readline's terminal state if it wants to handle a signal before
the line handler restores it. Suggested by Ulf Magnusson
<ulfalizer@gmail.com>
+
+ 2/24
+ ----
+lib/readline/histfile.c
+ - history_do_write,history_truncate_file: if the write fails, make sure
+ to set history_lines_written_to_file to 0 so we don't lose those
+ history entries
+
+ 2/27
+ ----
+execute_cmd.c
+ - execute_function: unwind-protect the value of line_number_for_err_trap,
+ so a function that returns a non-zero value and triggers an ERR trap
+ has the right value for LINENO. Any simple command in the function
+ body can change it. Bug report from Paul Donohue <gnu@paulsd.com>
b\bba\bas\bsh\bh [options] [command_string | file]
C\bCO\bOP\bPY\bYR\bRI\bIG\bGH\bHT\bT
- Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2014 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2015 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh is an s\bsh\bh-compatible command language interpreter that executes
parameter as described above P\bPA\bAR\bRA\bAM\bME\bET\bTE\bER\bRS\bS) or an array reference
(A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs).
- If the first character of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an exclamation point (!\b!), it
- introduces a level of variable indirection. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of the
- variable formed from the rest of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as the name of the variable;
- this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
- the substitution, rather than the value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br itself. This is
- known as _\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. The exceptions to this are the expansions
- of ${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*} and ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} described below. The exclamation point
- must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec-
- tion.
+ If the first character of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is an exclamation point (!\b!), and
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is not a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf, it introduces a level of variable indirec-
+ tion. B\bBa\bas\bsh\bh uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded
+ and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the
+ value of _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br itself. This is known as _\bi_\bn_\bd_\bi_\br_\be_\bc_\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\ba_\bn_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn. If
+ _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable refer-
+ enced by _\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br instead of performing the complete indirect expan-
+ sion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!\b!_\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx*\b*} and
+ ${!\b!_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[_\b@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately
+ follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection.
In each of the cases below, _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is subject to tilde expansion, parame-
ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
[_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b#]n, where the optional _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is a decimal number between 2 and 64
representing the arithmetic base, and _\bn is a number in that base. If
_\bb_\ba_\bs_\be_\b# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _\bn, the digits
- greater< than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase
+ greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase
letters, @, and _, in that order. If _\bb_\ba_\bs_\be is less than or equal to 36,
lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to repre-
sent numbers between 10 and 35.
t\bte\ber\brm\bm The t\bte\ber\brm\bm=\b= form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side
- of the =\b= is tested against the both full name of the ter-
+ of the =\b= is tested against both the full name of the ter-
minal and the portion of the terminal name before the
first -\b-. This allows _\bs_\bu_\bn to match both _\bs_\bu_\bn and _\bs_\bu_\bn_\b-_\bc_\bm_\bd,
for instance.
lowed by digits, executing u\bun\bni\biv\bve\ber\brs\bsa\bal\bl-\b-a\bar\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt again ends the
numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case,
if this command is immediately followed by a character that is
- neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next
+ neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next
command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu-
ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen,
n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell readline not to quote the completed words
if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
default).
- n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append a space (the
- default) to words completed at the end of the
+ n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible
+ completions alphabetically.
+ n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append a space (the
+ default) to words completed at the end of the
line.
p\bpl\blu\bus\bsd\bdi\bir\brs\bs
- After any matches defined by the compspec are
- generated, directory name completion is
- attempted and any matches are added to the
+ After any matches defined by the compspec are
+ generated, directory name completion is
+ attempted and any matches are added to the
results of the other actions.
-\b-A\bA _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
+ The _\ba_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs Alias names. May also be specified as -\b-a\ba.
a\bar\brr\bra\bay\byv\bva\bar\br
Array variable names.
b\bbi\bin\bnd\bdi\bin\bng\bg R\bRe\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be key binding names.
- b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
+ b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as -\b-b\bb.
c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd Command names. May also be specified as -\b-c\bc.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bec\bct\bto\bor\bry\by
d\bdi\bis\bsa\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd
Names of disabled shell builtins.
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\bed\bd Names of enabled shell builtins.
- e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
+ e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as -\b-e\be.
f\bfi\bil\ble\be File names. May also be specified as -\b-f\bf.
f\bfu\bun\bnc\bct\bti\bio\bon\bn
h\bhe\bel\blp\bpt\bto\bop\bpi\bic\bc
Help topics as accepted by the h\bhe\bel\blp\bp builtin.
h\bho\bos\bst\btn\bna\bam\bme\be
- Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the H\bHO\bOS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE shell variable.
- j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
+ j\bjo\bob\bb Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as -\b-j\bj.
- k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
+ k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
-\b-k\bk.
r\bru\bun\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
s\bse\ber\brv\bvi\bic\bce\be Service names. May also be specified as -\b-s\bs.
- s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin.
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
builtin.
s\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl Signal names.
s\bst\bto\bop\bpp\bpe\bed\bd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as -\b-v\bv.
-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is executed in a subshell environment, and its
output is used as the possible completions.
-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
- shell environment. When the function is executed, the
- first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose
- arguments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2)
+ The shell function _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is executed in the current
+ shell environment. When the function is executed, the
+ first argument ($\b$1\b1) is the name of the command whose
+ arguments are being completed, the second argument ($\b$2\b2)
is the word being completed, and the third argument ($\b$3\b3)
- is the word preceding the word being completed on the
- current command line. When it finishes, the possible
- completions are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bE-\b-
+ is the word preceding the word being completed on the
+ current command line. When it finishes, the possible
+ completions are retrieved from the value of the C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPR\bRE\bE-\b-
P\bPL\bLY\bY array variable.
-\b-G\bG _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt
- The pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt is expanded to
+ The pathname expansion pattern _\bg_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bp_\ba_\bt is expanded to
generate the possible completions.
-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx
- _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx is added at the beginning of each possible com-
+ _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx is added at the beginning of each possible com-
pletion after all other options have been applied.
-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx
_\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
- The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
- special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
- is expanded. The possible completions are the members
- of the resultant list which match the word being com-
+ The _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is split using the characters in the I\bIF\bFS\bS
+ special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+ is expanded. The possible completions are the members
+ of the resultant list which match the word being com-
pleted.
-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
- ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
- completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
- A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
+ ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
+ completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
+ A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- an option other than -\b-p\bp or -\b-r\br is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
- ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ an option other than -\b-p\bp or -\b-r\br is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
+ ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
adding a completion specification.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bE] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
Modify completion options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be according to the
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes
- are supplied. If no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are given, display the completion
- options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible
- values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin
- described above. The -\b-D\bD option indicates that the remaining
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes
+ are supplied. If no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are given, display the completion
+ options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible
+ values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin
+ described above. The -\b-D\bD option indicates that the remaining
options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that
- is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion
- has previously been defined. The -\b-E\bE option indicates that the
- remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
+ is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion
+ has previously been defined. The -\b-E\bE option indicates that the
+ remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
an attempt is made to modify the options for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no
completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or
- s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
- loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of
- enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
+ s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
+ loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of
+ enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater
than or equal to 1.
d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\bil\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\bil\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
+ Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
+ given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. When -\b-p\bp is used
- with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other than -\b-f\bf and -\b-F\bF,
- are ignored. When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, it
- will display the attributes and values of all variables having
+ with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other than -\b-f\bf and -\b-F\bF,
+ are ignored. When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, it
+ will display the attributes and values of all variables having
the attributes specified by the additional options. If no other
- options are supplied with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the
- attributes and values of all shell variables. The -\b-f\bf option
- will restrict the display to shell functions. The -\b-F\bF option
- inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function
- name and attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option
- is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number
- where the function is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF
+ options are supplied with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the
+ attributes and values of all shell variables. The -\b-f\bf option
+ will restrict the display to shell functions. The -\b-F\bF option
+ inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function
+ name and attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option
+ is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number
+ where the function is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF
option implies -\b-f\bf. The -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created
- or modified at the global scope, even when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is executed
- in a shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The
- following options can be used to restrict output to variables
+ or modified at the global scope, even when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is executed
+ in a shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The
+ following options can be used to restrict output to variables
with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes:
- -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+ -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
above).
- -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+ -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
above).
-\b-f\bf Use function names only.
-\b-i\bi The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
- tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed when
+ tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed when
the variable is assigned a value.
- -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
- characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
+ -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
+ characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
attribute is disabled.
- -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
- reference to another variable. That other variable is
- defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assign-
- ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except for
- changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed on the
- variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref
+ -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
+ reference to another variable. That other variable is
+ defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assign-
+ ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except for
+ changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed on the
+ variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref
attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
-\b-r\br Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
- -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions
- inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling
- shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for
+ -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions
+ inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling
+ shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for
variables.
- -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
- characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
+ -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
+ characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
attribute is disabled.
- -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the
+ -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the
environment.
- Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
+ Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
the exceptions that +\b+a\ba may not be used to destroy an array vari-
- able and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly attribute. When used
+ able and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly attribute. When used
in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be local, as with
the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is supplied. If a vari-
- able name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of the variable is
- set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the compound assignment
- syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not
+ able name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of the variable is
+ set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the compound assignment
+ syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not
take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value is 0
- unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to
- define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
- assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
- assign a value to an array variable without using the compound
- assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a
- valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
- only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
+ unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to
+ define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
+ assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
+ assign a value to an array variable without using the compound
+ assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a
+ valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
+ only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to
display a non-existent function with -\b-f\bf.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[-\b-c\bcl\blp\bpv\bv]\b] [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b]
- Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
- directories. The default display is on a single line with
- directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
- the list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes
+ Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
+ directories. The default display is on a single line with
+ directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
+ the list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes
entries from the list.
-\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the
entries.
- -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
+ -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-\b-p\bp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
- -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
+ -\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+\b+_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting with
zero.
- -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
+ -\b-_\bn Displays the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the
list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs when invoked without options, starting
with zero.
- The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
+ The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _\bn
indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
d\bdi\bis\bso\bow\bwn\bn [-\b-a\bar\br] [-\b-h\bh] [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- Without options, remove each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc from the table of active
- jobs. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br
- option is supplied, the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. If the -\b-h\bh option
- is given, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not removed from the table, but is
- marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent to the job if the shell
- receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option
- means to remove or mark all jobs; the -\b-r\br option without a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\b-
- _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return
+ Without options, remove each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc from the table of active
+ jobs. If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, and neither the -\b-a\ba nor the -\b-r\br
+ option is supplied, the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb is used. If the -\b-h\bh option
+ is given, each _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not removed from the table, but is
+ marked so that S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP is not sent to the job if the shell
+ receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP. If no _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied, the -\b-a\ba option
+ means to remove or mark all jobs; the -\b-r\br option without a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\b-
+ _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return
value is 0 unless a _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not specify a valid job.
e\bec\bch\bho\bo [-\b-n\bne\beE\bE] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
- The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If -\b-n\bn is
+ Output the _\ba_\br_\bgs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
+ The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If -\b-n\bn is
specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the -\b-e\be option
- is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped
- characters is enabled. The -\b-E\bE option disables the interpreta-
- tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are
- interpreted by default. The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option may be used
- to dynamically determine whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo expands these
- escape characters by default. e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to
- mean the end of options. e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following escape
+ is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped
+ characters is enabled. The -\b-E\bE option disables the interpreta-
+ tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are
+ interpreted by default. The x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo shell option may be used
+ to dynamically determine whether or not e\bec\bch\bho\bo expands these
+ escape characters by default. e\bec\bch\bho\bo does not interpret -\b--\b- to
+ mean the end of options. e\bec\bch\bho\bo interprets the following escape
sequences:
\\b\a\ba alert (bell)
\\b\b\bb backspace
\\b\t\bt horizontal tab
\\b\v\bv vertical tab
\\b\\\b\ backslash
- \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\b\0\b0_\bn_\bn_\bn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_\bn_\bn_\bn (zero to three octal digits)
- \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\b\x\bx_\bH_\bH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _\bH_\bH (one or two hex digits)
- \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ \\b\u\bu_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to four hex digits)
\\b\U\bU_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH
- the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value _\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH_\bH (one to eight hex digits)
e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be [-\b-a\ba] [-\b-d\bdn\bnp\bps\bs] [-\b-f\bf _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
+ Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
- to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
- the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
- If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
+ to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
+ the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+ If -\b-n\bn is used, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is disabled; otherwise, _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are
enabled. For example, to use the t\bte\bes\bst\bt binary found via the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH
- instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
- The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
+ instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
+ The -\b-f\bf option means to load the new builtin command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from
shared object _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, on systems that support dynamic loading.
- The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.
+ The -\b-d\bd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -\b-f\bf.
If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied,
a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu-
- ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
- is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
- plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
- tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the
- output is restricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. The return
- value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an
+ ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -\b-n\bn
+ is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -\b-a\ba is sup-
+ plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
+ tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -\b-s\bs is supplied, the
+ output is restricted to the POSIX _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\ba_\bl builtins. The return
+ value is 0 unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell builtin or there is an
error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
e\bev\bva\bal\bl [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
- mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
- its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
+ The _\ba_\br_\bgs are read and concatenated together into a single com-
+ mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
+ its exit status is returned as the value of e\bev\bva\bal\bl. If there are
no _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, or only null arguments, e\bev\bva\bal\bl returns 0.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bc [-\b-c\bcl\bl] [-\b-a\ba _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]]
- If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
- is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
+ If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
+ is created. The _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs become the arguments to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. If
the -\b-l\bl option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
- ning of the zeroth argument passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what
+ ning of the zeroth argument passed to _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd. This is what
_\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn(1) does. The -\b-c\bc option causes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd to be executed with
- an empty environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+ an empty environment. If -\b-a\ba is supplied, the shell passes _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd can-
- not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
- unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled. In that case, it
- returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the
+ not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
+ unless the e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl shell option is enabled. In that case, it
+ returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the
file cannot be executed. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redi-
rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status
is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]] ...
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp
- The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
- given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
- if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported
- variables is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the export property
+ The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
+ ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
+ given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
+ if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported
+ variables is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the export property
to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable name is followed by
=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns
an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one
- of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is sup-
+ of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is sup-
plied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-l\bln\bnr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
- The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
- from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
- them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
- the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
- index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
- an offset from the current command number). If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not
- specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that
- ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt other-
- wise. If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not specified it is set to the previous com-
+ The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
+ from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
+ them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
+ the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
+ index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
+ an offset from the current command number). If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not
+ specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that
+ ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt other-
+ wise. If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not specified it is set to the previous com-
mand for editing and -16 for listing.
