @var{dirlist},
+because the standard error was duplicated as standard output
+before the standard output was redirected to @var{dirlist}.
+
+Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+redirections, as described in the following table:
+
+@table @code
+@item /dev/fd/@var{fd}
+If @var{fd} is a valid integer, file descriptor @var{fd} is duplicated.
+
+@item /dev/stdin
+File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
+
+@item /dev/stdout
+File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
+
+@item /dev/stderr
+File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
+
+@item /dev/tcp/@var{host}/@var{port}
+If @var{host} is a valid hostname or Internet address, and @var{port}
+is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a TCP
+connection to the corresponding socket.
+
+@item /dev/udp/@var{host}/@var{port}
+If @var{host} is a valid hostname or Internet address, and @var{port}
+is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a UDP
+connection to the corresponding socket.
+
+@end table
+
+A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
+
+@subsection Redirecting Input
+Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of @var{word}
+to be opened for reading on file descriptor @code{n},
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if @code{n}
+is not specified.
+
+The general format for redirecting input is:
+@example
+[@var{n}]<@var{word}
+@end example
+
+@subsection Redirecting Output
+Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of @var{word}
+to be opened for writing on file descriptor @var{n},
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n}
+is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created;
+if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
+
+The general format for redirecting output is:
+@example
+[@var{n}]>[|]@var{word}
+@end example
+
+If the redirection operator is @samp{>}, and the @code{noclobber}
+option to the @code{set} builtin has been enabled, the redirection
+will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of
+@var{word} exists and is a regular file.
+If the redirection operator is @samp{>|}, or the redirection operator is
+@samp{>} and the @code{noclobber} option is not enabled, the redirection
+is attempted even if the file named by @var{word} exists.
+
+@subsection Appending Redirected Output
+Redirection of output in this fashion
+causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of @var{word}
+to be opened for appending on file descriptor @var{n},
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n}
+is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created.
+
+The general format for appending output is:
+@example
+[@var{n}]>>@var{word}
+@end example
+
+@subsection Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
+Bash allows both the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
+to be redirected to the file whose name is the
+expansion of @var{word} with this construct.
+
+There are two formats for redirecting standard output and
+standard error:
+@example
+&>@var{word}
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@example
+>&@var{word}
+@end example
+@noindent
+Of the two forms, the first is preferred.
+This is semantically equivalent to
+@example
+>@var{word} 2>&1
+@end example
+
+@subsection Here Documents
+This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+current source until a line containing only @var{word}
+(with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of
+the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
+input for a command.
+
+The format of here-documents is:
+@example
+<<[@minus{}]@var{word}
+ @var{here-document}
+@var{delimiter}
+@end example
+
+No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+or filename expansion is performed on
+@var{word}. If any characters in @var{word} are quoted, the
+@var{delimiter} is the result of quote removal on @var{word},
+and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
+If @var{word} is unquoted,
+all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion,
+command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter
+case, the character sequence @code{\newline} is ignored, and @samp{\}
+must be used to quote the characters
+@samp{\}, @samp{$}, and @samp{`}.
+
+If the redirection operator is @samp{<<-},
+then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the
+line containing @var{delimiter}.
+This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
+natural fashion.
+
+@subsection Here Strings
+A variant of here documents, the format is:
+@example
+<<< @var{word}
+@end example
+
+The @var{word} is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard
+input.
+
+@subsection Duplicating File Descriptors
+The redirection operator
+@example
+[@var{n}]<&@var{word}
+@end example
+@noindent
+is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
+If @var{word}
+expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by @var{n}
+is made to be a copy of that file descriptor.
+If the digits in @var{word} do not specify a file descriptor open for
+input, a redirection error occurs.
+If @var{word}
+evaluates to @samp{-}, file descriptor @var{n} is closed. If
+@var{n} is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
+
+The operator
+@example
+[@var{n}]>&@var{word}
+@end example
+@noindent
+is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If
+@var{n} is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.
+If the digits in @var{word} do not specify a file descriptor open for
+output, a redirection error occurs.
+As a special case, if @var{n} is omitted, and @var{word} does not
+expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard
+error are redirected as described previously.
+
+@subsection Moving File Descriptors
+The redirection operator
+@example
+[@var{n}]<&@var{digit}-
+@end example
+@noindent
+moves the file descriptor @var{digit} to file descriptor @var{n},
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if @var{n} is not specified.
+@var{digit} is closed after being duplicated to @var{n}.
+
+Similarly, the redirection operator
+@example
+[@var{n}]>&@var{digit}-
+@end example
+@noindent
+moves the file descriptor @var{digit} to file descriptor @var{n},
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n} is not specified.
+
+@subsection Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing
+The redirection operator
+@example
+[@var{n}]<>@var{word}
+@end example
+@noindent
+causes the file whose name is the expansion of @var{word}
+to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor
+@var{n}, or on file descriptor 0 if @var{n}
+is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
+
+@node Executing Commands
+@section Executing Commands
+
+@menu
+* Simple Command Expansion:: How Bash expands simple commands before
+ executing them.
+
+* Command Search and Execution:: How Bash finds commands and runs them.
+
+* Command Execution Environment:: The environment in which Bash
+ executes commands that are not
+ shell builtins.
+
+* Environment:: The environment given to a command.
+
+* Exit Status:: The status returned by commands and how Bash
+ interprets it.
+
+* Signals:: What happens when Bash or a command it runs
+ receives a signal.
+
+@end menu
+
+@node Simple Command Expansion
+@subsection Simple Command Expansion
+@cindex command expansion
+
+When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
+preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
+processing.
+
+@item
+The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+expanded (@pxref{Shell Expansions}).
+If any words remain after expansion, the first word
+is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are
+the arguments.
+
+@item
+Redirections are performed as described above (@pxref{Redirections}).
+
+@item
+The text after the @samp{=} in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
+@end enumerate
+
+If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
+shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
+of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment.
+If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status.
+
+If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
+command to exit with a non-zero status.
+
+If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions
+contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is
+the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there
+were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.
+
+@node Command Search and Execution
+@subsection Command Search and Execution
+@cindex command execution
+@cindex command search
+
+After a command has been split into words, if it results in a
+simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following
+actions are taken.
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
+locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that
+function is invoked as described in @ref{Shell Functions}.
+
+@item
+If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for
+it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that
+builtin is invoked.
+
+@item
+If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin,
+and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of
+@env{$PATH} for a directory containing an executable file
+by that name. Bash uses a hash table to remember the full
+pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple @env{PATH} searches
+(see the description of @code{hash} in @ref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+A full search of the directories in @env{$PATH}
+is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.
+If the search is unsuccessful, the shell prints an error
+message and returns an exit status of 127.
+
+@item
+If the search is successful, or if the command name contains
+one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in
+a separate execution environment.
+Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments
+to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any.
+
+@item
+If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
+format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
+@var{shell script} and the shell executes it as described in
+@ref{Shell Scripts}.
+
+@item
+If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
+the command to complete and collects its exit status.
+
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Command Execution Environment
+@subsection Command Execution Environment
+@cindex execution environment
+
+The shell has an @var{execution environment}, which consists of the
+following:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+redirections supplied to the @code{exec} builtin
+
+@item
+the current working directory as set by @code{cd}, @code{pushd}, or
+@code{popd}, or inherited by the shell at invocation
+
+@item
+the file creation mode mask as set by @code{umask} or inherited from
+the shell's parent
+
+@item
+current traps set by @code{trap}
+
+@item
+shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with @code{set}
+or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+
+@item
+shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
+parent in the environment
+
+@item
+options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
+arguments) or by @code{set}
+
+@item
+options enabled by @code{shopt}
+
+@item
+shell aliases defined with @code{alias} (@pxref{Aliases})
+
+@item
+various process @sc{id}s, including those of background jobs
+(@pxref{Lists}), the value of @code{$$}, and the value of
+@env{$PPID}
+
+@end itemize
+
+When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
+is to be executed, it
+is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
+the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited
+from the shell.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
+by redirections to the command
+
+@item
+the current working directory
+
+@item
+the file creation mode mask
+
+@item
+shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
+exported for the command, passed in the environment (@pxref{Environment})
+
+@item
+traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
+shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+
+@end itemize
+
+A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+shell's execution environment.
+
+Command substitution and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
+subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
+except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values
+that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin
+commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed
+in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment
+cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
+
+If a command is followed by a @samp{&} and job control is not active, the
+default standard input for the command is the empty file @file{/dev/null}.
+Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling
+shell as modified by redirections.
+
+@node Environment
+@subsection Environment
+@cindex environment
+
+When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
+called the @var{environment}.
+This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form @code{name=value}.
+
+Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment.
+On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and
+creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking
+it for @var{export}
+to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment.
+The @code{export} and @samp{declare -x}
+commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter
+in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part
+of the environment, replacing the old. The environment
+inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's
+initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell,
+less any pairs removed by the @code{unset} and @samp{export -n}
+commands, plus any additions via the @code{export} and
+@samp{declare -x} commands.
+
+The environment for any simple command
+or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with
+parameter assignments, as described in @ref{Shell Parameters}.
+These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
+by that command.
+
+If the @option{-k} option is set (@pxref{The Set Builtin}), then all
+parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,
+not just those that precede the command name.
+
+When Bash invokes an external command, the variable @samp{$_}
+is set to the full path name of the command and passed to that
+command in its environment.
+
+@node Exit Status
+@subsection Exit Status
+@cindex exit status
+
+For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a
+zero exit status has succeeded.
+A non-zero exit status indicates failure.
+This seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there
+is one well-defined way to indicate success and a variety of
+ways to indicate various failure modes.
+When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is @var{N},
+Bash uses the value 128+@var{N} as the exit status.
+
+If a command is not found, the child process created to
+execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found
+but is not executable, the return status is 126.
+
+If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
+the exit status is greater than zero.
+
+The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands
+(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}) and some of the list
+constructs (@pxref{Lists}).
+
+All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed
+and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the
+conditional and list constructs.
+All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.
+
+@node Signals
+@subsection Signals
+@cindex signal handling
+
+When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+@code{SIGTERM} (so that @samp{kill 0} does not kill an interactive shell),
+and @code{SIGINT}
+is caught and handled (so that the @code{wait} builtin is interruptible).
+When Bash receives a @code{SIGINT}, it breaks out of any executing loops.
+In all cases, Bash ignores @code{SIGQUIT}.
+If job control is in effect (@pxref{Job Control}), Bash
+ignores @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}.
+
+Commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
+values inherited by the shell from its parent.
+When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands
+ignore @code{SIGINT} and @code{SIGQUIT} as well.
+Commands run as a result of
+command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
+@code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}.
+
+The shell exits by default upon receipt of a @code{SIGHUP}.
+Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the @code{SIGHUP} to
+all jobs, running or stopped.
+Stopped jobs are sent @code{SIGCONT} to ensure that they receive
+the @code{SIGHUP}.
+To prevent the shell from sending the @code{SIGHUP} signal to a
+particular job, it should be removed
+from the jobs table with the @code{disown}
+builtin (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or marked
+to not receive @code{SIGHUP} using @code{disown -h}.
+
+If the @code{huponexit} shell option has been set with @code{shopt}
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins}), Bash sends a @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs when
+an interactive login shell exits.
+
+When Bash receives a signal for which a trap has been set while waiting
+for a command to complete, the trap will not be executed until the
+command completes.
+When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous
+command via the @code{wait} builtin, the reception of a signal for
+which a trap has been set will cause the @code{wait} builtin to return
+immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after
+which the trap is executed.
+
+@node Shell Scripts
+@section Shell Scripts
+@cindex shell script
+
+A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such
+a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash,
+and neither the @option{-c} nor @option{-s} option is supplied
+(@pxref{Invoking Bash}),
+Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This
+mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first
+searches for the file in the current directory, and looks in the
+directories in @env{$PATH} if not found there.
+
+When Bash runs
+a shell script, it sets the special parameter @code{0} to the name
+of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the positional
+parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are given.
+If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional parameters
+are unset.
+
+A shell script may be made executable by using the @code{chmod} command
+to turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while
+searching the @env{$PATH} for a command, it spawns a subshell to
+execute it. In other words, executing
+@example
+filename @var{arguments}
+@end example
+@noindent
+is equivalent to executing
+@example
+bash filename @var{arguments}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+if @code{filename} is an executable shell script.
+This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a
+new shell had been invoked to interpret the script, with the
+exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent
+(see the description of @code{hash} in @ref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
+are retained by the child.
+
+Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's command
+execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with
+the two characters @samp{#!}, the remainder of the line specifies
+an interpreter for the program.
+Thus, you can specify Bash, @code{awk}, Perl, or some other
+interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that language.
+
+The arguments to the interpreter
+consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter
+name on the first line of the script file, followed by the name of
+the script file, followed by the rest of the arguments. Bash
+will perform this action on operating systems that do not handle it
+themselves. Note that some older versions of Unix limit the interpreter
+name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters.
+
+Bash scripts often begin with @code{#! /bin/bash} (assuming that
+Bash has been installed in @file{/bin}), since this ensures that
+Bash will be used to interpret the script, even if it is executed
+under another shell.
+
+@node Shell Builtin Commands
+@chapter Shell Builtin Commands
+
+@menu
+* Bourne Shell Builtins:: Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne
+ Shell.
+* Bash Builtins:: Table of builtins specific to Bash.
+* The Set Builtin:: This builtin is so overloaded it
+ deserves its own section.
+* Special Builtins:: Builtin commands classified specially by
+ POSIX.2.
+@end menu
+
+Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself.
+When the name of a builtin command is used as the first word of
+a simple command (@pxref{Simple Commands}), the shell executes
+the command directly, without invoking another program.
+Builtin commands are necessary to implement functionality impossible
+or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities.
+
+This section briefly the builtins which Bash inherits from
+the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique
+to or have been extended in Bash.
+
+Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
+commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control
+facilities (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}), the directory stack
+(@pxref{Directory Stack Builtins}), the command history
+(@pxref{Bash History Builtins}), and the programmable completion
+facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion Builtins}).
+
+Many of the builtins have been extended by @sc{posix} or Bash.
+
+@node Bourne Shell Builtins
+@section Bourne Shell Builtins
+
+The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell.
+These commands are implemented as specified by the @sc{posix} 1003.2 standard.
+
+@table @code
+@item : @r{(a colon)}
+@btindex :
+@example
+: [@var{arguments}]
+@end example
+Do nothing beyond expanding @var{arguments} and performing redirections.
+The return status is zero.
+
+@item . @r{(a period)}
+@btindex .
+@example
+. @var{filename} [@var{arguments}]
+@end example
+Read and execute commands from the @var{filename} argument in the
+current shell context. If @var{filename} does not contain a slash,
+the @env{PATH} variable is used to find @var{filename}.
+When Bash is not in @sc{posix} mode, the current directory is searched
+if @var{filename} is not found in @env{$PATH}.
+If any @var{arguments} are supplied, they become the positional
+parameters when @var{filename} is executed. Otherwise the positional
+parameters are unchanged.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
+zero if no commands are executed. If @var{filename} is not found, or
+cannot be read, the return status is non-zero.
+This builtin is equivalent to @code{source}.
+
+@item break
+@btindex break
+@example
+break [@var{n}]
+@end example
+Exit from a @code{for}, @code{while}, @code{until}, or @code{select} loop.
+If @var{n} is supplied, the @var{n}th enclosing loop is exited.
+@var{n} must be greater than or equal to 1.
+The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1.
+
+@item cd
+@btindex cd
+@example
+cd [-L|-P] [@var{directory}]
+@end example
+Change the current working directory to @var{directory}. If @var{directory}
+is not given, the value of the @env{HOME} shell variable is used. If the
+shell variable @env{CDPATH} exists, it is used as a search path. If
+@var{directory} begins with a slash, @env{CDPATH} is not used.
+The @option{-P} option means
+to not follow symbolic links; symbolic links are followed by default
+or with the @option{-L} option.
+If @var{directory} is @samp{-}, it is equivalent to @env{$OLDPWD}.
+The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
+non-zero otherwise.
+
+@item continue
+@btindex continue
+@example
+continue [@var{n}]
+@end example
+Resume the next iteration of an enclosing @code{for}, @code{while},
+@code{until}, or @code{select} loop.
+If @var{n} is supplied, the execution of the @var{n}th enclosing loop
+is resumed.
+@var{n} must be greater than or equal to 1.
+The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1.
+
+@item eval
+@btindex eval
+@example
+eval [@var{arguments}]
+@end example
+The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is
+then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status
+of @code{eval}.
+If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is
+zero.
+
+@item exec
+@btindex exec
+@example
+exec [-cl] [-a @var{name}] [@var{command} [@var{arguments}]]
+@end example
+If @var{command}
+is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process.
+If the @option{-l} option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the
+beginning of the zeroth arg passed to @var{command}.
+This is what the @code{login} program does.
+The @option{-c} option causes @var{command} to be executed with an empty
+environment.
+If @option{-a} is supplied, the shell passes @var{name} as the zeroth
+argument to @var{command}.
+If no @var{command} is specified, redirections may be used to affect
+the current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the
+return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero.
+
+@item exit
+@btindex exit
+@example
+exit [@var{n}]
+@end example
+Exit the shell, returning a status of @var{n} to the shell's parent.
+If @var{n} is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.
+Any trap on @code{EXIT} is executed before the shell terminates.
+
+@item export
+@btindex export
+@example
+export [-fn] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]]
+@end example
+Mark each @var{name} to be passed to child processes
+in the environment. If the @option{-f} option is supplied, the @var{name}s
+refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables.
+The @option{-n} option means to no longer mark each @var{name} for export.
+If no @var{names} are supplied, or if the @option{-p} option is given, a
+list of exported names is displayed.
+The @option{-p} option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.
+If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of
+the variable is set to @var{value}.
+
+The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
+the names is not a valid shell variable name, or @option{-f} is supplied
+with a name that is not a shell function.
+
+@item getopts
+@btindex getopts
+@example
+getopts @var{optstring} @var{name} [@var{args}]
+@end example
+@code{getopts} is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
+@var{optstring} contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
+character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
+argument, which should be separated from it by white space.
+The colon (@samp{:}) and question mark (@samp{?}) may not be
+used as option characters.
+Each time it is invoked, @code{getopts}
+places the next option in the shell variable @var{name}, initializing
+@var{name} if it does not exist,
+and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
+variable @env{OPTIND}.
+@env{OPTIND} is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script
+is invoked.
+When an option requires an argument,
+@code{getopts} places that argument into the variable @env{OPTARG}.
+The shell does not reset @env{OPTIND} automatically; it must be manually
+reset between multiple calls to @code{getopts} within the same shell
+invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
+
+When the end of options is encountered, @code{getopts} exits with a
+return value greater than zero.
+@env{OPTIND} is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
+and @code{name} is set to @samp{?}.
+
+@code{getopts}
+normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
+given in @var{args}, @code{getopts} parses those instead.
+
+@code{getopts} can report errors in two ways. If the first character of
+@var{optstring} is a colon, @var{silent}
+error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages
+are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are
+encountered.
+If the variable @env{OPTERR}
+is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
+character of @code{optstring} is not a colon.
+
+If an invalid option is seen,
+@code{getopts} places @samp{?} into @var{name} and, if not silent,
+prints an error message and unsets @env{OPTARG}.
+If @code{getopts} is silent, the option character found is placed in
+@env{OPTARG} and no diagnostic message is printed.
+
+If a required argument is not found, and @code{getopts}
+is not silent, a question mark (@samp{?}) is placed in @var{name},
+@code{OPTARG} is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.
+If @code{getopts} is silent, then a colon (@samp{:}) is placed in
+@var{name} and @env{OPTARG} is set to the option character found.
+
+@item hash
+@btindex hash
+@example
+hash [-'r] [-p @var{filename}] [-dt] [@var{name}]
+@end example
+Remember the full pathnames of commands specified as @var{name} arguments,
+so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations.
+The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in
+@env{$PATH}.
+The @option{-p} option inhibits the path search, and @var{filename} is
+used as the location of @var{name}.
+The @option{-r} option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
+The @option{-d} option causes the shell to forget the remembered location
+of each @var{name}.
+If the @option{-t} option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
+@var{name} corresponds is printed. If multiple @var{name} arguments are
+supplied with @option{-t} the @var{name} is printed before the hashed
+full pathname.
+The @option{-l} option causes output to be displayed in a format
+that may be reused as input.
+If no arguments are given, or if only @option{-l} is supplied,
+information about remembered commands is printed.
+The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is not found or an invalid
+option is supplied.
+
+@item pwd
+@btindex pwd
+@example
+pwd [-LP]
+@end example
+Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+If the @option{-P} option is supplied, the pathname printed will not
+contain symbolic links.
+If the @option{-L} option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain
+symbolic links.
+The return status is zero unless an error is encountered while
+determining the name of the current directory or an invalid option
+is supplied.
+
+@item readonly
+@btindex readonly
+@example
+readonly [-apf] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]] @dots{}
+@end example
+Mark each @var{name} as readonly.
+The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
+If the @option{-f} option is supplied, each @var{name} refers to a shell
+function.
+The @option{-a} option means each @var{name} refers to an array variable.
+If no @var{name} arguments are given, or if the @option{-p}
+option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
+The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a format that
+may be reused as input.
+If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of
+the variable is set to @var{value}.
+The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
+the @var{name} arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name,
+or the @option{-f} option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
+
+@item return
+@btindex return
+@example
+return [@var{n}]
+@end example
+Cause a shell function to exit with the return value @var{n}.
+If @var{n} is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the
+last command executed in the function.
+This may also be used to terminate execution of a script being executed
+with the @code{.} (or @code{source}) builtin, returning either @var{n} or
+the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit
+status of the script.
+Any command associated with the @code{RETURN} trap is executed
+before execution resumes after the function or script.
+The return status is non-zero if @code{return} is used outside a function
+and not during the execution of a script by @code{.} or @code{source}.
+
+@item shift
+@btindex shift
+@example
+shift [@var{n}]
+@end example
+Shift the positional parameters to the left by @var{n}.
+The positional parameters from @var{n}+1 @dots{} @code{$#} are
+renamed to @code{$1} @dots{} @code{$#}-@var{n}+1.
+Parameters represented by the numbers @code{$#} to @var{n}+1 are unset.
+@var{n} must be a non-negative number less than or equal to @code{$#}.
+If @var{n} is zero or greater than @code{$#}, the positional parameters
+are not changed.
+If @var{n} is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1.
+The return status is zero unless @var{n} is greater than @code{$#} or
+less than zero, non-zero otherwise.
+
+@item test
+@itemx [
+@btindex test
+@btindex [
+Evaluate a conditional expression @var{expr}.
+Each operator and operand must be a separate argument.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
+@ref{Bash Conditional Expressions}.
+
+When the @code{[} form is used, the last argument to the command must
+be a @code{]}.
+
+Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
+decreasing order of precedence.
+
+@table @code
+@item ! @var{expr}
+True if @var{expr} is false.
+
+@item ( @var{expr} )
+Returns the value of @var{expr}.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+
+@item @var{expr1} -a @var{expr2}
+True if both @var{expr1} and @var{expr2} are true.
+
+@item @var{expr1} -o @var{expr2}
+True if either @var{expr1} or @var{expr2} is true.
+@end table
+
+The @code{test} and @code{[} builtins evaluate conditional
+expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
+
+@table @asis
+@item 0 arguments
+The expression is false.
+
+@item 1 argument
+The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null.
+
+@item 2 arguments
+If the first argument is @samp{!}, the expression is true if and
+only if the second argument is null.
+If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators
+(@pxref{Bash Conditional Expressions}), the expression
+is true if the unary test is true.
+If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is
+false.
+
+@item 3 arguments
+If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+operators (@pxref{Bash Conditional Expressions}), the
+result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the
+first and third arguments as operands.
+If the first argument is @samp{!}, the value is the negation of
+the two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
+If the first argument is exactly @samp{(} and the third argument is
+exactly @samp{)}, the result is the one-argument test of the second
+argument.
+Otherwise, the expression is false.
+The @samp{-a} and @samp{-o} operators are considered binary operators
+in this case.
+
+@item 4 arguments
+If the first argument is @samp{!}, the result is the negation of
+the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
+Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+precedence using the rules listed above.
+
+@item 5 or more arguments
+The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
+using the rules listed above.
+@end table
+
+@item times
+@btindex times
+@example
+times
+@end example
+Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children.
+The return status is zero.
+
+@item trap
+@btindex trap
+@example
+trap [-lp] [@var{arg}] [@var{sigspec} @dots{}]
+@end example
+The commands in @var{arg} are to be read and executed when the
+shell receives signal @var{sigspec}. If @var{arg} is absent or
+equal to @samp{-}, all specified signals are reset to the values
+they had when the shell was started.
+If @var{arg} is the null string, then the signal specified by
+each @var{sigspec} is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes.
+If @var{arg} is not present and @option{-p} has been supplied,
+the shell displays the trap commands associated with each @var{sigspec}.
+If no arguments are supplied, or
+only @option{-p} is given, @code{trap} prints the list of commands
+associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as
+shell input.
+The @option{-l} option causes the shell to print a list of signal names
+and their corresponding numbers.
+
+Each @var{sigspec} is either a signal name such as @code{SIGINT} (with
+or without the @code{SIG} prefix) or a signal number.
+If a @var{sigspec}
+is @code{0} or @code{EXIT}, @var{arg} is executed when the shell exits.
+If a @var{sigspec} is @code{DEBUG}, the command @var{arg} is executed
+before every simple command, @code{for} command, @code{case} command,
+@code{select} command, every arithmetic @code{for} command, and before
+the first command executes in a shell function.
+Refer to the description of the @code{extglob} option to the
+@code{shopt} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}) for details of its
+effect on the @code{DEBUG} trap.
+If a @var{sigspec} is @code{ERR}, the command @var{arg}
+is executed whenever a simple command has a non-zero exit status.
+The @code{ERR} trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
+command list immediately following an @code{until} or @code{while} keyword,
+part of the test in an @code{if} statement,
+part of a @code{&&} or @code{||} list, or if the command's return
+status is being inverted using @code{!}.
+If a @var{sigspec} is @code{RETURN}, the command @var{arg} is executed
+each time a shell function or a script executed with the @code{.} or
+@code{source} builtins finishes executing.
+
+Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
+Trapped signals are reset to their original values in a child
+process when it is created.
+
+The return status is zero unless a @var{sigspec} does not specify a
+valid signal.
+
+@item umask
+@btindex umask
+@example
+umask [-p] [-S] [@var{mode}]
+@end example
+Set the shell process's file creation mask to @var{mode}. If
+@var{mode} begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number;
+if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar
+to that accepted by the @code{chmod} command. If @var{mode} is
+omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. If the @option{-S}
+option is supplied without a @var{mode} argument, the mask is printed
+in a symbolic format.
+If the @option{-p} option is supplied, and @var{mode}
+is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.
+The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if
+no @var{mode} argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
+
+Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number
+of the umask is subtracted from @code{7}. Thus, a umask of @code{022}
+results in permissions of @code{755}.
+
+@item unset
+@btindex unset
+@example
+unset [-fv] [@var{name}]
+@end example
+Each variable or function @var{name} is removed.
+If no options are supplied, or the @option{-v} option is given, each
+@var{name} refers to a shell variable.
+If the @option{-f} option is given, the @var{name}s refer to shell
+functions, and the function definition is removed.
+Readonly variables and functions may not be unset.
+The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is readonly.
+@end table
+
+@node Bash Builtins
+@section Bash Builtin Commands
+
+This section describes builtin commands which are unique to
+or have been extended in Bash.
+Some of these commands are specified in the @sc{posix} 1003.2 standard.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item alias
+@btindex alias
+@example
+alias [@code{-p}] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+Without arguments or with the @option{-p} option, @code{alias} prints
+the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows
+them to be reused as input.
+If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each @var{name}
+whose @var{value} is given. If no @var{value} is given, the name
+and value of the alias is printed.
+Aliases are described in @ref{Aliases}.
+
+@item bind
+@btindex bind
+@example
+bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-lpsvPSV]
+bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-q @var{function}] [-u @var{function}] [-r @var{keyseq}]
+bind [-m @var{keymap}] -f @var{filename}
+bind [-m @var{keymap}] -x @var{keyseq:shell-command}
+bind [-m @var{keymap}] @var{keyseq:function-name}
+bind @var{readline-command}
+@end example
+
+Display current Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing})
+key and function bindings,
+bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro,
+or set a Readline variable.
+Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a
+a Readline initialization file (@pxref{Readline Init File}),
+but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; e.g.,
+@samp{"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file}.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+@table @code
+@item -m @var{keymap}
+Use @var{keymap} as the keymap to be affected by
+the subsequent bindings. Acceptable @var{keymap}
+names are
+@code{emacs},
+@code{emacs-standard},
+@code{emacs-meta},
+@code{emacs-ctlx},
+@code{vi},
+@code{vi-move},
+@code{vi-command}, and
+@code{vi-insert}.
+@code{vi} is equivalent to @code{vi-command};
+@code{emacs} is equivalent to @code{emacs-standard}.
+
+@item -l
+List the names of all Readline functions.
+
+@item -p
+Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they
+can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
+
+@item -P
+List current Readline function names and bindings.
+
+@item -v
+Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they
+can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
+
+@item -V
+List current Readline variable names and values.
+
+@item -s
+Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output
+in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline
+initialization file.
+
+@item -S
+Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output.
+
+@item -f @var{filename}
+Read key bindings from @var{filename}.
+
+@item -q @var{function}
+Query about which keys invoke the named @var{function}.
+
+@item -u @var{function}
+Unbind all keys bound to the named @var{function}.
+
+@item -r @var{keyseq}
+Remove any current binding for @var{keyseq}.
+
+@item -x @var{keyseq:shell-command}
+Cause @var{shell-command} to be executed whenever @var{keyseq} is
+entered.
+
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an
+error occurs.
+
+@item builtin
+@btindex builtin
+@example
+builtin [@var{shell-builtin} [@var{args}]]
+@end example
+Run a shell builtin, passing it @var{args}, and return its exit status.
+This is useful when defining a shell function with the same
+name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within
+the function.
+The return status is non-zero if @var{shell-builtin} is not a shell
+builtin command.
+
+@item caller
+@btindex caller
+@example
+caller [@var{expr}]
+@end example
+Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
+a script executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins.
+
+Without @var{expr}, @code{caller} displays the line number and source
+filename of the current subroutine call.
+If a non-negative integer is supplied as @var{expr}, @code{caller}
+displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
+to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra
+information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The
+current frame is frame 0.
+
+The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
+call or @var{expr} does not correspond to a valid position in the
+call stack.
+
+@item command
+@btindex command
+@example
+command [-pVv] @var{command} [@var{arguments} @dots{}]
+@end example
+Runs @var{command} with @var{arguments} ignoring any shell function
+named @var{command}.
+Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the
+@env{PATH} are executed.
+If there is a shell function named @code{ls}, running @samp{command ls}
+within the function will execute the external command @code{ls}
+instead of calling the function recursively.
+The @option{-p} option means to use a default value for @env{PATH}
+that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
+The return status in this case is 127 if @var{command} cannot be
+found or an error occurred, and the exit status of @var{command}
+otherwise.
+
+If either the @option{-V} or @option{-v} option is supplied, a
+description of @var{command} is printed. The @option{-v} option
+causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to
+invoke @var{command} to be displayed; the @option{-V} option produces
+a more verbose description. In this case, the return status is
+zero if @var{command} is found, and non-zero if not.
+
+@item declare
+@btindex declare
+@example
+declare [-afFirtx] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+Declare variables and give them attributes. If no @var{name}s
+are given, then display the values of variables instead.
+
+The @option{-p} option will display the attributes and values of each
+@var{name}.
+When @option{-p} is used, additional options are ignored.
+The @option{-F} option inhibits the display of function definitions;
+only the function name and attributes are printed.
+If the @code{extdebug} shell option is enabled using @code{shopt}
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins}), the source file name and line number where
+the function is defined are displayed as well.
+@option{-F} implies @option{-f}.
+The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with
+the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
+
+@table @code
+@item -a
+Each @var{name} is an array variable (@pxref{Arrays}).
+
+@item -f
+Use function names only.
+
+@item -i
+The variable is to be treated as
+an integer; arithmetic evaluation (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}) is
+performed when the variable is assigned a value.
+
+@item -r
+Make @var{name}s readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values
+by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+
+@item -t
+Give each @var{name} the @code{trace} attribute.
+Traced functions inherit the @code{DEBUG} trap from the calling shell.
+The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
+
+@item -x
+Mark each @var{name} for export to subsequent commands via
+the environment.
+@end table
+
+Using @samp{+} instead of @samp{-} turns off the attribute instead.
+When used in a function, @code{declare} makes each @var{name} local,
+as with the @code{local} command. If a variable name is followed by
+=@var{value}, the value of the variable is set to @var{value}.
+
+The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
+an attempt is made to define a function using @samp{-f foo=bar},
+an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
+using the compound assignment syntax (@pxref{Arrays}),
+one of the @var{names} is not a valid shell variable name,
+an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
+or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with @option{-f}.
+
+@item echo
+@btindex echo
+@example
+echo [-neE] [@var{arg} @dots{}]
+@end example
+Output the @var{arg}s, separated by spaces, terminated with a
+newline.
+The return status is always 0.
+If @option{-n} is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed.
+If the @option{-e} option is given, interpretation of the following
+backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
+The @option{-E} option disables the interpretation of these escape characters,
+even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
+The @code{xpg_echo} shell option may be used to
+dynamically determine whether or not @code{echo} expands these
+escape characters by default.
+@code{echo} interprets the following escape sequences:
+@table @code
+@item \a
+alert (bell)
+@item \b
+backspace
+@item \c
+suppress trailing newline
+@item \e
+escape
+@item \f
+form feed
+@item \n
+new line
+@item \r
+carriage return
+@item \t
+horizontal tab
+@item \v
+vertical tab
+@item \\
+backslash
+@item \0@var{nnn}
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
+(zero to three octal digits)
+@item \@var{nnn}
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
+(one to three octal digits)
+@item \x@var{HH}
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
+(one or two hex digits)
+@end table
+
+@item enable
+@btindex enable
+@example
+enable [-n] [-p] [-f @var{filename}] [-ads] [@var{name} @dots{}]
+@end example
+Enable and disable builtin shell commands.
+Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name
+as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,
+even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+If @option{-n} is used, the @var{name}s become disabled. Otherwise
+@var{name}s are enabled. For example, to use the @code{test} binary
+found via @env{$PATH} instead of the shell builtin version, type
+@samp{enable -n test}.
+
+If the @option{-p} option is supplied, or no @var{name} arguments appear,
+a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list
+consists of all enabled shell builtins.
+The @option{-a} option means to list
+each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is enabled.
+
+The @option{-f} option means to load the new builtin command @var{name}
+from shared object @var{filename}, on systems that support dynamic loading.
+The @option{-d} option will delete a builtin loaded with @option{-f}.
+
+If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
+The @option{-s} option restricts @code{enable} to the @sc{posix} special
+builtins. If @option{-s} is used with @option{-f}, the new builtin becomes
+a special builtin (@pxref{Special Builtins}).
+
+The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is not a shell builtin
+or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
+
+@item help
+@btindex help
+@example
+help [-s] [@var{pattern}]
+@end example
+Display helpful information about builtin commands.
+If @var{pattern} is specified, @code{help} gives detailed help
+on all commands matching @var{pattern}, otherwise a list of
+the builtins is printed.
+The @option{-s} option restricts the information displayed to a short
+usage synopsis.
+The return status is zero unless no command matches @var{pattern}.
+
+@item let
+@btindex let
+@example
+let @var{expression} [@var{expression}]
+@end example
+The @code{let} builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
+variables. Each @var{expression} is evaluated according to the
+rules given below in @ref{Shell Arithmetic}. If the
+last @var{expression} evaluates to 0, @code{let} returns 1;
+otherwise 0 is returned.
+
+@item local
+@btindex local
+@example
+local [@var{option}] @var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}
+@end example
+For each argument, a local variable named @var{name} is created,
+and assigned @var{value}.
+The @var{option} can be any of the options accepted by @code{declare}.
+@code{local} can only be used within a function; it makes the variable
+@var{name} have a visible scope restricted to that function and its
+children. The return status is zero unless @code{local} is used outside
+a function, an invalid @var{name} is supplied, or @var{name} is a
+readonly variable.
+
+@item logout
+@btindex logout
+@example
+logout [@var{n}]
+@end example
+Exit a login shell, returning a status of @var{n} to the shell's
+parent.
+
+@item printf
+@btindex printf
+@example
+@code{printf} @var{format} [@var{arguments}]
+@end example
+Write the formatted @var{arguments} to the standard output under the
+control of the @var{format}.
+The @var{format} is a character string which contains three types of objects:
+plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
+escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
+format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
+@var{argument}.
+In addition to the standard @code{printf(1)} formats, @samp{%b} causes
+@code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
+@var{argument}, and @samp{%q} causes @code{printf} to output the
+corresponding @var{argument} in a format that can be reused as shell input.
+
+The @var{format} is reused as necessary to consume all of the @var{arguments}.
+If the @var{format} requires more @var{arguments} than are supplied, the
+extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
+appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success,
+non-zero on failure.
+
+@item read
+@btindex read
+@example
+read [-ers] [-a @var{aname}] [-d @var{delim}] [-n @var{nchars}] [-p @var{prompt}] [-t @var{timeout}] [-u @var{fd}] [@var{name} @dots{}]
+@end example
+One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
+@var{fd} supplied as an argument to the @option{-u} option, and the first word
+is assigned to the first @var{name}, the second word to the second @var{name},
+and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned
+to the last @var{name}.
+If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
+the remaining names are assigned empty values.
+The characters in the value of the @env{IFS} variable
+are used to split the line into words.
+The backslash character @samp{\} may be used to remove any special
+meaning for the next character read and for line continuation.
+If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the
+variable @env{REPLY}.
+The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, @code{read}
+times out, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to
+@option{-u}.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+@table @code
+@item -a @var{aname}
+The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable
+@var{aname}, starting at 0.
+All elements are removed from @var{aname} before the assignment.
+Other @var{name} arguments are ignored.
+
+@item -d @var{delim}
+The first character of @var{delim} is used to terminate the input line,
+rather than newline.
+
+@item -e
+Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) is used to obtain the line.
+
+@item -n @var{nchars}
+@code{read} returns after reading @var{nchars} characters rather than
+waiting for a complete line of input.
+
+@item -p @var{prompt}
+Display @var{prompt}, without a trailing newline, before attempting
+to read any input.
+The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
+
+@item -r
+If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character.
+The backslash is considered to be part of the line.
+In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
+continuation.
+
+@item -s
+Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are
+not echoed.
+
+@item -t @var{timeout}
+Cause @code{read} to time out and return failure if a complete line of
+input is not read within @var{timeout} seconds.
+This option has no effect if @code{read} is not reading input from the
+terminal or a pipe.
+
+@item -u @var{fd}
+Read input from file descriptor @var{fd}.
+
+@end table
+
+@item shopt
+@btindex shopt
+@example
+shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [@var{optname} @dots{}]
+@end example
+Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior.
+With no options, or with the @option{-p} option, a list of all settable
+options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.
+The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a form that
+may be reused as input.
+Other options have the following meanings:
+
+@table @code
+@item -s
+Enable (set) each @var{optname}.
+
+@item -u
+Disable (unset) each @var{optname}.
+
+@item -q
+Suppresses normal output; the return status
+indicates whether the @var{optname} is set or unset.
+If multiple @var{optname} arguments are given with @option{-q},
+the return status is zero if all @var{optnames} are enabled;
+non-zero otherwise.
+
+@item -o
+Restricts the values of
+@var{optname} to be those defined for the @option{-o} option to the
+@code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+@end table
+
+If either @option{-s} or @option{-u}
+is used with no @var{optname} arguments, the display is limited to
+those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+
+Unless otherwise noted, the @code{shopt} options are disabled (off)
+by default.
+
+The return status when listing options is zero if all @var{optnames}
+are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options,
+the return status is zero unless an @var{optname} is not a valid shell
+option.
+
+The list of @code{shopt} options is:
+@table @code
+@item cdable_vars
+If this is set, an argument to the @code{cd}
+builtin command that
+is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose
+value is the directory to change to.
+
+@item cdspell
+If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a
+@code{cd} command will be corrected.
+The errors checked for are transposed characters,
+a missing character, and a character too many.
+If a correction is found, the corrected path is printed,
+and the command proceeds.
+This option is only used by interactive shells.
+
+@item checkhash
+If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
+table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no
+longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
+
+@item checkwinsize
+If set, Bash checks the window size after each command
+and, if necessary, updates the values of
+@env{LINES} and @env{COLUMNS}.
+
+@item cmdhist
+If set, Bash
+attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
+command in the same history entry. This allows
+easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
+
+@item dotglob
+If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+the results of filename expansion.
+
+@item execfail
+If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if
+it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the @code{exec}
+builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if @code{exec}
+fails.
+
+@item expand_aliases
+If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
+@ref{Aliases}.
+This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
+
+@item extdebug
+If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+The @option{-F} option to the @code{declare} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins})
+displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function
+name supplied as an argument.
+
+@item
+If the command run by the @code{DEBUG} trap returns a non-zero value, the
+next command is skipped and not executed.
+
+@item
+If the command run by the @code{DEBUG} trap returns a value of 2, and the
+shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
+executed by the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins), a call to
+@code{return} is simulated.
+@end enumerate
+
+@item extglob
+If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
+(@pxref{Pattern Matching}) are enabled.
+
+@item extquote
+If set, @code{$'@var{string}'} and @code{$"@var{string}"} quoting is
+performed within @code{$@{@var{parameter}@}} expansions
+enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default.
+
+@item histappend
+If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value
+of the @env{HISTFILE}
+variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file.
+
+@item histreedit
+If set, and Readline
+is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
+failed history substitution.
+
+@item histverify
+If set, and Readline
+is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
+passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into
+the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification.
+
+@item hostcomplete
+If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform
+hostname completion when a word containing a @samp{@@} is being
+completed (@pxref{Commands For Completion}). This option is enabled
+by default.
+
+@item huponexit
+If set, Bash will send @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs when an interactive
+login shell exits (@pxref{Signals}).
+
+@item interactive_comments
+Allow a word beginning with @samp{#}
+to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
+line to be ignored in an interactive shell.
+This option is enabled by default.
+
+@item lithist
+If enabled, and the @code{cmdhist}
+option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
+embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
+
+@item login_shell
+The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
+(@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
+The value may not be changed.
+
+@item mailwarn
+If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
+accessed since the last time it was checked, the message
+@code{"The mail in @var{mailfile} has been read"} is displayed.
+
+@item no_empty_cmd_completion
+If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search
+the @env{PATH} for possible completions when completion is attempted
+on an empty line.
+
+@item nocaseglob
+If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when
+performing filename expansion.
+
+@item nullglob
+If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no
+files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
+
+@item progcomp
+If set, the programmable completion facilities
+(@pxref{Programmable Completion}) are enabled.
+This option is enabled by default.
+
+@item promptvars
+If set, prompt strings undergo variable and parameter expansion after
+being expanded (@pxref{Printing a Prompt}).
+This option is enabled by default.
+
+@item restricted_shell
+The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
+(@pxref{The Restricted Shell}).
+The value may not be changed.
+This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing
+the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
+
+@item shift_verbose
+If this is set, the @code{shift}
+builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the
+number of positional parameters.
+
+@item sourcepath
+If set, the @code{source} builtin uses the value of @env{PATH}
+to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
+This option is enabled by default.
+
+@item xpg_echo
+If set, the @code{echo} builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+by default.
+
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+The return status when listing options is zero if all @var{optnames}
+are enabled, non-zero otherwise.
+When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an
+@var{optname} is not a valid shell option.
+
+@item source
+@btindex source
+@example
+source @var{filename}
+@end example
+A synonym for @code{.} (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+@item type
+@btindex type
+@example
+type [-afptP] [@var{name} @dots{}]
+@end example
+For each @var{name}, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
+command name.
+
+If the @option{-t} option is used, @code{type} prints a single word
+which is one of @samp{alias}, @samp{function}, @samp{builtin},
+@samp{file} or @samp{keyword},
+if @var{name} is an alias, shell function, shell builtin,
+disk file, or shell reserved word, respectively.
+If the @var{name} is not found, then nothing is printed, and
+@code{type} returns a failure status.
+
+If the @option{-p} option is used, @code{type} either returns the name
+of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if @option{-t}
+would not return @samp{file}.
+
+The @option{-P} option forces a path search for each @var{name}, even if
+@option{-t} would not return @samp{file}.
+
+If a command is hashed, @option{-p} and @option{-P} print the hashed value,
+not necessarily the file that appears first in @code{$PATH}.
+
+If the @option{-a} option is used, @code{type} returns all of the places
+that contain an executable named @var{file}.
+This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the @option{-p} option
+is not also used.
+
+If the @option{-f} option is used, @code{type} does not attempt to find
+shell functions, as with the @code{command} builtin.
+
+The return status is zero if any of the @var{names} are found, non-zero
+if none are found.
+
+@item typeset
+@btindex typeset
+@example
+typeset [-afFrxi] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}]
+@end example
+The @code{typeset} command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
+shell; however, it has been deprecated in favor of the @code{declare}
+builtin command.
+
+@item ulimit
+@btindex ulimit
+@example
+ulimit [-acdflmnpstuvSH] [@var{limit}]
+@end example
+@code{ulimit} provides control over the resources available to processes
+started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an
+option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
+@table @code
+@item -S
+Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource.
+
+@item -H
+Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource.
+
+@item -a
+All current limits are reported.
+
+@item -c
+The maximum size of core files created.
+
+@item -d
+The maximum size of a process's data segment.
+
+@item -f
+The maximum size of files created by the shell.
+
+@item -l
+The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
+
+@item -m
+The maximum resident set size.
+
+@item -n
+The maximum number of open file descriptors.
+
+@item -p
+The pipe buffer size.
+
+@item -s
+The maximum stack size.
+
+@item -t
+The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
+
+@item -u
+The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
+
+@item -v
+The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the process.
+
+@end table
+
+If @var{limit} is given, it is the new value of the specified resource;
+the special @var{limit} values @code{hard}, @code{soft}, and
+@code{unlimited} stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
+and no limit, respectively.
+Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified resource
+is printed, unless the @option{-H} option is supplied.
+When setting new limits, if neither @option{-H} nor @option{-S} is supplied,
+both the hard and soft limits are set.
+If no option is given, then @option{-f} is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte
+increments, except for @option{-t}, which is in seconds, @option{-p},
+which is in units of 512-byte blocks, and @option{-n} and @option{-u}, which
+are unscaled values.
+
+The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
+or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+
+@item unalias
+@btindex unalias
+@example
+unalias [-a] [@var{name} @dots{} ]
+@end example
+
+Remove each @var{name} from the list of aliases. If @option{-a} is
+supplied, all aliases are removed.
+Aliases are described in @ref{Aliases}.
+
+@end table
+
+@node The Set Builtin
+@section The Set Builtin
+
+This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section.
+
+@table @code
+@item set
+@btindex set
+@example
+set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o @var{option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+If no options or arguments are supplied, @code{set} displays the names
+and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the
+current locale, in a format that may be reused as input.
+
+When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
+Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
+
+@table @code
+@item -a
+Mark variables and function which are modified or created for export
+to the environment of subsequent commands.
+
+@item -b
+Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
+immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt.
+
+@item -e
+Exit immediately if a simple command (@pxref{Simple Commands}) exits
+with a non-zero status, unless the command that fails is part of the
+command list immediately following a @code{while} or @code{until}
+keyword, part of the test in an @code{if} statement,
+part of a @code{&&} or @code{||} list, or if the command's return
+status is being inverted using @code{!}.
+A trap on @code{ERR}, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
+
+@item -f
+Disable file name generation (globbing).
+
+@item -h
+Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution.
+This option is enabled by default.
+
+@item -k
+All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed
+in the environment for a command, not just those that precede
+the command name.
+
+@item -m
+Job control is enabled (@pxref{Job Control}).
+
+@item -n
+Read commands but do not execute them; this may be used to check a
+script for syntax errors.
+This option is ignored by interactive shells.
+
+@item -o @var{option-name}
+
+Set the option corresponding to @var{option-name}:
+
+@table @code
+@item allexport
+Same as @code{-a}.
+
+@item braceexpand
+Same as @code{-B}.
+
+@item emacs
+Use an @code{emacs}-style line editing interface (@pxref{Command Line Editing}).
+
+@item errexit
+Same as @code{-e}.
+
+@item errtrace
+Same as @code{-E}.
+
+@item functrace
+Same as @code{-T}.
+
+@item hashall
+Same as @code{-h}.
+
+@item histexpand
+Same as @code{-H}.
+
+@item history
+Enable command history, as described in @ref{Bash History Facilities}.
+This option is on by default in interactive shells.
+
+@item ignoreeof
+An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF.
+
+@item keyword
+Same as @code{-k}.
+
+@item monitor
+Same as @code{-m}.
+
+@item noclobber
+Same as @code{-C}.
+
+@item noexec
+Same as @code{-n}.
+
+@item noglob
+Same as @code{-f}.
+
+@item nolog
+Currently ignored.
+
+@item notify
+Same as @code{-b}.
+
+@item nounset
+Same as @code{-u}.
+
+@item onecmd
+Same as @code{-t}.
+
+@item physical
+Same as @code{-P}.
+
+@item posix
+Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
+from the @sc{posix} 1003.2 standard to match the standard
+(@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
+This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
+standard.
+
+@item privileged
+Same as @code{-p}.
+
+@item verbose
+Same as @code{-v}.
+
+@item vi
+Use a @code{vi}-style line editing interface.
+
+@item xtrace
+Same as @code{-x}.
+@end table
+
+@item -p
+Turn on privileged mode.
+In this mode, the @env{$BASH_ENV} and @env{$ENV} files are not
+processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
+and the @env{SHELLOPTS} variable, if it appears in the environment,
+is ignored.
+If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the @code{-p} option is not supplied, these actions
+are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
+If the @code{-p} option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
+not reset.
+Turning this option off causes the effective user
+and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
+
+@item -t
+Exit after reading and executing one command.
+
+@item -u
+Treat unset variables as an error when performing parameter expansion.
+An error message will be written to the standard error, and a non-interactive
+shell will exit.
+
+@item -v
+Print shell input lines as they are read.
+
+@item -x
+Print a trace of simple commands, \fBfor\fP commands, \fBcase\fP
+commands, \fBselect\fP commands, and arithmetic \fBfor\fP commands
+and their arguments or associated word lists after they are
+expanded and before they are executed. The value of the @env{PS4}
+variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before
+the command and its expanded arguments.
+
+@item -B
+The shell will perform brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}).
+This option is on by default.
+
+@item -C
+Prevent output redirection using @samp{>}, @samp{>&}, and @samp{<>}
+from overwriting existing files.
+
+@item -E
+If set, any trap on @code{ERR} is inherited by shell functions, command
+substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
+The @code{ERR} trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
+
+@item -H
+Enable @samp{!} style history substitution (@pxref{History Interaction}).
+This option is on by default for interactive shells.
+
+@item -P
+If set, do not follow symbolic links when performing commands such as
+@code{cd} which change the current directory. The physical directory
+is used instead. By default, Bash follows
+the logical chain of directories when performing commands
+which change the current directory.
+
+For example, if @file{/usr/sys} is a symbolic link to @file{/usr/local/sys}
+then:
+@example
+$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+/usr/sys
+$ cd ..; pwd
+/usr
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+If @code{set -P} is on, then:
+@example
+$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+/usr/local/sys
+$ cd ..; pwd
+/usr/local
+@end example
+
+@item -T
+If set, any trap on @code{DEBUG} is inherited by shell functions, command
+substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
+The @code{DEBUG} trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
+
+@item --
+If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
+unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the
+@var{arguments}, even if some of them begin with a @samp{-}.
+
+@item -
+Signal the end of options, cause all remaining @var{arguments}
+to be assigned to the positional parameters. The @option{-x}
+and @option{-v} options are turned off.
+If there are no arguments, the positional parameters remain unchanged.
+@end table
+
+Using @samp{+} rather than @samp{-} causes these options to be
+turned off. The options can also be used upon invocation of the
+shell. The current set of options may be found in @code{$-}.
+
+The remaining N @var{arguments} are positional parameters and are
+assigned, in order, to @code{$1}, @code{$2}, @dots{} @code{$N}.
+The special parameter @code{#} is set to N.
+
+The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied.
+@end table
+
+@node Special Builtins
+@section Special Builtins
+@cindex special builtin
+
+For historical reasons, the @sc{posix} 1003.2 standard has classified
+several builtin commands as @emph{special}.
+When Bash is executing in @sc{posix} mode, the special builtins
+differ from other builtin commands in three respects:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup.
+
+@item
+If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits.
+
+@item
+Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell
+environment after the command completes.
+@end enumerate
+
+When Bash is not executing in @sc{posix} mode, these builtins behave no
+differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands.
+The Bash @sc{posix} mode is described in @ref{Bash POSIX Mode}.
+
+These are the @sc{posix} special builtins:
+@example
+@w{break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set}
+@w{shift trap unset}
+@end example
+
+@node Shell Variables
+@chapter Shell Variables
+
+@menu
+* Bourne Shell Variables:: Variables which Bash uses in the same way
+ as the Bourne Shell.
+* Bash Variables:: List of variables that exist in Bash.
+@end menu
+
+This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses.
+Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.
+
+@node Bourne Shell Variables
+@section Bourne Shell Variables
+
+Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
+In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
+
+@vtable @code
+
+@item CDPATH
+A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for
+the @code{cd} builtin command.
+
+@item HOME
+The current user's home directory; the default for the @code{cd} builtin
+command.
+The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion
+(@pxref{Tilde Expansion}).
+
+@item IFS
+A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits
+words as part of expansion.
+
+@item MAIL
+If this parameter is set to a filename and the @env{MAILPATH} variable
+is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in
+the specified file.
+
+@item MAILPATH
+A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks
+for new mail.
+Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail
+arrives in the mail file by separating the file name from the message with
+a @samp{?}.
+When used in the text of the message, @code{$_} expands to the name of
+the current mail file.
+
+@item OPTARG
+The value of the last option argument processed by the @code{getopts} builtin.
+
+@item OPTIND
+The index of the last option argument processed by the @code{getopts} builtin.
+
+@item PATH
+A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+commands.
+A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of @code{PATH} indicates the
+current directory.
+A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial
+or trailing colon.
+
+
+@item PS1
+The primary prompt string. The default value is @samp{\s-\v\$ }.
+@xref{Printing a Prompt}, for the complete list of escape
+sequences that are expanded before @env{PS1} is displayed.
+
+@item PS2
+The secondary prompt string. The default value is @samp{> }.
+
+@end vtable
+
+@node Bash Variables
+@section Bash Variables
+
+These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells
+do not normally treat them specially.
+
+A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters:
+variables for controlling the job control facilities
+(@pxref{Job Control Variables}).
+
+@vtable @code
+
+@item BASH
+The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
+
+@item BASH_ARGC
+An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
+frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of
+parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
+with @code{.} or @code{source}) is at the top of the stack. When a
+subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
+@code{BASH_ARGC}.
+
+@item BASH_ARGV
+An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash
+execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call
+is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
+at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
+are pushed onto @code{BASH_ARGV}.
+
+@item BASH_COMMAND
+The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
+shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
+in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
+
+@item BASH_ENV
+If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
+script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file
+to read before executing the script. @xref{Bash Startup Files}.
+
+@item BASH_EXECUTION_STRING
+The command argument to the @option{-c} invocation option.
+
+@item BASH_LINENO
+An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
+corresponding to each member of @var{FUNCNAME}.
+@code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}} is the line number in the source file where
+@code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i + 1]@}} was called.
+The corresponding source file name is @code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i + 1]@}}.
+Use @code{LINENO} to obtain the current line number.
+
+@item BASH_SOURCE
+An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding
+to the elements in the @code{FUNCNAME} array variable.
+
+@item BASH_SUBSHELL
+Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned.
+The initial value is 0.
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO
+A readonly array variable (@pxref{Arrays})
+whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash.
+The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO[0]
+The major version number (the @var{release}).
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO[1]
+The minor version number (the @var{version}).
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO[2]
+The patch level.
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO[3]
+The build version.
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO[4]
+The release status (e.g., @var{beta1}).
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO[5]
+The value of @env{MACHTYPE}.
+
+@end table
+
+@item BASH_VERSION
+The version number of the current instance of Bash.
+
+@item COLUMNS
+Used by the @code{select} builtin command to determine the terminal width
+when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
+@code{SIGWINCH}.
+
+@item COMP_CWORD
+An index into @env{$@{COMP_WORDS@}} of the word containing the current
+cursor position.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+
+@item COMP_LINE
+The current command line.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+
+@item COMP_POINT
+The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of
+the current command.
+If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command,
+the value of this variable is equal to @code{$@{#COMP_LINE@}}.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+
+@item COMP_WORDBREAKS
+The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
+separators when performing word completion.
+If @code{COMP_WORDBREAKS} is unset, it loses its special properties,
+even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+@item COMP_WORDS
+An array variable consisting of the individual
+words in the current command line.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+
+@item COMPREPLY
+An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
+generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
+facility (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+
+@item DIRSTACK
+An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack.
+Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
+@code{dirs} builtin.
+Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify
+directories already in the stack, but the @code{pushd} and @code{popd}
+builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
+Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
+If @env{DIRSTACK} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+
+@item EMACS
+If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+starts with value @samp{t}, it assumes that the shell is running in an
+emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+
+@item EUID
+The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
+is readonly.
+
+@item FCEDIT
+The editor used as a default by the @option{-e} option to the @code{fc}
+builtin command.
+
+@item FIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+filename completion.
+A file name whose suffix matches one of the entries in
+@env{FIGNORE}
+is excluded from the list of matched file names. A sample
+value is @samp{.o:~}
+
+@item FUNCNAME
+An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+currently in the execution call stack.
+The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
+shell function.
+The bottom-most element is "main".
+This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+Assignments to @env{FUNCNAME} have no effect and return an error status.
+If @env{FUNCNAME} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+
+@item GLOBIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
+be ignored by filename expansion.
+If a filename matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one
+of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}, it is removed from the list
+of matches.
+
+@item GROUPS
+An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
+user is a member.
+Assignments to @env{GROUPS} have no effect and return an error status.
+If @env{GROUPS} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+
+@item histchars
+Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
+substitution, and tokenization (@pxref{History Interaction}).
+The first character is the
+@var{history expansion} character, that is, the character which signifies the
+start of a history expansion, normally @samp{!}. The second character is the
+character which signifies `quick substitution' when seen as the first
+character on a line, normally @samp{^}. The optional third character is the
+character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when
+found as the first character of a word, usually @samp{#}. The history
+comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
+remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell
+parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
+
+@item HISTCMD
+The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
+command. If @env{HISTCMD} is unset, it loses its special properties,
+even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+@item HISTCONTROL
+A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on
+the history list.
+If the list of values includes @samp{ignorespace}, lines which begin
+with a space character are not saved in the history list.
+A value of @samp{ignoredups} causes lines which match the previous
+history entry to not be saved.
+A value of @samp{ignoreboth} is shorthand for
+@samp{ignorespace} and @samp{ignoredups}.
+A value of @samp{erasedups} causes all previous lines matching the
+current line to be removed from the history list before that line
+is saved.
+Any value not in the above list is ignored.
+If @env{HISTCONTROL} is unset, or does not include a valid value,
+all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
+subject to the value of @env{HISTIGNORE}.
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+@env{HISTCONTROL}.
+
+@item HISTFILE
+The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The
+default value is @file{~/.bash_history}.
+
+@item HISTFILESIZE
+The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this
+variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if
+necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines.
+The history file is also truncated to this size after
+writing it when an interactive shell exits.
+The default value is 500.
+
+@item HISTIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
+anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
+line (no implicit @samp{*} is appended). Each pattern is tested
+against the line after the checks specified by @env{HISTCONTROL}
+are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching
+characters, @samp{&} matches the previous history line. @samp{&}
+may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
+before attempting a match.
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+@env{HISTIGNORE}.
+
+@env{HISTIGNORE} subsumes the function of @env{HISTCONTROL}. A
+pattern of @samp{&} is identical to @code{ignoredups}, and a
+pattern of @samp{[ ]*} is identical to @code{ignorespace}.
+Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon,
+provides the functionality of @code{ignoreboth}.
+
+@item HISTSIZE
+The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.
+The default value is 500.
+
+@item HOSTFILE
+Contains the name of a file in the same format as @file{/etc/hosts} that
+should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
+The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell
+is running;
+the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
+value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the
+existing list.
+If @env{HOSTFILE} is set, but has no value, Bash attempts to read
+@file{/etc/hosts} to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
+When @env{HOSTFILE} is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+
+@item HOSTNAME
+The name of the current host.
+
+@item HOSTTYPE
+A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
+
+@item IGNOREEOF
+Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an @code{EOF} character
+as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number
+of consecutive @code{EOF} characters that can be read as the
+first character on an input line
+before the shell will exit. If the variable exists but does not
+have a numeric value (or has no value) then the default is 10.
+If the variable does not exist, then @code{EOF} signifies the end of
+input to the shell. This is only in effect for interactive shells.
+
+@item INPUTRC
+The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default
+of @file{~/.inputrc}.
+
+@item LANG
+Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
+selected with a variable starting with @code{LC_}.
+
+@item LC_ALL
+This variable overrides the value of @env{LANG} and any other
+@code{LC_} variable specifying a locale category.
+
+@item LC_COLLATE
+This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
+results of filename expansion, and
+determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes,
+and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching
+(@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
+
+@item LC_CTYPE
+This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
+behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern
+matching (@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
+
+@item LC_MESSAGES
+This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
+strings preceded by a @samp{$} (@pxref{Locale Translation}).
+
+@item LC_NUMERIC
+This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
+
+@item LINENO
+The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
+
+@item LINES
+Used by the @code{select} builtin command to determine the column length
+for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
+@code{SIGWINCH}.
+
+@item MACHTYPE
+A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash
+is executing, in the standard @sc{gnu} @var{cpu-company-system} format.
+
+@item MAILCHECK
+How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
+files specified in the @env{MAILPATH} or @env{MAIL} variables.
+The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check
+for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt.
+If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
+greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+
+@item OLDPWD
+The previous working directory as set by the @code{cd} builtin.
+
+@item OPTERR
+If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages
+generated by the @code{getopts} builtin command.
+
+@item OSTYPE
+A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
+
+@item PIPESTATUS
+An array variable (@pxref{Arrays})
+containing a list of exit status values from the processes
+in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may
+contain only a single command).
+
+@item POSIXLY_CORRECT
+If this variable is in the environment when @code{bash} starts, the shell
+enters @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}) before reading the
+startup files, as if the @option{--posix} invocation option had been supplied.
+If it is set while the shell is running, @code{bash} enables @sc{posix} mode,
+as if the command
+@example
+@code{set -o posix}
+@end example
+@noindent
+had been executed.
+
+@item PPID
+The process @sc{id} of the shell's parent process. This variable
+is readonly.
+
+@item PROMPT_COMMAND
+If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute
+before the printing of each primary prompt (@env{$PS1}).
+
+@item PS3
+The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the
+@code{select} command. If this variable is not set, the
+@code{select} command prompts with @samp{#? }
+
+@item PS4
+The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed
+when the @option{-x} option is set (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+The first character of @env{PS4} is replicated multiple times, as
+necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection.
+The default is @samp{+ }.
+
+@item PWD
+The current working directory as set by the @code{cd} builtin.
+
+@item RANDOM
+Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer
+between 0 and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this
+variable seeds the random number generator.
+
+@item REPLY
+The default variable for the @code{read} builtin.
+
+@item SECONDS
+This variable expands to the number of seconds since the
+shell was started. Assignment to this variable resets
+the count to the value assigned, and the expanded value
+becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds
+since the assignment.
+
+@item SHELLOPTS
+A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the @option{-o} option to the
+@code{set} builtin command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+The options appearing in @env{SHELLOPTS} are those reported
+as @samp{on} by @samp{set -o}.
+If this variable is in the environment when Bash
+starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
+reading any startup files. This variable is readonly.
+
+@item SHLVL
+Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is
+intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested.
+
+@item TIMEFORMAT
+The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
+how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the @code{time}
+reserved word should be displayed.
+The @samp{%} character introduces an
+escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other
+information.
+The escape sequences and their meanings are as
+follows; the braces denote optional portions.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item %%
+A literal @samp{%}.
+
+@item %[@var{p}][l]R
+The elapsed time in seconds.
+
+@item %[@var{p}][l]U
+The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
+
+@item %[@var{p}][l]S
+The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
+
+@item %P
+The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
+@end table
+
+The optional @var{p} is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
+fractional digits after a decimal point.
+A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
+At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values
+of @var{p} greater than 3 are changed to 3.
+If @var{p} is not specified, the value 3 is used.
+
+The optional @code{l} specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+the form @var{MM}m@var{SS}.@var{FF}s.
+The value of @var{p} determines whether or not the fraction is included.
+
+If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value
+@example
+@code{$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'}
+@end example
+If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.
+A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
+
+@item TMOUT
+If set to a value greater than zero, @code{TMOUT} is treated as the
+default timeout for the @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+The @code{select} command (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}) terminates
+if input does not arrive after @code{TMOUT} seconds when input is coming
+from a terminal.
+
+In an interative shell, the value is interpreted as
+the number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary
+prompt when the shell is interactive.
+Bash terminates after that number of seconds if input does
+not arrive.
+
+@item UID
+The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly.
+
+@end vtable
+
+@node Bash Features
+@chapter Bash Features
+
+This section describes features unique to Bash.
+
+@menu
+* Invoking Bash:: Command line options that you can give
+ to Bash.
+* Bash Startup Files:: When and how Bash executes scripts.
+* Interactive Shells:: What an interactive shell is.
+* Bash Conditional Expressions:: Primitives used in composing expressions for
+ the @code{test} builtin.
+* Shell Arithmetic:: Arithmetic on shell variables.
+* Aliases:: Substituting one command for another.
+* Arrays:: Array Variables.
+* The Directory Stack:: History of visited directories.
+* Printing a Prompt:: Controlling the PS1 string.
+* The Restricted Shell:: A more controlled mode of shell execution.
+* Bash POSIX Mode:: Making Bash behave more closely to what
+ the POSIX standard specifies.
+@end menu
+
+@node Invoking Bash
+@section Invoking Bash
+
+@example
+bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] [-O @var{shopt_option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
+bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] [-O @var{shopt_option}] -c @var{string} [@var{argument} @dots{}]
+bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] [-O @var{shopt_option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+In addition to the single-character shell command-line options
+(@pxref{The Set Builtin}), there are several multi-character
+options that you can use. These options must appear on the command
+line before the single-character options to be recognized.
+
+@table @code
+@item --debugger
+Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
+starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see @ref{Bash Builtins}
+for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt}
+builtin) and shell function tracing
+(see @ref{The Set Builtin} for a description of the @code{-o functrace}
+option).
+
+@item --dump-po-strings
+A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$}
+is printed on the standard ouput
+in the @sc{gnu} @code{gettext} PO (portable object) file format.
+Equivalent to @option{-D} except for the output format.
+
+@item --dump-strings
+Equivalent to @option{-D}.
+
+@item --help
+Display a usage message on standard output and exit sucessfully.
+
+@item --init-file @var{filename}
+@itemx --rcfile @var{filename}
+Execute commands from @var{filename} (instead of @file{~/.bashrc})
+in an interactive shell.
+
+@item --login
+Equivalent to @option{-l}.
+
+@item --noediting
+Do not use the @sc{gnu} Readline library (@pxref{Command Line Editing})
+to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
+
+@item --noprofile
+Don't load the system-wide startup file @file{/etc/profile}
+or any of the personal initialization files
+@file{~/.bash_profile}, @file{~/.bash_login}, or @file{~/.profile}
+when Bash is invoked as a login shell.
+
+@item --norc
+Don't read the @file{~/.bashrc} initialization file in an
+interactive shell. This is on by default if the shell is
+invoked as @code{sh}.
+
+@item --posix
+Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
+from the @sc{posix} 1003.2 standard to match the standard. This
+is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
+standard. @xref{Bash POSIX Mode}, for a description of the Bash
+@sc{posix} mode.
+
+@item --restricted
+Make the shell a restricted shell (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}).
+
+@item --verbose
+Equivalent to @option{-v}. Print shell input lines as they're read.
+
+@item --version
+Show version information for this instance of
+Bash on the standard output and exit successfully.
+
+@end table
+
+There are several single-character options that may be supplied at
+invocation which are not available with the @code{set} builtin.
+
+@table @code
+@item -c @var{string}
+Read and execute commands from @var{string} after processing the
+options, then exit. Any remaining arguments are assigned to the
+positional parameters, starting with @code{$0}.
+
+@item -i
+Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are
+described in @ref{Interactive Shells}.
+
+@item -l
+Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
+When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a
+login shell with @samp{exec -l bash}.
+When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will
+be executed.
+@samp{exec bash -l} or @samp{exec bash --login}
+will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell.
+@xref{Bash Startup Files}, for a description of the special behavior
+of a login shell.
+
+@item -r
+Make the shell a restricted shell (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}).
+
+@item -s
+If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
+processing, then commands are read from the standard input.
+This option allows the positional parameters to be set
+when invoking an interactive shell.
+
+@item -D
+A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$}
+is printed on the standard ouput.
+These are the strings that
+are subject to language translation when the current locale
+is not @code{C} or @code{POSIX} (@pxref{Locale Translation}).
+This implies the @option{-n} option; no commands will be executed.
+
+@item [-+]O [@var{shopt_option}]
+@var{shopt_option} is one of the shell options accepted by the
+@code{shopt} builtin (@pxref{Shell Builtin Commands}).
+If @var{shopt_option} is present, @option{-O} sets the value of that option;
+@option{+O} unsets it.
+If @var{shopt_option} is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
+options accepted by @code{shopt} are printed on the standard output.
+If the invocation option is @option{+O}, the output is displayed in a format
+that may be reused as input.
+
+@item --
+A @code{--} signals the end of options and disables further option
+processing.
+Any arguments after the @code{--} are treated as filenames and arguments.
+
+@end table
+
+@cindex login shell
+A @emph{login} shell is one whose first character of argument zero is
+@samp{-}, or one invoked with the @option{--login} option.
+
+@cindex interactive shell
+An @emph{interactive} shell is one started without non-option arguments,
+unless @option{-s} is specified,
+without specifying the @option{-c} option, and whose input and output are both
+connected to terminals (as determined by @code{isatty(3)}), or one
+started with the @option{-i} option. @xref{Interactive Shells}, for more
+information.
+
+If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the
+@option{-c} nor the @option{-s}
+option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
+be the name of a file containing shell commands (@pxref{Shell Scripts}).
+When Bash is invoked in this fashion, @code{$0}
+is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
+are set to the remaining arguments.
+Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits.
+Bash's exit status is the exit status of the last command executed
+in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
+
+@node Bash Startup Files
+@section Bash Startup Files
+@cindex startup files
+
+This section describs how Bash executes its startup files.
+If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error.
+Tildes are expanded in file names as described above under
+Tilde Expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}).
+
+Interactive shells are described in @ref{Interactive Shells}.
+
+@subsubheading Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with @option{--login}
+
+When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
+non-interactive shell with the @option{--login} option, it first reads and
+executes commands from the file @file{/etc/profile}, if that file exists.
+After reading that file, it looks for @file{~/.bash_profile},
+@file{~/.bash_login}, and @file{~/.profile}, in that order, and reads
+and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.
+The @option{--noprofile} option may be used when the shell is started to
+inhibit this behavior.
+
+When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from
+the file @file{~/.bash_logout}, if it exists.
+
+@subsubheading Invoked as an interactive non-login shell
+
+When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
+reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that file exists.
+This may be inhibited by using the @option{--norc} option.
+The @option{--rcfile @var{file}} option will force Bash to read and
+execute commands from @var{file} instead of @file{~/.bashrc}.
+
+So, typically, your @file{~/.bash_profile} contains the line
+@example
+@code{if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi}
+@end example
+@noindent
+after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
+
+@subsubheading Invoked non-interactively
+
+When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script,
+for example, it looks for the variable @env{BASH_ENV} in the environment,
+expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as
+the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the
+following command were executed:
+@example
+@code{if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi}
+@end example
+@noindent
+but the value of the @env{PATH} variable is not used to search for the
+file name.
+
+As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
+@option{--login} option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
+login shell startup files.
+
+@subsubheading Invoked with name @code{sh}
+
+If Bash is invoked with the name @code{sh}, it tries to mimic the
+startup behavior of historical versions of @code{sh} as closely as
+possible, while conforming to the @sc{posix} standard as well.
+
+When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
+shell with the @option{--login} option, it first attempts to read
+and execute commands from @file{/etc/profile} and @file{~/.profile}, in
+that order.
+The @option{--noprofile} option may be used to inhibit this behavior.
+When invoked as an interactive shell with the name @code{sh}, Bash
+looks for the variable @env{ENV}, expands its value if it is defined,
+and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
+Since a shell invoked as @code{sh} does not attempt to read and execute
+commands from any other startup files, the @option{--rcfile} option has
+no effect.
+A non-interactive shell invoked with the name @code{sh} does not attempt
+to read any other startup files.
+
+When invoked as @code{sh}, Bash enters @sc{posix} mode after
+the startup files are read.
+
+@subsubheading Invoked in @sc{posix} mode
+
+When Bash is started in @sc{posix} mode, as with the
+@option{--posix} command line option, it follows the @sc{posix} standard
+for startup files.
+In this mode, interactive shells expand the @env{ENV} variable
+and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the
+expanded value.
+No other startup files are read.
+
+@subsubheading Invoked by remote shell daemon
+
+Bash attempts to determine when it is being run by the remote shell
+daemon, usually @code{rshd}. If Bash determines it is being run by
+rshd, it reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that
+file exists and is readable.
+It will not do this if invoked as @code{sh}.
+The @option{--norc} option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the
+@option{--rcfile} option may be used to force another file to be read, but
+@code{rshd} does not generally invoke the shell with those options or
+allow them to be specified.
+
+@subsubheading Invoked with unequal effective and real @sc{uid/gid}s
+
+If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the @code{-p} option is not supplied, no startup
+files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
+the @env{SHELLOPTS} variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored,
+and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
+If the @code{-p} option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
+the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
+
+@node Interactive Shells
+@section Interactive Shells
+@cindex interactive shell
+@cindex shell, interactive
+
+@menu
+* What is an Interactive Shell?:: What determines whether a shell is Interactive.
+* Is this Shell Interactive?:: How to tell if a shell is interactive.
+* Interactive Shell Behavior:: What changes in a interactive shell?
+@end menu
+
+@node What is an Interactive Shell?
+@subsection What is an Interactive Shell?
+
+An interactive shell
+is one started without non-option arguments, unless @option{-s} is
+specified, without specifiying the @option{-c} option, and
+whose input and output are both
+connected to terminals (as determined by @code{isatty(3)}),
+or one started with the @option{-i} option.
+
+An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's
+terminal.
+
+The @option{-s} invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters
+when an interactive shell is started.
+
+@node Is this Shell Interactive?
+@subsection Is this Shell Interactive?
+
+To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is
+running interactively,
+test the value of the @samp{-} special parameter.
+It contains @code{i} when the shell is interactive. For example:
+
+@example
+case "$-" in
+*i*) echo This shell is interactive ;;
+*) echo This shell is not interactive ;;
+esac
+@end example
+
+Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable
+@env{PS1}; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in
+interactive shells. Thus:
+
+@example
+if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then
+ echo This shell is not interactive
+else
+ echo This shell is interactive
+fi
+@end example
+
+@node Interactive Shell Behavior
+@subsection Interactive Shell Behavior
+
+When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in
+several ways.
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Startup files are read and executed as described in @ref{Bash Startup Files}.
+
+@item
+Job Control (@pxref{Job Control}) is enabled by default. When job
+control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control
+signals @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}.
+
+@item
+Bash expands and displays @env{PS1} before reading the first line
+of a command, and expands and displays @env{PS2} before reading the
+second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command.
+
+@item
+Bash executes the value of the @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} variable as a command
+before printing the primary prompt, @env{$PS1}
+(@pxref{Bash Variables}).
+
+@item
+Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) is used to read commands from
+the user's terminal.
+
+@item
+Bash inspects the value of the @code{ignoreeof} option to @code{set -o}
+instead of exiting immediately when it receives an @code{EOF} on its
+standard input when reading a command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+
+@item
+Command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities})
+and history expansion (@pxref{History Interaction})
+are enabled by default.
+Bash will save the command history to the file named by @env{$HISTFILE}
+when an interactive shell exits.
+
+@item
+Alias expansion (@pxref{Aliases}) is performed by default.
+
+@item
+In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores @code{SIGTERM}
+(@pxref{Signals}).
+
+@item
+In the absence of any traps, @code{SIGINT} is caught and handled
+((@pxref{Signals}).
+@code{SIGINT} will interrupt some shell builtins.
+
+@item
+An interactive login shell sends a @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs on exit
+if the @code{hupoxexit} shell option has been enabled (@pxref{Signals}).
+
+@item
+The @option{-n} invocation option is ignored, and @samp{set -n} has
+no effect (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+
+@item
+Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the
+@env{MAIL}, @env{MAILPATH}, and @env{MAILCHECK} shell variables
+(@pxref{Bash Variables}).
+
+@item
+Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after
+@samp{set -u} has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
+(@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+
+@item
+The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by @var{var} being unset
+or null in @code{$@{@var{var}:?@var{word}@}} expansions
+(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the
+shell to exit.
+
+@item
+When running in @sc{posix} mode, a special builtin returning an error
+status will not cause the shell to exit (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
+@item
+A failed @code{exec} will not cause the shell to exit
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
+
+@item
+Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the @code{cd}
+builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the @code{cdspell}
+option to the @code{shopt} builtin in @ref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+The shell will check the value of the @env{TMOUT} variable and exit
+if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after
+printing @env{$PS1} (@pxref{Bash Variables}).
+
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Bash Conditional Expressions
+@section Bash Conditional Expressions
+@cindex expressions, conditional
+
+Conditional expressions are used by the @code{[[} compound command
+and the @code{test} and @code{[} builtin commands.
+
+Expressions may be unary or binary.
+Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file.
+There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.
+If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is of the form
+@file{/dev/fd/@var{N}}, then file descriptor @var{N} is checked.
+If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is one of
+@file{/dev/stdin}, @file{/dev/stdout}, or @file{/dev/stderr}, file
+descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
+
+@table @code
+@item -a @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists.
+
+@item -b @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a block special file.
+
+@item -c @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a character special file.
+
+@item -d @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a directory.
+
+@item -e @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists.
+
+@item -f @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a regular file.
+
+@item -g @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
+
+@item -h @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a symbolic link.
+
+@item -k @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and its "sticky" bit is set.
+
+@item -p @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
+
+@item -r @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is readable.
+
+@item -s @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and has a size greater than zero.
+
+@item -t @var{fd}
+True if file descriptor @var{fd} is open and refers to a terminal.
+
+@item -u @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+
+@item -w @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is writable.
+
+@item -x @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is executable.
+
+@item -O @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+
+@item -G @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective group id.
+
+@item -L @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a symbolic link.
+
+@item -S @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a socket.
+
+@item -N @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+
+@item @var{file1} -nt @var{file2}
+True if @var{file1} is newer (according to modification date)
+than @var{file2}, or if @var{file1} exists and @var{file2} does not.
+
+@item @var{file1} -ot @var{file2}
+True if @var{file1} is older than @var{file2},
+or if @var{file2} exists and @var{file1} does not.
+
+@item @var{file1} -ef @var{file2}
+True if @var{file1} and @var{file2} refer to the same device and
+inode numbers.
+
+@item -o @var{optname}
+True if shell option @var{optname} is enabled.
+The list of options appears in the description of the @option{-o}
+option to the @code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+
+@item -z @var{string}
+True if the length of @var{string} is zero.
+
+@item -n @var{string}
+@itemx @var{string}
+True if the length of @var{string} is non-zero.
+
+@item @var{string1} == @var{string2}
+True if the strings are equal.
+@samp{=} may be used in place of @samp{==} for strict @sc{posix} compliance.
+
+@item @var{string1} != @var{string2}
+True if the strings are not equal.
+
+@item @var{string1} < @var{string2}
+True if @var{string1} sorts before @var{string2} lexicographically
+in the current locale.
+
+@item @var{string1} > @var{string2}
+True if @var{string1} sorts after @var{string2} lexicographically
+in the current locale.
+
+@item @var{arg1} OP @var{arg2}
+@code{OP} is one of
+@samp{-eq}, @samp{-ne}, @samp{-lt}, @samp{-le}, @samp{-gt}, or @samp{-ge}.
+These arithmetic binary operators return true if @var{arg1}
+is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to,
+greater than, or greater than or equal to @var{arg2},
+respectively. @var{Arg1} and @var{arg2}
+may be positive or negative integers.
+
+@end table
+
+@node Shell Arithmetic
+@section Shell Arithmetic
+@cindex arithmetic, shell
+@cindex shell arithmetic
+@cindex expressions, arithmetic
+@cindex evaluation, arithmetic
+@cindex arithmetic evaluation
+
+The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of
+the shell expansions or by the @code{let} and the @option{-i} option
+to the @code{declare} builtins.
+
+Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
+though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
+The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values
+are the same as in the C language.
+The following list of operators is grouped into levels of
+equal-precedence operators.
+The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item @var{id}++ @var{id}--
+variable post-increment and post-decrement
+
+@item ++@var{id} --@var{id}
+variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
+
+@item - +
+unary minus and plus
+
+@item ! ~
+logical and bitwise negation
+
+@item **
+exponentiation
+
+@item * / %
+multiplication, division, remainder
+
+@item + -
+addition, subtraction
+
+@item << >>
+left and right bitwise shifts
+
+@item <= >= < >
+comparison
+
+@item == !=
+equality and inequality
+
+@item &
+bitwise AND
+
+@item ^
+bitwise exclusive OR
+
+@item |
+bitwise OR
+
+@item &&
+logical AND
+
+@item ||
+logical OR
+
+@item expr ? expr : expr
+conditional operator
+
+@item = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
+assignment
+
+@item expr1 , expr2
+comma
+@end table
+
+Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
+performed before the expression is evaluated.
+Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name
+without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced
+by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
+when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
+@var{integer} attribute using @samp{declare -i} is assigned a value.
+A null value evaluates to 0.
+A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on
+to be used in an expression.
+
+Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
+A leading @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise,
+numbers take the form [@var{base}@code{#}]@var{n}, where @var{base}
+is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
+base, and @var{n} is a number in that base. If @var{base}@code{#} is
+omitted, then base 10 is used.
+The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
+the uppercase letters, @samp{@@}, and @samp{_}, in that order.
+If @var{base} is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
+letters may be used interchangably to represent numbers between 10
+and 35.
+
+Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
+parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
+rules above.
+
+@node Aliases
+@section Aliases
+@cindex alias expansion
+
+@var{Aliases} allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
+as the first word of a simple command.
+The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with
+the @code{alias} and @code{unalias} builtin commands.
+
+The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see
+if it has an alias.
+If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.
+The alias name and the replacement text may contain any valid
+shell input, including shell metacharacters, with the exception
+that the alias name may not contain @samp{=}.
+The first word of the replacement text is tested for
+aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded
+is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias
+@code{ls} to @code{"ls -F"},
+for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the
+replacement text. If the last character of the alias value is a
+space or tab character, then the next command word following the
+alias is also checked for alias expansion.
+
+Aliases are created and listed with the @code{alias}
+command, and removed with the @code{unalias} command.
+
+There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text,
+as in @code{csh}.
+If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
+(@pxref{Shell Functions}).
+
+Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive,
+unless the @code{expand_aliases} shell option is set using
+@code{shopt} (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
+somewhat confusing. Bash
+always reads at least one complete line
+of input before executing any
+of the commands on that line. Aliases are expanded when a
+command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an
+alias definition appearing on the same line as another
+command does not take effect until the next line of input is read.
+The commands following the alias definition
+on that line are not affected by the new alias.
+This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
+Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
+not when the function is executed, because a function definition
+is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases
+defined in a function are not available until after that
+function is executed. To be safe, always put
+alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use @code{alias}
+in compound commands.
+
+For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
+
+@node Arrays
+@section Arrays
+@cindex arrays
+
+Bash provides one-dimensional array variables. Any variable may be used as
+an array; the @code{declare} builtin will explicitly declare an array.
+There is no maximum
+limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
+be indexed or assigned contiguously. Arrays are zero-based.
+
+An array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using
+the syntax
+@example
+name[@var{subscript}]=@var{value}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The @var{subscript}
+is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number
+greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use
+@example
+declare -a @var{name}
+@end example
+@noindent
+The syntax
+@example
+declare -a @var{name}[@var{subscript}]
+@end example
+@noindent
+is also accepted; the @var{subscript} is ignored. Attributes may be
+specified for an array variable using the @code{declare} and
+@code{readonly} builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of
+an array.
+
+Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+@example
+name=(value@var{1} @dots{} value@var{n})
+@end example
+@noindent
+where each
+@var{value} is of the form @code{[[@var{subscript}]=]}@var{string}. If
+the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to;
+otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned
+to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero.
+This syntax is also accepted by the @code{declare}
+builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the
+@code{name[}@var{subscript}@code{]=}@var{value} syntax introduced above.
+
+Any element of an array may be referenced using
+@code{$@{name[}@var{subscript}@code{]@}}.
+The braces are required to avoid
+conflicts with the shell's filename expansion operators. If the
+@var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the word expands to all members
+of the array @var{name}. These subscripts differ only when the word
+appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted,
+@code{$@{name[*]@}} expands to a single word with
+the value of each array member separated by the first character of the
+@env{IFS} variable, and @code{$@{name[@@]@}} expands each element of
+@var{name} to a separate word. When there are no array members,
+@code{$@{name[@@]@}} expands to nothing. This is analogous to the
+expansion of the special parameters @samp{@@} and @samp{*}.
+@code{$@{#name[}@var{subscript}@code{]@}} expands to the length of
+@code{$@{name[}@var{subscript}@code{]@}}.
+If @var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or
+@samp{*}, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
+Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing element zero.
+
+The @code{unset} builtin is used to destroy arrays.
+@code{unset} @var{name}[@var{subscript}]
+destroys the array element at index @var{subscript}.
+@code{unset} @var{name}, where @var{name} is an array, removes the
+entire array. A subscript of @samp{*} or @samp{@@} also removes the
+entire array.
+
+The @code{declare}, @code{local}, and @code{readonly}
+builtins each accept a @option{-a}
+option to specify an array. The @code{read}
+builtin accepts a @option{-a}
+option to assign a list of words read from the standard input
+to an array, and can read values from the standard input into
+individual array elements. The @code{set} and @code{declare}
+builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
+reused as input.
+
+@node The Directory Stack
+@section The Directory Stack
+@cindex directory stack
+
+@menu
+* Directory Stack Builtins:: Bash builtin commands to manipulate
+ the directory stack.
+@end menu
+
+The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The
+@code{pushd} builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes
+the current directory, and the @code{popd} builtin removes specified
+directories from the stack and changes the current directory to
+the directory removed. The @code{dirs} builtin displays the contents
+of the directory stack.
+
+The contents of the directory stack are also visible
+as the value of the @env{DIRSTACK} shell variable.
+
+@node Directory Stack Builtins
+@subsection Directory Stack Builtins
+
+@table @code
+
+@item dirs
+@btindex dirs
+@example
+dirs [+@var{N} | -@var{N}] [-clpv]
+@end example
+Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
+are added to the list with the @code{pushd} command; the
+@code{popd} command removes directories from the list.
+@table @code
+@item +@var{N}
+Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting
+with zero.
+@item -@var{N}
+Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting
+with zero.
+@item -c
+Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
+@item -l
+Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a
+tilde to denote the home directory.
+@item -p
+Causes @code{dirs} to print the directory stack with one entry per
+line.
+@item -v
+Causes @code{dirs} to print the directory stack with one entry per
+line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+@end table
+
+@item popd
+@btindex popd
+@example
+popd [+@var{N} | -@var{N}] [-n]
+@end example
+
+Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and @code{cd}
+to the new top directory.
+When no arguments are given, @code{popd}
+removes the top directory from the stack and
+performs a @code{cd} to the new top directory. The
+elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed with
+@code{dirs}; i.e., @code{popd} is equivalent to @code{popd +0}.
+@table @code
+@item +@var{N}
+Removes the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by @code{dirs}), starting with zero.
+@item -@var{N}
+Removes the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by @code{dirs}), starting with zero.
+@item -n
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories
+from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+@end table
+
+@btindex pushd
+@item pushd
+@example
+pushd [@var{dir} | @var{+N} | @var{-N}] [-n]
+@end example
+
+Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack
+and then @code{cd} to @var{dir}.
+With no arguments, @code{pushd} exchanges the top two directories.
+
+@table @code
+@item +@var{N}
+Brings the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by @code{dirs}, starting with zero) to the top of
+the list by rotating the stack.
+@item -@var{N}
+Brings the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by @code{dirs}, starting with zero) to the top of
+the list by rotating the stack.
+@item -n
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories
+to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+@item @var{dir}
+Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, and then
+executes the equivalent of `@code{cd} @var{dir}'.
+@code{cd}s to @var{dir}.
+@end table
+
+@end table
+
+@node Printing a Prompt
+@section Controlling the Prompt
+@cindex prompting
+
+The value of the variable @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} is examined just before
+Bash prints each primary prompt. If @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} is set and
+has a non-null value, then the
+value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line.
+
+In addition, the following table describes the special characters which
+can appear in the prompt variables:
+
+@table @code
+@item \a
+A bell character.
+@item \d
+The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26").
+@item \D@{@var{format}@}
+The @var{format} is passed to @code{strftime}(3) and the result is inserted
+into the prompt string; an empty @var{format} results in a locale-specific
+time representation. The braces are required.
+@item \e
+An escape character.
+@item \h
+The hostname, up to the first `.'.
+@item \H
+The hostname.
+@item \j
+The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
+@item \l
+The basename of the shell's terminal device name.
+@item \n
+A newline.
+@item \r
+A carriage return.
+@item \s
+The name of the shell, the basename of @code{$0} (the portion
+following the final slash).
+@item \t
+The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+@item \T
+The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+@item \@@
+The time, in 12-hour am/pm format.
+@item \A
+The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format.
+@item \u
+The username of the current user.
+@item \v
+The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)
+@item \V
+The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
+@item \w
+The current working directory.
+@item \W
+The basename of @env{$PWD}.
+@item \!
+The history number of this command.
+@item \#
+The command number of this command.
+@item \$
+If the effective uid is 0, @code{#}, otherwise @code{$}.
+@item \@var{nnn}
+The character whose ASCII code is the octal value @var{nnn}.
+@item \\
+A backslash.
+@item \[
+Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to
+embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
+@item \]
+End a sequence of non-printing characters.
+@end table
+
+The command number and the history number are usually different:
+the history number of a command is its position in the history
+list, which may include commands restored from the history file
+(@pxref{Bash History Facilities}), while the command number is
+the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current
+shell session.
+
+After the string is decoded, it is expanded via
+parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
+@code{promptvars} shell option (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@node The Restricted Shell
+@section The Restricted Shell
+@cindex restricted shell
+
+If Bash is started with the name @code{rbash}, or the
+@option{--restricted}
+or
+@option{-r}
+option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted.
+A restricted shell is used to
+set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.
+A restricted shell behaves identically to @code{bash}
+with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Changing directories with the @code{cd} builtin.
+@item
+Setting or unsetting the values of the @env{SHELL}, @env{PATH},
+@env{ENV}, or @env{BASH_ENV} variables.
+@item
+Specifying command names containing slashes.
+@item
+Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the @code{.}
+builtin command.
+@item
+Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the @option{-p}
+option to the @code{hash} builtin command.
+@item
+Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup.
+@item
+Parsing the value of @env{SHELLOPTS} from the shell environment at startup.
+@item
+Redirecting output using the @samp{>}, @samp{>|}, @samp{<>}, @samp{>&},
+@samp{&>}, and @samp{>>} redirection operators.
+@item
+Using the @code{exec} builtin to replace the shell with another command.
+@item
+Adding or deleting builtin commands with the
+@option{-f} and @option{-d} options to the @code{enable} builtin.
+@item
+Using the @code{enable} builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins.
+@item
+Specifying the @option{-p} option to the @code{command} builtin.
+@item
+Turning off restricted mode with @samp{set +r} or @samp{set +o restricted}.
+@end itemize
+
+These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+
+When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed
+(@pxref{Shell Scripts}), @code{rbash} turns off any restrictions in
+the shell spawned to execute the script.
+
+@node Bash POSIX Mode
+@section Bash POSIX Mode
+@cindex POSIX Mode
+
+Starting Bash with the @option{--posix} command-line option or executing
+@samp{set -o posix} while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
+closely to the @sc{posix} 1003.2 standard by changing the behavior to
+match that specified by @sc{posix} in areas where the Bash default differs.
+
+When invoked as @code{sh}, Bash enters @sc{posix} mode after reading the
+startup files.
+
+The following list is what's changed when `@sc{posix} mode' is in effect:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search
+@env{$PATH} to find the new location. This is also available with
+@samp{shopt -s checkhash}.
+
+@item
+The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'.
+
+@item
+The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+is stopped is `Stopped(@var{signame})', where @var{signame} is, for
+example, @code{SIGTSTP}.
+
+@item
+Reserved words may not be aliased.
+
+@item
+The @sc{posix} 1003.2 @env{PS1} and @env{PS2} expansions of @samp{!} to
+the history number and @samp{!!} to @samp{!} are enabled,
+and parameter expansion is performed on the values of @env{PS1} and
+@env{PS2} regardless of the setting of the @code{promptvars} option.
+
+@item
+Interactive comments are enabled by default. (Bash has them on by
+default anyway.)
+
+@item
+The @sc{posix} 1003.2 startup files are executed (@env{$ENV}) rather than
+the normal Bash files.
+
+@item
+Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
+name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
+
+@item
+The default history file is @file{~/.sh_history} (this is the
+default value of @env{$HISTFILE}).
+
+@item
+The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line,
+separated by spaces.
+
+@item
+Non-interactive shells exit if @var{filename} in @code{.} @var{filename}
+is not found.
+
+@item
+Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
+results in an invalid expression.
+
+@item
+Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
+in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+
+@item
+Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the
+redirection.
+
+@item
+Function names must be valid shell @code{name}s. That is, they may not
+contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
+may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name
+causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+
+@item
+@sc{posix} 1003.2 `special' builtins are found before shell functions
+during command lookup.
+
+@item
+If a @sc{posix} 1003.2 special builtin returns an error status, a
+non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
+the POSIX.2 standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
+redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
+the command name, and so on.
+
+@item
+If the @code{cd} builtin finds a directory to change to
+using @env{$CDPATH}, the
+value it assigns to the @env{PWD} variable does not contain any
+symbolic links, as if @samp{cd -P} had been executed.
+
+@item
+If @env{CDPATH} is set, the @code{cd} builtin will not implicitly
+append the current directory to it. This means that @code{cd} will
+fail if no valid directory name can be constructed from
+any of the entries in @env{$CDPATH}, even if the a directory with
+the same name as the name given as an argument to @code{cd} exists
+in the current directory.
+
+@item
+A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
+statements.
+A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign
+a value to a readonly variable.
+
+@item
+A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
+variable in a @code{for} statement or the selection variable in a
+@code{select} statement is a readonly variable.
+
+@item
+Process substitution is not available.
+
+@item
+Assignment statements preceding @sc{posix} 1003.2 special builtins
+persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes.
+
+@item
+Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the
+shell environment after the function returns, as if a @sc{posix}
+special builtin command had been executed.
+
+@item
+The @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtin commands display their
+output in the format required by @sc{posix} 1003.2.
+
+@item
+The @code{trap} builtin displays signal names without the leading
+@code{SIG}.
+
+@item
+The @code{.} and @code{source} builtins do not search the current directory
+for the filename argument if it is not found by searching @env{PATH}.
+
+@item
+Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
+the @option{-e} option from the parent shell. When not in @sc{posix} mode,
+Bash clears the @option{-e} option in such subshells.
+
+@item
+Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+
+@item
+When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
+shell function names and definitions.
+
+@item
+When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters,
+even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
+
+@item
+When the @code{cd} builtin is invoked in @var{logical} mode, and the pathname
+constructed from @code{$PWD} and the directory name supplied as an argument
+does not refer to an existing directory, @code{cd} will fail instead of
+falling back to @var{physical} mode.
+@end enumerate
+
+There is other @sc{posix} 1003.2 behavior that Bash does not implement.
+Specifically:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Assignment statements affect the execution environment of all
+builtins, not just special ones.
+
+@item
+When a subshell is created to execute a shell script with execute permission,
+but without a leading @samp{#!}, Bash sets @code{$0} to the full pathname of
+the script as found by searching @code{$PATH}, rather than the command as
+typed by the user.
+
+@item
+When using @samp{.} to source a shell script found in @code{$PATH}, bash
+checks execute permission bits rather than read permission bits, just as
+if it were searching for a command.
+
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Job Control
+@chapter Job Control
+
+This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how
+Bash allows you to access its facilities.
+
+@menu
+* Job Control Basics:: How job control works.
+* Job Control Builtins:: Bash builtin commands used to interact
+ with job control.
+* Job Control Variables:: Variables Bash uses to customize job
+ control.
+@end menu
+
+@node Job Control Basics
+@section Job Control Basics
+@cindex job control
+@cindex foreground
+@cindex background
+@cindex suspending jobs
+
+Job control
+refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend)
+the execution of processes and continue (resume)
+their execution at a later point. A user typically employs
+this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly
+by the system's terminal driver and Bash.
+
+The shell associates a @var{job} with each pipeline. It keeps a
+table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the
+@code{jobs} command. When Bash starts a job
+asynchronously, it prints a line that looks
+like:
+@example
+[1] 25647
+@end example
+@noindent
+indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process @sc{id}
+of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is
+25647. All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of
+the same job. Bash uses the @var{job} abstraction as the
+basis for job control.
+
+To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
+control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal
+process group @sc{id}. Members of this process group (processes whose
+process group @sc{id} is equal to the current terminal process group
+@sc{id}) receive keyboard-generated signals such as @code{SIGINT}.
+These processes are said to be in the foreground. Background
+processes are those whose process group @sc{id} differs from the
+terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated
+signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or
+write to the terminal. Background processes which attempt to
+read from (write to) the terminal are sent a @code{SIGTTIN}
+(@code{SIGTTOU}) signal by the terminal driver, which, unless
+caught, suspends the process.
+
+If the operating system on which Bash is running supports
+job control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the
+@var{suspend} character (typically @samp{^Z}, Control-Z) while a
+process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns
+control to Bash. Typing the @var{delayed suspend} character
+(typically @samp{^Y}, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
+when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to
+be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of
+this job, using the @code{bg} command to continue it in the
+background, the @code{fg} command to continue it in the
+foreground, or the @code{kill} command to kill it. A @samp{^Z}
+takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of
+causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
+
+There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The
+character @samp{%} introduces a job name.
+
+Job number @code{n} may be referred to as @samp{%n}.
+The symbols @samp{%%} and
+@samp{%+} refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which
+is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground or started
+in the background. The
+previous job may be referenced using @samp{%-}. In output
+pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the @code{jobs} command),
+the current job is always flagged with a @samp{+}, and the
+previous job with a @samp{-}.
+
+A job may also be referred to
+using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring
+that appears in its command line. For example, @samp{%ce} refers
+to a stopped @code{ce} job. Using @samp{%?ce}, on the
+other hand, refers to any job containing the string @samp{ce} in
+its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job,
+Bash reports an error.
+
+Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground:
+@samp{%1} is a synonym for @samp{fg %1}, bringing job 1 from the
+background into the foreground. Similarly, @samp{%1 &} resumes
+job 1 in the background, equivalent to @samp{bg %1}
+
+The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state.
+Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt
+before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt
+any other output.
+If the @option{-b} option to the @code{set} builtin is enabled,
+Bash reports such changes immediately (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+Any trap on @code{SIGCHLD} is executed for each child process
+that exits.
+
+If an attempt to exit Bash is while jobs are stopped, the
+shell prints a message warning that there are stopped jobs.
+The @code{jobs} command may then be used to inspect their status.
+If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command,
+Bash does not print another warning, and the stopped jobs are terminated.
+
+@node Job Control Builtins
+@section Job Control Builtins
+
+@table @code
+
+@item bg
+@btindex bg
+@example
+bg [@var{jobspec}]
+@end example
+Resume the suspended job @var{jobspec} in the background, as if it
+had been started with @samp{&}.
+If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the current job is used.
+The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not
+enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, if @var{jobspec} was
+not found or @var{jobspec} specifies a job that was started without
+job control.
+
+@item fg
+@btindex fg
+@example
+fg [@var{jobspec}]
+@end example
+Resume the job @var{jobspec} in the foreground and make it the current job.
+If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the current job is used.
+The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground,
+or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with
+job control enabled, @var{jobspec} does not specify a valid job or
+@var{jobspec} specifies a job that was started without job control.
+
+@item jobs
+@btindex jobs
+@example
+jobs [-lnprs] [@var{jobspec}]
+jobs -x @var{command} [@var{arguments}]
+@end example
+
+The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the
+following meanings:
+
+@table @code
+@item -l
+List process @sc{id}s in addition to the normal information.
+
+@item -n
+Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
+the user was last notified of their status.
+
+@item -p
+List only the process @sc{id} of the job's process group leader.
+
+@item -r
+Restrict output to running jobs.
+
+@item -s
+Restrict output to stopped jobs.
+@end table
+
+If @var{jobspec} is given,
+output is restricted to information about that job.
+If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the status of all jobs is
+listed.
+
+If the @option{-x} option is supplied, @code{jobs} replaces any
+@var{jobspec} found in @var{command} or @var{arguments} with the
+corresponding process group @sc{id}, and executes @var{command},
+passing it @var{argument}s, returning its exit status.
+
+@item kill
+@btindex kill
+@example
+kill [-s @var{sigspec}] [-n @var{signum}] [-@var{sigspec}] @var{jobspec} or @var{pid}
+kill -l [@var{exit_status}]
+@end example
+Send a signal specified by @var{sigspec} or @var{signum} to the process
+named by job specification @var{jobspec} or process @sc{id} @var{pid}.
+@var{sigspec} is either a signal name such as @code{SIGINT} (with or without
+the @code{SIG} prefix) or a signal number; @var{signum} is a signal number.
+If @var{sigspec} and @var{signum} are not present, @code{SIGTERM} is used.
+The @option{-l} option lists the signal names.
+If any arguments are supplied when @option{-l} is given, the names of the
+signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status
+is zero.
+@var{exit_status} is a number specifying a signal number or the exit
+status of a process terminated by a signal.
+The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent,
+or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
+
+@item wait
+@btindex wait
+@example
+wait [@var{jobspec} or @var{pid}]
+@end example
+Wait until the child process specified by process @sc{id} @var{pid} or job
+specification @var{jobspec} exits and return the exit status of the last
+command waited for.
+If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for.
+If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are
+waited for, and the return status is zero.
+If neither @var{jobspec} nor @var{pid} specifies an active child process
+of the shell, the return status is 127.
+
+@item disown
+@btindex disown
+@example
+disown [-ar] [-h] [@var{jobspec} @dots{}]
+@end example
+Without options, each @var{jobspec} is removed from the table of
+active jobs.
+If the @option{-h} option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
+but is marked so that @code{SIGHUP} is not sent to the job if the shell
+receives a @code{SIGHUP}.
+If @var{jobspec} is not present, and neither the @option{-a} nor @option{-r}
+option is supplied, the current job is used.
+If no @var{jobspec} is supplied, the @option{-a} option means to remove or
+mark all jobs; the @option{-r} option without a @var{jobspec}
+argument restricts operation to running jobs.
+
+@item suspend
+@btindex suspend
+@example
+suspend [-f]
+@end example
+Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
+@code{SIGCONT} signal. The @option{-f} option means to suspend
+even if the shell is a login shell.
+
+@end table
+
+When job control is not active, the @code{kill} and @code{wait}
+builtins do not accept @var{jobspec} arguments. They must be
+supplied process @sc{id}s.
+
+@node Job Control Variables
+@section Job Control Variables
+
+@vtable @code
+
+@item auto_resume
+This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
+job control. If this variable exists then single word simple
+commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption
+of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is
+more than one job beginning with the string typed, then
+the most recently accessed job will be selected.
+The name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line
+used to start it. If this variable is set to the value @samp{exact},
+the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly;
+if set to @samp{substring},
+the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
+stopped job. The @samp{substring} value provides functionality
+analogous to the @samp{%?} job @sc{id} (@pxref{Job Control Basics}).
+If set to any other value, the supplied string must
+be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
+analogous to the @samp{%} job @sc{id}.
+
+@end vtable
+
+@set readline-appendix
+@set history-appendix
+@cindex Readline, how to use
+@include rluser.texi
+@cindex History, how to use
+@include hsuser.texi
+@clear readline-appendix
+@clear history-appendix
+
+@node Installing Bash
+@chapter Installing Bash
+
+This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on
+the various supported platforms. The distribution supports the
+@sc{gnu} operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several
+non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix.
+Other independent ports exist for
+@sc{ms-dos}, @sc{os/2}, Windows @sc{95/98}, and Windows @sc{nt}.
+
+@menu
+* Basic Installation:: Installation instructions.
+
+* Compilers and Options:: How to set special options for various
+ systems.
+
+* Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: How to compile Bash for more
+ than one kind of system from
+ the same source tree.
+
+* Installation Names:: How to set the various paths used by the installation.
+
+* Specifying the System Type:: How to configure Bash for a particular system.
+
+* Sharing Defaults:: How to share default configuration values among GNU
+ programs.
+
+* Operation Controls:: Options recognized by the configuration program.
+
+* Optional Features:: How to enable and disable optional features when
+ building Bash.
+@end menu
+
+@node Basic Installation
+@section Basic Installation
+@cindex installation
+@cindex configuration
+@cindex Bash installation
+@cindex Bash configuration
+
+These are installation instructions for Bash.
+
+The simplest way to compile Bash is:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+@code{cd} to the directory containing the source code and type
+@samp{./configure} to configure Bash for your system. If you're
+using @code{csh} on an old version of System V, you might need to
+type @samp{sh ./configure} instead to prevent @code{csh} from trying
+to execute @code{configure} itself.
+
+Running @code{configure} takes some time.
+While running, it prints messages telling which features it is
+checking for.
+
+@item
+Type @samp{make} to compile Bash and build the @code{bashbug} bug
+reporting script.
+
+@item
+Optionally, type @samp{make tests} to run the Bash test suite.
+
+@item
+Type @samp{make install} to install @code{bash} and @code{bashbug}.
+This will also install the manual pages and Info file.
+
+@end enumerate
+
+The @code{configure} shell script attempts to guess correct
+values for various system-dependent variables used during
+compilation. It uses those values to create a @file{Makefile} in
+each directory of the package (the top directory, the
+@file{builtins}, @file{doc}, and @file{support} directories,
+each directory under @file{lib}, and several others). It also creates a
+@file{config.h} file containing system-dependent definitions.
+Finally, it creates a shell script named @code{config.status} that you
+can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a
+file @file{config.cache} that saves the results of its tests to
+speed up reconfiguring, and a file @file{config.log} containing
+compiler output (useful mainly for debugging @code{configure}).
+If at some point
+@file{config.cache} contains results you don't want to keep, you
+may remove or edit it.
+
+To find out more about the options and arguments that the
+@code{configure} script understands, type
+
+@example
+bash-2.04$ ./configure --help
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory.
+
+If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please
+try to figure out how @code{configure} could check whether or not
+to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to
+@email{bash-maintainers@@gnu.org} so they can be
+considered for the next release.
+
+The file @file{configure.in} is used to create @code{configure}
+by a program called Autoconf. You only need
+@file{configure.in} if you want to change it or regenerate
+@code{configure} using a newer version of Autoconf. If
+you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or
+newer.
+
+You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
+source code directory by typing @samp{make clean}. To also remove the
+files that @code{configure} created (so you can compile Bash for
+a different kind of computer), type @samp{make distclean}.
+
+@node Compilers and Options
+@section Compilers and Options
+
+Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking
+that the @code{configure} script does not know about. You can
+give @code{configure} initial values for variables by setting
+them in the environment. Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you
+can do that on the command line like this:
+
+@example
+CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
+@end example
+
+On systems that have the @code{env} program, you can do it like this:
+
+@example
+env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
+@end example
+
+The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it
+is available.
+
+@node Compiling For Multiple Architectures
+@section Compiling For Multiple Architectures
+
+You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the
+same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
+own directory. To do this, you must use a version of @code{make} that
+supports the @code{VPATH} variable, such as GNU @code{make}.
+@code{cd} to the
+directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
+the @code{configure} script from the source directory. You may need to
+supply the @option{--srcdir=PATH} argument to tell @code{configure} where the
+source files are. @code{configure} automatically checks for the
+source code in the directory that @code{configure} is in and in `..'.
+
+If you have to use a @code{make} that does not supports the @code{VPATH}
+variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a
+time in the source code directory. After you have installed
+Bash for one architecture, use @samp{make distclean} before
+reconfiguring for another architecture.
+
+Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the
+@file{support/mkclone} script to create a build tree which has
+symbolic links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an
+example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a
+source directory @file{/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0}:
+
+@example
+bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The @code{mkclone} script requires Bash, so you must have already built
+Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build
+directories for other architectures.
+
+@node Installation Names
+@section Installation Names
+
+By default, @samp{make install} will install into
+@file{/usr/local/bin}, @file{/usr/local/man}, etc. You can
+specify an installation prefix other than @file{/usr/local} by
+giving @code{configure} the option @option{--prefix=@var{PATH}},
+or by specifying a value for the @code{DESTDIR} @samp{make}
+variable when running @samp{make install}.
+
+You can specify separate installation prefixes for
+architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files.
+If you give @code{configure} the option
+@option{--exec-prefix=@var{PATH}}, @samp{make install} will use
+@var{PATH} as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
+Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
+
+@node Specifying the System Type
+@section Specifying the System Type
+
+There may be some features @code{configure} can not figure out
+automatically, but need to determine by the type of host Bash
+will run on. Usually @code{configure} can figure that
+out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host
+type, give it the @option{--host=TYPE} option. @samp{TYPE} can
+either be a short name for the system type, such as @samp{sun4},
+or a canonical name with three fields: @samp{CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM}
+(e.g., @samp{i386-unknown-freebsd4.2}).
+
+See the file @file{support/config.sub} for the possible
+values of each field.
+
+@node Sharing Defaults
+@section Sharing Defaults
+
+If you want to set default values for @code{configure} scripts to
+share, you can create a site shell script called
+@code{config.site} that gives default values for variables like
+@code{CC}, @code{cache_file}, and @code{prefix}. @code{configure}
+looks for @file{PREFIX/share/config.site} if it exists, then
+@file{PREFIX/etc/config.site} if it exists. Or, you can set the
+@code{CONFIG_SITE} environment variable to the location of the site
+script. A warning: the Bash @code{configure} looks for a site script,
+but not all @code{configure} scripts do.
+
+@node Operation Controls
+@section Operation Controls
+
+@code{configure} recognizes the following options to control how it
+operates.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item --cache-file=@var{file}
+Use and save the results of the tests in
+@var{file} instead of @file{./config.cache}. Set @var{file} to
+@file{/dev/null} to disable caching, for debugging
+@code{configure}.
+
+@item --help
+Print a summary of the options to @code{configure}, and exit.
+
+@item --quiet
+@itemx --silent
+@itemx -q
+Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
+
+@item --srcdir=@var{dir}
+Look for the Bash source code in directory @var{dir}. Usually
+@code{configure} can determine that directory automatically.
+
+@item --version
+Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the @code{configure}
+script, and exit.
+@end table
+
+@code{configure} also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
+options. @samp{configure --help} prints the complete list.
+
+@node Optional Features
+@section Optional Features
+
+The Bash @code{configure} has a number of @option{--enable-@var{feature}}
+options, where @var{feature} indicates an optional part of Bash.
+There are also several @option{--with-@var{package}} options,
+where @var{package} is something like @samp{bash-malloc} or @samp{purify}.
+To turn off the default use of a package, use
+@option{--without-@var{package}}. To configure Bash without a feature
+that is enabled by default, use @option{--disable-@var{feature}}.
+
+Here is a complete list of the @option{--enable-} and
+@option{--with-} options that the Bash @code{configure} recognizes.
+
+@table @code
+@item --with-afs
+Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc.
+
+@item --with-bash-malloc
+Use the Bash version of
+@code{malloc} in @file{lib/malloc/malloc.c}. This is not the same
+@code{malloc} that appears in @sc{gnu} libc, but an older version
+derived from the 4.2 @sc{bsd} @code{malloc}. This @code{malloc} is
+very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
+This option is enabled by default.
+The @file{NOTES} file contains a list of systems for
+which this should be turned off, and @code{configure} disables this
+option automatically for a number of systems.
+
+@item --with-curses
+Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should
+be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap
+database.
+
+@item --with-gnu-malloc
+A synonym for @code{--with-bash-malloc}.
+
+@item --with-installed-readline[=@var{PREFIX}]
+Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline
+rather than the version in @file{lib/readline}. This works only with
+Readline 4.3 and later versions. If @var{PREFIX} is @code{yes} or not
+supplied, @code{configure} uses the values of the make variables
+@code{includedir} and @code{libdir}, which are subdirectories of @code{prefix}
+by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in
+the standard system include and library directories.
+If @var{PREFIX} is @code{no}, Bash links with the version in
+@file{lib/readline}.
+If @var{PREFIX} is set to any other value, @code{configure} treats it as
+a directory pathname and looks for
+the installed version of Readline in subdirectories of that directory
+(include files in @var{PREFIX}/@code{include} and the library in
+@var{PREFIX}/@code{lib}).
+
+@item --with-purify
+Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational
+Software.
+
+@item --enable-minimal-config
+This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical
+Bourne shell.
+@end table
+
+There are several @option{--enable-} options that alter how Bash is
+compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
+
+@table @code
+@item --enable-largefile
+Enable support for @uref{http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html,
+large files} if the operating system requires special compiler options
+to build programs which can access large files. This is enabled by
+default, if the operating system provides large file support.
+
+@item --enable-profiling
+This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be
+processed by @code{gprof} each time it is executed.
+
+@item --enable-static-link
+This causes Bash to be linked statically, if @code{gcc} is being used.
+This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell.
+@end table
+
+The @samp{minimal-config} option can be used to disable all of
+the following options, but it is processed first, so individual
+options may be enabled using @samp{enable-@var{feature}}.
+
+All of the following options except for @samp{disabled-builtins} and
+@samp{xpg-echo-default} are
+enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the
+necessary support.
+
+@table @code
+@item --enable-alias
+Allow alias expansion and include the @code{alias} and @code{unalias}
+builtins (@pxref{Aliases}).
+
+@item --enable-arith-for-command
+Include support for the alternate form of the @code{for} command
+that behaves like the C language @code{for} statement
+(@pxref{Looping Constructs}).
+
+@item --enable-array-variables
+Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables
+(@pxref{Arrays}).
+
+@item --enable-bang-history
+Include support for @code{csh}-like history substitution
+(@pxref{History Interaction}).
+
+@item --enable-brace-expansion
+Include @code{csh}-like brace expansion
+( @code{b@{a,b@}c} @expansion{} @code{bac bbc} ).
+See @ref{Brace Expansion}, for a complete description.
+
+@item --enable-command-timing
+Include support for recognizing @code{time} as a reserved word and for
+displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following @code{time}
+(@pxref{Pipelines}).
+This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed.
+
+@item --enable-cond-command
+Include support for the @code{[[} conditional command
+(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
+
+@item --enable-directory-stack
+Include support for a @code{csh}-like directory stack and the
+@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins
+(@pxref{The Directory Stack}).
+
+@item --enable-disabled-builtins
+Allow builtin commands to be invoked via @samp{builtin xxx}
+even after @code{xxx} has been disabled using @samp{enable -n xxx}.
+See @ref{Bash Builtins}, for details of the @code{builtin} and
+@code{enable} builtin commands.
+
+@item --enable-dparen-arithmetic
+Include support for the @code{((@dots{}))} command
+(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
+
+@item --enable-extended-glob
+Include support for the extended pattern matching features described
+above under @ref{Pattern Matching}.
+
+@item --enable-help-builtin
+Include the @code{help} builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and
+variables (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item --enable-history
+Include command history and the @code{fc} and @code{history}
+builtin commands (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}).
+
+@item --enable-job-control
+This enables the job control features (@pxref{Job Control}),
+if the operating system supports them.
+
+@item --enable-multibyte
+This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating
+system provides the necessary support.
+
+@item --enable-net-redirections
+This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
+@code{/dev/tcp/@var{host}/@var{port}} and
+@code{/dev/udp/@var{host}/@var{port}}
+when used in redirections (@pxref{Redirections}).
+
+@item --enable-process-substitution
+This enables process substitution (@pxref{Process Substitution}) if
+the operating system provides the necessary support.
+
+@item --enable-prompt-string-decoding
+Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters
+in the @env{$PS1}, @env{$PS2}, @env{$PS3}, and @env{$PS4} prompt
+strings. See @ref{Printing a Prompt}, for a complete list of prompt
+string escape sequences.
+
+@item --enable-progcomp
+Enable the programmable completion facilities
+(@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect.
+
+@item --enable-readline
+Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
+version of the Readline library (@pxref{Command Line Editing}).
+
+@item --enable-restricted
+Include support for a @dfn{restricted shell}. If this is enabled, Bash,
+when called as @code{rbash}, enters a restricted mode. See
+@ref{The Restricted Shell}, for a description of restricted mode.
+
+@item --enable-select
+Include the @code{select} builtin, which allows the generation of simple
+menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
+
+@item --enable-usg-echo-default
+A synonym for @code{--enable-xpg-echo-default}.
+
+@item --enable-xpg-echo-default
+Make the @code{echo} builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default,
+without requiring the @option{-e} option.
+This sets the default value of the @code{xpg_echo} shell option to @code{on},
+which makes the Bash @code{echo} behave more like the version specified in
+the Single Unix Specification, version 2.
+@xref{Bash Builtins}, for a description of the escape sequences that
+@code{echo} recognizes.
+
+@end table
+
+The file @file{config-top.h} contains C Preprocessor
+@samp{#define} statements for options which are not settable from
+@code{configure}.
+Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if
+you do.
+Read the comments associated with each definition for more
+information about its effect.
+
+@node Reporting Bugs
+@appendix Reporting Bugs
+
+Please report all bugs you find in Bash.
+But first, you should
+make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+version of Bash.
+The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
+@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/bash/}.
+
+Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
+@code{bashbug} command to submit a bug report.
+If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well!
+Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
+to @email{bug-bash@@gnu.org} or posted to the Usenet
+newsgroup @code{gnu.bash.bug}.
+
+All bug reports should include:
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+The version number of Bash.
+@item
+The hardware and operating system.
+@item
+The compiler used to compile Bash.
+@item
+A description of the bug behaviour.
+@item
+A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used
+to reproduce it.
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+@code{bashbug} inserts the first three items automatically into
+the template it provides for filing a bug report.
+
+Please send all reports concerning this manual to
+@email{chet@@po.CWRU.Edu}.
+
+@node Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
+@appendix Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
+
+Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and
+variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell.
+Bash uses the @sc{posix} 1003.2 standard as the specification of
+how these features are to be implemented. There are some
+differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this
+section quickly details the differences of significance. A
+number of these differences are explained in greater depth in
+previous sections.
+This section uses the version of @code{sh} included in SVR4.2 as
+the baseline reference.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item
+Bash is @sc{posix}-conformant, even where the @sc{posix} specification
+differs from traditional @code{sh} behavior (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
+
+@item
+Bash has multi-character invocation options (@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
+
+@item
+Bash has command-line editing (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) and
+the @code{bind} builtin.
+
+@item
+Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism
+(@pxref{Programmable Completion}), and two builtin commands,
+@code{complete} and @code{compgen}, to manipulate it.
+
+@item
+Bash has command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}) and the
+@code{history} and @code{fc} builtins to manipulate it.
+
+@item
+Bash implements @code{csh}-like history expansion
+(@pxref{History Interaction}).
+
+@item
+Bash has one-dimensional array variables (@pxref{Arrays}), and the
+appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
+Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
+
+@item
+The @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
+backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes,
+is supported (@pxref{ANSI-C Quoting}).
+
+@item
+Bash supports the @code{$"@dots{}"} quoting syntax to do
+locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
+quotes. The @option{-D}, @option{--dump-strings}, and @option{--dump-po-strings}
+invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
+(@pxref{Locale Translation}).
+
+@item
+Bash implements the @code{!} keyword to negate the return value of
+a pipeline (@pxref{Pipelines}).
+Very useful when an @code{if} statement needs to act only if a test fails.
+
+@item
+Bash has the @code{time} reserved word and command timing (@pxref{Pipelines}).
+The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the
+@env{TIMEFORMAT} variable.
+
+@item
+Bash implements the @code{for (( @var{expr1} ; @var{expr2} ; @var{expr3} ))}
+arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (@pxref{Looping Constructs}).
+
+@item
+Bash includes the @code{select} compound command, which allows the
+generation of simple menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
+
+@item
+Bash includes the @code{[[} compound command, which makes conditional
+testing part of the shell grammar (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
+
+@item
+Bash includes brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}) and tilde
+expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Bash implements command aliases and the @code{alias} and @code{unalias}
+builtins (@pxref{Aliases}).
+
+@item
+Bash provides shell arithmetic, the @code{((} compound command
+(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}),
+and arithmetic expansion (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+
+@item
+Variables present in the shell's initial environment are automatically
+exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does not normally do
+this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the @code{export}
+command.
+
+@item
+Bash includes the @sc{posix} pattern removal @samp{%}, @samp{#}, @samp{%%}
+and @samp{##} expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from
+variable values (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+The expansion @code{$@{#xx@}}, which returns the length of @code{$@{xx@}},
+is supported (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+The expansion @code{$@{var:}@var{offset}@code{[:}@var{length}@code{]@}},
+which expands to the substring of @code{var}'s value of length
+@var{length}, beginning at @var{offset}, is present
+(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+The expansion
+@code{$@{var/[/]}@var{pattern}@code{[/}@var{replacement}@code{]@}},
+which matches @var{pattern} and replaces it with @var{replacement} in
+the value of @code{var}, is available (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+The expansion @code{$@{!@var{prefix@}*}} expansion, which expands to
+the names of all shell variables whose names begin with @var{prefix},
+is available (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Bash has @var{indirect} variable expansion using @code{$@{!word@}}
+(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Bash can expand positional parameters beyond @code{$9} using
+@code{$@{@var{num}@}}.
+
+@item
+The @sc{posix} @code{$()} form of command substitution
+is implemented (@pxref{Command Substitution}),
+and preferred to the Bourne shell's @code{``} (which
+is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
+
+@item
+Bash has process substitution (@pxref{Process Substitution}).
+
+@item
+Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about the
+current user (@env{UID}, @env{EUID}, and @env{GROUPS}), the current host
+(@env{HOSTTYPE}, @env{OSTYPE}, @env{MACHTYPE}, and @env{HOSTNAME}),
+and the instance of Bash that is running (@env{BASH},
+@env{BASH_VERSION}, and @env{BASH_VERSINFO}). @xref{Bash Variables},
+for details.
+
+@item
+The @env{IFS} variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+not all words (@pxref{Word Splitting}).
+This closes a longstanding shell security hole.
+
+@item
+Bash implements the full set of @sc{posix} 1003.2 filename expansion operators,
+including @var{character classes}, @var{equivalence classes}, and
+@var{collating symbols} (@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the @code{extglob}
+shell option is enabled (@pxref{Pattern Matching}).
+
+@item
+It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name;
+@code{sh} does not separate the two name spaces.
+
+@item
+Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
+@code{local} builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
+builtins and functions (@pxref{Environment}).
+In @code{sh}, all variable assignments
+preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
+file system.
+
+@item
+Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
+to input and output redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
+
+@item
+Bash contains the @samp{<>} redirection operator, allowing a file to be
+opened for both reading and writing, and the @samp{&>} redirection
+operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the same
+file (@pxref{Redirections}).
+
+@item
+Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are
+used in redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
+
+@item
+Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services
+with the redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
+
+@item
+The @code{noclobber} option is available to avoid overwriting existing
+files with output redirection (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+The @samp{>|} redirection operator may be used to override @code{noclobber}.
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{cd} and @code{pwd} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
+each take @option{-L} and @option{-P} options to switch between logical and
+physical modes.
+
+@item
+Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides
+access to that builtin's functionality within the function via the
+@code{builtin} and @code{command} builtins (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+The @code{command} builtin allows selective disabling of functions
+when command lookup is performed (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the @code{enable}
+builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{exec} builtin takes additional options that allow users
+to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
+command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
+using @code{export -f} (@pxref{Shell Functions}).
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{export}, @code{readonly}, and @code{declare} builtins can
+take a @option{-f} option to act on shell functions, a @option{-p} option to
+display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be
+used as shell input, a @option{-n} option to remove various variable
+attributes, and @samp{name=value} arguments to set variable attributes
+and values simultaneously.
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{hash} builtin allows a name to be associated with
+an arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
+searching the @env{$PATH}, using @samp{hash -p}
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Bash includes a @code{help} builtin for quick reference to shell
+facilities (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+The @code{printf} builtin is available to display formatted output
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins})
+will read a line ending in @samp{\} with
+the @option{-r} option, and will use the @env{REPLY} variable as a
+default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
+The Bash @code{read} builtin
+also accepts a prompt string with the @option{-p} option and will use
+Readline to obtain the line when given the @option{-e} option.
+The @code{read} builtin also has additional options to control input:
+the @option{-s} option will turn off echoing of input characters as
+they are read, the @option{-t} option will allow @code{read} to time out
+if input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the
+@option{-n} option will allow reading only a specified number of
+characters rather than a full line, and the @option{-d} option will read
+until a particular character rather than newline.
+
+@item
+The @code{return} builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
+executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Bash includes the @code{shopt} builtin, for finer control of shell
+optional capabilities (@pxref{Bash Builtins}), and allows these options
+to be set and unset at shell invocation (@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
+
+@item
+Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the @code{set}
+builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+
+@item
+The @code{test} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
+is slightly different, as it implements the @sc{posix} algorithm,
+which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments.
+
+@item
+The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows a
+@code{DEBUG} pseudo-signal specification, similar to @code{EXIT}.
+Commands specified with a @code{DEBUG} trap are executed before every
+simple command, @code{for} command, @code{case} command,
+@code{select} command, every arithmetic @code{for} command, and before
+the first command executes in a shell function.
+The @code{DEBUG} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+function has been given the @code{trace} attribute or the
+@code{functrace} option has been enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin.
+The @code{extdebug} shell option has additional effects on the
+@code{DEBUG} trap.
+
+The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows an
+@code{ERR} pseudo-signal specification, similar to @code{EXIT} and @code{DEBUG}.
+Commands specified with an @code{ERR} trap are executed after a simple
+command fails, with a few exceptions.
+The @code{ERR} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+@code{-o errtrace} option to the @code{set} builtin is enabled.
+
+The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows a
+@code{RETURN} pseudo-signal specification, similar to
+@code{EXIT} and @code{DEBUG}.
+Commands specified with an @code{RETURN} trap are executed before
+execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script executed with
+@code{.} or @code{source} returns.
+The @code{RETURN} trap is not inherited by shell functions.
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{type} builtin is more extensive and gives more information
+about the names it finds (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{umask} builtin permits a @option{-p} option to cause
+the output to be displayed in the form of a @code{umask} command
+that may be reused as input (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Bash implements a @code{csh}-like directory stack, and provides the
+@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins to manipulate it
+(@pxref{The Directory Stack}).
+Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
+@env{DIRSTACK} shell variable.
+
+@item
+Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
+strings when interactive (@pxref{Printing a Prompt}).
+
+@item
+The Bash restricted mode is more useful (@pxref{The Restricted Shell});
+the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
+@item
+The @code{disown} builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
+job table (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or suppress the sending
+of @code{SIGHUP} to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
+@code{SIGHUP}.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins
+(@code{mldmode} and @code{priv}) not present in Bash.
+
+@item
+Bash does not have the @code{stop} or @code{newgrp} builtins.
+
+@item
+Bash does not use the @env{SHACCT} variable or perform shell accounting.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 @code{sh} uses a @env{TIMEOUT} variable like Bash uses
+@env{TMOUT}.
+
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+More features unique to Bash may be found in @ref{Bash Features}.
+
+
+@appendixsec Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell
+
+Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
+many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item
+Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of
+a shell control structure such as an @code{if} or @code{while}
+statement.
+
+@item
+Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will silently
+insert a needed closing quote at @code{EOF} under certain circumstances.
+This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
+trapping @code{SIGSEGV}. If the shell is started from a process with
+@code{SIGSEGV} blocked (e.g., by using the @code{system()} C library
+function call), it misbehaves badly.
+
+@item
+In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell,
+when invoked without the @option{-p} option, will alter its real
+and effective @sc{uid} and @sc{gid} if they are less than some
+magic threshold value, commonly 100.
+This can lead to unexpected results.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap @code{SIGSEGV},
+@code{SIGALRM}, or @code{SIGCHLD}.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the @env{IFS}, @env{MAILCHECK},
+@env{PATH}, @env{PS1}, or @env{PS2} variables to be unset.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 shell treats @samp{^} as the undocumented equivalent of
+@samp{|}.
+
+@item
+Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (@code{-x -v});
+the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (@code{-xv}). In
+fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
+with a @samp{-}.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits
+a script only if one of the @sc{posix} 1003.2 special builtins fails, and
+only for certain failures, as enumerated in the @sc{posix} 1003.2 standard.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as @code{jsh}
+(it turns on job control).
+@end itemize
+
+@node Copying This Manual
+@appendix Copying This Manual
+
+@menu
+* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
+@end menu
+
+@include fdl.texi
+
+@node Builtin Index
+@unnumbered Index of Shell Builtin Commands
+@printindex bt
+
+@node Reserved Word Index
+@unnumbered Index of Shell Reserved Words
+@printindex rw
+
+@node Variable Index
+@unnumbered Parameter and Variable Index
+@printindex vr
+
+@node Function Index
+@unnumbered Function Index
+@printindex fn
+
+@node Concept Index
+@unnumbered Concept Index
+@printindex cp
+
+@bye
\chapentry{Shell Builtin Commands}{4}{35}
\secentry{Bourne Shell Builtins}{4}{1}{35}
\secentry{Bash Builtin Commands}{4}{2}{41}
-\secentry{The Set Builtin}{4}{3}{53}
+\secentry{The Set Builtin}{4}{3}{52}
\secentry{Special Builtins}{4}{4}{56}
\chapentry{Shell Variables}{5}{57}
\secentry{Bourne Shell Variables}{5}{1}{57}
\entry{HISTFILESIZE}{61}{\code {HISTFILESIZE}}
\entry{HISTIGNORE}{61}{\code {HISTIGNORE}}
\entry{HISTSIZE}{61}{\code {HISTSIZE}}
-\entry{HISTTIMEFORMAT}{61}{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}
+\entry{HISTTIMEFORMAT}{62}{\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}
\entry{HOSTFILE}{62}{\code {HOSTFILE}}
\entry{HOSTNAME}{62}{\code {HOSTNAME}}
\entry{HOSTTYPE}{62}{\code {HOSTTYPE}}
\entry {\code {HISTIGNORE}}{61}
\entry {\code {history-preserve-point}}{94}
\entry {\code {HISTSIZE}}{61}
-\entry {\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}{61}
+\entry {\code {HISTTIMEFORMAT}}{62}
\entry {\code {HOME}}{57}
\entry {\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}{94}
\entry {\code {HOSTFILE}}{62}
\\b\\\b\ backslash
\\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits)
- \\b\_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
- _\bn_\bn_\bn (one to three octal digits)
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\bad\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
+ Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
- to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
- the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
- If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
+ to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
+ the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+ If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
enabled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found via the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
- The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
+ instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
+ The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
shared object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading.
- The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.
+ The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.
If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied,
a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu-
- ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
- is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
- plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
- tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the
- output is restricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. The return
- value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an
+ ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
+ is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
+ plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
+ tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the
+ output is restricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. The return
+ value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an
error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
- mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
- its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
+ The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
+ mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
+ its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
- is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
+ is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
ning of the zeroth arg passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1)
does. The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with an empty
- environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the
- zeroth argument to the executed command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be
- executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
- the shell option e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, in which case it returns
- failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file can-
- not be executed. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections
- take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.
+ environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the
+ zeroth argument to the executed command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd cannot be
+ executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
+ the shell option e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl is enabled, in which case it returns
+ failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file can-
+ not be executed. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redirections
+ take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.
If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]] ...
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp
- The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
- given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
- if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of all names that are
- exported in this shell is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the
- export property to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable
- name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to
- _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
- option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
+ The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
+ ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
+ given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
+ if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of all names that are
+ exported in this shell is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the
+ export property to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable
+ name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to
+ _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
+ option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a func-
tion.
f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-n\bnl\blr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
- Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
- to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is selected from the history list. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may
- be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
- with that string) or as a number (an index into the history
+ Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt
+ to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is selected from the history list. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may
+ be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
+ with that string) or as a number (an index into the history
list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur-
rent command number). If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not specified it is set to the
- current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the
+ current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the
last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt otherwise. If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not spec-
- ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
+ ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
listing.
- The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
- -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
- is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
- wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
- those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
- variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
- If neither variable is set, is used. When editing is complete,
+ The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
+ -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
+ is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
+ wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
+ those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
+ variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
+ If neither variable is set, is used. When editing is complete,
the edited commands are echoed and executed.
- In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
- of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. A useful alias to use with this is
- ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command
+ In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
+ of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. A useful alias to use with this is
+ ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command
beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last com-
mand.
- If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
- invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
- lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
+ If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
+ invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
+ lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
- form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
- cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
+ form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
+ cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
which case f\bfc\bc returns failure.
f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
- Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+ Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb
- is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
- the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
+ is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
+ the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not spec-
- ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
+ ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
without job control.
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bs]
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
- ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
- nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
- expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
- by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
- be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
- places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
+ ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
+ nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
+ expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
+ by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
+ be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to
- 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
- option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
- the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
- cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
+ 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
+ option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
+ the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
+ cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
ters is to be used.
- When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
- return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
+ When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
+ return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
the first non-option argument, and n\bna\bam\bme\be is set to ?.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those instead.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
- normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
- options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
+ of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
+ normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
+ options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
+ variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and, if
- not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in
+ not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in
O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and no diagnostic message is printed.
- If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
- a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
- diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
- colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
+ If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
+ a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
+ diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
+ colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
character found.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the full file name of the command is determined
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the full file name of the command is determined
by searching the directories in $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH and remembered. If the -\b-p\bp
option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
used as the full file name of the command. The -\b-r\br option causes
- the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd option
+ the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd option
causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
- supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the hashed full
+ If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
+ supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the hashed full
pathname. The -\b-l\bl option causes output to be displayed in a for-
- mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
+ mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, information about remembered commands is
- printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
+ printed. The return status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found
or an invalid option is supplied.
h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-s\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
- structures is printed. The -\b-s\bs option restricts the information
- displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
+ structures is printed. The -\b-s\bs option restricts the information
+ displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0
unless no command matches _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by [\b[_\bn]\b]
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg _\b._\b._\b.]
With no options, display the command history list with line num-
bers. Lines listed with a *\b* have been modified. An argument of
- _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
- F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
- played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
- the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
- supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
- the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
+ _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+ F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
+ played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
+ the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+ supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
+ the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
-\b-c\bc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-\b-d\bd _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt.
- -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
- since the beginning of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session) to the
+ -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
+ since the beginning of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session) to the
history file.
- -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file into the current history list. These are lines
- appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+ -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ file into the current history list. These are lines
+ appended to the history file since the beginning of the
current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
-\b-r\br Read the contents of the history file and use them as the
current history.
- -\b-w\bw Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
+ -\b-w\bw Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
ing the history file's contents.
- -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
- display the result on the standard output. Does not
- store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
+ -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
+ display the result on the standard output. Does not
+ store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs are added.
If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set, the time stamp information associ-
- ated with each history entry is written to the history file.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
- an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
- invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history
+ ated with each history entry is written to the history file.
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+ an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
+ invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is supplied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history
expansion supplied as an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs [-\b-l\bln\bnp\bpr\brs\bs] [ _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ... ]
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
+ -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
leader.
- -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
- status since the user was last notified of their status.
+ -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
+ status since the user was last notified of their status.
-\b-r\br Restrict output to running jobs.
-\b-s\bs Restrict output to stopped jobs.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
- that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
+ that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
If the -\b-x\bx option is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs replaces any _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc found in
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, returning its exit status.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] [_\bp_\bi_\bd | _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] ...
k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
- Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
- named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
- signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
- a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
- present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
- signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
- the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+ Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
+ named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
+ signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
+ a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
+ present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
+ signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
+ the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to
- -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
- status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
- if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
+ -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+ status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
+ if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
Each _\ba_\br_\bg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt returns
+ M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt returns
1; 0 is returned otherwise.
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
- assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
+ For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
+ assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
by d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
tion and its children. With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of
- local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
+ local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt Exit a login shell.
p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
- removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
+ Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
+ removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
- +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
-\b-_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
- -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
last.
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
- directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+ directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well,
- and the return status is 0. p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid
+ If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well,
+ and the return status is 0. p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid
option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
fails.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf [-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br] _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
- control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which
- contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
- simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
- which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
- mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
+ Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
+ control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which
+ contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
+ simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
+ which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
+ mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In addition to the standard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(1) for-
- mats, %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in
- the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt (except that \\b\c\bc terminates output,
+ mats, %\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in
+ the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt (except that \\b\c\bc terminates output,
backslashes in \\b\'\b', \\b\"\b", and \\b\?\b? are not removed, and octal escapes
- beginning with \\b\0\b0 may contain up to four digits), and %\b%q\bq causes
+ beginning with \\b\0\b0 may contain up to four digits), and %\b%q\bq causes
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a format that can
be reused as shell input.
- The -\b-v\bv option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
+ The -\b-v\bv option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
_\bv_\ba_\br rather than being printed to the standard output.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs. If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
+ the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
+ null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
- the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+ Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+ the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
- and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
+ and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
if supplied, have the following meanings:
- +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
- directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
+ directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
_\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well.
- If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
- fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
- tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
- specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
+ If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
+ fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
+ tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
+ specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
directory fails.
p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option
is supplied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command
- is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
- occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
+ is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
+ contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
+ occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-e\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-d\bd
_\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
- descriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, and the
+ One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
+ descriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, and the
first word is assigned to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the
- second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
- ing separators assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer
+ second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
+ ing separators assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer
words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names
- are assigned empty values. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to
- split the line into words. The backslash character (\\b\) may be
- used to remove any special meaning for the next character read
- and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol-
+ are assigned empty values. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to
+ split the line into words. The backslash character (\\b\) may be
+ used to remove any special meaning for the next character read
+ and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
ignored.
-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
- The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the
+ The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the
input line, rather than newline.
-\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
(see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) is used to obtain the line.
-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
waiting for a complete line of input.
-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
Display _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt on standard error, without a trailing new-
line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is
displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
+ slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
+ lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
continuation.
-\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
- Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
- line of input is not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. This
- option has no effect if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is not reading input from
+ Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
+ line of input is not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. This
+ option has no effect if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is not reading input from
the terminal or a pipe.
-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd.
If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
- able R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
- encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, or an invalid file descriptor is
+ able R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
+ encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, or an invalid file descriptor is
supplied as the argument to -\b-u\bu.
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\bap\bpf\bf] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
- The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
- is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
+ The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
+ is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
marked. The -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to arrays. If no
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
- list of all readonly names is printed. The -\b-p\bp option causes
- output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
- If a variable name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the vari-
- able is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
- option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
+ list of all readonly names is printed. The -\b-p\bp option causes
+ output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
+ If a variable name is followed by =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the vari-
+ able is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
+ option is encountered, one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell
variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a func-
tion.
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
- Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _\bn.
- If _\bn is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
- executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but
- during execution of a script by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it
+ Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _\bn.
+ If _\bn is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
+ executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but
+ during execution of a script by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it
causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either
- _\bn or the exit status of the last command executed within the
- script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
- function and not during execution of a script by .\b., the return
+ _\bn or the exit status of the last command executed within the
+ script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
+ function and not during execution of a script by .\b., the return
status is false. Any command associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is
- executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
+ executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
s\bse\bet\bt [-\b--\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCH\bHP\bP] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
+ Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can-
- not be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, only shell variables are listed.
- The output is sorted according to the current locale. When
- options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
- arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated
- as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in
+ not be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be, only shell variables are listed.
+ The output is sorted according to the current locale. When
+ options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
+ arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated
+ as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in
order, to $\b$1\b1, $\b$2\b2, .\b..\b..\b. $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
- -\b-a\ba Automatically mark variables and functions which are
- modified or created for export to the environment of
+ -\b-a\ba Automatically mark variables and functions which are
+ modified or created for export to the environment of
subsequent commands.
- -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
+ -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
- -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
+ -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not
- exit if the command that fails is part of the command
- list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
- part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|
+ exit if the command that fails is part of the command
+ list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
+ part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|
list, or if the command's return value is being inverted
- via !\b!. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the
+ via !\b!. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if set, is executed before the
shell exits.
-\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
- -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
+ -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
- -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
- placed in the environment for a command, not just those
+ -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
+ placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
- -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
- on by default for interactive shells on systems that
- support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). Background pro-
- cesses run in a separate process group and a line con-
- taining their exit status is printed upon their comple-
+ -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
+ on by default for interactive shells on systems that
+ support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). Background pro-
+ cesses run in a separate process group and a line con-
+ taining their exit status is printed upon their comple-
tion.
-\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
- to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
+ to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
ignored by interactive shells.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
Same as -\b-a\ba.
b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
Same as -\b-B\bB.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option.
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in inter-
active shells.
i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
- The effect is as if the shell command
- ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
+ The effect is as if the shell command
+ ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Same as -\b-k\bk.
m\bmo\bon\bni\bit\bto\bor\br Same as -\b-m\bm.
p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
Same as -\b-P\bP.
p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
- value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
- with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
- in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
+ value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
+ with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
+ in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
- operation differs from the POSIX standard to
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
+ operation differs from the POSIX standard to
match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be).
p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
Same as -\b-p\bp.
v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the values of the
- current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
- current option settings is displayed on the standard
+ current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
+ current option settings is displayed on the standard
output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
- $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
- not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
- variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
- If the shell is started with the effective user (group)
- id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp
- option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
+ $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
+ not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS
+ variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
+ If the shell is started with the effective user (group)
+ id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp
+ option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the
effective user id is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp
- option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
+ option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective
- user and group ids to be set to the real user and group
+ user and group ids to be set to the real user and group
ids.
-\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
-\b-u\bu Treat unset variables as an error when performing param-
- eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset
+ eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset
variable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not
interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
-\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
+ play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
+ the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
rection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b>.
-\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
+ shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when
+ executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
+ chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
- shell functions, command substitutions, and commands
- executed in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
+ shell functions, command substitutions, and commands
+ executed in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
- -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
+ -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame-
- ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
+ ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
with a -\b-.
- -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
+ -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
be assigned to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv
options are turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the posi-
tional parameters remain unchanged.
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
- options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
- the shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
+ options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
+ the shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The
return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
- The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
- Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are
- unset. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
- $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given,
- it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional
- parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
+ The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
+ Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are
+ unset. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
+ $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given,
+ it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional
+ parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
zero if _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav-
ior. With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, a list of all set-
table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not
- each is set. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a
- form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol-
+ each is set. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a
+ form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
- tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
+ ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
+ tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
wise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, the dis-
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, the dis-
play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec-
- tively. Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled
+ tively. Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled
(unset) by default.
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
- options, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
+ options, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
valid shell option.
The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
+ not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
- ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
+ ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
- ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
- found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com-
- mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
+ ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
+ found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com-
+ mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
shells.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
+ ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
+ command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
formed.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each command
- and, if necessary, updates the values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bL-\b-
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each command
+ and, if necessary, updates the values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bL-\b-
U\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
+ line command in the same history entry. This allows
easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
the results of pathname expansion.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
exit if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
+ If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
enabled:
1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), a call to
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), a call to
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is simulated.
- 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
in their descriptions above.
- 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
(\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
- 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bRO\bOR\bR trap.
e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn are enabled.
e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
- within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
+ If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
+ within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
ble completions. See S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS above for a
- description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by
+ description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by
default.
g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
- by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell
exits, rather than overwriting the file.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
+ is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
above). This is enabled by default.
h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
If set, allow a word beginning with #\b# to cause that word
- and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
- in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This
+ and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
+ in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This
option is enabled by default.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
- shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
+ shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
changed.
m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
- message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
+ been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
+ message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
played.
n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not
attempt to search the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when
completion is attempted on an empty line.
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
[\b[[\b[ conditional commands.
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
- P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
+ P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
rather than themselves.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
If set, the programmable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
enabled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
- removal after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
+ removal after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
above. This option is enabled by default.
r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started in
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in
restricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
- may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
- files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
+ may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
+ files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
+ If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
ters.
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
If set, the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be (.\b.) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
- find the directory containing the file supplied as an
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an
argument. This option is enabled by default.
x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape
sequences by default.
s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
- signal. The -\b-f\bf option says not to complain if this is a login
- shell; just suspend anyway. The return status is 0 unless the
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
+ signal. The -\b-f\bf option says not to complain if this is a login
+ shell; just suspend anyway. The return status is 0 unless the
shell is a login shell and -\b-f\bf is not supplied, or if job control
is not enabled.
t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
- Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
- conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and operand must be
- a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
- described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not
+ Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
+ conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and operand must be
+ a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
+ described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS. t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not
accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of
-\b--\b- as signifying the end of options.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
listed in decreasing order of precedence.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
the normal precedence of operators.
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
+ above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+ If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
- using the first and third arguments as operands. If the
- first argument is !\b!, the value is the negation of the
- two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
+ using the first and third arguments as operands. If the
+ first argument is !\b!, the value is the negation of the
+ two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
If the first argument is exactly (\b( and the third argument
- is exactly )\b), the result is the one-argument test of the
- second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
- The -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators
+ is exactly )\b), the result is the one-argument test of the
+ second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
+ The -\b-a\ba and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators
in this case.
4 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+ the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval-
- uated according to precedence using the rules listed
+ uated according to precedence using the rules listed
above.
5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bp] [[_\ba_\br_\bg] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell
- receives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\br_\bg is absent (and there is a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
- original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
- shell). If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each
- _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
- If _\ba_\br_\bg is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap
- commands associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc are displayed. If no
- arguments are supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the
- list of commands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option
- causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
- responding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name
- defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are
- case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc
- is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit from the shell.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed before every
+ The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell
+ receives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\br_\bg is absent (and there is a
+ single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
+ original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
+ shell). If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each
+ _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
+ If _\ba_\br_\bg is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap
+ commands associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc are displayed. If no
+ arguments are supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the
+ list of commands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option
+ causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
+ responding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name
+ defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are
+ case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc
+ is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit from the shell.
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed before every
_\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command, _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, every
arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br command, and before the first command executes in
- a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the
- description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for
- details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR,
- the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a simple command has a
- non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
- E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
- command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
+ a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above). Refer to the
+ description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for
+ details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR,
+ the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a simple command has a
+ non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
+ E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
+ command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword,
part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement, part of a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list, or
- if the command's return value is being inverted via !\b!. These
- are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option. If a
+ if the command's return value is being inverted via !\b!. These
+ are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt option. If a
_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed each time a shell
function or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins fin-
ishes executing. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot
- be trapped or reset. Trapped signals are reset to their origi-
- nal values in a child process when it is created. The return
- status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp
- returns true.
+ be trapped or reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored
+ are reset to their original values in a child process when it is
+ created. The return status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is invalid;
+ otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
+ With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
used as a command name. If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a
- string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
- builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
- then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
- returned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
+ string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
+ builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
+ then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
+ returned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
name of the disk file that would be executed if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be were speci-
fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not
- return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
+ return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
even if ``type -t name'' would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If a command is
- hashed, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
+ hashed, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the -\b-a\ba option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be
- prints all of the places that contain an executable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -\b-p\bp
- option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
- consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell func-
- tion lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if
+ prints all of the places that contain an executable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+ This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -\b-p\bp
+ option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
+ consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell func-
+ tion lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true if
any of the arguments are found, false if none are found.
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-S\bSH\bHa\bac\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bil\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bx [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
- to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
- for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased once
- it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the
- hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is specified, both the soft
- and hard limits are set. The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in
+ for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased once
+ it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the
+ hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is specified, both the soft
+ and hard limits are set. The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt can be a number in
the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values
- h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which stand for the current hard
- limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. If
- _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the
- resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is given. When more
- than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are
+ h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which stand for the current hard
+ limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. If
+ _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the
+ resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is given. When more
+ than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are
printed before the value. Other options are interpreted as fol-
lows:
-\b-a\ba All current limits are reported
-\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created
-\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment
-\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
- -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+ -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children
-\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals
-\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory
-\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority
-\b-s\bs The maximum stack size
-\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell
-\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks
If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is given, it is the new value of the specified resource
(the -\b-a\ba option is display only). If no option is given, then -\b-f\bf
- is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt,
- which is in seconds, -\b-p\bp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
- and -\b-n\bn and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values. The return status is
- 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
+ is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -\b-t\bt,
+ which is in seconds, -\b-p\bp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
+ and -\b-n\bn and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values. The return status is
+ 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
occurs while setting a new limit.
u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
The user file-creation mask is set to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with
- a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
- interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
- printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
- bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
+ a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
+ printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
+ bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
- was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
+ was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If no options are supplied, or the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
- unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
- tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
- able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
- sequent commands. If any of R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD,
+ refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
+ unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
+ tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
+ able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
+ sequent commands. If any of R\bRA\bAN\bND\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD,
F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, or D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK are unset, they lose their special
- properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit sta-
+ properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit sta-
tus is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is readonly.
w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [_\bn _\b._\b._\b.]
- Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
- tus. Each _\bn may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
- job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
- waited for. If _\bn is not given, all currently active child pro-
- cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _\bn
- specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
- 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
+ Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
+ tus. Each _\bn may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
+ job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
+ waited for. If _\bn is not given, all currently active child pro-
+ cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _\bn
+ specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
+ 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
last process or job waited for.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
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+%%CreationDate: Tue Oct 3 08:54:29 2006
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2<ad70>
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1<ad70>
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(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363
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(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392
(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893
-(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,)
-.27 E F3(getopts)144 180 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F3(getopts)144
-204 Q F0 1.166(can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665
-(ays. If)-3.765 F 1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F4(optstring)
-3.895 E F0 1.165(is a colon,)3.885 F F4(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E
-1.263(reporting is used.)144 216 R 1.263
+(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,)
+.27 E F1(getopts)144 168 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144
+192 Q F0 1.166(can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665
+(ays. If)-3.765 F 1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring)
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(In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.263 F
--.25(va)-.4 G 1.263(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 228
+-.25(va)-.4 G 1.263(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 216
R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable)
--.25 E F1(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F
-(will be displayed, e)144 240 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5
-G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F4(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)
-2.72 E .666(If an in)144 264 R -.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,)
-.25 F F3(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F4(name)3.527 E
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-(and unsets)144 276 R F1(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F2(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F3
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+(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 228 Q
+-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E
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+(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E F0 .667
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(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399
-(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F1(OPT)2.899
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E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144
-288 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 312 R 1.241(gument is not found, and)
--.18 F F3(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()
-3.741 F F3(?).833 E F0 3.742(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242
-(laced in)-3.742 F F4(name)144 324 Q F0(,).18 E F1(OPT)2.735 E(ARG)-.81
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+(laced in)-3.742 F F2(name)144 312 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.735 E(ARG)-.81
E F0 .234(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If)
-5.234 E F3(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F3
-(:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 336 Q F4(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68
-E F1(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25
-E F3(getopts)144 360 Q F0 .902
+5.234 E F1(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1
+(:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 324 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68
+E F3(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25
+E F1(getopts)144 348 Q F0 .902
(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.)
3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F
-(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 372 Q F3(hash)108 388.8
-Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad70>-2.5 E F4(\214lename)2.5 E
-F0 2.5(][)C F3(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F4(name)-2.5 E F0(])A -.15(Fo)
-144 400.8 S 3.555(re).15 G(ach)-3.555 E F4(name)3.555 E F0 3.555(,t).18
+(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 360 Q F1(hash)108 376.8
+Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E
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+144 388.8 S 3.555(re).15 G(ach)-3.555 E F2(name)3.555 E F0 3.555(,t).18
G 1.054(he full \214le name of the command is determined by searching t\
-he directories in)-3.555 F F3($P)144 412.8 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0
-.349(and remembered.)2.849 F .349(If the)5.349 F F
3<ad70>2.849 E F0 .349
-(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.849 F F4
+he directories in)-3.555 F F1($P)144 400.8 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0
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1<ad70>2.849 E F0 .349
+(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.849 F F2
(\214lename)4.76 E F0 .452
-(is used as the full \214le name of the command.)144 424.8 R(The)5.452 E
-F
3<ad72>2.952 E F0 .452(option causes the shell to for)2.952 F .452
-(get all remem-)-.18 F .592(bered locations.)144 436.8 R(The)5.592 E F3
+(is used as the full \214le name of the command.)144 412.8 R(The)5.452 E
+F
1<ad72>2.952 E F0 .452(option causes the shell to for)2.952 F .452
+(get all remem-)-.18 F .592(bered locations.)144 424.8 R(The)5.592 E F1
<ad64>3.092 E F0 .593(option causes the shell to for)3.092 F .593
-(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F4(name)3.093 E F0(.)A .021
-(If the)144 4
48.8 R F3<ad74>2.521 E F0 .021
-(option is supplied, the full pathname to which each)2.521 F F4(name)
+(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)3.093 E F0(.)A .021
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36.8 R F1<ad74>2.521 E F0 .021
+(option is supplied, the full pathname to which each)2.521 F F2(name)
2.52 E F0 .02(corresponds is printed.)2.52 F .02(If multi-)5.02 F(ple)
-144 460.8 Q F4(name)3.703 E F0(ar)3.703 E 1.203
-(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F
3<ad74>3.703 E F0 3.703(,t)C(he)
--3.703 E F4(name)3.703 E F0 1.204
-(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.703 F(The)144 472.8 Q F3
+144 448.8 Q F2(name)3.703 E F0(ar)3.703 E 1.203
+(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F
1<ad74>3.703 E F0 3.703(,t)C(he)
+-3.703 E F2(name)3.703 E F0 1.204
+(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.703 F(The)144 460.8 Q F1
<ad6c>3.216 E F0 .715(option causes output to be displayed in a format \
that may be reused as input.)3.216 F .715(If no ar)5.715 F(gu-)-.18 E
-1.183(ments are gi)144 484.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.183(n, or if only).15 F
-F
3<ad6c>3.683 E F0 1.184
+1.183(ments are gi)144 472.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.183(n, or if only).15 F
+F
1<ad6c>3.683 E F0 1.184
(is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)3.684 F
-(The return status is true unless a)144 496.8 Q F4(name)2.86 E F0
+(The return status is true unless a)144 484.8 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0
(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.).25
-E F3(help)108 513.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3<ad73>A F0 2.5(][)C F4(pattern)-2.5 E
-F0(])A .867(Display helpful information about b)144 525.6 R .867
-(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F4(pattern)4.617 E F0 .866
-(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F3(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
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+(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 .866
+(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .306(help on all commands matching)144
-537.6 R F4(pattern)2.806 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307
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(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .307
-(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F .596(tures is printed.)144 549.6
-R(The)5.596 E F
3<ad73>3.096 E F0 .596
+(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F .596(tures is printed.)144 537.6
+R(The)5.596 E F
1<ad73>3.096 E F0 .596
(option restricts the information displayed to a short usage synopsis.)
3.096 F(The)5.596 E(return status is 0 unless no command matches)144
-561.6 Q F4(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F3(history [)108 578.4 Q F4(n)A F3
-(])A(history \255c)108 590.4 Q(history \255d)108 602.4 Q F4(of)2.5 E
-(fset)-.18 E F3(history \255anrw)108 614.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\214lename)A
-F0(])A F3(history \255p)108 626.4 Q F4(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F4
-(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F3(history \255s)108 638.4 Q F4(ar)
-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F4(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)
-144 650.4 S .752
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+(])A(history \255c)108 578.4 Q(history \255d)108 590.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E
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(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F
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-G 1.231(been modi\214ed.)144 662.4 R 1.231(An ar)6.231 F 1.231
-(gument of)-.18 F F4(n)4.091 E F0 1.231(lists only the last)3.971 F F4
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+(gument of)-.18 F F2(n)4.091 E F0 1.231(lists only the last)3.971 F F2
(n)4.091 E F0 3.73(lines. If)3.97 F 1.23(the shell v)3.73 F(ariable)-.25
-E F3(HISTTIME-)3.73 E(FORMA)144 674.4 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .249
-(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.749 F F4
+E F1(HISTTIME-)3.73 E(FORMA)144 662.4 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .249
+(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.749 F F2
(strftime)2.75 E F0 .25(\(3\) to display the time stamp)B .379
-(associated with each displayed history entry)144 686.4 R 5.379(.N)-.65
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G 2.878(oi)-5.379 G(nterv)-2.878 E .378
(ening blank is printed between the format-)-.15 F .814
-(ted time stamp and the history line.)144 698.4 R(If)5.814 E F4
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(\214lename)3.314 E F0 .814
(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history)3.314 F
-(\214le; if not, the v)144 710.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0
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+(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 710.4 Q F0
+(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)25.86 E
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%%Page: 9 9
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(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad63>144 84 Q F0
-(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)25.86 E F1<ad64>144
-96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0
-(Delete the history entry at position)180 108 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E
-F0(.)A F1<ad61>144 120 Q F0 .599(Append the `)25.3 F(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25
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+/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad64>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(of)2.5 E(fset)
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+(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1<ad61>144 108 Q F0 .599(Append the `)25.3 F(`ne)
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(istory lines \(history lines entered since the be)-3.099 F .598
-(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 132 Q F0
-(session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 144 Q F0 .854(Read \
+(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 120 Q F0
+(session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 132 Q F0 .854(Read \
the history lines not already read from the history \214le into the cur\
rent history list.)24.74 F .773
-(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 156 R
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.772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E
-(sion.)180 168 Q F1<ad72>144 180 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \
+(sion.)180 156 Q F1<ad72>144 168 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \
\214le and use them as the current history)25.86 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad77>144
-192 Q F0(Write the current history to the history \214le, o)23.08 E -.15
+180 Q F0(Write the current history to the history \214le, o)23.08 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G(ontents.)