- The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
- -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
- is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
- wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
- those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
- variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
- If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
+ The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
+ -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
+ is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
+ wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
+ those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
+ variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
+ If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
- In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
- of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is intepreted the same as
- _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
- so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with
+ In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
+ of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is intepreted the same as
+ _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
+ so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with
``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command.
- If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
- invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
- lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
+ If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
+ invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
+ lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
- form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
- cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
+ form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
+ cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
which case f\bfc\bc returns failure.
f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
- Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+ Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb
- is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
- the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
+ is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
+ the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not spec-
- ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
+ ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
without job control.
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bs]
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
- ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
- nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
- expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
- by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
- be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
- places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
+ ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
+ nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
+ expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
+ by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
+ be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to
- 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
- option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
- the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
- cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
+ 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
+ option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
+ the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
+ cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
ters is to be used.
- When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
- return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
+ When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
+ return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
the first non-option argument, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to ?.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those instead.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
- normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
- options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
+ of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
+ normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
+ options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
+ variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and, if
- not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in
+ not silent, prints an error message and unsets O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. If
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, the option character found is placed in
O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG and no diagnostic message is printed.
- If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
- a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
- diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
- colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
+ If a required argument is not found, and g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is not silent,
+ a question mark (?\b?) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is unset, and a
+ diagnostic message is printed. If g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is silent, then a
+ colon (:\b:) is placed in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG is set to the option
character found.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
h\bha\bas\bsh\bh [-\b-l\blr\br] [-\b-p\bp _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bdt\bt] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
Each time h\bha\bas\bsh\bh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is determined by searching the directories in $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH and remem-
+ is determined by searching the directories in $\b$P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH and remem-
bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the
-\b-p\bp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
- is used as the full filename of the command. The -\b-r\br option
- causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd
- option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of
- each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to
- which each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
- ments are supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the
- hashed full pathname. The -\b-l\bl option causes output to be dis-
+ is used as the full filename of the command. The -\b-r\br option
+ causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -\b-d\bd
+ option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of
+ each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If the -\b-t\bt option is supplied, the full pathname to
+ which each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be corresponds is printed. If multiple _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
+ ments are supplied with -\b-t\bt, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is printed before the
+ hashed full pathname. The -\b-l\bl option causes output to be dis-
played in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments
- are given, or if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, information about remem-
- bered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a
+ are given, or if only -\b-l\bl is supplied, information about remem-
+ bered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
h\bhe\bel\blp\bp [-\b-d\bdm\bms\bs] [_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
- is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+ is specified, h\bhe\bel\blp\bp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
structures is printed.
-\b-d\bd Display a short description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
-\b-m\bm Display the description of each _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in a manpage-like
h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-s\bs _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg _\b._\b._\b.]
With no options, display the command history list with line num-
bers. Lines listed with a *\b* have been modified. An argument of
- _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
- F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
- _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
- played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
- the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
- supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
- the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
+ _\bn lists only the last _\bn lines. If the shell variable H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bE-\b-
+ F\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
+ _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
+ played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
+ the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is
+ supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
+ the value of H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
-\b-c\bc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-\b-d\bd _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt
Delete the history entry at position _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt.
- -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
- since the beginning of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session) to the
+ -\b-a\ba Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
+ since the beginning of the current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session) to the
history file.
- -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file into the current history list. These are lines
- appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+ -\b-n\bn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ file into the current history list. These are lines
+ appended to the history file since the beginning of the
current b\bba\bas\bsh\bh session.
- -\b-r\br Read the contents of the history file and append them to
+ -\b-r\br Read the contents of the history file and append them to
the current history list.
-\b-w\bw Write the current history list to the history file, over-
writing the history file's contents.
- -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
- display the result on the standard output. Does not
- store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
+ -\b-p\bp Perform history substitution on the following _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs and
+ display the result on the standard output. Does not
+ store the results in the history list. Each _\ba_\br_\bg must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ -\b-s\bs Store the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs are added.
- If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
- tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
- tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
- history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
- character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
+ If the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTT\bTI\bIM\bME\bEF\bFO\bOR\bRM\bMA\bAT\bT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
+ tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
+ tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
+ history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
+ character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
timestamps for the previous history line. The return value is 0
- unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
- reading or writing the history file, an invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is sup-
+ unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
+ reading or writing the history file, an invalid _\bo_\bf_\bf_\bs_\be_\bt is sup-
plied as an argument to -\b-d\bd, or the history expansion supplied as
an argument to -\b-p\bp fails.
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
+ -\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
status since the user was last notified of their status.
- -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
+ -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
leader.
-\b-r\br Display only running jobs.
-\b-s\bs Display only stopped jobs.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
- that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
+ that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
If the -\b-x\bx option is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs replaces any _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc found in
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, returning its exit status.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] [_\bp_\bi_\bd | _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] ...
k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
- Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
- named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
- signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
- a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
- present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
- signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
- the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+ Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
+ named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
+ signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
+ a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
+ present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
+ signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
+ the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to
- -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
- status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
- if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
+ -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+ status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
+ if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
Each _\ba_\br_\bg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt
+ M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt
returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
- assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ... | - ]
+ For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
+ assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
by d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
- tion and its children. With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of
- local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
- or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ tion and its children. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, the set of shell options
+ is made local to the function in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: shell
+ options changed using the s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function are
+ restored to their original values when the function returns.
+ With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of local variables to the
+ standard output. It is an error to use l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not within a
+ function. The return status is 0 unless l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a
+ function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly
+ variable.
l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt Exit a login shell.
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
r\bre\bea\bad\bda\bar\brr\bra\bay\by [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
- Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
- able _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd if the -\b-u\bu option is sup-
- plied. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
+ Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
+ able _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd if the -\b-u\bu option is sup-
+ plied. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-d\bd The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate each
+ -\b-d\bd The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate each
input line, rather than newline.
- -\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, all lines are
+ -\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, all lines are
copied.
- -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
+ -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
index is 0.
-\b-s\bs Discard the first _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines read.
-\b-t\bt Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
- -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
+ -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
dard input.
- -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
+ -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
-\b-c\bc option specifies _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm.
- -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+ -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk.
- If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
+ If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
When _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
- element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
+ element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear
_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by before assigning to it.
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
- argument is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+ argument is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if
_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is not an indexed array.
p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
- removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
+ Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
+ removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
- directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+ directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
-\b-_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
- -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
last.
- If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well,
- and the return status is 0. p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid
+ If the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well,
+ and the return status is 0. p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd returns false if an invalid
option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
fails.
p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf [-\b-v\bv _\bv_\ba_\br] _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs]
- Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
- control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The -\b-v\bv option causes the output to be
- assigned to the variable _\bv_\ba_\br rather than being printed to the
+ Write the formatted _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs to the standard output under the
+ control of the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt. The -\b-v\bv option causes the output to be
+ assigned to the variable _\bv_\ba_\br rather than being printed to the
standard output.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which contains three types of
- objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
- output, character escape sequences, which are converted and
- copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each
- of which causes printing of the next successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is a character string which contains three types of
+ objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
+ output, character escape sequences, which are converted and
+ copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each
+ of which causes printing of the next successive _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt. In
addition to the standard _\bp_\br_\bi_\bn_\bt_\bf(1) format specifications, p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf
interprets the following extensions:
%\b%b\bb causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to expand backslash escape sequences in the
corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt (except that \\b\c\bc terminates output,
- backslashes in \\b\'\b', \\b\"\b", and \\b\?\b? are not removed, and octal
+ backslashes in \\b\'\b', \\b\"\b", and \\b\?\b? are not removed, and octal
escapes beginning with \\b\0\b0 may contain up to four digits).
- %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a
+ %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a
format that can be reused as shell input.
%\b%(\b(_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt)\b)T\bT
- causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
- from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
+ causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
+ from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
The corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt is an integer representing the
- number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
- values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
- -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no
- argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had
- been given. This is an exception to the usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf
+ number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
+ values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
+ -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no
+ argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had
+ been given. This is an exception to the usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf
behavior.
- Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
- if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
+ if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
is the ASCII value of the following character.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs. If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
+ the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
+ null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
- the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+ Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+ the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
- and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
+ and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
if supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
- directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
+ directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
_\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top, making it the
- new current working directory as if it had been supplied
+ new current working directory as if it had been supplied
as the argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin.
If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well.
- If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
- fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
- tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
- specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
+ If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
+ fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
+ tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
+ specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
directory fails.
p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option
is supplied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command
- is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
- occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
+ is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
+ contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
+ occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-e\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-p\bp
_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt] [-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
- descriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, and the
+ One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
+ descriptor _\bf_\bd supplied as an argument to the -\b-u\bu option, and the
first word is assigned to the first _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the second word to the
- second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
- ing separators assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer
+ second _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
+ ing separators assigned to the last _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If there are fewer
words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names
- are assigned empty values. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to
- split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses
+ are assigned empty values. The characters in I\bIF\bFS\bS are used to
+ split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses
for expansion (described above under W\bWo\bor\brd\bd S\bSp\bpl\bli\bit\btt\bti\bin\bng\bg). The back-
- slash character (\\b\) may be used to remove any special meaning
+ slash character (\\b\) may be used to remove any special meaning
for the next character read and for line continuation. Options,
if supplied, have the following meanings:
-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
new values are assigned. Other _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are
ignored.
-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm
- The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the
+ The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate the
input line, rather than newline.
-\b-e\be If the standard input is coming from a terminal, r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be
- (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) is used to obtain the line. Read-
- line uses the current (or default, if line editing was
+ (see R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE above) is used to obtain the line. Read-
+ line uses the current (or default, if line editing was
not previously active) editing settings.
-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt
- If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt is
+ If r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used to read the line, _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt is
placed into the editing buffer before editing begins.
-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
- waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delim-
- iter if fewer than _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters are read before the
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
+ waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim-
+ iter if fewer than _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters are read before the
delimiter.
-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
- r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
- rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless
- EOF is encountered or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out. Delimiter charac-
- ters encountered in the input are not treated specially
- and do not cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to return until _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
+ r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading exactly _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
+ rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless
+ EOF is encountered or r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out. Delimiter charac-
+ ters encountered in the input are not treated specially
+ and do not cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to return until _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters
are read.
-\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt
Display _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt on standard error, without a trailing new-
line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is
displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-\b-r\br Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
+ slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
+ lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
continuation.
-\b-s\bs Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
-\b-t\bt _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt
- Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
- line of input (or a specified number of characters) is
- not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a deci-
- mal number with a fractional portion following the deci-
- mal point. This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is
- reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
- file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
+ Cause r\bre\bea\bad\bd to time out and return failure if a complete
+ line of input (or a specified number of characters) is
+ not read within _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt seconds. _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt may be a deci-
+ mal number with a fractional portion following the deci-
+ mal point. This option is only effective if r\bre\bea\bad\bd is
+ reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special
+ file; it has no effect when reading from regular files.
If r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out, r\bre\bea\bad\bd saves any partial input read into
- the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
- returns immediately, without trying to read any data.
- The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci-
- fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta-
+ the specified variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If _\bt_\bi_\bm_\be_\bo_\bu_\bt is 0, r\bre\bea\bad\bd
+ returns immediately, without trying to read any data.
+ The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci-
+ fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta-
tus is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd Read input from file descriptor _\bf_\bd.
If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
- able R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
- encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out (in which case the return code is
- greater than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assign-
- ing to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descrip-
+ able R\bRE\bEP\bPL\bLY\bY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
+ encountered, r\bre\bea\bad\bd times out (in which case the return code is
+ greater than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assign-
+ ing to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descrip-
tor is supplied as the argument to -\b-u\bu.
r\bre\bea\bad\bdo\bon\bnl\bly\by [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bf] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd] ...]
- The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
- is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
- marked. The -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to indexed
- arrays; the -\b-A\bA option restricts the variables to associative
- arrays. If both options are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. If
- no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
+ The given _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked readonly; the values of these _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -\b-f\bf option
+ is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are so
+ marked. The -\b-a\ba option restricts the variables to indexed
+ arrays; the -\b-A\bA option restricts the variables to associative
+ arrays. If both options are supplied, -\b-A\bA takes precedence. If
+ no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given, or if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a
list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be
- used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly
- names. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a format
- that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by
- =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return
- status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the
+ used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly
+ names. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be displayed in a format
+ that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by
+ =_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The return
+ status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is supplied with
a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn [_\bn]
- Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci-
- fied by _\bn to its caller. If _\bn is omitted, the return status is
- that of the last command executed in the function body. If
- r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
- determine the status is the last command executed before the
- trap handler. if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed during a D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the
- last command used to determine the status is the last command
- executed by the trap handler before r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn was invoked. If
- r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is used outside a function, but during execution of a
- script by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop
- executing that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of
- the last command executed within the script as the exit status
- of the script. If _\bn is supplied, the return value is its least
- significant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is
- supplied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function
- and not during execution of a script by .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be. Any com-
- mand associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before execu-
+ Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci-
+ fied by _\bn to its caller. If _\bn is omitted, the return status is
+ that of the last command executed in the function body. If
+ r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
+ determine the status is the last command executed before the
+ trap handler. if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is executed during a D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap, the
+ last command used to determine the status is the last command
+ executed by the trap handler before r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn was invoked. If
+ r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is used outside a function, but during execution of a
+ script by the .\b. (s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be) command, it causes the shell to stop
+ executing that script and return either _\bn or the exit status of
+ the last command executed within the script as the exit status
+ of the script. If _\bn is supplied, the return value is its least
+ significant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn is
+ supplied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function
+ and not during execution of a script by .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be. Any com-
+ mand associated with the R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN trap is executed before execu-
tion resumes after the function or script.
s\bse\bet\bt [-\b--\b-a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
s\bse\bet\bt [+\b+a\bab\bbe\bef\bfh\bhk\bkm\bmn\bnp\bpt\btu\buv\bvx\bxB\bBC\bCE\bEH\bHP\bPT\bT] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
- Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
+ Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can-
- not be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, only shell variables are listed.
- The output is sorted according to the current locale. When
- options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
- arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val-
+ not be reset. In _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, only shell variables are listed.
+ The output is sorted according to the current locale. When
+ options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
+ arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val-
ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
- $\b$1\b1, $\b$2\b2, .\b..\b..\b. $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following
+ $\b$1\b1, $\b$2\b2, .\b..\b..\b. $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following
meanings:
- -\b-a\ba Automatically mark variables and functions which are
- modified or created for export to the environment of
- subsequent commands.
- -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
+ -\b-a\ba Each variable or function that is created or modified is
+ given the export attribute and marked for export to the
+ environment of subsequent commands.
+ -\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
- -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+ -\b-e\be Exit immediately if a _\bp_\bi_\bp_\be_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be (which may consist of a
+ single _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd), a _\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt, or a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
(see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR above), exits with a non-zero status.