--2.5 E F1<ad70>144 204 Q F0 .625
+-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 192 Q F0 .625
(Perform history substitution on the follo)24.74 F(wing)-.25 E F2(ar)
3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F
-2.975(output. Does)180 216 R .475
+2.975(output. Does)180 204 R .475
(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar)
2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F
-(normal history e)180 228 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 240 Q F0 .362
+(normal history e)180 216 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 228 Q F0 .362
(Store the)26.41 F F2(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
(in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363
-(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 252 Q -.15(ve)
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-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0
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E F0 .28
(is set, the time stamp information associated with each history entry)
-2.78 F .216(is written to the history \214le.)144 280.8 R .216
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(The return v)5.216 F .216(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G
.216(lid option is encountered, an error).25 F .422
-(occurs while reading or writing the history \214le, an in)144 292.8 R
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-.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.922 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .422
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-(,)A(or the history e)144 304.8 Q(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 E
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-321.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5
-E F1(jobs \255x)108 333.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)
--.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 345.6 Q .3
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+E F1(jobs \255x)108 321.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)
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-.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
-(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 357.6 Q F0
+(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 345.6 Q F0
(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F1
-<ad70>144 369.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5
-(sp)-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad6e>144 381.6 Q F0
+<ad70>144 357.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5
+(sp)-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad6e>144 369.6 Q F0
.193(Display information only about jobs that ha)24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c)
-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F
-(\214ed of their status.)180 393.6 Q F1<ad72>144 405.6 Q F0
-(Restrict output to running jobs.)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 417.6 Q F0
-(Restrict output to stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 434.4 Q F2(jobspec)
+(\214ed of their status.)180 381.6 Q F1<ad72>144 393.6 Q F0
+(Restrict output to running jobs.)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 405.6 Q F0
+(Restrict output to stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 422.4 Q F2(jobspec)
4.554 E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314
(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T)
--.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 446.4 Q -.25
+-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 434.4 Q -.25
(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25
-E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 463.2 R F1
+E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 451.2 R F1
<ad78>2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0
.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in)
3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395
-(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 475.2 Q
+(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 463.2 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar)
2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E
-F1(kill)108 4
92 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1
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80 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1
<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5
(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1
-(kill \255l)108 504 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G
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(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F2(signum)2.96 E F0 .119
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-(either a case-insensiti)144 528 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318
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(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319
(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319
-(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 540 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0
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1.349(is a signal number)4.169 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec)
4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0
-1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 552 Q .522(gument of)-.18 F
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F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523
F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F
F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names)
-.15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 564 R .28
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(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E F2
--.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 576 Q .377(gument to)-.18 F F1
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<ad6c>2.877 E F0 .378
(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378
-(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .594(nated by a signal.)144 588 R
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F1(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F
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-E F1(let)108 616.8 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(Each)144 628.8 Q F2(ar)3.964 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.134
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+E F1(let)108 604.8 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
+(...])2.5 E(Each)144 616.8 Q F2(ar)3.964 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.134
(is an arithmetic e)3.854 F 1.134(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25
G 1.135(luated \(see).25 F F3 1.135(ARITHMETIC EV)3.635 F(ALU)-1.215 E
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(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)
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--2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 669.6 S
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2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06
(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)
2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0
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(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F1(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
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(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
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.861(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F
--.4(Wi)5.86 G .86(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)144 705.6 Q F0 1.164
+-.4(Wi)5.86 G .86(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)144 693.6 Q F0 1.164
(writes a list of local v)3.664 F 1.165
(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use)
6.165 F F1(local)3.665 E F0 1.165(when not)3.665 F .233
-(within a function.)144 717.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.233
+(within a function.)144 705.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.233
F F1(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F
-.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)3.092 E F0(is)2.912 E(supplied, or)144
-729.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E
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(GNU Bash-3.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(9)203.725 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 10 10
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(cuted).15 E .506(with the)144 645.6 R F1(.)3.006 E F0(or)3.006 E F1
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-(apped signals are reset to their original v).35 F .156
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-F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0
-(returns true.)2.5 E F1(type)108 686.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])
-A F4(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F4(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 698.4 S
-.174(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F4
-(name)3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173
-(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F
-F1<ad74>144 710.4 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F1(type)3.342 E F0
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+E F4(sigspec)3.064 E F0 .224(is in)3.034 F -.25(va)-.4 G .224
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+(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F4(name)
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+(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F
+F1<ad74>144 722.4 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F1(type)3.343 E F0
.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F4(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E
F4 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F4(function)3.343 E F0
-(,).24 E F4 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F4
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-(is an alias, shell reserv)2.767 F .087(ed w)-.15 F .087
-(ord, function, b)-.1 F .086(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15
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%%Page: 18 18
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-(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .118
-(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 84 R .118(xit status of f)
--.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .119(If the)5.119 F/F1 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>2.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F1(type)
-2.619 E F0 .855(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 96
-R .855(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F/F2 10
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-F .64(mand name, or nothing if)144 108 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .64
-(type -t name)3.14 F F0 -.1(wo)3.14 G .641(uld not return).1 F F2
-(\214le)3.141 E F0 5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E F1<ad50>3.141 E F0 .641
-(option forces a)3.141 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.141 G(TH)-.189
-E F0 .113(search for each)144 120 R F2(name)2.613 E F0 2.613(,e)C -.15
-(ve)-2.863 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F3 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0
--.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I)
-.18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112(command is hashed,)-.001 F F1<ad70>2.612 E
-F0(and)144 132 Q F1<ad50>2.944 E F0 .444(print the hashed v)2.944 F .444
+(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)144.36 84 Q F0 .086(is an alias, shell reserv)
+2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087
+(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087
+(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F1(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)
+2.767 F .119(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 96 R .118
+(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F
+/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F2
+(type)2.618 E F0 .855(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)
+144 108 R .855(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F1
+(name)3.715 E F0 .855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641
+(mand name, or nothing if)144 120 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .641
+(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 G .641(uld not return).1 F F1
+(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E F2<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64
+(option forces a)3.14 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 E
+F0 .112(search for each)144 132 R F1(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15(ve)
+-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F3 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0 -.1
+(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I).18 G
+2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F2<ad70>2.613 E F0
+(and)144 144 Q F2<ad50>2.945 E F0 .445(print the hashed v)2.945 F .444
(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 F F4
--.666(PA)2.945 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .445(If the)
-4.945 F F1<ad61>2.945 E F0(option)2.945 E .265(is used,)144 144 R F1
+-.666(PA)2.944 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .444(If the)
+4.944 F F2<ad61>2.944 E F0(option)2.944 E .265(is used,)144 156 R F2
(type)2.765 E F0 .265(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G .265(cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18
-G .265(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .426
-(and functions, if and only if the)144 1
56 R F1<ad70>2.926 E F0 .426
-(option is not also used.)2.926 F .427
-(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .549(consulted when using)
-144 168 R F1<ad61>3.049 E F0 5.549(.T)C(he)-5.549 E F1<ad66>3.049 E F0
-.548(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.049 F F1
-(command)3.048 E F0 -.2(bu)144 180 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .265(cutable named).15 F F1(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18
+G .265(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .427
+(and functions, if and only if the)144 1
68 R F2<ad70>2.926 E F0 .426
+(option is not also used.)2.926 F .426
+(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .548(consulted when using)
+144 180 R F2<ad61>3.048 E F0 5.548(.T)C(he)-5.548 E F2<ad66>3.048 E F0
+.549(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.048 F F2
+(command)3.049 E F0 -.2(bu)144 192 S(iltin.).2 E F2(type)5 E F0
(returns true if an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he ar)-2.5 E
-(guments are found, f)-.18 E(alse if none are found.)-.1 E F1(ulimit)108
-196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255SHacde\214lmnpqrstuvx)A F0([)2.5 E F2(limit)A
-F0(]])A(Pro)144 208.8 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743
-(rt).15 G .243(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
+(guments are found, f)-.18 E(alse if none are found.)-.1 E F2(ulimit)108
+208.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255SHacde\214lmnpqrstuvx)A F0([)2.5 E F1(limit)A
+F0(]])A(Pro)144 220.8 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744
+(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
-.944(that allo)144 220.8 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F
-(The)5.944 E F1<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943
+.943(that allo)144 232.8 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F
+(The)5.943 E F2<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F2<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
-144 232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.737(nr).15 G 2.737(esource. A)-2.737 F .238
+144 244.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.738(nr).15 G 2.738(esource. A)-2.738 F .238
(hard limit cannot be increased once it is set; a soft limit may be inc\
-reased up to)2.738 F .356(the v)144 244.8 R .356
-(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .356(If neither)5.356 F F1<ad48>2.856 E
-F0(nor)2.856 E F1<ad53>2.856 E F0 .355
-(is speci\214ed, both the soft and hard limits are set.)2.855 F .402
-(The v)144 256.8 R .402(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.992 E F0 .402(can be \
+reased up to)2.738 F .355(the v)144 256.8 R .355
+(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .355(If neither)5.355 F F2<ad48>2.855 E
+F0(nor)2.855 E F2<ad53>2.855 E F0 .356
+(is speci\214ed, both the soft and hard limits are set.)2.856 F .402
+(The v)144 268.8 R .402(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.992 E F0 .402(can be \
a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one of the special\
- v)3.582 F(al-)-.25 E(ues)144 268.8 Q F1(hard)3.019 E F0(,)A F1(soft)
-3.019 E F0 3.019(,o)C(r)-3.019 E F1(unlimited)3.019 E F0 3.018(,w)C .518
+ v)3.582 F(al-)-.25 E(ues)144 280.8 Q F2(hard)3.018 E F0(,)A F2(soft)
+3.018 E F0 3.018(,o)C(r)-3.018 E F2(unlimited)3.018 E F0 3.018(,w)C .518
(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no)
--3.018 F .353(limit, respecti)144 280.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.353
-(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.353 E F2(limit)2.943 E F0 .353
-(is omitted, the current v)3.533 F .354
+-3.018 F .354(limit, respecti)144 292.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.354
+(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.354 E F1(limit)2.944 E F0 .354
+(is omitted, the current v)3.534 F .353
(alue of the soft limit of the resource is printed,)-.25 F .37
-(unless the)144
292.8 R F1<ad48>2.87 E F0 .37(option is gi)2.87 F -.15
+(unless the)144
304.8 R F2<ad48>2.87 E F0 .37(option is gi)2.87 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.87(n. When).15 F .37
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the limit name and unit)2.87 F
-(are printed before the v)144 304.8 Q 2.5(alue. Other)-.25 F
-(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 316.8 Q
-F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F1<ad63>144 328.8 Q F0
-(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E F1<ad64>144 340.8 Q F0
+(are printed before the v)144 316.8 Q 2.5(alue. Other)-.25 F
+(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2<ad61>144 328.8 Q
+F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F2<ad63>144 340.8 Q F0
+(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E F2<ad64>144 352.8 Q F0
(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E
-(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 352.8 Q F0
-(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1<ad66>144 364.8 Q
+(gment)-.15 E F2<ad65>144 364.8 Q F0
+(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F2<ad66>144 376.8 Q
F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)
-26.97 E F1<ad69>144 376.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)
-27.52 E F1<ad6c>144 388.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E
-(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 400.8 Q F0
-(The maximum resident set size)21.97 E F1<ad6e>144 412.8 Q F0 .791(The \
+26.97 E F2<ad69>144 388.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)
+27.52 E F2<ad6c>144 400.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E
+(ed into memory)-.1 E F2<ad6d>144 412.8 Q F0
+(The maximum resident set size)21.97 E F2<ad6e>144 424.8 Q F0 .791(The \
maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
-24.74 F 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F
-(be set\))180 424.8 Q F1<ad70>144 436.8 Q F0
-(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F1
-<ad71>144 448.8 Q F0
-(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E F
1<ad72>144
-4
60.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F1<ad73>144
-472.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144 484.8 Q F0
-(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144 496.8 Q
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72.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F2<ad73>144
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(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 E -.25(va)-.2 G
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E F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .343(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843
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2.843 E F0 .343(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F
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5(option is gi)144 549.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .175(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>
-2.675 E F0 .175(is assumed.)2.675 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175
-(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .176(xcept for)-.15 F F1
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7 F F2<ad6e>2.698 E F0
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-.2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 614.4 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
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-(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 703.2 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
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4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E
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%%Page: 19 19
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--.15(ve t)-.15 H .607(he corresponding v).15 F .607
-(ariable or function.)-.25 F .606(If no options are supplied, or the)
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(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.402(df).15 G .902
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+(RANDOM)4.284 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(SECONDS)4.035 E F4(,)A F3
(LINENO)4.035 E F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.035 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)4.035 E(AME)
-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.035 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.035 E F3(DIRST)
-4.284 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0(are)4.034 E .328(unset, the)144 156
-R 2.828(yl)-.15 G .328(ose their special properties, e)-2.828 F -.15(ve)
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+R 2.829(yl)-.15 G .328(ose their special properties, e)-2.829 F -.15(ve)
-.25 G 2.828(ni).15 G 2.828(ft)-2.828 G(he)-2.828 E 2.828(ya)-.15 G .328
-(re subsequently reset.)-2.828 F .328(The e)5.328 F .329
+(re subsequently reset.)-2.828 F .328(The e)5.328 F .328
(xit status is true)-.15 F(unless a)144 168 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0
(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 2.5(n.)C
(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 196.8 S .288
(it for each speci\214ed process and return its termination status.).8 F
-(Each)5.288 E F2(n)3.148 E F0 .287(may be a process ID or a)3.028 F .722
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(job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 208.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
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-(n, all currently acti).15 F 1.566 -.15(ve c)-.25 H 1.265
-(hild processes are w).15 F 1.265(aited for)-.1 F 3.765(,a)-.4 G 1.265
-(nd the return status is zero.)-3.765 F(If)6.265 E F2(n)4.125 E F0 .456
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(speci\214es a non-e)144 232.8 R .457
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-% Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995,
-% 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-%
-% This texinfo.tex file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-% modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
-% published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at
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-%
-% This texinfo.tex file is distributed in the hope that it will be
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-% of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
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-%
-% You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-% along with this texinfo.tex file; see the file COPYING. If not, write
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-% In other words, you are welcome to use, share and improve this program.
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-% The GNU Texinfo home page is http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo.
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-% The texinfo.tex in any given Texinfo distribution could well be out
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-% To process a Texinfo manual with TeX, it's most reliable to use the
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-% does insertions, but you have to call it yourself.
-\def\onepageout#1{%
- \ifcropmarks \hoffset=0pt \else \hoffset=\normaloffset \fi
- %
- \ifodd\pageno \advance\hoffset by \bindingoffset
- \else \advance\hoffset by -\bindingoffset\fi
- %
- % Do this outside of the \shipout so @code etc. will be expanded in
- % the headline as they should be, not taken literally (outputting ''code).
- \setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makeheadline}%
- \setbox\footlinebox = \vbox{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makefootline}%
- %
- {%
- % Have to do this stuff outside the \shipout because we want it to
- % take effect in \write's, yet the group defined by the \vbox ends
- % before the \shipout runs.
- %
- \escapechar = `\\ % use backslash in output files.
- \indexdummies % don't expand commands in the output.
- \normalturnoffactive % \ in index entries must not stay \, e.g., if
- % the page break happens to be in the middle of an example.
- \shipout\vbox{%
- % Do this early so pdf references go to the beginning of the page.
- \ifpdfmakepagedest \pdfmkdest{\the\pageno} \fi
- %
- \ifcropmarks \vbox to \outervsize\bgroup
- \hsize = \outerhsize
- \vskip-\topandbottommargin
- \vtop to0pt{%
- \line{\ewtop\hfil\ewtop}%
- \nointerlineskip
- \line{%
- \vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nstop}%
- \hfill
- \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nstop}%
- }%
- \vss}%
- \vskip\topandbottommargin
- \line\bgroup
- \hfil % center the page within the outer (page) hsize.
- \ifodd\pageno\hskip\bindingoffset\fi
- \vbox\bgroup
- \fi
- %
- \unvbox\headlinebox
- \pagebody{#1}%
- \ifdim\ht\footlinebox > 0pt
- % Only leave this space if the footline is nonempty.
- % (We lessened \vsize for it in \oddfootingxxx.)
- % The \baselineskip=24pt in plain's \makefootline has no effect.
- \vskip 2\baselineskip
- \unvbox\footlinebox
- \fi
- %
- \ifcropmarks
- \egroup % end of \vbox\bgroup
- \hfil\egroup % end of (centering) \line\bgroup
- \vskip\topandbottommargin plus1fill minus1fill
- \boxmaxdepth = \cornerthick
- \vbox to0pt{\vss
- \line{%
- \vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nsbot}%
- \hfill
- \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nsbot}%
- }%
- \nointerlineskip
- \line{\ewbot\hfil\ewbot}%
- }%
- \egroup % \vbox from first cropmarks clause
- \fi
- }% end of \shipout\vbox
- }% end of group with \normalturnoffactive
- \advancepageno
- \ifnum\outputpenalty>-20000 \else\dosupereject\fi
-}
-
-\newinsert\margin \dimen\margin=\maxdimen
-
-\def\pagebody#1{\vbox to\pageheight{\boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth #1}}
-{\catcode`\@ =11
-\gdef\pagecontents#1{\ifvoid\topins\else\unvbox\topins\fi
-% marginal hacks, juha@viisa.uucp (Juha Takala)
-\ifvoid\margin\else % marginal info is present
- \rlap{\kern\hsize\vbox to\z@{\kern1pt\box\margin \vss}}\fi
-\dimen@=\dp#1 \unvbox#1
-\ifvoid\footins\else\vskip\skip\footins\footnoterule \unvbox\footins\fi
-\ifr@ggedbottom \kern-\dimen@ \vfil \fi}
-}
-
-% Here are the rules for the cropmarks. Note that they are
-% offset so that the space between them is truly \outerhsize or \outervsize
-% (P. A. MacKay, 12 November, 1986)
-%
-\def\ewtop{\vrule height\cornerthick depth0pt width\cornerlong}
-\def\nstop{\vbox
- {\hrule height\cornerthick depth\cornerlong width\cornerthick}}
-\def\ewbot{\vrule height0pt depth\cornerthick width\cornerlong}
-\def\nsbot{\vbox
- {\hrule height\cornerlong depth\cornerthick width\cornerthick}}
-
-% Parse an argument, then pass it to #1. The argument is the rest of
-% the input line (except we remove a trailing comment). #1 should be a
-% macro which expects an ordinary undelimited TeX argument.
-%
-\def\parsearg#1{%
- \let\next = #1%
- \begingroup
- \obeylines
- \futurelet\temp\parseargx
-}
-
-% If the next token is an obeyed space (from an @example environment or
-% the like), remove it and recurse. Otherwise, we're done.
-\def\parseargx{%
- % \obeyedspace is defined far below, after the definition of \sepspaces.
- \ifx\obeyedspace\temp
- \expandafter\parseargdiscardspace
- \else
- \expandafter\parseargline
- \fi
-}
-
-% Remove a single space (as the delimiter token to the macro call).
-{\obeyspaces %
- \gdef\parseargdiscardspace {\futurelet\temp\parseargx}}
-
-{\obeylines %
- \gdef\parseargline#1^^M{%
- \endgroup % End of the group started in \parsearg.
- %
- % First remove any @c comment, then any @comment.
- % Result of each macro is put in \toks0.
- \argremovec #1\c\relax %
- \expandafter\argremovecomment \the\toks0 \comment\relax %
- %
- % Call the caller's macro, saved as \next in \parsearg.
- \expandafter\next\expandafter{\the\toks0}%
- }%
-}
-
-% Since all \c{,omment} does is throw away the argument, we can let TeX
-% do that for us. The \relax here is matched by the \relax in the call
-% in \parseargline; it could be more or less anything, its purpose is
-% just to delimit the argument to the \c.
-\def\argremovec#1\c#2\relax{\toks0 = {#1}}
-\def\argremovecomment#1\comment#2\relax{\toks0 = {#1}}
-
-% \argremovec{,omment} might leave us with trailing spaces, though; e.g.,
-% @end itemize @c foo
-% will have two active spaces as part of the argument with the
-% `itemize'. Here we remove all active spaces from #1, and assign the
-% result to \toks0.
-%
-% This loses if there are any *other* active characters besides spaces
-% in the argument -- _ ^ +, for example -- since they get expanded.
-% Fortunately, Texinfo does not define any such commands. (If it ever
-% does, the catcode of the characters in questionwill have to be changed
-% here.) But this means we cannot call \removeactivespaces as part of
-% \argremovec{,omment}, since @c uses \parsearg, and thus the argument
-% that \parsearg gets might well have any character at all in it.
-%
-\def\removeactivespaces#1{%
- \begingroup
- \ignoreactivespaces
- \edef\temp{#1}%
- \global\toks0 = \expandafter{\temp}%
- \endgroup
-}
-
-% Change the active space to expand to nothing.
-%
-\begingroup
- \obeyspaces
- \gdef\ignoreactivespaces{\obeyspaces\let =\empty}
-\endgroup
-
-
-\def\flushcr{\ifx\par\lisppar \def\next##1{}\else \let\next=\relax \fi \next}
-
-%% These are used to keep @begin/@end levels from running away
-%% Call \inENV within environments (after a \begingroup)
-\newif\ifENV \ENVfalse \def\inENV{\ifENV\relax\else\ENVtrue\fi}
-\def\ENVcheck{%
-\ifENV\errmessage{Still within an environment; press RETURN to continue}
-\endgroup\fi} % This is not perfect, but it should reduce lossage
-
-% @begin foo is the same as @foo, for now.
-\newhelp\EMsimple{Press RETURN to continue.}
-
-\outer\def\begin{\parsearg\beginxxx}
-
-\def\beginxxx #1{%
-\expandafter\ifx\csname #1\endcsname\relax
-{\errhelp=\EMsimple \errmessage{Undefined command @begin #1}}\else
-\csname #1\endcsname\fi}
-
-% @end foo executes the definition of \Efoo.
-%
-\def\end{\parsearg\endxxx}
-\def\endxxx #1{%
- \removeactivespaces{#1}%
- \edef\endthing{\the\toks0}%
- %
- \expandafter\ifx\csname E\endthing\endcsname\relax
- \expandafter\ifx\csname \endthing\endcsname\relax
- % There's no \foo, i.e., no ``environment'' foo.
- \errhelp = \EMsimple
- \errmessage{Undefined command `@end \endthing'}%
- \else
- \unmatchedenderror\endthing
- \fi
- \else
- % Everything's ok; the right environment has been started.
- \csname E\endthing\endcsname
- \fi
-}
-
-% There is an environment #1, but it hasn't been started. Give an error.
-%
-\def\unmatchedenderror#1{%
- \errhelp = \EMsimple
- \errmessage{This `@end #1' doesn't have a matching `@#1'}%
-}
-
-% Define the control sequence \E#1 to give an unmatched @end error.
-%
-\def\defineunmatchedend#1{%
- \expandafter\def\csname E#1\endcsname{\unmatchedenderror{#1}}%
-}
-
-
-%% Simple single-character @ commands
-
-% @@ prints an @
-% Kludge this until the fonts are right (grr).
-\def\@{{\tt\char64}}
-
-% This is turned off because it was never documented
-% and you can use @w{...} around a quote to suppress ligatures.
-%% Define @` and @' to be the same as ` and '
-%% but suppressing ligatures.
-%\def\`{{`}}
-%\def\'{{'}}
-
-% Used to generate quoted braces.
-\def\mylbrace {{\tt\char123}}
-\def\myrbrace {{\tt\char125}}
-\let\{=\mylbrace
-\let\}=\myrbrace
-\begingroup
- % Definitions to produce \{ and \} commands for indices,
- % and @{ and @} for the aux file.
- \catcode`\{ = \other \catcode`\} = \other
- \catcode`\[ = 1 \catcode`\] = 2
- \catcode`\! = 0 \catcode`\\ = \other
- !gdef!lbracecmd[\{]%
- !gdef!rbracecmd[\}]%
- !gdef!lbraceatcmd[@{]%
- !gdef!rbraceatcmd[@}]%
-!endgroup
-
-% Accents: @, @dotaccent @ringaccent @ubaraccent @udotaccent
-% Others are defined by plain TeX: @` @' @" @^ @~ @= @u @v @H.
-\let\, = \c
-\let\dotaccent = \.
-\def\ringaccent#1{{\accent23 #1}}
-\let\tieaccent = \t
-\let\ubaraccent = \b
-\let\udotaccent = \d
-
-% Other special characters: @questiondown @exclamdown
-% Plain TeX defines: @AA @AE @O @OE @L (plus lowercase versions) @ss.
-\def\questiondown{?`}
-\def\exclamdown{!`}
-
-% Dotless i and dotless j, used for accents.
-\def\imacro{i}
-\def\jmacro{j}
-\def\dotless#1{%
- \def\temp{#1}%
- \ifx\temp\imacro \ptexi
- \else\ifx\temp\jmacro \j
- \else \errmessage{@dotless can be used only with i or j}%
- \fi\fi
-}
-
-% Be sure we're in horizontal mode when doing a tie, since we make space
-% equivalent to this in @example-like environments. Otherwise, a space
-% at the beginning of a line will start with \penalty -- and
-% since \penalty is valid in vertical mode, we'd end up putting the
-% penalty on the vertical list instead of in the new paragraph.
-{\catcode`@ = 11
- % Avoid using \@M directly, because that causes trouble
- % if the definition is written into an index file.
- \global\let\tiepenalty = \@M
- \gdef\tie{\leavevmode\penalty\tiepenalty\ }
-}
-
-% @: forces normal size whitespace following.
-\def\:{\spacefactor=1000 }
-
-% @* forces a line break.
-\def\*{\hfil\break\hbox{}\ignorespaces}
-
-% @. is an end-of-sentence period.
-\def\.{.\spacefactor=3000 }
-
-% @! is an end-of-sentence bang.
-\def\!{!\spacefactor=3000 }
-
-% @? is an end-of-sentence query.
-\def\?{?\spacefactor=3000 }
-
-% @w prevents a word break. Without the \leavevmode, @w at the
-% beginning of a paragraph, when TeX is still in vertical mode, would
-% produce a whole line of output instead of starting the paragraph.
-\def\w#1{\leavevmode\hbox{#1}}
-
-% @group ... @end group forces ... to be all on one page, by enclosing
-% it in a TeX vbox. We use \vtop instead of \vbox to construct the box
-% to keep its height that of a normal line. According to the rules for
-% \topskip (p.114 of the TeXbook), the glue inserted is
-% max (\topskip - \ht (first item), 0). If that height is large,
-% therefore, no glue is inserted, and the space between the headline and
-% the text is small, which looks bad.
-%
-% Another complication is that the group might be very large. This can
-% cause the glue on the previous page to be unduly stretched, because it
-% does not have much material. In this case, it's better to add an
-% explicit \vfill so that the extra space is at the bottom. The
-% threshold for doing this is if the group is more than \vfilllimit
-% percent of a page (\vfilllimit can be changed inside of @tex).
-%
-\newbox\groupbox
-\def\vfilllimit{0.7}
-%
-\def\group{\begingroup
- \ifnum\catcode13=\active \else
- \errhelp = \groupinvalidhelp
- \errmessage{@group invalid in context where filling is enabled}%
- \fi
- %
- % The \vtop we start below produces a box with normal height and large
- % depth; thus, TeX puts \baselineskip glue before it, and (when the
- % next line of text is done) \lineskip glue after it. (See p.82 of
- % the TeXbook.) Thus, space below is not quite equal to space
- % above. But it's pretty close.
- \def\Egroup{%
- \egroup % End the \vtop.
- % \dimen0 is the vertical size of the group's box.
- \dimen0 = \ht\groupbox \advance\dimen0 by \dp\groupbox
- % \dimen2 is how much space is left on the page (more or less).
- \dimen2 = \pageheight \advance\dimen2 by -\pagetotal
- % if the group doesn't fit on the current page, and it's a big big
- % group, force a page break.
- \ifdim \dimen0 > \dimen2
- \ifdim \pagetotal < \vfilllimit\pageheight
- \page
- \fi
- \fi
- \copy\groupbox
- \endgroup % End the \group.
- }%
- %
- \setbox\groupbox = \vtop\bgroup
- % We have to put a strut on the last line in case the @group is in
- % the midst of an example, rather than completely enclosing it.
- % Otherwise, the interline space between the last line of the group
- % and the first line afterwards is too small. But we can't put the
- % strut in \Egroup, since there it would be on a line by itself.
- % Hence this just inserts a strut at the beginning of each line.
- \everypar = {\strut}%
- %
- % Since we have a strut on every line, we don't need any of TeX's
- % normal interline spacing.
- \offinterlineskip
- %
- % OK, but now we have to do something about blank
- % lines in the input in @example-like environments, which normally
- % just turn into \lisppar, which will insert no space now that we've
- % turned off the interline space. Simplest is to make them be an
- % empty paragraph.
- \ifx\par\lisppar
- \edef\par{\leavevmode \par}%
- %
- % Reset ^^M's definition to new definition of \par.
- \obeylines
- \fi
- %
- % Do @comment since we are called inside an environment such as
- % @example, where each end-of-line in the input causes an
- % end-of-line in the output. We don't want the end-of-line after
- % the `@group' to put extra space in the output. Since @group
- % should appear on a line by itself (according to the Texinfo
- % manual), we don't worry about eating any user text.
- \comment
-}
-%
-% TeX puts in an \escapechar (i.e., `@') at the beginning of the help
-% message, so this ends up printing `@group can only ...'.
-%
-\newhelp\groupinvalidhelp{%
-group can only be used in environments such as @example,^^J%
-where each line of input produces a line of output.}
-
-% @need space-in-mils
-% forces a page break if there is not space-in-mils remaining.
-
-\newdimen\mil \mil=0.001in
-
-\def\need{\parsearg\needx}
-
-% Old definition--didn't work.
-%\def\needx #1{\par %
-%% This method tries to make TeX break the page naturally
-%% if the depth of the box does not fit.
-%{\baselineskip=0pt%
-%\vtop to #1\mil{\vfil}\kern -#1\mil\nobreak
-%\prevdepth=-1000pt
-%}}
-
-\def\needx#1{%
- % Ensure vertical mode, so we don't make a big box in the middle of a
- % paragraph.
- \par
- %
- % If the @need value is less than one line space, it's useless.
- \dimen0 = #1\mil
- \dimen2 = \ht\strutbox
- \advance\dimen2 by \dp\strutbox
- \ifdim\dimen0 > \dimen2
- %
- % Do a \strut just to make the height of this box be normal, so the
- % normal leading is inserted relative to the preceding line.
- % And a page break here is fine.
- \vtop to #1\mil{\strut\vfil}%
- %
- % TeX does not even consider page breaks if a penalty added to the
- % main vertical list is 10000 or more. But in order to see if the
- % empty box we just added fits on the page, we must make it consider
- % page breaks. On the other hand, we don't want to actually break the
- % page after the empty box. So we use a penalty of 9999.
- %
- % There is an extremely small chance that TeX will actually break the
- % page at this \penalty, if there are no other feasible breakpoints in
- % sight. (If the user is using lots of big @group commands, which
- % almost-but-not-quite fill up a page, TeX will have a hard time doing
- % good page breaking, for example.) However, I could not construct an
- % example where a page broke at this \penalty; if it happens in a real
- % document, then we can reconsider our strategy.
- \penalty9999
- %
- % Back up by the size of the box, whether we did a page break or not.
- \kern -#1\mil
- %
- % Do not allow a page break right after this kern.
- \nobreak
- \fi
-}
-
-% @br forces paragraph break
-
-\let\br = \par
-
-% @dots{} output an ellipsis using the current font.
-% We do .5em per period so that it has the same spacing in a typewriter
-% font as three actual period characters.
-%
-\def\dots{%
- \leavevmode
- \hbox to 1.5em{%
- \hskip 0pt plus 0.25fil minus 0.25fil
- .\hss.\hss.%
- \hskip 0pt plus 0.5fil minus 0.5fil
- }%
-}
-
-% @enddots{} is an end-of-sentence ellipsis.
-%
-\def\enddots{%
- \leavevmode
- \hbox to 2em{%
- \hskip 0pt plus 0.25fil minus 0.25fil
- .\hss.\hss.\hss.%
- \hskip 0pt plus 0.5fil minus 0.5fil
- }%
- \spacefactor=3000
-}
-
-
-% @page forces the start of a new page
-%
-\def\page{\par\vfill\supereject}
-
-% @exdent text....
-% outputs text on separate line in roman font, starting at standard page margin
-
-% This records the amount of indent in the innermost environment.
-% That's how much \exdent should take out.
-\newskip\exdentamount
-
-% This defn is used inside fill environments such as @defun.
-\def\exdent{\parsearg\exdentyyy}
-\def\exdentyyy #1{{\hfil\break\hbox{\kern -\exdentamount{\rm#1}}\hfil\break}}
-
-% This defn is used inside nofill environments such as @example.
-\def\nofillexdent{\parsearg\nofillexdentyyy}
-\def\nofillexdentyyy #1{{\advance \leftskip by -\exdentamount
-\leftline{\hskip\leftskip{\rm#1}}}}
-
-% @inmargin{WHICH}{TEXT} puts TEXT in the WHICH margin next to the current
-% paragraph. For more general purposes, use the \margin insertion
-% class. WHICH is `l' or `r'.
-%
-\newskip\inmarginspacing \inmarginspacing=1cm
-\def\strutdepth{\dp\strutbox}
-%
-\def\doinmargin#1#2{\strut\vadjust{%
- \nobreak
- \kern-\strutdepth
- \vtop to \strutdepth{%
- \baselineskip=\strutdepth
- \vss
- % if you have multiple lines of stuff to put here, you'll need to
- % make the vbox yourself of the appropriate size.
- \ifx#1l%
- \llap{\ignorespaces #2\hskip\inmarginspacing}%
- \else
- \rlap{\hskip\hsize \hskip\inmarginspacing \ignorespaces #2}%
- \fi
- \null
- }%
-}}
-\def\inleftmargin{\doinmargin l}
-\def\inrightmargin{\doinmargin r}
-%
-% @inmargin{TEXT [, RIGHT-TEXT]}
-% (if RIGHT-TEXT is given, use TEXT for left page, RIGHT-TEXT for right;
-% else use TEXT for both).
-%
-\def\inmargin#1{\parseinmargin #1,,\finish}
-\def\parseinmargin#1,#2,#3\finish{% not perfect, but better than nothing.
- \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
- \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
- \def\lefttext{#1}% have both texts
- \def\righttext{#2}%
- \else
- \def\lefttext{#1}% have only one text
- \def\righttext{#1}%
- \fi
- %
- \ifodd\pageno
- \def\temp{\inrightmargin\righttext}% odd page -> outside is right margin
- \else
- \def\temp{\inleftmargin\lefttext}%
- \fi
- \temp
-}
-
-% @include file insert text of that file as input.
-% Allow normal characters that we make active in the argument (a file name).
-\def\include{\begingroup
- \catcode`\\=\other
- \catcode`~=\other
- \catcode`^=\other
- \catcode`_=\other
- \catcode`|=\other
- \catcode`<=\other
- \catcode`>=\other
- \catcode`+=\other
- \parsearg\includezzz}
-% Restore active chars for included file.
-\def\includezzz#1{\endgroup\begingroup
- % Read the included file in a group so nested @include's work.
- \def\thisfile{#1}%
- \let\value=\expandablevalue
- \input\thisfile
-\endgroup}
-
-\def\thisfile{}
-
-% @center line
-% outputs that line, centered.
-%
-\def\center{\parsearg\docenter}
-\def\docenter#1{{%
- \ifhmode \hfil\break \fi
- \advance\hsize by -\leftskip
- \advance\hsize by -\rightskip
- \line{\hfil \ignorespaces#1\unskip \hfil}%
- \ifhmode \break \fi
-}}
-
-% @sp n outputs n lines of vertical space
-
-\def\sp{\parsearg\spxxx}
-\def\spxxx #1{\vskip #1\baselineskip}
-
-% @comment ...line which is ignored...
-% @c is the same as @comment
-% @ignore ... @end ignore is another way to write a comment
-
-\def\comment{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\other%
-\catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other%
-\commentxxx}
-{\catcode`\^^M=\other \gdef\commentxxx#1^^M{\endgroup}}
-
-\let\c=\comment
-
-% @paragraphindent NCHARS
-% We'll use ems for NCHARS, close enough.
-% We cannot implement @paragraphindent asis, though.
-%
-\def\asisword{asis} % no translation, these are keywords
-\def\noneword{none}
-%
-\def\paragraphindent{\parsearg\doparagraphindent}
-\def\doparagraphindent#1{%
- \def\temp{#1}%
- \ifx\temp\asisword
- \else
- \ifx\temp\noneword
- \defaultparindent = 0pt
- \else
- \defaultparindent = #1em
- \fi
- \fi
- \parindent = \defaultparindent
-}
-
-% @exampleindent NCHARS
-% We'll use ems for NCHARS like @paragraphindent.
-% It seems @exampleindent asis isn't necessary, but
-% I preserve it to make it similar to @paragraphindent.
-\def\exampleindent{\parsearg\doexampleindent}
-\def\doexampleindent#1{%
- \def\temp{#1}%
- \ifx\temp\asisword
- \else
- \ifx\temp\noneword
- \lispnarrowing = 0pt
- \else
- \lispnarrowing = #1em
- \fi
- \fi
-}
-
-% @asis just yields its argument. Used with @table, for example.
-%
-\def\asis#1{#1}
-
-% @math outputs its argument in math mode.
-% We don't use $'s directly in the definition of \math because we need
-% to set catcodes according to plain TeX first, to allow for subscripts,
-% superscripts, special math chars, etc.
-%
-\let\implicitmath = $%$ font-lock fix
-%
-% One complication: _ usually means subscripts, but it could also mean
-% an actual _ character, as in @math{@var{some_variable} + 1}. So make
-% _ within @math be active (mathcode "8000), and distinguish by seeing
-% if the current family is \slfam, which is what @var uses.
-%
-{\catcode\underChar = \active
-\gdef\mathunderscore{%
- \catcode\underChar=\active
- \def_{\ifnum\fam=\slfam \_\else\sb\fi}%
-}}
-%
-% Another complication: we want \\ (and @\) to output a \ character.
-% FYI, plain.tex uses \\ as a temporary control sequence (why?), but
-% this is not advertised and we don't care. Texinfo does not
-% otherwise define @\.
-%
-% The \mathchar is class=0=ordinary, family=7=ttfam, position=5C=\.
-\def\mathbackslash{\ifnum\fam=\ttfam \mathchar"075C \else\backslash \fi}
-%
-\def\math{%
- \tex
- \mathcode`\_="8000 \mathunderscore
- \let\\ = \mathbackslash
- \mathactive
- \implicitmath\finishmath}
-\def\finishmath#1{#1\implicitmath\Etex}
-
-% Some active characters (such as <) are spaced differently in math.
-% We have to reset their definitions in case the @math was an
-% argument to a command which set the catcodes (such as @item or @section).
-%
-{
- \catcode`^ = \active
- \catcode`< = \active
- \catcode`> = \active
- \catcode`+ = \active
- \gdef\mathactive{%
- \let^ = \ptexhat
- \let< = \ptexless
- \let> = \ptexgtr
- \let+ = \ptexplus
- }
-}
-
-% @bullet and @minus need the same treatment as @math, just above.
-\def\bullet{\implicitmath\ptexbullet\implicitmath}
-\def\minus{\implicitmath-\implicitmath}
-
-% @refill is a no-op.
-\let\refill=\relax
-
-% If working on a large document in chapters, it is convenient to
-% be able to disable indexing, cross-referencing, and contents, for test runs.
-% This is done with @novalidate (before @setfilename).
-%
-\newif\iflinks \linkstrue % by default we want the aux files.
-\let\novalidate = \linksfalse
-
-% @setfilename is done at the beginning of every texinfo file.
-% So open here the files we need to have open while reading the input.
-% This makes it possible to make a .fmt file for texinfo.
-\def\setfilename{%
- \iflinks
- \readauxfile
- \fi % \openindices needs to do some work in any case.
- \openindices
- \fixbackslash % Turn off hack to swallow `\input texinfo'.
- \global\let\setfilename=\comment % Ignore extra @setfilename cmds.
- %
- % If texinfo.cnf is present on the system, read it.
- % Useful for site-wide @afourpaper, etc.
- % Just to be on the safe side, close the input stream before the \input.
- \openin 1 texinfo.cnf
- \ifeof1 \let\temp=\relax \else \def\temp{\input texinfo.cnf }\fi
- \closein1
- \temp
- %
- \comment % Ignore the actual filename.
-}
-
-% Called from \setfilename.
-%
-\def\openindices{%
- \newindex{cp}%
- \newcodeindex{fn}%
- \newcodeindex{vr}%
- \newcodeindex{tp}%
- \newcodeindex{ky}%
- \newcodeindex{pg}%
-}
-
-% @bye.
-\outer\def\bye{\pagealignmacro\tracingstats=1\ptexend}
-
-
-\message{pdf,}
-% adobe `portable' document format
-\newcount\tempnum
-\newcount\lnkcount
-\newtoks\filename
-\newcount\filenamelength
-\newcount\pgn
-\newtoks\toksA
-\newtoks\toksB
-\newtoks\toksC
-\newtoks\toksD
-\newbox\boxA
-\newcount\countA
-\newif\ifpdf
-\newif\ifpdfmakepagedest
-
-\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined
- \pdffalse
- \let\pdfmkdest = \gobble
- \let\pdfurl = \gobble
- \let\endlink = \relax
- \let\linkcolor = \relax
- \let\pdfmakeoutlines = \relax
-\else
- \pdftrue
- \pdfoutput = 1
- \input pdfcolor
- \def\dopdfimage#1#2#3{%
- \def\imagewidth{#2}%
- \def\imageheight{#3}%
- % without \immediate, pdftex seg faults when the same image is
- % included twice. (Version 3.14159-pre-1.0-unofficial-20010704.)
- \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14
- \immediate\pdfimage
- \else
- \immediate\pdfximage
- \fi
- \ifx\empty\imagewidth\else width \imagewidth \fi
- \ifx\empty\imageheight\else height \imageheight \fi
- \ifnum\pdftexversion<13
- #1.pdf%
- \else
- {#1.pdf}%
- \fi
- \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14 \else
- \pdfrefximage \pdflastximage
- \fi}
- \def\pdfmkdest#1{{\normalturnoffactive \pdfdest name{#1} xyz}}
- \def\pdfmkpgn#1{#1}
- \let\linkcolor = \Blue % was Cyan, but that seems light?
- \def\endlink{\Black\pdfendlink}
- % Adding outlines to PDF; macros for calculating structure of outlines
- % come from Petr Olsak
- \def\expnumber#1{\expandafter\ifx\csname#1\endcsname\relax 0%
- \else \csname#1\endcsname \fi}
- \def\advancenumber#1{\tempnum=\expnumber{#1}\relax
- \advance\tempnum by1
- \expandafter\xdef\csname#1\endcsname{\the\tempnum}}
- \def\pdfmakeoutlines{{%
- \openin 1 \jobname.toc
- \ifeof 1\else\begingroup
- \closein 1
- % Thanh's hack / proper braces in bookmarks
- \edef\mylbrace{\iftrue \string{\else}\fi}\let\{=\mylbrace
- \edef\myrbrace{\iffalse{\else\string}\fi}\let\}=\myrbrace
- %
- \def\chapentry ##1##2##3{}
- \def\secentry ##1##2##3##4{\advancenumber{chap##2}}
- \def\subsecentry ##1##2##3##4##5{\advancenumber{sec##2.##3}}
- \def\subsubsecentry ##1##2##3##4##5##6{\advancenumber{subsec##2.##3.##4}}
- \let\appendixentry = \chapentry
- \let\unnumbchapentry = \chapentry
- \let\unnumbsecentry = \secentry
- \let\unnumbsubsecentry = \subsecentry
- \let\unnumbsubsubsecentry = \subsubsecentry
- \input \jobname.toc
- \def\chapentry ##1##2##3{%
- \pdfoutline goto name{\pdfmkpgn{##3}}count-\expnumber{chap##2}{##1}}
- \def\secentry ##1##2##3##4{%
- \pdfoutline goto name{\pdfmkpgn{##4}}count-\expnumber{sec##2.##3}{##1}}
- \def\subsecentry ##1##2##3##4##5{%
- \pdfoutline goto name{\pdfmkpgn{##5}}count-\expnumber{subsec##2.##3.##4}{##1}}
- \def\subsubsecentry ##1##2##3##4##5##6{%
- \pdfoutline goto name{\pdfmkpgn{##6}}{##1}}
- \let\appendixentry = \chapentry
- \let\unnumbchapentry = \chapentry
- \let\unnumbsecentry = \secentry
- \let\unnumbsubsecentry = \subsecentry
- \let\unnumbsubsubsecentry = \subsubsecentry
- %
- % Make special characters normal for writing to the pdf file.
- %
- \indexnofonts
- \let\tt=\relax
- \turnoffactive
- \input \jobname.toc
- \endgroup\fi
- }}
- \def\makelinks #1,{%
- \def\params{#1}\def\E{END}%
- \ifx\params\E
- \let\nextmakelinks=\relax
- \else
- \let\nextmakelinks=\makelinks
- \ifnum\lnkcount>0,\fi
- \picknum{#1}%
- \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}
- goto name{\pdfmkpgn{\the\pgn}}%
- \linkcolor #1%
- \advance\lnkcount by 1%
- \endlink
- \fi
- \nextmakelinks
- }
- \def\picknum#1{\expandafter\pn#1}
- \def\pn#1{%
- \def\p{#1}%
- \ifx\p\lbrace
- \let\nextpn=\ppn
- \else
- \let\nextpn=\ppnn
- \def\first{#1}
- \fi
- \nextpn
- }
- \def\ppn#1{\pgn=#1\gobble}
- \def\ppnn{\pgn=\first}
- \def\pdfmklnk#1{\lnkcount=0\makelinks #1,END,}
- \def\addtokens#1#2{\edef\addtoks{\noexpand#1={\the#1#2}}\addtoks}
- \def\skipspaces#1{\def\PP{#1}\def\D{|}%
- \ifx\PP\D\let\nextsp\relax
- \else\let\nextsp\skipspaces
- \ifx\p\space\else\addtokens{\filename}{\PP}%
- \advance\filenamelength by 1
- \fi
- \fi
- \nextsp}
- \def\getfilename#1{\filenamelength=0\expandafter\skipspaces#1|\relax}
- \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14
- \let \startlink \pdfannotlink
- \else
- \let \startlink \pdfstartlink
- \fi
- \def\pdfurl#1{%
- \begingroup
- \normalturnoffactive\def\@{@}%
- \let\value=\expandablevalue
- \leavevmode\Red
- \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}%
- user{/Subtype /Link /A << /S /URI /URI (#1) >>}%
- % #1
- \endgroup}
- \def\pdfgettoks#1.{\setbox\boxA=\hbox{\toksA={#1.}\toksB={}\maketoks}}
- \def\addtokens#1#2{\edef\addtoks{\noexpand#1={\the#1#2}}\addtoks}
- \def\adn#1{\addtokens{\toksC}{#1}\global\countA=1\let\next=\maketoks}
- \def\poptoks#1#2|ENDTOKS|{\let\first=#1\toksD={#1}\toksA={#2}}
- \def\maketoks{%
- \expandafter\poptoks\the\toksA|ENDTOKS|
- \ifx\first0\adn0
- \else\ifx\first1\adn1 \else\ifx\first2\adn2 \else\ifx\first3\adn3
- \else\ifx\first4\adn4 \else\ifx\first5\adn5 \else\ifx\first6\adn6
- \else\ifx\first7\adn7 \else\ifx\first8\adn8 \else\ifx\first9\adn9
- \else
- \ifnum0=\countA\else\makelink\fi
- \ifx\first.\let\next=\done\else
- \let\next=\maketoks
- \addtokens{\toksB}{\the\toksD}
- \ifx\first,\addtokens{\toksB}{\space}\fi
- \fi
- \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
- \next}
- \def\makelink{\addtokens{\toksB}%
- {\noexpand\pdflink{\the\toksC}}\toksC={}\global\countA=0}
- \def\pdflink#1{%
- \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]} goto name{\pdfmkpgn{#1}}
- \linkcolor #1\endlink}
- \def\done{\edef\st{\global\noexpand\toksA={\the\toksB}}\st}
-\fi % \ifx\pdfoutput
-
-
-\message{fonts,}
-% Font-change commands.
-
-% Texinfo sort of supports the sans serif font style, which plain TeX does not.
-% So we set up a \sf analogous to plain's \rm, etc.
-\newfam\sffam
-\def\sf{\fam=\sffam \tensf}
-\let\li = \sf % Sometimes we call it \li, not \sf.
-
-% We don't need math for this one.
-\def\ttsl{\tenttsl}
-
-% Default leading.
-\newdimen\textleading \textleading = 13.2pt
-
-% Set the baselineskip to #1, and the lineskip and strut size
-% correspondingly. There is no deep meaning behind these magic numbers
-% used as factors; they just match (closely enough) what Knuth defined.
-%
-\def\lineskipfactor{.08333}
-\def\strutheightpercent{.70833}
-\def\strutdepthpercent {.29167}
-%
-\def\setleading#1{%
- \normalbaselineskip = #1\relax
- \normallineskip = \lineskipfactor\normalbaselineskip
- \normalbaselines
- \setbox\strutbox =\hbox{%
- \vrule width0pt height\strutheightpercent\baselineskip
- depth \strutdepthpercent \baselineskip
- }%
-}
-
-% Set the font macro #1 to the font named #2, adding on the
-% specified font prefix (normally `cm').
-% #3 is the font's design size, #4 is a scale factor
-\def\setfont#1#2#3#4{\font#1=\fontprefix#2#3 scaled #4}
-
-% Use cm as the default font prefix.
-% To specify the font prefix, you must define \fontprefix
-% before you read in texinfo.tex.
-\ifx\fontprefix\undefined
-\def\fontprefix{cm}
-\fi
-% Support font families that don't use the same naming scheme as CM.
-\def\rmshape{r}
-\def\rmbshape{bx} %where the normal face is bold
-\def\bfshape{b}
-\def\bxshape{bx}
-\def\ttshape{tt}
-\def\ttbshape{tt}
-\def\ttslshape{sltt}
-\def\itshape{ti}
-\def\itbshape{bxti}
-\def\slshape{sl}
-\def\slbshape{bxsl}
-\def\sfshape{ss}
-\def\sfbshape{ss}
-\def\scshape{csc}
-\def\scbshape{csc}
-
-\newcount\mainmagstep
-\ifx\bigger\relax
- % not really supported.
- \mainmagstep=\magstep1
- \setfont\textrm\rmshape{12}{1000}
- \setfont\texttt\ttshape{12}{1000}
-\else
- \mainmagstep=\magstephalf
- \setfont\textrm\rmshape{10}{\mainmagstep}
- \setfont\texttt\ttshape{10}{\mainmagstep}
-\fi
-% Instead of cmb10, you may want to use cmbx10.
-% cmbx10 is a prettier font on its own, but cmb10
-% looks better when embedded in a line with cmr10
-% (in Bob's opinion).
-\setfont\textbf\bfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}
-\setfont\textit\itshape{10}{\mainmagstep}
-\setfont\textsl\slshape{10}{\mainmagstep}
-\setfont\textsf\sfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}
-\setfont\textsc\scshape{10}{\mainmagstep}
-\setfont\textttsl\ttslshape{10}{\mainmagstep}
-\font\texti=cmmi10 scaled \mainmagstep
-\font\textsy=cmsy10 scaled \mainmagstep
-
-% A few fonts for @defun, etc.
-\setfont\defbf\bxshape{10}{\magstep1} %was 1314
-\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstep1}
-\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf \bf}
-
-% Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt).
-\setfont\smallrm\rmshape{9}{1000}
-\setfont\smalltt\ttshape{9}{1000}
-\setfont\smallbf\bfshape{10}{900}
-\setfont\smallit\itshape{9}{1000}
-\setfont\smallsl\slshape{9}{1000}
-\setfont\smallsf\sfshape{9}{1000}
-\setfont\smallsc\scshape{10}{900}
-\setfont\smallttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}
-\font\smalli=cmmi9
-\font\smallsy=cmsy9
-
-% Fonts for small examples (8pt).
-\setfont\smallerrm\rmshape{8}{1000}
-\setfont\smallertt\ttshape{8}{1000}
-\setfont\smallerbf\bfshape{10}{800}
-\setfont\smallerit\itshape{8}{1000}
-\setfont\smallersl\slshape{8}{1000}
-\setfont\smallersf\sfshape{8}{1000}
-\setfont\smallersc\scshape{10}{800}
-\setfont\smallerttsl\ttslshape{10}{800}
-\font\smalleri=cmmi8
-\font\smallersy=cmsy8
-
-% Fonts for title page:
-\setfont\titlerm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep3}
-\setfont\titleit\itbshape{10}{\magstep4}
-\setfont\titlesl\slbshape{10}{\magstep4}
-\setfont\titlett\ttbshape{12}{\magstep3}
-\setfont\titlettsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep4}
-\setfont\titlesf\sfbshape{17}{\magstep1}
-\let\titlebf=\titlerm
-\setfont\titlesc\scbshape{10}{\magstep4}
-\font\titlei=cmmi12 scaled \magstep3
-\font\titlesy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep4
-\def\authorrm{\secrm}
-\def\authortt{\sectt}
-
-% Chapter (and unnumbered) fonts (17.28pt).
-\setfont\chaprm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep2}
-\setfont\chapit\itbshape{10}{\magstep3}
-\setfont\chapsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep3}
-\setfont\chaptt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep2}
-\setfont\chapttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep3}
-\setfont\chapsf\sfbshape{17}{1000}
-\let\chapbf=\chaprm
-\setfont\chapsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep3}
-\font\chapi=cmmi12 scaled \magstep2
-\font\chapsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep3
-
-% Section fonts (14.4pt).
-\setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1}
-\setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2}
-\setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2}
-\setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1}
-\setfont\secttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep2}
-\setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstep1}
-\let\secbf\secrm
-\setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep2}
-\font\seci=cmmi12 scaled \magstep1
-\font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep2
-
-% Subsection fonts (13.15pt).
-\setfont\ssecrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstephalf}
-\setfont\ssecit\itbshape{10}{1315}
-\setfont\ssecsl\slbshape{10}{1315}
-\setfont\ssectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstephalf}
-\setfont\ssecttsl\ttslshape{10}{1315}
-\setfont\ssecsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstephalf}
-\let\ssecbf\ssecrm
-\setfont\ssecsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep1}
-\font\sseci=cmmi12 scaled \magstephalf
-\font\ssecsy=cmsy10 scaled 1315
-% The smallcaps and symbol fonts should actually be scaled \magstep1.5,
-% but that is not a standard magnification.
-
-% In order for the font changes to affect most math symbols and letters,
-% we have to define the \textfont of the standard families. Since
-% texinfo doesn't allow for producing subscripts and superscripts except
-% in the main text, we don't bother to reset \scriptfont and
-% \scriptscriptfont (which would also require loading a lot more fonts).
-%
-\def\resetmathfonts{%
- \textfont0=\tenrm \textfont1=\teni \textfont2=\tensy
- \textfont\itfam=\tenit \textfont\slfam=\tensl \textfont\bffam=\tenbf
- \textfont\ttfam=\tentt \textfont\sffam=\tensf
-}
-
-% The font-changing commands redefine the meanings of \tenSTYLE, instead
-% of just \STYLE. We do this so that font changes will continue to work
-% in math mode, where it is the current \fam that is relevant in most
-% cases, not the current font. Plain TeX does \def\bf{\fam=\bffam
-% \tenbf}, for example. By redefining \tenbf, we obviate the need to
-% redefine \bf itself.
-\def\textfonts{%
- \let\tenrm=\textrm \let\tenit=\textit \let\tensl=\textsl
- \let\tenbf=\textbf \let\tentt=\texttt \let\smallcaps=\textsc
- \let\tensf=\textsf \let\teni=\texti \let\tensy=\textsy \let\tenttsl=\textttsl
- \resetmathfonts \setleading{\textleading}}
-\def\titlefonts{%
- \let\tenrm=\titlerm \let\tenit=\titleit \let\tensl=\titlesl
- \let\tenbf=\titlebf \let\tentt=\titlett \let\smallcaps=\titlesc
- \let\tensf=\titlesf \let\teni=\titlei \let\tensy=\titlesy
- \let\tenttsl=\titlettsl
- \resetmathfonts \setleading{25pt}}
-\def\titlefont#1{{\titlefonts\rm #1}}
-\def\chapfonts{%
- \let\tenrm=\chaprm \let\tenit=\chapit \let\tensl=\chapsl
- \let\tenbf=\chapbf \let\tentt=\chaptt \let\smallcaps=\chapsc
- \let\tensf=\chapsf \let\teni=\chapi \let\tensy=\chapsy \let\tenttsl=\chapttsl
- \resetmathfonts \setleading{19pt}}
-\def\secfonts{%
- \let\tenrm=\secrm \let\tenit=\secit \let\tensl=\secsl
- \let\tenbf=\secbf \let\tentt=\sectt \let\smallcaps=\secsc
- \let\tensf=\secsf \let\teni=\seci \let\tensy=\secsy \let\tenttsl=\secttsl
- \resetmathfonts \setleading{16pt}}
-\def\subsecfonts{%
- \let\tenrm=\ssecrm \let\tenit=\ssecit \let\tensl=\ssecsl
- \let\tenbf=\ssecbf \let\tentt=\ssectt \let\smallcaps=\ssecsc
- \let\tensf=\ssecsf \let\teni=\sseci \let\tensy=\ssecsy \let\tenttsl=\ssecttsl
- \resetmathfonts \setleading{15pt}}
-\let\subsubsecfonts = \subsecfonts % Maybe make sssec fonts scaled magstephalf?
-\def\smallfonts{%
- \let\tenrm=\smallrm \let\tenit=\smallit \let\tensl=\smallsl
- \let\tenbf=\smallbf \let\tentt=\smalltt \let\smallcaps=\smallsc
- \let\tensf=\smallsf \let\teni=\smalli \let\tensy=\smallsy
- \let\tenttsl=\smallttsl
- \resetmathfonts \setleading{10.5pt}}
-\def\smallerfonts{%
- \let\tenrm=\smallerrm \let\tenit=\smallerit \let\tensl=\smallersl
- \let\tenbf=\smallerbf \let\tentt=\smallertt \let\smallcaps=\smallersc
- \let\tensf=\smallersf \let\teni=\smalleri \let\tensy=\smallersy
- \let\tenttsl=\smallerttsl
- \resetmathfonts \setleading{9.5pt}}
-
-% Set the fonts to use with the @small... environments.
-\let\smallexamplefonts = \smallfonts
-
-% About \smallexamplefonts. If we use \smallfonts (9pt), @smallexample
-% can fit this many characters:
-% 8.5x11=86 smallbook=72 a4=90 a5=69
-% If we use \smallerfonts (8pt), then we can fit this many characters:
-% 8.5x11=90+ smallbook=80 a4=90+ a5=77
-% For me, subjectively, the few extra characters that fit aren't worth
-% the additional smallness of 8pt. So I'm making the default 9pt.
-%
-% By the way, for comparison, here's what fits with @example (10pt):
-% 8.5x11=71 smallbook=60 a4=75 a5=58
-%
-% I wish we used A4 paper on this side of the Atlantic.
-%
-% --karl, 24jan03.
-
-
-% Set up the default fonts, so we can use them for creating boxes.
-%
-\textfonts
-
-% Define these so they can be easily changed for other fonts.
-\def\angleleft{$\langle$}
-\def\angleright{$\rangle$}
-
-% Count depth in font-changes, for error checks
-\newcount\fontdepth \fontdepth=0
-
-% Fonts for short table of contents.
-\setfont\shortcontrm\rmshape{12}{1000}
-\setfont\shortcontbf\bxshape{12}{1000}
-\setfont\shortcontsl\slshape{12}{1000}
-\setfont\shortconttt\ttshape{12}{1000}
-
-%% Add scribe-like font environments, plus @l for inline lisp (usually sans
-%% serif) and @ii for TeX italic
-
-% \smartitalic{ARG} outputs arg in italics, followed by an italic correction
-% unless the following character is such as not to need one.
-\def\smartitalicx{\ifx\next,\else\ifx\next-\else\ifx\next.\else\/\fi\fi\fi}
-\def\smartslanted#1{{\ifusingtt\ttsl\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
-\def\smartitalic#1{{\ifusingtt\ttsl\it #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx}
-
-\let\i=\smartitalic
-\let\var=\smartslanted
-\let\dfn=\smartslanted
-\let\emph=\smartitalic
-\let\cite=\smartslanted
-
-\def\b#1{{\bf #1}}
-\let\strong=\b
-
-% We can't just use \exhyphenpenalty, because that only has effect at
-% the end of a paragraph. Restore normal hyphenation at the end of the
-% group within which \nohyphenation is presumably called.
-%
-\def\nohyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = -1 \aftergroup\restorehyphenation}
-\def\restorehyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = `- }
-
-% Set sfcode to normal for the chars that usually have another value.
-% Can't use plain's \frenchspacing because it uses the `\x notation, and
-% sometimes \x has an active definition that messes things up.
-%
-\catcode`@=11
- \def\frenchspacing{%
- \sfcode\dotChar =\@m \sfcode\questChar=\@m \sfcode\exclamChar=\@m
- \sfcode\colonChar=\@m \sfcode\semiChar =\@m \sfcode\commaChar =\@m
- }
-\catcode`@=\other
-
-\def\t#1{%
- {\tt \rawbackslash \frenchspacing #1}%
- \null
-}
-\let\ttfont=\t
-\def\samp#1{`\tclose{#1}'\null}
-\setfont\keyrm\rmshape{8}{1000}
-\font\keysy=cmsy9
-\def\key#1{{\keyrm\textfont2=\keysy \leavevmode\hbox{%
- \raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleleft}\kern-.08em\vtop{%
- \vbox{\hrule\kern-0.4pt
- \hbox{\raise0.4pt\hbox{\vphantom{\angleleft}}#1}}%
- \kern-0.4pt\hrule}%
- \kern-.06em\raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleright}}}}
-% The old definition, with no lozenge:
-%\def\key #1{{\ttsl \nohyphenation \uppercase{#1}}\null}
-\def\ctrl #1{{\tt \rawbackslash \hat}#1}
-
-% @file, @option are the same as @samp.
-\let\file=\samp
-\let\option=\samp
-
-% @code is a modification of @t,
-% which makes spaces the same size as normal in the surrounding text.
-\def\tclose#1{%
- {%
- % Change normal interword space to be same as for the current font.
- \spaceskip = \fontdimen2\font
- %
- % Switch to typewriter.
- \tt
- %
- % But `\ ' produces the large typewriter interword space.
- \def\ {{\spaceskip = 0pt{} }}%
- %
- % Turn off hyphenation.
- \nohyphenation
- %
- \rawbackslash
- \frenchspacing
- #1%
- }%
- \null
-}
-
-% We *must* turn on hyphenation at `-' and `_' in \code.
-% Otherwise, it is too hard to avoid overfull hboxes
-% in the Emacs manual, the Library manual, etc.
-
-% Unfortunately, TeX uses one parameter (\hyphenchar) to control
-% both hyphenation at - and hyphenation within words.
-% We must therefore turn them both off (\tclose does that)
-% and arrange explicitly to hyphenate at a dash.
-% -- rms.
-{
- \catcode`\-=\active
- \catcode`\_=\active
- %
- \global\def\code{\begingroup
- \catcode`\-=\active \let-\codedash
- \catcode`\_=\active \let_\codeunder
- \codex
- }
- %
- % If we end up with any active - characters when handling the index,
- % just treat them as a normal -.
- \global\def\indexbreaks{\catcode`\-=\active \let-\realdash}
-}
-
-\def\realdash{-}
-\def\codedash{-\discretionary{}{}{}}
-\def\codeunder{%
- % this is all so @math{@code{var_name}+1} can work. In math mode, _
- % is "active" (mathcode"8000) and \normalunderscore (or \char95, etc.)
- % will therefore expand the active definition of _, which is us
- % (inside @code that is), therefore an endless loop.
- \ifusingtt{\ifmmode
- \mathchar"075F % class 0=ordinary, family 7=ttfam, pos 0x5F=_.
- \else\normalunderscore \fi
- \discretionary{}{}{}}%
- {\_}%
-}
-\def\codex #1{\tclose{#1}\endgroup}
-
-% @kbd is like @code, except that if the argument is just one @key command,
-% then @kbd has no effect.
-
-% @kbdinputstyle -- arg is `distinct' (@kbd uses slanted tty font always),
-% `example' (@kbd uses ttsl only inside of @example and friends),
-% or `code' (@kbd uses normal tty font always).
-\def\kbdinputstyle{\parsearg\kbdinputstylexxx}
-\def\kbdinputstylexxx#1{%
- \def\arg{#1}%
- \ifx\arg\worddistinct
- \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\ttsl}%
- \else\ifx\arg\wordexample
- \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}%
- \else\ifx\arg\wordcode
- \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\tt}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}%
- \else
- \errhelp = \EMsimple
- \errmessage{Unknown @kbdinputstyle `\arg'}%
- \fi\fi\fi
-}
-\def\worddistinct{distinct}
-\def\wordexample{example}
-\def\wordcode{code}
-
-% Default is `distinct.'
-\kbdinputstyle distinct
-
-\def\xkey{\key}
-\def\kbdfoo#1#2#3\par{\def\one{#1}\def\three{#3}\def\threex{??}%
-\ifx\one\xkey\ifx\threex\three \key{#2}%
-\else{\tclose{\kbdfont\look}}\fi
-\else{\tclose{\kbdfont\look}}\fi}
-
-% For @url, @env, @command quotes seem unnecessary, so use \code.
-\let\url=\code
-\let\env=\code
-\let\command=\code
-
-% @uref (abbreviation for `urlref') takes an optional (comma-separated)
-% second argument specifying the text to display and an optional third
-% arg as text to display instead of (rather than in addition to) the url
-% itself. First (mandatory) arg is the url. Perhaps eventually put in
-% a hypertex \special here.
-%
-\def\uref#1{\douref #1,,,\finish}
-\def\douref#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{\begingroup
- \unsepspaces
- \pdfurl{#1}%
- \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}%
- \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
- \unhbox0 % third arg given, show only that
- \else
- \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
- \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
- \ifpdf
- \unhbox0 % PDF: 2nd arg given, show only it
- \else
- \unhbox0\ (\code{#1})% DVI: 2nd arg given, show both it and url
- \fi
- \else
- \code{#1}% only url given, so show it
- \fi
- \fi
- \endlink
-\endgroup}
-
-% rms does not like angle brackets --karl, 17may97.
-% So now @email is just like @uref, unless we are pdf.
-%
-%\def\email#1{\angleleft{\tt #1}\angleright}
-\ifpdf
- \def\email#1{\doemail#1,,\finish}
- \def\doemail#1,#2,#3\finish{\begingroup
- \unsepspaces
- \pdfurl{mailto:#1}%
- \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
- \ifdim\wd0>0pt\unhbox0\else\code{#1}\fi
- \endlink
- \endgroup}
-\else
- \let\email=\uref
-\fi
-
-% Check if we are currently using a typewriter font. Since all the
-% Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero interword stretch (and
-% shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all typewriter fonts to have
-% this property, we can check that font parameter.
-%
-\def\ifmonospace{\ifdim\fontdimen3\font=0pt }
-
-% Typeset a dimension, e.g., `in' or `pt'. The only reason for the
-% argument is to make the input look right: @dmn{pt} instead of @dmn{}pt.
-%
-\def\dmn#1{\thinspace #1}
-
-\def\kbd#1{\def\look{#1}\expandafter\kbdfoo\look??\par}
-
-% @l was never documented to mean ``switch to the Lisp font'',
-% and it is not used as such in any manual I can find. We need it for
-% Polish suppressed-l. --karl, 22sep96.
-%\def\l#1{{\li #1}\null}
-
-% Explicit font changes: @r, @sc, undocumented @ii.
-\def\r#1{{\rm #1}} % roman font
-\def\sc#1{{\smallcaps#1}} % smallcaps font
-\def\ii#1{{\it #1}} % italic font
-
-% @acronym downcases the argument and prints in smallcaps.
-\def\acronym#1{{\smallcaps \lowercase{#1}}}
-
-% @pounds{} is a sterling sign.
-\def\pounds{{\it\$}}
-
-
-\message{page headings,}
-
-\newskip\titlepagetopglue \titlepagetopglue = 1.5in
-\newskip\titlepagebottomglue \titlepagebottomglue = 2pc
-
-% First the title page. Must do @settitle before @titlepage.
-\newif\ifseenauthor
-\newif\iffinishedtitlepage
-
-% Do an implicit @contents or @shortcontents after @end titlepage if the
-% user says @setcontentsaftertitlepage or @setshortcontentsaftertitlepage.
-%
-\newif\ifsetcontentsaftertitlepage
- \let\setcontentsaftertitlepage = \setcontentsaftertitlepagetrue
-\newif\ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage
- \let\setshortcontentsaftertitlepage = \setshortcontentsaftertitlepagetrue
-
-\def\shorttitlepage{\parsearg\shorttitlepagezzz}
-\def\shorttitlepagezzz #1{\begingroup\hbox{}\vskip 1.5in \chaprm \centerline{#1}%
- \endgroup\page\hbox{}\page}
-
-\def\titlepage{\begingroup \parindent=0pt \textfonts
- \let\subtitlerm=\tenrm
- \def\subtitlefont{\subtitlerm \normalbaselineskip = 13pt \normalbaselines}%
- %
- \def\authorfont{\authorrm \normalbaselineskip = 16pt \normalbaselines
- \let\tt=\authortt}%
- %
- % Leave some space at the very top of the page.
- \vglue\titlepagetopglue
- %
- % Now you can print the title using @title.
- \def\title{\parsearg\titlezzz}%
- \def\titlezzz##1{\leftline{\titlefonts\rm ##1}
- % print a rule at the page bottom also.
- \finishedtitlepagefalse
- \vskip4pt \hrule height 4pt width \hsize \vskip4pt}%
- % No rule at page bottom unless we print one at the top with @title.
- \finishedtitlepagetrue
- %
- % Now you can put text using @subtitle.
- \def\subtitle{\parsearg\subtitlezzz}%
- \def\subtitlezzz##1{{\subtitlefont \rightline{##1}}}%
- %
- % @author should come last, but may come many times.
- \def\author{\parsearg\authorzzz}%
- \def\authorzzz##1{\ifseenauthor\else\vskip 0pt plus 1filll\seenauthortrue\fi
- {\authorfont \leftline{##1}}}%
- %
- % Most title ``pages'' are actually two pages long, with space
- % at the top of the second. We don't want the ragged left on the second.
- \let\oldpage = \page
- \def\page{%
- \iffinishedtitlepage\else
- \finishtitlepage
- \fi
- \oldpage
- \let\page = \oldpage
- \hbox{}}%
-% \def\page{\oldpage \hbox{}}
-}
-
-\def\Etitlepage{%
- \iffinishedtitlepage\else
- \finishtitlepage
- \fi
- % It is important to do the page break before ending the group,
- % because the headline and footline are only empty inside the group.
- % If we use the new definition of \page, we always get a blank page
- % after the title page, which we certainly don't want.
- \oldpage
- \endgroup
- %
- % Need this before the \...aftertitlepage checks so that if they are
- % in effect the toc pages will come out with page numbers.
- \HEADINGSon
- %
- % If they want short, they certainly want long too.
- \ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage
- \shortcontents
- \contents
- \global\let\shortcontents = \relax
- \global\let\contents = \relax
- \fi
- %
- \ifsetcontentsaftertitlepage
- \contents
- \global\let\contents = \relax
- \global\let\shortcontents = \relax
- \fi
-}
-
-\def\finishtitlepage{%
- \vskip4pt \hrule height 2pt width \hsize
- \vskip\titlepagebottomglue
- \finishedtitlepagetrue
-}
-
-%%% Set up page headings and footings.
-
-\let\thispage=\folio
-
-\newtoks\evenheadline % headline on even pages
-\newtoks\oddheadline % headline on odd pages
-\newtoks\evenfootline % footline on even pages
-\newtoks\oddfootline % footline on odd pages
-
-% Now make Tex use those variables
-\headline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddheadline
- \else \the\evenheadline \fi}}
-\footline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddfootline
- \else \the\evenfootline \fi}\HEADINGShook}
-\let\HEADINGShook=\relax
-
-% Commands to set those variables.
-% For example, this is what @headings on does
-% @evenheading @thistitle|@thispage|@thischapter
-% @oddheading @thischapter|@thispage|@thistitle
-% @evenfooting @thisfile||
-% @oddfooting ||@thisfile
-
-\def\evenheading{\parsearg\evenheadingxxx}
-\def\oddheading{\parsearg\oddheadingxxx}
-\def\everyheading{\parsearg\everyheadingxxx}
-
-\def\evenfooting{\parsearg\evenfootingxxx}
-\def\oddfooting{\parsearg\oddfootingxxx}
-\def\everyfooting{\parsearg\everyfootingxxx}
-
-{\catcode`\@=0 %
-
-\gdef\evenheadingxxx #1{\evenheadingyyy #1@|@|@|@|\finish}
-\gdef\evenheadingyyy #1@|#2@|#3@|#4\finish{%
-\global\evenheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}}
-
-\gdef\oddheadingxxx #1{\oddheadingyyy #1@|@|@|@|\finish}
-\gdef\oddheadingyyy #1@|#2@|#3@|#4\finish{%
-\global\oddheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}}
-
-\gdef\everyheadingxxx#1{\oddheadingxxx{#1}\evenheadingxxx{#1}}%
-
-\gdef\evenfootingxxx #1{\evenfootingyyy #1@|@|@|@|\finish}
-\gdef\evenfootingyyy #1@|#2@|#3@|#4\finish{%
-\global\evenfootline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}}
-
-\gdef\oddfootingxxx #1{\oddfootingyyy #1@|@|@|@|\finish}
-\gdef\oddfootingyyy #1@|#2@|#3@|#4\finish{%
- \global\oddfootline = {\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}%
- %
- % Leave some space for the footline. Hopefully ok to assume
- % @evenfooting will not be used by itself.
- \global\advance\pageheight by -\baselineskip
- \global\advance\vsize by -\baselineskip
-}
-
-\gdef\everyfootingxxx#1{\oddfootingxxx{#1}\evenfootingxxx{#1}}
-%
-}% unbind the catcode of @.
-
-% @headings double turns headings on for double-sided printing.
-% @headings single turns headings on for single-sided printing.
-% @headings off turns them off.
-% @headings on same as @headings double, retained for compatibility.
-% @headings after turns on double-sided headings after this page.
-% @headings doubleafter turns on double-sided headings after this page.
-% @headings singleafter turns on single-sided headings after this page.
-% By default, they are off at the start of a document,
-% and turned `on' after @end titlepage.
-
-\def\headings #1 {\csname HEADINGS#1\endcsname}
-
-\def\HEADINGSoff{
-\global\evenheadline={\hfil} \global\evenfootline={\hfil}
-\global\oddheadline={\hfil} \global\oddfootline={\hfil}}
-\HEADINGSoff
-% When we turn headings on, set the page number to 1.
-% For double-sided printing, put current file name in lower left corner,
-% chapter name on inside top of right hand pages, document
-% title on inside top of left hand pages, and page numbers on outside top
-% edge of all pages.
-\def\HEADINGSdouble{
-\global\pageno=1
-\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
-\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
-\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}}
-\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
-\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
-}
-\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
-
-% For single-sided printing, chapter title goes across top left of page,
-% page number on top right.
-\def\HEADINGSsingle{
-\global\pageno=1
-\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
-\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
-\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
-\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
-\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
-}
-\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble}
-
-\def\HEADINGSafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSdoublex}
-\let\HEADINGSdoubleafter=\HEADINGSafter
-\def\HEADINGSdoublex{%
-\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
-\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
-\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}}
-\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
-\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
-}
-
-\def\HEADINGSsingleafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSsinglex}
-\def\HEADINGSsinglex{%
-\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
-\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
-\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
-\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}}
-\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
-}
-
-% Subroutines used in generating headings
-% This produces Day Month Year style of output.
-% Only define if not already defined, in case a txi-??.tex file has set
-% up a different format (e.g., txi-cs.tex does this).
-\ifx\today\undefined
-\def\today{%
- \number\day\space
- \ifcase\month
- \or\putwordMJan\or\putwordMFeb\or\putwordMMar\or\putwordMApr
- \or\putwordMMay\or\putwordMJun\or\putwordMJul\or\putwordMAug
- \or\putwordMSep\or\putwordMOct\or\putwordMNov\or\putwordMDec
- \fi
- \space\number\year}
-\fi
-
-% @settitle line... specifies the title of the document, for headings.
-% It generates no output of its own.
-\def\thistitle{\putwordNoTitle}
-\def\settitle{\parsearg\settitlezzz}
-\def\settitlezzz #1{\gdef\thistitle{#1}}
-
-
-\message{tables,}
-% Tables -- @table, @ftable, @vtable, @item(x), @kitem(x), @xitem(x).
-
-% default indentation of table text
-\newdimen\tableindent \tableindent=.8in
-% default indentation of @itemize and @enumerate text
-\newdimen\itemindent \itemindent=.3in
-% margin between end of table item and start of table text.
-\newdimen\itemmargin \itemmargin=.1in
-
-% used internally for \itemindent minus \itemmargin
-\newdimen\itemmax
-
-% Note @table, @vtable, and @vtable define @item, @itemx, etc., with
-% these defs.
-% They also define \itemindex
-% to index the item name in whatever manner is desired (perhaps none).
-
-\newif\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip
-
-\def\itemxpar{\par\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip\nobreak\vskip-\parskip\nobreak\fi}
-
-\def\internalBitem{\smallbreak \parsearg\itemzzz}
-\def\internalBitemx{\itemxpar \parsearg\itemzzz}
-
-\def\internalBxitem "#1"{\def\xitemsubtopix{#1} \smallbreak \parsearg\xitemzzz}
-\def\internalBxitemx "#1"{\def\xitemsubtopix{#1} \itemxpar \parsearg\xitemzzz}
-
-\def\internalBkitem{\smallbreak \parsearg\kitemzzz}
-\def\internalBkitemx{\itemxpar \parsearg\kitemzzz}
-
-\def\kitemzzz #1{\dosubind {kw}{\code{#1}}{for {\bf \lastfunction}}%
- \itemzzz {#1}}
-
-\def\xitemzzz #1{\dosubind {kw}{\code{#1}}{for {\bf \xitemsubtopic}}%
- \itemzzz {#1}}
-
-\def\itemzzz #1{\begingroup %
- \advance\hsize by -\rightskip
- \advance\hsize by -\tableindent
- \setbox0=\hbox{\itemfont{#1}}%
- \itemindex{#1}%
- \nobreak % This prevents a break before @itemx.
- %
- % If the item text does not fit in the space we have, put it on a line
- % by itself, and do not allow a page break either before or after that
- % line. We do not start a paragraph here because then if the next
- % command is, e.g., @kindex, the whatsit would get put into the
- % horizontal list on a line by itself, resulting in extra blank space.
- \ifdim \wd0>\itemmax
- %
- % Make this a paragraph so we get the \parskip glue and wrapping,
- % but leave it ragged-right.
- \begingroup
- \advance\leftskip by-\tableindent
- \advance\hsize by\tableindent
- \advance\rightskip by0pt plus1fil
- \leavevmode\unhbox0\par
- \endgroup
- %
- % We're going to be starting a paragraph, but we don't want the
- % \parskip glue -- logically it's part of the @item we just started.
- \nobreak \vskip-\parskip
- %
- % Stop a page break at the \parskip glue coming up. (Unfortunately
- % we can't prevent a possible page break at the following
- % \baselineskip glue.) However, if what follows is an environment
- % such as @example, there will be no \parskip glue; then
- % the negative vskip we just would cause the example and the item to
- % crash together. So we use this bizarre value of 10001 as a signal
- % to \aboveenvbreak to insert \parskip glue after all.
- % (Possibly there are other commands that could be followed by
- % @example which need the same treatment, but not section titles; or
- % maybe section titles are the only special case and they should be
- % penalty 10001...)
- \penalty 10001
- \endgroup
- \itemxneedsnegativevskipfalse
- \else
- % The item text fits into the space. Start a paragraph, so that the
- % following text (if any) will end up on the same line.
- \noindent
- % Do this with kerns and \unhbox so that if there is a footnote in
- % the item text, it can migrate to the main vertical list and
- % eventually be printed.
- \nobreak\kern-\tableindent
- \dimen0 = \itemmax \advance\dimen0 by \itemmargin \advance\dimen0 by -\wd0
- \unhbox0
- \nobreak\kern\dimen0
- \endgroup
- \itemxneedsnegativevskiptrue
- \fi
-}
-
-\def\item{\errmessage{@item while not in a table}}
-\def\itemx{\errmessage{@itemx while not in a table}}
-\def\kitem{\errmessage{@kitem while not in a table}}
-\def\kitemx{\errmessage{@kitemx while not in a table}}
-\def\xitem{\errmessage{@xitem while not in a table}}
-\def\xitemx{\errmessage{@xitemx while not in a table}}
-
-% Contains a kludge to get @end[description] to work.
-\def\description{\tablez{\dontindex}{1}{}{}{}{}}
-
-% @table, @ftable, @vtable.
-\def\table{\begingroup\inENV\obeylines\obeyspaces\tablex}
-{\obeylines\obeyspaces%
-\gdef\tablex #1^^M{%
-\tabley\dontindex#1 \endtabley}}
-
-\def\ftable{\begingroup\inENV\obeylines\obeyspaces\ftablex}
-{\obeylines\obeyspaces%
-\gdef\ftablex #1^^M{%
-\tabley\fnitemindex#1 \endtabley
-\def\Eftable{\endgraf\afterenvbreak\endgroup}%
-\let\Etable=\relax}}
-
-\def\vtable{\begingroup\inENV\obeylines\obeyspaces\vtablex}
-{\obeylines\obeyspaces%
-\gdef\vtablex #1^^M{%
-\tabley\vritemindex#1 \endtabley
-\def\Evtable{\endgraf\afterenvbreak\endgroup}%
-\let\Etable=\relax}}
-
-\def\dontindex #1{}
-\def\fnitemindex #1{\doind {fn}{\code{#1}}}%
-\def\vritemindex #1{\doind {vr}{\code{#1}}}%
-
-{\obeyspaces %
-\gdef\tabley#1#2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7\endtabley{\endgroup%
-\tablez{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}}
-
-\def\tablez #1#2#3#4#5#6{%
-\aboveenvbreak %
-\begingroup %
-\def\Edescription{\Etable}% Necessary kludge.
-\let\itemindex=#1%
-\ifnum 0#3>0 \advance \leftskip by #3\mil \fi %
-\ifnum 0#4>0 \tableindent=#4\mil \fi %
-\ifnum 0#5>0 \advance \rightskip by #5\mil \fi %
-\def\itemfont{#2}%
-\itemmax=\tableindent %
-\advance \itemmax by -\itemmargin %
-\advance \leftskip by \tableindent %
-\exdentamount=\tableindent
-\parindent = 0pt
-\parskip = \smallskipamount
-\ifdim \parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi%
-\def\Etable{\endgraf\afterenvbreak\endgroup}%
-\let\item = \internalBitem %
-\let\itemx = \internalBitemx %
-\let\kitem = \internalBkitem %
-\let\kitemx = \internalBkitemx %
-\let\xitem = \internalBxitem %
-\let\xitemx = \internalBxitemx %
-}
-
-% This is the counter used by @enumerate, which is really @itemize
-
-\newcount \itemno
-
-\def\itemize{\parsearg\itemizezzz}
-
-\def\itemizezzz #1{%
- \begingroup % ended by the @end itemize
- \itemizey {#1}{\Eitemize}
-}
-
-\def\itemizey #1#2{%
-\aboveenvbreak %
-\itemmax=\itemindent %
-\advance \itemmax by -\itemmargin %
-\advance \leftskip by \itemindent %
-\exdentamount=\itemindent
-\parindent = 0pt %
-\parskip = \smallskipamount %
-\ifdim \parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi%
-\def#2{\endgraf\afterenvbreak\endgroup}%
-\def\itemcontents{#1}%
-\let\item=\itemizeitem}
-
-% \splitoff TOKENS\endmark defines \first to be the first token in
-% TOKENS, and \rest to be the remainder.
-%
-\def\splitoff#1#2\endmark{\def\first{#1}\def\rest{#2}}%
-
-% Allow an optional argument of an uppercase letter, lowercase letter,
-% or number, to specify the first label in the enumerated list. No
-% argument is the same as `1'.
-%
-\def\enumerate{\parsearg\enumeratezzz}
-\def\enumeratezzz #1{\enumeratey #1 \endenumeratey}
-\def\enumeratey #1 #2\endenumeratey{%
- \begingroup % ended by the @end enumerate
- %
- % If we were given no argument, pretend we were given `1'.
- \def\thearg{#1}%
- \ifx\thearg\empty \def\thearg{1}\fi
- %
- % Detect if the argument is a single token. If so, it might be a
- % letter. Otherwise, the only valid thing it can be is a number.
- % (We will always have one token, because of the test we just made.
- % This is a good thing, since \splitoff doesn't work given nothing at
- % all -- the first parameter is undelimited.)
- \expandafter\splitoff\thearg\endmark
- \ifx\rest\empty
- % Only one token in the argument. It could still be anything.
- % A ``lowercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is nonzero.
- % An ``uppercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is both nonzero, and
- % not equal to itself.
- % Otherwise, we assume it's a number.
- %
- % We need the \relax at the end of the \ifnum lines to stop TeX from
- % continuing to look for a <number>.
- %
- \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=0\relax
- \numericenumerate % a number (we hope)
- \else
- % It's a letter.
- \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=\expandafter`\thearg\relax
- \lowercaseenumerate % lowercase letter
- \else
- \uppercaseenumerate % uppercase letter
- \fi
- \fi
- \else
- % Multiple tokens in the argument. We hope it's a number.
- \numericenumerate
- \fi
-}
-
-% An @enumerate whose labels are integers. The starting integer is
-% given in \thearg.
-%
-\def\numericenumerate{%
- \itemno = \thearg
- \startenumeration{\the\itemno}%
-}
-
-% The starting (lowercase) letter is in \thearg.
-\def\lowercaseenumerate{%
- \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg
- \startenumeration{%
- % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet.
- \ifnum\itemno=0
- \errmessage{No more lowercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger
- alphabet}%
- \fi
- \char\lccode\itemno
- }%
-}
-
-% The starting (uppercase) letter is in \thearg.
-\def\uppercaseenumerate{%
- \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg
- \startenumeration{%
- % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet.
- \ifnum\itemno=0
- \errmessage{No more uppercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger
- alphabet}
- \fi
- \char\uccode\itemno
- }%
-}
-
-% Call itemizey, adding a period to the first argument and supplying the
-% common last two arguments. Also subtract one from the initial value in
-% \itemno, since @item increments \itemno.
-%
-\def\startenumeration#1{%
- \advance\itemno by -1
- \itemizey{#1.}\Eenumerate\flushcr
-}
-
-% @alphaenumerate and @capsenumerate are abbreviations for giving an arg
-% to @enumerate.
-%
-\def\alphaenumerate{\enumerate{a}}
-\def\capsenumerate{\enumerate{A}}
-\def\Ealphaenumerate{\Eenumerate}
-\def\Ecapsenumerate{\Eenumerate}
-
-% Definition of @item while inside @itemize.
-
-\def\itemizeitem{%
-\advance\itemno by 1
-{\let\par=\endgraf \smallbreak}%
-\ifhmode \errmessage{In hmode at itemizeitem}\fi
-{\parskip=0in \hskip 0pt
-\hbox to 0pt{\hss \itemcontents\hskip \itemmargin}%
-\vadjust{\penalty 1200}}%
-\flushcr}
-
-% @multitable macros
-% Amy Hendrickson, 8/18/94, 3/6/96
-%
-% @multitable ... @end multitable will make as many columns as desired.
-% Contents of each column will wrap at width given in preamble. Width
-% can be specified either with sample text given in a template line,
-% or in percent of \hsize, the current width of text on page.
-
-% Table can continue over pages but will only break between lines.
-
-% To make preamble:
-%
-% Either define widths of columns in terms of percent of \hsize:
-% @multitable @columnfractions .25 .3 .45
-% @item ...
-%
-% Numbers following @columnfractions are the percent of the total
-% current hsize to be used for each column. You may use as many
-% columns as desired.
-
-
-% Or use a template:
-% @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template}
-% @item ...
-% using the widest term desired in each column.
-%
-% For those who want to use more than one line's worth of words in
-% the preamble, break the line within one argument and it
-% will parse correctly, i.e.,
-%
-% @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3
-% template}
-% Not:
-% @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template}
-% {Column 3 template}
-
-% Each new table line starts with @item, each subsequent new column
-% starts with @tab. Empty columns may be produced by supplying @tab's
-% with nothing between them for as many times as empty columns are needed,
-% ie, @tab@tab@tab will produce two empty columns.
-
-% @item, @tab, @multitable or @end multitable do not need to be on their
-% own lines, but it will not hurt if they are.
-
-% Sample multitable:
-
-% @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template}
-% @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff @tab third col
-% @item
-% first col stuff
-% @tab
-% second col stuff
-% @tab
-% third col
-% @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff
-% @tab Many paragraphs of text may be used in any column.
-%
-% They will wrap at the width determined by the template.
-% @item@tab@tab This will be in third column.
-% @end multitable
-
-% Default dimensions may be reset by user.
-% @multitableparskip is vertical space between paragraphs in table.
-% @multitableparindent is paragraph indent in table.
-% @multitablecolmargin is horizontal space to be left between columns.
-% @multitablelinespace is space to leave between table items, baseline
-% to baseline.
-% 0pt means it depends on current normal line spacing.
-%
-\newskip\multitableparskip
-\newskip\multitableparindent
-\newdimen\multitablecolspace
-\newskip\multitablelinespace
-\multitableparskip=0pt
-\multitableparindent=6pt
-\multitablecolspace=12pt
-\multitablelinespace=0pt
-
-% Macros used to set up halign preamble:
-%
-\let\endsetuptable\relax
-\def\xendsetuptable{\endsetuptable}
-\let\columnfractions\relax
-\def\xcolumnfractions{\columnfractions}
-\newif\ifsetpercent
-
-% #1 is the part of the @columnfraction before the decimal point, which
-% is presumably either 0 or the empty string (but we don't check, we
-% just throw it away). #2 is the decimal part, which we use as the
-% percent of \hsize for this column.
-\def\pickupwholefraction#1.#2 {%
- \global\advance\colcount by 1
- \expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{.#2\hsize}%
- \setuptable
-}
-
-\newcount\colcount
-\def\setuptable#1{%
- \def\firstarg{#1}%
- \ifx\firstarg\xendsetuptable
- \let\go = \relax
- \else
- \ifx\firstarg\xcolumnfractions
- \global\setpercenttrue
- \else
- \ifsetpercent
- \let\go\pickupwholefraction
- \else
- \global\advance\colcount by 1
- \setbox0=\hbox{#1\unskip\space}% Add a normal word space as a
- % separator; typically that is always in the input, anyway.
- \expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{\the\wd0}%
- \fi
- \fi
- \ifx\go\pickupwholefraction
- % Put the argument back for the \pickupwholefraction call, so
- % we'll always have a period there to be parsed.
- \def\go{\pickupwholefraction#1}%
- \else
- \let\go = \setuptable
- \fi%
- \fi
- \go
-}
-
-% @multitable ... @end multitable definitions:
-%
-\def\multitable{\parsearg\dotable}
-\def\dotable#1{\bgroup
- \vskip\parskip
- \let\item=\crcrwithfootnotes
- % A \tab used to include \hskip1sp. But then the space in a template
- % line is not enough. That is bad. So let's go back to just & until
- % we encounter the problem it was intended to solve again. --karl,
- % nathan@acm.org, 20apr99.
- \let\tab=&%
- \let\startfootins=\startsavedfootnote
- \tolerance=9500
- \hbadness=9500
- \setmultitablespacing
- \parskip=\multitableparskip
- \parindent=\multitableparindent
- \overfullrule=0pt
- \global\colcount=0
- \def\Emultitable{%
- \global\setpercentfalse
- \crcrwithfootnotes\crcr
- \egroup\egroup
- }%
- %
- % To parse everything between @multitable and @item:
- \setuptable#1 \endsetuptable
- %
- % \everycr will reset column counter, \colcount, at the end of
- % each line. Every column entry will cause \colcount to advance by one.
- % The table preamble
- % looks at the current \colcount to find the correct column width.
- \everycr{\noalign{%
- %
- % \filbreak%% keeps underfull box messages off when table breaks over pages.
- % Maybe so, but it also creates really weird page breaks when the table
- % breaks over pages. Wouldn't \vfil be better? Wait until the problem
- % manifests itself, so it can be fixed for real --karl.
- \global\colcount=0\relax}}%
- %
- % This preamble sets up a generic column definition, which will
- % be used as many times as user calls for columns.
- % \vtop will set a single line and will also let text wrap and
- % continue for many paragraphs if desired.
- \halign\bgroup&\global\advance\colcount by 1\relax
- \multistrut\vtop{\hsize=\expandafter\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname
- %
- % In order to keep entries from bumping into each other
- % we will add a \leftskip of \multitablecolspace to all columns after
- % the first one.
- %
- % If a template has been used, we will add \multitablecolspace
- % to the width of each template entry.
- %
- % If the user has set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize we will
- % use that dimension as the width of the column, and the \leftskip
- % will keep entries from bumping into each other. Table will start at
- % left margin and final column will justify at right margin.
- %
- % Make sure we don't inherit \rightskip from the outer environment.
- \rightskip=0pt
- \ifnum\colcount=1
- % The first column will be indented with the surrounding text.
- \advance\hsize by\leftskip
- \else
- \ifsetpercent \else
- % If user has not set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize
- % we will advance \hsize by \multitablecolspace.
- \advance\hsize by \multitablecolspace
- \fi
- % In either case we will make \leftskip=\multitablecolspace:
- \leftskip=\multitablecolspace
- \fi
- % Ignoring space at the beginning and end avoids an occasional spurious
- % blank line, when TeX decides to break the line at the space before the
- % box from the multistrut, so the strut ends up on a line by itself.
- % For example:
- % @multitable @columnfractions .11 .89
- % @item @code{#}
- % @tab Legal holiday which is valid in major parts of the whole country.
- % Is automatically provided with highlighting sequences respectively marking
- % characters.
- \noindent\ignorespaces##\unskip\multistrut}\cr
-}
-
-\def\setmultitablespacing{% test to see if user has set \multitablelinespace.
-% If so, do nothing. If not, give it an appropriate dimension based on
-% current baselineskip.
-\ifdim\multitablelinespace=0pt
-\setbox0=\vbox{X}\global\multitablelinespace=\the\baselineskip
-\global\advance\multitablelinespace by-\ht0
-%% strut to put in table in case some entry doesn't have descenders,
-%% to keep lines equally spaced
-\let\multistrut = \strut
-\else
-%% FIXME: what is \box0 supposed to be?
-\gdef\multistrut{\vrule height\multitablelinespace depth\dp0
-width0pt\relax} \fi
-%% Test to see if parskip is larger than space between lines of
-%% table. If not, do nothing.
-%% If so, set to same dimension as multitablelinespace.
-\ifdim\multitableparskip>\multitablelinespace
-\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace
-\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller
- %% than skip between lines in the table.
-\fi%
-\ifdim\multitableparskip=0pt
-\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace
-\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller
- %% than skip between lines in the table.
-\fi}
-
-% In case a @footnote appears inside an alignment, save the footnote
-% text to a box and make the \insert when a row of the table is
-% finished. Otherwise, the insertion is lost, it never migrates to the
-% main vertical list. --kasal, 22jan03.
-%
-\newbox\savedfootnotes
-%
-% \dotable \let's \startfootins to this, so that \dofootnote will call
-% it instead of starting the insertion right away.
-\def\startsavedfootnote{%
- \global\setbox\savedfootnotes = \vbox\bgroup
- \unvbox\savedfootnotes
-}
-\def\crcrwithfootnotes{%
- \crcr
- \ifvoid\savedfootnotes \else
- \noalign{\insert\footins{\box\savedfootnotes}}%
- \fi
-}
-
-\message{conditionals,}
-% Prevent errors for section commands.
-% Used in @ignore and in failing conditionals.
-\def\ignoresections{%
- \let\chapter=\relax
- \let\unnumbered=\relax
- \let\top=\relax
- \let\unnumberedsec=\relax
- \let\unnumberedsection=\relax
- \let\unnumberedsubsec=\relax
- \let\unnumberedsubsection=\relax
- \let\unnumberedsubsubsec=\relax
- \let\unnumberedsubsubsection=\relax
- \let\section=\relax
- \let\subsec=\relax
- \let\subsubsec=\relax
- \let\subsection=\relax
- \let\subsubsection=\relax
- \let\appendix=\relax
- \let\appendixsec=\relax
- \let\appendixsection=\relax
- \let\appendixsubsec=\relax
- \let\appendixsubsection=\relax
- \let\appendixsubsubsec=\relax
- \let\appendixsubsubsection=\relax
- \let\contents=\relax
- \let\smallbook=\relax
- \let\titlepage=\relax
-}
-
-% Used in nested conditionals, where we have to parse the Texinfo source
-% and so want to turn off most commands, in case they are used
-% incorrectly.
-%
-% We use \empty instead of \relax for the @def... commands, so that \end
-% doesn't throw an error. For instance:
-% @ignore
-% @deffn ...
-% @end deffn
-% @end ignore
-%
-% The @end deffn is going to get expanded, because we're trying to allow
-% nested conditionals. But we don't want to expand the actual @deffn,
-% since it might be syntactically correct and intended to be ignored.
-% Since \end checks for \relax, using \empty does not cause an error.
-%
-\def\ignoremorecommands{%
- \let\defcodeindex = \relax
- \let\defcv = \empty
- \let\defcvx = \empty
- \let\Edefcv = \empty
- \let\deffn = \empty
- \let\deffnx = \empty
- \let\Edeffn = \empty
- \let\defindex = \relax
- \let\defivar = \empty
- \let\defivarx = \empty
- \let\Edefivar = \empty
- \let\defmac = \empty
- \let\defmacx = \empty
- \let\Edefmac = \empty
- \let\defmethod = \empty
- \let\defmethodx = \empty
- \let\Edefmethod = \empty
- \let\defop = \empty
- \let\defopx = \empty
- \let\Edefop = \empty
- \let\defopt = \empty
- \let\defoptx = \empty
- \let\Edefopt = \empty
- \let\defspec = \empty
- \let\defspecx = \empty
- \let\Edefspec = \empty
- \let\deftp = \empty
- \let\deftpx = \empty
- \let\Edeftp = \empty
- \let\deftypefn = \empty
- \let\deftypefnx = \empty
- \let\Edeftypefn = \empty
- \let\deftypefun = \empty
- \let\deftypefunx = \empty
- \let\Edeftypefun = \empty
- \let\deftypeivar = \empty
- \let\deftypeivarx = \empty
- \let\Edeftypeivar = \empty
- \let\deftypemethod = \empty
- \let\deftypemethodx = \empty
- \let\Edeftypemethod = \empty
- \let\deftypeop = \empty
- \let\deftypeopx = \empty
- \let\Edeftypeop = \empty
- \let\deftypevar = \empty
- \let\deftypevarx = \empty
- \let\Edeftypevar = \empty
- \let\deftypevr = \empty
- \let\deftypevrx = \empty
- \let\Edeftypevr = \empty
- \let\defun = \empty
- \let\defunx = \empty
- \let\Edefun = \empty
- \let\defvar = \empty
- \let\defvarx = \empty
- \let\Edefvar = \empty
- \let\defvr = \empty
- \let\defvrx = \empty
- \let\Edefvr = \empty
- \let\clear = \relax
- \let\down = \relax
- \let\evenfooting = \relax
- \let\evenheading = \relax
- \let\everyfooting = \relax
- \let\everyheading = \relax
- \let\headings = \relax
- \let\include = \relax
- \let\item = \relax
- \let\lowersections = \relax
- \let\oddfooting = \relax
- \let\oddheading = \relax
- \let\printindex = \relax
- \let\pxref = \relax
- \let\raisesections = \relax
- \let\ref = \relax
- \let\set = \relax
- \let\setchapternewpage = \relax
- \let\setchapterstyle = \relax
- \let\settitle = \relax
- \let\up = \relax
- \let\verbatiminclude = \relax
- \let\xref = \relax
-}
-
-% Ignore @ignore, @ifhtml, @ifinfo, and the like.
-%
-\def\direntry{\doignore{direntry}}
-\def\documentdescriptionword{documentdescription}
-\def\documentdescription{\doignore{documentdescription}}
-\def\html{\doignore{html}}
-\def\ifhtml{\doignore{ifhtml}}
-\def\ifinfo{\doignore{ifinfo}}
-\def\ifnottex{\doignore{ifnottex}}
-\def\ifplaintext{\doignore{ifplaintext}}
-\def\ifxml{\doignore{ifxml}}
-\def\ignore{\doignore{ignore}}
-\def\menu{\doignore{menu}}
-\def\xml{\doignore{xml}}
-
-% @dircategory CATEGORY -- specify a category of the dir file
-% which this file should belong to. Ignore this in TeX.
-\let\dircategory = \comment
-
-% Ignore text until a line `@end #1'.
-%
-\def\doignore#1{\begingroup
- % Don't complain about control sequences we have declared \outer.
- \ignoresections
- %
- % Define a command to swallow text until we reach `@end #1'.
- % This @ is a catcode 12 token (that is the normal catcode of @ in
- % this texinfo.tex file). We change the catcode of @ below to match.
- \long\def\doignoretext##1@end #1{\enddoignore}%
- %
- % Make sure that spaces turn into tokens that match what \doignoretext wants.
- \catcode\spaceChar = 10
- %
- % Ignore braces, too, so mismatched braces don't cause trouble.
- \catcode`\{ = 9
- \catcode`\} = 9
- %
- % We must not have @c interpreted as a control sequence.
- \catcode`\@ = 12
- %
- \def\ignoreword{#1}%
- \ifx\ignoreword\documentdescriptionword
- % The c kludge breaks documentdescription, since
- % `documentdescription' contains a `c'. Means not everything will
- % be ignored inside @documentdescription, but oh well...
- \else
- % Make the letter c a comment character so that the rest of the line
- % will be ignored. This way, the document can have (for example)
- % @c @end ifinfo
- % and the @end ifinfo will be properly ignored.
- % (We've just changed @ to catcode 12.)
- \catcode`\c = 14
- \fi
- %
- % And now expand the command defined above.
- \doignoretext
-}
-
-% What we do to finish off ignored text.
-%
-\def\enddoignore{\endgroup\ignorespaces}%
-
-\newif\ifwarnedobs\warnedobsfalse
-\def\obstexwarn{%
- \ifwarnedobs\relax\else
- % We need to warn folks that they may have trouble with TeX 3.0.
- % This uses \immediate\write16 rather than \message to get newlines.
- \immediate\write16{}
- \immediate\write16{WARNING: for users of Unix TeX 3.0!}
- \immediate\write16{This manual trips a bug in TeX version 3.0 (tex hangs).}
- \immediate\write16{If you are running another version of TeX, relax.}
- \immediate\write16{If you are running Unix TeX 3.0, kill this TeX process.}
- \immediate\write16{ Then upgrade your TeX installation if you can.}
- \immediate\write16{ (See ftp://ftp.gnu.org/non-gnu/TeX.README.)}
- \immediate\write16{If you are stuck with version 3.0, run the}
- \immediate\write16{ script ``tex3patch'' from the Texinfo distribution}
- \immediate\write16{ to use a workaround.}
- \immediate\write16{}
- \global\warnedobstrue
- \fi
-}
-
-% **In TeX 3.0, setting text in \nullfont hangs tex. For a
-% workaround (which requires the file ``dummy.tfm'' to be installed),
-% uncomment the following line:
-%%%%%\font\nullfont=dummy\let\obstexwarn=\relax
-
-% Ignore text, except that we keep track of conditional commands for
-% purposes of nesting, up to an `@end #1' command.
-%
-\def\nestedignore#1{%
- \obstexwarn
- % We must actually expand the ignored text to look for the @end
- % command, so that nested ignore constructs work. Thus, we put the
- % text into a \vbox and then do nothing with the result. To minimize
- % the chance of memory overflow, we follow the approach outlined on
- % page 401 of the TeXbook.
- %
- \setbox0 = \vbox\bgroup
- % Don't complain about control sequences we have declared \outer.
- \ignoresections
- %
- % Define `@end #1' to end the box, which will in turn undefine the
- % @end command again.
- \expandafter\def\csname E#1\endcsname{\egroup\ignorespaces}%
- %
- % We are going to be parsing Texinfo commands. Most cause no
- % trouble when they are used incorrectly, but some commands do
- % complicated argument parsing or otherwise get confused, so we
- % undefine them.
- %
- % We can't do anything about stray @-signs, unfortunately;
- % they'll produce `undefined control sequence' errors.
- \ignoremorecommands
- %
- % Set the current font to be \nullfont, a TeX primitive, and define
- % all the font commands to also use \nullfont. We don't use
- % dummy.tfm, as suggested in the TeXbook, because some sites
- % might not have that installed. Therefore, math mode will still
- % produce output, but that should be an extremely small amount of
- % stuff compared to the main input.
- %
- \nullfont
- \let\tenrm=\nullfont \let\tenit=\nullfont \let\tensl=\nullfont
- \let\tenbf=\nullfont \let\tentt=\nullfont \let\smallcaps=\nullfont
- \let\tensf=\nullfont
- % Similarly for index fonts.
- \let\smallrm=\nullfont \let\smallit=\nullfont \let\smallsl=\nullfont
- \let\smallbf=\nullfont \let\smalltt=\nullfont \let\smallsc=\nullfont
- \let\smallsf=\nullfont
- % Similarly for smallexample fonts.
- \let\smallerrm=\nullfont \let\smallerit=\nullfont \let\smallersl=\nullfont
- \let\smallerbf=\nullfont \let\smallertt=\nullfont \let\smallersc=\nullfont
- \let\smallersf=\nullfont
- %
- % Don't complain when characters are missing from the fonts.
- \tracinglostchars = 0
- %
- % Don't bother to do space factor calculations.
- \frenchspacing
- %
- % Don't report underfull hboxes.
- \hbadness = 10000
- %
- % Do minimal line-breaking.
- \pretolerance = 10000
- %
- % Do not execute instructions in @tex.
- \def\tex{\doignore{tex}}%
- % Do not execute macro definitions.
- % `c' is a comment character, so the word `macro' will get cut off.
- \def\macro{\doignore{ma}}%
-}
-
-% @set VAR sets the variable VAR to an empty value.
-% @set VAR REST-OF-LINE sets VAR to the value REST-OF-LINE.
-%
-% Since we want to separate VAR from REST-OF-LINE (which might be
-% empty), we can't just use \parsearg; we have to insert a space of our
-% own to delimit the rest of the line, and then take it out again if we
-% didn't need it. Make sure the catcode of space is correct to avoid
-% losing inside @example, for instance.
-%
-\def\set{\begingroup\catcode` =10
- \catcode`\-=12 \catcode`\_=12 % Allow - and _ in VAR.
- \parsearg\setxxx}
-\def\setxxx#1{\setyyy#1 \endsetyyy}
-\def\setyyy#1 #2\endsetyyy{%
- \def\temp{#2}%
- \ifx\temp\empty \global\expandafter\let\csname SET#1\endcsname = \empty
- \else \setzzz{#1}#2\endsetzzz % Remove the trailing space \setxxx inserted.
- \fi
- \endgroup
-}
-% Can't use \xdef to pre-expand #2 and save some time, since \temp or
-% \next or other control sequences that we've defined might get us into
-% an infinite loop. Consider `@set foo @cite{bar}'.
-\def\setzzz#1#2 \endsetzzz{\expandafter\gdef\csname SET#1\endcsname{#2}}
-
-% @clear VAR clears (i.e., unsets) the variable VAR.
-%
-\def\clear{\parsearg\clearxxx}
-\def\clearxxx#1{\global\expandafter\let\csname SET#1\endcsname=\relax}
-
-% @value{foo} gets the text saved in variable foo.
-{
- \catcode`\_ = \active
- %
- % We might end up with active _ or - characters in the argument if
- % we're called from @code, as @code{@value{foo-bar_}}. So \let any
- % such active characters to their normal equivalents.
- \gdef\value{\begingroup
- \catcode`\-=\other \catcode`\_=\other
- \indexbreaks \let_\normalunderscore
- \valuexxx}
-}
-\def\valuexxx#1{\expandablevalue{#1}\endgroup}
-
-% We have this subroutine so that we can handle at least some @value's
-% properly in indexes (we \let\value to this in \indexdummies). Ones
-% whose names contain - or _ still won't work, but we can't do anything
-% about that. The command has to be fully expandable (if the variable
-% is set), since the result winds up in the index file. This means that
-% if the variable's value contains other Texinfo commands, it's almost
-% certain it will fail (although perhaps we could fix that with
-% sufficient work to do a one-level expansion on the result, instead of
-% complete).
-%
-\def\expandablevalue#1{%
- \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#1\endcsname\relax
- {[No value for ``#1'']}%
- \message{Variable `#1', used in @value, is not set.}%
- \else
- \csname SET#1\endcsname
- \fi
-}
-
-% @ifset VAR ... @end ifset reads the `...' iff VAR has been defined
-% with @set.
-%
-\def\ifset{\parsearg\doifset}
-\def\doifset#1{%
- \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#1\endcsname\relax
- \let\next=\ifsetfail
- \else
- \let\next=\ifsetsucceed
- \fi
- \next
-}
-\def\ifsetsucceed{\conditionalsucceed{ifset}}
-\def\ifsetfail{\nestedignore{ifset}}
-\defineunmatchedend{ifset}
-
-% @ifclear VAR ... @end ifclear reads the `...' iff VAR has never been
-% defined with @set, or has been undefined with @clear.
-%
-\def\ifclear{\parsearg\doifclear}
-\def\doifclear#1{%
- \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#1\endcsname\relax
- \let\next=\ifclearsucceed
- \else
- \let\next=\ifclearfail
- \fi
- \next
-}
-\def\ifclearsucceed{\conditionalsucceed{ifclear}}
-\def\ifclearfail{\nestedignore{ifclear}}
-\defineunmatchedend{ifclear}
-
-% @iftex, @ifnothtml, @ifnotinfo, @ifnotplaintext always succeed; we
-% read the text following, through the first @end iftex (etc.). Make
-% `@end iftex' (etc.) valid only after an @iftex.
-%
-\def\iftex{\conditionalsucceed{iftex}}
-\def\ifnothtml{\conditionalsucceed{ifnothtml}}
-\def\ifnotinfo{\conditionalsucceed{ifnotinfo}}
-\def\ifnotplaintext{\conditionalsucceed{ifnotplaintext}}
-\defineunmatchedend{iftex}
-\defineunmatchedend{ifnothtml}
-\defineunmatchedend{ifnotinfo}
-\defineunmatchedend{ifnotplaintext}
-
-% True conditional. Since \set globally defines its variables, we can
-% just start and end a group (to keep the @end definition undefined at
-% the outer level).
-%
-\def\conditionalsucceed#1{\begingroup
- \expandafter\def\csname E#1\endcsname{\endgroup}%
-}
-
-% @defininfoenclose.
-\let\definfoenclose=\comment
-
-
-\message{indexing,}
-% Index generation facilities
-
-% Define \newwrite to be identical to plain tex's \newwrite
-% except not \outer, so it can be used within \newindex.
-{\catcode`\@=11
-\gdef\newwrite{\alloc@7\write\chardef\sixt@@n}}
-
-% \newindex {foo} defines an index named foo.
-% It automatically defines \fooindex such that
-% \fooindex ...rest of line... puts an entry in the index foo.
-% It also defines \fooindfile to be the number of the output channel for
-% the file that accumulates this index. The file's extension is foo.
-% The name of an index should be no more than 2 characters long
-% for the sake of vms.
-%
-\def\newindex#1{%
- \iflinks
- \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname
- \openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1 % Open the file
- \fi
- \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{% % Define @#1index
- \noexpand\doindex{#1}}
-}
-
-% @defindex foo == \newindex{foo}
-%
-\def\defindex{\parsearg\newindex}
-
-% Define @defcodeindex, like @defindex except put all entries in @code.
-%
-\def\defcodeindex{\parsearg\newcodeindex}
-%
-\def\newcodeindex#1{%
- \iflinks
- \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname
- \openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1
- \fi
- \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{%
- \noexpand\docodeindex{#1}}%
-}
-
-
-% @synindex foo bar makes index foo feed into index bar.
-% Do this instead of @defindex foo if you don't want it as a separate index.
-%
-% @syncodeindex foo bar similar, but put all entries made for index foo
-% inside @code.
-%
-\def\synindex#1 #2 {\dosynindex\doindex{#1}{#2}}
-\def\syncodeindex#1 #2 {\dosynindex\docodeindex{#1}{#2}}
-
-% #1 is \doindex or \docodeindex, #2 the index getting redefined (foo),
-% #3 the target index (bar).
-\def\dosynindex#1#2#3{%
- % Only do \closeout if we haven't already done it, else we'll end up
- % closing the target index.
- \expandafter \ifx\csname donesynindex#2\endcsname \undefined
- % The \closeout helps reduce unnecessary open files; the limit on the
- % Acorn RISC OS is a mere 16 files.
- \expandafter\closeout\csname#2indfile\endcsname
- \expandafter\let\csname\donesynindex#2\endcsname = 1
- \fi
- % redefine \fooindfile:
- \expandafter\let\expandafter\temp\expandafter=\csname#3indfile\endcsname
- \expandafter\let\csname#2indfile\endcsname=\temp
- % redefine \fooindex:
- \expandafter\xdef\csname#2index\endcsname{\noexpand#1{#3}}%
-}
-
-% Define \doindex, the driver for all \fooindex macros.
-% Argument #1 is generated by the calling \fooindex macro,
-% and it is "foo", the name of the index.
-
-% \doindex just uses \parsearg; it calls \doind for the actual work.
-% This is because \doind is more useful to call from other macros.
-
-% There is also \dosubind {index}{topic}{subtopic}
-% which makes an entry in a two-level index such as the operation index.
-
-\def\doindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singleindexer}
-\def\singleindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{#1}}
-
-% like the previous two, but they put @code around the argument.
-\def\docodeindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singlecodeindexer}
-\def\singlecodeindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{\code{#1}}}
-
-% Take care of Texinfo commands that can appear in an index entry.
-% Since there are some commands we want to expand, and others we don't,
-% we have to laboriously prevent expansion for those that we don't.
-%
-\def\indexdummies{%
- \def\@{@}% change to @@ when we switch to @ as escape char in index files.
- \def\ {\realbackslash\space }%
- % Need these in case \tex is in effect and \{ is a \delimiter again.
- % But can't use \lbracecmd and \rbracecmd because texindex assumes
- % braces and backslashes are used only as delimiters.
- \let\{ = \mylbrace
- \let\} = \myrbrace
- %
- % \definedummyword defines \#1 as \realbackslash #1\space, thus
- % effectively preventing its expansion. This is used only for control
- % words, not control letters, because the \space would be incorrect
- % for control characters, but is needed to separate the control word
- % from whatever follows.
- %
- % For control letters, we have \definedummyletter, which omits the
- % space.
- %
- % These can be used both for control words that take an argument and
- % those that do not. If it is followed by {arg} in the input, then
- % that will dutifully get written to the index (or wherever).
- %
- \def\definedummyword##1{%
- \expandafter\def\csname ##1\endcsname{\realbackslash ##1\space}%
- }%
- \def\definedummyletter##1{%
- \expandafter\def\csname ##1\endcsname{\realbackslash ##1}%
- }%
- %
- % Do the redefinitions.
- \commondummies
-}
-
-% For the aux file, @ is the escape character. So we want to redefine
-% everything using @ instead of \realbackslash. When everything uses
-% @, this will be simpler.
-%
-\def\atdummies{%
- \def\@{@@}%
- \def\ {@ }%
- \let\{ = \lbraceatcmd
- \let\} = \rbraceatcmd
- %
- % (See comments in \indexdummies.)
- \def\definedummyword##1{%
- \expandafter\def\csname ##1\endcsname{@##1\space}%
- }%
- \def\definedummyletter##1{%
- \expandafter\def\csname ##1\endcsname{@##1}%
- }%
- %
- % Do the redefinitions.
- \commondummies
-}
-
-% Called from \indexdummies and \atdummies. \definedummyword and
-% \definedummyletter must be defined first.
-%
-\def\commondummies{%
- %
- \normalturnoffactive
- %
- % Control letters and accents.
- \definedummyletter{_}%
- \definedummyletter{,}%
- \definedummyletter{"}%
- \definedummyletter{`}%
- \definedummyletter{'}%
- \definedummyletter{^}%
- \definedummyletter{~}%
- \definedummyletter{=}%
- \definedummyword{u}%
- \definedummyword{v}%
- \definedummyword{H}%
- \definedummyword{dotaccent}%
- \definedummyword{ringaccent}%
- \definedummyword{tieaccent}%
- \definedummyword{ubaraccent}%
- \definedummyword{udotaccent}%
- \definedummyword{dotless}%
- %
- % Other non-English letters.
- \definedummyword{AA}%
- \definedummyword{AE}%
- \definedummyword{L}%
- \definedummyword{OE}%
- \definedummyword{O}%
- \definedummyword{aa}%
- \definedummyword{ae}%
- \definedummyword{l}%
- \definedummyword{oe}%
- \definedummyword{o}%
- \definedummyword{ss}%
- %
- % Although these internal commands shouldn't show up, sometimes they do.
- \definedummyword{bf}%
- \definedummyword{gtr}%
- \definedummyword{hat}%
- \definedummyword{less}%
- \definedummyword{sf}%
- \definedummyword{sl}%
- \definedummyword{tclose}%
- \definedummyword{tt}%
- %
- % Texinfo font commands.
- \definedummyword{b}%
- \definedummyword{i}%
- \definedummyword{r}%
- \definedummyword{sc}%
- \definedummyword{t}%
- %
- \definedummyword{TeX}%
- \definedummyword{acronym}%
- \definedummyword{cite}%
- \definedummyword{code}%
- \definedummyword{command}%
- \definedummyword{dfn}%
- \definedummyword{dots}%
- \definedummyword{emph}%
- \definedummyword{env}%
- \definedummyword{file}%
- \definedummyword{kbd}%
- \definedummyword{key}%
- \definedummyword{math}%
- \definedummyword{option}%
- \definedummyword{samp}%
- \definedummyword{strong}%
- \definedummyword{uref}%
- \definedummyword{url}%
- \definedummyword{var}%
- \definedummyword{w}%
- %
- % Assorted special characters.
- \definedummyword{bullet}%
- \definedummyword{copyright}%
- \definedummyword{dots}%
- \definedummyword{enddots}%
- \definedummyword{equiv}%
- \definedummyword{error}%
- \definedummyword{expansion}%
- \definedummyword{minus}%
- \definedummyword{pounds}%
- \definedummyword{point}%
- \definedummyword{print}%
- \definedummyword{result}%
- %
- % Handle some cases of @value -- where the variable name does not
- % contain - or _, and the value does not contain any
- % (non-fully-expandable) commands.
- \let\value = \expandablevalue
- %
- % Normal spaces, not active ones.
- \unsepspaces
- %
- % No macro expansion.
- \turnoffmacros
-}
-
-% If an index command is used in an @example environment, any spaces
-% therein should become regular spaces in the raw index file, not the
-% expansion of \tie (\leavevmode \penalty \@M \ ).
-{\obeyspaces
- \gdef\unsepspaces{\obeyspaces\let =\space}}
-
-
-% \indexnofonts is used when outputting the strings to sort the index
-% by, and when constructing control sequence names. It eliminates all
-% control sequences and just writes whatever the best ASCII sort string
-% would be for a given command (usually its argument).
-%
-\def\indexdummytex{TeX}
-\def\indexdummydots{...}
-%
-\def\indexnofonts{%
- \def\ { }%
- \def\@{@}%
- % how to handle braces?
- \def\_{\normalunderscore}%
- %
- \let\,=\asis
- \let\"=\asis
- \let\`=\asis
- \let\'=\asis
- \let\^=\asis
- \let\~=\asis
- \let\==\asis
- \let\u=\asis
- \let\v=\asis
- \let\H=\asis
- \let\dotaccent=\asis
- \let\ringaccent=\asis
- \let\tieaccent=\asis
- \let\ubaraccent=\asis
- \let\udotaccent=\asis
- \let\dotless=\asis
- %
- % Other non-English letters.
- \def\AA{AA}%
- \def\AE{AE}%
- \def\L{L}%
- \def\OE{OE}%
- \def\O{O}%
- \def\aa{aa}%
- \def\ae{ae}%
- \def\l{l}%
- \def\oe{oe}%
- \def\o{o}%
- \def\ss{ss}%
- \def\exclamdown{!}%
- \def\questiondown{?}%
- %
- % Don't no-op \tt, since it isn't a user-level command
- % and is used in the definitions of the active chars like <, >, |, etc.
- % Likewise with the other plain tex font commands.
- %\let\tt=\asis
- %
- % Texinfo font commands.
- \let\b=\asis
- \let\i=\asis
- \let\r=\asis
- \let\sc=\asis
- \let\t=\asis
- %
- \let\TeX=\indexdummytex
- \let\acronym=\asis
- \let\cite=\asis
- \let\code=\asis
- \let\command=\asis
- \let\dfn=\asis
- \let\dots=\indexdummydots
- \let\emph=\asis
- \let\env=\asis
- \let\file=\asis
- \let\kbd=\asis
- \let\key=\asis
- \let\math=\asis
- \let\option=\asis
- \let\samp=\asis
- \let\strong=\asis
- \let\uref=\asis
- \let\url=\asis
- \let\var=\asis
- \let\w=\asis
-}
-
-\let\indexbackslash=0 %overridden during \printindex.
-\let\SETmarginindex=\relax % put index entries in margin (undocumented)?
-
-% For \ifx comparisons.
-\def\emptymacro{\empty}
-
-% Most index entries go through here, but \dosubind is the general case.
-%
-\def\doind#1#2{\dosubind{#1}{#2}\empty}
-
-% Workhorse for all \fooindexes.
-% #1 is name of index, #2 is stuff to put there, #3 is subentry --
-% \empty if called from \doind, as we usually are. The main exception
-% is with defuns, which call us directly.
-%
-\def\dosubind#1#2#3{%
- % Put the index entry in the margin if desired.
- \ifx\SETmarginindex\relax\else
- \insert\margin{\hbox{\vrule height8pt depth3pt width0pt #2}}%
- \fi
- {%
- \count255=\lastpenalty
- {%
- \indexdummies % Must do this here, since \bf, etc expand at this stage
- \escapechar=`\\
- {%
- \let\folio = 0% We will expand all macros now EXCEPT \folio.
- \def\rawbackslashxx{\indexbackslash}% \indexbackslash isn't defined now
- % so it will be output as is; and it will print as backslash.
- %
- % The main index entry text.
- \toks0 = {#2}%
- %
- % If third arg is present, precede it with space in sort key.
- \def\thirdarg{#3}%
- \ifx\thirdarg\emptymacro \else
- % If the third (subentry) arg is present, add it to the index
- % line to write.
- \toks0 = \expandafter{\the\toks0 \space #3}%
- \fi
- %
- % Process the index entry with all font commands turned off, to
- % get the string to sort by.
- {\indexnofonts
- \edef\temp{\the\toks0}% need full expansion
- \xdef\indexsorttmp{\temp}%
- }%
- %
- % Set up the complete index entry, with both the sort key and
- % the original text, including any font commands. We write
- % three arguments to \entry to the .?? file (four in the
- % subentry case), texindex reduces to two when writing the .??s
- % sorted result.
- \edef\temp{%
- \write\csname#1indfile\endcsname{%
- \realbackslash entry{\indexsorttmp}{\folio}{\the\toks0}}%
- }%
- %
- % If a skip is the last thing on the list now, preserve it
- % by backing up by \lastskip, doing the \write, then inserting
- % the skip again. Otherwise, the whatsit generated by the
- % \write will make \lastskip zero. The result is that sequences
- % like this:
- % @end defun
- % @tindex whatever
- % @defun ...
- % will have extra space inserted, because the \medbreak in the
- % start of the @defun won't see the skip inserted by the @end of
- % the previous defun.
- %
- % But don't do any of this if we're not in vertical mode. We
- % don't want to do a \vskip and prematurely end a paragraph.
- %
- % Avoid page breaks due to these extra skips, too.
- %
- \iflinks
- \ifvmode
- \skip0 = \lastskip
- \ifdim\lastskip = 0pt \else \nobreak\vskip-\skip0 \fi
- \fi
- %
- \temp % do the write
- %
- \ifvmode \ifdim\skip0 = 0pt \else \nobreak\vskip\skip0 \fi \fi
- \fi
- }%
- }%
- \penalty\count255
- }%
-}
-
-% The index entry written in the file actually looks like
-% \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic}
-% or
-% \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic}{subtopic}
-% The texindex program reads in these files and writes files
-% containing these kinds of lines:
-% \initial {c}
-% before the first topic whose initial is c
-% \entry {topic}{pagelist}
-% for a topic that is used without subtopics
-% \primary {topic}
-% for the beginning of a topic that is used with subtopics
-% \secondary {subtopic}{pagelist}
-% for each subtopic.
-
-% Define the user-accessible indexing commands
-% @findex, @vindex, @kindex, @cindex.
-
-\def\findex {\fnindex}
-\def\kindex {\kyindex}
-\def\cindex {\cpindex}
-\def\vindex {\vrindex}
-\def\tindex {\tpindex}
-\def\pindex {\pgindex}
-
-\def\cindexsub {\begingroup\obeylines\cindexsub}
-{\obeylines %
-\gdef\cindexsub "#1" #2^^M{\endgroup %
-\dosubind{cp}{#2}{#1}}}
-
-% Define the macros used in formatting output of the sorted index material.
-
-% @printindex causes a particular index (the ??s file) to get printed.
-% It does not print any chapter heading (usually an @unnumbered).
-%
-\def\printindex{\parsearg\doprintindex}
-\def\doprintindex#1{\begingroup
- \dobreak \chapheadingskip{10000}%
- %
- \smallfonts \rm
- \tolerance = 9500
- \indexbreaks
- %
- % See if the index file exists and is nonempty.
- % Change catcode of @ here so that if the index file contains
- % \initial {@}
- % as its first line, TeX doesn't complain about mismatched braces
- % (because it thinks @} is a control sequence).
- \catcode`\@ = 11
- \openin 1 \jobname.#1s
- \ifeof 1
- % \enddoublecolumns gets confused if there is no text in the index,
- % and it loses the chapter title and the aux file entries for the
- % index. The easiest way to prevent this problem is to make sure
- % there is some text.
- \putwordIndexNonexistent
- \else
- %
- % If the index file exists but is empty, then \openin leaves \ifeof
- % false. We have to make TeX try to read something from the file, so
- % it can discover if there is anything in it.
- \read 1 to \temp
- \ifeof 1
- \putwordIndexIsEmpty
- \else
- % Index files are almost Texinfo source, but we use \ as the escape
- % character. It would be better to use @, but that's too big a change
- % to make right now.
- \def\indexbackslash{\rawbackslashxx}%
- \catcode`\\ = 0
- \escapechar = `\\
- \begindoublecolumns
- \input \jobname.#1s
- \enddoublecolumns
- \fi
- \fi
- \closein 1
-\endgroup}
-
-% These macros are used by the sorted index file itself.
-% Change them to control the appearance of the index.
-
-\def\initial#1{{%
- % Some minor font changes for the special characters.
- \let\tentt=\sectt \let\tt=\sectt \let\sf=\sectt
- %
- % Remove any glue we may have, we'll be inserting our own.
- \removelastskip
- %
- % We like breaks before the index initials, so insert a bonus.
- \penalty -300
- %
- % Typeset the initial. Making this add up to a whole number of
- % baselineskips increases the chance of the dots lining up from column
- % to column. It still won't often be perfect, because of the stretch
- % we need before each entry, but it's better.
- %
- % No shrink because it confuses \balancecolumns.
- \vskip 1.67\baselineskip plus .5\baselineskip
- \leftline{\secbf #1}%
- \vskip .33\baselineskip plus .1\baselineskip
- %
- % Do our best not to break after the initial.
- \nobreak
-}}
-
-% This typesets a paragraph consisting of #1, dot leaders, and then #2
-% flush to the right margin. It is used for index and table of contents
-% entries. The paragraph is indented by \leftskip.
-%
-\def\entry#1#2{\begingroup
- %
- % Start a new paragraph if necessary, so our assignments below can't
- % affect previous text.
- \par
- %
- % Do not fill out the last line with white space.
- \parfillskip = 0in
- %
- % No extra space above this paragraph.
- \parskip = 0in
- %
- % Do not prefer a separate line ending with a hyphen to fewer lines.
- \finalhyphendemerits = 0
- %
- % \hangindent is only relevant when the entry text and page number
- % don't both fit on one line. In that case, bob suggests starting the
- % dots pretty far over on the line. Unfortunately, a large
- % indentation looks wrong when the entry text itself is broken across
- % lines. So we use a small indentation and put up with long leaders.
- %
- % \hangafter is reset to 1 (which is the value we want) at the start
- % of each paragraph, so we need not do anything with that.
- \hangindent = 2em
- %
- % When the entry text needs to be broken, just fill out the first line
- % with blank space.
- \rightskip = 0pt plus1fil
- %
- % A bit of stretch before each entry for the benefit of balancing columns.
- \vskip 0pt plus1pt
- %
- % Start a ``paragraph'' for the index entry so the line breaking
- % parameters we've set above will have an effect.
- \noindent
- %
- % Insert the text of the index entry. TeX will do line-breaking on it.
- #1%
- % The following is kludged to not output a line of dots in the index if
- % there are no page numbers. The next person who breaks this will be
- % cursed by a Unix daemon.
- \def\tempa{{\rm }}%
- \def\tempb{#2}%
- \edef\tempc{\tempa}%
- \edef\tempd{\tempb}%
- \ifx\tempc\tempd\ \else%
- %
- % If we must, put the page number on a line of its own, and fill out
- % this line with blank space. (The \hfil is overwhelmed with the
- % fill leaders glue in \indexdotfill if the page number does fit.)
- \hfil\penalty50
- \null\nobreak\indexdotfill % Have leaders before the page number.
- %
- % The `\ ' here is removed by the implicit \unskip that TeX does as
- % part of (the primitive) \par. Without it, a spurious underfull
- % \hbox ensues.
- \ifpdf
- \pdfgettoks#2.\ \the\toksA % The page number ends the paragraph.
- \else
- \ #2% The page number ends the paragraph.
- \fi
- \fi%
- \par
-\endgroup}
-
-% Like \dotfill except takes at least 1 em.
-\def\indexdotfill{\cleaders
- \hbox{$\mathsurround=0pt \mkern1.5mu ${\it .}$ \mkern1.5mu$}\hskip 1em plus 1fill}
-
-\def\primary #1{\line{#1\hfil}}
-
-\newskip\secondaryindent \secondaryindent=0.5cm
-\def\secondary#1#2{{%
- \parfillskip=0in
- \parskip=0in
- \hangindent=1in
- \hangafter=1
- \noindent\hskip\secondaryindent\hbox{#1}\indexdotfill
- \ifpdf
- \pdfgettoks#2.\ \the\toksA % The page number ends the paragraph.
- \else
- #2
- \fi
- \par
-}}
-
-% Define two-column mode, which we use to typeset indexes.
-% Adapted from the TeXbook, page 416, which is to say,
-% the manmac.tex format used to print the TeXbook itself.
-\catcode`\@=11
-
-\newbox\partialpage
-\newdimen\doublecolumnhsize
-
-\def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup % ended by \enddoublecolumns
- % Grab any single-column material above us.
- \output = {%
- %
- % Here is a possibility not foreseen in manmac: if we accumulate a
- % whole lot of material, we might end up calling this \output
- % routine twice in a row (see the doublecol-lose test, which is
- % essentially a couple of indexes with @setchapternewpage off). In
- % that case we just ship out what is in \partialpage with the normal
- % output routine. Generally, \partialpage will be empty when this
- % runs and this will be a no-op. See the indexspread.tex test case.
- \ifvoid\partialpage \else
- \onepageout{\pagecontents\partialpage}%
- \fi
- %
- \global\setbox\partialpage = \vbox{%
- % Unvbox the main output page.
- \unvbox\PAGE
- \kern-\topskip \kern\baselineskip
- }%
- }%
- \eject % run that output routine to set \partialpage
- %
- % Use the double-column output routine for subsequent pages.
- \output = {\doublecolumnout}%
- %
- % Change the page size parameters. We could do this once outside this
- % routine, in each of @smallbook, @afourpaper, and the default 8.5x11
- % format, but then we repeat the same computation. Repeating a couple
- % of assignments once per index is clearly meaningless for the
- % execution time, so we may as well do it in one place.
- %
- % First we halve the line length, less a little for the gutter between
- % the columns. We compute the gutter based on the line length, so it
- % changes automatically with the paper format. The magic constant
- % below is chosen so that the gutter has the same value (well, +-<1pt)
- % as it did when we hard-coded it.
- %
- % We put the result in a separate register, \doublecolumhsize, so we
- % can restore it in \pagesofar, after \hsize itself has (potentially)
- % been clobbered.
- %
- \doublecolumnhsize = \hsize
- \advance\doublecolumnhsize by -.04154\hsize
- \divide\doublecolumnhsize by 2
- \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize
- %
- % Double the \vsize as well. (We don't need a separate register here,
- % since nobody clobbers \vsize.)
- \vsize = 2\vsize
-}
-
-% The double-column output routine for all double-column pages except
-% the last.
-%
-\def\doublecolumnout{%
- \splittopskip=\topskip \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth
- % Get the available space for the double columns -- the normal
- % (undoubled) page height minus any material left over from the
- % previous page.
- \dimen@ = \vsize
- \divide\dimen@ by 2
- \advance\dimen@ by -\ht\partialpage
- %
- % box0 will be the left-hand column, box2 the right.
- \setbox0=\vsplit255 to\dimen@ \setbox2=\vsplit255 to\dimen@
- \onepageout\pagesofar
- \unvbox255
- \penalty\outputpenalty
-}
-%
-% Re-output the contents of the output page -- any previous material,
-% followed by the two boxes we just split, in box0 and box2.
-\def\pagesofar{%
- \unvbox\partialpage
- %
- \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize
- \wd0=\hsize \wd2=\hsize
- \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil\box2}%
-}
-%
-% All done with double columns.
-\def\enddoublecolumns{%
- \output = {%
- % Split the last of the double-column material. Leave it on the
- % current page, no automatic page break.
- \balancecolumns
- %
- % If we end up splitting too much material for the current page,
- % though, there will be another page break right after this \output
- % invocation ends. Having called \balancecolumns once, we do not
- % want to call it again. Therefore, reset \output to its normal
- % definition right away. (We hope \balancecolumns will never be
- % called on to balance too much material, but if it is, this makes
- % the output somewhat more palatable.)
- \global\output = {\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}}%
- }%
- \eject
- \endgroup % started in \begindoublecolumns
- %
- % \pagegoal was set to the doubled \vsize above, since we restarted
- % the current page. We're now back to normal single-column
- % typesetting, so reset \pagegoal to the normal \vsize (after the
- % \endgroup where \vsize got restored).
- \pagegoal = \vsize
-}
-%
-% Called at the end of the double column material.
-\def\balancecolumns{%
- \setbox0 = \vbox{\unvbox255}% like \box255 but more efficient, see p.120.
- \dimen@ = \ht0
- \advance\dimen@ by \topskip
- \advance\dimen@ by-\baselineskip
- \divide\dimen@ by 2 % target to split to
- %debug\message{final 2-column material height=\the\ht0, target=\the\dimen@.}%
- \splittopskip = \topskip
- % Loop until we get a decent breakpoint.
- {%
- \vbadness = 10000
- \loop
- \global\setbox3 = \copy0
- \global\setbox1 = \vsplit3 to \dimen@
- \ifdim\ht3>\dimen@
- \global\advance\dimen@ by 1pt
- \repeat
- }%
- %debug\message{split to \the\dimen@, column heights: \the\ht1, \the\ht3.}%
- \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1}%
- \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3}%
- %
- \pagesofar
-}
-\catcode`\@ = \other
-
-
-\message{sectioning,}
-% Chapters, sections, etc.
-
-\newcount\chapno
-\newcount\secno \secno=0
-\newcount\subsecno \subsecno=0
-\newcount\subsubsecno \subsubsecno=0
-
-% This counter is funny since it counts through charcodes of letters A, B, ...
-\newcount\appendixno \appendixno = `\@
-% \def\appendixletter{\char\the\appendixno}
-% We do the following for the sake of pdftex, which needs the actual
-% letter in the expansion, not just typeset.
-\def\appendixletter{%
- \ifnum\appendixno=`A A%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`B B%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`C C%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`D D%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`E E%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`F F%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`G G%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`H H%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`I I%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`J J%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`K K%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`L L%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`M M%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`N N%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`O O%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`P P%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Q Q%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`R R%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`S S%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`T T%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`U U%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`V V%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`W W%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`X X%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Y Y%
- \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Z Z%
- % The \the is necessary, despite appearances, because \appendixletter is
- % expanded while writing the .toc file. \char\appendixno is not
- % expandable, thus it is written literally, thus all appendixes come out
- % with the same letter (or @) in the toc without it.
- \else\char\the\appendixno
- \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
- \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}
-
-% Each @chapter defines this as the name of the chapter.
-% page headings and footings can use it. @section does likewise.
-\def\thischapter{}
-\def\thissection{}
-
-\newcount\absseclevel % used to calculate proper heading level
-\newcount\secbase\secbase=0 % @raise/lowersections modify this count
-
-% @raisesections: treat @section as chapter, @subsection as section, etc.
-\def\raisesections{\global\advance\secbase by -1}
-\let\up=\raisesections % original BFox name
-
-% @lowersections: treat @chapter as section, @section as subsection, etc.
-\def\lowersections{\global\advance\secbase by 1}
-\let\down=\lowersections % original BFox name
-
-% Choose a numbered-heading macro
-% #1 is heading level if unmodified by @raisesections or @lowersections
-% #2 is text for heading
-\def\numhead#1#2{\absseclevel=\secbase\advance\absseclevel by #1
-\ifcase\absseclevel
- \chapterzzz{#2}
-\or
- \seczzz{#2}
-\or
- \numberedsubseczzz{#2}
-\or
- \numberedsubsubseczzz{#2}
-\else
- \ifnum \absseclevel<0
- \chapterzzz{#2}
- \else
- \numberedsubsubseczzz{#2}
- \fi
-\fi
-}
-
-% like \numhead, but chooses appendix heading levels
-\def\apphead#1#2{\absseclevel=\secbase\advance\absseclevel by #1
-\ifcase\absseclevel
- \appendixzzz{#2}
-\or
- \appendixsectionzzz{#2}
-\or
- \appendixsubseczzz{#2}
-\or
- \appendixsubsubseczzz{#2}
-\else
- \ifnum \absseclevel<0
- \appendixzzz{#2}
- \else
- \appendixsubsubseczzz{#2}
- \fi
-\fi
-}
-
-% like \numhead, but chooses numberless heading levels
-\def\unnmhead#1#2{\absseclevel=\secbase\advance\absseclevel by #1
-\ifcase\absseclevel
- \unnumberedzzz{#2}
-\or
- \unnumberedseczzz{#2}
-\or
- \unnumberedsubseczzz{#2}
-\or
- \unnumberedsubsubseczzz{#2}
-\else
- \ifnum \absseclevel<0
- \unnumberedzzz{#2}
- \else
- \unnumberedsubsubseczzz{#2}
- \fi
-\fi
-}
-
-% @chapter, @appendix, @unnumbered.
-\def\thischaptername{No Chapter Title}
-\outer\def\chapter{\parsearg\chapteryyy}
-\def\chapteryyy #1{\numhead0{#1}} % normally numhead0 calls chapterzzz
-\def\chapterzzz #1{%
- \secno=0 \subsecno=0 \subsubsecno=0
- \global\advance \chapno by 1 \message{\putwordChapter\space \the\chapno}%
- \chapmacro {#1}{\the\chapno}%
- \gdef\thissection{#1}%
- \gdef\thischaptername{#1}%
- % We don't substitute the actual chapter name into \thischapter
- % because we don't want its macros evaluated now.
- \xdef\thischapter{\putwordChapter{} \the\chapno: \noexpand\thischaptername}%
- \writetocentry{chap}{#1}{{\the\chapno}}
- \donoderef
- \global\let\section = \numberedsec
- \global\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec
- \global\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec
-}
-
-% we use \chapno to avoid indenting back
-\def\appendixbox#1{%
- \setbox0 = \hbox{\putwordAppendix{} \the\chapno}%
- \hbox to \wd0{#1\hss}}
-
-\outer\def\appendix{\parsearg\appendixyyy}
-\def\appendixyyy #1{\apphead0{#1}} % normally apphead0 calls appendixzzz
-\def\appendixzzz #1{%
- \secno=0 \subsecno=0 \subsubsecno=0
- \global\advance \appendixno by 1
- \message{\putwordAppendix\space \appendixletter}%
- \chapmacro {#1}{\appendixbox{\putwordAppendix{} \appendixletter}}%
- \gdef\thissection{#1}%
- \gdef\thischaptername{#1}%
- \xdef\thischapter{\putwordAppendix{} \appendixletter: \noexpand\thischaptername}%
- \writetocentry{appendix}{#1}{{\appendixletter}}
- \appendixnoderef
- \global\let\section = \appendixsec
- \global\let\subsection = \appendixsubsec
- \global\let\subsubsection = \appendixsubsubsec
-}
-
-% @centerchap is like @unnumbered, but the heading is centered.
-\outer\def\centerchap{\parsearg\centerchapyyy}
-\def\centerchapyyy #1{{\let\unnumbchapmacro=\centerchapmacro \unnumberedyyy{#1}}}
-
-% @top is like @unnumbered.
-\outer\def\top{\parsearg\unnumberedyyy}
-
-\outer\def\unnumbered{\parsearg\unnumberedyyy}
-\def\unnumberedyyy #1{\unnmhead0{#1}} % normally unnmhead0 calls unnumberedzzz
-\def\unnumberedzzz #1{%
- \secno=0 \subsecno=0 \subsubsecno=0
- %
- % This used to be simply \message{#1}, but TeX fully expands the
- % argument to \message. Therefore, if #1 contained @-commands, TeX
- % expanded them. For example, in `@unnumbered The @cite{Book}', TeX
- % expanded @cite (which turns out to cause errors because \cite is meant
- % to be executed, not expanded).
- %
- % Anyway, we don't want the fully-expanded definition of @cite to appear
- % as a result of the \message, we just want `@cite' itself. We use
- % \the<toks register> to achieve this: TeX expands \the<toks> only once,
- % simply yielding the contents of <toks register>. (We also do this for
- % the toc entries.)
- \toks0 = {#1}\message{(\the\toks0)}%
- %
- \unnumbchapmacro {#1}%
- \gdef\thischapter{#1}\gdef\thissection{#1}%
- \writetocentry{unnumbchap}{#1}{{\the\chapno}}
- \unnumbnoderef
- \global\let\section = \unnumberedsec
- \global\let\subsection = \unnumberedsubsec
- \global\let\subsubsection = \unnumberedsubsubsec
-}
-
-% Sections.
-\outer\def\numberedsec{\parsearg\secyyy}
-\def\secyyy #1{\numhead1{#1}} % normally calls seczzz
-\def\seczzz #1{%
- \subsecno=0 \subsubsecno=0 \global\advance \secno by 1 %
- \gdef\thissection{#1}\secheading {#1}{\the\chapno}{\the\secno}%
- \writetocentry{sec}{#1}{{\the\chapno}{\the\secno}}
- \donoderef
- \nobreak
-}
-
-\outer\def\appendixsection{\parsearg\appendixsecyyy}
-\outer\def\appendixsec{\parsearg\appendixsecyyy}
-\def\appendixsecyyy #1{\apphead1{#1}} % normally calls appendixsectionzzz
-\def\appendixsectionzzz #1{%
- \subsecno=0 \subsubsecno=0 \global\advance \secno by 1 %
- \gdef\thissection{#1}\secheading {#1}{\appendixletter}{\the\secno}%
- \writetocentry{sec}{#1}{{\appendixletter}{\the\secno}}
- \appendixnoderef
- \nobreak
-}
-
-\outer\def\unnumberedsec{\parsearg\unnumberedsecyyy}
-\def\unnumberedsecyyy #1{\unnmhead1{#1}} % normally calls unnumberedseczzz
-\def\unnumberedseczzz #1{%
- \plainsecheading {#1}\gdef\thissection{#1}%
- \writetocentry{unnumbsec}{#1}{{\the\chapno}{\the\secno}}
- \unnumbnoderef
- \nobreak
-}
-
-% Subsections.
-\outer\def\numberedsubsec{\parsearg\numberedsubsecyyy}
-\def\numberedsubsecyyy #1{\numhead2{#1}} % normally calls numberedsubseczzz
-\def\numberedsubseczzz #1{%
- \gdef\thissection{#1}\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance \subsecno by 1 %
- \subsecheading {#1}{\the\chapno}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}%
- \writetocentry{subsec}{#1}{{\the\chapno}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}}
- \donoderef
- \nobreak
-}
-
-\outer\def\appendixsubsec{\parsearg\appendixsubsecyyy}
-\def\appendixsubsecyyy #1{\apphead2{#1}} % normally calls appendixsubseczzz
-\def\appendixsubseczzz #1{%
- \gdef\thissection{#1}\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance \subsecno by 1 %
- \subsecheading {#1}{\appendixletter}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}%
- \writetocentry{subsec}{#1}{{\appendixletter}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}}
- \appendixnoderef
- \nobreak
-}
-
-\outer\def\unnumberedsubsec{\parsearg\unnumberedsubsecyyy}
-\def\unnumberedsubsecyyy #1{\unnmhead2{#1}} %normally calls unnumberedsubseczzz
-\def\unnumberedsubseczzz #1{%
- \plainsubsecheading {#1}\gdef\thissection{#1}%
- \writetocentry{unnumbsubsec}{#1}{{\the\chapno}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}}
- \unnumbnoderef
- \nobreak
-}
-
-% Subsubsections.
-\outer\def\numberedsubsubsec{\parsearg\numberedsubsubsecyyy}
-\def\numberedsubsubsecyyy #1{\numhead3{#1}} % normally numberedsubsubseczzz
-\def\numberedsubsubseczzz #1{%
- \gdef\thissection{#1}\global\advance \subsubsecno by 1 %
- \subsubsecheading {#1}
- {\the\chapno}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}{\the\subsubsecno}%
- \writetocentry{subsubsec}{#1}{{\the\chapno}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}{\the\subsubsecno}}
- \donoderef
- \nobreak
-}
-
-\outer\def\appendixsubsubsec{\parsearg\appendixsubsubsecyyy}
-\def\appendixsubsubsecyyy #1{\apphead3{#1}} % normally appendixsubsubseczzz
-\def\appendixsubsubseczzz #1{%
- \gdef\thissection{#1}\global\advance \subsubsecno by 1 %
- \subsubsecheading {#1}
- {\appendixletter}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}{\the\subsubsecno}%
- \writetocentry{subsubsec}{#1}{{\appendixletter}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}{\the\subsubsecno}}
- \appendixnoderef
- \nobreak
-}
-
-\outer\def\unnumberedsubsubsec{\parsearg\unnumberedsubsubsecyyy}
-\def\unnumberedsubsubsecyyy #1{\unnmhead3{#1}} %normally unnumberedsubsubseczzz
-\def\unnumberedsubsubseczzz #1{%
- \plainsubsubsecheading {#1}\gdef\thissection{#1}%
- \writetocentry{unnumbsubsubsec}{#1}{{\the\chapno}{\the\secno}{\the\subsecno}{\the\subsubsecno}}
- \unnumbnoderef
- \nobreak
-}
-
-% These are variants which are not "outer", so they can appear in @ifinfo.
-% Actually, they should now be obsolete; ordinary section commands should work.
-\def\infotop{\parsearg\unnumberedzzz}
-\def\infounnumbered{\parsearg\unnumberedzzz}
-\def\infounnumberedsec{\parsearg\unnumberedseczzz}
-\def\infounnumberedsubsec{\parsearg\unnumberedsubseczzz}
-\def\infounnumberedsubsubsec{\parsearg\unnumberedsubsubseczzz}
-
-\def\infoappendix{\parsearg\appendixzzz}
-\def\infoappendixsec{\parsearg\appendixseczzz}
-\def\infoappendixsubsec{\parsearg\appendixsubseczzz}
-\def\infoappendixsubsubsec{\parsearg\appendixsubsubseczzz}
-
-\def\infochapter{\parsearg\chapterzzz}
-\def\infosection{\parsearg\sectionzzz}
-\def\infosubsection{\parsearg\subsectionzzz}
-\def\infosubsubsection{\parsearg\subsubsectionzzz}
-
-% These macros control what the section commands do, according
-% to what kind of chapter we are in (ordinary, appendix, or unnumbered).
-% Define them by default for a numbered chapter.
-\global\let\section = \numberedsec
-\global\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec
-\global\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec
-
-% Define @majorheading, @heading and @subheading
-
-% NOTE on use of \vbox for chapter headings, section headings, and such:
-% 1) We use \vbox rather than the earlier \line to permit
-% overlong headings to fold.
-% 2) \hyphenpenalty is set to 10000 because hyphenation in a
-% heading is obnoxious; this forbids it.
-% 3) Likewise, headings look best if no \parindent is used, and
-% if justification is not attempted. Hence \raggedright.
-
-
-\def\majorheading{\parsearg\majorheadingzzz}
-\def\majorheadingzzz #1{%
- {\advance\chapheadingskip by 10pt \chapbreak }%
- {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000
- \parindent=0pt\raggedright
- \rm #1\hfill}}\bigskip \par\penalty 200}
-
-\def\chapheading{\parsearg\chapheadingzzz}
-\def\chapheadingzzz #1{\chapbreak %
- {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000
- \parindent=0pt\raggedright
- \rm #1\hfill}}\bigskip \par\penalty 200}
-
-% @heading, @subheading, @subsubheading.
-\def\heading{\parsearg\plainsecheading}
-\def\subheading{\parsearg\plainsubsecheading}
-\def\subsubheading{\parsearg\plainsubsubsecheading}
-
-% These macros generate a chapter, section, etc. heading only
-% (including whitespace, linebreaking, etc. around it),
-% given all the information in convenient, parsed form.
-
-%%% Args are the skip and penalty (usually negative)
-\def\dobreak#1#2{\par\ifdim\lastskip<#1\removelastskip\penalty#2\vskip#1\fi}
-
-\def\setchapterstyle #1 {\csname CHAPF#1\endcsname}
-
-%%% Define plain chapter starts, and page on/off switching for it
-% Parameter controlling skip before chapter headings (if needed)
-
-\newskip\chapheadingskip
-
-\def\chapbreak{\dobreak \chapheadingskip {-4000}}
-\def\chappager{\par\vfill\supereject}
-\def\chapoddpage{\chappager \ifodd\pageno \else \hbox to 0pt{} \chappager\fi}
-
-\def\setchapternewpage #1 {\csname CHAPPAG#1\endcsname}
-
-\def\CHAPPAGoff{%
-\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
-\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapbreak
-\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager}
-
-\def\CHAPPAGon{%
-\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
-\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chappager
-\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager
-\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSsingle}}
-
-\def\CHAPPAGodd{
-\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
-\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapoddpage
-\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chapoddpage
-\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble}}
-
-\CHAPPAGon
-
-\def\CHAPFplain{
-\global\let\chapmacro=\chfplain
-\global\let\unnumbchapmacro=\unnchfplain
-\global\let\centerchapmacro=\centerchfplain}
-
-% Plain chapter opening.
-% #1 is the text, #2 the chapter number or empty if unnumbered.
-\def\chfplain#1#2{%
- \pchapsepmacro
- {%
- \chapfonts \rm
- \def\chapnum{#2}%
- \setbox0 = \hbox{#2\ifx\chapnum\empty\else\enspace\fi}%
- \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \raggedright
- \hangindent = \wd0 \centerparametersmaybe
- \unhbox0 #1\par}%
- }%
- \nobreak\bigskip % no page break after a chapter title
- \nobreak
-}
-
-% Plain opening for unnumbered.
-\def\unnchfplain#1{\chfplain{#1}{}}
-
-% @centerchap -- centered and unnumbered.
-\let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax
-\def\centerchfplain#1{{%
- \def\centerparametersmaybe{%
- \advance\rightskip by 3\rightskip
- \leftskip = \rightskip
- \parfillskip = 0pt
- }%
- \chfplain{#1}{}%
-}}
-
-\CHAPFplain % The default
-
-\def\unnchfopen #1{%
-\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000
- \parindent=0pt\raggedright
- \rm #1\hfill}}\bigskip \par\nobreak
-}
-
-\def\chfopen #1#2{\chapoddpage {\chapfonts
-\vbox to 3in{\vfil \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #2} \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #1} \vfil}}%
-\par\penalty 5000 %
-}
-
-\def\centerchfopen #1{%
-\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000
- \parindent=0pt
- \hfill {\rm #1}\hfill}}\bigskip \par\nobreak
-}
-
-\def\CHAPFopen{
-\global\let\chapmacro=\chfopen
-\global\let\unnumbchapmacro=\unnchfopen
-\global\let\centerchapmacro=\centerchfopen}
-
-
-% Section titles.
-\newskip\secheadingskip
-\def\secheadingbreak{\dobreak \secheadingskip {-1000}}
-\def\secheading#1#2#3{\sectionheading{sec}{#2.#3}{#1}}
-\def\plainsecheading#1{\sectionheading{sec}{}{#1}}
-
-% Subsection titles.
-\newskip \subsecheadingskip
-\def\subsecheadingbreak{\dobreak \subsecheadingskip {-500}}
-\def\subsecheading#1#2#3#4{\sectionheading{subsec}{#2.#3.#4}{#1}}
-\def\plainsubsecheading#1{\sectionheading{subsec}{}{#1}}
-
-% Subsubsection titles.
-\let\subsubsecheadingskip = \subsecheadingskip
-\let\subsubsecheadingbreak = \subsecheadingbreak
-\def\subsubsecheading#1#2#3#4#5{\sectionheading{subsubsec}{#2.#3.#4.#5}{#1}}
-\def\plainsubsubsecheading#1{\sectionheading{subsubsec}{}{#1}}
-
-
-% Print any size section title.
-%
-% #1 is the section type (sec/subsec/subsubsec), #2 is the section
-% number (maybe empty), #3 the text.
-\def\sectionheading#1#2#3{%
- {%
- \expandafter\advance\csname #1headingskip\endcsname by \parskip
- \csname #1headingbreak\endcsname
- }%
- {%
- % Switch to the right set of fonts.
- \csname #1fonts\endcsname \rm
- %
- % Only insert the separating space if we have a section number.
- \def\secnum{#2}%
- \setbox0 = \hbox{#2\ifx\secnum\empty\else\enspace\fi}%
- %
- \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \raggedright
- \hangindent = \wd0 % zero if no section number
- \unhbox0 #3}%
- }%
- % Add extra space after the heading -- either a line space or a
- % paragraph space, whichever is more. (Some people like to set
- % \parskip to large values for some reason.) Don't allow stretch, though.
- \nobreak
- \ifdim\parskip>\normalbaselineskip
- \kern\parskip
- \else
- \kern\normalbaselineskip
- \fi
- \nobreak
-}
-
-
-\message{toc,}
-% Table of contents.
-\newwrite\tocfile
-
-% Write an entry to the toc file, opening it if necessary.
-% Called from @chapter, etc. We supply {\folio} at the end of the
-% argument, which will end up as the last argument to the \...entry macro.
-%
-% Usage: \writetocentry{chap}{The Name of The Game}{{\the\chapno}}
-% We open the .toc file for writing here instead of at @setfilename (or
-% any other fixed time) so that @contents can be anywhere in the document.
-%
-\newif\iftocfileopened
-\def\writetocentry#1#2#3{%
- \iftocfileopened\else
- \immediate\openout\tocfile = \jobname.toc
- \global\tocfileopenedtrue
- \fi
- %
- \iflinks
- \toks0 = {#2}%
- \edef\temp{\write\tocfile{\realbackslash #1entry{\the\toks0}#3{\folio}}}%
- \temp
- \fi
- %
- % Tell \shipout to create a page destination if we're doing pdf, which
- % will be the target of the links in the table of contents. We can't
- % just do it on every page because the title pages are numbered 1 and
- % 2 (the page numbers aren't printed), and so are the first two pages
- % of the document. Thus, we'd have two destinations named `1', and
- % two named `2'.
- \ifpdf \pdfmakepagedesttrue \fi
-}
-
-\newskip\contentsrightmargin \contentsrightmargin=1in
-\newcount\savepageno
-\newcount\lastnegativepageno \lastnegativepageno = -1
-
-% Finish up the main text and prepare to read what we've written
-% to \tocfile.
-%
-\def\startcontents#1{%
- % If @setchapternewpage on, and @headings double, the contents should
- % start on an odd page, unlike chapters. Thus, we maintain
- % \contentsalignmacro in parallel with \pagealignmacro.
- % From: Torbjorn Granlund <tege@matematik.su.se>
- \contentsalignmacro
- \immediate\closeout\tocfile
- %
- % Don't need to put `Contents' or `Short Contents' in the headline.
- % It is abundantly clear what they are.
- \unnumbchapmacro{#1}\def\thischapter{}%
- \savepageno = \pageno
- \begingroup % Set up to handle contents files properly.
- \catcode`\\=0 \catcode`\{=1 \catcode`\}=2 \catcode`\@=11
- % We can't do this, because then an actual ^ in a section
- % title fails, e.g., @chapter ^ -- exponentiation. --karl, 9jul97.
- %\catcode`\^=7 % to see ^^e4 as \"a etc. juha@piuha.ydi.vtt.fi
- \raggedbottom % Worry more about breakpoints than the bottom.
- \advance\hsize by -\contentsrightmargin % Don't use the full line length.
- %
- % Roman numerals for page numbers.
- \ifnum \pageno>0 \global\pageno = \lastnegativepageno \fi
-}
-
-
-% Normal (long) toc.
-\def\contents{%
- \startcontents{\putwordTOC}%
- \openin 1 \jobname.toc
- \ifeof 1 \else
- \closein 1
- \input \jobname.toc
- \fi
- \vfill \eject
- \contentsalignmacro % in case @setchapternewpage odd is in effect
- \pdfmakeoutlines
- \endgroup
- \lastnegativepageno = \pageno
- \global\pageno = \savepageno
-}
-
-% And just the chapters.
-\def\summarycontents{%
- \startcontents{\putwordShortTOC}%
- %
- \let\chapentry = \shortchapentry
- \let\appendixentry = \shortappendixentry
- \let\unnumbchapentry = \shortunnumberedentry
- % We want a true roman here for the page numbers.
- \secfonts
- \let\rm=\shortcontrm \let\bf=\shortcontbf
- \let\sl=\shortcontsl \let\tt=\shortconttt
- \rm
- \hyphenpenalty = 10000
- \advance\baselineskip by 1pt % Open it up a little.
- \def\secentry ##1##2##3##4{}
- \def\subsecentry ##1##2##3##4##5{}
- \def\subsubsecentry ##1##2##3##4##5##6{}
- \let\unnumbsecentry = \secentry
- \let\unnumbsubsecentry = \subsecentry
- \let\unnumbsubsubsecentry = \subsubsecentry
- \openin 1 \jobname.toc
- \ifeof 1 \else
- \closein 1
- \input \jobname.toc
- \fi
- \vfill \eject
- \contentsalignmacro % in case @setchapternewpage odd is in effect
- \endgroup
- \lastnegativepageno = \pageno
- \global\pageno = \savepageno
-}
-\let\shortcontents = \summarycontents
-
-\ifpdf
- \pdfcatalog{/PageMode /UseOutlines}%
-\fi
-
-% These macros generate individual entries in the table of contents.
-% The first argument is the chapter or section name.
-% The last argument is the page number.
-% The arguments in between are the chapter number, section number, ...
-
-% Chapters, in the main contents.
-\def\chapentry#1#2#3{\dochapentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#3}}
-%
-% Chapters, in the short toc.
-% See comments in \dochapentry re vbox and related settings.
-\def\shortchapentry#1#2#3{%
- \tocentry{\shortchaplabel{#2}\labelspace #1}{\doshortpageno\bgroup#3\egroup}%
-}
-
-% Appendices, in the main contents.
-\def\appendixentry#1#2#3{%
- \dochapentry{\appendixbox{\putwordAppendix{} #2}\labelspace#1}{#3}}
-%
-% Appendices, in the short toc.
-\let\shortappendixentry = \shortchapentry
-
-% Typeset the label for a chapter or appendix for the short contents.
-% The arg is, e.g., `Appendix A' for an appendix, or `3' for a chapter.
-% We could simplify the code here by writing out an \appendixentry
-% command in the toc file for appendices, instead of using \chapentry
-% for both, but it doesn't seem worth it.
-%
-\newdimen\shortappendixwidth
-%
-\def\shortchaplabel#1{%
- % This space should be enough, since a single number is .5em, and the
- % widest letter (M) is 1em, at least in the Computer Modern fonts.
- % But use \hss just in case.
- % (This space doesn't include the extra space that gets added after
- % the label; that gets put in by \shortchapentry above.)
- \dimen0 = 1em
- \hbox to \dimen0{#1\hss}%
-}
-
-% Unnumbered chapters.
-\def\unnumbchapentry#1#2#3{\dochapentry{#1}{#3}}
-\def\shortunnumberedentry#1#2#3{\tocentry{#1}{\doshortpageno\bgroup#3\egroup}}
-
-% Sections.
-\def\secentry#1#2#3#4{\dosecentry{#2.#3\labelspace#1}{#4}}
-\def\unnumbsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosecentry{#1}{#4}}
-
-% Subsections.
-\def\subsecentry#1#2#3#4#5{\dosubsecentry{#2.#3.#4\labelspace#1}{#5}}
-\def\unnumbsubsecentry#1#2#3#4#5{\dosubsecentry{#1}{#5}}
-
-% And subsubsections.
-\def\subsubsecentry#1#2#3#4#5#6{%
- \dosubsubsecentry{#2.#3.#4.#5\labelspace#1}{#6}}
-\def\unnumbsubsubsecentry#1#2#3#4#5#6{\dosubsubsecentry{#1}{#6}}
-
-% This parameter controls the indentation of the various levels.
-\newdimen\tocindent \tocindent = 3pc
-
-% Now for the actual typesetting. In all these, #1 is the text and #2 is the
-% page number.