- The shell does not exit if the command that fails is
- part of the command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be
- or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test following the i\bif\bf or
- e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed in a
- &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the final &\b&&\b&
+ The shell does not exit if the command that fails is
+ part of the command list immediately following a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be
+ or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test following the i\bif\bf or
+ e\bel\bli\bif\bf reserved words, part of any command executed in a
+ &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command following the final &\b&&\b&
or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the
- command's return value is being inverted with !\b!. If a
- compound command other than a subshell returns a non-
- zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was being
- ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if
- set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
+ command's return value is being inverted with !\b!. If a
+ compound command other than a subshell returns a non-
+ zero status because a command failed while -\b-e\be was being
+ ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on E\bER\bRR\bR, if
+ set, is executed before the shell exits. This option
applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi-
- ronment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
+ ronment separately (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing
all the commands in the subshell.
- If a compound command or shell function executes in a
- context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
- executed within the compound command or function body
- will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
- and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
- command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
- context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
- any effect until the compound command or the command
+ If a compound command or shell function executes in a
+ context where -\b-e\be is being ignored, none of the commands
+ executed within the compound command or function body
+ will be affected by the -\b-e\be setting, even if -\b-e\be is set
+ and a command returns a failure status. If a compound
+ command or shell function sets -\b-e\be while executing in a
+ context where -\b-e\be is ignored, that setting will not have
+ any effect until the compound command or the command
containing the function call completes.
-\b-f\bf Disable pathname expansion.
- -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
+ -\b-h\bh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
- -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
- placed in the environment for a command, not just those
+ -\b-k\bk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
+ placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
- -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
- on by default for interactive shells on systems that
- support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). All processes run
+ -\b-m\bm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
+ on by default for interactive shells on systems that
+ support it (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). All processes run
in a separate process group. When a background job com-
pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta-
tus.
-\b-n\bn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
- to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
+ to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
ignored by interactive shells.
-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be can be one of the following:
Same as -\b-a\ba.
b\bbr\bra\bac\bce\bee\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
Same as -\b-B\bB.
- e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
+ e\bem\bma\bac\bcs\bs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
- the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
+ the -\b--\b-n\bno\boe\bed\bdi\bit\bti\bin\bng\bg option. This also affects the
editing interface used for r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt Same as -\b-e\be.
e\ber\brr\brt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be
H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY. This option is on by default in inter-
active shells.
i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
- The effect is as if the shell command
- ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
+ The effect is as if the shell command
+ ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see S\bSh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs above).
k\bke\bey\byw\bwo\bor\brd\bd Same as -\b-k\bk.
m\bmo\bon\bni\bit\bto\bor\br Same as -\b-m\bm.
p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl
Same as -\b-P\bP.
p\bpi\bip\bpe\bef\bfa\bai\bil\bl
- If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
- value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
- with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
- in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
+ If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
+ value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
+ with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
+ in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
- p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
- operation differs from the POSIX standard to
- match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be). See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
+ p\bpo\bos\bsi\bix\bx Change the behavior of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh where the default
+ operation differs from the POSIX standard to
+ match the standard (_\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be). See S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
below for a reference to a document that details
how posix mode affects bash's behavior.
p\bpr\bri\biv\bvi\bil\ble\beg\bge\bed\bd
Same as -\b-p\bp.
v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be Same as -\b-v\bv.
- v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
+ v\bvi\bi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
This also affects the editing interface used for
r\bre\bea\bad\bd -\b-e\be.
x\bxt\btr\bra\bac\bce\be Same as -\b-x\bx.
If -\b-o\bo is supplied with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, the values of the
- current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
- current option settings is displayed on the standard
+ current options are printed. If +\b+o\bo is supplied with no
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, a series of s\bse\bet\bt commands to recreate the
+ current option settings is displayed on the standard
output.
- -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
- $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
- not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS,
- B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if they
+ -\b-p\bp Turn on _\bp_\br_\bi_\bv_\bi_\bl_\be_\bg_\be_\bd mode. In this mode, the $\b$E\bEN\bNV\bV and
+ $\b$B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_E\bEN\bNV\bV files are not processed, shell functions are
+ not inherited from the environment, and the S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS,
+ B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bHO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS, C\bCD\bDP\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH, and G\bGL\bLO\bOB\bBI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE variables, if they
appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is
- started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
- the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is not sup-
+ started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
+ the real user (group) id, and the -\b-p\bp option is not sup-
plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id
- is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
- plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset.
- Turning this option off causes the effective user and
+ is set to the real user id. If the -\b-p\bp option is sup-
+ plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset.
+ Turning this option off causes the effective user and
group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
-\b-t\bt Exit after reading and executing one command.
-\b-u\bu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe-
- cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing
- parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
- unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
- message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
+ cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing
+ parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an
+ unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error
+ message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
status.
-\b-v\bv Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
+ -\b-x\bx After expanding each _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, f\bfo\bor\br command, c\bca\bas\bse\be
command, s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt command, or arithmetic f\bfo\bor\br command, dis-
- play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
+ play the expanded value of P\bPS\bS4\b4, followed by the command
and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
- -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
+ -\b-B\bB The shell performs brace expansion (see B\bBr\bra\bac\bce\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn
above). This is on by default.
- -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
- the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
+ -\b-C\bC If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not overwrite an existing file with
+ the >\b>, >\b>&\b&, and <\b<>\b> redirection operators. This may be
overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
rection operator >\b>|\b| instead of >\b>.
-\b-E\bE If set, any trap on E\bER\bRR\bR is inherited by shell functions,
- command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
- shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
+ command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
+ shell environment. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-\b-H\bH Enable !\b! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
- -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
- executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
+ -\b-P\bP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
+ executing commands such as c\bcd\bd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh follows the logical
- chain of directories when performing commands which
+ chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
- -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
- shell functions, command substitutions, and commands
- executed in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
+ -\b-T\bT If set, any traps on D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN are inherited by
+ shell functions, command substitutions, and commands
+ executed in a subshell environment. The D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and
R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
- -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
+ -\b--\b- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame-
- ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
+ ters are set to the _\ba_\br_\bgs, even if some of them begin
with a -\b-.
- -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
+ -\b- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _\ba_\br_\bgs to
be assigned to the positional parameters. The -\b-x\bx and -\b-v\bv
options are turned off. If there are no _\ba_\br_\bgs, the posi-
tional parameters remain unchanged.
- The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
- rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
- options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
- the shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The
+ The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
+ rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
+ options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
+ the shell. The current set of options may be found in $\b$-\b-. The
return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt [_\bn]
- The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
- Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are
- unset. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
- $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given,
- it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional
- parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
+ The positional parameters from _\bn+1 ... are renamed to $\b$1\b1 .\b..\b..\b..\b.
+ Parameters represented by the numbers $\b$#\b# down to $\b$#\b#-_\bn+1 are
+ unset. _\bn must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
+ $\b$#\b#. If _\bn is 0, no parameters are changed. If _\bn is not given,
+ it is assumed to be 1. If _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b#, the positional
+ parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
zero if _\bn is greater than $\b$#\b# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-p\bpq\bqs\bsu\bu] [-\b-o\bo] [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
- ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
+ Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
+ ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
-\b-o\bo option is used, those available with the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin command. With no options, or with the -\b-p\bp option, a list
- of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of
- whether or not each is set. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be
- displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options
+ of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of
+ whether or not each is set. The -\b-p\bp option causes output to be
+ displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options
have the following meanings:
-\b-s\bs Enable (set) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-\b-u\bu Disable (unset) each _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
- -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
+ -\b-q\bq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set or unset. If multi-
- ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
- tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
+ ple _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments are given with -\b-q\bq, the return sta-
+ tus is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are enabled; non-zero other-
wise.
- -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
+ -\b-o\bo Restricts the values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be those defined for
the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin.
- If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
- shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
- Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
+ If either -\b-s\bs or -\b-u\bu is used with no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+ Unless otherwise noted, the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options are disabled (unset)
by default.
- The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
- are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
- options, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
+ The return status when listing options is zero if all _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs
+ are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
+ options, the return status is zero unless an _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a
valid shell option.
The list of s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt options is:
- a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
- is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
+ a\bau\but\bto\boc\bcd\bd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory
+ is executed as if it were the argument to the c\bcd\bd com-
mand. This option is only used by interactive shells.
c\bcd\bda\bab\bbl\ble\be_\b_v\bva\bar\brs\bs
- If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
- not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+ If set, an argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin command that is
+ not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
c\bcd\bds\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
- ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
+ ponent in a c\bcd\bd command will be corrected. The errors
checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
- ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
- found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com-
- mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
+ ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
+ found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com-
+ mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
shells.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
+ ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
+ command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
formed.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkj\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh lists the status of any stopped and running
- jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
+ jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs
are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a
- second exit is attempted without an intervening command
- (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). The shell always postpones
+ second exit is attempted without an intervening command
+ (see J\bJO\bOB\bB C\bCO\bON\bNT\bTR\bRO\bOL\bL above). The shell always postpones
exiting if any jobs are stopped.
c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bkw\bwi\bin\bns\bsi\biz\bze\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each command
- and, if necessary, updates the values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bL-\b-
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh checks the window size after each command
+ and, if necessary, updates the values of L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bES\bS and C\bCO\bOL\bL-\b-
U\bUM\bMN\bNS\bS.
- c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
- line command in the same history entry. This allows
+ c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
+ line command in the same history entry. This allows
easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1
- with respect to quoted arguments to the [\b[[\b[ conditional
+ with respect to quoted arguments to the [\b[[\b[ conditional
command's =\b=~\b~ operator and locale-specific string compar-
- ison when using the [\b[[\b[ conditional command's <\b< and >\b>
- operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII
+ ison when using the [\b[[\b[ conditional command's <\b< and >\b>
+ operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII
collation and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bm_\bp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the cur-
rent locale's collation sequence and _\bs_\bt_\br_\bc_\bo_\bl_\bl(3).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b32\b2
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2
- with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
- using the [\b[[\b[ conditional command's <\b< and >\b> operators
+ with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
+ using the [\b[[\b[ conditional command's <\b< and >\b> operators
(see previous item).
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b40\b0
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0
- with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
- using the [\b[[\b[ conditional command's <\b< and >\b> operators
- (see description of c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1) and the effect of inter-
- rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later
- interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter-
- rupt; previous versions continue with the next command
+ with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
+ using the [\b[[\b[ conditional command's <\b< and >\b> operators
+ (see description of c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt3\b31\b1) and the effect of inter-
+ rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later
+ interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter-
+ rupt; previous versions continue with the next command
in the list.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b41\b1
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, when in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, treats a single quote
- in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special
- character. The single quotes must match (an even num-
- ber) and the characters between the single quotes are
- considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode
- through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh, when in _\bp_\bo_\bs_\bi_\bx mode, treats a single quote
+ in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special
+ character. The single quotes must match (an even num-
+ ber) and the characters between the single quotes are
+ considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode
+ through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains
as in previous versions.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpa\bat\bt4\b42\b2
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not process the replacement string in
- the pattern substitution word expansion using quote
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh does not process the replacement string in
+ the pattern substitution word expansion using quote
removal.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be_\b_f\bfu\bul\bll\blq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
- names and directory names when performing completion.
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
+ names and directory names when performing completion.
If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh removes metacharacters such as the dol-
- lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
- in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
- in shell variable references in words to be completed.
- This means that dollar signs in variable names that
- expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
- dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
- either. This is active only when bash is using back-
- slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
- set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
+ lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
+ in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
+ in shell variable references in words to be completed.
+ This means that dollar signs in variable names that
+ expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any
+ dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
+ either. This is active only when bash is using back-
+ slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
+ set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
versions through 4.2.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
- of word expansion when performing filename completion.
- This changes the contents of the readline editing buf-
- fer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
+ of word expansion when performing filename completion.
+ This changes the contents of the readline editing buf-
+ fer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
user typed.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
- names during word completion if the directory name ini-
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
+ names during word completion if the directory name ini-
tially supplied does not exist.
- d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+ d\bdo\bot\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
the results of pathname expansion.
e\bex\bxe\bec\bcf\bfa\bai\bil\bl
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
- not execute the file specified as an argument to the
- e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
+ not execute the file specified as an argument to the
+ e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command. An interactive shell does not
exit if e\bex\bxe\bec\bc fails.
e\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd_\b_a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
- If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+ If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
A\bAL\bLI\bIA\bAS\bSE\bES\bS. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg
- If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
+ If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
enabled:
1\b1.\b. The -\b-F\bF option to the d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
- 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
+ 2\b2.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
- 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
- value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
- cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
+ 3\b3.\b. If the command run by the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap returns a
+ value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+ routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+ cuted by the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins), the shell
simulates a call to r\bre\bet\btu\bur\brn\bn.
- 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
+ 4\b4.\b. B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGC\bC and B\bBA\bAS\bSH\bH_\b_A\bAR\bRG\bGV\bV are updated as described
in their descriptions above.
- 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
+ 5\b5.\b. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
(\b( _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps.
- 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
- shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
+ 6\b6.\b. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
+ shell functions, and subshells invoked with (\b(
_\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd )\b) inherit the E\bER\bRR\bR trap.
e\bex\bxt\btg\bgl\blo\bob\bb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn are enabled.
e\bex\bxt\btq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be
- If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
- within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
+ If set, $\b$'_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg' and $\b$"_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg" quoting is performed
+ within $\b${\b{_\bp_\ba_\br_\ba_\bm_\be_\bt_\be_\br}\b} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
f\bfa\bai\bil\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
f\bfo\bor\brc\bce\be_\b_f\bfi\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\be
- If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
- variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE shell
+ variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
ble completions. See S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS above for a
- description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by
+ description of F\bFI\bIG\bGN\bNO\bOR\bRE\bE. This option is enabled by
default.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bba\bas\bsc\bci\bii\bir\bra\ban\bng\bge\bes\bs
- If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
- bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave
- as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
+ If set, range expressions used in pattern matching
+ bracket expressions (see P\bPa\bat\btt\bte\ber\brn\bn M\bMa\bat\btc\bch\bhi\bin\bng\bg above) behave
+ as if in the traditional C locale when performing com-
parisons. That is, the current locale's collating
- sequence is not taken into account, so b\bb will not col-
- late between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and lower-case
+ sequence is not taken into account, so b\bb will not col-
+ late between A\bA and B\bB, and upper-case and lower-case
ASCII characters will collate together.
g\bgl\blo\bob\bbs\bst\bta\bar\br
If set, the pattern *\b**\b* used in a pathname expansion con-
- text will match all files and zero or more directories
- and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
+ text will match all files and zero or more directories
+ and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a /\b/,
only directories and subdirectories match.
g\bgn\bnu\bu_\b_e\ber\brr\brf\bfm\bmt\bt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
h\bhi\bis\bst\bta\bap\bpp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
- If set, the history list is appended to the file named
- by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell
+ If set, the history list is appended to the file named
+ by the value of the H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE variable when the shell
exits, rather than overwriting the file.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btr\bre\bee\bed\bdi\bit\bt
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
h\bhi\bis\bst\btv\bve\ber\bri\bif\bfy\by
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
- shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, the results of his-
+ tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
+ shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
h\bho\bos\bst\btc\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be
If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
- is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a @\b@
+ is being completed (see C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bin\bng\bg under R\bRE\bEA\bAD\bDL\bLI\bIN\bNE\bE
above). This is enabled by default.
h\bhu\bup\bpo\bon\bne\bex\bxi\bit\bt
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will send S\bSI\bIG\bGH\bHU\bUP\bP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
i\bin\bnt\bte\ber\bra\bac\bct\bti\biv\bve\be_\b_c\bco\bom\bmm\bme\ben\bnt\bts\bs
If set, allow a word beginning with #\b# to cause that word
- and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
- in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This
+ and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
+ in an interactive shell (see C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTS\bS above). This
option is enabled by default.
l\bla\bas\bst\btp\bpi\bip\bpe\be
- If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
ground in the current shell environment.