-%
-% If the toc has to be broken over pages, we want it to be at chapters
-% if at all possible; hence the \penalty.
-\def\dochapentry#1#2{%
- \penalty-300 \vskip1\baselineskip plus.33\baselineskip minus.25\baselineskip
- \begingroup
- \chapentryfonts
- \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
- \endgroup
- \nobreak\vskip .25\baselineskip plus.1\baselineskip
-}
-
-\def\dosecentry#1#2{\begingroup
- \secentryfonts \leftskip=\tocindent
- \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
-\endgroup}
-
-\def\dosubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup
- \subsecentryfonts \leftskip=2\tocindent
- \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
-\endgroup}
-
-\def\dosubsubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup
- \subsubsecentryfonts \leftskip=3\tocindent
- \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
-\endgroup}
-
-% Final typesetting of a toc entry; we use the same \entry macro as for
-% the index entries, but we want to suppress hyphenation here. (We
-% can't do that in the \entry macro, since index entries might consist
-% of hyphenated-identifiers-that-do-not-fit-on-a-line-and-nothing-else.)
-\def\tocentry#1#2{\begingroup
- \vskip 0pt plus1pt % allow a little stretch for the sake of nice page breaks
- % Do not use \turnoffactive in these arguments. Since the toc is
- % typeset in cmr, characters such as _ would come out wrong; we
- % have to do the usual translation tricks.
- \entry{#1}{#2}%
-\endgroup}
-
-% Space between chapter (or whatever) number and the title.
-\def\labelspace{\hskip1em \relax}
-
-\def\dopageno#1{{\rm #1}}
-\def\doshortpageno#1{{\rm #1}}
-
-\def\chapentryfonts{\secfonts \rm}
-\def\secentryfonts{\textfonts}
-\let\subsecentryfonts = \textfonts
-\let\subsubsecentryfonts = \textfonts
-
-
-\message{environments,}
-% @foo ... @end foo.
-
-% @point{}, @result{}, @expansion{}, @print{}, @equiv{}.
-%
-% Since these characters are used in examples, it should be an even number of
-% \tt widths. Each \tt character is 1en, so two makes it 1em.
-%
-\def\point{$\star$}
-\def\result{\leavevmode\raise.15ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\Rightarrow$\hfil}}
-\def\expansion{\leavevmode\raise.1ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\mapsto$\hfil}}
-\def\print{\leavevmode\lower.1ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\dashv$\hfil}}
-\def\equiv{\leavevmode\lower.1ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\ptexequiv$\hfil}}
-
-% The @error{} command.
-% Adapted from the TeXbook's \boxit.
-%
-\newbox\errorbox
-%
-{\tentt \global\dimen0 = 3em}% Width of the box.
-\dimen2 = .55pt % Thickness of rules
-% The text. (`r' is open on the right, `e' somewhat less so on the left.)
-\setbox0 = \hbox{\kern-.75pt \tensf error\kern-1.5pt}
-%
-\global\setbox\errorbox=\hbox to \dimen0{\hfil
- \hsize = \dimen0 \advance\hsize by -5.8pt % Space to left+right.
- \advance\hsize by -2\dimen2 % Rules.
- \vbox{
- \hrule height\dimen2
- \hbox{\vrule width\dimen2 \kern3pt % Space to left of text.
- \vtop{\kern2.4pt \box0 \kern2.4pt}% Space above/below.
- \kern3pt\vrule width\dimen2}% Space to right.
- \hrule height\dimen2}
- \hfil}
-%
-\def\error{\leavevmode\lower.7ex\copy\errorbox}
-
-% @tex ... @end tex escapes into raw Tex temporarily.
-% One exception: @ is still an escape character, so that @end tex works.
-% But \@ or @@ will get a plain tex @ character.
-
-\def\tex{\begingroup
- \catcode `\\=0 \catcode `\{=1 \catcode `\}=2
- \catcode `\$=3 \catcode `\&=4 \catcode `\#=6
- \catcode `\^=7 \catcode `\_=8 \catcode `\~=\active \let~=\tie
- \catcode `\%=14
- \catcode `\+=\other
- \catcode `\"=\other
- \catcode `\==\other
- \catcode `\|=\other
- \catcode `\<=\other
- \catcode `\>=\other
- \escapechar=`\\
- %
- \let\b=\ptexb
- \let\bullet=\ptexbullet
- \let\c=\ptexc
- \let\,=\ptexcomma
- \let\.=\ptexdot
- \let\dots=\ptexdots
- \let\equiv=\ptexequiv
- \let\!=\ptexexclam
- \let\i=\ptexi
- \let\{=\ptexlbrace
- \let\+=\tabalign
- \let\}=\ptexrbrace
- \let\*=\ptexstar
- \let\t=\ptext
- %
- \def\endldots{\mathinner{\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots}}%
- \def\enddots{\relax\ifmmode\endldots\else$\mathsurround=0pt \endldots\,$\fi}%
- \def\@{@}%
-\let\Etex=\endgroup}
-
-% Define @lisp ... @end lisp.
-% @lisp does a \begingroup so it can rebind things,
-% including the definition of @end lisp (which normally is erroneous).
-
-% Amount to narrow the margins by for @lisp.
-\newskip\lispnarrowing \lispnarrowing=0.4in
-
-% This is the definition that ^^M gets inside @lisp, @example, and other
-% such environments. \null is better than a space, since it doesn't
-% have any width.
-\def\lisppar{\null\endgraf}
-
-% Make each space character in the input produce a normal interword
-% space in the output. Don't allow a line break at this space, as this
-% is used only in environments like @example, where each line of input
-% should produce a line of output anyway.
-%
-{\obeyspaces %
-\gdef\sepspaces{\obeyspaces\let =\tie}}
-
-% Define \obeyedspace to be our active space, whatever it is. This is
-% for use in \parsearg.
-{\sepspaces%
-\global\let\obeyedspace= }
-
-% This space is always present above and below environments.
-\newskip\envskipamount \envskipamount = 0pt
-
-% Make spacing and below environment symmetrical. We use \parskip here
-% to help in doing that, since in @example-like environments \parskip
-% is reset to zero; thus the \afterenvbreak inserts no space -- but the
-% start of the next paragraph will insert \parskip.
-%
-\def\aboveenvbreak{{%
- % =10000 instead of <10000 because of a special case in \itemzzz, q.v.
- \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else
- \advance\envskipamount by \parskip
- \endgraf
- \ifdim\lastskip<\envskipamount
- \removelastskip
- % it's not a good place to break if the last penalty was \nobreak
- % or better ...
- \ifnum\lastpenalty>10000 \else \penalty-50 \fi
- \vskip\envskipamount
- \fi
- \fi
-}}
-
-\let\afterenvbreak = \aboveenvbreak
-
-% \nonarrowing is a flag. If "set", @lisp etc don't narrow margins.
-\let\nonarrowing=\relax
-
-% @cartouche ... @end cartouche: draw rectangle w/rounded corners around
-% environment contents.
-\font\circle=lcircle10
-\newdimen\circthick
-\newdimen\cartouter\newdimen\cartinner
-\newskip\normbskip\newskip\normpskip\newskip\normlskip
-\circthick=\fontdimen8\circle
-%
-\def\ctl{{\circle\char'013\hskip -6pt}}% 6pt from pl file: 1/2charwidth
-\def\ctr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'010}}
-\def\cbl{{\circle\char'012\hskip -6pt}}
-\def\cbr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'011}}
-\def\carttop{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip
- \ctl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\ctr
- \hskip\rskip}}
-\def\cartbot{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip
- \cbl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\cbr
- \hskip\rskip}}
-%
-\newskip\lskip\newskip\rskip
-
-\def\cartouche{%
-\par % can't be in the midst of a paragraph.
-\begingroup
- \lskip=\leftskip \rskip=\rightskip
- \leftskip=0pt\rightskip=0pt %we want these *outside*.
- \cartinner=\hsize \advance\cartinner by-\lskip
- \advance\cartinner by-\rskip
- \cartouter=\hsize
- \advance\cartouter by 18.4pt % allow for 3pt kerns on either
-% side, and for 6pt waste from
-% each corner char, and rule thickness
- \normbskip=\baselineskip \normpskip=\parskip \normlskip=\lineskip
- % Flag to tell @lisp, etc., not to narrow margin.
- \let\nonarrowing=\comment
- \vbox\bgroup
- \baselineskip=0pt\parskip=0pt\lineskip=0pt
- \carttop
- \hbox\bgroup
- \hskip\lskip
- \vrule\kern3pt
- \vbox\bgroup
- \hsize=\cartinner
- \kern3pt
- \begingroup
- \baselineskip=\normbskip
- \lineskip=\normlskip
- \parskip=\normpskip
- \vskip -\parskip
-\def\Ecartouche{%
- \endgroup
- \kern3pt
- \egroup
- \kern3pt\vrule
- \hskip\rskip
- \egroup
- \cartbot
- \egroup
-\endgroup
-}}
-
-
-% This macro is called at the beginning of all the @example variants,
-% inside a group.
-\def\nonfillstart{%
- \aboveenvbreak
- \inENV % This group ends at the end of the body
- \hfuzz = 12pt % Don't be fussy
- \sepspaces % Make spaces be word-separators rather than space tokens.
- \let\par = \lisppar % don't ignore blank lines
- \obeylines % each line of input is a line of output
- \parskip = 0pt
- \parindent = 0pt
- \emergencystretch = 0pt % don't try to avoid overfull boxes
- % @cartouche defines \nonarrowing to inhibit narrowing
- % at next level down.
- \ifx\nonarrowing\relax
- \advance \leftskip by \lispnarrowing
- \exdentamount=\lispnarrowing
- \let\exdent=\nofillexdent
- \let\nonarrowing=\relax
- \fi
-}
-
-% Define the \E... control sequence only if we are inside the particular
-% environment, so the error checking in \end will work.
-%
-% To end an @example-like environment, we first end the paragraph (via
-% \afterenvbreak's vertical glue), and then the group. That way we keep
-% the zero \parskip that the environments set -- \parskip glue will be
-% inserted at the beginning of the next paragraph in the document, after
-% the environment.
-%
-\def\nonfillfinish{\afterenvbreak\endgroup}
-
-% @lisp: indented, narrowed, typewriter font.
-\def\lisp{\begingroup
- \nonfillstart
- \let\Elisp = \nonfillfinish
- \tt
- \let\kbdfont = \kbdexamplefont % Allow @kbd to do something special.
- \gobble % eat return
-}
-
-% @example: Same as @lisp.
-\def\example{\begingroup \def\Eexample{\nonfillfinish\endgroup}\lisp}
-
-% @smallexample and @smalllisp: use smaller fonts.
-% Originally contributed by Pavel@xerox.
-\def\smalllisp{\begingroup
- \def\Esmalllisp{\nonfillfinish\endgroup}%
- \def\Esmallexample{\nonfillfinish\endgroup}%
- \smallexamplefonts
- \lisp
-}
-\let\smallexample = \smalllisp
-
-
-% @display: same as @lisp except keep current font.
-%
-\def\display{\begingroup
- \nonfillstart
- \let\Edisplay = \nonfillfinish
- \gobble
-}
-%
-% @smalldisplay: @display plus smaller fonts.
-%
-\def\smalldisplay{\begingroup
- \def\Esmalldisplay{\nonfillfinish\endgroup}%
- \smallexamplefonts \rm
- \display
-}
-
-% @format: same as @display except don't narrow margins.
-%
-\def\format{\begingroup
- \let\nonarrowing = t
- \nonfillstart
- \let\Eformat = \nonfillfinish
- \gobble
-}
-%
-% @smallformat: @format plus smaller fonts.
-%
-\def\smallformat{\begingroup
- \def\Esmallformat{\nonfillfinish\endgroup}%
- \smallexamplefonts \rm
- \format
-}
-
-% @flushleft (same as @format).
-%
-\def\flushleft{\begingroup \def\Eflushleft{\nonfillfinish\endgroup}\format}
-
-% @flushright.
-%
-\def\flushright{\begingroup
- \let\nonarrowing = t
- \nonfillstart
- \let\Eflushright = \nonfillfinish
- \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill
- \gobble
-}
-
-
-% @quotation does normal linebreaking (hence we can't use \nonfillstart)
-% and narrows the margins.
-%
-\def\quotation{%
- \begingroup\inENV %This group ends at the end of the @quotation body
- {\parskip=0pt \aboveenvbreak}% because \aboveenvbreak inserts \parskip
- \parindent=0pt
- % We have retained a nonzero parskip for the environment, since we're
- % doing normal filling. So to avoid extra space below the environment...
- \def\Equotation{\parskip = 0pt \nonfillfinish}%
- %
- % @cartouche defines \nonarrowing to inhibit narrowing at next level down.
- \ifx\nonarrowing\relax
- \advance\leftskip by \lispnarrowing
- \advance\rightskip by \lispnarrowing
- \exdentamount = \lispnarrowing
- \let\nonarrowing = \relax
- \fi
-}
-
-
-% LaTeX-like @verbatim...@end verbatim and @verb{<char>...<char>}
-% If we want to allow any <char> as delimiter,
-% we need the curly braces so that makeinfo sees the @verb command, eg:
-% `@verbx...x' would look like the '@verbx' command. --janneke@gnu.org
-%
-% [Knuth]: Donald Ervin Knuth, 1996. The TeXbook.
-%
-% [Knuth] p.344; only we need to do the other characters Texinfo sets
-% active too. Otherwise, they get lost as the first character on a
-% verbatim line.
-\def\dospecials{%
- \do\ \do\\\do\{\do\}\do\$\do\&%
- \do\#\do\^\do\^^K\do\_\do\^^A\do\%\do\~%
- \do\<\do\>\do\|\do\@\do+\do\"%
-}
-%
-% [Knuth] p. 380
-\def\uncatcodespecials{%
- \def\do##1{\catcode`##1=12}\dospecials}
-%
-% [Knuth] pp. 380,381,391
-% Disable Spanish ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font
-\begingroup
- \catcode`\`=\active\gdef`{\relax\lq}
-\endgroup
-%
-% Setup for the @verb command.
-%
-% Eight spaces for a tab
-\begingroup
- \catcode`\^^I=\active
- \gdef\tabeightspaces{\catcode`\^^I=\active\def^^I{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ }}
-\endgroup
-%
-\def\setupverb{%
- \tt % easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim
- \def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf}%
- \catcode`\`=\active
- \tabeightspaces
- % Respect line breaks,
- % print special symbols as themselves, and
- % make each space count
- % must do in this order:
- \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces
-}
-
-% Setup for the @verbatim environment
-%
-% Real tab expansion
-\newdimen\tabw \setbox0=\hbox{\tt\space} \tabw=8\wd0 % tab amount
-%
-\def\starttabbox{\setbox0=\hbox\bgroup}
-\begingroup
- \catcode`\^^I=\active
- \gdef\tabexpand{%
- \catcode`\^^I=\active
- \def^^I{\leavevmode\egroup
- \dimen0=\wd0 % the width so far, or since the previous tab
- \divide\dimen0 by\tabw
- \multiply\dimen0 by\tabw % compute previous multiple of \tabw
- \advance\dimen0 by\tabw % advance to next multiple of \tabw
- \wd0=\dimen0 \box0 \starttabbox
- }%
- }
-\endgroup
-\def\setupverbatim{%
- % Easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim
- \tt
- \def\par{\leavevmode\egroup\box0\endgraf}%
- \catcode`\`=\active
- \tabexpand
- % Respect line breaks,
- % print special symbols as themselves, and
- % make each space count
- % must do in this order:
- \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces
- \everypar{\starttabbox}%
-}
-
-% Do the @verb magic: verbatim text is quoted by unique
-% delimiter characters. Before first delimiter expect a
-% right brace, after last delimiter expect closing brace:
-%
-% \def\doverb'{'<char>#1<char>'}'{#1}
-%
-% [Knuth] p. 382; only eat outer {}
-\begingroup
- \catcode`[=1\catcode`]=2\catcode`\{=12\catcode`\}=12
- \gdef\doverb{#1[\def\next##1#1}[##1\endgroup]\next]
-\endgroup
-%
-\def\verb{\begingroup\setupverb\doverb}
-%
-%
-% Do the @verbatim magic: define the macro \doverbatim so that
-% the (first) argument ends when '@end verbatim' is reached, ie:
-%
-% \def\doverbatim#1@end verbatim{#1}
-%
-% For Texinfo it's a lot easier than for LaTeX,
-% because texinfo's \verbatim doesn't stop at '\end{verbatim}':
-% we need not redefine '\', '{' and '}'.
-%
-% Inspired by LaTeX's verbatim command set [latex.ltx]
-%% Include LaTeX hack for completeness -- never know
-%% \begingroup
-%% \catcode`|=0 \catcode`[=1
-%% \catcode`]=2\catcode`\{=12\catcode`\}=12\catcode`\ =\active
-%% \catcode`\\=12|gdef|doverbatim#1@end verbatim[
-%% #1|endgroup|def|Everbatim[]|end[verbatim]]
-%% |endgroup
-%
-\begingroup
- \catcode`\ =\active
- \obeylines %
- % ignore everything up to the first ^^M, that's the newline at the end
- % of the @verbatim input line itself. Otherwise we get an extra blank
- % line in the output.
- \gdef\doverbatim#1^^M#2@end verbatim{#2\end{verbatim}}%
-\endgroup
-%
-\def\verbatim{%
- \def\Everbatim{\nonfillfinish\endgroup}%
- \begingroup
- \nonfillstart
- \advance\leftskip by -\defbodyindent
- \begingroup\setupverbatim\doverbatim
-}
-
-% @verbatiminclude FILE - insert text of file in verbatim environment.
-%
-% Allow normal characters that we make active in the argument (a file name).
-\def\verbatiminclude{%
- \begingroup
- \catcode`\\=\other
- \catcode`~=\other
- \catcode`^=\other
- \catcode`_=\other
- \catcode`|=\other
- \catcode`<=\other
- \catcode`>=\other
- \catcode`+=\other
- \parsearg\doverbatiminclude
-}
-\def\setupverbatiminclude{%
- \begingroup
- \nonfillstart
- \advance\leftskip by -\defbodyindent
- \begingroup\setupverbatim
-}
-%
-\def\doverbatiminclude#1{%
- % Restore active chars for included file.
- \endgroup
- \begingroup
- \let\value=\expandablevalue
- \def\thisfile{#1}%
- \expandafter\expandafter\setupverbatiminclude\input\thisfile
- \endgroup
- \nonfillfinish
- \endgroup
-}
-
-% @copying ... @end copying.
-% Save the text away for @insertcopying later. Many commands won't be
-% allowed in this context, but that's ok.
-%
-% We save the uninterpreted tokens, rather than creating a box.
-% Saving the text in a box would be much easier, but then all the
-% typesetting commands (@smallbook, font changes, etc.) have to be done
-% beforehand -- and a) we want @copying to be done first in the source
-% file; b) letting users define the frontmatter in as flexible order as
-% possible is very desirable.
-%
-\def\copying{\begingroup
- % Define a command to swallow text until we reach `@end copying'.
- % \ is the escape char in this texinfo.tex file, so it is the
- % delimiter for the command; @ will be the escape char when we read
- % it, but that doesn't matter.
- \long\def\docopying##1\end copying{\gdef\copyingtext{##1}\enddocopying}%
- %
- % We must preserve ^^M's in the input file; see \insertcopying below.
- \catcode`\^^M = \active
- \docopying
-}
-
-% What we do to finish off the copying text.
-%
-\def\enddocopying{\endgroup\ignorespaces}
-
-% @insertcopying. Here we must play games with ^^M's. On the one hand,
-% we need them to delimit commands such as `@end quotation', so they
-% must be active. On the other hand, we certainly don't want every
-% end-of-line to be a \par, as would happen with the normal active
-% definition of ^^M. On the third hand, two ^^M's in a row should still
-% generate a \par.
-%
-% Our approach is to make ^^M insert a space and a penalty1 normally;
-% then it can also check if \lastpenalty=1. If it does, then manually
-% do \par.
-%
-% This messes up the normal definitions of @c[omment], so we redefine
-% it. Similarly for @ignore. (These commands are used in the gcc
-% manual for man page generation.)
-%
-% Seems pretty fragile, most line-oriented commands will presumably
-% fail, but for the limited use of getting the copying text (which
-% should be quite simple) inserted, we can hope it's ok.
-%
-{\catcode`\^^M=\active %
-\gdef\insertcopying{\begingroup %
- \parindent = 0pt % looks wrong on title page
- \def^^M{%
- \ifnum \lastpenalty=1 %
- \par %
- \else %
- \space \penalty 1 %
- \fi %
- }%
- %
- % Fix @c[omment] for catcode 13 ^^M's.
- \def\c##1^^M{\ignorespaces}%
- \let\comment = \c %
- %
- % Don't bother jumping through all the hoops that \doignore does, it
- % would be very hard since the catcodes are already set.
- \long\def\ignore##1\end ignore{\ignorespaces}%
- %
- \copyingtext %
-\endgroup}%
-}
-
-\message{defuns,}
-% @defun etc.
-
-% Allow user to change definition object font (\df) internally
-\def\setdeffont#1 {\csname DEF#1\endcsname}
-
-\newskip\defbodyindent \defbodyindent=.4in
-\newskip\defargsindent \defargsindent=50pt
-\newskip\deflastargmargin \deflastargmargin=18pt
-
-\newcount\parencount
-
-% We want ()&[] to print specially on the defun line.
-%
-\def\activeparens{%
- \catcode`\(=\active \catcode`\)=\active
- \catcode`\&=\active
- \catcode`\[=\active \catcode`\]=\active
-}
-
-% Make control sequences which act like normal parenthesis chars.
-\let\lparen = ( \let\rparen = )
-
-{\activeparens % Now, smart parens don't turn on until &foo (see \amprm)
-
-% Be sure that we always have a definition for `(', etc. For example,
-% if the fn name has parens in it, \boldbrax will not be in effect yet,
-% so TeX would otherwise complain about undefined control sequence.
-\global\let(=\lparen \global\let)=\rparen
-\global\let[=\lbrack \global\let]=\rbrack
-
-\gdef\functionparens{\boldbrax\let&=\amprm\parencount=0 }
-\gdef\boldbrax{\let(=\opnr\let)=\clnr\let[=\lbrb\let]=\rbrb}
-% This is used to turn on special parens
-% but make & act ordinary (given that it's active).
-\gdef\boldbraxnoamp{\let(=\opnr\let)=\clnr\let[=\lbrb\let]=\rbrb\let&=\ampnr}
-
-% Definitions of (, ) and & used in args for functions.
-% This is the definition of ( outside of all parentheses.
-\gdef\oprm#1 {{\rm\char`\(}#1 \bf \let(=\opnested
- \global\advance\parencount by 1
-}
-%
-% This is the definition of ( when already inside a level of parens.
-\gdef\opnested{\char`\(\global\advance\parencount by 1 }
-%
-\gdef\clrm{% Print a paren in roman if it is taking us back to depth of 0.
- % also in that case restore the outer-level definition of (.
- \ifnum \parencount=1 {\rm \char `\)}\sl \let(=\oprm \else \char `\) \fi
- \global\advance \parencount by -1 }
-% If we encounter &foo, then turn on ()-hacking afterwards
-\gdef\amprm#1 {{\rm\}\let(=\oprm \let)=\clrm\ }
-%
-\gdef\normalparens{\boldbrax\let&=\ampnr}
-} % End of definition inside \activeparens
-%% These parens (in \boldbrax) actually are a little bolder than the
-%% contained text. This is especially needed for [ and ]
-\def\opnr{{\sf\char`\(}\global\advance\parencount by 1 }
-\def\clnr{{\sf\char`\)}\global\advance\parencount by -1 }
-\let\ampnr = \&
-\def\lbrb{{\bf\char`\[}}
-\def\rbrb{{\bf\char`\]}}
-
-% Active &'s sneak into the index arguments, so make sure it's defined.
-{
- \catcode`& = \active
- \global\let& = \ampnr
-}
-
-% \defname, which formats the name of the @def (not the args).
-% #1 is the function name.
-% #2 is the type of definition, such as "Function".
-%
-\def\defname#1#2{%
- % How we'll output the type name. Putting it in brackets helps
- % distinguish it from the body text that may end up on the next line
- % just below it.
- \ifempty{#2}%
- \def\defnametype{}%
- \else
- \def\defnametype{[\rm #2]}%
- \fi
- %
- % Get the values of \leftskip and \rightskip as they were outside the @def...
- \dimen2=\leftskip
- \advance\dimen2 by -\defbodyindent
- %
- % Figure out values for the paragraph shape.
- \setbox0=\hbox{\hskip \deflastargmargin{\defnametype}}%
- \dimen0=\hsize \advance \dimen0 by -\wd0 % compute size for first line
- \dimen1=\hsize \advance \dimen1 by -\defargsindent % size for continuations
- \parshape 2 0in \dimen0 \defargsindent \dimen1
- %
- % Output arg 2 ("Function" or some such) but stuck inside a box of
- % width 0 so it does not interfere with linebreaking.
- \noindent
- %
- {% Adjust \hsize to exclude the ambient margins,
- % so that \rightline will obey them.
- \advance \hsize by -\dimen2
- \dimen3 = 0pt % was -1.25pc
- \rlap{\rightline{\defnametype\kern\dimen3}}%
- }%
- %
- % Allow all lines to be underfull without complaint:
- \tolerance=10000 \hbadness=10000
- \advance\leftskip by -\defbodyindent
- \exdentamount=\defbodyindent
- {\df #1}\enskip % output function name
- % \defunargs will be called next to output the arguments, if any.
-}
-
-% Common pieces to start any @def...
-% #1 is the \E... control sequence to end the definition (which we define).
-% #2 is the \...x control sequence (which our caller defines).
-% #3 is the control sequence to process the header, such as \defunheader.
-%
-\def\parsebodycommon#1#2#3{%
- \begingroup\inENV
- % If there are two @def commands in a row, we'll have a \nobreak,
- % which is there to keep the function description together with its
- % header. But if there's nothing but headers, we want to allow a
- % break after all. Check for penalty 10002 (inserted by
- % \defargscommonending) instead of 10000, since the sectioning
- % commands insert a \penalty10000, and we don't want to allow a break
- % between a section heading and a defun.
- \ifnum\lastpenalty=10002 \penalty0 \fi
- \medbreak
- %
- % Define the \E... end token that this defining construct specifies
- % so that it will exit this group.
- \def#1{\endgraf\endgroup\medbreak}%
- %
- \parindent=0in
- \advance\leftskip by \defbodyindent
- \exdentamount=\defbodyindent
-}
-
-% Common part of the \...x definitions.
-%
-\def\defxbodycommon{%
- % As with \parsebodycommon above, allow line break if we have multiple
- % x headers in a row. It's not a great place, though.
- \ifnum\lastpenalty=10000 \penalty1000 \fi
- %
- \begingroup\obeylines
-}
-
-% Process body of @defun, @deffn, @defmac, etc.
-%
-\def\defparsebody#1#2#3{%
- \parsebodycommon{#1}{#2}{#3}%
- \def#2{\defxbodycommon \activeparens \spacesplit#3}%
- \catcode\equalChar=\active
- \begingroup\obeylines\activeparens
- \spacesplit#3%
-}
-
-% #1, #2, #3 are the common arguments (see \parsebodycommon above).
-% #4, delimited by the space, is the class name.
-%
-\def\defmethparsebody#1#2#3#4 {%
- \parsebodycommon{#1}{#2}{#3}%
- \def#2##1 {\defxbodycommon \activeparens \spacesplit{#3{##1}}}%
- \begingroup\obeylines\activeparens
- % The \empty here prevents misinterpretation of a construct such as
- % @deffn {whatever} {Enharmonic comma}
- % See comments at \deftpparsebody, although in our case we don't have
- % to remove the \empty afterwards, since it is empty.
- \spacesplit{#3{#4}}\empty
-}
-
-% Used for @deftypemethod and @deftypeivar.
-% #1, #2, #3 are the common arguments (see \defparsebody).
-% #4, delimited by a space, is the class name.
-% #5 is the method's return type.
-%
-\def\deftypemethparsebody#1#2#3#4 #5 {%
- \parsebodycommon{#1}{#2}{#3}%
- \def#2##1 ##2 {\defxbodycommon \activeparens \spacesplit{#3{##1}{##2}}}%
- \begingroup\obeylines\activeparens
- \spacesplit{#3{#4}{#5}}%
-}
-
-% Used for @deftypeop. The change from \deftypemethparsebody is an
-% extra argument at the beginning which is the `category', instead of it
-% being the hardwired string `Method' or `Instance Variable'. We have
-% to account for this both in the \...x definition and in parsing the
-% input at hand. Thus also need a control sequence (passed as #5) for
-% the \E... definition to assign the category name to.
-%
-\def\deftypeopparsebody#1#2#3#4#5 #6 {%
- \parsebodycommon{#1}{#2}{#3}%
- \def#2##1 ##2 ##3 {\def#4{##1}%
- \defxbodycommon \activeparens \spacesplit{#3{##2}{##3}}}%
- \begingroup\obeylines\activeparens
- \spacesplit{#3{#5}{#6}}%
-}
-
-% For @defop.
-\def\defopparsebody #1#2#3#4#5 {%
- \parsebodycommon{#1}{#2}{#3}%
- \def#2##1 ##2 {\def#4{##1}%
- \defxbodycommon \activeparens \spacesplit{#3{##2}}}%
- \begingroup\obeylines\activeparens
- \spacesplit{#3{#5}}%
-}
-
-% These parsing functions are similar to the preceding ones
-% except that they do not make parens into active characters.
-% These are used for "variables" since they have no arguments.
-%
-\def\defvarparsebody #1#2#3{%
- \parsebodycommon{#1}{#2}{#3}%
- \def#2{\defxbodycommon \spacesplit#3}%
- \catcode\equalChar=\active
- \begingroup\obeylines
- \spacesplit#3%
-}
-
-% @defopvar.
-\def\defopvarparsebody #1#2#3#4#5 {%
- \parsebodycommon{#1}{#2}{#3}%
- \def#2##1 ##2 {\def#4{##1}%
- \defxbodycommon \spacesplit{#3{##2}}}%
- \begingroup\obeylines
- \spacesplit{#3{#5}}%
-}
-
-\def\defvrparsebody#1#2#3#4 {%
- \parsebodycommon{#1}{#2}{#3}%
- \def#2##1 {\defxbodycommon \spacesplit{#3{##1}}}%
- \begingroup\obeylines
- \spacesplit{#3{#4}}%
-}
-
-% This loses on `@deftp {Data Type} {struct termios}' -- it thinks the
-% type is just `struct', because we lose the braces in `{struct
-% termios}' when \spacesplit reads its undelimited argument. Sigh.
-% \let\deftpparsebody=\defvrparsebody
-%
-% So, to get around this, we put \empty in with the type name. That
-% way, TeX won't find exactly `{...}' as an undelimited argument, and
-% won't strip off the braces.
-%
-\def\deftpparsebody #1#2#3#4 {%
- \parsebodycommon{#1}{#2}{#3}%
- \def#2##1 {\defxbodycommon \spacesplit{#3{##1}}}%
- \begingroup\obeylines
- \spacesplit{\parsetpheaderline{#3{#4}}}\empty
-}
-
-% Fine, but then we have to eventually remove the \empty *and* the
-% braces (if any). That's what this does.
-%
-\def\removeemptybraces\empty#1\relax{#1}
-
-% After \spacesplit has done its work, this is called -- #1 is the final
-% thing to call, #2 the type name (which starts with \empty), and #3
-% (which might be empty) the arguments.
-%
-\def\parsetpheaderline#1#2#3{%
- #1{\removeemptybraces#2\relax}{#3}%
-}%
-
-% Split up #2 (the rest of the input line) at the first space token.
-% call #1 with two arguments:
-% the first is all of #2 before the space token,
-% the second is all of #2 after that space token.
-% If #2 contains no space token, all of it is passed as the first arg
-% and the second is passed as empty.
-%
-{\obeylines %
- \gdef\spacesplit#1#2^^M{\endgroup\spacesplitx{#1}#2 \relax\spacesplitx}%
- \long\gdef\spacesplitx#1#2 #3#4\spacesplitx{%
- \ifx\relax #3%
- #1{#2}{}%
- \else %
- #1{#2}{#3#4}%
- \fi}%
-}
-
-% Define @defun.
-
-% This is called to end the arguments processing for all the @def... commands.
-%
-\def\defargscommonending{%
- \interlinepenalty = 10000
- \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fil
- \endgraf
- \nobreak\vskip -\parskip
- \penalty 10002 % signal to \parsebodycommon.
-}
-
-% This expands the args and terminates the paragraph they comprise.
-%
-\def\defunargs#1{\functionparens \sl
-% Expand, preventing hyphenation at `-' chars.
-% Note that groups don't affect changes in \hyphenchar.
-% Set the font temporarily and use \font in case \setfont made \tensl a macro.
-{\tensl\hyphenchar\font=0}%
-#1%
-{\tensl\hyphenchar\font=45}%
-\ifnum\parencount=0 \else \errmessage{Unbalanced parentheses in @def}\fi%
- \defargscommonending
-}
-
-\def\deftypefunargs #1{%
-% Expand, preventing hyphenation at `-' chars.
-% Note that groups don't affect changes in \hyphenchar.
-% Use \boldbraxnoamp, not \functionparens, so that & is not special.
-\boldbraxnoamp
-\tclose{#1}% avoid \code because of side effects on active chars
- \defargscommonending
-}
-
-% Do complete processing of one @defun or @defunx line already parsed.
-
-% @deffn Command forward-char nchars
-
-\def\deffn{\defmethparsebody\Edeffn\deffnx\deffnheader}
-
-\def\deffnheader #1#2#3{\doind {fn}{\code{#2}}%
-\begingroup\defname {#2}{#1}\defunargs{#3}\endgroup %
-\catcode\equalChar=\other % Turn off change made in \defparsebody
-}
-
-% @defun == @deffn Function
-
-\def\defun{\defparsebody\Edefun\defunx\defunheader}
-
-\def\defunheader #1#2{\doind {fn}{\code{#1}}% Make entry in function index
-\begingroup\defname {#1}{\putwordDeffunc}%
-\defunargs {#2}\endgroup %
-\catcode\equalChar=\other % Turn off change made in \defparsebody
-}
-
-% @deftypefun int foobar (int @var{foo}, float @var{bar})
-
-\def\deftypefun{\defparsebody\Edeftypefun\deftypefunx\deftypefunheader}
-
-% #1 is the data type. #2 is the name and args.
-\def\deftypefunheader #1#2{\deftypefunheaderx{#1}#2 \relax}
-% #1 is the data type, #2 the name, #3 the args.
-\def\deftypefunheaderx #1#2 #3\relax{%
-\doind {fn}{\code{#2}}% Make entry in function index
-\begingroup\defname {\defheaderxcond#1\relax$.$#2}{\putwordDeftypefun}%
-\deftypefunargs {#3}\endgroup %
-\catcode\equalChar=\other % Turn off change made in \defparsebody
-}
-
-% @deftypefn {Library Function} int foobar (int @var{foo}, float @var{bar})
-
-\def\deftypefn{\defmethparsebody\Edeftypefn\deftypefnx\deftypefnheader}
-
-% \defheaderxcond#1\relax$.$
-% puts #1 in @code, followed by a space, but does nothing if #1 is null.
-\def\defheaderxcond#1#2$.${\ifx#1\relax\else\code{#1#2} \fi}
-
-% #1 is the classification. #2 is the data type. #3 is the name and args.
-\def\deftypefnheader #1#2#3{\deftypefnheaderx{#1}{#2}#3 \relax}
-% #1 is the classification, #2 the data type, #3 the name, #4 the args.
-\def\deftypefnheaderx #1#2#3 #4\relax{%
-\doind {fn}{\code{#3}}% Make entry in function index
-\begingroup
-\normalparens % notably, turn off `&' magic, which prevents
-% at least some C++ text from working
-\defname {\defheaderxcond#2\relax$.$#3}{#1}%
-\deftypefunargs {#4}\endgroup %
-\catcode\equalChar=\other % Turn off change made in \defparsebody
-}
-
-% @defmac == @deffn Macro
-
-\def\defmac{\defparsebody\Edefmac\defmacx\defmacheader}
-
-\def\defmacheader #1#2{\doind {fn}{\code{#1}}% Make entry in function index
-\begingroup\defname {#1}{\putwordDefmac}%
-\defunargs {#2}\endgroup %
-\catcode\equalChar=\other % Turn off change made in \defparsebody
-}
-
-% @defspec == @deffn Special Form
-
-\def\defspec{\defparsebody\Edefspec\defspecx\defspecheader}
-
-\def\defspecheader #1#2{\doind {fn}{\code{#1}}% Make entry in function index
-\begingroup\defname {#1}{\putwordDefspec}%
-\defunargs {#2}\endgroup %
-\catcode\equalChar=\other % Turn off change made in \defparsebody
-}
-
-% @defop CATEGORY CLASS OPERATION ARG...
-%
-\def\defop #1 {\def\defoptype{#1}%
-\defopparsebody\Edefop\defopx\defopheader\defoptype}
-%
-\def\defopheader#1#2#3{%
- \dosubind{fn}{\code{#2}}{\putwordon\ \code{#1}}% function index entry
- \begingroup
- \defname{#2}{\defoptype\ \putwordon\ #1}%
- \defunargs{#3}%
- \endgroup
-}
-
-% @deftypeop CATEGORY CLASS TYPE OPERATION ARG...
-%
-\def\deftypeop #1 {\def\deftypeopcategory{#1}%
- \deftypeopparsebody\Edeftypeop\deftypeopx\deftypeopheader
- \deftypeopcategory}
-%
-% #1 is the class name, #2 the data type, #3 the operation name, #4 the args.
-\def\deftypeopheader#1#2#3#4{%
- \dosubind{fn}{\code{#3}}{\putwordon\ \code{#1}}% entry in function index
- \begingroup
- \defname{\defheaderxcond#2\relax$.$#3}
- {\deftypeopcategory\ \putwordon\ \code{#1}}%
- \deftypefunargs{#4}%
- \endgroup
-}
-
-% @deftypemethod CLASS TYPE METHOD ARG...
-%
-\def\deftypemethod{%
- \deftypemethparsebody\Edeftypemethod\deftypemethodx\deftypemethodheader}
-%
-% #1 is the class name, #2 the data type, #3 the method name, #4 the args.
-\def\deftypemethodheader#1#2#3#4{%
- \dosubind{fn}{\code{#3}}{\putwordon\ \code{#1}}% entry in function index
- \begingroup
- \defname{\defheaderxcond#2\relax$.$#3}{\putwordMethodon\ \code{#1}}%
- \deftypefunargs{#4}%
- \endgroup
-}
-
-% @deftypeivar CLASS TYPE VARNAME
-%
-\def\deftypeivar{%
- \deftypemethparsebody\Edeftypeivar\deftypeivarx\deftypeivarheader}
-%
-% #1 is the class name, #2 the data type, #3 the variable name.
-\def\deftypeivarheader#1#2#3{%
- \dosubind{vr}{\code{#3}}{\putwordof\ \code{#1}}% entry in variable index
- \begingroup
- \defname{\defheaderxcond#2\relax$.$#3}
- {\putwordInstanceVariableof\ \code{#1}}%
- \defvarargs{#3}%
- \endgroup
-}
-
-% @defmethod == @defop Method
-%
-\def\defmethod{\defmethparsebody\Edefmethod\defmethodx\defmethodheader}
-%
-% #1 is the class name, #2 the method name, #3 the args.
-\def\defmethodheader#1#2#3{%
- \dosubind{fn}{\code{#2}}{\putwordon\ \code{#1}}% entry in function index
- \begingroup
- \defname{#2}{\putwordMethodon\ \code{#1}}%
- \defunargs{#3}%
- \endgroup
-}
-
-% @defcv {Class Option} foo-class foo-flag
-
-\def\defcv #1 {\def\defcvtype{#1}%
-\defopvarparsebody\Edefcv\defcvx\defcvarheader\defcvtype}
-
-\def\defcvarheader #1#2#3{%
- \dosubind{vr}{\code{#2}}{\putwordof\ \code{#1}}% variable index entry
- \begingroup
- \defname{#2}{\defcvtype\ \putwordof\ #1}%
- \defvarargs{#3}%
- \endgroup
-}
-
-% @defivar CLASS VARNAME == @defcv {Instance Variable} CLASS VARNAME
-%
-\def\defivar{\defvrparsebody\Edefivar\defivarx\defivarheader}
-%
-\def\defivarheader#1#2#3{%
- \dosubind{vr}{\code{#2}}{\putwordof\ \code{#1}}% entry in var index
- \begingroup
- \defname{#2}{\putwordInstanceVariableof\ #1}%
- \defvarargs{#3}%
- \endgroup
-}
-
-% @defvar
-% First, define the processing that is wanted for arguments of @defvar.
-% This is actually simple: just print them in roman.
-% This must expand the args and terminate the paragraph they make up
-\def\defvarargs #1{\normalparens #1%
- \defargscommonending
-}
-
-% @defvr Counter foo-count
-
-\def\defvr{\defvrparsebody\Edefvr\defvrx\defvrheader}
-
-\def\defvrheader #1#2#3{\doind {vr}{\code{#2}}%
-\begingroup\defname {#2}{#1}\defvarargs{#3}\endgroup}
-
-% @defvar == @defvr Variable
-
-\def\defvar{\defvarparsebody\Edefvar\defvarx\defvarheader}
-
-\def\defvarheader #1#2{\doind {vr}{\code{#1}}% Make entry in var index
-\begingroup\defname {#1}{\putwordDefvar}%
-\defvarargs {#2}\endgroup %
-}
-
-% @defopt == @defvr {User Option}
-
-\def\defopt{\defvarparsebody\Edefopt\defoptx\defoptheader}
-
-\def\defoptheader #1#2{\doind {vr}{\code{#1}}% Make entry in var index
-\begingroup\defname {#1}{\putwordDefopt}%
-\defvarargs {#2}\endgroup %
-}
-
-% @deftypevar int foobar
-
-\def\deftypevar{\defvarparsebody\Edeftypevar\deftypevarx\deftypevarheader}
-
-% #1 is the data type. #2 is the name, perhaps followed by text that
-% is actually part of the data type, which should not be put into the index.
-\def\deftypevarheader #1#2{%
-\dovarind#2 \relax% Make entry in variables index
-\begingroup\defname {\defheaderxcond#1\relax$.$#2}{\putwordDeftypevar}%
- \defargscommonending
-\endgroup}
-\def\dovarind#1 #2\relax{\doind{vr}{\code{#1}}}
-
-% @deftypevr {Global Flag} int enable
-
-\def\deftypevr{\defvrparsebody\Edeftypevr\deftypevrx\deftypevrheader}
-
-\def\deftypevrheader #1#2#3{\dovarind#3 \relax%
-\begingroup\defname {\defheaderxcond#2\relax$.$#3}{#1}
- \defargscommonending
-\endgroup}
-
-% Now define @deftp
-% Args are printed in bold, a slight difference from @defvar.
-
-\def\deftpargs #1{\bf \defvarargs{#1}}
-
-% @deftp Class window height width ...
-
-\def\deftp{\deftpparsebody\Edeftp\deftpx\deftpheader}
-
-\def\deftpheader #1#2#3{\doind {tp}{\code{#2}}%
-\begingroup\defname {#2}{#1}\deftpargs{#3}\endgroup}
-
-% These definitions are used if you use @defunx (etc.)
-% anywhere other than immediately after a @defun or @defunx.
-%
-\def\defcvx#1 {\errmessage{@defcvx in invalid context}}
-\def\deffnx#1 {\errmessage{@deffnx in invalid context}}
-\def\defivarx#1 {\errmessage{@defivarx in invalid context}}
-\def\defmacx#1 {\errmessage{@defmacx in invalid context}}
-\def\defmethodx#1 {\errmessage{@defmethodx in invalid context}}
-\def\defoptx #1 {\errmessage{@defoptx in invalid context}}
-\def\defopx#1 {\errmessage{@defopx in invalid context}}
-\def\defspecx#1 {\errmessage{@defspecx in invalid context}}
-\def\deftpx#1 {\errmessage{@deftpx in invalid context}}
-\def\deftypefnx#1 {\errmessage{@deftypefnx in invalid context}}
-\def\deftypefunx#1 {\errmessage{@deftypefunx in invalid context}}
-\def\deftypeivarx#1 {\errmessage{@deftypeivarx in invalid context}}
-\def\deftypemethodx#1 {\errmessage{@deftypemethodx in invalid context}}
-\def\deftypeopx#1 {\errmessage{@deftypeopx in invalid context}}
-\def\deftypevarx#1 {\errmessage{@deftypevarx in invalid context}}
-\def\deftypevrx#1 {\errmessage{@deftypevrx in invalid context}}
-\def\defunx#1 {\errmessage{@defunx in invalid context}}
-\def\defvarx#1 {\errmessage{@defvarx in invalid context}}
-\def\defvrx#1 {\errmessage{@defvrx in invalid context}}
-
-
-\message{macros,}
-% @macro.
-
-% To do this right we need a feature of e-TeX, \scantokens,
-% which we arrange to emulate with a temporary file in ordinary TeX.
-\ifx\eTeXversion\undefined
- \newwrite\macscribble
- \def\scanmacro#1{%
- \begingroup \newlinechar`\^^M
- % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \doprintindex
- \catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\other \escapechar=`\@
- % Append \endinput to make sure that TeX does not see the ending newline.
- \toks0={#1\endinput}%
- \immediate\openout\macscribble=\jobname.tmp
- \immediate\write\macscribble{\the\toks0}%
- \immediate\closeout\macscribble
- \let\xeatspaces\eatspaces
- \input \jobname.tmp
- \endgroup
-}
-\else
-\def\scanmacro#1{%
-\begingroup \newlinechar`\^^M
-% Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \doprintindex
-\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\other \escapechar=`\@
-\let\xeatspaces\eatspaces\scantokens{#1\endinput}\endgroup}
-\fi
-
-\newcount\paramno % Count of parameters
-\newtoks\macname % Macro name
-\newif\ifrecursive % Is it recursive?
-\def\macrolist{} % List of all defined macros in the form
- % \do\macro1\do\macro2...
-
-% Utility routines.
-% Thisdoes \let #1 = #2, except with \csnames.
-\def\cslet#1#2{%
-\expandafter\expandafter
-\expandafter\let
-\expandafter\expandafter
-\csname#1\endcsname
-\csname#2\endcsname}
-
-% Trim leading and trailing spaces off a string.
-% Concepts from aro-bend problem 15 (see CTAN).
-{\catcode`\@=11
-\gdef\eatspaces #1{\expandafter\trim@\expandafter{#1 }}
-\gdef\trim@ #1{\trim@@ @#1 @ #1 @ @@}
-\gdef\trim@@ #1@ #2@ #3@@{\trim@@@\empty #2 @}
-\def\unbrace#1{#1}
-\unbrace{\gdef\trim@@@ #1 } #2@{#1}
-}
-
-% Trim a single trailing ^^M off a string.
-{\catcode`\^^M=\other \catcode`\Q=3%
-\gdef\eatcr #1{\eatcra #1Q^^MQ}%
-\gdef\eatcra#1^^MQ{\eatcrb#1Q}%
-\gdef\eatcrb#1Q#2Q{#1}%
-}
-
-% Macro bodies are absorbed as an argument in a context where
-% all characters are catcode 10, 11 or 12, except \ which is active
-% (as in normal texinfo). It is necessary to change the definition of \.
-
-% It's necessary to have hard CRs when the macro is executed. This is
-% done by making ^^M (\endlinechar) catcode 12 when reading the macro
-% body, and then making it the \newlinechar in \scanmacro.
-
-\def\macrobodyctxt{%
- \catcode`\~=\other
- \catcode`\^=\other
- \catcode`\_=\other
- \catcode`\|=\other
- \catcode`\<=\other
- \catcode`\>=\other
- \catcode`\+=\other
- \catcode`\{=\other
- \catcode`\}=\other
- \catcode`\@=\other
- \catcode`\^^M=\other
- \usembodybackslash}
-
-\def\macroargctxt{%
- \catcode`\~=\other
- \catcode`\^=\other
- \catcode`\_=\other
- \catcode`\|=\other
- \catcode`\<=\other
- \catcode`\>=\other
- \catcode`\+=\other
- \catcode`\@=\other
- \catcode`\\=\other}
-
-% \mbodybackslash is the definition of \ in @macro bodies.
-% It maps \foo\ => \csname macarg.foo\endcsname => #N
-% where N is the macro parameter number.
-% We define \csname macarg.\endcsname to be \realbackslash, so
-% \\ in macro replacement text gets you a backslash.
-
-{\catcode`@=0 @catcode`@\=@active
- @gdef@usembodybackslash{@let\=@mbodybackslash}
- @gdef@mbodybackslash#1\{@csname macarg.#1@endcsname}
-}
-\expandafter\def\csname macarg.\endcsname{\realbackslash}
-
-\def\macro{\recursivefalse\parsearg\macroxxx}
-\def\rmacro{\recursivetrue\parsearg\macroxxx}
-
-\def\macroxxx#1{%
- \getargs{#1}% now \macname is the macname and \argl the arglist
- \ifx\argl\empty % no arguments
- \paramno=0%
- \else
- \expandafter\parsemargdef \argl;%
- \fi
- \if1\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname
- \message{Warning: redefining \the\macname}%
- \else
- \expandafter\ifx\csname \the\macname\endcsname \relax
- \else \errmessage{Macro name \the\macname\space already defined}\fi
- \global\cslet{macsave.\the\macname}{\the\macname}%
- \global\expandafter\let\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname=1%
- % Add the macroname to \macrolist
- \toks0 = \expandafter{\macrolist\do}%
- \xdef\macrolist{\the\toks0
- \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname\endcsname}%
- \fi
- \begingroup \macrobodyctxt
- \ifrecursive \expandafter\parsermacbody
- \else \expandafter\parsemacbody
- \fi}
-
-\def\unmacro{\parsearg\dounmacro}
-\def\dounmacro#1{%
- \if1\csname ismacro.#1\endcsname
- \global\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}%
- \global\expandafter\let \csname ismacro.#1\endcsname=0%
- % Remove the macro name from \macrolist:
- \begingroup
- \expandafter\let\csname#1\endcsname \relax
- \let\do\unmacrodo
- \xdef\macrolist{\macrolist}%
- \endgroup
- \else
- \errmessage{Macro #1 not defined}%
- \fi
-}
-
-% Called by \do from \dounmacro on each macro. The idea is to omit any
-% macro definitions that have been changed to \relax.
-%
-\def\unmacrodo#1{%
- \ifx#1\relax
- % remove this
- \else
- \noexpand\do \noexpand #1%
- \fi
-}
-
-% This makes use of the obscure feature that if the last token of a
-% <parameter list> is #, then the preceding argument is delimited by
-% an opening brace, and that opening brace is not consumed.
-\def\getargs#1{\getargsxxx#1{}}
-\def\getargsxxx#1#{\getmacname #1 \relax\getmacargs}
-\def\getmacname #1 #2\relax{\macname={#1}}
-\def\getmacargs#1{\def\argl{#1}}
-
-% Parse the optional {params} list. Set up \paramno and \paramlist
-% so \defmacro knows what to do. Define \macarg.blah for each blah
-% in the params list, to be ##N where N is the position in that list.
-% That gets used by \mbodybackslash (above).
-
-% We need to get `macro parameter char #' into several definitions.
-% The technique used is stolen from LaTeX: let \hash be something
-% unexpandable, insert that wherever you need a #, and then redefine
-% it to # just before using the token list produced.
-%
-% The same technique is used to protect \eatspaces till just before
-% the macro is used.
-
-\def\parsemargdef#1;{\paramno=0\def\paramlist{}%
- \let\hash\relax\let\xeatspaces\relax\parsemargdefxxx#1,;,}
-\def\parsemargdefxxx#1,{%
- \if#1;\let\next=\relax
- \else \let\next=\parsemargdefxxx
- \advance\paramno by 1%
- \expandafter\edef\csname macarg.\eatspaces{#1}\endcsname
- {\xeatspaces{\hash\the\paramno}}%
- \edef\paramlist{\paramlist\hash\the\paramno,}%
- \fi\next}
-
-% These two commands read recursive and nonrecursive macro bodies.
-% (They're different since rec and nonrec macros end differently.)
-
-\long\def\parsemacbody#1@end macro%
-{\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}%
-\long\def\parsermacbody#1@end rmacro%
-{\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}%
-
-% This defines the macro itself. There are six cases: recursive and
-% nonrecursive macros of zero, one, and many arguments.
-% Much magic with \expandafter here.
-% \xdef is used so that macro definitions will survive the file
-% they're defined in; @include reads the file inside a group.
-\def\defmacro{%
- \let\hash=##% convert placeholders to macro parameter chars
- \ifrecursive
- \ifcase\paramno
- % 0
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
- \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
- \or % 1
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
- \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
- \noexpand\braceorline
- \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}%
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{%
- \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
- \else % many
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
- \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
- \noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
- \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
- \expandafter\expandafter
- \expandafter\xdef
- \expandafter\expandafter
- \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
- \paramlist{\egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
- \fi
- \else
- \ifcase\paramno
- % 0
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
- \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
- \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
- \or % 1
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
- \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
- \noexpand\braceorline
- \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}%
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{%
- \egroup
- \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
- \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
- \else % many
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
- \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
- \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
- \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
- \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
- \expandafter\expandafter
- \expandafter\xdef
- \expandafter\expandafter
- \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
- \paramlist{%
- \egroup
- \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
- \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
- \fi
- \fi}
-
-\def\norecurse#1{\bgroup\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}}
-
-% \braceorline decides whether the next nonwhitespace character is a
-% {. If so it reads up to the closing }, if not, it reads the whole
-% line. Whatever was read is then fed to the next control sequence
-% as an argument (by \parsebrace or \parsearg)
-\def\braceorline#1{\let\next=#1\futurelet\nchar\braceorlinexxx}
-\def\braceorlinexxx{%
- \ifx\nchar\bgroup\else
- \expandafter\parsearg
- \fi \next}
-
-% We mant to disable all macros during \shipout so that they are not
-% expanded by \write.
-\def\turnoffmacros{\begingroup \def\do##1{\let\noexpand##1=\relax}%
- \edef\next{\macrolist}\expandafter\endgroup\next}
-
-
-% @alias.
-% We need some trickery to remove the optional spaces around the equal
-% sign. Just make them active and then expand them all to nothing.
-\def\alias{\begingroup\obeyspaces\parsearg\aliasxxx}
-\def\aliasxxx #1{\aliasyyy#1\relax}
-\def\aliasyyy #1=#2\relax{\ignoreactivespaces
-\edef\next{\global\let\expandafter\noexpand\csname#1\endcsname=%
- \expandafter\noexpand\csname#2\endcsname}%
-\expandafter\endgroup\next}
-
-
-\message{cross references,}
-% @xref etc.
-
-\newwrite\auxfile
-
-\newif\ifhavexrefs % True if xref values are known.
-\newif\ifwarnedxrefs % True if we warned once that they aren't known.
-
-% @inforef is relatively simple.
-\def\inforef #1{\inforefzzz #1,,,,**}
-\def\inforefzzz #1,#2,#3,#4**{\putwordSee{} \putwordInfo{} \putwordfile{} \file{\ignorespaces #3{}},
- node \samp{\ignorespaces#1{}}}
-
-% @node's job is to define \lastnode.
-\def\node{\ENVcheck\parsearg\nodezzz}
-\def\nodezzz#1{\nodexxx [#1,]}
-\def\nodexxx[#1,#2]{\gdef\lastnode{#1}}
-\let\nwnode=\node
-\let\lastnode=\relax
-
-% The sectioning commands (@chapter, etc.) call these.
-\def\donoderef{%
- \ifx\lastnode\relax\else
- \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\setref{\lastnode}%
- {Ysectionnumberandtype}%
- \global\let\lastnode=\relax
- \fi
-}
-\def\unnumbnoderef{%
- \ifx\lastnode\relax\else
- \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\setref{\lastnode}{Ynothing}%
- \global\let\lastnode=\relax
- \fi
-}
-\def\appendixnoderef{%
- \ifx\lastnode\relax\else
- \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\setref{\lastnode}%
- {Yappendixletterandtype}%
- \global\let\lastnode=\relax
- \fi
-}
-
-
-% @anchor{NAME} -- define xref target at arbitrary point.
-%
-\newcount\savesfregister
-\gdef\savesf{\relax \ifhmode \savesfregister=\spacefactor \fi}
-\gdef\restoresf{\relax \ifhmode \spacefactor=\savesfregister \fi}
-\gdef\anchor#1{\savesf \setref{#1}{Ynothing}\restoresf \ignorespaces}
-
-% \setref{NAME}{SNT} defines a cross-reference point NAME (a node or an
-% anchor), namely NAME-title (the corresponding @chapter/etc. name),
-% NAME-pg (the page number), and NAME-snt (section number and type).
-% Called from \foonoderef.
-%
-% We have to set \indexdummies so commands such as @code in a section
-% title aren't expanded. It would be nicer not to expand the titles in
-% the first place, but there's so many layers that that is hard to do.
-%
-% Likewise, use \turnoffactive so that punctuation chars such as underscore
-% and backslash work in node names.
-%
-\def\setref#1#2{{%
- \atdummies
- \pdfmkdest{#1}%
- %
- \turnoffactive
- \dosetq{#1-title}{Ytitle}%
- \dosetq{#1-pg}{Ypagenumber}%
- \dosetq{#1-snt}{#2}%
-}}
-
-% @xref, @pxref, and @ref generate cross-references. For \xrefX, #1 is
-% the node name, #2 the name of the Info cross-reference, #3 the printed
-% node name, #4 the name of the Info file, #5 the name of the printed
-% manual. All but the node name can be omitted.
-%
-\def\pxref#1{\putwordsee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
-\def\xref#1{\putwordSee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
-\def\ref#1{\xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
-\def\xrefX[#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6]{\begingroup
- \unsepspaces
- \def\printedmanual{\ignorespaces #5}%
- \def\printednodename{\ignorespaces #3}%
- \setbox1=\hbox{\printedmanual}%
- \setbox0=\hbox{\printednodename}%
- \ifdim \wd0 = 0pt
- % No printed node name was explicitly given.
- \expandafter\ifx\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname\relax
- % Use the node name inside the square brackets.
- \def\printednodename{\ignorespaces #1}%
- \else
- % Use the actual chapter/section title appear inside
- % the square brackets. Use the real section title if we have it.
- \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt
- % It is in another manual, so we don't have it.
- \def\printednodename{\ignorespaces #1}%
- \else
- \ifhavexrefs
- % We know the real title if we have the xref values.
- \def\printednodename{\refx{#1-title}{}}%
- \else
- % Otherwise just copy the Info node name.
- \def\printednodename{\ignorespaces #1}%
- \fi%
- \fi
- \fi
- \fi
- %
- % If we use \unhbox0 and \unhbox1 to print the node names, TeX does not
- % insert empty discretionaries after hyphens, which means that it will
- % not find a line break at a hyphen in a node names. Since some manuals
- % are best written with fairly long node names, containing hyphens, this
- % is a loss. Therefore, we give the text of the node name again, so it
- % is as if TeX is seeing it for the first time.
- \ifpdf
- \leavevmode
- \getfilename{#4}%
- {\turnoffactive \otherbackslash
- \ifnum\filenamelength>0
- \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}%
- goto file{\the\filename.pdf} name{#1}%
- \else
- \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}%
- goto name{#1}%
- \fi
- }%
- \linkcolor
- \fi
- %
- \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt
- \putwordsection{} ``\printednodename'' \putwordin{} \cite{\printedmanual}%
- \else
- % _ (for example) has to be the character _ for the purposes of the
- % control sequence corresponding to the node, but it has to expand
- % into the usual \leavevmode...\vrule stuff for purposes of
- % printing. So we \turnoffactive for the \refx-snt, back on for the
- % printing, back off for the \refx-pg.
- {\turnoffactive \otherbackslash
- % Only output a following space if the -snt ref is nonempty; for
- % @unnumbered and @anchor, it won't be.
- \setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces \refx{#1-snt}{}}%
- \ifdim \wd2 > 0pt \refx{#1-snt}\space\fi
- }%
- % [mynode],
- [\printednodename],\space
- % page 3
- \turnoffactive \otherbackslash \putwordpage\tie\refx{#1-pg}{}%
- \fi
- \endlink
-\endgroup}
-
-% \dosetq is called from \setref to do the actual \write (\iflinks).
-%
-\def\dosetq#1#2{%
- {\let\folio=0%
- \edef\next{\write\auxfile{\internalsetq{#1}{#2}}}%
- \iflinks \next \fi
- }%
-}
-
-% \internalsetq{foo}{page} expands into
-% CHARACTERS @xrdef{foo}{...expansion of \page...}
-\def\internalsetq#1#2{@xrdef{#1}{\csname #2\endcsname}}
-
-% Things to be expanded by \internalsetq.
-%
-\def\Ypagenumber{\folio}
-\def\Ytitle{\thissection}
-\def\Ynothing{}
-\def\Ysectionnumberandtype{%
- \ifnum\secno=0
- \putwordChapter@tie \the\chapno
- \else \ifnum\subsecno=0
- \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno
- \else \ifnum\subsubsecno=0
- \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno
- \else
- \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno
- \fi\fi\fi
-}
-
-\def\Yappendixletterandtype{%
- \ifnum\secno=0
- \putwordAppendix@tie @char\the\appendixno{}%
- \else \ifnum\subsecno=0
- \putwordSection@tie @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno
- \else \ifnum\subsubsecno=0
- \putwordSection@tie @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno
- \else
- \putwordSection@tie
- @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno
- \fi\fi\fi
-}
-
-% Use TeX 3.0's \inputlineno to get the line number, for better error
-% messages, but if we're using an old version of TeX, don't do anything.
-%
-\ifx\inputlineno\thisisundefined
- \let\linenumber = \empty % Pre-3.0.
-\else
- \def\linenumber{\the\inputlineno:\space}
-\fi
-
-% Define \refx{NAME}{SUFFIX} to reference a cross-reference string named NAME.
-% If its value is nonempty, SUFFIX is output afterward.
-%
-\def\refx#1#2{%
- {%
- \indexnofonts
- \otherbackslash
- \expandafter\global\expandafter\let\expandafter\thisrefX
- \csname X#1\endcsname
- }%
- \ifx\thisrefX\relax
- % If not defined, say something at least.
- \angleleft un\-de\-fined\angleright
- \iflinks
- \ifhavexrefs
- \message{\linenumber Undefined cross reference `#1'.}%
- \else
- \ifwarnedxrefs\else
- \global\warnedxrefstrue
- \message{Cross reference values unknown; you must run TeX again.}%
- \fi
- \fi
- \fi
- \else
- % It's defined, so just use it.
- \thisrefX
- \fi
- #2% Output the suffix in any case.
-}
-
-% This is the macro invoked by entries in the aux file.
-%
-\def\xrdef#1{\expandafter\gdef\csname X#1\endcsname}
-
-% Read the last existing aux file, if any. No error if none exists.
-\def\readauxfile{\begingroup
- \catcode`\^^@=\other
- \catcode`\^^A=\other
- \catcode`\^^B=\other
- \catcode`\^^C=\other
- \catcode`\^^D=\other
- \catcode`\^^E=\other
- \catcode`\^^F=\other
- \catcode`\^^G=\other
- \catcode`\^^H=\other
- \catcode`\^^K=\other
- \catcode`\^^L=\other
- \catcode`\^^N=\other
- \catcode`\^^P=\other
- \catcode`\^^Q=\other
- \catcode`\^^R=\other
- \catcode`\^^S=\other
- \catcode`\^^T=\other
- \catcode`\^^U=\other
- \catcode`\^^V=\other
- \catcode`\^^W=\other
- \catcode`\^^X=\other
- \catcode`\^^Z=\other
- \catcode`\^^[=\other
- \catcode`\^^\=\other
- \catcode`\^^]=\other
- \catcode`\^^^=\other
- \catcode`\^^_=\other
- % It was suggested to set the catcode of ^ to 7, which would allow ^^e4 etc.
- % in xref tags, i.e., node names. But since ^^e4 notation isn't
- % supported in the main text, it doesn't seem desirable. Furthermore,
- % that is not enough: for node names that actually contain a ^
- % character, we would end up writing a line like this: 'xrdef {'hat
- % b-title}{'hat b} and \xrdef does a \csname...\endcsname on the first
- % argument, and \hat is not an expandable control sequence. It could
- % all be worked out, but why? Either we support ^^ or we don't.
- %
- % The other change necessary for this was to define \auxhat:
- % \def\auxhat{\def^{'hat }}% extra space so ok if followed by letter
- % and then to call \auxhat in \setq.
- %
- \catcode`\^=\other
- %
- % Special characters. Should be turned off anyway, but...
- \catcode`\~=\other
- \catcode`\[=\other
- \catcode`\]=\other
- \catcode`\"=\other
- \catcode`\_=\other
- \catcode`\|=\other
- \catcode`\<=\other
- \catcode`\>=\other
- \catcode`\$=\other
- \catcode`\#=\other
- \catcode`\&=\other
- \catcode`\%=\other
- \catcode`+=\other % avoid \+ for paranoia even though we've turned it off
- %
- % Make the characters 128-255 be printing characters
- {%
- \count 1=128
- \def\loop{%
- \catcode\count 1=\other
- \advance\count 1 by 1
- \ifnum \count 1<256 \loop \fi
- }%
- }%
- %
- % Turn off \ as an escape so we do not lose on
- % entries which were dumped with control sequences in their names.
- % For example, @xrdef{$\leq $-fun}{page ...} made by @defun ^^
- % Reference to such entries still does not work the way one would wish,
- % but at least they do not bomb out when the aux file is read in.
- \catcode`\\=\other
- %
- % @ is our escape character in .aux files.
- \catcode`\{=1
- \catcode`\}=2
- \catcode`\@=0
- %
- \openin 1 \jobname.aux
- \ifeof 1 \else
- \closein 1
- \input \jobname.aux
- \global\havexrefstrue
- \global\warnedobstrue
- \fi
- % Open the new aux file. TeX will close it automatically at exit.
- \openout\auxfile=\jobname.aux
-\endgroup}
-
-
-% Footnotes.
-
-\newcount \footnoteno
-
-% The trailing space in the following definition for supereject is
-% vital for proper filling; pages come out unaligned when you do a
-% pagealignmacro call if that space before the closing brace is
-% removed. (Generally, numeric constants should always be followed by a
-% space to prevent strange expansion errors.)
-\def\supereject{\par\penalty -20000\footnoteno =0 }
-
-% @footnotestyle is meaningful for info output only.
-\let\footnotestyle=\comment
-
-\let\ptexfootnote=\footnote
-
-{\catcode `\@=11
-%
-% Auto-number footnotes. Otherwise like plain.
-\gdef\footnote{%
- \global\advance\footnoteno by \@ne
- \edef\thisfootno{$^{\the\footnoteno}$}%
- %
- % In case the footnote comes at the end of a sentence, preserve the
- % extra spacing after we do the footnote number.
- \let\@sf\empty
- \ifhmode\edef\@sf{\spacefactor\the\spacefactor}\/\fi
- %
- % Remove inadvertent blank space before typesetting the footnote number.
- \unskip
- \thisfootno\@sf
- \dofootnote
-}%
-
-% Don't bother with the trickery in plain.tex to not require the
-% footnote text as a parameter. Our footnotes don't need to be so general.
-%
-% Oh yes, they do; otherwise, @ifset and anything else that uses
-% \parseargline fail inside footnotes because the tokens are fixed when
-% the footnote is read. --karl, 16nov96.
-%
-% The start of the footnote looks usually like this:
-\gdef\startfootins{\insert\footins\bgroup}
-%
-% ... but this macro is redefined inside @multitable.
-%
-\gdef\dofootnote{%
- \startfootins
- % We want to typeset this text as a normal paragraph, even if the
- % footnote reference occurs in (for example) a display environment.
- % So reset some parameters.
- \hsize=\pagewidth
- \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty
- \splittopskip\ht\strutbox % top baseline for broken footnotes
- \splitmaxdepth\dp\strutbox
- \floatingpenalty\@MM
- \leftskip\z@skip
- \rightskip\z@skip
- \spaceskip\z@skip
- \xspaceskip\z@skip
- \parindent\defaultparindent
- %
- \smallfonts \rm
- %
- % Because we use hanging indentation in footnotes, a @noindent appears
- % to exdent this text, so make it be a no-op. makeinfo does not use
- % hanging indentation so @noindent can still be needed within footnote
- % text after an @example or the like (not that this is good style).
- \let\noindent = \relax
- %
- % Hang the footnote text off the number. Use \everypar in case the
- % footnote extends for more than one paragraph.
- \everypar = {\hang}%
- \textindent{\thisfootno}%
- %
- % Don't crash into the line above the footnote text. Since this
- % expands into a box, it must come within the paragraph, lest it
- % provide a place where TeX can split the footnote.
- \footstrut
- \futurelet\next\fo@t
-}
-}%end \catcode `\@=11
-
-% @| inserts a changebar to the left of the current line. It should
-% surround any changed text. This approach does *not* work if the
-% change spans more than two lines of output. To handle that, we would
-% have adopt a much more difficult approach (putting marks into the main
-% vertical list for the beginning and end of each change).
-%
-\def\|{%
- % \vadjust can only be used in horizontal mode.
- \leavevmode
- %
- % Append this vertical mode material after the current line in the output.
- \vadjust{%
- % We want to insert a rule with the height and depth of the current
- % leading; that is exactly what \strutbox is supposed to record.
- \vskip-\baselineskip
- %
- % \vadjust-items are inserted at the left edge of the type. So
- % the \llap here moves out into the left-hand margin.
- \llap{%
- %
- % For a thicker or thinner bar, change the `1pt'.
- \vrule height\baselineskip width1pt
- %
- % This is the space between the bar and the text.
- \hskip 12pt
- }%
- }%
-}
-
-% For a final copy, take out the rectangles
-% that mark overfull boxes (in case you have decided
-% that the text looks ok even though it passes the margin).
-%
-\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt}
-
-% @image. We use the macros from epsf.tex to support this.
-% If epsf.tex is not installed and @image is used, we complain.
-%
-% Check for and read epsf.tex up front. If we read it only at @image
-% time, we might be inside a group, and then its definitions would get
-% undone and the next image would fail.
-\openin 1 = epsf.tex
-\ifeof 1 \else
- \closein 1
- % Do not bother showing banner with epsf.tex v2.7k (available in
- % doc/epsf.tex and on ctan).
- \def\epsfannounce{\toks0 = }%
- \input epsf.tex
-\fi
-%
-% We will only complain once about lack of epsf.tex.
-\newif\ifwarnednoepsf
-\newhelp\noepsfhelp{epsf.tex must be installed for images to
- work. It is also included in the Texinfo distribution, or you can get
- it from ftp://tug.org/tex/epsf.tex.}
-%
-\def\image#1{%
- \ifx\epsfbox\undefined
- \ifwarnednoepsf \else
- \errhelp = \noepsfhelp
- \errmessage{epsf.tex not found, images will be ignored}%
- \global\warnednoepsftrue
- \fi
- \else
- \imagexxx #1,,,,,\finish
- \fi
-}
-%
-% Arguments to @image:
-% #1 is (mandatory) image filename; we tack on .eps extension.
-% #2 is (optional) width, #3 is (optional) height.
-% #4 is (ignored optional) html alt text.
-% #5 is (ignored optional) extension.
-% #6 is just the usual extra ignored arg for parsing this stuff.
-\newif\ifimagevmode
-\def\imagexxx#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6\finish{\begingroup
- \catcode`\^^M = 5 % in case we're inside an example
- \normalturnoffactive % allow _ et al. in names
- % If the image is by itself, center it.
- \ifvmode
- \imagevmodetrue
- \nobreak\bigskip
- % Usually we'll have text after the image which will insert
- % \parskip glue, so insert it here too to equalize the space
- % above and below.
- \nobreak\vskip\parskip
- \nobreak
- \line\bgroup\hss
- \fi
- %
- % Output the image.
- \ifpdf
- \dopdfimage{#1}{#2}{#3}%
- \else
- % \epsfbox itself resets \epsf?size at each figure.
- \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \epsfxsize=#2\relax \fi
- \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \epsfysize=#3\relax \fi
- \epsfbox{#1.eps}%
- \fi
- %
- \ifimagevmode \hss \egroup \bigbreak \fi % space after the image
-\endgroup}
-
-
-\message{localization,}
-% and i18n.
-
-% @documentlanguage is usually given very early, just after
-% @setfilename. If done too late, it may not override everything
-% properly. Single argument is the language abbreviation.
-% It would be nice if we could set up a hyphenation file here.
-%
-\def\documentlanguage{\parsearg\dodocumentlanguage}
-\def\dodocumentlanguage#1{%
- \tex % read txi-??.tex file in plain TeX.
- % Read the file if it exists.
- \openin 1 txi-#1.tex
- \ifeof1
- \errhelp = \nolanghelp
- \errmessage{Cannot read language file txi-#1.tex}%
- \let\temp = \relax
- \else
- \def\temp{\input txi-#1.tex }%
- \fi
- \temp
- \endgroup
-}
-\newhelp\nolanghelp{The given language definition file cannot be found or
-is empty. Maybe you need to install it? In the current directory
-should work if nowhere else does.}
-
-
-% @documentencoding should change something in TeX eventually, most
-% likely, but for now just recognize it.
-\let\documentencoding = \comment
-
-
-% Page size parameters.
-%
-\newdimen\defaultparindent \defaultparindent = 15pt
-
-\chapheadingskip = 15pt plus 4pt minus 2pt
-\secheadingskip = 12pt plus 3pt minus 2pt
-\subsecheadingskip = 9pt plus 2pt minus 2pt
-
-% Prevent underfull vbox error messages.
-\vbadness = 10000
-
-% Don't be so finicky about underfull hboxes, either.
-\hbadness = 2000
-
-% Following George Bush, just get rid of widows and orphans.
-\widowpenalty=10000
-\clubpenalty=10000
-
-% Use TeX 3.0's \emergencystretch to help line breaking, but if we're
-% using an old version of TeX, don't do anything. We want the amount of
-% stretch added to depend on the line length, hence the dependence on
-% \hsize. We call this whenever the paper size is set.
-%
-\def\setemergencystretch{%
- \ifx\emergencystretch\thisisundefined
- % Allow us to assign to \emergencystretch anyway.
- \def\emergencystretch{\dimen0}%
- \else
- \emergencystretch = .15\hsize
- \fi
-}
-
-% Parameters in order: 1) textheight; 2) textwidth; 3) voffset;
-% 4) hoffset; 5) binding offset; 6) topskip; 7) physical page height; 8)
-% physical page width.
-%
-% We also call \setleading{\textleading}, so the caller should define
-% \textleading. The caller should also set \parskip.
-%
-\def\internalpagesizes#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8{%
- \voffset = #3\relax
- \topskip = #6\relax
- \splittopskip = \topskip
- %
- \vsize = #1\relax
- \advance\vsize by \topskip
- \outervsize = \vsize
- \advance\outervsize by 2\topandbottommargin
- \pageheight = \vsize
- %
- \hsize = #2\relax
- \outerhsize = \hsize
- \advance\outerhsize by 0.5in
- \pagewidth = \hsize
- %
- \normaloffset = #4\relax
- \bindingoffset = #5\relax
- %
- \ifpdf
- \pdfpageheight #7\relax
- \pdfpagewidth #8\relax
- \fi
- %
- \setleading{\textleading}
- %
- \parindent = \defaultparindent
- \setemergencystretch
-}
-
-% @letterpaper (the default).
-\def\letterpaper{{\globaldefs = 1
- \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
- \textleading = 13.2pt
- %
- % If page is nothing but text, make it come out even.
- \internalpagesizes{46\baselineskip}{6in}%
- {\voffset}{.25in}%
- {\bindingoffset}{36pt}%
- {11in}{8.5in}%
-}}
-
-% Use @smallbook to reset parameters for 7x9.5 (or so) format.
-\def\smallbook{{\globaldefs = 1
- \parskip = 2pt plus 1pt
- \textleading = 12pt
- %
- \internalpagesizes{7.5in}{5in}%
- {\voffset}{.25in}%
- {\bindingoffset}{16pt}%
- {9.25in}{7in}%
- %
- \lispnarrowing = 0.3in
- \tolerance = 700
- \hfuzz = 1pt
- \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
- \defbodyindent = .5cm
-}}
-
-% Use @afourpaper to print on European A4 paper.
-\def\afourpaper{{\globaldefs = 1
- \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
- \textleading = 13.2pt
- %
- % Double-side printing via postscript on Laserjet 4050
- % prints double-sided nicely when \bindingoffset=10mm and \hoffset=-6mm.
- % To change the settings for a different printer or situation, adjust
- % \normaloffset until the front-side and back-side texts align. Then
- % do the same for \bindingoffset. You can set these for testing in
- % your texinfo source file like this:
- % @tex
- % \global\normaloffset = -6mm
- % \global\bindingoffset = 10mm
- % @end tex
- \internalpagesizes{51\baselineskip}{160mm}
- {\voffset}{\hoffset}%
- {\bindingoffset}{44pt}%
- {297mm}{210mm}%
- %
- \tolerance = 700
- \hfuzz = 1pt
- \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
- \defbodyindent = 5mm
-}}
-
-% Use @afivepaper to print on European A5 paper.
-% From romildo@urano.iceb.ufop.br, 2 July 2000.
-% He also recommends making @example and @lisp be small.
-\def\afivepaper{{\globaldefs = 1
- \parskip = 2pt plus 1pt minus 0.1pt
- \textleading = 12.5pt
- %
- \internalpagesizes{160mm}{120mm}%
- {\voffset}{\hoffset}%
- {\bindingoffset}{8pt}%
- {210mm}{148mm}%
- %
- \lispnarrowing = 0.2in
- \tolerance = 800
- \hfuzz = 1.2pt
- \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
- \defbodyindent = 2mm
- \tableindent = 12mm
-}}
-
-% A specific text layout, 24x15cm overall, intended for A4 paper.
-\def\afourlatex{{\globaldefs = 1
- \afourpaper
- \internalpagesizes{237mm}{150mm}%
- {\voffset}{4.6mm}%
- {\bindingoffset}{7mm}%
- {297mm}{210mm}%
- %
- % Must explicitly reset to 0 because we call \afourpaper.
- \globaldefs = 0
-}}
-
-% Use @afourwide to print on A4 paper in landscape format.
-\def\afourwide{{\globaldefs = 1
- \afourpaper
- \internalpagesizes{241mm}{165mm}%
- {\voffset}{-2.95mm}%
- {\bindingoffset}{7mm}%
- {297mm}{210mm}%
- \globaldefs = 0
-}}
-
-% @pagesizes TEXTHEIGHT[,TEXTWIDTH]
-% Perhaps we should allow setting the margins, \topskip, \parskip,
-% and/or leading, also. Or perhaps we should compute them somehow.
-%
-\def\pagesizes{\parsearg\pagesizesxxx}
-\def\pagesizesxxx#1{\pagesizesyyy #1,,\finish}
-\def\pagesizesyyy#1,#2,#3\finish{{%
- \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \hsize=#2\relax \fi
- \globaldefs = 1
- %
- \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
- \setleading{\textleading}%
- %
- \dimen0 = #1
- \advance\dimen0 by \voffset
- %
- \dimen2 = \hsize
- \advance\dimen2 by \normaloffset
- %
- \internalpagesizes{#1}{\hsize}%
- {\voffset}{\normaloffset}%
- {\bindingoffset}{44pt}%
- {\dimen0}{\dimen2}%
-}}
-
-% Set default to letter.
-%
-\letterpaper
-
-
-\message{and turning on texinfo input format.}
-
-% Define macros to output various characters with catcode for normal text.
-\catcode`\"=\other
-\catcode`\~=\other
-\catcode`\^=\other
-\catcode`\_=\other
-\catcode`\|=\other
-\catcode`\<=\other
-\catcode`\>=\other
-\catcode`\+=\other
-\catcode`\$=\other
-\def\normaldoublequote{"}
-\def\normaltilde{~}
-\def\normalcaret{^}
-\def\normalunderscore{_}
-\def\normalverticalbar{|}
-\def\normalless{<}
-\def\normalgreater{>}
-\def\normalplus{+}
-\def\normaldollar{$}%$ font-lock fix
-
-% This macro is used to make a character print one way in ttfont
-% where it can probably just be output, and another way in other fonts,
-% where something hairier probably needs to be done.
-%
-% #1 is what to print if we are indeed using \tt; #2 is what to print
-% otherwise. Since all the Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero
-% interword stretch (and shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all
-% typewriter fonts to have this, we can check that font parameter.