- l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
+ l\bli\bit\bth\bhi\bis\bst\bt If set, and the c\bcm\bmd\bdh\bhi\bis\bst\bt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
- shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
+ The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
+ shell (see I\bIN\bNV\bVO\bOC\bCA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). The value may not be
changed.
m\bma\bai\bil\blw\bwa\bar\brn\bn
- If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
- been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
- message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
+ If set, and a file that b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is checking for mail has
+ been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
+ message ``The mail in _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be has been read'' is dis-
played.
n\bno\bo_\b_e\bem\bmp\bpt\bty\by_\b_c\bcm\bmd\bd_\b_c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
- If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not
+ If set, and r\bre\bea\bad\bdl\bli\bin\bne\be is being used, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh will not
attempt to search the P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH for possible completions when
completion is attempted on an empty line.
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\beg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be
E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above).
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
[\b[[\b[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
- tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
+ tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
pletions as part of programmable completion.
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
- If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
- P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
+ If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
+ P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
rather than themselves.
p\bpr\bro\bog\bgc\bco\bom\bmp\bp
If set, the programmable completion facilities (see P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
enabled by default.
p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\btv\bva\bar\brs\bs
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
- removal after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
+ removal after being expanded as described in P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bNG\bG
above. This option is enabled by default.
r\bre\bes\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bte\bed\bd_\b_s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl
- The shell sets this option if it is started in
+ The shell sets this option if it is started in
restricted mode (see R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL below). The value
- may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
- files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
+ may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
+ files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt_\b_v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be
- If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
+ If set, the s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt builtin prints an error message when
the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
ters.
s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\bep\bpa\bat\bth\bh
If set, the s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be (.\b.) builtin uses the value of P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH to
- find the directory containing the file supplied as an
+ find the directory containing the file supplied as an
argument. This option is enabled by default.
x\bxp\bpg\bg_\b_e\bec\bch\bho\bo
- If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape
+ If set, the e\bec\bch\bho\bo builtin expands backslash-escape
sequences by default.
s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd [-\b-f\bf]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a S\bSI\bIG\bGC\bCO\bON\bNT\bT
signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the -\b-f\bf option can be
used to override this and force the suspension. The return sta-
- tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
+ tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and -\b-f\bf is not sup-
plied, or if job control is not enabled.
t\bte\bes\bst\bt _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
[\b[ _\be_\bx_\bp_\br ]\b]
Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu-
ation of the conditional expression _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. Each operator and op-
- erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of
- the primaries described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.
- t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
+ erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of
+ the primaries described above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS.
+ t\bte\bes\bst\bt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
an argument of -\b--\b- as signifying the end of options.
- Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
+ Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation
- depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece-
+ depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece-
dence is used when there are five or more arguments.
!\b! _\be_\bx_\bp_\br True if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false.
(\b( _\be_\bx_\bp_\br )\b)
- Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. This may be used to override
the normal precedence of operators.
_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 -a\ba _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2
True if both _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b1 and _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 are true.
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
+ above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+ If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under C\bCO\bON\bND\bDI\bIT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL E\bEX\bXP\bPR\bRE\bES\bSS\bSI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
- using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
- and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
- there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
- the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
+ using the first and third arguments as operands. The -\b-a\ba
+ and -\b-o\bo operators are considered binary operators when
+ there are three arguments. If the first argument is !\b!,
+ the value is the negation of the two-argument test using
the second and third arguments. If the first argument is
exactly (\b( and the third argument is exactly )\b), the result
- is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
+ is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other-
wise, the expression is false.
4 arguments
If the first argument is !\b!, the result is the negation of
- the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+ the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval-
- uated according to precedence using the rules listed
+ uated according to precedence using the rules listed
above.
5 or more arguments
- The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
- When used with t\bte\bes\bst\bt or [\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexico-
+ When used with t\bte\bes\bst\bt or [\b[, the <\b< and >\b> operators sort lexico-
graphically using ASCII ordering.
- t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ t\bti\bim\bme\bes\bs Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
t\btr\bra\bap\bp [-\b-l\blp\bp] [[_\ba_\br_\bg] _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc ...]
- The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell
- receives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\br_\bg is absent (and there is a
- single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
- original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
- shell). If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each
- _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
- If _\ba_\br_\bg is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap
- commands associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc are displayed. If no
- arguments are supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the
- list of commands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option
- causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
- responding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name
- defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are
+ The command _\ba_\br_\bg is to be read and executed when the shell
+ receives signal(s) _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. If _\ba_\br_\bg is absent (and there is a
+ single _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc) or -\b-, each specified signal is reset to its
+ original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
+ shell). If _\ba_\br_\bg is the null string the signal specified by each
+ _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
+ If _\ba_\br_\bg is not present and -\b-p\bp has been supplied, then the trap
+ commands associated with each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc are displayed. If no
+ arguments are supplied or if only -\b-p\bp is given, t\btr\bra\bap\bp prints the
+ list of commands associated with each signal. The -\b-l\bl option
+ causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
+ responding numbers. Each _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a signal name
+ defined in <_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh>, or a signal number. Signal names are
case insensitive and the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix is optional.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit
- from the shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is exe-
- cuted before every _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command,
- _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, every arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br command, and before the
- first command executes in a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
- above). Refer to the description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT (0) the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed on exit
+ from the shell. If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is exe-
+ cuted before every _\bs_\bi_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd, _\bf_\bo_\br command, _\bc_\ba_\bs_\be command,
+ _\bs_\be_\bl_\be_\bc_\bt command, every arithmetic _\bf_\bo_\br command, and before the
+ first command executes in a shell function (see S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL G\bGR\bRA\bAM\bMM\bMA\bAR\bR
+ above). Refer to the description of the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg option to the
s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt builtin for details of its effect on the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG trap. If a
_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed each time a shell
function or a script executed with the .\b. or s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be builtins fin-
ishes executing.
- If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a a
+ If a _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is E\bER\bRR\bR, the command _\ba_\br_\bg is executed whenever a a
pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list,
or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to
- the following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
+ the following conditions. The E\bER\bRR\bR trap is not executed if the
failed command is part of the command list immediately following
- a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
+ a w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl keyword, part of the test in an _\bi_\bf statement,
part of a command executed in a &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b| list except the command
- following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
- last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using
- !\b!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be)
+ following the final &\b&&\b& or |\b||\b|, any command in a pipeline but the
+ last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using
+ !\b!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the e\ber\brr\bre\bex\bxi\bit\bt (-\b-e\be)
option.
- Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or
- reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to
+ Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or
+ reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to
their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when
- one is created. The return status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is
+ one is created. The return status is false if any _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is
invalid; otherwise t\btr\bra\bap\bp returns true.
t\bty\byp\bpe\be [-\b-a\baf\bft\btp\bpP\bP] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
+ With no options, indicate how each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be would be interpreted if
used as a command name. If the -\b-t\bt option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints a
- string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
- _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
- builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
- then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
- returned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
+ string which is one of _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs, _\bk_\be_\by_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn, _\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn, or
+ _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
+ builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found,
+ then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
+ returned. If the -\b-p\bp option is used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be either returns the
name of the disk file that would be executed if _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be were speci-
fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not
- return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
+ return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. The -\b-P\bP option forces a P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH search for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
even if ``type -t name'' would not return _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be. If a command is
hashed, -\b-p\bp and -\b-P\bP print the hashed value, which is not necessar-
- ily the file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the -\b-a\ba option is
- used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that contain an executable
+ ily the file that appears first in P\bPA\bAT\bTH\bH. If the -\b-a\ba option is
+ used, t\bty\byp\bpe\be prints all of the places that contain an executable
named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. This includes aliases and functions, if and only if
the -\b-p\bp option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is
- not consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell
+ not consulted when using -\b-a\ba. The -\b-f\bf option suppresses shell
function lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true
if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found.
u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bSa\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
- to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
- for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a
- non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
- to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
+ for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a
+ non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
+ to the value of the hard limit. If neither -\b-H\bH nor -\b-S\bS is speci-
fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt
can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of
the special values h\bha\bar\brd\bd, s\bso\bof\bft\bt, or u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bte\bed\bd, which stand for the
- current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit,
- respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the
- soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is
+ current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit,
+ respectively. If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is omitted, the current value of the
+ soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the -\b-H\bH option is
given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name
and unit are printed before the value. Other options are inter-
preted as follows:
-\b-c\bc The maximum size of core files created
-\b-d\bd The maximum size of a process's data segment
-\b-e\be The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
- -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+ -\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children
-\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals
-\b-k\bk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
-\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory
- -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
+ -\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
this limit)
-\b-n\bn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
do not allow this value to be set)
-\b-r\br The maximum real-time scheduling priority
-\b-s\bs The maximum stack size
-\b-t\bt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
- -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ -\b-u\bu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user
- -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ -\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell and, on some systems, to its children
-\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks
-\b-P\bP The maximum number of pseudoterminals
-\b-T\bT The maximum number of threads
- If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is given, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is the
- new value of the specified resource. If no option is given,
- then -\b-f\bf is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except
- for -\b-t\bt, which is in seconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of 512-byte
- blocks; and -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled val-
- ues. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argu-
+ If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is given, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is the
+ new value of the specified resource. If no option is given,
+ then -\b-f\bf is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except
+ for -\b-t\bt, which is in seconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of 512-byte
+ blocks; and -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled val-
+ ues. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argu-
ment is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
The user file-creation mask is set to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with
- a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
- interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
- printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
- bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
+ a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ _\bc_\bh_\bm_\bo_\bd(1). If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the current value of the mask is
+ printed. The -\b-S\bS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
+ bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -\b-p\bp
option is supplied, and _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
- was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
+ was successfully changed or if no _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs [-a\ba] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
- supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
+ Remove each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from the list of defined aliases. If -\b-a\ba is
+ supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a defined alias.
u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt [-f\bfv\bv] [-n\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If the -\b-v\bv option is given, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell variable,
- and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be
- unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
- tion, and the function definition is removed. If the -\b-n\bn option
- is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute,
- _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the variable it references. -\b-n\bn
- has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is supplied. If no options are
- supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is no vari-
- able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each
- unset variable or function is removed from the environment
- passed to subsequent commands. If any of C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, R\bRA\bAN\bN-\b-
+ and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be
+ unset. If -\b-f\bf is specified, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a shell func-
+ tion, and the function definition is removed. If the -\b-n\bn option
+ is supplied, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a variable with the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute,
+ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be will be unset rather than the variable it references. -\b-n\bn
+ has no effect if the -\b-f\bf option is supplied. If no options are
+ supplied, each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be refers to a variable; if there is no vari-
+ able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each
+ unset variable or function is removed from the environment
+ passed to subsequent commands. If any of C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bP_\b_W\bWO\bOR\bRD\bDB\bBR\bRE\bEA\bAK\bKS\bS, R\bRA\bAN\bN-\b-
D\bDO\bOM\bM, S\bSE\bEC\bCO\bON\bND\bDS\bS, L\bLI\bIN\bNE\bEN\bNO\bO, H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTC\bCM\bMD\bD, F\bFU\bUN\bNC\bCN\bNA\bAM\bME\bE, G\bGR\bRO\bOU\bUP\bPS\bS, or D\bDI\bIR\bRS\bST\bTA\bAC\bCK\bK are
unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub-
sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is read-
w\bwa\bai\bit\bt [-\b-n\bn] [_\bn _\b._\b._\b.]
Wait for each specified child process and return its termination
status. Each _\bn may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
- job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
- waited for. If _\bn is not given, all currently active child pro-
+ job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
+ waited for. If _\bn is not given, all currently active child pro-
cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the -\b-n\bn
- option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any job to terminate and
- returns its exit status. If _\bn specifies a non-existent process
- or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status
+ option is supplied, w\bwa\bai\bit\bt waits for any job to terminate and
+ returns its exit status. If _\bn specifies a non-existent process
+ or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status
is the exit status of the last process or job waited for.
R\bRE\bES\bST\bTR\bRI\bIC\bCT\bTE\bED\bD S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bL
If b\bba\bas\bsh\bh is started with the name r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh, or the -\b-r\br option is supplied at
- invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
- to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
- behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
+ invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
+ to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
+ behaves identically to b\bba\bas\bsh\bh with the exception that the following are
disallowed or not performed:
+\bo changing directories with c\bcd\bd
+\bo specifying command names containing /\b/
- +\bo specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
+ +\bo specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
builtin command
- +\bo specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +\bo specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
-\b-p\bp option to the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh builtin command
- +\bo importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+ +\bo importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup
- +\bo parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
+ +\bo parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
startup
+\bo redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect-
+\bo using the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command to replace the shell with another
command
- +\bo adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
+ +\bo adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
to the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command
- +\bo using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ +\bo using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins
+\bo specifying the -\b-p\bp option to the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin command
These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see C\bCO\bOM\bM-\b-
- M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
+ M\bMA\bAN\bND\bD E\bEX\bXE\bEC\bCU\bUT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above), r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh turns off any restrictions in the shell
spawned to execute the script.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
_\bB_\ba_\bs_\bh _\bR_\be_\bf_\be_\br_\be_\bn_\bc_\be _\bM_\ba_\bn_\bu_\ba_\bl, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
_\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bn_\bu _\bR_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
_\bT_\bh_\be _\bG_\bn_\bu _\bH_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by _\bL_\bi_\bb_\br_\ba_\br_\by, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
- _\bP_\bo_\br_\bt_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\bO_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bS_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bf_\ba_\bc_\be _\b(_\bP_\bO_\bS_\bI_\bX_\b) _\bP_\ba_\br_\bt _\b2_\b: _\bS_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bU_\bt_\bi_\bl_\bi_\b-
+ _\bP_\bo_\br_\bt_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be _\bO_\bp_\be_\br_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bS_\by_\bs_\bt_\be_\bm _\bI_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bf_\ba_\bc_\be _\b(_\bP_\bO_\bS_\bI_\bX_\b) _\bP_\ba_\br_\bt _\b2_\b: _\bS_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl _\ba_\bn_\bd _\bU_\bt_\bi_\bl_\bi_\b-
_\bt_\bi_\be_\bs, IEEE --
http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/
http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc
The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt
- The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
+ The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
shell exits
_\b~_\b/_\b._\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\br_\bc
Individual _\br_\be_\ba_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bn_\be initialization file
B\bBU\bUG\bG R\bRE\bEP\bPO\bOR\bRT\bTS\bS
If you find a bug in b\bba\bas\bsh\bh,\b, you should report it. But first, you should
- make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
- version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
+ make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+ version of b\bba\bas\bsh\bh. The latest version is always available from
_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b:_\b/_\b/_\bf_\bt_\bp_\b._\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg_\b/_\bp_\bu_\bb_\b/_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b/_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b/.
- Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
- command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
- to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
- be mailed to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
+ Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg
+ command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
+ to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
+ be mailed to _\bb_\bu_\bg_\b-_\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\b@_\bg_\bn_\bu_\b._\bo_\br_\bg or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
g\bgn\bnu\bu.\b.b\bba\bas\bsh\bh.\b.b\bbu\bug\bg.
ALL bug reports should include:
A description of the bug behaviour
A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug
- _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+ _\bb_\ba_\bs_\bh_\bb_\bu_\bg inserts the first three items automatically into the template
it provides for filing a bug report.
Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not
- handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a
- process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
- the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
- parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a
+ handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a
+ process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
+ the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
+ parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a
unit.
Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
-GNU Bash 4.3 2014 November 28 BASH(1)
+GNU Bash 4.4 2015 January 19 BASH(1)
</HEAD>
<BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2014 August 27<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2015 January 19<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
<H3>COPYRIGHT</H3>
-Bash is Copyright © 1989-2013 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Bash is Copyright © 1989-2015 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
<H3>DESCRIPTION</H3>
to the rules described below under <B>Pattern Matching</B>,
as if the <B>extglob</B> shell option were enabled.
The <B>=</B> operator is equivalent to <B>==</B>.
-If the shell option
+If the
<B>nocasematch</B>
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
The return value is 0 if the string matches (<B>==</B>) or does not match
(<B>!=</B>) the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
expression's return value is 2.
-If the shell option
+If the
<B>nocasematch</B>
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
to be matched as a string.
Each <I>pattern</I> examined is expanded using tilde
expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
command substitution, and process substitution.
-If the shell option
+If the
<B>nocasematch</B>
-is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
When a match is found, the corresponding <I>list</I> is executed.
If the <B>;;</B> operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after
the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
executed.
-Array variables cannot be given the <B>meref</B> attribute.
+Array variables cannot be given the <B>nameref</B> attribute.
However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
array variables.
Namerefs can be unset using the <B>-n</B> option to the <B>unset</B> builtin.
above). ${#<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]} expands to the length of
${<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]}. If <I>subscript</I> is <B>*</B> or
<B>@</B>, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
-Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
-referencing the array with a subscript of 0.
If the
<I>subscript</I>
array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
<P>
+Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing the array with a subscript of 0.
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and
+<B>bash</B>
+
+will create an array if necessary.
+<P>
+
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value. The null string is a valid value.
<P>
<P>
If the first character of <I>parameter</I> is an exclamation point (<B>!</B>),
+and <I>parameter</I> is not a <I>nameref</I>,
it introduces a level of variable indirection.
<B>Bash</B> uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
<I>parameter</I> as the name of the variable; this variable is then
expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
than the value of <I>parameter</I> itself.
This is known as <I>indirect expansion</I>.
+If <I>parameter</I> is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+variable referenced by <I>parameter</I> instead of performing the
+complete indirect expansion.
The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${<B>!</B><I>prefix</I><B>*</B>} and
${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>@</I>]} described below.
The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
of the expanded value of <I>parameter</I>.
If <I>string</I> is null, matches of <I>pattern</I> are deleted
and the <B>/</B> following <I>pattern</I> may be omitted.
+If the
+<B>nocasematch</B>
+
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
If
<I>parameter</I>
the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>@</B><I>operator</I>}<DD>
+<B>Parameter transformation</B>.
+The expansion is either a transformation of the value of <I>parameter</I>
+or information about <I>parameter</I> itself, depending on the value of
+<I>operator</I>. Each <I>operator</I> is a single letter:
+<P>
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>Q</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string that is the value of <I>parameter</I> quoted in a
+format that can be reused as input.
+<DT><B>E</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string that is the value of <I>parameter</I> with backslash
+escape sequences expanded as with the <B>$'...'</B> quoting mechansim.
+<DT><B>P</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of
+<I>parameter</I> as if it were a prompt string (see <B>PROMPTING</B> below).
+<DT><B>A</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string in the form of a <B>declare</B> command that, if
+evaluated, will recreate <I>parameter</I> with its attributes and value.
+<DT><B>a</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing
+<I>parameter</I>'s attributes.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is an array variable subscripted with
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+<P>
+The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname
+expansion as described below.
+</DL>
+
</DL>
<A NAME="lbBC"> </A>
<H4>Command Substitution</H4>
</FONT>
is removed from the list of matches.
+If the <B>nocaseglob</B> option is set, the matching against the patterns in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is performed without regard to case.
The filenames
<B>``.''</B>
(with no trailing blanks)
is seen. All of
the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
-input for a command.
+input (or file descriptor <I>n</I> if <I>n</I> is specified) for a command.
<P>
The format of here-documents is:
<P>
<PRE>
-<B><<</B>[<B>-</B>]<I>word</I>
+[<I>n</I>]<B><<</B>[<B>-</B>]<I>word</I>
<I>here-document</I>
<I>delimiter</I>
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE>
-<B><<<</B><I>word</I>
+[<I>n</I>]<B><<<</B><I>word</I>
</PRE>
</DL>
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its
-standard input.
+standard input (or file descriptor <I>n</I> if <I>n</I> is specified).
<A NAME="lbBQ"> </A>
<H4>Duplicating File Descriptors</H4>
+<P>
<P>
The redirection operator
base, and <I>n</I> is a number in that base.
If <I>base#</I> is omitted, then base 10 is used.
When specifying <I>n</I>,
-the digits greater< than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
+the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order.
If <I>base</I> is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
If set to <B>On</B>, readline attempts to bind the control characters
treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline
equivalents.
+<DT><B>colored-completion-prefix (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, when listing completions, readline displays the
+common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the <B>LS_COLORS</B>
+environment variable.
<DT><B>colored-stats (Off)</B>
<DD>
When set to <B>On</B>, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
keyboard.
+<DT><B>enable-bracketed-paste (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+When set to <B>On</B>, readline will configure the terminal in a way
+that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a
+single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if
+it had been read from the keyboard. This can prevent pasted characters
+from being interpreted as editing commands.
<DT><B>enable-keypad (Off)</B>
<DD>
If set to <B>On</B>, the history code attempts to place point at the
same location on each history line retrieved with <B>previous-history</B>
or <B>next-history</B>.
-<DT><B>history-size (0)</B>
+<DT><B>history-size (unset)</B>
<DD>
Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
<B>editing-mode</B>
also affects the default keymap.
+<DT><B>emacs-mode-string (@)</B>
+
+<DD>
+This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
<DT><B>keyseq-timeout (500)</B>
<DD>
does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
following the cursor are not duplicated.
+<DT><B>vi-cmd-mode-string ((cmd))</B>
+
+<DD>
+This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+<DT><B>vi-ins-mode-string ((ins))</B>
+
+<DD>
+This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
<DT><B>visible-stats (Off)</B>
<DD>
terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the
<B>=</B>
-is tested against the both full name of the terminal and the portion
+is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion
of the terminal name before the first <B>-</B>. This allows
<I>sun</I>
again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
-character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count
+character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count
for the next command is multiplied by four.
The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
A leading <B>!</B> negates the pattern; in this case any completion
not matching the pattern will be removed.
+If the
+<B>nocasematch</B>
+
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
<P>
Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the <B>-P</B> and <B>-S</B>
<DD>
Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
(quoting filenames is the default).
+<DT><B>nosort</B>
+
+<DD>
+Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically.
<DT><B>nospace</B>
<DD>
<B>let</B>
returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
-<DT><B>local</B> [<I>option</I>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD>
+<DT><B>local</B> [<I>option</I>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ... | - ]<DD>
For each argument, a local variable named
<I>name</I>
<I>name</I>
to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children.
+If <I>name</I> is -, the set of shell options is made local to the function
+in which <B>local</B> is invoked: shell options changed using the
+<B>set</B> builtin inside the function are restored to their original values
+when the function returns.
With no operands,
<B>local</B>
<DD>
<B>read</B> returns after reading <I>nchars</I> characters rather than
-waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer
+waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer
than <I>nchars</I> characters are read before the delimiter.
<DT><B>-N </B><I>nchars</I>
<DT><B>-a</B>
<DD>
-Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or
-created for export to the environment of subsequent commands.
+Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the
+export attribute and marked for export to the environment of
+subsequent commands.
<DT><B>-b</B>
<DD>
<B>bash</B>
matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching
-while executing <B>case</B> or <B>[[</B> conditional commands.
+while executing <B>case</B> or <B>[[</B> conditional commands,
+when performing pattern substitution word expansions,
+or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
<DT><B>nullglob</B>
<DD>
returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if
any are not found.
-<DT><B>ulimit</B> [<B>-HSTabcdefilmnpqrstuvx</B> [<I>limit</I>]]<DD>
+<DT><B>ulimit</B> [<B>-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT</B> [<I>limit</I>]]<DD>
Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to
processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The <B>-H</B> and <B>-S</B> options specify that the hard or soft limit is
<DD>
The maximum number of pending signals
+<DT><B>-k</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
<DT><B>-l</B>
<DD>
<DD>
The maximum number of file locks
+<DT><B>-P</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum number of pseudoterminals
<DT><B>-T</B>
<DD>
which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
and
+<B>-P</B>,
+
<B>-T</B>,
<B>-b</B>,
+<B>-k</B>,
+
<B>-n</B>,
and
<HR>
<TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 4.3<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2014 August 27<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 4.4<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2015 January 19<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
</DL>
<HR>
This document was created by man2html from bash.1.<BR>
-Time: 15 September 2014 12:02:02 EDT
+Time: 23 February 2015 09:20:49 EST
</BODY>
</HTML>
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-(shell option were enabled.)3.506 F(The)6.007 E F3(=)3.507 E F0 1.007
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-(is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.698 F -.05(ga)-.15 G
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-144 410.4 Q 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the\
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+(shell option were enabled.)3.89 F(The)6.39 E F3(=)3.889 E F0 1.389
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+-3.568 F(An)144 410.4 Q 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted \
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(An additional binary operator)144 428.4 R(,)-.4 E F3(=~)2.743 E F0
2.743(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G .243
(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F3(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E
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-(otherwise. If)144 464.4 R .845(the re)3.345 F .845(gular e)-.15 F .846
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--.05(ga)-.15 G .666(rd to).05 F .592(the case of alphabetic characters.)