-%
-\def\ifusingtt#1#2{\ifdim \fontdimen3\font=0pt #1\else #2\fi}
-
-% Same as above, but check for italic font. Actually this also catches
-% non-italic slanted fonts since it is impossible to distinguish them from
-% italic fonts. But since this is only used by $ and it uses \sl anyway
-% this is not a problem.
-\def\ifusingit#1#2{\ifdim \fontdimen1\font>0pt #1\else #2\fi}
-
-% Turn off all special characters except @
-% (and those which the user can use as if they were ordinary).
-% Most of these we simply print from the \tt font, but for some, we can
-% use math or other variants that look better in normal text.
-
-\catcode`\"=\active
-\def\activedoublequote{{\tt\char34}}
-\let"=\activedoublequote
-\catcode`\~=\active
-\def~{{\tt\char126}}
-\chardef\hat=`\^
-\catcode`\^=\active
-\def^{{\tt \hat}}
-
-\catcode`\_=\active
-\def_{\ifusingtt\normalunderscore\_}
-% Subroutine for the previous macro.
-\def\_{\leavevmode \kern.07em \vbox{\hrule width.3em height.1ex}\kern .07em }
-
-\catcode`\|=\active
-\def|{{\tt\char124}}
-\chardef \less=`\<
-\catcode`\<=\active
-\def<{{\tt \less}}
-\chardef \gtr=`\>
-\catcode`\>=\active
-\def>{{\tt \gtr}}
-\catcode`\+=\active
-\def+{{\tt \char 43}}
-\catcode`\$=\active
-\def${\ifusingit{{\sl\$}}\normaldollar}%$ font-lock fix
-
-% Set up an active definition for =, but don't enable it most of the time.
-{\catcode`\==\active
-\global\def={{\tt \char 61}}}
-
-\catcode`+=\active
-\catcode`\_=\active
-
-% If a .fmt file is being used, characters that might appear in a file
-% name cannot be active until we have parsed the command line.
-% So turn them off again, and have \everyjob (or @setfilename) turn them on.
-% \otherifyactive is called near the end of this file.
-\def\otherifyactive{\catcode`+=\other \catcode`\_=\other}
-
-\catcode`\@=0
-
-% \rawbackslashxx outputs one backslash character in current font,
-% as in \char`\\.
-\global\chardef\rawbackslashxx=`\\
-
-% \rawbackslash defines an active \ to do \rawbackslashxx.
-% \otherbackslash defines an active \ to be a literal `\' character with
-% catcode other.
-{\catcode`\\=\active
- @gdef@rawbackslash{@let\=@rawbackslashxx}
- @gdef@otherbackslash{@let\=@realbackslash}
-}
-
-% \realbackslash is an actual character `\' with catcode other.
-{\catcode`\\=\other @gdef@realbackslash{\}}
-
-% \normalbackslash outputs one backslash in fixed width font.
-\def\normalbackslash{{\tt\rawbackslashxx}}
-
-\catcode`\\=\active
-
-% Used sometimes to turn off (effectively) the active characters
-% even after parsing them.
-@def@turnoffactive{%
- @let"=@normaldoublequote
- @let\=@realbackslash
- @let~=@normaltilde
- @let^=@normalcaret
- @let_=@normalunderscore
- @let|=@normalverticalbar
- @let<=@normalless
- @let>=@normalgreater
- @let+=@normalplus
- @let$=@normaldollar %$ font-lock fix
-}
-
-% Same as @turnoffactive except outputs \ as {\tt\char`\\} instead of
-% the literal character `\'. (Thus, \ is not expandable when this is in
-% effect.)
-%
-@def@normalturnoffactive{@turnoffactive @let\=@normalbackslash}
-
-% Make _ and + \other characters, temporarily.
-% This is canceled by @fixbackslash.
-@otherifyactive
-
-% If a .fmt file is being used, we don't want the `\input texinfo' to show up.
-% That is what \eatinput is for; after that, the `\' should revert to printing
-% a backslash.
-%
-@gdef@eatinput input texinfo{@fixbackslash}
-@global@let\ = @eatinput
-
-% On the other hand, perhaps the file did not have a `\input texinfo'. Then
-% the first `\{ in the file would cause an error. This macro tries to fix
-% that, assuming it is called before the first `\' could plausibly occur.
-% Also back turn on active characters that might appear in the input
-% file name, in case not using a pre-dumped format.
-%
-@gdef@fixbackslash{%
- @ifx\@eatinput @let\ = @normalbackslash @fi
- @catcode`+=@active
- @catcode`@_=@active
-}
-
-% Say @foo, not \foo, in error messages.
-@escapechar = `@@
-
-% These look ok in all fonts, so just make them not special.
-@catcode`@& = @other
-@catcode`@# = @other
-@catcode`@% = @other
-
-@c Set initial fonts.
-@textfonts
-@rm
-
-
-@c Local variables:
-@c eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
-@c page-delimiter: "^\\\\message"
-@c time-stamp-start: "def\\\\texinfoversion{"
-@c time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d.%02H"
-@c time-stamp-end: "}"
-@c End:
--- /dev/null
+texinfo.tex.20030205
\ No newline at end of file
ALLPROG = print truefalse sleep pushd finfo logname basename dirname \
tty pathchk tee head mkdir rmdir printenv id whoami \
- uname sync push ln unlink cut realpath getconf strftime
+ uname sync push ln unlink cut realpath getconf strftime mypid`
OTHERPROG = necho hello cat
all: $(SHOBJ_STATUS)
strftime: strftime.o
$(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ strftime.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+mypid: mypid.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ mypid.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
# pushd is a special case. We use the same source that the builtin version
# uses, with special compilation options.
#
mkdir.o: mkdir.c
realpath.o: realpath.c
strftime.o: strftime.c
+mypid.o: mypid.c
--- /dev/null
+#
+# Simple makefile for the sample loadable builtins
+#
+# Copyright (C) 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
+
+# Include some boilerplate Gnu makefile definitions.
+prefix = @prefix@
+
+exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@
+bindir = @bindir@
+libdir = @libdir@
+infodir = @infodir@
+includedir = @includedir@
+
+topdir = @top_srcdir@
+BUILD_DIR = @BUILD_DIR@
+srcdir = @srcdir@
+VPATH = .:@srcdir@
+
+@SET_MAKE@
+CC = @CC@
+RM = rm -f
+
+SHELL = @MAKE_SHELL@
+
+host_os = @host_os@
+host_cpu = @host_cpu@
+host_vendor = @host_vendor@
+
+CFLAGS = @CFLAGS@
+LOCAL_CFLAGS = @LOCAL_CFLAGS@
+DEFS = @DEFS@
+LOCAL_DEFS = @LOCAL_DEFS@
+
+CPPFLAGS = @CPPFLAGS@
+
+BASHINCDIR = ${topdir}/include
+
+LIBBUILD = ${BUILD_DIR}/lib
+
+INTL_LIBSRC = ${topdir}/lib/intl
+INTL_BUILDDIR = ${LIBBUILD}/intl
+INTL_INC = @INTL_INC@
+LIBINTL_H = @LIBINTL_H@
+
+CCFLAGS = $(DEFS) $(LOCAL_DEFS) $(LOCAL_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS)
+
+#
+# These values are generated for configure by ${topdir}/support/shobj-conf.
+# If your system is not supported by that script, but includes facilities for
+# dynamic loading of shared objects, please update the script and send the
+# changes to bash-maintainers@gnu.org.
+#
+SHOBJ_CC = @SHOBJ_CC@
+SHOBJ_CFLAGS = @SHOBJ_CFLAGS@
+SHOBJ_LD = @SHOBJ_LD@
+SHOBJ_LDFLAGS = @SHOBJ_LDFLAGS@
+SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS = @SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS@
+SHOBJ_LIBS = @SHOBJ_LIBS@
+SHOBJ_STATUS = @SHOBJ_STATUS@
+
+INC = -I. -I.. -I$(topdir) -I$(topdir)/lib -I$(topdir)/builtins \
+ -I$(BASHINCDIR) -I$(BUILD_DIR) -I$(LIBBUILD) \
+ -I$(BUILD_DIR)/builtins $(INTL_INC)
+
+.c.o:
+ $(SHOBJ_CC) $(SHOBJ_CFLAGS) $(CCFLAGS) $(INC) -c -o $@ $<
+
+
+ALLPROG = print truefalse sleep pushd finfo logname basename dirname \
+ tty pathchk tee head mkdir rmdir printenv id whoami \
+ uname sync push ln unlink cut realpath getconf strftime
+OTHERPROG = necho hello cat
+
+all: $(SHOBJ_STATUS)
+
+supported: $(ALLPROG)
+others: $(OTHERPROG)
+
+unsupported:
+ @echo "Your system (${host_os}) is not supported by the"
+ @echo "${topdir}/support/shobj-conf script."
+ @echo "If your operating system provides facilities for dynamic"
+ @echo "loading of shared objects using the dlopen(3) interface,"
+ @echo "please update the script and re-run configure.
+ @echo "Please send the changes you made to bash-maintainers@gnu.org"
+ @echo "for inclusion in future bash releases."
+
+everything: supported others
+
+print: print.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ print.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+necho: necho.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ necho.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+getconf: getconf.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ getconf.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+hello: hello.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ hello.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+truefalse: truefalse.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ truefalse.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+sleep: sleep.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ sleep.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+finfo: finfo.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ finfo.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+cat: cat.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ cat.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+logname: logname.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ logname.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+basename: basename.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ basename.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+dirname: dirname.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ dirname.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+tty: tty.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ tty.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+pathchk: pathchk.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ pathchk.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+tee: tee.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ tee.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+mkdir: mkdir.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ mkdir.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+rmdir: rmdir.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ rmdir.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+head: head.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ head.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+printenv: printenv.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ printenv.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+id: id.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ id.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+whoami: whoami.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ whoami.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+uname: uname.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ uname.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+sync: sync.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ sync.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+push: push.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ push.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+ln: ln.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ ln.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+unlink: unlink.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ unlink.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+cut: cut.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ cut.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+realpath: realpath.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ realpath.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+strftime: strftime.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ strftime.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+# pushd is a special case. We use the same source that the builtin version
+# uses, with special compilation options.
+#
+pushd.c: ${topdir}/builtins/pushd.def
+ $(RM) $@
+ ${BUILD_DIR}/builtins/mkbuiltins -D ${topdir}/builtins ${topdir}/builtins/pushd.def
+
+pushd.o: pushd.c
+ $(RM) $@
+ $(SHOBJ_CC) -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -DPUSHD_AND_POPD -DLOADABLE_BUILTIN $(SHOBJ_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(INC) -c -o $@ $<
+
+pushd: pushd.o
+ $(SHOBJ_LD) $(SHOBJ_LDFLAGS) $(SHOBJ_XLDFLAGS) -o $@ pushd.o $(SHOBJ_LIBS)
+
+clean:
+ $(RM) $(ALLPROG) $(OTHERPROG) *.o
+ -( cd perl && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} $@ )
+
+mostlyclean: clean
+ -( cd perl && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} $@ )
+
+distclean maintainer-clean: clean
+ $(RM) Makefile pushd.c
+ -( cd perl && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} $@ )
+
+print.o: print.c
+truefalse.o: truefalse.c
+sleep.o: sleep.c
+finfo.o: finfo.c
+logname.o: logname.c
+basename.o: basename.c
+dirname.o: dirname.c
+tty.o: tty.c
+pathchk.o: pathchk.c
+tee.o: tee.c
+head.o: head.c
+rmdir.o: rmdir.c
+necho.o: necho.c
+getconf.o: getconf.c
+hello.o: hello.c
+cat.o: cat.c
+printenv.o: printenv.c
+id.o: id.c
+whoami.o: whoami.c
+uname.o: uname.c
+sync.o: sync.c
+push.o: push.c
+mkdir.o: mkdir.c
+realpath.o: realpath.c
+strftime.o: strftime.c
--- /dev/null
+/* This module should be dynamically loaded with enable -f
+ * which would create a new builtin named mypid. You'll need
+ * the source code for GNU bash to recompile this module.
+ *
+ * Then, from within bash, enable -f ./mypid enable_mypid, where ./mypid
+ * is the binary obtained from running make. Hereafter, `${MYPID}'
+ * is a shell builtin variable.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "builtins.h"
+#include "shell.h"
+
+#define INIT_DYNAMIC_VAR(var, val, gfunc, afunc) \
+ do \
+ { SHELL_VAR *v = bind_variable (var, (val), 0); \
+ v->dynamic_value = gfunc; \
+ v->assign_func = afunc; \
+ } \
+ while (0)
+
+static SHELL_VAR *
+assign_mypid (
+ SHELL_VAR *self,
+ char *value,
+ arrayind_t unused )
+{
+ return (self);
+}
+
+static SHELL_VAR *
+get_mypid (SHELL_VAR *var)
+{
+ int rv;
+ char *p;
+
+ rv = getpid();
+ p = itos (rv);
+
+ FREE (value_cell (var));
+
+ VSETATTR (var, att_integer);
+ var_setvalue (var, p);
+ return (var);
+}
+
+int
+enable_mypid_builtin(WORD_LIST *list)
+{
+ INIT_DYNAMIC_VAR ("MYPID", (char *)NULL, get_mypid, assign_mypid);
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+char const *enable_mypid_doc[] = {
+ "Enables use of the ${MYPID} dynamic variable. ",
+ "It will yield the current pid of a subshell.",
+ (char *)0
+};
+
+struct builtin enable_mypid_struct = {
+ "enable_mypid",
+ enable_mypid_builtin,
+ BUILTIN_ENABLED,
+ (char**)(void*)enable_mypid_doc,
+ "enable_mypid N",
+ 0
+};
--- /dev/null
+#!/bin/bash
+# ash -- "Adventure shell"
+# last edit: 86/04/21 D A Gwyn
+# SCCS ID: @(#)ash.sh 1.4
+
+OPATH=$PATH
+
+ask()
+{
+ echo -n "$@" '[y/n] '
+ read ans
+
+ case "$ans" in
+ y*|Y*)
+ return 0
+ ;;
+ *)
+ return 1
+ ;;
+ esac
+}
+
+CAT=${PAGER:-more}
+
+ash_inst()
+{
+ cat <<- EOF
+
+ Instructions for the Adventure shell
+
+ Welcome to the Adventure shell! In this exploration of the UNIX file
+ system, I will act as your eyes and hands. As you move around, I will
+ describe whatever is visible and will carry out your commands. The
+ general form of a command is
+ Verb Object Extra_stuff.
+ Most commands pay no attention to the "Extra_stuff", and many do not
+ need an "Object". A typical command is
+ get all
+ which picks up all files in the current "room" (directory). You can
+ find out what you are carrying by typing the command
+ inventory
+ The command "help" results in a full description of all commands that I
+ understand. To quit the Adventure shell, type
+ quit
+
+ There are UNIX monsters lurking in the background. These are also
+ known as "commands with arguments".
+
+ Good luck!
+ EOF
+}
+
+ash_help()
+{
+echo "I understand the following commands (synonyms in parentheses):"
+echo ""
+
+echo "change OBJECT to NEW_NAME changes the name of the object"
+echo "clone OBJECT as NEW_NAME duplicates the object"
+echo "drop OBJECTS leaves the objects in the room"
+echo "enter (go) PASSAGE takes the labeled passage"
+echo "examine OBJECTS describes the objects in detail"
+echo "feed OBJECT to MONSTER stuffs the object into a UNIX monster"
+echo "get (take) OBJECTS picks up the specified objects"
+echo "gripe (bug) report a problem with the Adventure shell"
+echo "help prints this summary"
+echo "inventory (i) tells what you are carrying"
+echo "kill (destroy) OBJECTS destroys the objects"
+echo "look (l) describes the room, including hidden objects"
+echo "open (read) OBJECT shows the contents of an object"
+echo "quit (exit) leaves the Adventure shell"
+echo "resurrect OBJECTS attempts to restore dead objects"
+echo "steal OBJECT from MONSTER obtains the object from a UNIX monster"
+echo "throw OBJECT at daemon feeds the object to the printer daemon"
+echo "up takes the overhead passage"
+echo "wake MONSTER awakens a UNIX monster"
+echo "where (w) tells you where you are"
+echo "xyzzy moves you to your home"
+}
+
+MAINT=chet@ins.cwru.edu
+
+PATH=/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:.
+export PATH
+
+trap 'echo Ouch!' 2 3
+#trap '' 18 # disable Berkeley job control
+
+ash_lk(){ echo " $1 " | fgrep " $2 " >&- 2>&-; }
+ash_pr(){ echo $* | tr ' ' '\012' | pr -5 -t -w75 -l$[ ( $# + 4 ) / 5 ]; }
+ash_rm(){ echo " $1 " | sed -e "s/ $2 / /" -e 's/^ //' -e 's/ $//'; }
+
+# enable history, bang history expansion, and emacs editing
+set -o history
+set -o histexpand
+set -o emacs
+
+cd
+LIM=.limbo # $HOME/$LIM contains "destroyed" objects
+mkdir $LIM >&- 2>&-
+KNAP=.knapsack # $HOME/$KNAP contains objects being "carried"
+if [ ! -d $KNAP ]
+then mkdir $KNAP >&- 2>&-
+ if [ $? = 0 ]
+ then echo 'You found a discarded empty knapsack.'
+ else echo 'You have no knapsack to carry things in.'
+ exit 1
+ fi
+else echo 'One moment while I peek in your old knapsack...'
+fi
+
+kn=`echo \`ls -a $KNAP | sed -e '/^\.$/d' -e '/^\.\.$/d'\``
+
+if ask 'Welcome to the Adventure shell! Do you need instructions?'
+then
+ ash_inst
+ echo -n 'Type a newline to continue: '
+ read
+fi
+
+wiz=false
+cha=false
+prev=$LIM
+while :
+do room=`pwd`
+ if [ $room != $prev ]
+ then if [ $room = $HOME ]
+ then echo 'You are in your own home.'
+ else echo "You have entered $room."
+ fi
+ exs=
+ obs=
+ hexs=
+ hobs=
+ f=false
+ for i in `ls -a`
+ do case $i in
+ .|..) ;;
+ .*) if [ -f $i ]
+ then hobs="$hobs $i"
+ elif [ -d $i ]
+ then hexs="$hexs $i"
+ else f=true
+ fi
+ ;;
+ *) if [ -f $i ]
+ then obs="$obs $i"
+ elif [ -d $i ]
+ then exs="$exs $i"
+ else f=true
+ fi
+ ;;
+ esac
+ done
+ if [ "$obs" ]
+ then echo 'This room contains:'
+ ash_pr $obs
+ else echo 'The room looks empty.'
+ fi
+ if [ "$exs" ]
+ then echo 'There are exits labeled:'
+ ash_pr $exs
+ echo 'as well as a passage overhead.'
+ else echo 'There is a passage overhead.'
+ fi
+ if sh -c $f
+ then echo 'There are shadowy figures in the corner.'
+ fi
+ prev=$room
+ fi
+
+ read -e -p '-advsh> ' verb obj x # prompt is '-advsh> '
+ if [ $? != 0 ]
+ then verb=quit # EOF
+ fi
+
+ case $verb in
+ change) if [ "$obj" ]
+ then if ash_lk "$obs $hobs" "$obj"
+ then set -- $x
+ case "$1" in
+ to) if [ "$2" ]
+ then if [ -f $2 ]
+ then echo "You must destroy $2 first."
+ set --
+ fi
+ if [ "$2" ]
+ then if mv $obj $2 >&- 2>&-
+ then echo "The $obj shimmers and turns into $2."
+ obs=`ash_rm "$2 $obs" "$obj"`
+ else echo "There is a cloud of smoke but the $obj is unchanged."
+ fi
+ fi
+ else echo 'To what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ *) echo "Change $obj to what?"
+ ;;
+ esac
+ else if ash_lk "$kn" "$obj"
+ then echo 'You must drop it first.'
+ else echo "I see no $obj here."
+ fi
+ fi
+ else echo 'Change what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ clone) if [ "$obj" ]
+ then if ash_lk "$obs $hobs" "$obj"
+ then if [ ! -r $obj ]
+ then echo "The $obj does not wish to be cloned."
+ else set -- $x
+ case "$1" in
+ as) if [ "$2" ]
+ then if [ -f $2 ]
+ then echo "You must destroy $2 first."
+ else if cp $obj $2 >&- 2>&-
+ then echo "Poof! When the smoke clears, you see the new $2."
+ obs="$obs $2"
+ else echo 'You hear a dull thud but no clone appears.'
+ fi
+ fi
+ else echo 'As what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ *) echo "Clone $obj as what?"
+ ;;
+ esac
+ fi
+ else if ash_lk "$kn" "$obj"
+ then echo 'You must drop it first.'
+ else echo "I see no $obj here."
+ fi
+ fi
+ else echo 'Clone what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ drop) if [ "$obj" ]
+ then for it in $obj $x
+ do if ash_lk "$kn" "$it"
+ then if [ -w $it ]
+ then echo "You must destroy $it first."
+ else if mv $HOME/$KNAP/$it $it >&- 2>&-
+ then echo "$it: dropped."
+ kn=`ash_rm "$kn" "$it"`
+ obs=`echo $it $obs`
+ else echo "The $it is caught in your knapsack."
+ fi
+ fi
+ else echo "You're not carrying the $it!"
+ fi
+ done
+ else echo 'Drop what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ enter|go) if [ "$obj" ]
+ then if [ $obj != up ]
+ then if ash_lk "$exs $hexs" "$obj"
+ then if [ -x $obj ]
+ then if cd $obj
+ then echo 'You squeeze through the passage.'
+ else echo "You can't go that direction."
+ fi
+ else echo 'An invisible force blocks your way.'
+ fi
+ else echo 'I see no such passage.'
+ fi
+ else if cd ..
+ then echo 'You struggle upwards.'
+ else echo "You can't reach that high."
+ fi
+ fi
+ else echo 'Which passage?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ examine) if [ "$obj" ]
+ then if [ $obj = all ]
+ then $obj=`echo $obs $exs`
+ x=
+ fi
+ for it in $obj $x
+ do if ash_lk "$obs $hobs $exs $hexs" "$it"
+ then echo "Upon close inspection of the $it, you see:"
+ ls -ld $it 2>&-
+ if [ $? != 0 ]
+ then echo "-- when you look directly at the $it, it vanishes."
+ fi
+ else if ash_lk "$kn" "$it"
+ then echo 'You must drop it first.'
+ else echo "I see no $it here."
+ fi
+ fi
+ done
+ else echo 'Examine what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ feed) if [ "$obj" ]
+ then if ash_lk "$obs $hobs" "$obj"
+ then set -- $x
+ case "$1" in
+ to) if [ "$2" ]
+ then shift
+ if PATH=$OPATH $* <$obj 2>&-
+ then echo "The $1 monster devours your $obj."
+ if rm -f $obj >&- 2>&-
+ then obs=`ash_rm "$obs" "$obj"`
+ else echo 'But he spits it back up.'
+ fi
+ else echo "The $1 monster holds his nose in disdain."
+ fi
+ else echo 'To what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ *) echo "Feed $obj to what?"
+ ;;
+ esac
+ else if ash_lk "$kn" "$obj"
+ then echo 'You must drop it first.'
+ else echo "I see no $obj here."
+ fi
+ fi
+ else echo 'Feed what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ get|take) if [ "$obj" ]
+ then if [ $obj = all ]
+ then obj="$obs"
+ x=
+ fi
+ for it in $obj $x
+ do if ash_lk "$obs $hobs" "$it"
+ then if ash_lk "$kn" "$it"
+ then echo 'You already have one.'
+ else if mv $it $HOME/$KNAP/$it >&- 2>&-
+ then echo "$it: taken."
+ kn="$it $kn"
+ obs=`ash_rm "$obs" "$it"`
+ else echo "The $it is too heavy."
+ fi
+ fi
+ else echo "I see no $it here."
+ fi
+ done
+ else echo 'Get what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ gripe|bug) echo 'Please describe the problem and your situation at the time it failed.\nEnd the bug report with a line containing just a Ctrl-D.'
+ cat | mail $MAINT -s 'ash bug'
+ echo 'Thank you!'
+ ;;
+ help) ash_help
+ ;;
+ inventory|i) if [ "$kn" ]
+ then echo 'Your knapsack contains:'
+ ash_pr $kn
+ else echo 'You are poverty-stricken.'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ kill|destroy) if [ "$obj" ]
+ then if [ $obj = all ]
+ then x=
+ if ask "Do you really want to attempt to $verb them all?"
+ then obj=`echo $obs`
+ else echo 'Chicken!'
+ obj=
+ fi
+ fi
+ for it in $obj $x
+ do if ash_lk "$obs $hobs" "$it"
+ then if mv $it $HOME/$LIM <&- >&- 2>&-
+ then if [ $verb = kill ]
+ then echo "The $it cannot defend himself; he dies."
+ else echo "You have destroyed the $it; it vanishes."
+ fi
+ obs=`ash_rm "$obs" "$it"`
+ else if [ $verb = kill ]
+ then echo "Your feeble blows are no match for the $it."
+ else echo "The $it is indestructible."
+ fi
+ fi
+ else if ash_lk "$kn" "$it"
+ then echo "You must drop the $it first."
+ found=false
+ else echo "I see no $it here."
+ fi
+ fi
+ done
+ else echo 'Kill what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ look|l) obs=`echo $obs $hobs`
+ hobs=
+ if [ "$obs" ]
+ then echo 'The room contains:'
+ ash_pr $obs
+ else echo 'The room is empty.'
+ fi
+ exs=`echo $exs $hexs`
+ hexs=
+ if [ "$exs" ]
+ then echo 'There are exits plainly labeled:'
+ ash_pr $exs
+ echo 'and a passage directly overhead.'
+ else echo 'The only exit is directly overhead.'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ magic) if [ "$obj" = mode ]
+ then if sh -c $cha
+ then echo 'You had your chance and you blew it.'
+ else if ask 'Are you a wizard?'
+ then echo -n 'Prove it! Say the magic word: '
+ read obj
+ if [ "$obj" = armadillo ]
+ then echo 'Yes, master!!'
+ wiz=true
+ else echo "Homie says: I don't think so"
+ cha=true
+ fi
+ else echo "I didn't think so."
+ fi
+ fi
+ else echo 'Nice try.'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ open|read) if [ "$obj" ]
+ then if ash_lk "$obs $hobs" "$obj"
+ then if [ -r $obj ]
+ then if [ -s $obj ]
+ then echo "Opening the $obj reveals:"
+ $CAT < $obj
+ if [ $? != 0 ]
+ then echo '-- oops, you lost the contents!'
+ fi
+ else echo "There is nothing inside the $obj."
+ fi
+ else echo "You do not have the proper tools to open the $obj."
+ fi
+ else if ash_lk "$kn" "$obj"
+ then echo 'You must drop it first.'
+ found=false
+ else echo "I see no $obj here."
+ fi
+ fi
+ else echo 'Open what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ quit|exit) if ask 'Do you really want to quit now?'
+ then if [ "$kn" ]
+ then echo 'The contents of your knapsack will still be there next time.'
+ fi
+ rm -rf $HOME/$LIM
+ echo 'See you later!'
+ exit 0
+ fi
+ ;;
+ resurrect) if [ "$obj" ]
+ then for it in $obj $x
+ do if ash_lk "$obs $hobs" "$it"
+ then echo "The $it is already alive and well."
+ else if mv $HOME/$LIM/$it $it <&- >&- 2>&-
+ then echo "The $it staggers to his feet."
+ obs=`echo $it $obs`
+ else echo "There are sparks but no $it appears."
+ fi
+ fi
+ done
+ else echo 'Resurrect what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ steal) if [ "$obj" ]
+ then if ash_lk "$obs $hobs" "$obj"
+ then echo 'There is already one here.'
+ else set -- $x
+ case "$1" in
+ from) if [ "$2" ]
+ then shift
+ if PATH=$OPATH $* >$obj 2>&-
+ then echo "The $1 monster drops the $obj."
+ obs=`echo $obj $obs`
+ else echo "The $1 monster runs away as you approach."
+ rm -f $obj >&- 2>&-
+ fi
+ else echo 'From what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ *) echo "Steal $obj from what?"
+ ;;
+ esac
+ fi
+ else echo 'Steal what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ throw) if [ "$obj" ]
+ then if ash_lk "$obs $hobs" "$obj"
+ then set -- $x
+ case "$1" in
+ at) case "$2" in
+ daemon) if sh -c "lpr -r $obj"
+ then echo "The daemon catches the $obj, turns it into paper,\nand leaves it in the basket."
+ obs=`ash_rm "$obs" "$obj"`
+ else echo "The daemon is nowhere to be found."
+ fi
+ ;;
+ *) echo 'At what?'
+ ;;
+ esac
+ ;;
+ *) echo "Throw $obj at what?"
+ ;;
+ esac
+ else if ash_lk "$kn" "$obj"
+ then echo 'It is in your knapsack.'
+ found=false
+ else echo "I see no $obj here."
+ fi
+ fi
+ else echo 'Throw what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ u|up) if cd ..
+ then echo 'You pull yourself up a level.'
+ else echo "You can't reach that high."
+ fi
+ ;;
+ wake) if [ "$obj" ]
+ then echo "You awaken the $obj monster:"
+ PATH=$OPATH $obj $x
+ echo 'The monster slithers back into the darkness.'
+ else echo 'Wake what?'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ w|where) echo "You are in $room."
+ ;;
+ xyzzy) if cd
+ then echo 'A strange feeling comes over you.'
+ else echo 'Your spell fizzles out.'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ *) if [ "$verb" ]
+ then if sh -c $wiz
+ then PATH=$OPATH $verb $obj $x
+ else echo "I don't know how to \"$verb\"."
+ echo 'Type "help" for assistance.'
+ fi
+ else echo 'Say something!'
+ fi
+ ;;
+ esac
+done
--- /dev/null
+/* memalloc.h -- consolidate code for including alloca.h or malloc.h and
+ defining alloca. */
+
+/* Copyright (C) 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
+
+ Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+ Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+
+ Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+ WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
+ for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+ with Bash; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA. */
+
+#if !defined (_MEMALLOC_H_)
+# define _MEMALLOC_H_
+
+#if defined (sparc) && defined (sun) && !defined (HAVE_ALLOCA_H)
+# define HAVE_ALLOCA_H
+#endif
+
+#if defined (__GNUC__) && !defined (HAVE_ALLOCA)
+# define HAVE_ALLOCA
+#endif
+
+#if defined (HAVE_ALLOCA_H) && !defined (HAVE_ALLOCA)
+# define HAVE_ALLOCA
+#endif /* HAVE_ALLOCA_H && !HAVE_ALLOCA */
+
+#if defined (__GNUC__) && !defined (C_ALLOCA)
+# undef alloca
+# define alloca __builtin_alloca
+#else /* !__GNUC__ || C_ALLOCA */
+# if defined (HAVE_ALLOCA_H) && !defined (C_ALLOCA)
+# if defined (IBMESA)
+# include <malloc.h>
+# else /* !IBMESA */
+# include <alloca.h>
+# endif /* !IBMESA */
+# else /* !HAVE_ALLOCA_H || C_ALLOCA */
+# if defined (__hpux) && defined (__STDC__) && !defined (alloca)
+extern void *alloca ();
+# else
+# if !defined (alloca)
+extern char *alloca ();
+# endif /* !alloca */
+# endif /* !__hpux || !__STDC__ && !alloca */
+# endif /* !HAVE_ALLOCA_H || C_ALLOCA */
+#endif /* !__GNUC__ || C_ALLOCA */
+
+#endif /* _MEMALLOC_H_ */
+++ /dev/null
-/* ansi_stdlib.h -- An ANSI Standard stdlib.h. */
-/* A minimal stdlib.h containing extern declarations for those functions
- that bash uses. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
- This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
- Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
- the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
- Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
- version.
-
- Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
- WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
- FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
- for more details.
-
- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
- with Bash; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software
- Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA. */
-
-#if !defined (_STDLIB_H_)
-#define _STDLIB_H_ 1
-
-/* String conversion functions. */
-extern int atoi ();
-
-extern double atof ();
-extern double strtod ();
-
-/* Memory allocation functions. */
-/* Generic pointer type. */
-#ifndef PTR_T
-
-#if defined (__STDC__)
-# define PTR_T void *
-#else
-# define PTR_T char *
-#endif
-
-#endif /* PTR_T */
-
-extern PTR_T malloc ();
-extern PTR_T realloc ();
-extern void free ();
-
-/* Other miscellaneous functions. */
-extern void abort ();
-extern void exit ();
-extern char *getenv ();
-extern void qsort ();
-
-#endif /* _STDLIB_H */
--- /dev/null
+../../include/ansi_stdlib.h
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+/* callback.c -- functions to use readline as an X `callback' mechanism. */
+
+/* Copyright (C) 1987-2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ This file is part of the GNU Readline Library, a library for
+ reading lines of text with interactive input and history editing.
+
+ The GNU Readline Library is free software; you can redistribute it
+ and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+ as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+
+ The GNU Readline Library is distributed in the hope that it will be
+ useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
+ of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ The GNU General Public License is often shipped with GNU software, and
+ is generally kept in a file called COPYING or LICENSE. If you do not
+ have a copy of the license, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA. */
+#define READLINE_LIBRARY
+
+#if defined (HAVE_CONFIG_H)
+# include <config.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "rlconf.h"
+
+#if defined (READLINE_CALLBACKS)
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
+# include <stdlib.h>
+#else
+# include "ansi_stdlib.h"
+#endif
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+/* System-specific feature definitions and include files. */
+#include "rldefs.h"
+#include "readline.h"
+#include "rlprivate.h"
+#include "xmalloc.h"
+
+/* Private data for callback registration functions. See comments in
+ rl_callback_read_char for more details. */
+_rl_callback_func_t *_rl_callback_func = 0;
+_rl_callback_generic_arg *_rl_callback_data = 0;
+
+/* **************************************************************** */
+/* */
+/* Callback Readline Functions */
+/* */
+/* **************************************************************** */
+
+/* Allow using readline in situations where a program may have multiple
+ things to handle at once, and dispatches them via select(). Call
+ rl_callback_handler_install() with the prompt and a function to call
+ whenever a complete line of input is ready. The user must then
+ call rl_callback_read_char() every time some input is available, and
+ rl_callback_read_char() will call the user's function with the complete
+ text read in at each end of line. The terminal is kept prepped and
+ signals handled all the time, except during calls to the user's function. */
+
+rl_vcpfunc_t *rl_linefunc; /* user callback function */
+static int in_handler; /* terminal_prepped and signals set? */
+
+/* Make sure the terminal is set up, initialize readline, and prompt. */
+static void
+_rl_callback_newline ()
+{
+ rl_initialize ();
+
+ if (in_handler == 0)
+ {
+ in_handler = 1;
+
+ if (rl_prep_term_function)
+ (*rl_prep_term_function) (_rl_meta_flag);
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_SIGNALS)
+ rl_set_signals ();
+#endif
+ }
+
+ readline_internal_setup ();
+}
+
+/* Install a readline handler, set up the terminal, and issue the prompt. */
+void
+rl_callback_handler_install (prompt, linefunc)
+ const char *prompt;
+ rl_vcpfunc_t *linefunc;
+{
+ rl_set_prompt (prompt);
+ RL_SETSTATE (RL_STATE_CALLBACK);
+ rl_linefunc = linefunc;
+ _rl_callback_newline ();
+}
+
+/* Read one character, and dispatch to the handler if it ends the line. */
+void
+rl_callback_read_char ()
+{
+ char *line;
+ int eof, jcode;
+ static procenv_t olevel;
+
+ if (rl_linefunc == NULL)
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, "readline: readline_callback_read_char() called with no handler!\r\n");
+ abort ();
+ }
+
+ memcpy ((void *)olevel, (void *)readline_top_level, sizeof (procenv_t));
+ jcode = setjmp (readline_top_level);
+ if (jcode)
+ {
+ (*rl_redisplay_function) ();
+ _rl_want_redisplay = 0;
+ memcpy ((void *)readline_top_level, (void *)olevel, sizeof (procenv_t));
+ return;
+ }
+
+ if (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_ISEARCH))
+ {
+ eof = _rl_isearch_callback (_rl_iscxt);
+ if (eof == 0 && (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_ISEARCH) == 0) && RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_INPUTPENDING))
+ rl_callback_read_char ();
+
+ return;
+ }
+ else if (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_NSEARCH))
+ {
+ eof = _rl_nsearch_callback (_rl_nscxt);
+ return;
+ }
+ else if (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_NUMERICARG))
+ {
+ eof = _rl_arg_callback (_rl_argcxt);
+ if (eof == 0 && (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_NUMERICARG) == 0) && RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_INPUTPENDING))
+ rl_callback_read_char ();
+ /* XXX - this should handle _rl_last_command_was_kill better */
+ else if (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_NUMERICARG) == 0)
+ _rl_internal_char_cleanup ();
+
+ return;
+ }
+ else if (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_MULTIKEY))
+ {
+ eof = _rl_dispatch_callback (_rl_kscxt); /* For now */
+ while ((eof == -1 || eof == -2) && RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_MULTIKEY) && _rl_kscxt && (_rl_kscxt->flags & KSEQ_DISPATCHED))
+ eof = _rl_dispatch_callback (_rl_kscxt);
+ if (RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_MULTIKEY) == 0)
+ {
+ _rl_internal_char_cleanup ();
+ _rl_want_redisplay = 1;
+ }
+ }
+ else if (_rl_callback_func)
+ {
+ /* This allows functions that simply need to read an additional character
+ (like quoted-insert) to register a function to be called when input is
+ available. _rl_callback_data is simply a pointer to a struct that has
+ the argument count originally passed to the registering function and
+ space for any additional parameters. */
+ eof = (*_rl_callback_func) (_rl_callback_data);
+ /* If the function `deregisters' itself, make sure the data is cleaned
+ up. */
+ if (_rl_callback_func == 0)
+ {
+ if (_rl_callback_data)
+ {
+ _rl_callback_data_dispose (_rl_callback_data);
+ _rl_callback_data = 0;
+ }
+ _rl_internal_char_cleanup ();
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ eof = readline_internal_char ();
+
+ if (rl_done == 0 && _rl_want_redisplay)
+ {
+ (*rl_redisplay_function) ();
+ _rl_want_redisplay = 0;
+ }
+
+ /* We loop in case some function has pushed input back with rl_execute_next. */
+ for (;;)
+ {
+ if (rl_done)
+ {
+ line = readline_internal_teardown (eof);
+
+ if (rl_deprep_term_function)
+ (*rl_deprep_term_function) ();
+#if defined (HANDLE_SIGNALS)
+ rl_clear_signals ();
+#endif
+ in_handler = 0;
+ (*rl_linefunc) (line);
+
+ /* If the user did not clear out the line, do it for him. */
+ if (rl_line_buffer[0])
+ _rl_init_line_state ();
+
+ /* Redisplay the prompt if readline_handler_{install,remove}
+ not called. */
+ if (in_handler == 0 && rl_linefunc)
+ _rl_callback_newline ();
+ }
+ if (rl_pending_input || _rl_pushed_input_available () || RL_ISSTATE (RL_STATE_MACROINPUT))
+ eof = readline_internal_char ();
+ else
+ break;
+ }
+}
+
+/* Remove the handler, and make sure the terminal is in its normal state. */
+void
+rl_callback_handler_remove ()
+{
+ rl_linefunc = NULL;
+ RL_UNSETSTATE (RL_STATE_CALLBACK);
+ if (in_handler)
+ {
+ in_handler = 0;
+ if (rl_deprep_term_function)
+ (*rl_deprep_term_function) ();
+#if defined (HANDLE_SIGNALS)
+ rl_clear_signals ();
+#endif
+ }
+}
+
+_rl_callback_generic_arg *
+_rl_callback_data_alloc (count)
+ int count;
+{
+ _rl_callback_generic_arg *arg;
+
+ arg = (_rl_callback_generic_arg *)xmalloc (sizeof (_rl_callback_generic_arg));
+ arg->count = count;
+
+ arg->i1 = arg->i2 = 0;
+
+ return arg;
+}
+
+void _rl_callback_data_dispose (arg)
+ _rl_callback_generic_arg *arg;
+{
+ if (arg)
+ free (arg);
+}
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+# This makefile for Readline library documentation is in -*- text -*- mode.
+# Emacs likes it that way.
+RM = rm -f
+
+MAKEINFO = makeinfo
+TEXI2DVI = texi2dvi
+TEXI2HTML = texi2html
+QUIETPS = #set this to -q to shut up dvips
+DVIPS = dvips -D 300 $(QUIETPS) -o $@ # tricky
+
+INSTALL_DATA = cp
+infodir = /usr/local/info
+
+RLSRC = rlman.texinfo rluser.texinfo rltech.texinfo
+HISTSRC = hist.texinfo hsuser.texinfo hstech.texinfo
+
+DVIOBJ = readline.dvi history.dvi
+INFOOBJ = readline.info history.info
+PSOBJ = readline.ps history.ps
+HTMLOBJ = readline.html history.html
+
+all: info dvi html ps
+nodvi: info html
+
+readline.dvi: $(RLSRC)
+ $(TEXI2DVI) rlman.texinfo
+ mv rlman.dvi readline.dvi
+
+readline.info: $(RLSRC)
+ $(MAKEINFO) --no-split -o $@ rlman.texinfo
+
+history.dvi: ${HISTSRC}
+ $(TEXI2DVI) hist.texinfo
+ mv hist.dvi history.dvi
+
+history.info: ${HISTSRC}
+ $(MAKEINFO) --no-split -o $@ hist.texinfo
+
+readline.ps: readline.dvi
+ $(RM) $@
+ $(DVIPS) readline.dvi
+
+history.ps: history.dvi
+ $(RM) $@
+ $(DVIPS) history.dvi
+
+readline.html: ${RLSRC}
+ $(TEXI2HTML) rlman.texinfo
+ sed -e 's:rlman.html:readline.html:' -e 's:rlman_toc.html:readline_toc.html:' rlman.html > readline.html
+ sed -e 's:rlman.html:readline.html:' -e 's:rlman_toc.html:readline_toc.html:' rlman_toc.html > readline_toc.html
+ $(RM) rlman.html rlman_toc.html
+
+history.html: ${HISTSRC}
+ $(TEXI2HTML) hist.texinfo
+ sed -e 's:hist.html:history.html:' -e 's:hist_toc.html:history_toc.html:' hist.html > history.html
+ sed -e 's:hist.html:history.html:' -e 's:hist_toc.html:history_toc.html:' hist_toc.html > history_toc.html
+ $(RM) hist.html hist_toc.html
+
+info: $(INFOOBJ)
+dvi: $(DVIOBJ)
+ps: $(PSOBJ)
+html: $(HTMLOBJ)
+
+clean:
+ $(RM) *.aux *.cp *.fn *.ky *.log *.pg *.toc *.tp *.vr *.cps *.pgs \
+ *.fns *.kys *.tps *.vrs *.o core
+
+distclean: clean
+mostlyclean: clean
+
+maintainer-clean: clean
+ $(RM) *.dvi *.info *.info-* *.ps *.html
+
+install: info
+ ${INSTALL_DATA} readline.info $(infodir)/readline.info
+ ${INSTALL_DATA} history.info $(infodir)/history.info
+++ /dev/null
-
-@node GNU Free Documentation License
-@appendixsec GNU Free Documentation License
-
-@cindex FDL, GNU Free Documentation License
-@center Version 1.2, November 2002
-
-@display
-Copyright @copyright{} 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
-
-Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
-of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-@end display
-
-@enumerate 0
-@item
-PREAMBLE
-
-The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
-functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to
-assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
-with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
-Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
-to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
-for modifications made by others.
-
-This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
-works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
-complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
-license designed for free software.
-
-We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
-software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
-program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
-software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
-it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
-whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
-principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
-
-@item
-APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
-
-This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
-contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
-distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
-world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
-work under the conditions stated herein. The ``Document'', below,
-refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
-licensee, and is addressed as ``you''. You accept the license if you
-copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
-under copyright law.
-
-A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
-Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
-modifications and/or translated into another language.
-
-A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section
-of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
-publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
-subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
-directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
-part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
-any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
-connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
-commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
-them.
-
-The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
-are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
-that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
-section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
-allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
-Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
-Sections then there are none.
-
-The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
-as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
-the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
-be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
-
-A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
-represented in a format whose specification is available to the
-general public, that is suitable for revising the document
-straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
-pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
-drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
-for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
-to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
-format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
-or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
-An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
-of text. A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.
-
-Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
-@sc{ascii} without markup, Texinfo input format, La@TeX{} input
-format, @acronym{SGML} or @acronym{XML} using a publicly available
-@acronym{DTD}, and standard-conforming simple @acronym{HTML},
-PostScript or @acronym{PDF} designed for human modification. Examples
-of transparent image formats include @acronym{PNG}, @acronym{XCF} and
-@acronym{JPG}. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
-read and edited only by proprietary word processors, @acronym{SGML} or
-@acronym{XML} for which the @acronym{DTD} and/or processing tools are
-not generally available, and the machine-generated @acronym{HTML},
-PostScript or @acronym{PDF} produced by some word processors for
-output purposes only.
-
-The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
-plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
-this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
-formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
-the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
-preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
-
-A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
-title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
-text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
-specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'',
-``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the Title''
-of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
-section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition.
-
-The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
-states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
-Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
-License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
-implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
-no effect on the meaning of this License.
-
-@item
-VERBATIM COPYING
-
-You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
-commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
-copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
-to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
-conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
-technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
-copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
-compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
-number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
-
-You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
-you may publicly display copies.
-
-@item
-COPYING IN QUANTITY
-
-If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
-printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
-Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
-copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
-Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
-the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
-you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
-the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
-visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
-Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
-the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
-as verbatim copying in other respects.
-
-If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
-legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
-reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
-pages.
-
-If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
-more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
-copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
-a computer-network location from which the general network-using
-public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
-a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
-If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
-when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
-that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
-location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
-Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
-edition to the public.
-
-It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
-Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
-them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
-
-@item
-MODIFICATIONS
-
-You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
-the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
-the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
-Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
-and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
-of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
-
-@enumerate A
-@item
-Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
-from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
-(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
-of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
-if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
-
-@item
-List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
-responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
-Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
-Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
-unless they release you from this requirement.
-
-@item
-State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
-Modified Version, as the publisher.
-
-@item
-Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
-
-@item
-Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
-adjacent to the other copyright notices.
-
-@item
-Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
-giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
-terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
-
-@item
-Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
-and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
-
-@item
-Include an unaltered copy of this License.
-
-@item
-Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add
-to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
-publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
-there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
-stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
-given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
-Version as stated in the previous sentence.
-
-@item
-Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
-public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
-the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
-it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
-You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
-least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
-publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
-
-@item
-For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve
-the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
-substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
-dedications given therein.
-
-@item
-Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
-unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
-or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
-
-@item
-Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section
-may not be included in the Modified Version.
-
-@item
-Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or
-to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
-
-@item
-Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
-@end enumerate
-
-If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
-appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
-copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
-of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
-list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
-These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
-
-You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
-nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
-parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
-been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
-standard.
-
-You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
-passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
-of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
-Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
-through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
-includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
-by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
-you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
-permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
-
-The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
-give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
-imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
-
-@item
-COMBINING DOCUMENTS
-
-You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
-License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
-versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
-Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
-list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
-license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
-
-The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
-multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
-copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
-different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
-adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
-author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
-Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
-Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
-
-In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History''
-in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
-``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
-and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all
-sections Entitled ``Endorsements.''
-
-@item
-COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
-
-You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
-released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
-License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
-the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
-verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
-
-You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
-it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
-License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
-other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
-
-@item
-AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
-
-A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
-and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
-distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright
-resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
-of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
-When the Document is included an aggregate, this License does not
-apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
-derivative works of the Document.
-
-If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
-copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
-the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
-covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
-electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
-Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
-aggregate.
-
-@item
-TRANSLATION
-
-Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
-distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
-Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
-permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
-translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
-original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
-translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
-Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
-the original English version of this License and the original versions
-of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
-the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
-or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
-
-If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
-``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
-its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
-title.
-
-@item
-TERMINATION
-
-You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
-as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
-copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
-automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
-parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
-License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
-parties remain in full compliance.
-
-@item
-FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
-
-The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
-of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
-versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
-differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
-@uref{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/}.
-
-Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
-If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
-License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
-following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
-of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
-Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
-number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
-as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
-@end enumerate
-
-@page
-@appendixsubsec ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
-
-To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
-the License in the document and put the following copyright and
-license notices just after the title page:
-
-@smallexample
-@group
- Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}.
- Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
- under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
- or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
- with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
- A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
- Free Documentation License''.
-@end group
-@end smallexample
-
-If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
-replace the ``with...Texts.'' line with this:
-
-@smallexample
-@group
- with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with
- the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts
- being @var{list}.
-@end group
-@end smallexample
-
-If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
-combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
-situation.
-
-If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
-recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
-free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
-to permit their use in free software.
-
-@c Local Variables:
-@c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict"
-@c End:
-
--- /dev/null
+../../../doc/fdl.texi
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+/* **************************************************************** */
+/* */
+/* I-Search and Searching */
+/* */
+/* **************************************************************** */
+
+/* Copyright (C) 1987-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ This file contains the Readline Library (the Library), a set of
+ routines for providing Emacs style line input to programs that ask
+ for it.
+
+ The Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+ any later version.
+
+ The Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ General Public License for more details.
+
+ The GNU General Public License is often shipped with GNU software, and
+ is generally kept in a file called COPYING or LICENSE. If you do not
+ have a copy of the license, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA. */
+#define READLINE_LIBRARY
+
+#if defined (HAVE_CONFIG_H)
+# include <config.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
+# include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined (HAVE_STDLIB_H)
+# include <stdlib.h>
+#else
+# include "ansi_stdlib.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "rldefs.h"
+#include "rlmbutil.h"
+
+#include "readline.h"
+#include "history.h"
+
+#include "rlprivate.h"
+#include "xmalloc.h"
+
+/* Variables exported to other files in the readline library. */
+char *_rl_isearch_terminators = (char *)NULL;
+
+/* Variables imported from other files in the readline library. */
+extern HIST_ENTRY *_rl_saved_line_for_history;
+
+/* Forward declarations */
+static int rl_search_history PARAMS((int, int));
+
+/* Last line found by the current incremental search, so we don't `find'
+ identical lines many times in a row. */
+static char *prev_line_found;
+
+/* Last search string and its length. */
+static char *last_isearch_string;
+static int last_isearch_string_len;
+
+static char *default_isearch_terminators = "\033\012";
+
+/* Search backwards through the history looking for a string which is typed
+ interactively. Start with the current line. */
+int
+rl_reverse_search_history (sign, key)
+ int sign, key;
+{
+ return (rl_search_history (-sign, key));
+}
+
+/* Search forwards through the history looking for a string which is typed
+ interactively. Start with the current line. */
+int
+rl_forward_search_history (sign, key)
+ int sign, key;
+{
+ return (rl_search_history (sign, key));
+}
+
+/* Display the current state of the search in the echo-area.
+ SEARCH_STRING contains the string that is being searched for,
+ DIRECTION is zero for forward, or 1 for reverse,
+ WHERE is the history list number of the current line. If it is
+ -1, then this line is the starting one. */
+static void
+rl_display_search (search_string, reverse_p, where)
+ char *search_string;
+ int reverse_p, where;
+{
+ char *message;
+ int msglen, searchlen;
+
+ searchlen = (search_string && *search_string) ? strlen (search_string) : 0;
+
+ message = (char *)xmalloc (searchlen + 33);
+ msglen = 0;
+
+#if defined (NOTDEF)
+ if (where != -1)
+ {
+ sprintf (message, "[%d]", where + history_base);
+ msglen = strlen (message);
+ }
+#endif /* NOTDEF */
+
+ message[msglen++] = '(';
+
+ if (reverse_p)
+ {
+ strcpy (message + msglen, "reverse-");
+ msglen += 8;
+ }
+
+ strcpy (message + msglen, "i-search)`");
+ msglen += 10;
+
+ if (search_string)
+ {
+ strcpy (message + msglen, search_string);
+ msglen += searchlen;
+ }
+
+ strcpy (message + msglen, "': ");
+
+ rl_message ("%s", message);
+ free (message);
+ (*rl_redisplay_function) ();
+}
+
+/* Search through the history looking for an interactively typed string.
+ This is analogous to i-search. We start the search in the current line.
+ DIRECTION is which direction to search; >= 0 means forward, < 0 means
+ backwards. */
+static int
+rl_search_history (direction, invoking_key)
+ int direction, invoking_key;
+{
+ /* The string that the user types in to search for. */
+ char *search_string;
+
+ /* The current length of SEARCH_STRING. */
+ int search_string_index;
+
+ /* The amount of space that SEARCH_STRING has allocated to it. */
+ int search_string_size;
+
+ /* The list of lines to search through. */
+ char **lines, *allocated_line;
+
+ /* The length of LINES. */
+ int hlen;
+
+ /* Where we get LINES from. */
+ HIST_ENTRY **hlist;
+
+ register int i;
+ int orig_point, orig_mark, orig_line, last_found_line;
+ int c, found, failed, sline_len;
+ int n, wstart, wlen;
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+ char mb[MB_LEN_MAX];
+#endif
+
+ /* The line currently being searched. */
+ char *sline;
+
+ /* Offset in that line. */
+ int line_index;
+
+ /* Non-zero if we are doing a reverse search. */
+ int reverse;
+
+ /* The list of characters which terminate the search, but are not
+ subsequently executed. If the variable isearch-terminators has
+ been set, we use that value, otherwise we use ESC and C-J. */
+ char *isearch_terminators;
+
+ RL_SETSTATE(RL_STATE_ISEARCH);
+ orig_point = rl_point;
+ orig_mark = rl_mark;
+ last_found_line = orig_line = where_history ();
+ reverse = direction < 0;
+ hlist = history_list ();
+ allocated_line = (char *)NULL;
+
+ isearch_terminators = _rl_isearch_terminators ? _rl_isearch_terminators
+ : default_isearch_terminators;
+
+ /* Create an arrary of pointers to the lines that we want to search. */
+ rl_maybe_replace_line ();
+ i = 0;
+ if (hlist)
+ for (i = 0; hlist[i]; i++);
+
+ /* Allocate space for this many lines, +1 for the current input line,
+ and remember those lines. */
+ lines = (char **)xmalloc ((1 + (hlen = i)) * sizeof (char *));
+ for (i = 0; i < hlen; i++)
+ lines[i] = hlist[i]->line;
+
+ if (_rl_saved_line_for_history)
+ lines[i] = _rl_saved_line_for_history->line;
+ else
+ {
+ /* Keep track of this so we can free it. */
+ allocated_line = (char *)xmalloc (1 + strlen (rl_line_buffer));
+ strcpy (allocated_line, &rl_line_buffer[0]);
+ lines[i] = allocated_line;
+ }
+
+ hlen++;
+
+ /* The line where we start the search. */
+ i = orig_line;
+
+ rl_save_prompt ();
+
+ /* Initialize search parameters. */
+ search_string = (char *)xmalloc (search_string_size = 128);
+ *search_string = '\0';
+ search_string_index = 0;
+ prev_line_found = (char *)0; /* XXX */
+
+ /* Normalize DIRECTION into 1 or -1. */
+ direction = (direction >= 0) ? 1 : -1;
+
+ rl_display_search (search_string, reverse, -1);
+
+ sline = rl_line_buffer;
+ sline_len = strlen (sline);
+ line_index = rl_point;
+
+ found = failed = 0;
+ for (;;)
+ {
+ rl_command_func_t *f = (rl_command_func_t *)NULL;
+
+ /* Read a key and decide how to proceed. */
+ RL_SETSTATE(RL_STATE_MOREINPUT);
+ c = rl_read_key ();
+ RL_UNSETSTATE(RL_STATE_MOREINPUT);
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+ if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1 && rl_byte_oriented == 0)
+ c = _rl_read_mbstring (c, mb, MB_LEN_MAX);
+#endif
+
+ /* Translate the keys we do something with to opcodes. */
+ if (c >= 0 && _rl_keymap[c].type == ISFUNC)
+ {
+ f = _rl_keymap[c].function;
+
+ if (f == rl_reverse_search_history)
+ c = reverse ? -1 : -2;
+ else if (f == rl_forward_search_history)
+ c = !reverse ? -1 : -2;
+ else if (f == rl_rubout)
+ c = -3;
+ else if (c == CTRL ('G'))
+ c = -4;
+ else if (c == CTRL ('W')) /* XXX */
+ c = -5;
+ else if (c == CTRL ('Y')) /* XXX */
+ c = -6;
+ }
+
+ /* The characters in isearch_terminators (set from the user-settable
+ variable isearch-terminators) are used to terminate the search but
+ not subsequently execute the character as a command. The default
+ value is "\033\012" (ESC and C-J). */
+ if (strchr (isearch_terminators, c))
+ {
+ /* ESC still terminates the search, but if there is pending
+ input or if input arrives within 0.1 seconds (on systems
+ with select(2)) it is used as a prefix character
+ with rl_execute_next. WATCH OUT FOR THIS! This is intended
+ to allow the arrow keys to be used like ^F and ^B are used
+ to terminate the search and execute the movement command.
+ XXX - since _rl_input_available depends on the application-
+ settable keyboard timeout value, this could alternatively
+ use _rl_input_queued(100000) */
+ if (c == ESC && _rl_input_available ())
+ rl_execute_next (ESC);
+ break;
+ }
+
+#define ENDSRCH_CHAR(c) \
+ ((CTRL_CHAR (c) || META_CHAR (c) || (c) == RUBOUT) && ((c) != CTRL ('G')))
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+ if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1 && rl_byte_oriented == 0)
+ {
+ if (c >= 0 && strlen (mb) == 1 && ENDSRCH_CHAR (c))
+ {
+ /* This sets rl_pending_input to c; it will be picked up the next
+ time rl_read_key is called. */
+ rl_execute_next (c);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ else
+#endif
+ if (c >= 0 && ENDSRCH_CHAR (c))
+ {
+ /* This sets rl_pending_input to c; it will be picked up the next
+ time rl_read_key is called. */
+ rl_execute_next (c);
+ break;
+ }
+
+ switch (c)
+ {
+ case -1:
+ if (search_string_index == 0)
+ {
+ if (last_isearch_string)
+ {
+ search_string_size = 64 + last_isearch_string_len;
+ search_string = (char *)xrealloc (search_string, search_string_size);
+ strcpy (search_string, last_isearch_string);
+ search_string_index = last_isearch_string_len;
+ rl_display_search (search_string, reverse, -1);
+ break;
+ }
+ continue;
+ }
+ else if (reverse)
+ --line_index;
+ else if (line_index != sline_len)
+ ++line_index;
+ else
+ rl_ding ();
+ break;
+
+ /* switch directions */
+ case -2:
+ direction = -direction;
+ reverse = direction < 0;
+ break;
+
+ /* delete character from search string. */
+ case -3: /* C-H, DEL */
+ /* This is tricky. To do this right, we need to keep a
+ stack of search positions for the current search, with
+ sentinels marking the beginning and end. But this will
+ do until we have a real isearch-undo. */
+ if (search_string_index == 0)
+ rl_ding ();
+ else
+ search_string[--search_string_index] = '\0';
+
+ break;
+
+ case -4: /* C-G */
+ rl_replace_line (lines[orig_line], 0);
+ rl_point = orig_point;
+ rl_mark = orig_mark;
+ rl_restore_prompt();
+ rl_clear_message ();
+ if (allocated_line)
+ free (allocated_line);
+ free (lines);
+ RL_UNSETSTATE(RL_STATE_ISEARCH);
+ return 0;
+
+ case -5: /* C-W */
+ /* skip over portion of line we already matched */
+ wstart = rl_point + search_string_index;
+ if (wstart >= rl_end)
+ {
+ rl_ding ();
+ break;
+ }
+
+ /* if not in a word, move to one. */
+ if (rl_alphabetic(rl_line_buffer[wstart]) == 0)
+ {
+ rl_ding ();
+ break;
+ }
+ n = wstart;
+ while (n < rl_end && rl_alphabetic(rl_line_buffer[n]))
+ n++;
+ wlen = n - wstart + 1;
+ if (search_string_index + wlen + 1 >= search_string_size)
+ {
+ search_string_size += wlen + 1;
+ search_string = (char *)xrealloc (search_string, search_string_size);
+ }
+ for (; wstart < n; wstart++)
+ search_string[search_string_index++] = rl_line_buffer[wstart];
+ search_string[search_string_index] = '\0';
+ break;
+
+ case -6: /* C-Y */
+ /* skip over portion of line we already matched */
+ wstart = rl_point + search_string_index;
+ if (wstart >= rl_end)
+ {
+ rl_ding ();
+ break;
+ }
+ n = rl_end - wstart + 1;
+ if (search_string_index + n + 1 >= search_string_size)
+ {
+ search_string_size += n + 1;
+ search_string = (char *)xrealloc (search_string, search_string_size);
+ }
+ for (n = wstart; n < rl_end; n++)
+ search_string[search_string_index++] = rl_line_buffer[n];
+ search_string[search_string_index] = '\0';
+ break;
+
+ default:
+ /* Add character to search string and continue search. */
+ if (search_string_index + 2 >= search_string_size)
+ {
+ search_string_size += 128;
+ search_string = (char *)xrealloc (search_string, search_string_size);
+ }
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+ if (MB_CUR_MAX > 1 && rl_byte_oriented == 0)
+ {
+ int j, l;
+ for (j = 0, l = strlen (mb); j < l; )
+ search_string[search_string_index++] = mb[j++];
+ }
+ else
+#endif
+ search_string[search_string_index++] = c;
+ search_string[search_string_index] = '\0';
+ break;
+ }
+
+ for (found = failed = 0;;)
+ {
+ int limit = sline_len - search_string_index + 1;
+
+ /* Search the current line. */
+ while (reverse ? (line_index >= 0) : (line_index < limit))
+ {
+ if (STREQN (search_string, sline + line_index, search_string_index))
+ {
+ found++;
+ break;
+ }
+ else
+ line_index += direction;
+ }
+ if (found)
+ break;
+
+ /* Move to the next line, but skip new copies of the line
+ we just found and lines shorter than the string we're
+ searching for. */
+ do
+ {
+ /* Move to the next line. */
+ i += direction;
+
+ /* At limit for direction? */
+ if (reverse ? (i < 0) : (i == hlen))
+ {
+ failed++;
+ break;
+ }
+
+ /* We will need these later. */
+ sline = lines[i];
+ sline_len = strlen (sline);
+ }
+ while ((prev_line_found && STREQ (prev_line_found, lines[i])) ||
+ (search_string_index > sline_len));
+
+ if (failed)
+ break;
+
+ /* Now set up the line for searching... */
+ line_index = reverse ? sline_len - search_string_index : 0;
+ }
+
+ if (failed)
+ {
+ /* We cannot find the search string. Ding the bell. */
+ rl_ding ();
+ i = last_found_line;
+ continue; /* XXX - was break */
+ }
+
+ /* We have found the search string. Just display it. But don't
+ actually move there in the history list until the user accepts
+ the location. */
+ if (found)
+ {
+ prev_line_found = lines[i];
+ rl_replace_line (lines[i], 0);
+ rl_point = line_index;
+ last_found_line = i;
+ rl_display_search (search_string, reverse, (i == orig_line) ? -1 : i);
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* The searching is over. The user may have found the string that she
+ was looking for, or else she may have exited a failing search. If
+ LINE_INDEX is -1, then that shows that the string searched for was
+ not found. We use this to determine where to place rl_point. */
+
+ /* First put back the original state. */
+ strcpy (rl_line_buffer, lines[orig_line]);
+
+ rl_restore_prompt ();
+
+ /* Save the search string for possible later use. */
+ FREE (last_isearch_string);
+ last_isearch_string = search_string;
+ last_isearch_string_len = search_string_index;
+
+ if (last_found_line < orig_line)
+ rl_get_previous_history (orig_line - last_found_line, 0);
+ else
+ rl_get_next_history (last_found_line - orig_line, 0);
+
+ /* If the string was not found, put point at the end of the last matching
+ line. If last_found_line == orig_line, we didn't find any matching
+ history lines at all, so put point back in its original position. */
+ if (line_index < 0)
+ {
+ if (last_found_line == orig_line)
+ line_index = orig_point;
+ else
+ line_index = strlen (rl_line_buffer);
+ rl_mark = orig_mark;
+ }
+
+ rl_point = line_index;
+ /* Don't worry about where to put the mark here; rl_get_previous_history
+ and rl_get_next_history take care of it. */
+
+ rl_clear_message ();
+
+ FREE (allocated_line);
+ free (lines);
+
+ RL_UNSETSTATE(RL_STATE_ISEARCH);
+
+ return 0;
+}
+++ /dev/null
-/* posixdir.h -- Posix directory reading includes and defines. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1987,1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
- This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
- Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
- under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
- any later version.
-
- Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
- ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
- or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public
- License for more details.
-
- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with Bash; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free
- Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA. */
-
-/* This file should be included instead of <dirent.h> or <sys/dir.h>. */
-
-#if !defined (_POSIXDIR_H_)
-#define _POSIXDIR_H_
-
-#if defined (HAVE_DIRENT_H)
-# include <dirent.h>
-# if defined (HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_NAMLEN)
-# define D_NAMLEN(d) ((d)->d_namlen)
-# else
-# define D_NAMLEN(d) (strlen ((d)->d_name))
-# endif /* !HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_NAMLEN */
-#else
-# if defined (HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H)
-# include <sys/ndir.h>
-# endif
-# if defined (HAVE_SYS_DIR_H)
-# include <sys/dir.h>
-# endif
-# if defined (HAVE_NDIR_H)
-# include <ndir.h>
-# endif
-# if !defined (dirent)
-# define dirent direct
-# endif /* !dirent */
-# define D_NAMLEN(d) ((d)->d_namlen)
-#endif /* !HAVE_DIRENT_H */
-
-#if defined (HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_INO) && !defined (HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_FILENO)
-# define d_fileno d_ino
-#endif
-
-#if defined (_POSIX_SOURCE) && (!defined (HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_INO) || defined (BROKEN_DIRENT_D_INO))
-/* Posix does not require that the d_ino field be present, and some
- systems do not provide it. */
-# define REAL_DIR_ENTRY(dp) 1
-#else
-# define REAL_DIR_ENTRY(dp) (dp->d_ino != 0)
-#endif /* _POSIX_SOURCE */
-
-#endif /* !_POSIXDIR_H_ */
--- /dev/null
+../../include/posixdir.h
\ No newline at end of file
+++ /dev/null
-/* posixjmp.h -- wrapper for setjmp.h with changes for POSIX systems. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1987,1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
- This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
- Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
- under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
- any later version.
-
- Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
- ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
- or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public
- License for more details.
-
- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with Bash; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free
- Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA. */
-
-#ifndef _POSIXJMP_H_
-#define _POSIXJMP_H_
-
-#include <setjmp.h>
-
-/* This *must* be included *after* config.h */
-
-#if defined (HAVE_POSIX_SIGSETJMP)
-# define procenv_t sigjmp_buf
-# if !defined (__OPENNT)
-# undef setjmp
-# define setjmp(x) sigsetjmp((x), 1)
-# undef longjmp
-# define longjmp(x, n) siglongjmp((x), (n))
-# endif /* !__OPENNT */
-#else
-# define procenv_t jmp_buf
-#endif
-
-#endif /* _POSIXJMP_H_ */
--- /dev/null
+../../include/posixjmp.h
\ No newline at end of file
+++ /dev/null
-/* posixstat.h -- Posix stat(2) definitions for systems that
- don't have them. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1987,1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
- This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
-
- Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
- under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
- any later version.
-
- Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
- ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
- or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public
- License for more details.
-
- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with Bash; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free
- Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA. */
-
-/* This file should be included instead of <sys/stat.h>.
- It relies on the local sys/stat.h to work though. */
-#if !defined (_POSIXSTAT_H_)
-#define _POSIXSTAT_H_
-
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-
-#if defined (STAT_MACROS_BROKEN)
-# undef S_ISBLK
-# undef S_ISCHR
-# undef S_ISDIR
-# undef S_ISFIFO
-# undef S_ISREG
-# undef S_ISLNK
-#endif /* STAT_MACROS_BROKEN */
-
-/* These are guaranteed to work only on isc386 */
-#if !defined (S_IFDIR) && !defined (S_ISDIR)
-# define S_IFDIR 0040000
-#endif /* !S_IFDIR && !S_ISDIR */
-#if !defined (S_IFMT)
-# define S_IFMT 0170000
-#endif /* !S_IFMT */
-
-/* Posix 1003.1 5.6.1.1 <sys/stat.h> file types */
-
-/* Some Posix-wannabe systems define _S_IF* macros instead of S_IF*, but
- do not provide the S_IS* macros that Posix requires. */
-
-#if defined (_S_IFMT) && !defined (S_IFMT)
-#define S_IFMT _S_IFMT
-#endif
-#if defined (_S_IFIFO) && !defined (S_IFIFO)
-#define S_IFIFO _S_IFIFO
-#endif
-#if defined (_S_IFCHR) && !defined (S_IFCHR)
-#define S_IFCHR _S_IFCHR
-#endif
-#if defined (_S_IFDIR) && !defined (S_IFDIR)
-#define S_IFDIR _S_IFDIR
-#endif
-#if defined (_S_IFBLK) && !defined (S_IFBLK)
-#define S_IFBLK _S_IFBLK
-#endif
-#if defined (_S_IFREG) && !defined (S_IFREG)
-#define S_IFREG _S_IFREG
-#endif
-#if defined (_S_IFLNK) && !defined (S_IFLNK)
-#define S_IFLNK _S_IFLNK
-#endif
-#if defined (_S_IFSOCK) && !defined (S_IFSOCK)
-#define S_IFSOCK _S_IFSOCK
-#endif
-
-/* Test for each symbol individually and define the ones necessary (some
- systems claiming Posix compatibility define some but not all). */
-
-#if defined (S_IFBLK) && !defined (S_ISBLK)
-#define S_ISBLK(m) (((m)&S_IFMT) == S_IFBLK) /* block device */
-#endif
-
-#if defined (S_IFCHR) && !defined (S_ISCHR)
-#define S_ISCHR(m) (((m)&S_IFMT) == S_IFCHR) /* character device */
-#endif
-
-#if defined (S_IFDIR) && !defined (S_ISDIR)
-#define S_ISDIR(m) (((m)&S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR) /* directory */
-#endif
-
-#if defined (S_IFREG) && !defined (S_ISREG)
-#define S_ISREG(m) (((m)&S_IFMT) == S_IFREG) /* file */
-#endif
-
-#if defined (S_IFIFO) && !defined (S_ISFIFO)
-#define S_ISFIFO(m) (((m)&S_IFMT) == S_IFIFO) /* fifo - named pipe */
-#endif
-
-#if defined (S_IFLNK) && !defined (S_ISLNK)
-#define S_ISLNK(m) (((m)&S_IFMT) == S_IFLNK) /* symbolic link */
-#endif
-
-#if defined (S_IFSOCK) && !defined (S_ISSOCK)
-#define S_ISSOCK(m) (((m)&S_IFMT) == S_IFSOCK) /* socket */
-#endif
-
-/*
- * POSIX 1003.1 5.6.1.2 <sys/stat.h> File Modes
- */
-
-#if !defined (S_IRWXU)
-# if !defined (S_IREAD)
-# define S_IREAD 00400
-# define S_IWRITE 00200
-# define S_IEXEC 00100
-# endif /* S_IREAD */
-
-# if !defined (S_IRUSR)
-# define S_IRUSR S_IREAD /* read, owner */
-# define S_IWUSR S_IWRITE /* write, owner */
-# define S_IXUSR S_IEXEC /* execute, owner */
-
-# define S_IRGRP (S_IREAD >> 3) /* read, group */
-# define S_IWGRP (S_IWRITE >> 3) /* write, group */
-# define S_IXGRP (S_IEXEC >> 3) /* execute, group */
-
-# define S_IROTH (S_IREAD >> 6) /* read, other */
-# define S_IWOTH (S_IWRITE >> 6) /* write, other */
-# define S_IXOTH (S_IEXEC >> 6) /* execute, other */
-# endif /* !S_IRUSR */
-
-# define S_IRWXU (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IXUSR)
-# define S_IRWXG (S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IXGRP)
-# define S_IRWXO (S_IROTH | S_IWOTH | S_IXOTH)
-#endif /* !S_IRWXU */
-
-/* These are non-standard, but are used in builtins.c$symbolic_umask() */
-#define S_IRUGO (S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)
-#define S_IWUGO (S_IWUSR | S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH)
-#define S_IXUGO (S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH)
-
-#endif /* _POSIXSTAT_H_ */
--- /dev/null
+../../include/posixstat.h
\ No newline at end of file
+++ /dev/null
-/* tilde.c -- Tilde expansion code (~/foo := $HOME/foo). */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1988,1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
- This file is part of GNU Readline, a library for reading lines
- of text with interactive input and history editing.
-
- Readline is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
- under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
- Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any
- later version.
-
- Readline is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
- WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
- General Public License for more details.
-
- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with Readline; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free
- Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA. */
-
-#if defined (HAVE_CONFIG_H)
-# include <config.h>
-#endif
-
-#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
-# ifdef _MINIX
-# include <sys/types.h>
-# endif
-# include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#if defined (HAVE_STRING_H)
-# include <string.h>
-#else /* !HAVE_STRING_H */
-# include <strings.h>
-#endif /* !HAVE_STRING_H */
-
-#if defined (HAVE_STDLIB_H)
-# include <stdlib.h>
-#else
-# include "ansi_stdlib.h"
-#endif /* HAVE_STDLIB_H */
-
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#if defined (HAVE_PWD_H)
-#include <pwd.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "tilde.h"
-
-#if defined (TEST) || defined (STATIC_MALLOC)
-static void *xmalloc (), *xrealloc ();
-#else
-# include "xmalloc.h"
-#endif /* TEST || STATIC_MALLOC */
-
-#if !defined (HAVE_GETPW_DECLS)
-# if defined (HAVE_GETPWUID)
-extern struct passwd *getpwuid PARAMS((uid_t));
-# endif
-# if defined (HAVE_GETPWNAM)
-extern struct passwd *getpwnam PARAMS((const char *));
-# endif
-#endif /* !HAVE_GETPW_DECLS */
-
-#if !defined (savestring)
-#define savestring(x) strcpy ((char *)xmalloc (1 + strlen (x)), (x))
-#endif /* !savestring */
-
-#if !defined (NULL)
-# if defined (__STDC__)
-# define NULL ((void *) 0)
-# else
-# define NULL 0x0
-# endif /* !__STDC__ */
-#endif /* !NULL */
-
-/* If being compiled as part of bash, these will be satisfied from
- variables.o. If being compiled as part of readline, they will
- be satisfied from shell.o. */
-extern char *sh_get_home_dir PARAMS((void));
-extern char *sh_get_env_value PARAMS((const char *));
-
-/* The default value of tilde_additional_prefixes. This is set to
- whitespace preceding a tilde so that simple programs which do not
- perform any word separation get desired behaviour. */
-static const char *default_prefixes[] =
- { " ~", "\t~", (const char *)NULL };
-
-/* The default value of tilde_additional_suffixes. This is set to
- whitespace or newline so that simple programs which do not
- perform any word separation get desired behaviour. */
-static const char *default_suffixes[] =
- { " ", "\n", (const char *)NULL };
-
-/* If non-null, this contains the address of a function that the application
- wants called before trying the standard tilde expansions. The function
- is called with the text sans tilde, and returns a malloc()'ed string
- which is the expansion, or a NULL pointer if the expansion fails. */
-tilde_hook_func_t *tilde_expansion_preexpansion_hook = (tilde_hook_func_t *)NULL;
-
-/* If non-null, this contains the address of a function to call if the
- standard meaning for expanding a tilde fails. The function is called
- with the text (sans tilde, as in "foo"), and returns a malloc()'ed string
- which is the expansion, or a NULL pointer if there is no expansion. */
-tilde_hook_func_t *tilde_expansion_failure_hook = (tilde_hook_func_t *)NULL;
-
-/* When non-null, this is a NULL terminated array of strings which
- are duplicates for a tilde prefix. Bash uses this to expand
- `=~' and `:~'. */
-char **tilde_additional_prefixes = (char **)default_prefixes;
-
-/* When non-null, this is a NULL terminated array of strings which match
- the end of a username, instead of just "/". Bash sets this to
- `:' and `=~'. */
-char **tilde_additional_suffixes = (char **)default_suffixes;
-
-static int tilde_find_prefix PARAMS((const char *, int *));
-static int tilde_find_suffix PARAMS((const char *));
-static char *isolate_tilde_prefix PARAMS((const char *, int *));
-static char *glue_prefix_and_suffix PARAMS((char *, const char *, int));
-
-/* Find the start of a tilde expansion in STRING, and return the index of
- the tilde which starts the expansion. Place the length of the text
- which identified this tilde starter in LEN, excluding the tilde itself. */
-static int
-tilde_find_prefix (string, len)
- const char *string;
- int *len;
-{
- register int i, j, string_len;
- register char **prefixes;
-
- prefixes = tilde_additional_prefixes;
-
- string_len = strlen (string);
- *len = 0;
-
- if (*string == '\0' || *string == '~')
- return (0);
-
- if (prefixes)
- {
- for (i = 0; i < string_len; i++)
- {
- for (j = 0; prefixes[j]; j++)
- {
- if (strncmp (string + i, prefixes[j], strlen (prefixes[j])) == 0)
- {
- *len = strlen (prefixes[j]) - 1;
- return (i + *len);
- }
- }
- }
- }
- return (string_len);
-}
-
-/* Find the end of a tilde expansion in STRING, and return the index of
- the character which ends the tilde definition. */
-static int
-tilde_find_suffix (string)
- const char *string;
-{
- register int i, j, string_len;
- register char **suffixes;
-
- suffixes = tilde_additional_suffixes;
- string_len = strlen (string);
-
- for (i = 0; i < string_len; i++)
- {
-#if defined (__MSDOS__)
- if (string[i] == '/' || string[i] == '\\' /* || !string[i] */)
-#else
- if (string[i] == '/' /* || !string[i] */)
-#endif
- break;
-
- for (j = 0; suffixes && suffixes[j]; j++)
- {
- if (strncmp (string + i, suffixes[j], strlen (suffixes[j])) == 0)
- return (i);
- }
- }
- return (i);
-}
-
-/* Return a new string which is the result of tilde expanding STRING. */
-char *
-tilde_expand (string)
- const char *string;
-{
- char *result;
- int result_size, result_index;
-
- result_index = result_size = 0;
- if (result = strchr (string, '~'))
- result = (char *)xmalloc (result_size = (strlen (string) + 16));
- else
- result = (char *)xmalloc (result_size = (strlen (string) + 1));
-
- /* Scan through STRING expanding tildes as we come to them. */
- while (1)
- {
- register int start, end;
- char *tilde_word, *expansion;
- int len;
-
- /* Make START point to the tilde which starts the expansion. */
- start = tilde_find_prefix (string, &len);
-
- /* Copy the skipped text into the result. */
- if ((result_index + start + 1) > result_size)
- result = (char *)xrealloc (result, 1 + (result_size += (start + 20)));
-
- strncpy (result + result_index, string, start);
- result_index += start;
-
- /* Advance STRING to the starting tilde. */
- string += start;
-
- /* Make END be the index of one after the last character of the
- username. */
- end = tilde_find_suffix (string);
-
- /* If both START and END are zero, we are all done. */
- if (!start && !end)
- break;
-
- /* Expand the entire tilde word, and copy it into RESULT. */
- tilde_word = (char *)xmalloc (1 + end);
- strncpy (tilde_word, string, end);
- tilde_word[end] = '\0';
- string += end;
-
- expansion = tilde_expand_word (tilde_word);
- free (tilde_word);
-
- len = strlen (expansion);
-#ifdef __CYGWIN__
- /* Fix for Cygwin to prevent ~user/xxx from expanding to //xxx when
- $HOME for `user' is /. On cygwin, // denotes a network drive. */
- if (len > 1 || *expansion != '/' || *string != '/')
-#endif
- {
- if ((result_index + len + 1) > result_size)
- result = (char *)xrealloc (result, 1 + (result_size += (len + 20)));
-
- strcpy (result + result_index, expansion);
- result_index += len;
- }
- free (expansion);
- }
-
- result[result_index] = '\0';
-
- return (result);
-}
-
-/* Take FNAME and return the tilde prefix we want expanded. If LENP is
- non-null, the index of the end of the prefix into FNAME is returned in
- the location it points to. */
-static char *
-isolate_tilde_prefix (fname, lenp)
- const char *fname;
- int *lenp;
-{
- char *ret;
- int i;
-
- ret = (char *)xmalloc (strlen (fname));
-#if defined (__MSDOS__)
- for (i = 1; fname[i] && fname[i] != '/' && fname[i] != '\\'; i++)
-#else
- for (i = 1; fname[i] && fname[i] != '/'; i++)
-#endif
- ret[i - 1] = fname[i];
- ret[i - 1] = '\0';
- if (lenp)
- *lenp = i;
- return ret;
-}
-
-#if 0
-/* Public function to scan a string (FNAME) beginning with a tilde and find
- the portion of the string that should be passed to the tilde expansion
- function. Right now, it just calls tilde_find_suffix and allocates new
- memory, but it can be expanded to do different things later. */
-char *
-tilde_find_word (fname, flags, lenp)
- const char *fname;
- int flags, *lenp;
-{
- int x;
- char *r;
-
- x = tilde_find_suffix (fname);
- if (x == 0)
- {
- r = savestring (fname);
- if (lenp)
- *lenp = 0;
- }
- else
- {
- r = (char *)xmalloc (1 + x);
- strncpy (r, fname, x);
- r[x] = '\0';
- if (lenp)
- *lenp = x;
- }
-
- return r;
-}
-#endif
-
-/* Return a string that is PREFIX concatenated with SUFFIX starting at
- SUFFIND. */
-static char *
-glue_prefix_and_suffix (prefix, suffix, suffind)
- char *prefix;
- const char *suffix;
- int suffind;
-{
- char *ret;
- int plen, slen;
-
- plen = (prefix && *prefix) ? strlen (prefix) : 0;
- slen = strlen (suffix + suffind);
- ret = (char *)xmalloc (plen + slen + 1);
- if (plen)
- strcpy (ret, prefix);
- strcpy (ret + plen, suffix + suffind);
- return ret;
-}
-
-/* Do the work of tilde expansion on FILENAME. FILENAME starts with a
- tilde. If there is no expansion, call tilde_expansion_failure_hook.