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-(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted por)-3.092 F(-)-.2
+(xpression')-.15 E 3.345(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.345 E -.25(va)144 476.4 S
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+(ga)-.15 G .667(rd to).05 F .593(the case of alphabetic characters.)144
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+(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted por)-3.093 F(-)-.2
E 1.016(tion to be matched as a string.)144 500.4 R(Brack)6.016 E 1.016
(et e)-.1 F 1.016(xpressions in re)-.15 F 1.016(gular e)-.15 F 1.016
-(xpressions must be treated care-)-.15 F(fully)144 512.4 Q 4.435(,s)-.65
-G 1.935
-(ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.435
-F 4.436(ets. If)-.1 F 1.936(the pattern is)4.436 F .265
-(stored in a shell v)144 524.4 R .265(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F .264
-(ariable e)-.25 F .264
-(xpansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as)-.15 F 3.773(as)144
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--.15(ve)-.2 G 3.097(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.097 G .597(he array v)-3.097 F
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+(ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.436
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-(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .592(is e)
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-(is omitted, the posi-)3.343 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see)
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+(is omitted, the posi-)3.342 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see)
144 314.4 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701
(w\). The)-.25 F F3(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201(prompt is then displayed and a)
-2.451 F .213(line read from the standard input.)144 326.4 R .213
-(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.213
-F 1.538(played w)144 338.4 R 1.538(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.538(alue of)
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-F 1.537(ords and)-.1 F .065(prompt are displayed ag)144 350.4 R 2.565
-(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.565 F(An)
-5.066 E 2.566(yo)-.15 G .066(ther v)-2.566 F .066(alue read causes)-.25
-F F2(name)144 362.4 Q F0 .973(to be set to null.)3.653 F .973
-(The line read is sa)5.973 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.472(di).15 G 3.472(nt)
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-(.)A F0(The)5.472 E F2(list)3.562 E F0 .972(is e)4.152 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.972(cuted after).15 F .071(each selection until a)144 374.4 R F1(br)
+2.451 F .214(line read from the standard input.)144 326.4 R .213
+(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.214
+F 1.537(played w)144 338.4 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of)
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+F 1.538(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 350.4 R 2.566
+(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An)
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+F F2(name)144.36 362.4 Q F0 .953(to be set to null.)3.633 F .953
+(The line read is sa)5.953 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.454(di).15 G 3.454(nt)
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+.954(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 374.4 R F1(br)
2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571
(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select)
-2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .072(xit status of the)-.15 F
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F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 403.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5
E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2
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-(command \214rst e)3.265 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0
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+(command \214rst e)3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0
3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F
-F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .764(in turn, using the)3.264 F .595
+F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .765(in turn, using the)3.264 F .596
(same matching rules as for pathname e)144 427.2 R .595(xpansion \(see)
--.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .596(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.096 E
-3.096(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.096 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.096 E -.15(ex)144
+-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .595(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.095 E
+3.095(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.095 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.095 E -.15(ex)144
439.2 S 1.72(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.72(xpansion, parameter and v)
-.15 F 1.72(ariable e)-.25 F 1.72(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.72
(xpansion, com-)-.15 F 1.268
(mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 451.2 R -.25
(va)-.15 G 3.768(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)3.768 E F0 -.15(ex)3.768 G
-1.269(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .203(using tilde e)144 463.2 R
+1.268(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .203(using tilde e)144 463.2 R
.203(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .203(ariable e)-.25 F .203
(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .203(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F
-.232(tion, and process substitution.)144 475.2 R .233
-(If the shell option)5.233 F F1(nocasematch)2.733 E F0 .233
-(is enabled, the match is performed)2.733 F .234(without re)144 487.2 R
--.05(ga)-.15 G .234(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .234
+.233(tion, and process substitution.)144 475.2 R .233(If the)5.233 F F1
+(nocasematch)2.733 E F0 .233
+(shell option is enabled, the match is performed)2.733 F .234
+(without re)144 487.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .234
+(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .234
(When a match is found, the corresponding)5.234 F F2(list)2.734 E F0
.625(is e)144 499.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.125(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.125 E
F1(;;)3.125 E F0 .625(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attem\
-pted after the \214rst pattern)3.125 F 2.932(match. Using)144 511.2 R F1
-(;&)2.932 E F0 .432(in place of)2.932 F F1(;;)2.932 E F0 .432(causes e)
+pted after the \214rst pattern)3.125 F 2.931(match. Using)144 511.2 R F1
+(;&)2.931 E F0 .431(in place of)2.931 F F1(;;)2.932 E F0 .432(causes e)
2.932 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .432(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)
-2.932 E F0 .431(associated with the ne)2.931 F(xt)-.15 E .866
+2.932 E F0 .432(associated with the ne)2.932 F(xt)-.15 E .866
(set of patterns.)144 523.2 R(Using)5.866 E F1(;;&)3.366 E F0 .866
(in place of)3.366 F F1(;;)3.366 E F0 .866
(causes the shell to test the ne)3.366 F .866
-(xt pattern list in the state-)-.15 F .878(ment, if an)144 535.2 R 2.178
--.65(y, a)-.15 H .878(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .878(cute an).15 F 3.378
+(xt pattern list in the state-)-.15 F .877(ment, if an)144 535.2 R 2.177
+-.65(y, a)-.15 H .877(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .878(cute an).15 F 3.378
(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-3.378 E F2(list)3.378 E F0 .878
-(on a successful match.)3.378 F .878(The e)5.878 F .877
+(on a successful match.)3.378 F .878(The e)5.878 F .878
(xit status is zero if no)-.15 F(pattern matches.)144 547.2 Q
(Otherwise, it is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 564 Q F2(list)
2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F1(elif)A F2(list)
2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F1
(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 576 Q F1(if)
-2.977 E F2(list)3.067 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978
+2.978 E F2(list)3.068 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978
(cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F
F1(then)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 E F0 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.978 E F2(list)2.978
-E F0 1.088(is e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088
+2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.977 E F2(list)2.977
+E F0 1.087(is e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087
(cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087
(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F1(then)3.587 E F2(list)
-3.587 E F0 1.087(is e)3.587 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted and the).15 F
-.103(command completes.)144 600 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.103 F F1(else)
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2.603 E F2(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103
(cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e)
--.15 F .104(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 612 Q -.15(xe)
+-.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 612 Q -.15(xe)
-.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while)108
628.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1
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F2(list-1)144 664.8 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205
(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F1(until)2.705 E F0 .205
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--.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 August 27)
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Copr)87 84 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A)108 96 Q
-/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(copr)3.713 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.213
-(is a shell command preceded by the)3.713 F F1(copr)3.712 E(oc)-.18 E F0
-(reserv)3.712 E 1.212(ed w)-.15 F 3.712(ord. A)-.1 F 1.212
-(coprocess is e)3.712 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.212(cuted asyn-).15 F .574(chr\
-onously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the)
-108 108 R F1(&)3.075 E F0 .575(control operator)3.075 F 3.075(,w)-.4 G
-.575(ith a tw)-3.075 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 120 S 2.5(yp).1 G
-(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The format for a coprocess is:)
-108 136.8 Q F1(copr)144 153.6 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27
-E F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37
-E F0(])A .709(This creates a coprocess named)108 170.4 R F2 -.27(NA)
-3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 5.708(.I)C(f)-5.708 E F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E F0
-.708(is not supplied, the def)3.208 F .708(ault name is)-.1 F F1(COPR)
-3.208 E(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.708 G(ME).27 E F0 .64
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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+(copr)3.712 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.212(is a shell command preceded by the)
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+(cuted asyn-).15 F .575(chronously in a subshell, as if the command had\
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+(The format for a coprocess is:)108 136.8 Q F1(copr)144 153.6 Q(oc)-.18
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+(This creates a coprocess named)108 170.4 R F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E
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(must not be supplied if)108 182.4 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14
F F2 .64(simple command)3.14 F F0 .64(\(see abo)3.14 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
.64(\); otherwise, it is interpreted as the \214rst).15 F -.1(wo)108
194.4 S 1.44(rd of the simple command.).1 F 1.44
(When the coprocess is e)6.44 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.44
(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F 1.44(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1
-(Arrays)108 206.4 Q F0(belo)3.67 E 1.17(w\) named)-.25 F F2 -.27(NA)3.67
-G(ME).27 E F0 1.17(in the conte)3.67 F 1.171(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe)
--.15 G 1.171(cuting shell.).15 F 1.171(The standard output of)6.171 F F2
-(command)3.871 E F0(is)4.441 E 2.029
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+-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.171(cuting shell.).15 F 1.17(The standard output of)
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(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 218.4 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.029
(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F2 -.27
-(NA)108 230.4 S(ME).27 E F0 3.856([0]. The)B 1.356(standard input of)
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-(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)4.626 F -.15
+(NA)108 230.4 S(ME).27 E F0 3.857([0]. The)B 1.357(standard input of)
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+(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)4.627 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .103
(shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to)108 242.4 R F2 -.27
(NA)2.603 G(ME).27 E F0 2.603([1]. This)B .103
-(pipe is established before an)2.603 F 2.603(yr)-.15 G .103
-(edirections spec-)-2.603 F 1.271(i\214ed by the command \(see)108 254.4
+(pipe is established before an)2.603 F 2.604(yr)-.15 G .104
+(edirections spec-)-2.604 F 1.272(i\214ed by the command \(see)108 254.4
R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.771 E F0(belo)3.521 E 3.771
(w\). The)-.25 F 1.271(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.771 F
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+1.271(guments to)-.18 F .515
(shell commands and redirections using standard w)108 266.4 R .515
(ord e)-.1 F 3.015(xpansions. The)-.15 F .515
(\214le descriptors are not a)3.015 F -.25(va)-.2 G .515(ilable in).25 F
-3.636(subshells. The)108 278.4 R 1.136(process ID of the shell spa)3.636
+3.637(subshells. The)108 278.4 R 1.137(process ID of the shell spa)3.637
F 1.137(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.137(cute the coprocess is a)
-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.137(ilable as the v).25 F 1.137(alue of the)-.25 F
+.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.136(ilable as the v).25 F 1.136(alue of the)-.25 F
-.25(va)108 290.4 S(riable).25 E F2 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0 2.5
(_PID. The)B F1(wait)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin command may be used to w).2 E
(ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E .336
(Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108
-307.2 R F1(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .335(command al)2.835 F -.1(wa)-.1
-G .335(ys returns success.).1 F
+307.2 R F1(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .336(command al)2.836 F -.1(wa)-.1
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(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 319.2 Q(xit status of)
-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 336 Q
-F0 2.697(As)108 348 S .198
-(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G
-.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198
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(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 360 S .5 -.25(ew s)-2.5
H(et of positional parameters.).25 E
(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2(name)108 376.8
Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C
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400.8 R F2(name)3.902 E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402
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+1.403(If the)6.402 F F1(function)3.903 E F0(reserv)144 412.8 Q .162
(ed w)-.15 F .162(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F
(The)5.162 E F2(body)2.662 E F0 .162(of the function is the compound)
2.662 F(command)144 424.8 Q F2(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see)
2.584(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F2(list)144 436.8
Q F0 .044(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F
2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F1 .044
-(Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 448.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.902(,w)
-.15 G .402(ith one e)-2.902 F .402(xception: If the)-.15 F F1(function)
+(Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 448.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.901(,w)
+.15 G .401(ith one e)-2.901 F .401(xception: If the)-.15 F F1(function)
2.901 E F0(reserv)2.901 E .401(ed w)-.15 F .401(ord is used, b)-.1 F
-.401(ut the parentheses are not sup-)-.2 F .047
+.402(ut the parentheses are not sup-)-.2 F .047
(plied, the braces are required.)144 460.8 R F2(compound\255command)
5.047 E F0 .047(is e)2.547 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .047(cuted whene).15 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2(name)2.547 E F0 .047(is speci\214ed as the)2.547 F
-1.68(name of a simple command.)144 472.8 R 1.68(When in)6.68 F F2 1.68
-(posix mode)4.18 F F0(,)A F2(name)4.179 E F0 1.679
+1.679(name of a simple command.)144 472.8 R 1.679(When in)6.679 F F2
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(may not be the name of one of the)4.179 F(POSIX)144 484.8 Q F2 .014
-(special b)2.513 F(uiltins)-.2 E F0 5.014(.A)C .314 -.15(ny r)-5.014 H
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-G 3.619(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)3.619 G 1.119
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(it status of a function de\214nition is).15 F .217(zero unless a synta\
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(")A F1(string)A F0 .14
-("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .495
-(to the current locale.)108 597.6 R .495(If the current locale is)5.495
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F F2(C)2.995 E F0(or)2.995 E F2(POSIX)2.995 E F0 2.995(,t)C .495
-(he dollar sign is ignored.)-2.995 F .496(If the string is trans-)5.496
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--.25 G(n).15 E .901(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 136.8 R .901
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-(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.179(with the e)108 148.8 R
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(iltin commands \().2 F F1(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0 3.288
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(iltin and retain these assignment).2 F(statement properties.)108 196.8
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(xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F .376
-(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .376(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .376
-(x, the +=)-.15 F 1.63
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1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G<ad76>.15 E .901
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2 F -.15(ey)-.1 G<ad76>.15 E .901
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1.474(within shell functions to refer to a v)108 386.4 R 1.474
(ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F 1.474
-(gument to the function.)-.18 F -.15(Fo)6.474 G(r).15 E
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-F0 .303(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 434.4 R(ariable)-.25
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(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.683 F(name completions.)144 660
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(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 .555(that is used for w)3.785 F .556
(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .556(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15
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144 720 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F1
(EOF)3.076 E F0 .426
(characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F
-(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 August 27)142.895 E(15)192.055 E 0 Cg EP
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%%Page: 16 16
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(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F1(INPUTRC)108 108 Q
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E F0 1.436(startup \214le, o)3.936 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.436
(rriding the def).15 F 1.436(ault of)-.1 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
(~/.inputr)5.602 E(c)-.37 E F0(\(see)5.602 E F2(READLINE)3.936 E F0
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--.25(va)3.473 G .974(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 192
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-(ariable determines the collation order used when sorting the results o\
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(ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F
1.935(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 276 Q
(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 288 Q(GES)-.55 E
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108 312 Q F0(This v)144 324 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E
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-(Used by the)5.99 F F1(select)2.554 E F0 .054(compound command to deter\
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(hell upon receipt of a).15 F F2(SIGWINCH)144 360 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0
SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 372 Q F0 1.201
-(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)8.78 F
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(riable is not set,).25 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0
(informs the user of the arri)144 384 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5
(fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E
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5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .098(When it is time)5.098 F .223
(to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\
-mpt.)144 420 R .224(If this v)5.224 F .224(ariable is unset,)-.25 F .066
-(or set to a v)144 432 R .066(alue that is not a number greater than or\
- equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 F F1(MAILP)108
-444 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 456 S .49
+mpt.)144 420 R .224(If this v)5.224 F .224(ariable is unset,)-.25 F
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(olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49
(ed for mail.)-.1 F .49(The message to be printed when mail)5.49 F(arri)
144 468 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \
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(ut the location of the user mail \214les that it uses is)-.2 F
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-(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 528 Q F0 .39(If set to the v)144 540 R .39(alue 1,)
--.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .389(displays error messages generated by the)
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-(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 564 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.)
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-(The search path for commands.)9.91 F .587
+(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 528 Q F0 .389(If set to the v)144 540 R .389
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+(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 564 Q -.15(xe)
+-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 576 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .587
+(The search path for commands.)144 576 R .588
(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks)
-5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 588 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION)
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+5.587 F .472(for commands \(see)144 588 R F2 .472(COMMAND EXECUTION)
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(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 600 S
-.536(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535
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--3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 612 R .868
-(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the)
--.1 F 26.329(administrator who installs)144 624 R F1(bash)28.829 E F0
-31.329(.A)C 26.328(common v)-2.501 F 26.328(alue is)-.25 F/F5 10
-/Courier@0 SF
-(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 636 Q
-F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 648 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 660 R
-.471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)2.971
-E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F F3 .472(posix mode)2.972 F F0
-.472(before reading)2.972 F .011(the startup \214les, as if the)144 672
-R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011
-(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011
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+(indicates the current directory)2.785 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535
+(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.036(oa)-.1 G(djacent)
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+(The def)5.868 F .867(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the)
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+SF(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 636
+Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 648 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .472(If this v)144 660
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+(the startup \214les, as if the)144 672 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
+(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011
(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 684 Q F1(bash)2.5
E F0(enables)2.5 E F3(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)
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(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 696 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
(If set, the v)144 708 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E
-(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 August 27)142.895 E(16)192.055 E 0 Cg EP
+(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 January 19)141.79 E(16)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)108 84 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0
-.676(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 96 R .676
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(PR)108 84 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676
+(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 96 R .676
(alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923
(nents to retain when e)144 108 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423
E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see)
3.423 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E
(w\).)-.25 E(Characters remo)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G
-(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS1)108 132 Q F0 .064(The v)
-19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15
-F F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065
+(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS1)108 132 Q F0 .065(The v)144
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+F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065
(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 144 R
(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0
--.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 156 Q F0 .118(The v)19.33 F .118
-(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)
-2.617 E F0 .117(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The)
-5.117 E(def)144 168 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
-(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 180 Q F0 1.115(The v)19.33 F 1.115
+-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 156 Q F0 .117(The v)144 156 R .117
+(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .117(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)
+2.617 E F0 .118(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The)
+5.118 E(def)144 168 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
+(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 180 Q F0 1.116(The v)144 180 R 1.115
(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select)
-3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR)
-144 192 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 204 Q F0
-.101(The v)19.33 F .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101
-(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1
-(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 216 Q F0 .291
-(displays during an e)2.791 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cution trace.).15 F
-.292(The \214rst character of)5.292 F F2(PS4)2.792 E F0 .292
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+(The v)144 204 R .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .1
+(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101
+(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 216 Q F0 .292
+(displays during an e)2.792 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cution trace.).15 F
+.292(The \214rst character of)5.292 F F2(PS4)2.792 E F0 .291
(is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 228 Q 2.5(,t)
-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0
--.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 240 Q F0 .664
+-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 240 Q F0 .663
(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 252 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F
-.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .663
+.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .664
(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 264 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55
-G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 276 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v)144
+G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 276 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v)144
288 R .826
(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F
-3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649
-(pipelines pre\214x)144 300 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0
-(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
-(The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711
+3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648
+(pipelines pre\214x)144 300 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0
+(reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
+(The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712
(an escape sequence that is e)144 312 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
-.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F
+.711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F
(and their meanings are as follo)144 324 Q
(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 342 Q F0 2.5
-(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 354 Q/F3 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)11.68
-E F1(%[)144 366 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0
-(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 378 Q
-F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)
-13.34 E F1(%P)144 390 Q F0
-(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87
+(Al)194 342 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 354 Q/F3 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194
+354 Q F1(%[)144 366 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0
+(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 366 Q F1(%[)144 378 Q
+F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194
+378 Q F1(%P)144 390 Q F0
+(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 390 Q .87
(The optional)144 406.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
-(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.525(point. A)
-144 418.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025
-(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .026
-(At most three places after the)5.025 F .538
-(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 430.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F3
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+(.C).15 G 1.319(are must be tak)-6.319 F 1.319(en to)-.1 F -.2(avo)108
+165.6 S .298(id unw).2 F .298(anted side ef)-.1 F .298
+(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(unset)5.298 E F2
+(name)2.797 E F0 2.797(,w)C(here)-2.797 E F2(name)2.797 E F0 .297
+(is an array)2.797 F 2.797(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.797 E F1(unset)2.797 E F2
+(name)108 177.6 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(], where)A F2(subscript)2.5 E
F0(is)2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(The)108
-177.6 Q F1(declar)3.574 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(local)3.574 E F0 3.574(,a)C
-(nd)-3.574 E F1 -.18(re)3.574 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.574 G 1.073
+194.4 Q F1(declar)3.573 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(local)3.573 E F0 3.573(,a)C
+(nd)-3.573 E F1 -.18(re)3.573 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.573 G 1.073
(iltins each accept a).2 F F1<ad61>3.573 E F0 1.073
-(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.573(da).15 G 1.073
-(rray and a)-3.573 F F1<ad41>3.573 E F0 .338
-(option to specify an associati)108 189.6 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray)
+(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.574(da).15 G 1.074
+(rray and a)-3.574 F F1<ad41>3.574 E F0 .339
+(option to specify an associati)108 206.4 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray)
.15 E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,)
-2.838 F F1<ad41>2.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The)
-5.338 E F1 -.18(re)2.839 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.839 G(iltin).2 E .441
-(accepts a)108 2
01.6 R F1<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441
+5.338 E F1 -.18(re)2.838 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.838 G(iltin).2 E .44
+(accepts a)108 2
18.4 R F1<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441
(option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441
(ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he)
--5.441 E F1(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F1(declar)2.94 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
-(bu)108 213.6 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E
+-5.441 E F1(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F1(declar)2.941 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
+(bu)108 230.4 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E
(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F3 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 230.4 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\
-rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 242.4 R 3.26
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 247.2 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\
+rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 259.2 R 3.26
(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76
-(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 254.4 S .37(pansion performed:).15 F F2(br)
-2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369(tilde e)
+(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 271.2 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F F2
+(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369(tilde e)
2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(par)2.869 E .369
-(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .369
-(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 266.4 Q F0(,).24 E F2(arithmetic e)
+(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 .37
+(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 283.2 Q F0(,).24 E F2(arithmetic e)
2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5
E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F2(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24
-E .418(The order of e)108 283.2 R .418(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418
-(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .419(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .419
-(ariable e)-.25 F .419(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 295.2 S
-.196(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 F
-.195(ashion\); w)-.1 F .195(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-)
--.15 E(sion.)108 307.2 Q .257
-(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 324 R .257
-(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(pr)2.757 E .257
-(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .257(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2
-E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 336 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G
+E .419(The order of e)108 300 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418
+(xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .418(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .418
+(ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 312 S
+.195(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 F
+.196(ashion\); w)-.1 F .196(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-)
+-.15 E(sion.)108 324 Q .257
+(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 340.8 R
+.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(pr)2.757 E .257
+(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .256(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2
+E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 352.8 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G
(ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.)
--.15 E 1.487(Only brace e)108 352.8 R 1.487(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.487
+-.15 E 1.486(Only brace e)108 369.6 R 1.486(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.486
(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487
-(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.486(ords of the)-.1 F -.15
-(ex)108 364.8 S 1.164(pansion; other e).15 F 1.164(xpansions e)-.15 F
-1.164(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665
-(ord. The)-.1 F 1.165(only e)3.665 F 1.165(xceptions to this are the)
--.15 F -.15(ex)108 376.8 S(pansions of ").15 E F1($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ")
+(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.487(ords of the)-.1 F -.15
+(ex)108 381.6 S 1.165(pansion; other e).15 F 1.165(xpansions e)-.15 F
+1.165(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665
+(ord. The)-.1 F 1.164(only e)3.665 F 1.164(xceptions to this are the)
+-.15 F -.15(ex)108 393.6 S(pansions of ").15 E F1($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ")
-2.5 E F1(${)A F2(name)A F1([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G
(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0
SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1
-(Brace Expansion)87 393.6 Q F2(Br)108.58 405.6 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F
+(Brace Expansion)87 410.4 Q F2(Br)108.58 422.4 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F
(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606
(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F
-.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 417.6 Q F2 .415
+.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 434.4 Q F2 .415
(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415
(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F
.415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G
-(he)-2.915 E .152(form of an optional)108 429.6 R F2(pr)2.652 E(eamble)
+(he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 446.4 R F2(pr)2.651 E(eamble)
-.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151
(wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25
-F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 441.6 R
+F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 458.4 R
.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F2(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G
.563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659
(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\
-ch resulting string, e)108 453.6 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)
-108 465.6 Q .718(Brace e)108 482.4 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15
+ch resulting string, e)108 470.4 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)
+108 482.4 Q .719(Brace e)108 499.2 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15
F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719
(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv)
-108 494.4 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0
-(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.243(As)
-108 511.2 S .743(equence e)-3.243 F .743(xpression tak)-.15 F .743
-(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.243 E F2(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1([..)A F2(incr)A
-F1(]})A F0 3.243(,w)C(here)-3.243 E F2(x)3.243 E F0(and)3.242 E F2(y)
-3.242 E F0 .742(are either inte)3.242 F .742(gers or single characters,)
--.15 F(and)108 523.2 Q F2(incr)3.031 E F0 3.031(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.031 G
+108 511.2 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0
+(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.242(As)
+108 528 S .742(equence e)-3.242 F .742(xpression tak)-.15 F .742
+(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.242 E F2(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1([..)A F2(incr)A
+F1(]})A F0 3.242(,w)C(here)-3.242 E F2(x)3.242 E F0(and)3.243 E F2(y)
+3.243 E F0 .743(are either inte)3.243 F .743(gers or single characters,)
+-.15 F(and)108 540 Q F2(incr)3.032 E F0 3.032(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.032 G
.532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G
.532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532
-(xpression e)-.15 F .532(xpands to each)-.15 F .078(number between)108
-535.2 R F2(x)2.578 E F0(and)2.578 E F2(y)2.578 E F0 2.578(,i)C(nclusi)
--2.578 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.078(.S).15 G .078(upplied inte)-5.078 F .077
-(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F2(0)2.577 E F0 .077
-(to force each term to ha)2.577 F .377 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014
-(same width.)108 547.2 R .014(When either)5.014 F F2(x)2.514 E F0(or)
-2.514 E F2(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with a zero, the shell att\
-empts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143
-(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 559.2 R
-6.143(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F
-(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 571.2 S 1.064(pands to each character le)
-.15 F 1.064(xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E
-F2(y)3.564 E F0 3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G
-1.064(sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .984
-(that both)108 583.2 R F2(x)3.484 E F0(and)3.484 E F2(y)3.484 E F0 .983
-(must be of the same type.)3.484 F .983
+(xpression e)-.15 F .531(xpands to each)-.15 F .077(number between)108
+552 R F2(x)2.577 E F0(and)2.577 E F2(y)2.577 E F0 2.577(,i)C(nclusi)
+-2.577 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.077(.S).15 G .077(upplied inte)-5.077 F .077
+(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F2(0)2.577 E F0 .078
+(to force each term to ha)2.578 F .378 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015
+(same width.)108 564 R .015(When either)5.015 F F2(x)2.515 E F0(or)2.515
+E F2(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell attempts \
+to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143
+(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 576 R 6.143
+(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F(xpression)
+-.15 E -.15(ex)108 588 S 1.064(pands to each character le).15 F 1.064
+(xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E F2(y)3.564 E
+F0 3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G 1.064
+(sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .983
+(that both)108 600 R F2(x)3.483 E F0(and)3.483 E F2(y)3.483 E F0 .983
+(must be of the same type.)3.483 F .984
(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.983 F(ference)
--.25 E(between each term.)108 595.2 Q(The def)5 E
-(ault increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)-.1 E .581(Brace e)108 612 R
-.581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581(ther e)
--3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582
-(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016
-(are preserv)108 624 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016
-(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015
-(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015
-(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 636 Q(xt of the e)
--.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)-.15 E 3.632(Ac)
-108 652.8 S 1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132(xpansion must \
-contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one)-.15 F
-3.441(unquoted comma or a v)108 664.8 R 3.441(alid sequence e)-.25 F
-5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441
-(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.44(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755
-(unchanged. A)108 676.8 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0
+-.25 E(between each term.)108 612 Q(The def)5 E
+(ault increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)-.1 E .582(Brace e)108 628.8
+R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581
+(ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581
+(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015
+(are preserv)108 640.8 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015
+(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016
+(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016
+(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 652.8 Q
+(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)
+-.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 669.6 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132
+(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\
+t one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 681.6 R 3.441
+(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441
+(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755
+(unchanged. A)108 693.6 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0
.255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255
-(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.911
-(sion. T)108 688.8 R 2.911(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.111 G .411
+(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91
+(sion. T)108 705.6 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41
(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F
-F1(${)2.911 E F0 .41(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
-(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 700.8 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \
-as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is)
-108 717.6 R(longer than in the abo)108 729.6 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H
-(ample:).15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 August 27)142.895 E(19)192.055
-E 0 Cg EP
+F1(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
+(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 717.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 January 19)
+141.79 E(19)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 84 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b)
-.65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 96 Q(cho)144 108 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E
-(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618
-(Brace e)108 124.8 R .618
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.476(This constr\
+uct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the stri\
+ngs to be generated is)108 84 R(longer than in the abo)108 96 Q .3 -.15
+(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 112.8 Q
+-.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 124.8 Q(cho)144 136.8 Q
+(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)
+-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 153.6 R .618
(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F
.618(ersions of)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)
-5.618 E F0 .618(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247
-(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 136.8 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G
-.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248
-(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 148.8 Q -.15
+5.618 E F0 .618(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248
+(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 165.6 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G
+.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247
+(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 177.6 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03
(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03
(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh)
-3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le{1,2})108 160.8 Q F0
-.514(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F
-.515(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515
-(after e)3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437
-(If strict compatibility with)108 172.8 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
+3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le{1,2})108 189.6 Q F0
+.515(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F
+.515(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514
+(after e)3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436
+(If strict compatibility with)108 201.6 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1
-(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436
-(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 184.8 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1
+(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437
+(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 213.6 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1
(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti)
-87 201.6 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 213.6 R 1.086(ord be)
--.1 F 1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0
-1.087('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\
+87 230.4 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 242.4 R 1.087(ord be)
+-.1 F 1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0
+1.086('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\
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-(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\
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-.726(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 249.6 Q
-.523(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523
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+(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\
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+.522(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522
(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v)
--3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 261.6 Q/F4
-9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287
-(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287
-(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\
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+(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286
+(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\
ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \
-with the speci\214ed login name.)108 273.6 Q .093
-(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 290.4 R .092
+with the speci\214ed login name.)108 302.4 Q .092
+(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 319.2 R .092
(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
-(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
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(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
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-(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 314.4 R F2(N)4.142
-E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.641
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+(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 343.2 R F2(N)4.141
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-326.4 R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu)
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(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F
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-(tect the v)108 460.8 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032
-(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .033
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+(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 477.6 R
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+(tect the v)108 489.6 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033
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(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108
-472.8 Q 1.19
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(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108
-489.6 R F1(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189
-(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.689 F 2.15
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-(w. T)-.25 H .763(he e).65 F .763
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(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12
(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F .576
-(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 420 R .576
+(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 108 R .576
(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya)
--.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 432 Q(.)-.65 E
-(The special pattern characters ha)108 448.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
-(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 465.6 Q F0 .377
-(Matches an)31 F 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)
--2.877 F .376(When the)5.376 F F1(globstar)2.876 E F0 .376
-(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 477.6 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775
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--.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775
-(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058(will match all \214les and zero\
- or more directories and subdirectories.)180 489.6 R 1.058(If follo)
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--.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C
-(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 513.6 Q
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-([...])144 525.6 Q F0 .578(Matches an)21.84 F 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578
-(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.078 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .579
-(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .685
-(denotes a)180 537.6 R F2 -.15(ra)3.185 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr)
--3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c)-3.184 H .684
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-.684(haracters, inclu-)-3.184 F(si)180 549.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,u)
-.15 G 1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G 1.212
-(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.213(If the)
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-(^)3.623 E F0 1.123(then an)3.623 F 3.623(yc)-.15 G 1.123
-(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.623 F .894
-(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 573.6 R .895
-(xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .376(and the v)
-180 585.6 R .376(alues of the)-.25 F F3(LC_COLLA)2.875 E(TE)-.855 E F0
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-(ariables, if set.)-.25 F 1.975 -.8(To o)5.375 H .375(btain the tra-).8
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-(xpressions, where)-.15 F F1([a\255d])2.567 E F0 .068(is equi)2.568 F
--.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.568 E F0 2.568(,s)C .068
-(et v)-2.568 F(alue)-.25 E .157(of the)180 609.6 R F1(LC_ALL)2.657 E F0
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+(The special pattern characters ha)108 136.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
+(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)144 153.6
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+(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 201.6 Q
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+(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.079 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .578
+(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .684
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--.1(wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E
-(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 711.6 Q -.4(Wi)
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--.35 E .125(matches all characters with the same collation weight \(as \
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--.2(bu)3.205 G .705(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .705(ral e).15 F .705
-(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .256(are recognized.)108
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-(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F2(|)2.755 E
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-(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F0
-(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 190.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
-(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(*\()144 202.8 Q F1(pattern-list).833 E F2
-(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 214.8 Q
--.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(+\()144 226.8 Q F1
-(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F0
-(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 238.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
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-(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 262.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np)
-.15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(!\()144 274.8 Q F1(pattern-list).833 E F2(\))
-.833 E F0(Matches an)180 286.8 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)
--.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(Quote Remo)87 303.6
-Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 315.6 R 1.112
-(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F2(\\)
-3.613 E F0(,)A F2<08>3.613 E F0 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F2(")4.446 E F0
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--.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3
-10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 344.4 Q F0 .545
-(Before a command is e)108 356.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545
-(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F1 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E
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-(by the shell.)108 368.4 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws comman\
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--.25 F(dif)108 380.4 Q 1.02(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les \
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-(Redirection may also be)6.019 F .215
-(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 392.4 R -.15
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-108 445.2 R F1(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293
-(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293
-(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.179<618c>108 457.2
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-(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F1(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 469.2 Q
+(by the shell.)108 714 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws commands\
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+F(dif)108 726 Q 1.019(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les the co\
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
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+124.8 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .292(the form {)108 136.8 R F1(varname)A F0
+2.793(}. In)B .293(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F
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+(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F1(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 160.8 Q
F0(}, the v)A(alue of)-.25 E F1(varname)2.5 E F0
-(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .284(In the follo)108
-486 R .283(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omitte\
-d, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .512
-(ion operator is)108 498 R F2(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
+(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .283(In the follo)108
+177.6 R .284(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\
+ted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .513
+(ion operator is)108 189.6 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(<)3.012 E F0 3.012
+(,t)C .512
(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)
-3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F
-(redirection operator is)108 510 Q F2(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
+(redirection operator is)108 201.6 Q F2(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).)