- This always returns a newly-allocated string, never static storage. */
-char *
-tilde_expand_word (filename)
- const char *filename;
-{
- char *dirname, *expansion, *username;
- int user_len;
- struct passwd *user_entry;
-
- if (filename == 0)
- return ((char *)NULL);
-
- if (*filename != '~')
- return (savestring (filename));
-
- /* A leading `~/' or a bare `~' is *always* translated to the value of
- $HOME or the home directory of the current user, regardless of any
- preexpansion hook. */
- if (filename[1] == '\0' || filename[1] == '/')
- {
- /* Prefix $HOME to the rest of the string. */
- expansion = sh_get_env_value ("HOME");
-
- /* If there is no HOME variable, look up the directory in
- the password database. */
- if (expansion == 0)
- expansion = sh_get_home_dir ();
-
- return (glue_prefix_and_suffix (expansion, filename, 1));
- }
-
- username = isolate_tilde_prefix (filename, &user_len);
-
- if (tilde_expansion_preexpansion_hook)
- {
- expansion = (*tilde_expansion_preexpansion_hook) (username);
- if (expansion)
- {
- dirname = glue_prefix_and_suffix (expansion, filename, user_len);
- free (username);
- free (expansion);
- return (dirname);
- }
- }
-
- /* No preexpansion hook, or the preexpansion hook failed. Look in the
- password database. */
- dirname = (char *)NULL;
-#if defined (HAVE_GETPWNAM)
- user_entry = getpwnam (username);
-#else
- user_entry = 0;
-#endif
- if (user_entry == 0)
- {
- /* If the calling program has a special syntax for expanding tildes,
- and we couldn't find a standard expansion, then let them try. */
- if (tilde_expansion_failure_hook)
- {
- expansion = (*tilde_expansion_failure_hook) (username);
- if (expansion)
- {
- dirname = glue_prefix_and_suffix (expansion, filename, user_len);
- free (expansion);
- }
- }
- /* If we don't have a failure hook, or if the failure hook did not
- expand the tilde, return a copy of what we were passed. */
- if (dirname == 0)
- dirname = savestring (filename);
- }
-#if defined (HAVE_GETPWENT)
- else
- dirname = glue_prefix_and_suffix (user_entry->pw_dir, filename, user_len);
-#endif
-
- free (username);
-#if defined (HAVE_GETPWENT)
- endpwent ();
-#endif
- return (dirname);
-}
-
-\f
-#if defined (TEST)
-#undef NULL
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-main (argc, argv)
- int argc;
- char **argv;
-{
- char *result, line[512];
- int done = 0;
-
- while (!done)
- {
- printf ("~expand: ");
- fflush (stdout);
-
- if (!gets (line))
- strcpy (line, "done");
-
- if ((strcmp (line, "done") == 0) ||
- (strcmp (line, "quit") == 0) ||
- (strcmp (line, "exit") == 0))
- {
- done = 1;
- break;
- }
-
- result = tilde_expand (line);
- printf (" --> %s\n", result);
- free (result);
- }
- exit (0);
-}
-
-static void memory_error_and_abort ();
-
-static void *
-xmalloc (bytes)
- size_t bytes;
-{
- void *temp = (char *)malloc (bytes);
-
- if (!temp)
- memory_error_and_abort ();
- return (temp);
-}
-
-static void *
-xrealloc (pointer, bytes)
- void *pointer;
- int bytes;
-{
- void *temp;
-
- if (!pointer)
- temp = malloc (bytes);
- else
- temp = realloc (pointer, bytes);
-
- if (!temp)
- memory_error_and_abort ();
-
- return (temp);
-}
-
-static void
-memory_error_and_abort ()
-{
- fprintf (stderr, "readline: out of virtual memory\n");
- abort ();
-}
-
-/*
- * Local variables:
- * compile-command: "gcc -g -DTEST -o tilde tilde.c"
- * end:
- */
-#endif /* TEST */
--- /dev/null
+../tilde/tilde.c
\ No newline at end of file
+++ /dev/null
-/* tilde.h: Externally available variables and function in libtilde.a. */
-
-/* Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
- This file contains the Readline Library (the Library), a set of
- routines for providing Emacs style line input to programs that ask
- for it.
-
- The Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
- it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
- any later version.
-
- The Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
- WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
- General Public License for more details.
-
- The GNU General Public License is often shipped with GNU software, and
- is generally kept in a file called COPYING or LICENSE. If you do not
- have a copy of the license, write to the Free Software Foundation,
- 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA. */
-
-#if !defined (_TILDE_H_)
-# define _TILDE_H_
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-/* A function can be defined using prototypes and compile on both ANSI C
- and traditional C compilers with something like this:
- extern char *func PARAMS((char *, char *, int)); */
-
-#if !defined (PARAMS)
-# if defined (__STDC__) || defined (__GNUC__) || defined (__cplusplus)
-# define PARAMS(protos) protos
-# else
-# define PARAMS(protos) ()
-# endif
-#endif
-
-typedef char *tilde_hook_func_t PARAMS((char *));
-
-/* If non-null, this contains the address of a function that the application
- wants called before trying the standard tilde expansions. The function
- is called with the text sans tilde, and returns a malloc()'ed string
- which is the expansion, or a NULL pointer if the expansion fails. */
-extern tilde_hook_func_t *tilde_expansion_preexpansion_hook;
-
-/* If non-null, this contains the address of a function to call if the
- standard meaning for expanding a tilde fails. The function is called
- with the text (sans tilde, as in "foo"), and returns a malloc()'ed string
- which is the expansion, or a NULL pointer if there is no expansion. */
-extern tilde_hook_func_t *tilde_expansion_failure_hook;
-
-/* When non-null, this is a NULL terminated array of strings which
- are duplicates for a tilde prefix. Bash uses this to expand
- `=~' and `:~'. */
-extern char **tilde_additional_prefixes;
-
-/* When non-null, this is a NULL terminated array of strings which match
- the end of a username, instead of just "/". Bash sets this to
- `:' and `=~'. */
-extern char **tilde_additional_suffixes;
-
-/* Return a new string which is the result of tilde expanding STRING. */
-extern char *tilde_expand PARAMS((const char *));
-
-/* Do the work of tilde expansion on FILENAME. FILENAME starts with a
- tilde. If there is no expansion, call tilde_expansion_failure_hook. */
-extern char *tilde_expand_word PARAMS((const char *));
-
-/* Find the portion of the string beginning with ~ that should be expanded. */
-extern char *tilde_find_word PARAMS((const char *, int, int *));
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
-
-#endif /* _TILDE_H_ */
--- /dev/null
+../tilde/tilde.h
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+/* Yacc grammar for bash. */
+
+/* Copyright (C) 1989-2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ This file is part of GNU Bash, the Bourne Again SHell.
+
+ Bash is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+ the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+ Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
+ version.
+
+ Bash is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+ WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
+ for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+ with Bash; see the file LICENSE. If not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA. */
+
+%{
+#include "config.h"
+
+#include "bashtypes.h"
+#include "bashansi.h"
+
+#include "filecntl.h"
+
+#if defined (HAVE_UNISTD_H)
+# include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined (HAVE_LOCALE_H)
+# include <locale.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include "chartypes.h"
+#include <signal.h>
+
+#include "memalloc.h"
+
+#include "bashintl.h"
+
+#define NEED_STRFTIME_DECL /* used in externs.h */
+
+#include "shell.h"
+#include "trap.h"
+#include "flags.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "mailcheck.h"
+#include "test.h"
+#include "builtins.h"
+#include "builtins/common.h"
+#include "builtins/builtext.h"
+
+#include "shmbutil.h"
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+# include "bashline.h"
+# include <readline/readline.h>
+#endif /* READLINE */
+
+#if defined (HISTORY)
+# include "bashhist.h"
+# include <readline/history.h>
+#endif /* HISTORY */
+
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
+# include "jobs.h"
+#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
+
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+# include "alias.h"
+#else
+typedef void *alias_t;
+#endif /* ALIAS */
+
+#if defined (PROMPT_STRING_DECODE)
+# ifndef _MINIX
+# include <sys/param.h>
+# endif
+# include <time.h>
+# if defined (TM_IN_SYS_TIME)
+# include <sys/types.h>
+# include <sys/time.h>
+# endif /* TM_IN_SYS_TIME */
+# include "maxpath.h"
+#endif /* PROMPT_STRING_DECODE */
+
+#define RE_READ_TOKEN -99
+#define NO_EXPANSION -100
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+# define YYDEBUG 1
+#else
+# define YYDEBUG 0
+#endif
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+# define last_shell_getc_is_singlebyte \
+ ((shell_input_line_index > 1) \
+ ? shell_input_line_property[shell_input_line_index - 1] \
+ : 1)
+# define MBTEST(x) ((x) && last_shell_getc_is_singlebyte)
+#else
+# define last_shell_getc_is_singlebyte 1
+# define MBTEST(x) ((x))
+#endif
+
+#if defined (EXTENDED_GLOB)
+extern int extended_glob;
+#endif
+
+extern int eof_encountered;
+extern int no_line_editing, running_under_emacs;
+extern int current_command_number;
+extern int sourcelevel;
+extern int posixly_correct;
+extern int last_command_exit_value;
+extern char *shell_name, *current_host_name;
+extern char *dist_version;
+extern int patch_level;
+extern int dump_translatable_strings, dump_po_strings;
+extern sh_builtin_func_t *last_shell_builtin, *this_shell_builtin;
+#if defined (BUFFERED_INPUT)
+extern int bash_input_fd_changed;
+#endif
+
+extern int errno;
+/* **************************************************************** */
+/* */
+/* "Forward" declarations */
+/* */
+/* **************************************************************** */
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+static void debug_parser __P((int));
+#endif
+
+static int yy_getc __P((void));
+static int yy_ungetc __P((int));
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+static int yy_readline_get __P((void));
+static int yy_readline_unget __P((int));
+#endif
+
+static int yy_string_get __P((void));
+static int yy_string_unget __P((int));
+static int yy_stream_get __P((void));
+static int yy_stream_unget __P((int));
+
+static int shell_getc __P((int));
+static void shell_ungetc __P((int));
+static void discard_until __P((int));
+
+#if defined (ALIAS) || defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
+static void push_string __P((char *, int, alias_t *));
+static void pop_string __P((void));
+static void free_string_list __P((void));
+#endif
+
+static char *read_a_line __P((int));
+
+static int reserved_word_acceptable __P((int));
+static int yylex __P((void));
+static int alias_expand_token __P((char *));
+static int time_command_acceptable __P((void));
+static int special_case_tokens __P((char *));
+static int read_token __P((int));
+static char *parse_matched_pair __P((int, int, int, int *, int));
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+static char *parse_compound_assignment __P((int *));
+#endif
+#if defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC) || defined (ARITH_FOR_COMMAND)
+static int parse_dparen __P((int));
+static int parse_arith_cmd __P((char **, int));
+#endif
+#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
+static void cond_error __P((void));
+static COND_COM *cond_expr __P((void));
+static COND_COM *cond_or __P((void));
+static COND_COM *cond_and __P((void));
+static COND_COM *cond_term __P((void));
+static int cond_skip_newlines __P((void));
+static COMMAND *parse_cond_command __P((void));
+#endif
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+static int token_is_assignment __P((char *, int));
+static int token_is_ident __P((char *, int));
+#endif
+static int read_token_word __P((int));
+static void discard_parser_constructs __P((int));
+
+static char *error_token_from_token __P((int));
+static char *error_token_from_text __P((void));
+static void print_offending_line __P((void));
+static void report_syntax_error __P((char *));
+
+static void handle_eof_input_unit __P((void));
+static void prompt_again __P((void));
+#if 0
+static void reset_readline_prompt __P((void));
+#endif
+static void print_prompt __P((void));
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+static void set_line_mbstate __P((void));
+static char *shell_input_line_property = NULL;
+#else
+# define set_line_mbstate()
+#endif
+
+extern int yyerror __P((const char *));
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+extern int yydebug;
+#endif
+
+/* Default prompt strings */
+char *primary_prompt = PPROMPT;
+char *secondary_prompt = SPROMPT;
+
+/* PROMPT_STRING_POINTER points to one of these, never to an actual string. */
+char *ps1_prompt, *ps2_prompt;
+
+/* Handle on the current prompt string. Indirectly points through
+ ps1_ or ps2_prompt. */
+char **prompt_string_pointer = (char **)NULL;
+char *current_prompt_string;
+
+/* Non-zero means we expand aliases in commands. */
+int expand_aliases = 0;
+
+/* If non-zero, the decoded prompt string undergoes parameter and
+ variable substitution, command substitution, arithmetic substitution,
+ string expansion, process substitution, and quote removal in
+ decode_prompt_string. */
+int promptvars = 1;
+
+/* If non-zero, $'...' and $"..." are expanded when they appear within
+ a ${...} expansion, even when the expansion appears within double
+ quotes. */
+int extended_quote = 1;
+
+/* The decoded prompt string. Used if READLINE is not defined or if
+ editing is turned off. Analogous to current_readline_prompt. */
+static char *current_decoded_prompt;
+
+/* The number of lines read from input while creating the current command. */
+int current_command_line_count;
+
+/* Variables to manage the task of reading here documents, because we need to
+ defer the reading until after a complete command has been collected. */
+static REDIRECT *redir_stack[10];
+int need_here_doc;
+
+/* Where shell input comes from. History expansion is performed on each
+ line when the shell is interactive. */
+static char *shell_input_line = (char *)NULL;
+static int shell_input_line_index;
+static int shell_input_line_size; /* Amount allocated for shell_input_line. */
+static int shell_input_line_len; /* strlen (shell_input_line) */
+
+/* Either zero or EOF. */
+static int shell_input_line_terminator;
+
+/* The line number in a script on which a function definition starts. */
+static int function_dstart;
+
+/* The line number in a script on which a function body starts. */
+static int function_bstart;
+
+/* The line number in a script at which an arithmetic for command starts. */
+static int arith_for_lineno;
+
+/* The line number in a script where the word in a `case WORD', `select WORD'
+ or `for WORD' begins. This is a nested command maximum, since the array
+ index is decremented after a case, select, or for command is parsed. */
+#define MAX_CASE_NEST 128
+static int word_lineno[MAX_CASE_NEST];
+static int word_top = -1;
+
+/* If non-zero, it is the token that we want read_token to return
+ regardless of what text is (or isn't) present to be read. This
+ is reset by read_token. If token_to_read == WORD or
+ ASSIGNMENT_WORD, yylval.word should be set to word_desc_to_read. */
+static int token_to_read;
+static WORD_DESC *word_desc_to_read;
+
+static REDIRECTEE redir;
+%}
+
+%union {
+ WORD_DESC *word; /* the word that we read. */
+ int number; /* the number that we read. */
+ WORD_LIST *word_list;
+ COMMAND *command;
+ REDIRECT *redirect;
+ ELEMENT element;
+ PATTERN_LIST *pattern;
+}
+
+/* Reserved words. Members of the first group are only recognized
+ in the case that they are preceded by a list_terminator. Members
+ of the second group are for [[...]] commands. Members of the
+ third group are recognized only under special circumstances. */
+%token IF THEN ELSE ELIF FI CASE ESAC FOR SELECT WHILE UNTIL DO DONE FUNCTION
+%token COND_START COND_END COND_ERROR
+%token IN BANG TIME TIMEOPT
+
+/* More general tokens. yylex () knows how to make these. */
+%token <word> WORD ASSIGNMENT_WORD
+%token <number> NUMBER
+%token <word_list> ARITH_CMD ARITH_FOR_EXPRS
+%token <command> COND_CMD
+%token AND_AND OR_OR GREATER_GREATER LESS_LESS LESS_AND LESS_LESS_LESS
+%token GREATER_AND SEMI_SEMI LESS_LESS_MINUS AND_GREATER LESS_GREATER
+%token GREATER_BAR
+
+/* The types that the various syntactical units return. */
+
+%type <command> inputunit command pipeline pipeline_command
+%type <command> list list0 list1 compound_list simple_list simple_list1
+%type <command> simple_command shell_command
+%type <command> for_command select_command case_command group_command
+%type <command> arith_command
+%type <command> cond_command
+%type <command> arith_for_command
+%type <command> function_def function_body if_command elif_clause subshell
+%type <redirect> redirection redirection_list
+%type <element> simple_command_element
+%type <word_list> word_list pattern
+%type <pattern> pattern_list case_clause_sequence case_clause
+%type <number> timespec
+%type <number> list_terminator
+
+%start inputunit
+
+%left '&' ';' '\n' yacc_EOF
+%left AND_AND OR_OR
+%right '|'
+%%
+
+inputunit: simple_list simple_list_terminator
+ {
+ /* Case of regular command. Discard the error
+ safety net,and return the command just parsed. */
+ global_command = $1;
+ eof_encountered = 0;
+ /* discard_parser_constructs (0); */
+ YYACCEPT;
+ }
+ | '\n'
+ {
+ /* Case of regular command, but not a very
+ interesting one. Return a NULL command. */
+ global_command = (COMMAND *)NULL;
+ YYACCEPT;
+ }
+ | error '\n'
+ {
+ /* Error during parsing. Return NULL command. */
+ global_command = (COMMAND *)NULL;
+ eof_encountered = 0;
+ /* discard_parser_constructs (1); */
+ if (interactive)
+ {
+ YYACCEPT;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ YYABORT;
+ }
+ }
+ | yacc_EOF
+ {
+ /* Case of EOF seen by itself. Do ignoreeof or
+ not. */
+ global_command = (COMMAND *)NULL;
+ handle_eof_input_unit ();
+ YYACCEPT;
+ }
+ ;
+
+word_list: WORD
+ { $$ = make_word_list ($1, (WORD_LIST *)NULL); }
+ | word_list WORD
+ { $$ = make_word_list ($2, $1); }
+ ;
+
+redirection: '>' WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $2;
+ $$ = make_redirection (1, r_output_direction, redir);
+ }
+ | '<' WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $2;
+ $$ = make_redirection (0, r_input_direction, redir);
+ }
+ | NUMBER '>' WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $3;
+ $$ = make_redirection ($1, r_output_direction, redir);
+ }
+ | NUMBER '<' WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $3;
+ $$ = make_redirection ($1, r_input_direction, redir);
+ }
+ | GREATER_GREATER WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $2;
+ $$ = make_redirection (1, r_appending_to, redir);
+ }
+ | NUMBER GREATER_GREATER WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $3;
+ $$ = make_redirection ($1, r_appending_to, redir);
+ }
+ | LESS_LESS WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $2;
+ $$ = make_redirection (0, r_reading_until, redir);
+ redir_stack[need_here_doc++] = $$;
+ }
+ | NUMBER LESS_LESS WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $3;
+ $$ = make_redirection ($1, r_reading_until, redir);
+ redir_stack[need_here_doc++] = $$;
+ }
+ | LESS_LESS_LESS WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $2;
+ $$ = make_redirection (0, r_reading_string, redir);
+ }
+ | NUMBER LESS_LESS_LESS WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $3;
+ $$ = make_redirection ($1, r_reading_string, redir);
+ }
+ | LESS_AND NUMBER
+ {
+ redir.dest = $2;
+ $$ = make_redirection (0, r_duplicating_input, redir);
+ }
+ | NUMBER LESS_AND NUMBER
+ {
+ redir.dest = $3;
+ $$ = make_redirection ($1, r_duplicating_input, redir);
+ }
+ | GREATER_AND NUMBER
+ {
+ redir.dest = $2;
+ $$ = make_redirection (1, r_duplicating_output, redir);
+ }
+ | NUMBER GREATER_AND NUMBER
+ {
+ redir.dest = $3;
+ $$ = make_redirection ($1, r_duplicating_output, redir);
+ }
+ | LESS_AND WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $2;
+ $$ = make_redirection (0, r_duplicating_input_word, redir);
+ }
+ | NUMBER LESS_AND WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $3;
+ $$ = make_redirection ($1, r_duplicating_input_word, redir);
+ }
+ | GREATER_AND WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $2;
+ $$ = make_redirection (1, r_duplicating_output_word, redir);
+ }
+ | NUMBER GREATER_AND WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $3;
+ $$ = make_redirection ($1, r_duplicating_output_word, redir);
+ }
+ | LESS_LESS_MINUS WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $2;
+ $$ = make_redirection
+ (0, r_deblank_reading_until, redir);
+ redir_stack[need_here_doc++] = $$;
+ }
+ | NUMBER LESS_LESS_MINUS WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $3;
+ $$ = make_redirection
+ ($1, r_deblank_reading_until, redir);
+ redir_stack[need_here_doc++] = $$;
+ }
+ | GREATER_AND '-'
+ {
+ redir.dest = 0;
+ $$ = make_redirection (1, r_close_this, redir);
+ }
+ | NUMBER GREATER_AND '-'
+ {
+ redir.dest = 0;
+ $$ = make_redirection ($1, r_close_this, redir);
+ }
+ | LESS_AND '-'
+ {
+ redir.dest = 0;
+ $$ = make_redirection (0, r_close_this, redir);
+ }
+ | NUMBER LESS_AND '-'
+ {
+ redir.dest = 0;
+ $$ = make_redirection ($1, r_close_this, redir);
+ }
+ | AND_GREATER WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $2;
+ $$ = make_redirection (1, r_err_and_out, redir);
+ }
+ | NUMBER LESS_GREATER WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $3;
+ $$ = make_redirection ($1, r_input_output, redir);
+ }
+ | LESS_GREATER WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $2;
+ $$ = make_redirection (0, r_input_output, redir);
+ }
+ | GREATER_BAR WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $2;
+ $$ = make_redirection (1, r_output_force, redir);
+ }
+ | NUMBER GREATER_BAR WORD
+ {
+ redir.filename = $3;
+ $$ = make_redirection ($1, r_output_force, redir);
+ }
+ ;
+
+simple_command_element: WORD
+ { $$.word = $1; $$.redirect = 0; }
+ | ASSIGNMENT_WORD
+ { $$.word = $1; $$.redirect = 0; }
+ | redirection
+ { $$.redirect = $1; $$.word = 0; }
+ ;
+
+redirection_list: redirection
+ {
+ $$ = $1;
+ }
+ | redirection_list redirection
+ {
+ register REDIRECT *t;
+
+ for (t = $1; t->next; t = t->next)
+ ;
+ t->next = $2;
+ $$ = $1;
+ }
+ ;
+
+simple_command: simple_command_element
+ { $$ = make_simple_command ($1, (COMMAND *)NULL); }
+ | simple_command simple_command_element
+ { $$ = make_simple_command ($2, $1); }
+ ;
+
+command: simple_command
+ { $$ = clean_simple_command ($1); }
+ | shell_command
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ | shell_command redirection_list
+ {
+ COMMAND *tc;
+
+ tc = $1;
+ if (tc->redirects)
+ {
+ register REDIRECT *t;
+ for (t = tc->redirects; t->next; t = t->next)
+ ;
+ t->next = $2;
+ }
+ else
+ tc->redirects = $2;
+ $$ = $1;
+ }
+ | function_def
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ ;
+
+shell_command: for_command
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ | case_command
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ | WHILE compound_list DO compound_list DONE
+ { $$ = make_while_command ($2, $4); }
+ | UNTIL compound_list DO compound_list DONE
+ { $$ = make_until_command ($2, $4); }
+ | select_command
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ | if_command
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ | subshell
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ | group_command
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ | arith_command
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ | cond_command
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ | arith_for_command
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ ;
+
+for_command: FOR WORD newline_list DO compound_list DONE
+ {
+ $$ = make_for_command ($2, add_string_to_list ("\"$@\"", (WORD_LIST *)NULL), $5, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | FOR WORD newline_list '{' compound_list '}'
+ {
+ $$ = make_for_command ($2, add_string_to_list ("\"$@\"", (WORD_LIST *)NULL), $5, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | FOR WORD ';' newline_list DO compound_list DONE
+ {
+ $$ = make_for_command ($2, add_string_to_list ("\"$@\"", (WORD_LIST *)NULL), $6, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | FOR WORD ';' newline_list '{' compound_list '}'
+ {
+ $$ = make_for_command ($2, add_string_to_list ("\"$@\"", (WORD_LIST *)NULL), $6, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | FOR WORD newline_list IN word_list list_terminator newline_list DO compound_list DONE
+ {
+ $$ = make_for_command ($2, REVERSE_LIST ($5, WORD_LIST *), $9, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | FOR WORD newline_list IN word_list list_terminator newline_list '{' compound_list '}'
+ {
+ $$ = make_for_command ($2, REVERSE_LIST ($5, WORD_LIST *), $9, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | FOR WORD newline_list IN list_terminator newline_list DO compound_list DONE
+ {
+ $$ = make_for_command ($2, (WORD_LIST *)NULL, $8, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | FOR WORD newline_list IN list_terminator newline_list '{' compound_list '}'
+ {
+ $$ = make_for_command ($2, (WORD_LIST *)NULL, $8, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ ;
+
+arith_for_command: FOR ARITH_FOR_EXPRS list_terminator newline_list DO compound_list DONE
+ {
+ $$ = make_arith_for_command ($2, $6, arith_for_lineno);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | FOR ARITH_FOR_EXPRS list_terminator newline_list '{' compound_list '}'
+ {
+ $$ = make_arith_for_command ($2, $6, arith_for_lineno);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | FOR ARITH_FOR_EXPRS DO compound_list DONE
+ {
+ $$ = make_arith_for_command ($2, $4, arith_for_lineno);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | FOR ARITH_FOR_EXPRS '{' compound_list '}'
+ {
+ $$ = make_arith_for_command ($2, $4, arith_for_lineno);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ ;
+
+select_command: SELECT WORD newline_list DO list DONE
+ {
+ $$ = make_select_command ($2, add_string_to_list ("\"$@\"", (WORD_LIST *)NULL), $5, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | SELECT WORD newline_list '{' list '}'
+ {
+ $$ = make_select_command ($2, add_string_to_list ("\"$@\"", (WORD_LIST *)NULL), $5, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | SELECT WORD ';' newline_list DO list DONE
+ {
+ $$ = make_select_command ($2, add_string_to_list ("\"$@\"", (WORD_LIST *)NULL), $6, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | SELECT WORD ';' newline_list '{' list '}'
+ {
+ $$ = make_select_command ($2, add_string_to_list ("\"$@\"", (WORD_LIST *)NULL), $6, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | SELECT WORD newline_list IN word_list list_terminator newline_list DO list DONE
+ {
+ $$ = make_select_command ($2, REVERSE_LIST ($5, WORD_LIST *), $9, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | SELECT WORD newline_list IN word_list list_terminator newline_list '{' list '}'
+ {
+ $$ = make_select_command ($2, REVERSE_LIST ($5, WORD_LIST *), $9, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ ;
+
+case_command: CASE WORD newline_list IN newline_list ESAC
+ {
+ $$ = make_case_command ($2, (PATTERN_LIST *)NULL, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | CASE WORD newline_list IN case_clause_sequence newline_list ESAC
+ {
+ $$ = make_case_command ($2, $5, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ | CASE WORD newline_list IN case_clause ESAC
+ {
+ $$ = make_case_command ($2, $5, word_lineno[word_top]);
+ if (word_top > 0) word_top--;
+ }
+ ;
+
+function_def: WORD '(' ')' newline_list function_body
+ { $$ = make_function_def ($1, $5, function_dstart, function_bstart); }
+
+ | FUNCTION WORD '(' ')' newline_list function_body
+ { $$ = make_function_def ($2, $6, function_dstart, function_bstart); }
+
+ | FUNCTION WORD newline_list function_body
+ { $$ = make_function_def ($2, $4, function_dstart, function_bstart); }
+ ;
+
+
+function_body: shell_command
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ | shell_command redirection_list
+ {
+ COMMAND *tc;
+
+ tc = $1;
+ /* According to Posix.2 3.9.5, redirections
+ specified after the body of a function should
+ be attached to the function and performed when
+ the function is executed, not as part of the
+ function definition command. */
+ /* XXX - I don't think it matters, but we might
+ want to change this in the future to avoid
+ problems differentiating between a function
+ definition with a redirection and a function
+ definition containing a single command with a
+ redirection. The two are semantically equivalent,
+ though -- the only difference is in how the
+ command printing code displays the redirections. */
+ if (tc->redirects)
+ {
+ register REDIRECT *t;
+ for (t = tc->redirects; t->next; t = t->next)
+ ;
+ t->next = $2;
+ }
+ else
+ tc->redirects = $2;
+ $$ = $1;
+ }
+ ;
+
+subshell: '(' compound_list ')'
+ {
+ $$ = make_subshell_command ($2);
+ $$->flags |= CMD_WANT_SUBSHELL;
+ }
+ ;
+
+if_command: IF compound_list THEN compound_list FI
+ { $$ = make_if_command ($2, $4, (COMMAND *)NULL); }
+ | IF compound_list THEN compound_list ELSE compound_list FI
+ { $$ = make_if_command ($2, $4, $6); }
+ | IF compound_list THEN compound_list elif_clause FI
+ { $$ = make_if_command ($2, $4, $5); }
+ ;
+
+
+group_command: '{' compound_list '}'
+ { $$ = make_group_command ($2); }
+ ;
+
+arith_command: ARITH_CMD
+ { $$ = make_arith_command ($1); }
+ ;
+
+cond_command: COND_START COND_CMD COND_END
+ { $$ = $2; }
+ ;
+
+elif_clause: ELIF compound_list THEN compound_list
+ { $$ = make_if_command ($2, $4, (COMMAND *)NULL); }
+ | ELIF compound_list THEN compound_list ELSE compound_list
+ { $$ = make_if_command ($2, $4, $6); }
+ | ELIF compound_list THEN compound_list elif_clause
+ { $$ = make_if_command ($2, $4, $5); }
+ ;
+
+case_clause: pattern_list
+ | case_clause_sequence pattern_list
+ { $2->next = $1; $$ = $2; }
+ ;
+
+pattern_list: newline_list pattern ')' compound_list
+ { $$ = make_pattern_list ($2, $4); }
+ | newline_list pattern ')' newline_list
+ { $$ = make_pattern_list ($2, (COMMAND *)NULL); }
+ | newline_list '(' pattern ')' compound_list
+ { $$ = make_pattern_list ($3, $5); }
+ | newline_list '(' pattern ')' newline_list
+ { $$ = make_pattern_list ($3, (COMMAND *)NULL); }
+ ;
+
+case_clause_sequence: pattern_list SEMI_SEMI
+ | case_clause_sequence pattern_list SEMI_SEMI
+ { $2->next = $1; $$ = $2; }
+ ;
+
+pattern: WORD
+ { $$ = make_word_list ($1, (WORD_LIST *)NULL); }
+ | pattern '|' WORD
+ { $$ = make_word_list ($3, $1); }
+ ;
+
+/* A list allows leading or trailing newlines and
+ newlines as operators (equivalent to semicolons).
+ It must end with a newline or semicolon.
+ Lists are used within commands such as if, for, while. */
+
+list: newline_list list0
+ {
+ $$ = $2;
+ if (need_here_doc)
+ gather_here_documents ();
+ }
+ ;
+
+compound_list: list
+ | newline_list list1
+ {
+ $$ = $2;
+ }
+ ;
+
+list0: list1 '\n' newline_list
+ | list1 '&' newline_list
+ {
+ if ($1->type == cm_connection)
+ $$ = connect_async_list ($1, (COMMAND *)NULL, '&');
+ else
+ $$ = command_connect ($1, (COMMAND *)NULL, '&');
+ }
+ | list1 ';' newline_list
+
+ ;
+
+list1: list1 AND_AND newline_list list1
+ { $$ = command_connect ($1, $4, AND_AND); }
+ | list1 OR_OR newline_list list1
+ { $$ = command_connect ($1, $4, OR_OR); }
+ | list1 '&' newline_list list1
+ {
+ if ($1->type == cm_connection)
+ $$ = connect_async_list ($1, $4, '&');
+ else
+ $$ = command_connect ($1, $4, '&');
+ }
+ | list1 ';' newline_list list1
+ { $$ = command_connect ($1, $4, ';'); }
+ | list1 '\n' newline_list list1
+ { $$ = command_connect ($1, $4, ';'); }
+ | pipeline_command
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ ;
+
+simple_list_terminator: '\n'
+{
+if (bash_input.type == st_string)
+ itrace("resolved simple_list_terminator as NEWLINE");
+}
+ | yacc_EOF
+{
+if (bash_input.type == st_string)
+ itrace("resolved simple_list_terminator as yacc_EOF");
+}
+ ;
+
+list_terminator:'\n'
+ { $$ = '\n'; }
+ | ';'
+ { $$ = ';'; }
+ | yacc_EOF
+ { $$ = yacc_EOF; }
+ ;
+
+newline_list:
+ | newline_list '\n'
+ ;
+
+/* A simple_list is a list that contains no significant newlines
+ and no leading or trailing newlines. Newlines are allowed
+ only following operators, where they are not significant.
+
+ This is what an inputunit consists of. */
+
+simple_list: simple_list1
+ {
+ $$ = $1;
+ if (need_here_doc)
+ gather_here_documents ();
+if (bash_input.type == st_string)
+ itrace("resolved simple_list as simple_list1: input string = %s", bash_input.location.string);
+ }
+ | simple_list1 '&'
+ {
+ if ($1->type == cm_connection)
+ $$ = connect_async_list ($1, (COMMAND *)NULL, '&');
+ else
+ $$ = command_connect ($1, (COMMAND *)NULL, '&');
+ if (need_here_doc)
+ gather_here_documents ();
+if (bash_input.type == st_string)
+ itrace("resolved simple_list as simple_list1 &");
+ }
+ | simple_list1 ';'
+ {
+ $$ = $1;
+ if (need_here_doc)
+ gather_here_documents ();
+if (bash_input.type == st_string)
+ itrace("resolved simple_list as simple_list1 ;");
+ }
+ ;
+
+simple_list1: simple_list1 AND_AND newline_list simple_list1
+ { $$ = command_connect ($1, $4, AND_AND); }
+ | simple_list1 OR_OR newline_list simple_list1
+ { $$ = command_connect ($1, $4, OR_OR); }
+ | simple_list1 '&' simple_list1
+ {
+ if ($1->type == cm_connection)
+ $$ = connect_async_list ($1, $3, '&');
+ else
+ $$ = command_connect ($1, $3, '&');
+ }
+ | simple_list1 ';' simple_list1
+ { $$ = command_connect ($1, $3, ';'); }
+
+ | pipeline_command
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ ;
+
+pipeline_command: pipeline
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ | BANG pipeline
+ {
+ if ($2)
+ $2->flags |= CMD_INVERT_RETURN;
+ $$ = $2;
+ }
+ | timespec pipeline
+ {
+ if ($2)
+ $2->flags |= $1;
+ $$ = $2;
+ }
+ | timespec BANG pipeline
+ {
+ if ($3)
+ $3->flags |= $1|CMD_INVERT_RETURN;
+ $$ = $3;
+ }
+ | BANG timespec pipeline
+ {
+ if ($3)
+ $3->flags |= $2|CMD_INVERT_RETURN;
+ $$ = $3;
+ }
+ | timespec list_terminator
+ {
+ ELEMENT x;
+
+ /* Boy, this is unclean. `time' by itself can
+ time a null command. We cheat and push a
+ newline back if the list_terminator was a newline
+ to avoid the double-newline problem (one to
+ terminate this, one to terminate the command) */
+ x.word = 0;
+ x.redirect = 0;
+ $$ = make_simple_command (x, (COMMAND *)NULL);
+ $$->flags |= $1;
+ /* XXX - let's cheat and push a newline back */
+ if ($2 == '\n')
+ token_to_read = '\n';
+ }
+
+ ;
+
+pipeline:
+ pipeline '|' newline_list pipeline
+ { $$ = command_connect ($1, $4, '|'); }
+ | command
+ { $$ = $1; }
+ ;
+
+timespec: TIME
+ { $$ = CMD_TIME_PIPELINE; }
+ | TIME TIMEOPT
+ { $$ = CMD_TIME_PIPELINE|CMD_TIME_POSIX; }
+ ;
+%%
+
+/* Possible states for the parser that require it to do special things. */
+#define PST_CASEPAT 0x0001 /* in a case pattern list */
+#define PST_ALEXPNEXT 0x0002 /* expand next word for aliases */
+#define PST_ALLOWOPNBRC 0x0004 /* allow open brace for function def */
+#define PST_NEEDCLOSBRC 0x0008 /* need close brace */
+#define PST_DBLPAREN 0x0010 /* double-paren parsing */
+#define PST_SUBSHELL 0x0020 /* ( ... ) subshell */
+#define PST_CMDSUBST 0x0040 /* $( ... ) command substitution */
+#define PST_CASESTMT 0x0080 /* parsing a case statement */
+#define PST_CONDCMD 0x0100 /* parsing a [[...]] command */
+#define PST_CONDEXPR 0x0200 /* parsing the guts of [[...]] */
+#define PST_ARITHFOR 0x0400 /* parsing an arithmetic for command */
+#define PST_ALEXPAND 0x0800 /* OK to expand aliases - unused */
+#define PST_CMDTOKEN 0x1000 /* command token OK - unused */
+#define PST_COMPASSIGN 0x2000 /* parsing x=(...) compound assignment */
+#define PST_ASSIGNOK 0x4000 /* assignment statement ok in this context */
+
+/* Initial size to allocate for tokens, and the
+ amount to grow them by. */
+#define TOKEN_DEFAULT_INITIAL_SIZE 496
+#define TOKEN_DEFAULT_GROW_SIZE 512
+
+/* Should we call prompt_again? */
+#define SHOULD_PROMPT() \
+ (interactive && (bash_input.type == st_stdin || bash_input.type == st_stream))
+
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+# define expanding_alias() (pushed_string_list && pushed_string_list->expander)
+#else
+# define expanding_alias() 0
+#endif
+
+/* The token currently being read. */
+static int current_token;
+
+/* The last read token, or NULL. read_token () uses this for context
+ checking. */
+static int last_read_token;
+
+/* The token read prior to last_read_token. */
+static int token_before_that;
+
+/* The token read prior to token_before_that. */
+static int two_tokens_ago;
+
+/* The current parser state. */
+static int parser_state;
+
+/* Global var is non-zero when end of file has been reached. */
+int EOF_Reached = 0;
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+static void
+debug_parser (i)
+ int i;
+{
+#if YYDEBUG != 0
+ yydebug = i;
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+/* yy_getc () returns the next available character from input or EOF.
+ yy_ungetc (c) makes `c' the next character to read.
+ init_yy_io (get, unget, type, location) makes the function GET the
+ installed function for getting the next character, makes UNGET the
+ installed function for un-getting a character, sets the type of stream
+ (either string or file) from TYPE, and makes LOCATION point to where
+ the input is coming from. */
+
+/* Unconditionally returns end-of-file. */
+int
+return_EOF ()
+{
+ return (EOF);
+}
+
+/* Variable containing the current get and unget functions.
+ See ./input.h for a clearer description. */
+BASH_INPUT bash_input;
+
+/* Set all of the fields in BASH_INPUT to NULL. Free bash_input.name if it
+ is non-null, avoiding a memory leak. */
+void
+initialize_bash_input ()
+{
+ bash_input.type = st_none;
+ FREE (bash_input.name);
+ bash_input.name = (char *)NULL;
+ bash_input.location.file = (FILE *)NULL;
+ bash_input.location.string = (char *)NULL;
+ bash_input.getter = (sh_cget_func_t *)NULL;
+ bash_input.ungetter = (sh_cunget_func_t *)NULL;
+}
+
+/* Set the contents of the current bash input stream from
+ GET, UNGET, TYPE, NAME, and LOCATION. */
+void
+init_yy_io (get, unget, type, name, location)
+ sh_cget_func_t *get;
+ sh_cunget_func_t *unget;
+ enum stream_type type;
+ const char *name;
+ INPUT_STREAM location;
+{
+ bash_input.type = type;
+ FREE (bash_input.name);
+ bash_input.name = name ? savestring (name) : (char *)NULL;
+
+ /* XXX */
+#if defined (CRAY)
+ memcpy((char *)&bash_input.location.string, (char *)&location.string, sizeof(location));
+#else
+ bash_input.location = location;
+#endif
+ bash_input.getter = get;
+ bash_input.ungetter = unget;
+}
+
+char *
+yy_input_name ()
+{
+ return (bash_input.name ? bash_input.name : "stdin");
+}
+
+/* Call this to get the next character of input. */
+static int
+yy_getc ()
+{
+ return (*(bash_input.getter)) ();
+}
+
+/* Call this to unget C. That is, to make C the next character
+ to be read. */
+static int
+yy_ungetc (c)
+ int c;
+{
+ return (*(bash_input.ungetter)) (c);
+}
+
+#if defined (BUFFERED_INPUT)
+#ifdef INCLUDE_UNUSED
+int
+input_file_descriptor ()
+{
+ switch (bash_input.type)
+ {
+ case st_stream:
+ return (fileno (bash_input.location.file));
+ case st_bstream:
+ return (bash_input.location.buffered_fd);
+ case st_stdin:
+ default:
+ return (fileno (stdin));
+ }
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* BUFFERED_INPUT */
+
+/* **************************************************************** */
+/* */
+/* Let input be read from readline (). */
+/* */
+/* **************************************************************** */
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+char *current_readline_prompt = (char *)NULL;
+char *current_readline_line = (char *)NULL;
+int current_readline_line_index = 0;
+
+static int
+yy_readline_get ()
+{
+ SigHandler *old_sigint;
+ int line_len;
+ unsigned char c;
+
+ if (!current_readline_line)
+ {
+ if (!bash_readline_initialized)
+ initialize_readline ();
+
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
+ if (job_control)
+ give_terminal_to (shell_pgrp, 0);
+#endif /* JOB_CONTROL */
+
+ old_sigint = (SigHandler *)NULL;
+ if (signal_is_ignored (SIGINT) == 0)
+ {
+ old_sigint = (SigHandler *)set_signal_handler (SIGINT, sigint_sighandler);
+ interrupt_immediately++;
+ }
+ terminate_immediately = 1;
+
+ current_readline_line = readline (current_readline_prompt ?
+ current_readline_prompt : "");
+
+ terminate_immediately = 0;
+ if (signal_is_ignored (SIGINT) == 0 && old_sigint)
+ {
+ interrupt_immediately--;
+ set_signal_handler (SIGINT, old_sigint);
+ }
+
+#if 0
+ /* Reset the prompt to the decoded value of prompt_string_pointer. */
+ reset_readline_prompt ();
+#endif
+
+ if (current_readline_line == 0)
+ return (EOF);
+
+ current_readline_line_index = 0;
+ line_len = strlen (current_readline_line);
+
+ current_readline_line = (char *)xrealloc (current_readline_line, 2 + line_len);
+ current_readline_line[line_len++] = '\n';
+ current_readline_line[line_len] = '\0';
+ }
+
+ if (current_readline_line[current_readline_line_index] == 0)
+ {
+ free (current_readline_line);
+ current_readline_line = (char *)NULL;
+ return (yy_readline_get ());
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ c = current_readline_line[current_readline_line_index++];
+ return (c);
+ }
+}
+
+static int
+yy_readline_unget (c)
+ int c;
+{
+ if (current_readline_line_index && current_readline_line)
+ current_readline_line[--current_readline_line_index] = c;
+ return (c);
+}
+
+void
+with_input_from_stdin ()
+{
+ INPUT_STREAM location;
+
+ if (bash_input.type != st_stdin && stream_on_stack (st_stdin) == 0)
+ {
+ location.string = current_readline_line;
+ init_yy_io (yy_readline_get, yy_readline_unget,
+ st_stdin, "readline stdin", location);
+ }
+}
+
+#else /* !READLINE */
+
+void
+with_input_from_stdin ()
+{
+ with_input_from_stream (stdin, "stdin");
+}
+#endif /* !READLINE */
+
+/* **************************************************************** */
+/* */
+/* Let input come from STRING. STRING is zero terminated. */
+/* */
+/* **************************************************************** */
+
+static int
+yy_string_get ()
+{
+ register char *string;
+ register unsigned char c;
+
+ string = bash_input.location.string;
+
+ /* If the string doesn't exist, or is empty, EOF found. */
+ if (string && *string)
+ {
+ c = *string++;
+ bash_input.location.string = string;
+ return (c);
+ }
+ else
+ return (EOF);
+}
+
+static int
+yy_string_unget (c)
+ int c;
+{
+ *(--bash_input.location.string) = c;
+ return (c);
+}
+
+void
+with_input_from_string (string, name)
+ char *string;
+ const char *name;
+{
+ INPUT_STREAM location;
+
+ location.string = string;
+ init_yy_io (yy_string_get, yy_string_unget, st_string, name, location);
+}
+
+/* **************************************************************** */
+/* */
+/* Let input come from STREAM. */
+/* */
+/* **************************************************************** */
+
+/* These two functions used to test the value of the HAVE_RESTARTABLE_SYSCALLS
+ define, and just use getc/ungetc if it was defined, but since bash
+ installs its signal handlers without the SA_RESTART flag, some signals
+ (like SIGCHLD, SIGWINCH, etc.) received during a read(2) will not cause
+ the read to be restarted. We need to restart it ourselves. */
+
+static int
+yy_stream_get ()
+{
+ int result;
+
+ result = EOF;
+ if (bash_input.location.file)
+ {
+ if (interactive)
+ {
+ interrupt_immediately++;
+ terminate_immediately++;
+ }
+ result = getc_with_restart (bash_input.location.file);
+ if (interactive)
+ {
+ interrupt_immediately--;
+ terminate_immediately--;
+ }
+ }
+ return (result);
+}
+
+static int
+yy_stream_unget (c)
+ int c;
+{
+ return (ungetc_with_restart (c, bash_input.location.file));
+}
+
+void
+with_input_from_stream (stream, name)
+ FILE *stream;
+ const char *name;
+{
+ INPUT_STREAM location;
+
+ location.file = stream;
+ init_yy_io (yy_stream_get, yy_stream_unget, st_stream, name, location);
+}
+
+typedef struct stream_saver {
+ struct stream_saver *next;
+ BASH_INPUT bash_input;
+ int line;
+#if defined (BUFFERED_INPUT)
+ BUFFERED_STREAM *bstream;
+#endif /* BUFFERED_INPUT */
+} STREAM_SAVER;
+
+/* The globally known line number. */
+int line_number = 0;
+
+#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
+static int cond_lineno;
+static int cond_token;
+#endif
+
+STREAM_SAVER *stream_list = (STREAM_SAVER *)NULL;
+
+void
+push_stream (reset_lineno)
+ int reset_lineno;
+{
+ STREAM_SAVER *saver = (STREAM_SAVER *)xmalloc (sizeof (STREAM_SAVER));
+
+ xbcopy ((char *)&bash_input, (char *)&(saver->bash_input), sizeof (BASH_INPUT));
+
+#if defined (BUFFERED_INPUT)
+ saver->bstream = (BUFFERED_STREAM *)NULL;
+ /* If we have a buffered stream, clear out buffers[fd]. */
+ if (bash_input.type == st_bstream && bash_input.location.buffered_fd >= 0)
+ saver->bstream = set_buffered_stream (bash_input.location.buffered_fd,
+ (BUFFERED_STREAM *)NULL);
+#endif /* BUFFERED_INPUT */
+
+ saver->line = line_number;
+ bash_input.name = (char *)NULL;
+ saver->next = stream_list;
+ stream_list = saver;
+ EOF_Reached = 0;
+ if (reset_lineno)
+ line_number = 0;
+}
+
+void
+pop_stream ()
+{
+ if (!stream_list)
+ EOF_Reached = 1;
+ else
+ {
+ STREAM_SAVER *saver = stream_list;
+
+ EOF_Reached = 0;
+ stream_list = stream_list->next;
+
+ init_yy_io (saver->bash_input.getter,
+ saver->bash_input.ungetter,
+ saver->bash_input.type,
+ saver->bash_input.name,
+ saver->bash_input.location);
+
+#if defined (BUFFERED_INPUT)
+ /* If we have a buffered stream, restore buffers[fd]. */
+ /* If the input file descriptor was changed while this was on the
+ save stack, update the buffered fd to the new file descriptor and
+ re-establish the buffer <-> bash_input fd correspondence. */
+ if (bash_input.type == st_bstream && bash_input.location.buffered_fd >= 0)
+ {
+ if (bash_input_fd_changed)
+ {
+ bash_input_fd_changed = 0;
+ if (default_buffered_input >= 0)
+ {
+ bash_input.location.buffered_fd = default_buffered_input;
+ saver->bstream->b_fd = default_buffered_input;
+ SET_CLOSE_ON_EXEC (default_buffered_input);
+ }
+ }
+ /* XXX could free buffered stream returned as result here. */
+ set_buffered_stream (bash_input.location.buffered_fd, saver->bstream);
+ }
+#endif /* BUFFERED_INPUT */
+
+ line_number = saver->line;
+
+ FREE (saver->bash_input.name);
+ free (saver);
+ }
+}
+
+/* Return 1 if a stream of type TYPE is saved on the stack. */
+int
+stream_on_stack (type)
+ enum stream_type type;
+{
+ register STREAM_SAVER *s;
+
+ for (s = stream_list; s; s = s->next)
+ if (s->bash_input.type == type)
+ return 1;
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/* Save the current token state and return it in a malloced array. */
+int *
+save_token_state ()
+{
+ int *ret;
+
+ ret = (int *)xmalloc (3 * sizeof (int));
+ ret[0] = last_read_token;
+ ret[1] = token_before_that;
+ ret[2] = two_tokens_ago;
+ return ret;
+}
+
+void
+restore_token_state (ts)
+ int *ts;
+{
+ if (ts == 0)
+ return;
+ last_read_token = ts[0];
+ token_before_that = ts[1];
+ two_tokens_ago = ts[2];
+}
+
+/*
+ * This is used to inhibit alias expansion and reserved word recognition
+ * inside case statement pattern lists. A `case statement pattern list' is:
+ *
+ * everything between the `in' in a `case word in' and the next ')'
+ * or `esac'
+ * everything between a `;;' and the next `)' or `esac'
+ */
+
+#if defined (ALIAS) || defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
+
+#define END_OF_ALIAS 0
+
+/*
+ * Pseudo-global variables used in implementing token-wise alias expansion.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Pushing and popping strings. This works together with shell_getc to
+ * implement alias expansion on a per-token basis.
+ */
+
+typedef struct string_saver {
+ struct string_saver *next;
+ int expand_alias; /* Value to set expand_alias to when string is popped. */
+ char *saved_line;
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+ alias_t *expander; /* alias that caused this line to be pushed. */
+#endif
+ int saved_line_size, saved_line_index, saved_line_terminator;
+} STRING_SAVER;
+
+STRING_SAVER *pushed_string_list = (STRING_SAVER *)NULL;
+
+/*
+ * Push the current shell_input_line onto a stack of such lines and make S
+ * the current input. Used when expanding aliases. EXPAND is used to set
+ * the value of expand_next_token when the string is popped, so that the
+ * word after the alias in the original line is handled correctly when the
+ * alias expands to multiple words. TOKEN is the token that was expanded
+ * into S; it is saved and used to prevent infinite recursive expansion.
+ */
+static void
+push_string (s, expand, ap)
+ char *s;
+ int expand;
+ alias_t *ap;
+{
+ STRING_SAVER *temp = (STRING_SAVER *)xmalloc (sizeof (STRING_SAVER));
+
+ temp->expand_alias = expand;
+ temp->saved_line = shell_input_line;
+ temp->saved_line_size = shell_input_line_size;
+ temp->saved_line_index = shell_input_line_index;
+ temp->saved_line_terminator = shell_input_line_terminator;
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+ temp->expander = ap;
+#endif
+ temp->next = pushed_string_list;
+ pushed_string_list = temp;
+
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+ if (ap)
+ ap->flags |= AL_BEINGEXPANDED;
+#endif
+
+ shell_input_line = s;
+ shell_input_line_size = strlen (s);
+ shell_input_line_index = 0;
+ shell_input_line_terminator = '\0';
+#if 0
+ parser_state &= ~PST_ALEXPNEXT; /* XXX */
+#endif
+
+ set_line_mbstate ();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Make the top of the pushed_string stack be the current shell input.
+ * Only called when there is something on the stack. Called from shell_getc
+ * when it thinks it has consumed the string generated by an alias expansion
+ * and needs to return to the original input line.
+ */
+static void
+pop_string ()
+{
+ STRING_SAVER *t;
+
+ FREE (shell_input_line);
+ shell_input_line = pushed_string_list->saved_line;
+ shell_input_line_index = pushed_string_list->saved_line_index;
+ shell_input_line_size = pushed_string_list->saved_line_size;
+ shell_input_line_terminator = pushed_string_list->saved_line_terminator;
+
+ if (pushed_string_list->expand_alias)
+ parser_state |= PST_ALEXPNEXT;
+ else
+ parser_state &= ~PST_ALEXPNEXT;
+
+ t = pushed_string_list;
+ pushed_string_list = pushed_string_list->next;
+
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+ if (t->expander)
+ t->expander->flags &= ~AL_BEINGEXPANDED;
+#endif
+
+ free ((char *)t);
+
+ set_line_mbstate ();
+}
+
+static void
+free_string_list ()
+{
+ register STRING_SAVER *t, *t1;
+
+ for (t = pushed_string_list; t; )
+ {
+ t1 = t->next;
+ FREE (t->saved_line);
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+ if (t->expander)
+ t->expander->flags &= ~AL_BEINGEXPANDED;
+#endif
+ free ((char *)t);
+ t = t1;
+ }
+ pushed_string_list = (STRING_SAVER *)NULL;
+}
+
+#endif /* ALIAS || DPAREN_ARITHMETIC */
+
+void
+free_pushed_string_input ()
+{
+#if defined (ALIAS) || defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
+ free_string_list ();
+#endif
+}
+
+/* Return a line of text, taken from wherever yylex () reads input.
+ If there is no more input, then we return NULL. If REMOVE_QUOTED_NEWLINE
+ is non-zero, we remove unquoted \<newline> pairs. This is used by
+ read_secondary_line to read here documents. */
+static char *
+read_a_line (remove_quoted_newline)
+ int remove_quoted_newline;
+{
+ static char *line_buffer = (char *)NULL;
+ static int buffer_size = 0;
+ int indx = 0, c, peekc, pass_next;
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ if (no_line_editing && SHOULD_PROMPT ())
+#else
+ if (SHOULD_PROMPT ())
+#endif
+ print_prompt ();
+
+ pass_next = 0;
+ while (1)
+ {
+ /* Allow immediate exit if interrupted during input. */
+ QUIT;
+
+ c = yy_getc ();
+
+ /* Ignore null bytes in input. */
+ if (c == 0)
+ {
+#if 0
+ internal_warning ("read_a_line: ignored null byte in input");
+#endif
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ /* If there is no more input, then we return NULL. */
+ if (c == EOF)
+ {
+ if (interactive && bash_input.type == st_stream)
+ clearerr (stdin);
+ if (indx == 0)
+ return ((char *)NULL);
+ c = '\n';
+ }
+
+ /* `+2' in case the final character in the buffer is a newline. */
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (line_buffer, indx, 2, buffer_size, 128);
+
+ /* IF REMOVE_QUOTED_NEWLINES is non-zero, we are reading a
+ here document with an unquoted delimiter. In this case,
+ the line will be expanded as if it were in double quotes.
+ We allow a backslash to escape the next character, but we
+ need to treat the backslash specially only if a backslash
+ quoting a backslash-newline pair appears in the line. */
+ if (pass_next)
+ {
+ line_buffer[indx++] = c;
+ pass_next = 0;
+ }
+ else if (c == '\\' && remove_quoted_newline)
+ {
+ peekc = yy_getc ();
+ if (peekc == '\n')
+ {
+ line_number++;
+ continue; /* Make the unquoted \<newline> pair disappear. */
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ yy_ungetc (peekc);
+ pass_next = 1;
+ line_buffer[indx++] = c; /* Preserve the backslash. */
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ line_buffer[indx++] = c;
+
+ if (c == '\n')
+ {
+ line_buffer[indx] = '\0';
+ return (line_buffer);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+/* Return a line as in read_a_line (), but insure that the prompt is
+ the secondary prompt. This is used to read the lines of a here
+ document. REMOVE_QUOTED_NEWLINE is non-zero if we should remove
+ newlines quoted with backslashes while reading the line. It is
+ non-zero unless the delimiter of the here document was quoted. */
+char *
+read_secondary_line (remove_quoted_newline)
+ int remove_quoted_newline;
+{
+ prompt_string_pointer = &ps2_prompt;
+ if (SHOULD_PROMPT())
+ prompt_again ();
+ return (read_a_line (remove_quoted_newline));
+}
+
+/* **************************************************************** */
+/* */
+/* YYLEX () */
+/* */
+/* **************************************************************** */
+
+/* Reserved words. These are only recognized as the first word of a
+ command. */
+STRING_INT_ALIST word_token_alist[] = {
+ { "if", IF },
+ { "then", THEN },
+ { "else", ELSE },
+ { "elif", ELIF },
+ { "fi", FI },
+ { "case", CASE },
+ { "esac", ESAC },
+ { "for", FOR },
+#if defined (SELECT_COMMAND)
+ { "select", SELECT },
+#endif
+ { "while", WHILE },
+ { "until", UNTIL },
+ { "do", DO },
+ { "done", DONE },
+ { "in", IN },
+ { "function", FUNCTION },
+#if defined (COMMAND_TIMING)
+ { "time", TIME },
+#endif
+ { "{", '{' },
+ { "}", '}' },
+ { "!", BANG },
+#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
+ { "[[", COND_START },
+ { "]]", COND_END },
+#endif
+ { (char *)NULL, 0}
+};
+
+/* other tokens that can be returned by read_token() */
+STRING_INT_ALIST other_token_alist[] = {
+ /* Multiple-character tokens with special values */
+ { "-p", TIMEOPT },
+ { "&&", AND_AND },
+ { "||", OR_OR },
+ { ">>", GREATER_GREATER },
+ { "<<", LESS_LESS },
+ { "<&", LESS_AND },
+ { ">&", GREATER_AND },
+ { ";;", SEMI_SEMI },
+ { "<<-", LESS_LESS_MINUS },
+ { "<<<", LESS_LESS_LESS },
+ { "&>", AND_GREATER },
+ { "<>", LESS_GREATER },
+ { ">|", GREATER_BAR },
+ { "EOF", yacc_EOF },
+ /* Tokens whose value is the character itself */
+ { ">", '>' },
+ { "<", '<' },
+ { "-", '-' },
+ { "{", '{' },
+ { "}", '}' },
+ { ";", ';' },
+ { "(", '(' },
+ { ")", ')' },
+ { "|", '|' },
+ { "&", '&' },
+ { "newline", '\n' },
+ { (char *)NULL, 0}
+};
+
+/* others not listed here:
+ WORD look at yylval.word
+ ASSIGNMENT_WORD look at yylval.word
+ NUMBER look at yylval.number
+ ARITH_CMD look at yylval.word_list
+ ARITH_FOR_EXPRS look at yylval.word_list
+ COND_CMD look at yylval.command
+*/
+
+/* These are used by read_token_word, but appear up here so that shell_getc
+ can use them to decide when to add otherwise blank lines to the history. */
+
+/* The primary delimiter stack. */
+struct dstack dstack = { (char *)NULL, 0, 0 };
+
+/* A temporary delimiter stack to be used when decoding prompt strings.
+ This is needed because command substitutions in prompt strings (e.g., PS2)
+ can screw up the parser's quoting state. */
+static struct dstack temp_dstack = { (char *)NULL, 0, 0 };
+
+/* Macro for accessing the top delimiter on the stack. Returns the
+ delimiter or zero if none. */
+#define current_delimiter(ds) \
+ (ds.delimiter_depth ? ds.delimiters[ds.delimiter_depth - 1] : 0)
+
+#define push_delimiter(ds, character) \
+ do \
+ { \
+ if (ds.delimiter_depth + 2 > ds.delimiter_space) \
+ ds.delimiters = (char *)xrealloc \
+ (ds.delimiters, (ds.delimiter_space += 10) * sizeof (char)); \
+ ds.delimiters[ds.delimiter_depth] = character; \
+ ds.delimiter_depth++; \
+ } \
+ while (0)
+
+#define pop_delimiter(ds) ds.delimiter_depth--
+
+/* Return the next shell input character. This always reads characters
+ from shell_input_line; when that line is exhausted, it is time to
+ read the next line. This is called by read_token when the shell is
+ processing normal command input. */
+
+/* This implements one-character lookahead/lookbehind across physical input
+ lines, to avoid something being lost because it's pushed back with
+ shell_ungetc when we're at the start of a line. */
+static int eol_ungetc_lookahead = 0;
+
+static int
+shell_getc (remove_quoted_newline)
+ int remove_quoted_newline;
+{
+ register int i;
+ int c;
+ unsigned char uc;
+
+ QUIT;
+
+ if (sigwinch_received)
+ {
+ sigwinch_received = 0;
+ get_new_window_size (0, (int *)0, (int *)0);
+ }
+
+ if (eol_ungetc_lookahead)
+ {
+ c = eol_ungetc_lookahead;
+ eol_ungetc_lookahead = 0;
+ return (c);
+ }
+
+#if defined (ALIAS) || defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
+ /* If shell_input_line[shell_input_line_index] == 0, but there is
+ something on the pushed list of strings, then we don't want to go
+ off and get another line. We let the code down below handle it. */
+
+ if (!shell_input_line || ((!shell_input_line[shell_input_line_index]) &&
+ (pushed_string_list == (STRING_SAVER *)NULL)))
+#else /* !ALIAS && !DPAREN_ARITHMETIC */
+ if (!shell_input_line || !shell_input_line[shell_input_line_index])
+#endif /* !ALIAS && !DPAREN_ARITHMETIC */
+ {
+ line_number++;
+
+ restart_read:
+
+ /* Allow immediate exit if interrupted during input. */
+ QUIT;
+
+ i = 0;
+ shell_input_line_terminator = 0;
+
+ /* If the shell is interatctive, but not currently printing a prompt
+ (interactive_shell && interactive == 0), we don't want to print
+ notifies or cleanup the jobs -- we want to defer it until we do
+ print the next prompt. */
+ if (interactive_shell == 0 || SHOULD_PROMPT())
+ {
+#if defined (JOB_CONTROL)
+ /* This can cause a problem when reading a command as the result
+ of a trap, when the trap is called from flush_child. This call
+ had better not cause jobs to disappear from the job table in
+ that case, or we will have big trouble. */
+ notify_and_cleanup ();
+#else /* !JOB_CONTROL */
+ cleanup_dead_jobs ();
+#endif /* !JOB_CONTROL */
+ }
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ if (no_line_editing && SHOULD_PROMPT())
+#else
+ if (SHOULD_PROMPT())
+#endif
+ print_prompt ();
+
+ if (bash_input.type == st_stream)
+ clearerr (stdin);
+
+ while (1)
+ {
+ c = yy_getc ();
+
+ /* Allow immediate exit if interrupted during input. */
+ QUIT;
+
+ if (c == '\0')
+ {
+#if 0
+ internal_warning ("shell_getc: ignored null byte in input");
+#endif
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (shell_input_line, i, 2, shell_input_line_size, 256);
+
+ if (c == EOF)
+ {
+ if (bash_input.type == st_stream)
+ clearerr (stdin);
+
+ if (i == 0)
+ shell_input_line_terminator = EOF;
+
+ shell_input_line[i] = '\0';
+ break;
+ }
+
+ shell_input_line[i++] = c;
+
+ if (c == '\n')
+ {
+ shell_input_line[--i] = '\0';
+ current_command_line_count++;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ shell_input_line_index = 0;
+ shell_input_line_len = i; /* == strlen (shell_input_line) */
+
+ set_line_mbstate ();
+
+#if defined (HISTORY)
+ if (remember_on_history && shell_input_line && shell_input_line[0])
+ {
+ char *expansions;
+# if defined (BANG_HISTORY)
+ int old_hist;
+
+ /* If the current delimiter is a single quote, we should not be
+ performing history expansion, even if we're on a different
+ line from the original single quote. */
+ old_hist = history_expansion_inhibited;
+ if (current_delimiter (dstack) == '\'')
+ history_expansion_inhibited = 1;
+# endif
+ expansions = pre_process_line (shell_input_line, 1, 1);
+# if defined (BANG_HISTORY)
+ history_expansion_inhibited = old_hist;
+# endif
+ if (expansions != shell_input_line)
+ {
+ free (shell_input_line);
+ shell_input_line = expansions;
+ shell_input_line_len = shell_input_line ?
+ strlen (shell_input_line) : 0;
+ if (!shell_input_line_len)
+ current_command_line_count--;
+
+ /* We have to force the xrealloc below because we don't know
+ the true allocated size of shell_input_line anymore. */
+ shell_input_line_size = shell_input_line_len;
+
+ set_line_mbstate ();
+ }
+ }
+ /* Try to do something intelligent with blank lines encountered while
+ entering multi-line commands. XXX - this is grotesque */
+ else if (remember_on_history && shell_input_line &&
+ shell_input_line[0] == '\0' &&
+ current_command_line_count > 1)
+ {
+ if (current_delimiter (dstack))
+ /* We know shell_input_line[0] == 0 and we're reading some sort of
+ quoted string. This means we've got a line consisting of only
+ a newline in a quoted string. We want to make sure this line
+ gets added to the history. */
+ maybe_add_history (shell_input_line);
+ else
+ {
+ char *hdcs;
+ hdcs = history_delimiting_chars ();
+ if (hdcs && hdcs[0] == ';')
+ maybe_add_history (shell_input_line);
+ }
+ }
+
+#endif /* HISTORY */
+
+ if (shell_input_line)
+ {
+ /* Lines that signify the end of the shell's input should not be
+ echoed. */
+ if (echo_input_at_read && (shell_input_line[0] ||
+ shell_input_line_terminator != EOF))
+ fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", shell_input_line);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ shell_input_line_size = 0;
+ prompt_string_pointer = ¤t_prompt_string;
+ if (SHOULD_PROMPT ())
+ prompt_again ();
+ goto restart_read;
+ }
+
+ /* Add the newline to the end of this string, iff the string does
+ not already end in an EOF character. */
+ if (shell_input_line_terminator != EOF)
+ {
+ if (shell_input_line_len + 3 > shell_input_line_size)
+ shell_input_line = (char *)xrealloc (shell_input_line,
+ 1 + (shell_input_line_size += 2));
+
+ shell_input_line[shell_input_line_len] = '\n';
+ shell_input_line[shell_input_line_len + 1] = '\0';
+
+ set_line_mbstate ();
+ }
+ }
+
+ uc = shell_input_line[shell_input_line_index];
+
+ if (uc)
+ shell_input_line_index++;
+
+#if defined (ALIAS) || defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
+ /* If UC is NULL, we have reached the end of the current input string. If
+ pushed_string_list is non-empty, it's time to pop to the previous string
+ because we have fully consumed the result of the last alias expansion.
+ Do it transparently; just return the next character of the string popped
+ to. */
+ if (!uc && (pushed_string_list != (STRING_SAVER *)NULL))
+ {
+ pop_string ();
+ uc = shell_input_line[shell_input_line_index];
+ if (uc)
+ shell_input_line_index++;
+ }
+#endif /* ALIAS || DPAREN_ARITHMETIC */
+
+ if MBTEST(uc == '\\' && remove_quoted_newline && shell_input_line[shell_input_line_index] == '\n')
+ {
+ if (SHOULD_PROMPT ())
+ prompt_again ();
+ line_number++;
+ goto restart_read;
+ }
+
+ if (!uc && shell_input_line_terminator == EOF)
+ return ((shell_input_line_index != 0) ? '\n' : EOF);
+
+ return (uc);
+}
+
+/* Put C back into the input for the shell. This might need changes for
+ HANDLE_MULTIBYTE around EOLs. Since we (currently) never push back a
+ character different than we read, shell_input_line_property doesn't need
+ to change when manipulating shell_input_line. The define for
+ last_shell_getc_is_singlebyte should take care of it, though. */
+static void
+shell_ungetc (c)
+ int c;
+{
+ if (shell_input_line && shell_input_line_index)
+ shell_input_line[--shell_input_line_index] = c;
+ else
+ eol_ungetc_lookahead = c;
+}
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_UNUSED
+/* Back the input pointer up by one, effectively `ungetting' a character. */
+static void
+shell_ungetchar ()
+{
+ if (shell_input_line && shell_input_line_index)
+ shell_input_line_index--;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Discard input until CHARACTER is seen, then push that character back
+ onto the input stream. */
+static void
+discard_until (character)
+ int character;
+{
+ int c;
+
+ while ((c = shell_getc (0)) != EOF && c != character)
+ ;
+
+ if (c != EOF)
+ shell_ungetc (c);
+}
+
+void
+execute_variable_command (command, vname)
+ char *command, *vname;
+{
+ char *last_lastarg;
+ sh_parser_state_t ps;
+
+ save_parser_state (&ps);
+ last_lastarg = get_string_value ("_");
+ if (last_lastarg)
+ last_lastarg = savestring (last_lastarg);
+
+ parse_and_execute (savestring (command), vname, SEVAL_NONINT|SEVAL_NOHIST);
+
+ restore_parser_state (&ps);
+ bind_variable ("_", last_lastarg, 0);
+ FREE (last_lastarg);
+
+ if (token_to_read == '\n') /* reset_parser was called */
+ token_to_read = 0;
+}
+
+/* Place to remember the token. We try to keep the buffer
+ at a reasonable size, but it can grow. */
+static char *token = (char *)NULL;
+
+/* Current size of the token buffer. */
+static int token_buffer_size;
+
+/* Command to read_token () explaining what we want it to do. */
+#define READ 0
+#define RESET 1
+#define prompt_is_ps1 \
+ (!prompt_string_pointer || prompt_string_pointer == &ps1_prompt)
+
+/* Function for yyparse to call. yylex keeps track of
+ the last two tokens read, and calls read_token. */
+static int
+yylex ()
+{
+ if (interactive && (current_token == 0 || current_token == '\n'))
+ {
+ /* Before we print a prompt, we might have to check mailboxes.
+ We do this only if it is time to do so. Notice that only here
+ is the mail alarm reset; nothing takes place in check_mail ()
+ except the checking of mail. Please don't change this. */
+ if (prompt_is_ps1 && time_to_check_mail ())
+ {
+ check_mail ();
+ reset_mail_timer ();
+ }
+
+ /* Avoid printing a prompt if we're not going to read anything, e.g.
+ after resetting the parser with read_token (RESET). */
+ if (token_to_read == 0 && SHOULD_PROMPT ())
+ prompt_again ();
+ }
+
+ two_tokens_ago = token_before_that;
+ token_before_that = last_read_token;
+ last_read_token = current_token;
+ current_token = read_token (READ);
+ return (current_token);
+}
+
+/* When non-zero, we have read the required tokens
+ which allow ESAC to be the next one read. */
+static int esacs_needed_count;
+
+void
+gather_here_documents ()
+{
+ int r = 0;
+ while (need_here_doc)
+ {
+ make_here_document (redir_stack[r++]);
+ need_here_doc--;
+ }
+}
+
+/* When non-zero, an open-brace used to create a group is awaiting a close
+ brace partner. */
+static int open_brace_count;
+
+#define command_token_position(token) \
+ (((token) == ASSIGNMENT_WORD) || \
+ ((token) != SEMI_SEMI && reserved_word_acceptable(token)))
+
+#define assignment_acceptable(token) \
+ (command_token_position(token) && ((parser_state & PST_CASEPAT) == 0))
+
+/* Check to see if TOKEN is a reserved word and return the token
+ value if it is. */
+#define CHECK_FOR_RESERVED_WORD(tok) \
+ do { \
+ if (!dollar_present && !quoted && \
+ reserved_word_acceptable (last_read_token)) \
+ { \
+ int i; \
+ for (i = 0; word_token_alist[i].word != (char *)NULL; i++) \
+ if (STREQ (tok, word_token_alist[i].word)) \
+ { \
+ if ((parser_state & PST_CASEPAT) && (word_token_alist[i].token != ESAC)) \
+ break; \
+ if (word_token_alist[i].token == TIME && time_command_acceptable () == 0) \
+ break; \
+ if (word_token_alist[i].token == ESAC) \
+ parser_state &= ~(PST_CASEPAT|PST_CASESTMT); \
+ else if (word_token_alist[i].token == CASE) \
+ parser_state |= PST_CASESTMT; \
+ else if (word_token_alist[i].token == COND_END) \
+ parser_state &= ~(PST_CONDCMD|PST_CONDEXPR); \
+ else if (word_token_alist[i].token == COND_START) \
+ parser_state |= PST_CONDCMD; \
+ else if (word_token_alist[i].token == '{') \
+ open_brace_count++; \
+ else if (word_token_alist[i].token == '}' && open_brace_count) \
+ open_brace_count--; \
+ return (word_token_alist[i].token); \
+ } \
+ } \
+ } while (0)
+
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+
+ /* OK, we have a token. Let's try to alias expand it, if (and only if)
+ it's eligible.
+
+ It is eligible for expansion if EXPAND_ALIASES is set, and
+ the token is unquoted and the last token read was a command
+ separator (or expand_next_token is set), and we are currently
+ processing an alias (pushed_string_list is non-empty) and this
+ token is not the same as the current or any previously
+ processed alias.
+
+ Special cases that disqualify:
+ In a pattern list in a case statement (parser_state & PST_CASEPAT). */
+
+static char *
+mk_alexpansion (s)
+ char *s;
+{
+ int l;
+ char *r;
+
+ l = strlen (s);
+ r = xmalloc (l + 2);
+ strcpy (r, s);
+ if (r[l -1] != ' ')
+ r[l++] = ' ';
+ r[l] = '\0';
+ return r;
+}
+
+static int
+alias_expand_token (tokstr)
+ char *tokstr;
+{
+ char *expanded;
+ alias_t *ap;
+
+ if (((parser_state & PST_ALEXPNEXT) || command_token_position (last_read_token)) &&
+ (parser_state & PST_CASEPAT) == 0)
+ {
+ ap = find_alias (tokstr);
+
+ /* Currently expanding this token. */
+ if (ap && (ap->flags & AL_BEINGEXPANDED))
+ return (NO_EXPANSION);
+
+ /* mk_alexpansion puts an extra space on the end of the alias expansion,
+ so the lookahead by the parser works right. If this gets changed,
+ make sure the code in shell_getc that deals with reaching the end of
+ an expanded alias is changed with it. */
+ expanded = ap ? mk_alexpansion (ap->value) : (char *)NULL;
+
+ if (expanded)
+ {
+ push_string (expanded, ap->flags & AL_EXPANDNEXT, ap);
+ return (RE_READ_TOKEN);
+ }
+ else
+ /* This is an eligible token that does not have an expansion. */
+ return (NO_EXPANSION);
+ }
+ return (NO_EXPANSION);
+}
+#endif /* ALIAS */
+
+static int
+time_command_acceptable ()
+{
+#if defined (COMMAND_TIMING)
+ switch (last_read_token)
+ {
+ case 0:
+ case ';':
+ case '\n':
+ case AND_AND:
+ case OR_OR:
+ case '&':
+ case DO:
+ case THEN:
+ case ELSE:
+ case '{': /* } */
+ case '(': /* ) */
+ return 1;
+ default:
+ return 0;
+ }
+#else
+ return 0;
+#endif /* COMMAND_TIMING */
+}
+
+/* Handle special cases of token recognition:
+ IN is recognized if the last token was WORD and the token
+ before that was FOR or CASE or SELECT.
+
+ DO is recognized if the last token was WORD and the token
+ before that was FOR or SELECT.
+
+ ESAC is recognized if the last token caused `esacs_needed_count'
+ to be set
+
+ `{' is recognized if the last token as WORD and the token
+ before that was FUNCTION, or if we just parsed an arithmetic
+ `for' command.
+
+ `}' is recognized if there is an unclosed `{' present.
+
+ `-p' is returned as TIMEOPT if the last read token was TIME.
+
+ ']]' is returned as COND_END if the parser is currently parsing
+ a conditional expression ((parser_state & PST_CONDEXPR) != 0)
+
+ `time' is returned as TIME if and only if it is immediately
+ preceded by one of `;', `\n', `||', `&&', or `&'.
+*/
+
+static int
+special_case_tokens (tokstr)
+ char *tokstr;
+{
+ if ((last_read_token == WORD) &&
+#if defined (SELECT_COMMAND)
+ ((token_before_that == FOR) || (token_before_that == CASE) || (token_before_that == SELECT)) &&
+#else
+ ((token_before_that == FOR) || (token_before_that == CASE)) &&
+#endif
+ (tokstr[0] == 'i' && tokstr[1] == 'n' && tokstr[2] == 0))
+ {
+ if (token_before_that == CASE)
+ {
+ parser_state |= PST_CASEPAT;
+ esacs_needed_count++;
+ }
+ return (IN);
+ }
+
+ if (last_read_token == WORD &&
+#if defined (SELECT_COMMAND)
+ (token_before_that == FOR || token_before_that == SELECT) &&
+#else
+ (token_before_that == FOR) &&
+#endif
+ (tokstr[0] == 'd' && tokstr[1] == 'o' && tokstr[2] == '\0'))
+ return (DO);
+
+ /* Ditto for ESAC in the CASE case.
+ Specifically, this handles "case word in esac", which is a legal
+ construct, certainly because someone will pass an empty arg to the
+ case construct, and we don't want it to barf. Of course, we should
+ insist that the case construct has at least one pattern in it, but
+ the designers disagree. */
+ if (esacs_needed_count)
+ {
+ esacs_needed_count--;
+ if (STREQ (tokstr, "esac"))
+ {
+ parser_state &= ~PST_CASEPAT;
+ return (ESAC);
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* The start of a shell function definition. */
+ if (parser_state & PST_ALLOWOPNBRC)
+ {
+ parser_state &= ~PST_ALLOWOPNBRC;
+ if (tokstr[0] == '{' && tokstr[1] == '\0') /* } */
+ {
+ open_brace_count++;
+ function_bstart = line_number;
+ return ('{'); /* } */
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* We allow a `do' after a for ((...)) without an intervening
+ list_terminator */
+ if (last_read_token == ARITH_FOR_EXPRS && tokstr[0] == 'd' && tokstr[1] == 'o' && !tokstr[2])
+ return (DO);
+ if (last_read_token == ARITH_FOR_EXPRS && tokstr[0] == '{' && tokstr[1] == '\0') /* } */
+ {
+ open_brace_count++;
+ return ('{'); /* } */
+ }
+
+ if (open_brace_count && reserved_word_acceptable (last_read_token) && tokstr[0] == '}' && !tokstr[1])
+ {
+ open_brace_count--; /* { */
+ return ('}');
+ }
+
+#if defined (COMMAND_TIMING)
+ /* Handle -p after `time'. */
+ if (last_read_token == TIME && tokstr[0] == '-' && tokstr[1] == 'p' && !tokstr[2])
+ return (TIMEOPT);
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+#if defined (COMMAND_TIMING)
+ if (STREQ (token, "time") && ((parser_state & PST_CASEPAT) == 0) && time_command_acceptable ())
+ return (TIME);
+#endif /* COMMAND_TIMING */
+#endif
+
+#if defined (COND_COMMAND) /* [[ */
+ if ((parser_state & PST_CONDEXPR) && tokstr[0] == ']' && tokstr[1] == ']' && tokstr[2] == '\0')
+ return (COND_END);
+#endif
+
+ return (-1);
+}
+
+/* Called from shell.c when Control-C is typed at top level. Or
+ by the error rule at top level. */
+void
+reset_parser ()
+{
+ dstack.delimiter_depth = 0; /* No delimiters found so far. */
+ open_brace_count = 0;
+
+ parser_state = 0;
+
+#if defined (ALIAS) || defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
+ if (pushed_string_list)
+ free_string_list ();
+#endif /* ALIAS || DPAREN_ARITHMETIC */
+
+ if (shell_input_line)
+ {
+ free (shell_input_line);
+ shell_input_line = (char *)NULL;
+ shell_input_line_size = shell_input_line_index = 0;
+ }
+
+ FREE (word_desc_to_read);
+ word_desc_to_read = (WORD_DESC *)NULL;
+
+ last_read_token = '\n';
+ token_to_read = '\n';
+}
+
+/* Read the next token. Command can be READ (normal operation) or
+ RESET (to normalize state). */
+static int
+read_token (command)
+ int command;
+{
+ int character; /* Current character. */
+ int peek_char; /* Temporary look-ahead character. */
+ int result; /* The thing to return. */
+
+ if (command == RESET)
+ {
+ reset_parser ();
+ return ('\n');
+ }
+
+ if (token_to_read)
+ {
+ result = token_to_read;
+ if (token_to_read == WORD || token_to_read == ASSIGNMENT_WORD)
+ {
+ yylval.word = word_desc_to_read;
+ word_desc_to_read = (WORD_DESC *)NULL;
+ }
+ token_to_read = 0;
+ return (result);
+ }
+
+#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
+ if ((parser_state & (PST_CONDCMD|PST_CONDEXPR)) == PST_CONDCMD)
+ {
+ cond_lineno = line_number;
+ parser_state |= PST_CONDEXPR;
+ yylval.command = parse_cond_command ();
+ if (cond_token != COND_END)
+ {
+ cond_error ();
+ return (-1);
+ }
+ token_to_read = COND_END;
+ parser_state &= ~(PST_CONDEXPR|PST_CONDCMD);
+ return (COND_CMD);
+ }
+#endif
+
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+ /* This is a place to jump back to once we have successfully expanded a
+ token with an alias and pushed the string with push_string () */
+ re_read_token:
+#endif /* ALIAS */
+
+ /* Read a single word from input. Start by skipping blanks. */
+ while ((character = shell_getc (1)) != EOF && shellblank (character))
+ ;
+
+ if (character == EOF)
+ {
+ EOF_Reached = 1;
+ return (yacc_EOF);
+ }
+
+ if MBTEST(character == '#' && (!interactive || interactive_comments))
+ {
+ /* A comment. Discard until EOL or EOF, and then return a newline. */
+ discard_until ('\n');
+ shell_getc (0);
+ character = '\n'; /* this will take the next if statement and return. */
+ }
+
+ if (character == '\n')
+ {
+ /* If we're about to return an unquoted newline, we can go and collect
+ the text of any pending here document. */
+ if (need_here_doc)
+ gather_here_documents ();
+
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+ parser_state &= ~PST_ALEXPNEXT;
+#endif /* ALIAS */
+
+ parser_state &= ~PST_ASSIGNOK;
+
+ return (character);
+ }
+
+ /* Shell meta-characters. */
+ if MBTEST(shellmeta (character) && ((parser_state & PST_DBLPAREN) == 0))
+ {
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+ /* Turn off alias tokenization iff this character sequence would
+ not leave us ready to read a command. */
+ if (character == '<' || character == '>')
+ parser_state &= ~PST_ALEXPNEXT;
+#endif /* ALIAS */
+
+ parser_state &= ~PST_ASSIGNOK;
+
+ peek_char = shell_getc (1);
+ if (character == peek_char)
+ {
+ switch (character)
+ {
+ case '<':
+ /* If '<' then we could be at "<<" or at "<<-". We have to
+ look ahead one more character. */
+ peek_char = shell_getc (1);
+ if (peek_char == '-')
+ return (LESS_LESS_MINUS);
+ else if (peek_char == '<')
+ return (LESS_LESS_LESS);
+ else
+ {
+ shell_ungetc (peek_char);
+ return (LESS_LESS);
+ }
+
+ case '>':
+ return (GREATER_GREATER);
+
+ case ';':
+ parser_state |= PST_CASEPAT;
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+ parser_state &= ~PST_ALEXPNEXT;
+#endif /* ALIAS */
+
+ return (SEMI_SEMI);
+
+ case '&':
+ return (AND_AND);
+
+ case '|':
+ return (OR_OR);
+
+#if defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC) || defined (ARITH_FOR_COMMAND)
+ case '(': /* ) */
+ result = parse_dparen (character);
+ if (result == -2)
+ break;
+ else
+ return result;
+#endif
+ }
+ }
+ else if MBTEST(character == '<' && peek_char == '&')
+ return (LESS_AND);
+ else if MBTEST(character == '>' && peek_char == '&')
+ return (GREATER_AND);
+ else if MBTEST(character == '<' && peek_char == '>')
+ return (LESS_GREATER);
+ else if MBTEST(character == '>' && peek_char == '|')
+ return (GREATER_BAR);
+ else if MBTEST(peek_char == '>' && character == '&')
+ return (AND_GREATER);
+
+ shell_ungetc (peek_char);
+
+ /* If we look like we are reading the start of a function
+ definition, then let the reader know about it so that
+ we will do the right thing with `{'. */
+ if MBTEST(character == ')' && last_read_token == '(' && token_before_that == WORD)
+ {
+ parser_state |= PST_ALLOWOPNBRC;
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+ parser_state &= ~PST_ALEXPNEXT;
+#endif /* ALIAS */
+ function_dstart = line_number;
+ }
+
+ /* case pattern lists may be preceded by an optional left paren. If
+ we're not trying to parse a case pattern list, the left paren
+ indicates a subshell. */
+ if MBTEST(character == '(' && (parser_state & PST_CASEPAT) == 0) /* ) */
+ parser_state |= PST_SUBSHELL;
+ /*(*/
+ else if MBTEST((parser_state & PST_CASEPAT) && character == ')')
+ parser_state &= ~PST_CASEPAT;
+ /*(*/
+ else if MBTEST((parser_state & PST_SUBSHELL) && character == ')')
+ parser_state &= ~PST_SUBSHELL;
+
+#if defined (PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION)
+ /* Check for the constructs which introduce process substitution.
+ Shells running in `posix mode' don't do process substitution. */
+ if MBTEST(posixly_correct || ((character != '>' && character != '<') || peek_char != '(')) /*)*/
+#endif /* PROCESS_SUBSTITUTION */
+ return (character);
+ }
+
+ /* Hack <&- (close stdin) case. Also <&N- (dup and close). */
+ if MBTEST(character == '-' && (last_read_token == LESS_AND || last_read_token == GREATER_AND))
+ return (character);
+
+ /* Okay, if we got this far, we have to read a word. Read one,
+ and then check it against the known ones. */
+ result = read_token_word (character);
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+ if (result == RE_READ_TOKEN)
+ goto re_read_token;
+#endif
+ return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Match a $(...) or other grouping construct. This has to handle embedded
+ * quoted strings ('', ``, "") and nested constructs. It also must handle
+ * reprompting the user, if necessary, after reading a newline, and returning
+ * correct error values if it reads EOF.
+ */
+#define P_FIRSTCLOSE 0x01
+#define P_ALLOWESC 0x02
+#define P_DQUOTE 0x04
+#define P_COMMAND 0x08 /* parsing a command, so look for comments */
+#define P_BACKQUOTE 0x10 /* parsing a backquoted command substitution */
+
+static char matched_pair_error;
+static char *
+parse_matched_pair (qc, open, close, lenp, flags)
+ int qc; /* `"' if this construct is within double quotes */
+ int open, close;
+ int *lenp, flags;
+{
+ int count, ch, was_dollar, in_comment, check_comment;
+ int pass_next_character, backq_backslash, nestlen, ttranslen, start_lineno;
+ char *ret, *nestret, *ttrans;
+ int retind, retsize, rflags;
+
+/* itrace("parse_matched_pair: open = %c close = %c", open, close); */
+ count = 1;
+ pass_next_character = backq_backslash = was_dollar = in_comment = 0;
+ check_comment = (flags & P_COMMAND) && qc != '\'' && qc != '"' && (flags & P_DQUOTE) == 0;
+
+ /* RFLAGS is the set of flags we want to pass to recursive calls. */
+ rflags = (qc == '"') ? P_DQUOTE : (flags & P_DQUOTE);
+
+ ret = (char *)xmalloc (retsize = 64);
+ retind = 0;
+
+ start_lineno = line_number;
+ while (count)
+ {
+ ch = shell_getc (qc != '\'' && pass_next_character == 0 && backq_backslash == 0);
+
+ if (ch == EOF)
+ {
+ free (ret);
+ parser_error (start_lineno, _("unexpected EOF while looking for matching `%c'"), close);
+ EOF_Reached = 1; /* XXX */
+ return (&matched_pair_error);
+ }
+
+ /* Possible reprompting. */
+ if (ch == '\n' && SHOULD_PROMPT ())
+ prompt_again ();
+
+ if (in_comment)
+ {
+ /* Add this character. */
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (ret, retind, 1, retsize, 64);
+ ret[retind++] = ch;
+
+ if (ch == '\n')
+ in_comment = 0;
+
+ continue;
+ }
+ /* Not exactly right yet, should handle shell metacharacters, too. If
+ any changes are made to this test, make analogous changes to subst.c:
+ extract_delimited_string(). */
+ else if MBTEST(check_comment && in_comment == 0 && ch == '#' && (retind == 0 || ret[retind-1] == '\n' || whitespace (ret[retind - 1])))
+ in_comment = 1;
+
+ /* last char was backslash inside backquoted command substitution */
+ if (backq_backslash)
+ {
+ backq_backslash = 0;
+ /* Placeholder for adding special characters */
+ }
+
+ if (pass_next_character) /* last char was backslash */
+ {
+ pass_next_character = 0;
+ if (qc != '\'' && ch == '\n') /* double-quoted \<newline> disappears. */
+ {
+ if (retind > 0) retind--; /* swallow previously-added backslash */
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (ret, retind, 2, retsize, 64);
+ if MBTEST(ch == CTLESC || ch == CTLNUL)
+ ret[retind++] = CTLESC;
+ ret[retind++] = ch;
+ continue;
+ }
+ else if MBTEST(ch == CTLESC || ch == CTLNUL) /* special shell escapes */
+ {
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (ret, retind, 2, retsize, 64);
+ ret[retind++] = CTLESC;
+ ret[retind++] = ch;
+ continue;
+ }
+ else if MBTEST(ch == close) /* ending delimiter */
+ count--;
+ /* handle nested ${...} specially. */
+ else if MBTEST(open != close && was_dollar && open == '{' && ch == open) /* } */
+ count++;
+ else if MBTEST(((flags & P_FIRSTCLOSE) == 0) && ch == open) /* nested begin */
+ count++;
+
+ /* Add this character. */
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (ret, retind, 1, retsize, 64);
+ ret[retind++] = ch;
+
+ if (open == '\'') /* '' inside grouping construct */
+ {
+ if MBTEST((flags & P_ALLOWESC) && ch == '\\')
+ pass_next_character++;
+#if 0
+ else if MBTEST((flags & P_BACKQUOTE) && ch == '\\')
+ backq_backslash++;
+#endif
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ if MBTEST(ch == '\\') /* backslashes */
+ pass_next_character++;
+
+ if (open != close) /* a grouping construct */
+ {
+ if MBTEST(shellquote (ch))
+ {
+ /* '', ``, or "" inside $(...) or other grouping construct. */
+ push_delimiter (dstack, ch);
+ if MBTEST(was_dollar && ch == '\'') /* $'...' inside group */
+ nestret = parse_matched_pair (ch, ch, ch, &nestlen, P_ALLOWESC|rflags);
+ else
+ nestret = parse_matched_pair (ch, ch, ch, &nestlen, rflags);
+ pop_delimiter (dstack);
+ if (nestret == &matched_pair_error)
+ {
+ free (ret);
+ return &matched_pair_error;
+ }
+ if MBTEST(was_dollar && ch == '\'' && (extended_quote || (rflags & P_DQUOTE) == 0))
+ {
+ /* Translate $'...' here. */
+ ttrans = ansiexpand (nestret, 0, nestlen - 1, &ttranslen);
+ xfree (nestret);
+
+ if ((rflags & P_DQUOTE) == 0)
+ {
+ nestret = sh_single_quote (ttrans);
+ free (ttrans);
+ nestlen = strlen (nestret);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ nestret = ttrans;
+ nestlen = ttranslen;
+ }
+ retind -= 2; /* back up before the $' */
+ }
+ else if MBTEST(was_dollar && ch == '"' && (extended_quote || (rflags & P_DQUOTE) == 0))
+ {
+ /* Locale expand $"..." here. */
+ ttrans = localeexpand (nestret, 0, nestlen - 1, start_lineno, &ttranslen);
+ xfree (nestret);
+
+ nestret = sh_mkdoublequoted (ttrans, ttranslen, 0);
+ free (ttrans);
+ nestlen = ttranslen + 2;
+ retind -= 2; /* back up before the $" */
+ }
+
+ if (nestlen)
+ {
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (ret, retind, nestlen, retsize, 64);
+ strcpy (ret + retind, nestret);
+ retind += nestlen;
+ }
+ FREE (nestret);
+ }
+ }
+ /* Parse an old-style command substitution within double quotes as a
+ single word. */
+ /* XXX - sh and ksh93 don't do this - XXX */
+ else if MBTEST(open == '"' && ch == '`')
+ {
+ nestret = parse_matched_pair (0, '`', '`', &nestlen, rflags);
+add_nestret:
+ if (nestret == &matched_pair_error)
+ {
+ free (ret);
+ return &matched_pair_error;
+ }
+ if (nestlen)
+ {
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (ret, retind, nestlen, retsize, 64);
+ strcpy (ret + retind, nestret);
+ retind += nestlen;
+ }
+ FREE (nestret);
+ }
+#if 0
+ else if MBTEST(qc == '`' && (ch == '"' || ch == '\'') && in_comment == 0)
+ {
+ /* Add P_BACKQUOTE so backslash quotes the next character and
+ shell_getc does the right thing with \<newline>. We do this for
+ a measure of backwards compatibility -- it's not strictly the
+ right POSIX thing. */
+ nestret = parse_matched_pair (0, ch, ch, &nestlen, rflags|P_BACKQUOTE);
+ goto add_nestret;
+ }
+#endif
+ else if MBTEST(open != '`' && was_dollar && (ch == '(' || ch == '{' || ch == '[')) /* ) } ] */
+ /* check for $(), $[], or ${} inside quoted string. */
+ {
+ if (open == ch) /* undo previous increment */
+ count--;
+ if (ch == '(') /* ) */
+ nestret = parse_matched_pair (0, '(', ')', &nestlen, rflags & ~P_DQUOTE);
+ else if (ch == '{') /* } */
+ nestret = parse_matched_pair (0, '{', '}', &nestlen, P_FIRSTCLOSE|rflags);
+ else if (ch == '[') /* ] */
+ nestret = parse_matched_pair (0, '[', ']', &nestlen, rflags);
+
+ goto add_nestret;
+ }
+ was_dollar = MBTEST(ch == '$');
+ }
+
+ ret[retind] = '\0';
+ if (lenp)
+ *lenp = retind;
+ return ret;
+}
+
+#if defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC) || defined (ARITH_FOR_COMMAND)
+/* Parse a double-paren construct. It can be either an arithmetic
+ command, an arithmetic `for' command, or a nested subshell. Returns
+ the parsed token, -1 on error, or -2 if we didn't do anything and
+ should just go on. */
+static int
+parse_dparen (c)
+ int c;
+{
+ int cmdtyp, sline;
+ char *wval;
+ WORD_DESC *wd;
+
+#if defined (ARITH_FOR_COMMAND)
+ if (last_read_token == FOR)
+ {
+ arith_for_lineno = line_number;
+ cmdtyp = parse_arith_cmd (&wval, 0);
+ if (cmdtyp == 1)
+ {
+ wd = alloc_word_desc ();
+ wd->word = wval;
+ yylval.word_list = make_word_list (wd, (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+ return (ARITH_FOR_EXPRS);
+ }
+ else
+ return -1; /* ERROR */
+ }
+#endif
+
+#if defined (DPAREN_ARITHMETIC)
+ if (reserved_word_acceptable (last_read_token))
+ {
+ sline = line_number;
+
+ cmdtyp = parse_arith_cmd (&wval, 0);
+ if (cmdtyp == 1) /* arithmetic command */
+ {
+ wd = alloc_word_desc ();
+ wd->word = wval;
+ wd->flags = W_QUOTED|W_NOSPLIT|W_NOGLOB|W_DQUOTE;
+ yylval.word_list = make_word_list (wd, (WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+ return (ARITH_CMD);
+ }
+ else if (cmdtyp == 0) /* nested subshell */
+ {
+ push_string (wval, 0, (alias_t *)NULL);
+ if ((parser_state & PST_CASEPAT) == 0)
+ parser_state |= PST_SUBSHELL;
+ return (c);
+ }
+ else /* ERROR */
+ return -1;
+ }
+#endif
+
+ return -2; /* XXX */
+}
+
+/* We've seen a `(('. Look for the matching `))'. If we get it, return 1.
+ If not, assume it's a nested subshell for backwards compatibility and
+ return 0. In any case, put the characters we've consumed into a locally-
+ allocated buffer and make *ep point to that buffer. Return -1 on an
+ error, for example EOF. */
+static int
+parse_arith_cmd (ep, adddq)
+ char **ep;
+ int adddq;
+{
+ int exp_lineno, rval, c;
+ char *ttok, *tokstr;
+ int ttoklen;
+
+ exp_lineno = line_number;
+ ttok = parse_matched_pair (0, '(', ')', &ttoklen, 0);
+ rval = 1;
+ if (ttok == &matched_pair_error)
+ return -1;
+ /* Check that the next character is the closing right paren. If
+ not, this is a syntax error. ( */
+ c = shell_getc (0);
+ if MBTEST(c != ')')
+ rval = 0;
+
+ tokstr = (char *)xmalloc (ttoklen + 4);
+
+ /* if ADDDQ != 0 then (( ... )) -> "..." */
+ if (rval == 1 && adddq) /* arith cmd, add double quotes */
+ {
+ tokstr[0] = '"';
+ strncpy (tokstr + 1, ttok, ttoklen - 1);
+ tokstr[ttoklen] = '"';
+ tokstr[ttoklen+1] = '\0';
+ }
+ else if (rval == 1) /* arith cmd, don't add double quotes */
+ {
+ strncpy (tokstr, ttok, ttoklen - 1);
+ tokstr[ttoklen-1] = '\0';
+ }
+ else /* nested subshell */
+ {
+ tokstr[0] = '(';
+ strncpy (tokstr + 1, ttok, ttoklen - 1);
+ tokstr[ttoklen] = ')';
+ tokstr[ttoklen+1] = c;
+ tokstr[ttoklen+2] = '\0';
+ }
+
+ *ep = tokstr;
+ FREE (ttok);
+ return rval;
+}
+#endif /* DPAREN_ARITHMETIC || ARITH_FOR_COMMAND */
+
+#if defined (COND_COMMAND)
+static void
+cond_error ()
+{
+ char *etext;
+
+ if (EOF_Reached && cond_token != COND_ERROR) /* [[ */
+ parser_error (cond_lineno, _("unexpected EOF while looking for `]]'"));
+ else if (cond_token != COND_ERROR)
+ {
+ if (etext = error_token_from_token (cond_token))
+ {
+ parser_error (cond_lineno, _("syntax error in conditional expression: unexpected token `%s'"), etext);
+ free (etext);
+ }
+ else
+ parser_error (cond_lineno, _("syntax error in conditional expression"));
+ }
+}
+
+static COND_COM *
+cond_expr ()
+{
+ return (cond_or ());
+}
+
+static COND_COM *
+cond_or ()
+{
+ COND_COM *l, *r;
+
+ l = cond_and ();
+ if (cond_token == OR_OR)
+ {
+ r = cond_or ();
+ l = make_cond_node (COND_OR, (WORD_DESC *)NULL, l, r);
+ }
+ return l;
+}
+
+static COND_COM *
+cond_and ()
+{
+ COND_COM *l, *r;
+
+ l = cond_term ();
+ if (cond_token == AND_AND)
+ {
+ r = cond_and ();
+ l = make_cond_node (COND_AND, (WORD_DESC *)NULL, l, r);
+ }
+ return l;
+}
+
+static int
+cond_skip_newlines ()
+{
+ while ((cond_token = read_token (READ)) == '\n')
+ {
+ if (SHOULD_PROMPT ())
+ prompt_again ();
+ }
+ return (cond_token);
+}
+
+#define COND_RETURN_ERROR() \
+ do { cond_token = COND_ERROR; return ((COND_COM *)NULL); } while (0)
+
+static COND_COM *
+cond_term ()
+{
+ WORD_DESC *op;
+ COND_COM *term, *tleft, *tright;
+ int tok, lineno;
+ char *etext;
+
+ /* Read a token. It can be a left paren, a `!', a unary operator, or a
+ word that should be the first argument of a binary operator. Start by
+ skipping newlines, since this is a compound command. */
+ tok = cond_skip_newlines ();
+ lineno = line_number;
+ if (tok == COND_END)
+ {
+ COND_RETURN_ERROR ();
+ }
+ else if (tok == '(')
+ {
+ term = cond_expr ();
+ if (cond_token != ')')
+ {
+ if (term)
+ dispose_cond_node (term); /* ( */
+ if (etext = error_token_from_token (cond_token))
+ {
+ parser_error (lineno, _("unexpected token `%s', expected `)'"), etext);
+ free (etext);
+ }
+ else
+ parser_error (lineno, _("expected `)'"));
+ COND_RETURN_ERROR ();
+ }
+ term = make_cond_node (COND_EXPR, (WORD_DESC *)NULL, term, (COND_COM *)NULL);
+ (void)cond_skip_newlines ();
+ }
+ else if (tok == BANG || (tok == WORD && (yylval.word->word[0] == '!' && yylval.word->word[1] == '\0')))
+ {
+ if (tok == WORD)
+ dispose_word (yylval.word); /* not needed */
+ term = cond_term ();
+ if (term)
+ term->flags |= CMD_INVERT_RETURN;
+ }
+ else if (tok == WORD && test_unop (yylval.word->word))
+ {
+ op = yylval.word;
+ tok = read_token (READ);
+ if (tok == WORD)
+ {
+ tleft = make_cond_node (COND_TERM, yylval.word, (COND_COM *)NULL, (COND_COM *)NULL);
+ term = make_cond_node (COND_UNARY, op, tleft, (COND_COM *)NULL);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ dispose_word (op);
+ if (etext = error_token_from_token (tok))
+ {
+ parser_error (line_number, _("unexpected argument `%s' to conditional unary operator"), etext);
+ free (etext);
+ }
+ else
+ parser_error (line_number, _("unexpected argument to conditional unary operator"));
+ COND_RETURN_ERROR ();
+ }
+
+ (void)cond_skip_newlines ();
+ }
+ else if (tok == WORD) /* left argument to binary operator */
+ {
+ /* lhs */
+ tleft = make_cond_node (COND_TERM, yylval.word, (COND_COM *)NULL, (COND_COM *)NULL);
+
+ /* binop */
+ tok = read_token (READ);
+ if (tok == WORD && test_binop (yylval.word->word))
+ op = yylval.word;
+#if defined (COND_REGEXP)
+ else if (tok == WORD && STREQ (yylval.word->word,"=~"))
+ op = yylval.word;
+#endif
+ else if (tok == '<' || tok == '>')
+ op = make_word_from_token (tok); /* ( */
+ /* There should be a check before blindly accepting the `)' that we have
+ seen the opening `('. */
+ else if (tok == COND_END || tok == AND_AND || tok == OR_OR || tok == ')')
+ {
+ /* Special case. [[ x ]] is equivalent to [[ -n x ]], just like
+ the test command. Similarly for [[ x && expr ]] or
+ [[ x || expr ]] or [[ (x) ]]. */
+ op = make_word ("-n");
+ term = make_cond_node (COND_UNARY, op, tleft, (COND_COM *)NULL);
+ cond_token = tok;
+ return (term);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ if (etext = error_token_from_token (tok))
+ {
+ parser_error (line_number, _("unexpected token `%s', conditional binary operator expected"), etext);
+ free (etext);
+ }
+ else
+ parser_error (line_number, _("conditional binary operator expected"));
+ dispose_cond_node (tleft);
+ COND_RETURN_ERROR ();
+ }
+
+ /* rhs */
+ tok = read_token (READ);
+ if (tok == WORD)
+ {
+ tright = make_cond_node (COND_TERM, yylval.word, (COND_COM *)NULL, (COND_COM *)NULL);
+ term = make_cond_node (COND_BINARY, op, tleft, tright);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ if (etext = error_token_from_token (tok))
+ {
+ parser_error (line_number, _("unexpected argument `%s' to conditional binary operator"), etext);
+ free (etext);
+ }
+ else
+ parser_error (line_number, _("unexpected argument to conditional binary operator"));
+ dispose_cond_node (tleft);
+ dispose_word (op);
+ COND_RETURN_ERROR ();
+ }
+
+ (void)cond_skip_newlines ();
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ if (tok < 256)
+ parser_error (line_number, _("unexpected token `%c' in conditional command"), tok);
+ else if (etext = error_token_from_token (tok))
+ {
+ parser_error (line_number, _("unexpected token `%s' in conditional command"), etext);
+ free (etext);
+ }
+ else
+ parser_error (line_number, _("unexpected token %d in conditional command"), tok);
+ COND_RETURN_ERROR ();
+ }
+ return (term);
+}
+
+/* This is kind of bogus -- we slip a mini recursive-descent parser in
+ here to handle the conditional statement syntax. */
+static COMMAND *
+parse_cond_command ()
+{
+ COND_COM *cexp;
+
+ cexp = cond_expr ();
+ return (make_cond_command (cexp));
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+/* When this is called, it's guaranteed that we don't care about anything
+ in t beyond i. We do save and restore the chars, though. */
+static int
+token_is_assignment (t, i)
+ char *t;
+ int i;
+{
+ unsigned char c, c1;
+ int r;
+
+ c = t[i]; c1 = t[i+1];
+ t[i] = '='; t[i+1] = '\0';
+ r = assignment (t, (parser_state & PST_COMPASSIGN) != 0);
+ t[i] = c; t[i+1] = c1;
+ return r;
+}
+
+/* XXX - possible changes here for `+=' */
+static int
+token_is_ident (t, i)
+ char *t;
+ int i;
+{
+ unsigned char c;
+ int r;
+
+ c = t[i];
+ t[i] = '\0';
+ r = legal_identifier (t);
+ t[i] = c;
+ return r;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int
+read_token_word (character)
+ int character;
+{
+ /* The value for YYLVAL when a WORD is read. */
+ WORD_DESC *the_word;
+
+ /* Index into the token that we are building. */
+ int token_index;
+
+ /* ALL_DIGITS becomes zero when we see a non-digit. */
+ int all_digit_token;
+
+ /* DOLLAR_PRESENT becomes non-zero if we see a `$'. */
+ int dollar_present;
+
+ /* COMPOUND_ASSIGNMENT becomes non-zero if we are parsing a compound
+ assignment. */
+ int compound_assignment;
+
+ /* QUOTED becomes non-zero if we see one of ("), ('), (`), or (\). */
+ int quoted;
+
+ /* Non-zero means to ignore the value of the next character, and just
+ to add it no matter what. */
+ int pass_next_character;
+
+ /* The current delimiting character. */
+ int cd;
+ int result, peek_char;
+ char *ttok, *ttrans;
+ int ttoklen, ttranslen;
+ intmax_t lvalue;
+
+ if (token_buffer_size < TOKEN_DEFAULT_INITIAL_SIZE)
+ token = (char *)xrealloc (token, token_buffer_size = TOKEN_DEFAULT_INITIAL_SIZE);
+
+ token_index = 0;
+ all_digit_token = DIGIT (character);
+ dollar_present = quoted = pass_next_character = compound_assignment = 0;
+
+ for (;;)
+ {
+ if (character == EOF)
+ goto got_token;
+
+ if (pass_next_character)
+ {
+ pass_next_character = 0;
+ goto got_character;
+ }
+
+ cd = current_delimiter (dstack);
+
+ /* Handle backslashes. Quote lots of things when not inside of
+ double-quotes, quote some things inside of double-quotes. */
+ if MBTEST(character == '\\')
+ {
+ peek_char = shell_getc (0);
+
+ /* Backslash-newline is ignored in all cases except
+ when quoted with single quotes. */
+ if (peek_char == '\n')
+ {
+ character = '\n';
+ goto next_character;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ shell_ungetc (peek_char);
+
+ /* If the next character is to be quoted, note it now. */
+ if (cd == 0 || cd == '`' ||
+ (cd == '"' && peek_char >= 0 && (sh_syntaxtab[peek_char] & CBSDQUOTE)))
+ pass_next_character++;
+
+ quoted = 1;
+ goto got_character;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* Parse a matched pair of quote characters. */
+ if MBTEST(shellquote (character))
+ {
+ push_delimiter (dstack, character);
+ ttok = parse_matched_pair (character, character, character, &ttoklen, (character == '`') ? P_COMMAND : 0);
+ pop_delimiter (dstack);
+ if (ttok == &matched_pair_error)
+ return -1; /* Bail immediately. */
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (token, token_index, ttoklen + 2,
+ token_buffer_size, TOKEN_DEFAULT_GROW_SIZE);
+ token[token_index++] = character;
+ strcpy (token + token_index, ttok);
+ token_index += ttoklen;
+ all_digit_token = 0;
+ quoted = 1;
+ dollar_present |= (character == '"' && strchr (ttok, '$') != 0);
+ FREE (ttok);
+ goto next_character;
+ }
+
+#ifdef EXTENDED_GLOB
+ /* Parse a ksh-style extended pattern matching specification. */
+ if (extended_glob && PATTERN_CHAR (character))
+ {
+ peek_char = shell_getc (1);
+ if MBTEST(peek_char == '(') /* ) */
+ {
+ push_delimiter (dstack, peek_char);
+ ttok = parse_matched_pair (cd, '(', ')', &ttoklen, 0);
+ pop_delimiter (dstack);
+ if (ttok == &matched_pair_error)
+ return -1; /* Bail immediately. */
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (token, token_index, ttoklen + 2,
+ token_buffer_size,
+ TOKEN_DEFAULT_GROW_SIZE);
+ token[token_index++] = character;
+ token[token_index++] = peek_char;
+ strcpy (token + token_index, ttok);
+ token_index += ttoklen;
+ FREE (ttok);
+ dollar_present = all_digit_token = 0;
+ goto next_character;
+ }
+ else
+ shell_ungetc (peek_char);
+ }
+#endif /* EXTENDED_GLOB */
+
+ /* If the delimiter character is not single quote, parse some of
+ the shell expansions that must be read as a single word. */
+ if (shellexp (character))
+ {
+ peek_char = shell_getc (1);
+ /* $(...), <(...), >(...), $((...)), ${...}, and $[...] constructs */
+ if MBTEST(peek_char == '(' || \
+ ((peek_char == '{' || peek_char == '[') && character == '$')) /* ) ] } */
+ {
+ if (peek_char == '{') /* } */
+ ttok = parse_matched_pair (cd, '{', '}', &ttoklen, P_FIRSTCLOSE);
+ else if (peek_char == '(') /* ) */
+ {
+ /* XXX - push and pop the `(' as a delimiter for use by
+ the command-oriented-history code. This way newlines
+ appearing in the $(...) string get added to the
+ history literally rather than causing a possibly-
+ incorrect `;' to be added. ) */
+ push_delimiter (dstack, peek_char);
+ ttok = parse_matched_pair (cd, '(', ')', &ttoklen, P_COMMAND);
+ pop_delimiter (dstack);
+ }
+ else
+ ttok = parse_matched_pair (cd, '[', ']', &ttoklen, 0);
+ if (ttok == &matched_pair_error)
+ return -1; /* Bail immediately. */
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (token, token_index, ttoklen + 2,
+ token_buffer_size,
+ TOKEN_DEFAULT_GROW_SIZE);
+ token[token_index++] = character;
+ token[token_index++] = peek_char;
+ strcpy (token + token_index, ttok);
+ token_index += ttoklen;
+ FREE (ttok);
+ dollar_present = 1;
+ all_digit_token = 0;
+ goto next_character;
+ }
+ /* This handles $'...' and $"..." new-style quoted strings. */
+ else if MBTEST(character == '$' && (peek_char == '\'' || peek_char == '"'))
+ {
+ int first_line;
+
+ first_line = line_number;
+ push_delimiter (dstack, peek_char);
+ ttok = parse_matched_pair (peek_char, peek_char, peek_char,
+ &ttoklen,
+ (peek_char == '\'') ? P_ALLOWESC : 0);
+ pop_delimiter (dstack);
+ if (ttok == &matched_pair_error)
+ return -1;
+ if (peek_char == '\'')
+ {
+ ttrans = ansiexpand (ttok, 0, ttoklen - 1, &ttranslen);
+ free (ttok);
+
+ /* Insert the single quotes and correctly quote any
+ embedded single quotes (allowed because P_ALLOWESC was
+ passed to parse_matched_pair). */
+ ttok = sh_single_quote (ttrans);
+ free (ttrans);
+ ttranslen = strlen (ttok);
+ ttrans = ttok;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ /* Try to locale-expand the converted string. */
+ ttrans = localeexpand (ttok, 0, ttoklen - 1, first_line, &ttranslen);
+ free (ttok);
+
+ /* Add the double quotes back */
+ ttok = sh_mkdoublequoted (ttrans, ttranslen, 0);
+ free (ttrans);
+ ttranslen += 2;
+ ttrans = ttok;
+ }
+
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (token, token_index, ttranslen + 2,
+ token_buffer_size,
+ TOKEN_DEFAULT_GROW_SIZE);
+ strcpy (token + token_index, ttrans);
+ token_index += ttranslen;
+ FREE (ttrans);
+ quoted = 1;
+ all_digit_token = 0;
+ goto next_character;
+ }
+ /* This could eventually be extended to recognize all of the
+ shell's single-character parameter expansions, and set flags.*/
+ else if MBTEST(character == '$' && peek_char == '$')
+ {
+ ttok = (char *)xmalloc (3);
+ ttok[0] = ttok[1] = '$';
+ ttok[2] = '\0';
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (token, token_index, 3,
+ token_buffer_size,
+ TOKEN_DEFAULT_GROW_SIZE);
+ strcpy (token + token_index, ttok);
+ token_index += 2;
+ dollar_present = 1;
+ all_digit_token = 0;
+ FREE (ttok);
+ goto next_character;
+ }
+ else
+ shell_ungetc (peek_char);
+ }
+
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ /* Identify possible array subscript assignment; match [...] */
+ else if MBTEST(character == '[' && token_index > 0 && assignment_acceptable (last_read_token) && token_is_ident (token, token_index)) /* ] */
+ {
+ ttok = parse_matched_pair (cd, '[', ']', &ttoklen, 0);
+ if (ttok == &matched_pair_error)
+ return -1; /* Bail immediately. */
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (token, token_index, ttoklen + 2,
+ token_buffer_size,
+ TOKEN_DEFAULT_GROW_SIZE);
+ token[token_index++] = character;
+ strcpy (token + token_index, ttok);
+ token_index += ttoklen;
+ FREE (ttok);
+ all_digit_token = 0;
+ goto next_character;
+ }
+ /* Identify possible compound array variable assignment. */
+ else if MBTEST(character == '=' && token_index > 0 && (assignment_acceptable (last_read_token) || (parser_state & PST_ASSIGNOK)) && token_is_assignment (token, token_index))
+ {
+ peek_char = shell_getc (1);
+ if MBTEST(peek_char == '(') /* ) */
+ {
+ ttok = parse_compound_assignment (&ttoklen);
+
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (token, token_index, ttoklen + 4,
+ token_buffer_size,
+ TOKEN_DEFAULT_GROW_SIZE);
+
+ token[token_index++] = '=';
+ token[token_index++] = '(';
+ if (ttok)
+ {
+ strcpy (token + token_index, ttok);
+ token_index += ttoklen;
+ }
+ token[token_index++] = ')';
+ FREE (ttok);
+ all_digit_token = 0;
+ compound_assignment = 1;
+#if 1
+ goto next_character;
+#else
+ goto got_token; /* ksh93 seems to do this */
+#endif
+ }
+ else
+ shell_ungetc (peek_char);
+ }
+#endif
+
+ /* When not parsing a multi-character word construct, shell meta-
+ characters break words. */
+ if MBTEST(shellbreak (character))
+ {
+ shell_ungetc (character);
+ goto got_token;
+ }
+
+ got_character:
+
+ all_digit_token &= DIGIT (character);
+ dollar_present |= character == '$';
+
+ if (character == CTLESC || character == CTLNUL)
+ token[token_index++] = CTLESC;
+
+ token[token_index++] = character;
+
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (token, token_index, 1, token_buffer_size,
+ TOKEN_DEFAULT_GROW_SIZE);
+
+ next_character:
+ if (character == '\n' && SHOULD_PROMPT ())
+ prompt_again ();
+
+ /* We want to remove quoted newlines (that is, a \<newline> pair)
+ unless we are within single quotes or pass_next_character is
+ set (the shell equivalent of literal-next). */
+ cd = current_delimiter (dstack);
+ character = shell_getc (cd != '\'' && pass_next_character == 0);
+ } /* end for (;;) */
+
+got_token:
+
+ token[token_index] = '\0';
+
+ /* Check to see what thing we should return. If the last_read_token
+ is a `<', or a `&', or the character which ended this token is
+ a '>' or '<', then, and ONLY then, is this input token a NUMBER.
+ Otherwise, it is just a word, and should be returned as such. */
+ if MBTEST(all_digit_token && (character == '<' || character == '>' || \
+ last_read_token == LESS_AND || \
+ last_read_token == GREATER_AND))
+ {
+ if (legal_number (token, &lvalue) && (int)lvalue == lvalue)
+ yylval.number = lvalue;
+ else
+ yylval.number = -1;
+ return (NUMBER);
+ }
+
+ /* Check for special case tokens. */
+ result = (last_shell_getc_is_singlebyte) ? special_case_tokens (token) : -1;
+ if (result >= 0)
+ return result;
+
+#if defined (ALIAS)
+ /* Posix.2 does not allow reserved words to be aliased, so check for all
+ of them, including special cases, before expanding the current token
+ as an alias. */
+ if MBTEST(posixly_correct)
+ CHECK_FOR_RESERVED_WORD (token);
+
+ /* Aliases are expanded iff EXPAND_ALIASES is non-zero, and quoting
+ inhibits alias expansion. */
+ if (expand_aliases && quoted == 0)
+ {
+ result = alias_expand_token (token);
+ if (result == RE_READ_TOKEN)
+ return (RE_READ_TOKEN);
+ else if (result == NO_EXPANSION)
+ parser_state &= ~PST_ALEXPNEXT;
+ }
+
+ /* If not in Posix.2 mode, check for reserved words after alias
+ expansion. */
+ if MBTEST(posixly_correct == 0)
+#endif
+ CHECK_FOR_RESERVED_WORD (token);
+
+ the_word = (WORD_DESC *)xmalloc (sizeof (WORD_DESC));
+ the_word->word = (char *)xmalloc (1 + token_index);
+ the_word->flags = 0;
+ strcpy (the_word->word, token);
+ if (dollar_present)
+ the_word->flags |= W_HASDOLLAR;
+ if (quoted)
+ the_word->flags |= W_QUOTED; /*(*/
+ if (compound_assignment && token[token_index-1] == ')')
+ the_word->flags |= W_COMPASSIGN;
+ /* A word is an assignment if it appears at the beginning of a
+ simple command, or after another assignment word. This is
+ context-dependent, so it cannot be handled in the grammar. */
+ if (assignment (token, (parser_state & PST_COMPASSIGN) != 0))
+ {
+ the_word->flags |= W_ASSIGNMENT;
+ /* Don't perform word splitting on assignment statements. */
+ if (assignment_acceptable (last_read_token) || (parser_state & PST_COMPASSIGN) != 0)
+ the_word->flags |= W_NOSPLIT;
+ }
+
+ if (command_token_position (last_read_token))
+ {
+ struct builtin *b;
+ b = builtin_address_internal (token, 0);
+ if (b && (b->flags & ASSIGNMENT_BUILTIN))
+ parser_state |= PST_ASSIGNOK;
+ else if (STREQ (token, "eval") || STREQ (token, "let"))
+ parser_state |= PST_ASSIGNOK;
+ }
+
+ yylval.word = the_word;
+
+ result = ((the_word->flags & (W_ASSIGNMENT|W_NOSPLIT)) == (W_ASSIGNMENT|W_NOSPLIT))
+ ? ASSIGNMENT_WORD : WORD;
+
+ switch (last_read_token)
+ {
+ case FUNCTION:
+ parser_state |= PST_ALLOWOPNBRC;
+ function_dstart = line_number;
+ break;
+ case CASE:
+ case SELECT:
+ case FOR:
+ if (word_top < MAX_CASE_NEST)
+ word_top++;
+ word_lineno[word_top] = line_number;
+ break;
+ }
+
+ return (result);
+}
+
+/* Return 1 if TOKSYM is a token that after being read would allow
+ a reserved word to be seen, else 0. */
+static int
+reserved_word_acceptable (toksym)
+ int toksym;
+{
+ switch (toksym)
+ {
+ case '\n':
+ case ';':
+ case '(':
+ case ')':
+ case '|':
+ case '&':
+ case '{':
+ case '}': /* XXX */
+ case AND_AND:
+ case BANG:
+ case DO:
+ case DONE:
+ case ELIF:
+ case ELSE:
+ case ESAC:
+ case FI:
+ case IF:
+ case OR_OR:
+ case SEMI_SEMI:
+ case THEN:
+ case TIME:
+ case TIMEOPT:
+ case UNTIL:
+ case WHILE:
+ case 0:
+ return 1;
+ default:
+ return 0;
+ }
+}
+
+/* Return the index of TOKEN in the alist of reserved words, or -1 if
+ TOKEN is not a shell reserved word. */
+int
+find_reserved_word (tokstr)
+ char *tokstr;
+{
+ int i;
+ for (i = 0; word_token_alist[i].word; i++)
+ if (STREQ (tokstr, word_token_alist[i].word))
+ return i;
+ return -1;
+}
+
+#if 0
+#if defined (READLINE)
+/* Called after each time readline is called. This insures that whatever
+ the new prompt string is gets propagated to readline's local prompt
+ variable. */
+static void
+reset_readline_prompt ()
+{
+ char *temp_prompt;
+
+ if (prompt_string_pointer)
+ {
+ temp_prompt = (*prompt_string_pointer)
+ ? decode_prompt_string (*prompt_string_pointer)
+ : (char *)NULL;
+
+ if (temp_prompt == 0)
+ {
+ temp_prompt = (char *)xmalloc (1);
+ temp_prompt[0] = '\0';
+ }
+
+ FREE (current_readline_prompt);
+ current_readline_prompt = temp_prompt;
+ }
+}
+#endif /* READLINE */
+#endif /* 0 */
+
+#if defined (HISTORY)
+/* A list of tokens which can be followed by newlines, but not by
+ semi-colons. When concatenating multiple lines of history, the
+ newline separator for such tokens is replaced with a space. */
+static int no_semi_successors[] = {
+ '\n', '{', '(', ')', ';', '&', '|',
+ CASE, DO, ELSE, IF, SEMI_SEMI, THEN, UNTIL, WHILE, AND_AND, OR_OR, IN,
+ 0
+};
+
+/* If we are not within a delimited expression, try to be smart
+ about which separators can be semi-colons and which must be
+ newlines. Returns the string that should be added into the
+ history entry. */
+char *
+history_delimiting_chars ()
+{
+ register int i;
+
+ if (dstack.delimiter_depth != 0)
+ return ("\n");
+
+ /* First, handle some special cases. */
+ /*(*/
+ /* If we just read `()', assume it's a function definition, and don't
+ add a semicolon. If the token before the `)' was not `(', and we're
+ not in the midst of parsing a case statement, assume it's a
+ parenthesized command and add the semicolon. */
+ /*)(*/
+ if (token_before_that == ')')
+ {
+ if (two_tokens_ago == '(') /*)*/ /* function def */
+ return " ";
+ /* This does not work for subshells inside case statement
+ command lists. It's a suboptimal solution. */
+ else if (parser_state & PST_CASESTMT) /* case statement pattern */
+ return " ";
+ else
+ return "; "; /* (...) subshell */
+ }
+ else if (token_before_that == WORD && two_tokens_ago == FUNCTION)
+ return " "; /* function def using `function name' without `()' */
+
+ else if (token_before_that == WORD && two_tokens_ago == FOR)
+ {
+ /* Tricky. `for i\nin ...' should not have a semicolon, but
+ `for i\ndo ...' should. We do what we can. */
+ for (i = shell_input_line_index; whitespace(shell_input_line[i]); i++)
+ ;
+ if (shell_input_line[i] && shell_input_line[i] == 'i' && shell_input_line[i+1] == 'n')
+ return " ";
+ return ";";
+ }
+ else if (two_tokens_ago == CASE && token_before_that == WORD && (parser_state & PST_CASESTMT))
+ return " ";
+
+ for (i = 0; no_semi_successors[i]; i++)
+ {
+ if (token_before_that == no_semi_successors[i])
+ return (" ");
+ }
+
+ return ("; ");
+}
+#endif /* HISTORY */
+
+/* Issue a prompt, or prepare to issue a prompt when the next character
+ is read. */
+static void
+prompt_again ()
+{
+ char *temp_prompt;
+
+ if (interactive == 0 || expanding_alias()) /* XXX */
+ return;
+
+ ps1_prompt = get_string_value ("PS1");
+ ps2_prompt = get_string_value ("PS2");
+
+ if (!prompt_string_pointer)
+ prompt_string_pointer = &ps1_prompt;
+
+ temp_prompt = *prompt_string_pointer
+ ? decode_prompt_string (*prompt_string_pointer)
+ : (char *)NULL;
+
+ if (temp_prompt == 0)
+ {
+ temp_prompt = (char *)xmalloc (1);
+ temp_prompt[0] = '\0';
+ }
+
+ current_prompt_string = *prompt_string_pointer;
+ prompt_string_pointer = &ps2_prompt;
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ if (!no_line_editing)
+ {
+ FREE (current_readline_prompt);
+ current_readline_prompt = temp_prompt;
+ }
+ else
+#endif /* READLINE */
+ {
+ FREE (current_decoded_prompt);
+ current_decoded_prompt = temp_prompt;
+ }
+}
+
+int
+get_current_prompt_level ()
+{
+ return ((current_prompt_string && current_prompt_string == ps2_prompt) ? 2 : 1);
+}
+
+void
+set_current_prompt_level (x)
+ int x;
+{
+ prompt_string_pointer = (x == 2) ? &ps2_prompt : &ps1_prompt;
+ current_prompt_string = *prompt_string_pointer;
+}
+
+static void
+print_prompt ()
+{
+ fprintf (stderr, "%s", current_decoded_prompt);
+ fflush (stderr);
+}
+
+/* Return a string which will be printed as a prompt. The string
+ may contain special characters which are decoded as follows:
+
+ \a bell (ascii 07)
+ \d the date in Day Mon Date format
+ \e escape (ascii 033)
+ \h the hostname up to the first `.'
+ \H the hostname
+ \j the number of active jobs
+ \l the basename of the shell's tty device name
+ \n CRLF
+ \r CR
+ \s the name of the shell
+ \t the time in 24-hour hh:mm:ss format
+ \T the time in 12-hour hh:mm:ss format
+ \@ the time in 12-hour hh:mm am/pm format
+ \A the time in 24-hour hh:mm format
+ \D{fmt} the result of passing FMT to strftime(3)
+ \u your username
+ \v the version of bash (e.g., 2.00)
+ \V the release of bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
+ \w the current working directory
+ \W the last element of $PWD
+ \! the history number of this command
+ \# the command number of this command
+ \$ a $ or a # if you are root
+ \nnn character code nnn in octal
+ \\ a backslash
+ \[ begin a sequence of non-printing chars
+ \] end a sequence of non-printing chars
+*/
+#define PROMPT_GROWTH 48
+char *
+decode_prompt_string (string)
+ char *string;
+{
+ WORD_LIST *list;
+ char *result, *t;
+ struct dstack save_dstack;
+ int last_exit_value;
+#if defined (PROMPT_STRING_DECODE)
+ int result_size, result_index;
+ int c, n, i;
+ char *temp, octal_string[4];
+ struct tm *tm;
+ time_t the_time;
+ char timebuf[128];
+ char *timefmt;
+
+ result = (char *)xmalloc (result_size = PROMPT_GROWTH);
+ result[result_index = 0] = 0;
+ temp = (char *)NULL;
+
+ while (c = *string++)
+ {
+ if (posixly_correct && c == '!')
+ {
+ if (*string == '!')
+ {
+ temp = savestring ("!");
+ goto add_string;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+#if !defined (HISTORY)
+ temp = savestring ("1");
+#else /* HISTORY */
+ temp = itos (history_number ());
+#endif /* HISTORY */
+ string--; /* add_string increments string again. */
+ goto add_string;
+ }
+ }
+ if (c == '\\')
+ {
+ c = *string;
+
+ switch (c)
+ {
+ case '0':
+ case '1':
+ case '2':
+ case '3':
+ case '4':
+ case '5':
+ case '6':
+ case '7':
+ strncpy (octal_string, string, 3);
+ octal_string[3] = '\0';
+
+ n = read_octal (octal_string);
+ temp = (char *)xmalloc (3);
+
+ if (n == CTLESC || n == CTLNUL)
+ {
+ temp[0] = CTLESC;
+ temp[1] = n;
+ temp[2] = '\0';
+ }
+ else if (n == -1)
+ {
+ temp[0] = '\\';
+ temp[1] = '\0';
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ temp[0] = n;
+ temp[1] = '\0';
+ }
+
+ for (c = 0; n != -1 && c < 3 && ISOCTAL (*string); c++)
+ string++;
+
+ c = 0; /* tested at add_string: */
+ goto add_string;
+
+ case 'd':
+ case 't':
+ case 'T':
+ case '@':
+ case 'A':
+ /* Make the current time/date into a string. */
+ (void) time (&the_time);
+ tm = localtime (&the_time);
+
+ if (c == 'd')
+ n = strftime (timebuf, sizeof (timebuf), "%a %b %d", tm);
+ else if (c == 't')
+ n = strftime (timebuf, sizeof (timebuf), "%H:%M:%S", tm);
+ else if (c == 'T')
+ n = strftime (timebuf, sizeof (timebuf), "%I:%M:%S", tm);
+ else if (c == '@')
+ n = strftime (timebuf, sizeof (timebuf), "%I:%M %p", tm);
+ else if (c == 'A')
+ n = strftime (timebuf, sizeof (timebuf), "%H:%M", tm);
+
+ if (n == 0)
+ timebuf[0] = '\0';
+ else
+ timebuf[sizeof(timebuf) - 1] = '\0';
+
+ temp = savestring (timebuf);
+ goto add_string;
+
+ case 'D': /* strftime format */
+ if (string[1] != '{') /* } */
+ goto not_escape;
+
+ (void) time (&the_time);
+ tm = localtime (&the_time);
+ string += 2; /* skip { */
+ timefmt = xmalloc (strlen (string) + 3);
+ for (t = timefmt; *string && *string != '}'; )
+ *t++ = *string++;
+ *t = '\0';
+ c = *string; /* tested at add_string */
+ if (timefmt[0] == '\0')
+ {
+ timefmt[0] = '%';
+ timefmt[1] = 'X'; /* locale-specific current time */
+ timefmt[2] = '\0';
+ }
+ n = strftime (timebuf, sizeof (timebuf), timefmt, tm);
+ free (timefmt);
+
+ if (n == 0)
+ timebuf[0] = '\0';
+ else
+ timebuf[sizeof(timebuf) - 1] = '\0';
+
+ if (promptvars || posixly_correct)
+ /* Make sure that expand_prompt_string is called with a
+ second argument of Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES if we use this
+ function here. */
+ temp = sh_backslash_quote_for_double_quotes (timebuf);
+ else
+ temp = savestring (timebuf);
+ goto add_string;
+
+ case 'n':
+ temp = (char *)xmalloc (3);
+ temp[0] = no_line_editing ? '\n' : '\r';
+ temp[1] = no_line_editing ? '\0' : '\n';
+ temp[2] = '\0';
+ goto add_string;
+
+ case 's':
+ temp = base_pathname (shell_name);
+ temp = savestring (temp);
+ goto add_string;
+
+ case 'v':
+ case 'V':
+ temp = (char *)xmalloc (16);
+ if (c == 'v')
+ strcpy (temp, dist_version);
+ else
+ sprintf (temp, "%s.%d", dist_version, patch_level);
+ goto add_string;
+
+ case 'w':
+ case 'W':
+ {
+ /* Use the value of PWD because it is much more efficient. */
+ char t_string[PATH_MAX];
+ int tlen;
+
+ temp = get_string_value ("PWD");
+
+ if (temp == 0)
+ {
+ if (getcwd (t_string, sizeof(t_string)) == 0)
+ {
+ t_string[0] = '.';
+ tlen = 1;
+ }
+ else
+ tlen = strlen (t_string);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ tlen = sizeof (t_string) - 1;
+ strncpy (t_string, temp, tlen);
+ }
+ t_string[tlen] = '\0';
+
+#define ROOT_PATH(x) ((x)[0] == '/' && (x)[1] == 0)
+#define DOUBLE_SLASH_ROOT(x) ((x)[0] == '/' && (x)[1] == '/' && (x)[2] == 0)
+ /* Abbreviate \W as ~ if $PWD == $HOME */
+ if (c == 'W' && (((t = get_string_value ("HOME")) == 0) || STREQ (t, t_string) == 0))
+ {
+ if (ROOT_PATH (t_string) == 0 && DOUBLE_SLASH_ROOT (t_string) == 0)
+ {
+ t = strrchr (t_string, '/');
+ if (t)
+ strcpy (t_string, t + 1);
+ }
+ }
+#undef ROOT_PATH
+#undef DOUBLE_SLASH_ROOT
+ else
+ /* polite_directory_format is guaranteed to return a string
+ no longer than PATH_MAX - 1 characters. */
+ strcpy (t_string, polite_directory_format (t_string));
+
+ /* If we're going to be expanding the prompt string later,
+ quote the directory name. */
+ if (promptvars || posixly_correct)
+ /* Make sure that expand_prompt_string is called with a
+ second argument of Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES if we use this
+ function here. */
+ temp = sh_backslash_quote_for_double_quotes (t_string);
+ else
+ temp = savestring (t_string);
+
+ goto add_string;
+ }
+
+ case 'u':
+ if (current_user.user_name == 0)
+ get_current_user_info ();
+ temp = savestring (current_user.user_name);
+ goto add_string;
+
+ case 'h':
+ case 'H':
+ temp = savestring (current_host_name);
+ if (c == 'h' && (t = (char *)strchr (temp, '.')))
+ *t = '\0';
+ goto add_string;
+
+ case '#':
+ temp = itos (current_command_number);
+ goto add_string;
+
+ case '!':
+#if !defined (HISTORY)
+ temp = savestring ("1");
+#else /* HISTORY */
+ temp = itos (history_number ());
+#endif /* HISTORY */
+ goto add_string;
+
+ case '$':
+ t = temp = (char *)xmalloc (3);
+ if ((promptvars || posixly_correct) && (current_user.euid != 0))
+ *t++ = '\\';
+ *t++ = current_user.euid == 0 ? '#' : '$';
+ *t = '\0';
+ goto add_string;
+
+ case 'j':
+ temp = itos (count_all_jobs ());
+ goto add_string;
+
+ case 'l':
+#if defined (HAVE_TTYNAME)
+ temp = (char *)ttyname (fileno (stdin));
+ t = temp ? base_pathname (temp) : "tty";
+ temp = savestring (t);
+#else
+ temp = savestring ("tty");
+#endif /* !HAVE_TTYNAME */
+ goto add_string;
+
+#if defined (READLINE)
+ case '[':
+ case ']':
+ if (no_line_editing)
+ {
+ string++;
+ break;
+ }
+ temp = (char *)xmalloc (3);
+ n = (c == '[') ? RL_PROMPT_START_IGNORE : RL_PROMPT_END_IGNORE;
+ i = 0;
+ if (n == CTLESC || n == CTLNUL)
+ temp[i++] = CTLESC;
+ temp[i++] = n;
+ temp[i] = '\0';
+ goto add_string;
+#endif /* READLINE */
+
+ case '\\':
+ case 'a':
+ case 'e':
+ case 'r':
+ temp = (char *)xmalloc (2);
+ if (c == 'a')
+ temp[0] = '\07';
+ else if (c == 'e')
+ temp[0] = '\033';
+ else if (c == 'r')
+ temp[0] = '\r';
+ else /* (c == '\\') */
+ temp[0] = c;
+ temp[1] = '\0';
+ goto add_string;
+
+ default:
+not_escape:
+ temp = (char *)xmalloc (3);
+ temp[0] = '\\';
+ temp[1] = c;
+ temp[2] = '\0';
+
+ add_string:
+ if (c)
+ string++;
+ result =
+ sub_append_string (temp, result, &result_index, &result_size);
+ temp = (char *)NULL; /* Freed in sub_append_string (). */
+ result[result_index] = '\0';
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ RESIZE_MALLOCED_BUFFER (result, result_index, 3, result_size, PROMPT_GROWTH);
+ result[result_index++] = c;
+ result[result_index] = '\0';
+ }
+ }
+#else /* !PROMPT_STRING_DECODE */
+ result = savestring (string);
+#endif /* !PROMPT_STRING_DECODE */
+
+ /* Save the delimiter stack and point `dstack' to temp space so any
+ command substitutions in the prompt string won't result in screwing
+ up the parser's quoting state. */
+ save_dstack = dstack;
+ dstack = temp_dstack;
+ dstack.delimiter_depth = 0;
+
+ /* Perform variable and parameter expansion and command substitution on
+ the prompt string. */
+ if (promptvars || posixly_correct)
+ {
+ last_exit_value = last_command_exit_value;
+ list = expand_prompt_string (result, Q_DOUBLE_QUOTES);
+ free (result);
+ result = string_list (list);
+ dispose_words (list);
+ last_command_exit_value = last_exit_value;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ t = dequote_string (result);
+ free (result);
+ result = t;
+ }
+
+ dstack = save_dstack;
+
+ return (result);
+}
+
+/************************************************
+ * *
+ * ERROR HANDLING *
+ * *
+ ************************************************/
+
+/* Report a syntax error, and restart the parser. Call here for fatal
+ errors. */
+int
+yyerror (msg)
+ const char *msg;
+{
+ report_syntax_error ((char *)NULL);
+ reset_parser ();
+ return (0);
+}
+
+static char *
+error_token_from_token (tok)
+ int tok;
+{
+ char *t;
+
+ if (t = find_token_in_alist (tok, word_token_alist, 0))
+ return t;
+
+ if (t = find_token_in_alist (tok, other_token_alist, 0))
+ return t;
+
+ t = (char *)NULL;
+ /* This stuff is dicy and needs closer inspection */
+ switch (current_token)
+ {
+ case WORD:
+ case ASSIGNMENT_WORD:
+ if (yylval.word)
+ t = savestring (yylval.word->word);
+ break;
+ case NUMBER:
+ t = itos (yylval.number);
+ break;
+ case ARITH_CMD:
+ if (yylval.word_list)
+ t = string_list (yylval.word_list);
+ break;
+ case ARITH_FOR_EXPRS:
+ if (yylval.word_list)
+ t = string_list_internal (yylval.word_list, " ; ");
+ break;
+ case COND_CMD:
+ t = (char *)NULL; /* punt */
+ break;
+ }
+
+ return t;
+}
+
+static char *
+error_token_from_text ()
+{
+ char *msg, *t;
+ int token_end, i;
+
+ t = shell_input_line;
+ i = shell_input_line_index;
+ token_end = 0;
+ msg = (char *)NULL;
+
+ if (i && t[i] == '\0')
+ i--;
+
+ while (i && (whitespace (t[i]) || t[i] == '\n'))
+ i--;
+
+ if (i)
+ token_end = i + 1;
+
+ while (i && (member (t[i], " \n\t;|&") == 0))
+ i--;
+
+ while (i != token_end && (whitespace (t[i]) || t[i] == '\n'))
+ i++;
+
+ /* Return our idea of the offending token. */
+ if (token_end || (i == 0 && token_end == 0))
+ {
+ if (token_end)
+ msg = substring (t, i, token_end);
+ else /* one-character token */
+ {
+ msg = (char *)xmalloc (2);
+ msg[0] = t[i];
+ msg[1] = '\0';
+ }
+ }
+
+ return (msg);
+}
+
+static void
+print_offending_line ()
+{
+ char *msg;
+ int token_end;
+
+ msg = savestring (shell_input_line);
+ token_end = strlen (msg);
+ while (token_end && msg[token_end - 1] == '\n')
+ msg[--token_end] = '\0';
+
+ parser_error (line_number, "`%s'", msg);
+ free (msg);
+}
+
+/* Report a syntax error with line numbers, etc.
+ Call here for recoverable errors. If you have a message to print,
+ then place it in MESSAGE, otherwise pass NULL and this will figure
+ out an appropriate message for you. */
+static void
+report_syntax_error (message)
+ char *message;
+{
+ char *msg;
+
+ if (message)
+ {
+ parser_error (line_number, "%s", message);
+ if (interactive && EOF_Reached)
+ EOF_Reached = 0;
+ last_command_exit_value = EX_USAGE;
+ return;
+ }
+
+ /* If the line of input we're reading is not null, try to find the
+ objectionable token. First, try to figure out what token the
+ parser's complaining about by looking at current_token. */
+ if (current_token != 0 && EOF_Reached == 0 && (msg = error_token_from_token (current_token)))
+ {
+ parser_error (line_number, _("syntax error near unexpected token `%s'"), msg);
+ free (msg);
+
+ if (interactive == 0)
+ print_offending_line ();
+
+ last_command_exit_value = EX_USAGE;
+ return;
+ }
+
+ /* If looking at the current token doesn't prove fruitful, try to find the
+ offending token by analyzing the text of the input line near the current
+ input line index and report what we find. */
+ if (shell_input_line && *shell_input_line)
+ {
+ msg = error_token_from_text ();
+ if (msg)
+ {
+ parser_error (line_number, _("syntax error near `%s'"), msg);
+ free (msg);
+ }
+
+ /* If not interactive, print the line containing the error. */
+ if (interactive == 0)
+ print_offending_line ();
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ msg = EOF_Reached ? _("syntax error: unexpected end of file") : _("syntax error");
+ parser_error (line_number, "%s", msg);
+ /* When the shell is interactive, this file uses EOF_Reached
+ only for error reporting. Other mechanisms are used to
+ decide whether or not to exit. */
+ if (interactive && EOF_Reached)
+ EOF_Reached = 0;
+ }
+
+ last_command_exit_value = EX_USAGE;
+}
+
+/* ??? Needed function. ??? We have to be able to discard the constructs
+ created during parsing. In the case of error, we want to return
+ allocated objects to the memory pool. In the case of no error, we want
+ to throw away the information about where the allocated objects live.
+ (dispose_command () will actually free the command.) */
+static void
+discard_parser_constructs (error_p)
+ int error_p;
+{
+}
+
+/************************************************
+ * *
+ * EOF HANDLING *
+ * *
+ ************************************************/
+
+/* Do that silly `type "bye" to exit' stuff. You know, "ignoreeof". */
+
+/* A flag denoting whether or not ignoreeof is set. */
+int ignoreeof = 0;
+
+/* The number of times that we have encountered an EOF character without
+ another character intervening. When this gets above the limit, the
+ shell terminates. */
+int eof_encountered = 0;
+
+/* The limit for eof_encountered. */
+int eof_encountered_limit = 10;
+
+/* If we have EOF as the only input unit, this user wants to leave
+ the shell. If the shell is not interactive, then just leave.
+ Otherwise, if ignoreeof is set, and we haven't done this the
+ required number of times in a row, print a message. */
+static void
+handle_eof_input_unit ()
+{
+ if (interactive)
+ {
+ /* shell.c may use this to decide whether or not to write out the
+ history, among other things. We use it only for error reporting
+ in this file. */
+ if (EOF_Reached)
+ EOF_Reached = 0;
+
+ /* If the user wants to "ignore" eof, then let her do so, kind of. */
+ if (ignoreeof)
+ {
+ if (eof_encountered < eof_encountered_limit)
+ {
+ fprintf (stderr, _("Use \"%s\" to leave the shell.\n"),
+ login_shell ? "logout" : "exit");
+ eof_encountered++;
+ /* Reset the parsing state. */
+ last_read_token = current_token = '\n';
+ /* Reset the prompt string to be $PS1. */
+ prompt_string_pointer = (char **)NULL;
+ prompt_again ();
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* In this case EOF should exit the shell. Do it now. */
+ reset_parser ();
+ exit_builtin ((WORD_LIST *)NULL);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ /* We don't write history files, etc., for non-interactive shells. */
+ EOF_Reached = 1;
+ }
+}
+
+/************************************************
+ * *
+ * STRING PARSING FUNCTIONS *
+ * *
+ ************************************************/
+
+/* It's very important that these two functions treat the characters
+ between ( and ) identically. */
+
+static WORD_LIST parse_string_error;
+
+/* Take a string and run it through the shell parser, returning the
+ resultant word list. Used by compound array assignment. */
+WORD_LIST *
+parse_string_to_word_list (s, flags, whom)
+ char *s;
+ int flags;
+ const char *whom;
+{
+ WORD_LIST *wl;
+ int tok, orig_current_token, orig_line_number, orig_input_terminator;
+ int orig_line_count;
+ int old_echo_input, old_expand_aliases;
+#if defined (HISTORY)
+ int old_remember_on_history, old_history_expansion_inhibited;
+#endif
+
+#if defined (HISTORY)
+ old_remember_on_history = remember_on_history;
+# if defined (BANG_HISTORY)
+ old_history_expansion_inhibited = history_expansion_inhibited;
+# endif
+ bash_history_disable ();
+#endif
+
+ orig_line_number = line_number;
+ orig_line_count = current_command_line_count;
+ orig_input_terminator = shell_input_line_terminator;
+ old_echo_input = echo_input_at_read;
+ old_expand_aliases = expand_aliases;
+
+ push_stream (1);
+ last_read_token = WORD; /* WORD to allow reserved words here */
+ current_command_line_count = 0;
+ echo_input_at_read = expand_aliases = 0;
+
+ with_input_from_string (s, whom);
+ wl = (WORD_LIST *)NULL;
+
+ if (flags & 1)
+ parser_state |= PST_COMPASSIGN;
+
+ while ((tok = read_token (READ)) != yacc_EOF)
+ {
+ if (tok == '\n' && *bash_input.location.string == '\0')
+ break;
+ if (tok == '\n') /* Allow newlines in compound assignments */
+ continue;
+ if (tok != WORD && tok != ASSIGNMENT_WORD)
+ {
+ line_number = orig_line_number + line_number - 1;
+ orig_current_token = current_token;
+ current_token = tok;
+ yyerror (NULL); /* does the right thing */
+ current_token = orig_current_token;
+ if (wl)
+ dispose_words (wl);
+ wl = &parse_string_error;
+ break;
+ }
+ wl = make_word_list (yylval.word, wl);
+ }
+
+ last_read_token = '\n';
+ pop_stream ();
+
+#if defined (HISTORY)
+ remember_on_history = old_remember_on_history;
+# if defined (BANG_HISTORY)
+ history_expansion_inhibited = old_history_expansion_inhibited;
+# endif /* BANG_HISTORY */
+#endif /* HISTORY */
+
+ echo_input_at_read = old_echo_input;
+ expand_aliases = old_expand_aliases;
+
+ current_command_line_count = orig_line_count;
+ shell_input_line_terminator = orig_input_terminator;
+
+ if (flags & 1)
+ parser_state &= ~PST_COMPASSIGN;
+
+ if (wl == &parse_string_error)
+ {
+ last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+ if (interactive_shell == 0 && posixly_correct)
+ jump_to_top_level (FORCE_EOF);
+ else
+ jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
+ }
+
+ return (REVERSE_LIST (wl, WORD_LIST *));
+}
+
+static char *
+parse_compound_assignment (retlenp)
+ int *retlenp;
+{
+ WORD_LIST *wl, *rl;
+ int tok, orig_line_number, orig_token_size, orig_last_token, assignok;
+ char *saved_token, *ret;
+
+ saved_token = token;
+ orig_token_size = token_buffer_size;
+ orig_line_number = line_number;
+ orig_last_token = last_read_token;
+
+ last_read_token = WORD; /* WORD to allow reserved words here */
+
+ token = (char *)NULL;
+ token_buffer_size = 0;
+
+ assignok = parser_state&PST_ASSIGNOK; /* XXX */
+
+ wl = (WORD_LIST *)NULL; /* ( */
+ parser_state |= PST_COMPASSIGN;
+
+ while ((tok = read_token (READ)) != ')')
+ {
+ if (tok == '\n') /* Allow newlines in compound assignments */
+ {
+ if (SHOULD_PROMPT ())
+ prompt_again ();
+ continue;
+ }
+ if (tok != WORD && tok != ASSIGNMENT_WORD)
+ {
+ current_token = tok; /* for error reporting */
+ if (tok == yacc_EOF) /* ( */
+ parser_error (orig_line_number, _("unexpected EOF while looking for matching `)'"));
+ else
+ yyerror(NULL); /* does the right thing */
+ if (wl)
+ dispose_words (wl);
+ wl = &parse_string_error;
+ break;
+ }
+ wl = make_word_list (yylval.word, wl);
+ }
+
+ FREE (token);
+ token = saved_token;
+ token_buffer_size = orig_token_size;
+
+ parser_state &= ~PST_COMPASSIGN;
+
+ if (wl == &parse_string_error)
+ {
+ last_command_exit_value = EXECUTION_FAILURE;
+ last_read_token = '\n'; /* XXX */
+ if (interactive_shell == 0 && posixly_correct)
+ jump_to_top_level (FORCE_EOF);
+ else
+ jump_to_top_level (DISCARD);
+ }
+
+ last_read_token = orig_last_token; /* XXX - was WORD? */
+
+ if (wl)
+ {
+ rl = REVERSE_LIST (wl, WORD_LIST *);
+ ret = string_list (rl);
+ dispose_words (rl);
+ }
+ else
+ ret = (char *)NULL;
+
+ if (retlenp)
+ *retlenp = (ret && *ret) ? strlen (ret) : 0;
+
+ if (assignok)
+ parser_state |= PST_ASSIGNOK;
+
+ return ret;
+}
+
+/************************************************
+ * *
+ * SAVING AND RESTORING PARTIAL PARSE STATE *
+ * *
+ ************************************************/
+
+sh_parser_state_t *
+save_parser_state (ps)
+ sh_parser_state_t *ps;
+{
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ SHELL_VAR *v;
+#endif
+
+ if (ps == 0)
+ ps = (sh_parser_state_t *)xmalloc (sizeof (sh_parser_state_t));
+ if (ps == 0)
+ return ((sh_parser_state_t *)NULL);
+
+ ps->parser_state = parser_state;
+ ps->token_state = save_token_state ();
+
+ ps->input_line_terminator = shell_input_line_terminator;
+ ps->eof_encountered = eof_encountered;
+
+ ps->current_command_line_count = current_command_line_count;
+
+#if defined (HISTORY)
+ ps->remember_on_history = remember_on_history;
+# if defined (BANG_HISTORY)
+ ps->history_expansion_inhibited = history_expansion_inhibited;
+# endif
+#endif
+
+ ps->last_command_exit_value = last_command_exit_value;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ v = find_variable ("PIPESTATUS");
+ if (v && array_p (v) && array_cell (v))
+ ps->pipestatus = array_copy (array_cell (v));
+ else
+ ps->pipestatus = (ARRAY *)NULL;
+#endif
+
+ ps->last_shell_builtin = last_shell_builtin;
+ ps->this_shell_builtin = this_shell_builtin;
+
+ ps->expand_aliases = expand_aliases;
+ ps->echo_input_at_read = echo_input_at_read;
+
+ return (ps);
+}
+
+void
+restore_parser_state (ps)
+ sh_parser_state_t *ps;
+{
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ SHELL_VAR *v;
+#endif
+
+ if (ps == 0)
+ return;
+
+ parser_state = ps->parser_state;
+ if (ps->token_state)
+ {
+ restore_token_state (ps->token_state);
+ free (ps->token_state);
+ }
+
+ shell_input_line_terminator = ps->input_line_terminator;
+ eof_encountered = ps->eof_encountered;
+
+ current_command_line_count = ps->current_command_line_count;
+
+#if defined (HISTORY)
+ remember_on_history = ps->remember_on_history;
+# if defined (BANG_HISTORY)
+ history_expansion_inhibited = ps->history_expansion_inhibited;
+# endif
+#endif
+
+ last_command_exit_value = ps->last_command_exit_value;
+#if defined (ARRAY_VARS)
+ v = find_variable ("PIPESTATUS");
+ if (v && array_p (v) && array_cell (v))
+ {
+ array_dispose (array_cell (v));
+ var_setarray (v, ps->pipestatus);
+ }
+#endif
+
+ last_shell_builtin = ps->last_shell_builtin;
+ this_shell_builtin = ps->this_shell_builtin;
+
+ expand_aliases = ps->expand_aliases;
+ echo_input_at_read = ps->echo_input_at_read;
+}
+
+/************************************************
+ * *
+ * MULTIBYTE CHARACTER HANDLING *
+ * *
+ ************************************************/
+
+#if defined (HANDLE_MULTIBYTE)
+static void
+set_line_mbstate ()
+{
+ int i, previ, len, c;
+ mbstate_t mbs, prevs;
+ size_t mbclen;
+
+ if (shell_input_line == NULL)
+ return;
+ len = strlen (shell_input_line); /* XXX - shell_input_line_len ? */
+ FREE (shell_input_line_property);
+ shell_input_line_property = (char *)xmalloc (len + 1);
+
+ memset (&prevs, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
+ for (i = previ = 0; i < len; i++)
+ {
+ mbs = prevs;
+
+ c = shell_input_line[i];
+ if (c == EOF)
+ {
+ int j;
+ for (j = i; j < len; j++)
+ shell_input_line_property[j] = 1;
+ break;
+ }
+
+ mbclen = mbrlen (shell_input_line + previ, i - previ + 1, &mbs);
+ if (mbclen == 1 || mbclen == (size_t)-1)
+ {
+ mbclen = 1;
+ previ = i + 1;
+ }
+ else if (mbclen == (size_t)-2)
+ mbclen = 0;
+ else if (mbclen > 1)
+ {
+ mbclen = 0;
+ previ = i + 1;
+ prevs = mbs;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ /* XXX - what to do if mbrlen returns 0? (null wide character) */
+ int j;
+ for (j = i; j < len; j++)
+ shell_input_line_property[j] = 1;
+ break;
+ }
+
+ shell_input_line_property[i] = mbclen;
+ }
+}
+#endif /* HANDLE_MULTIBYTE */
--- /dev/null
+tf is a function
+tf ()
+{
+ echo this is ${0##*/} >/dev/null;
+ echo a | cat - >/dev/null;
+ test -f ${0##*/} && echo ${0##*/} is a regular file;
+ test -d ${0##*/} || echo ${0##*/} is not a directory;
+ echo a;
+ echo b;
+ echo c;
+ echo background >/dev/null & ( exit 1 );
+ echo $?;
+ {
+ echo a
+ };
+ i=0;
+ while (( " i < 3 " )); do
+ test -r /dev/fd/$i;
+ i=$(( i + 1 ));
+ done;
+ [[ -r /dev/fd/0 && -w /dev/fd/1 ]] || echo oops >/dev/null;
+ for name in $( echo 1 2 3 );
+ do
+ test -r /dev/fd/$name;
+ done;
+ if [[ -r /dev/fd/0 && -w /dev/fd/1 ]]; then
+ echo ok >/dev/null;
+ else
+ if (( " 7 > 40 " )); then
+ echo oops;
+ else
+ echo done;
+ fi;
+ fi >/dev/null;
+ case $PATH in
+ *$PWD*)
+ echo \$PWD in \$PATH
+ ;;
+ *)
+ echo \$PWD not in \$PATH
+ ;;
+ esac >/dev/null;
+ while false; do
+ echo z;
+ done >/dev/null;
+ until true; do
+ echo z;
+ done >/dev/null;
+ echo \&\|'()' \{ echo abcde \; \};
+ eval fu\%nc'()' \{ echo abcde \; \};
+ type fu\%nc
+}
+tf2 is a function
+tf2 ()
+{
+ ( {
+ time -p echo a | cat - >/dev/null
+ } ) 2>&1
+}
+cprint.tests is a regular file
+cprint.tests is not a directory
+a
+b
+c
+1
+a
+&|() { echo abcde ; }
+fu%nc is a function
+fu%nc ()
+{
+ echo abcde
+}
--- /dev/null
+trap 'rm /tmp/newhistory' 0
+
+# bad options
+history -x
+# cannot use -r and -w at the same time
+history -r -w /dev/null
+
+# bad option
+fc -v
+
+# all of these should result in an empty history list
+history -c
+history -r /dev/null
+history -n /dev/null
+history -c
+
+HISTFILE=history.list
+HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth
+HISTIGNORE='&:history*:fc*'
+HISTSIZE=32
+
+shopt -s cmdhist
+set -o history
+
+history
+
+fc -l
+fc -nl
+
+fc -lr
+fc -nlr
+
+history -s "echo line for history"
+history
+
+history -p '!!'
+
+fc -nl
+
+HISTFILE=/tmp/newhistory
+history -a
+echo displaying \$HISTFILE after history -a
+cat $HISTFILE
+
+history
+history -w
+cat $HISTFILE
+
+history -s "echo line 2 for history"
+history
+history -p '!e'
+history -p '!!'
+
+# this should show up as one history entry
+for x in one two three
+do
+ :
+done
+history
+
+# just a basic test. a full test suite for history expansion should be
+# created
+set -H
+!!
+!e
+
+unset HISTSIZE
+unset HISTFILE
+
+fc -l 4
+fc -l 4 8
+
+fc -l 502
+fc -l one=two three=four 502
+
+history 4
+
+shopt -so history
+shopt -s expand_aliases
+
+alias r="fc -s"
+
+echo aa ab ac
+
+r a=x
+r x=4 b=8
+
+# this had better fail with `no command found'
+r cc
+
+unalias -a
+alias
+
+set +o history
+
+shopt -q -o history
+echo $?
--- /dev/null
+:; ./shx
+
+sh:
+<&$fd ok
+nlbq Mon Aug 3 02:45:00 EDT 1992
+bang geoff
+quote 712824302
+setbq defmsgid=<1992Aug3.024502.6176@host>
+bgwait sleep done... wait 6187
+
+
+bash:
+<&$fd ok
+nlbq Mon Aug 3 02:45:09 EDT 1992
+bang geoff
+quote 712824311
+setbq defmsgid=<1992Aug3.024512.6212@host>
+bgwait sleep done... wait 6223
+
+
+ash:
+<&$fd shx1: 4: Syntax error: Bad fd number
+nlbq Mon Aug 3 02:45:19 EDT 1992
+bang geoff
+quote getdate: `"now"' not a valid date
+
+setbq defmsgid=<1992Aug3.` echo 024521
+bgwait sleep done... wait 6241
+
+
+ksh:
+<&$fd ok
+nlbq ./shx: 6248 Memory fault - core dumped
+bang geoff
+quote getdate: `"now"' not a valid date
+
+setbq defmsgid=<1992Aug3.024530.6257@host>
+bgwait no such job: 6265
+wait 6265
+sleep done...
+
+zsh:
+<&$fd ok
+nlbq Mon Aug 3 02:45:36 EDT 1992
+bang shx3: event not found: /s/ [4]
+quote 712824337
+setbq defmsgid=<..6290@host>
+bgwait shx7: unmatched " [9]
+sleep done...
+:;
--- /dev/null
+#! /bin/sh
+for cmd in sh bash ash ksh zsh
+do
+ echo
+ echo $cmd:
+ for demo in shx?
+ do
+ $cmd $demo
+ done
+done
projects / thirdparty / bash.git / commitdiff