--2.5 E .825(The w)108 526.8 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824
-(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824
-(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .462
-(jected to brace e)108 538.8 R .462(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .463
-(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .463(ariable e)-.25 F .463
-(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .867(metic e)108 550.8 R
-.867(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .867(l, pathname e).25 F
+-2.5 E .824(The w)108 218.4 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824
+(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825
+(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .463
+(jected to brace e)108 230.4 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462
+(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .462(ariable e)-.25 F .462
+(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .866(metic e)108 242.4 R
+.866(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .866(l, pathname e).25 F
.867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867
-F .866(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 562.8 S(rd,).1 E F2
+F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 254.4 S(rd,).1 E F2
(bash)2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E
-(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 579.6 Q -.15
-(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 596.4 Q F2(>)2.5
-E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A
-(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 613.2
-Q F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 630
-Q F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527
-(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 646.8 R F1(dirlist)3.027
+(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 271.2 Q -.15
+(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 288 Q F2(>)2.5 E
+F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A
+(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 304.8
+Q F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144
+321.6 Q F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527
+(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 338.4 R F1(dirlist)3.027
E F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527
(as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F
-(output before the standard output w)108 658.8 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E
-F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F2(Bash)108 675.6 Q F0 .599(handles se)3.099
-F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)
--.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F
-(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 687.6 Q F2(/de)144 704.4 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F1(fd)A
-F0(If)180 716.4 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15
-E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0
-(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 96 Q F1(/de)144 108 Q(v/stdout)
--.15 E F0(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 120 Q F1(/de)144 132 Q
-(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 144 Q F1(/de)
-144 156 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A
-F0(If)180 168 Q F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496
-(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497
+(output before the standard output w)108 350.4 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E
+F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F2(Bash)108 367.2 Q F0 .598(handles se)3.098
+F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)
+-.15 G .599(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F
+(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 379.2 Q F2(/de)144 396 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F1(fd)A F0
+(If)180 408 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 E
+2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 E
+F2(/de)144 420 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180
+432 Q F2(/de)144 444 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0
+(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 456 Q F2(/de)144 468 Q(v/stderr)
+-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 480 Q F2(/de)144 492 Q
+(v/tcp/)-.15 E F1(host)A F2(/)A F1(port)A F0(If)180 504 Q F1(host)2.997
+E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497(alid hostname or Internet address, and)
+-.25 F F1(port)2.996 E F0 .496(is an inte)2.996 F .496
+(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E(vice name,)180 516 Q F2(bash)2.5
+E F0(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F2(/de)
+144 528 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F1(host)A F2(/)A F1(port)A F0(If)180 540 Q F1
+(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496
+(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F1(port)2.997 E F0 .497
(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
-(vice name,)180 180 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
-(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144
-192 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 204 Q F2(host)
-2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497
-(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496
-(is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
-(vice name,)180 216 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
+(vice name,)180 552 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0
(attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108
-232.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)
--2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .946(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\
-an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 249.6 R 3.447(ym)-.15 G .947
-(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.447 F
-(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 261.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87
-278.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
+568.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)
+-2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .947(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\
+an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 585.6 R 3.446(ym)-.15 G .946
+(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.446 F
+(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 597.6 Q(.)-.65 E F2(Redir)87
+614.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
-108 290.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391
-(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 302.4 Q F2
+108 626.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391
+(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 638.4 Q F1
(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G
-(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0
+(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0
(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
-(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 319.2 Q([)144 336 Q F2
-(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 352.8 Q(ecting Output)
--.18 E F0 .174
+(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 655.2 Q([)144 672 Q F1
+(n)A F0(])A F2(<)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 688.8 Q(ecting Output)
+-.18 E F0 .175
(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
-108 364.8 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175
-(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 376.8
-R F2(n)3.325 E F0 3.325(,o).24 G 3.325(rt)-3.325 G .824
-(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F2(n)3.684 E F0
-.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .824(If the \214le does not)5.824 F
--.15(ex)108 388.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
-(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E
-(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 405.6 Q([)144 422.4 Q
-F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154
-(If the redirection operator is)108 439.2 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C
-.154(nd the)-2.654 F F1(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the)
-2.654 F F1(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155
-(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 451.2 R
-.658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658
-(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657
-(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-)
-5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 463.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C
-2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E
-F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409
-(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409
+108 700.8 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174
+(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .824(ing on \214le descriptor)108 712.8
+R F1(n)3.324 E F0 3.324(,o).24 G 3.324(rt)-3.324 G .824
+(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.324 F F1(n)3.684 E F0
+.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .825(If the \214le does not)5.825 F
+-.15(ex)108 724.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
+(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
+(2015 January 19)141.79 E(26)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E
+(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 84 Q([)144 100.8 Q/F1
+10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>)A F1(wor)A(d)
+-.37 E F0 .155(If the redirection operator is)108 117.6 R F2(>)2.655 E
+F0 2.655(,a)C .155(nd the)-2.655 F F2(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154
+(option to the)2.654 F F2(set)2.654 E F0 -.2(bu)2.654 G .154
+(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 129.6 R
+.657(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658
+(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658
+(ists and is a re).15 F .658(gular \214le.)-.15 F .658(If the redi-)
+5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 141.6 R F2(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C
+2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F2(>)2.909 E
+F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F2(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409
+(option to the)2.909 F F2(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408
(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108
-475.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
--2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87
-492 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642
-(Redirection of output in this f)108 504 R .642
-(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641
-(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473
-(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 516 R F2(n)2.973 E F0
+153.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
+-2.5 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2 -.25(Ap)87
+170.4 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641
+(Redirection of output in this f)108 182.4 R .642
+(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642
+(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F0 .642(to be)3.912 F .474
+(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 194.4 R F1(n)2.974 E F0
2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474
-(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.334 E F0
-.474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108
-528 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
-(The general format for appending output is:)108 544.8 Q([)144 561.6 Q
-F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 583.2 Q
-(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249
-(This construct allo)108 595.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
+(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F1(n)3.333 E F0
+.473(is not speci\214ed.)3.213 F(If)5.473 E(the \214le does not e)108
+206.4 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
+(The general format for appending output is:)108 223.2 Q([)144 240 Q F1
+(n)A F0(])A F2(>>)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 256.8 Q
+(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248
+(This construct allo)108 268.8 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)
-.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108
-607.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
-(There are tw)108 624 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
-(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1
-(&>)144 640.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 652.8 Q F1(>&)144 664.8 Q
-F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 681.6 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
+280.8 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
+(There are tw)108 297.6 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
+(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F2
+(&>)144 314.4 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 326.4 Q F2(>&)144 338.4 Q
+F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 355.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E
--.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 698.4 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
-E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .114(When using the second form,)108 715.2 R F2(wor)
-2.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or)
--.15 F F1<ad>2.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.615(td)-2.614 G
-.115(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 727.2 Q
-F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E
-(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.25(Ap)87 84 S
-(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249
-(This construct allo)108 96 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\214le\
- descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)-.25 F
-(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 108 Q
-(xpansion of)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77
-E(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108
-124.8 Q F1(&>>)144 141.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0
-(This is semantically equi)108 158.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1
-(>>)144 175.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108
-192 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
-(Her)87 208.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redir\
+-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>)144 372 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E
+F2(>&)A F0(1)A .115(When using the second form,)108 388.8 R F1(wor)2.614
+E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or)-.15 F F2
+<ad>2.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.614(td)-2.614 G .114
+(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F(apply \(see)108 400.8 Q F2
+(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E
+(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 417.6 S
+(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248
+(This construct allo)108 429.6 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
+\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)
+-.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108
+441.6 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
+(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108
+458.4 Q F2(&>>)144 475.2 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0
+(This is semantically equi)108 492 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>>)
+144 508.8 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A(\(see)108 525.6
+Q F2(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2
+(Her)87 542.4 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redir\
ection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until \
-a line containing only)108 220.8 R F2(delimiter)108.35 232.8 Q F0 .615
-(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.845 F .615
+a line containing only)108 554.4 R F1(delimiter)108.35 566.4 Q F0 .614
+(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615
(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615
-F(dard input for a command.)108 244.8 Q
-(The format of here-documents is:)108 261.6 Q F1(<<)144 278.4 Q F0([)A
-F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 290.4 Q(e-document)-.37 E
-(delimiter)144 302.4 Q F0 .301(No parameter and v)108 319.2 R .302
-(ariable e)-.25 F .302(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15
-F .302(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .226
-(is performed on)108 331.2 R F2(wor)2.726 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.226(.I).77 G
-2.726(fa)-5.226 G .526 -.15(ny c)-2.726 H .226(haracters in).15 F F2
-(wor)3.066 E(d)-.37 E F0 .226(are quoted, the)3.496 F F2(delimiter)3.076
-E F0 .225(is the result of quote remo)3.456 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.725(lo)
-.25 G(n)-2.725 E F2(wor)108 343.2 Q(d)-.37 E F0 2.714(,a).77 G .214
-(nd the lines in the here-document are not e)-2.714 F 2.714(xpanded. If)
--.15 F F2(wor)2.715 E(d)-.37 E F0 .215
-(is unquoted, all lines of the here-docu-)2.715 F .499
-(ment are subjected to parameter e)108 355.2 R .499
-(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .499
-(xpansion, the character)-.15 F(sequence)108 367.2 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5
-E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0
-(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5
-E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601
-(If the redirection operator is)108 384 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t)
-C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and\
- the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 396 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G
-(his allo)-5 E
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+F1(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E
+(The format of here-documents is:)108 595.2 Q([)144 612 Q F1(n)A F0(])A
+F2(<<)A F0([)A F2<ad>A F0(])A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 624 Q
+(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 636 Q F0 .302(No parameter and v)108
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+-.15(ny c)-2.726 H .226(haracters in).15 F F1(wor)3.066 E(d)-.37 E F0
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+(xpansion, the character)-.15 F(sequence)108 700.8 Q F2(\\<newline>)2.5
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-(<<<)144 441.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 458.4 Q F2(wor)2.894 E(d)
--.37 E F0(under)2.894 E .394(goes brace e)-.18 F .393(xpansion, tilde e)
--.15 F .393(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .393(ariable e)-.25 F .393
-(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 2.147(tution, arithmetic e)108 470.4 R
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-(ord splitting are not per)-.1 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(formed. The)108 482.4 R(re\
-sult is supplied as a single string to the command on its standard inpu\
-t.)2.5 E F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 499.2 Q F0
-(The redirection operator)108 511.2 Q([)144 528 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A
-F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .127
-(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 544.8 R(If)5.127 E
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(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108
-556.8 Q F2(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G
+240 Q F2(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G
2.957(ft)-2.957 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.957 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F0
.458(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.728 F .15
-(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 568.8 R(If)5.15 E F2(wor)
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-2.649<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149
-(is closed.)2.889 F(If)5.149 E F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,)
-2.889 F(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 580.8 Q
-(The operator)108 597.6 Q([)144 614.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A
+(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 252 R(If)5.15 E F2(wor)2.99
+E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.65 E F0 2.649
+<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is closed.)
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+(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 264 Q
+(The operator)108 280.8 Q([)144 297.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A
(d)-.37 E F0 .443
-(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 631.2 R
+(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 314.4 R
(If)5.443 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .444
(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.184 F 1.358
-(tor 1\) is used.)108 643.2 R 1.358(If the digits in)6.358 F F2(wor)
+(tor 1\) is used.)108 326.4 R 1.358(If the digits in)6.358 F F2(wor)
4.198 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.357(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\
-utput, a redirection error)4.628 F 2.753(occurs. If)108 655.2 R F2(wor)
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3.093 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.523 G .253(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.754 E
F0 2.754<2c8c>C .254(le descriptor)-2.754 F F2(n)3.114 E F0 .254
(is closed.)2.994 F .254(As a special case, if)5.254 F F2(n)2.754 E F0
.254(is omitted, and)2.754 F F2(wor)2.754 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)2.754 E
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667.2 R .966(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1<ad>
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350.4 R .966(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1<ad>
3.466 E F0 3.466(,t)C .965
(he standard output and standard error are redirected as described)
--3.466 F(pre)108 679.2 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 696 Q
-(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 708 Q([)144
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--.35 E(mo)108 84 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(st).15 G .535
-(he \214le descriptor)-3.035 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(digit)3.035 E F0
-.535(to \214le descriptor)3.035 F F1(n)3.035 E F0 3.035(,o).24 G 3.035
-(rt)-3.035 G .536(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.035 F
-F1(n)3.036 E F0 .536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 96 Q F1(digit)5 E
-F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.)A
-(Similarly)108 112.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)
-144 129.6 Q F1(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>&)A F1(digit)A F2<ad>A
-F0(mo)108 146.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.786(st).15 G .286
-(he \214le descriptor)-2.786 F F1(digit)2.786 E F0 .286
-(to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F1(n)2.786 E F0 2.786(,o).24 G 2.786(rt)
--2.786 G .285(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.786 F F1
-(n)2.785 E F0 .285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 158.4 Q F2
-(Opening File Descriptors f)87 175.2 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
-(The redirection operator)108 187.2 Q([)144 204 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>)A
-F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108
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+(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.035 F F2(n)3.036 E F0
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+G 2.786(st).15 G .286(he \214le descriptor)-2.786 F F2(digit)2.786 E F0
+.286(to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F2(n)2.786 E F0 2.786(,o).24 G 2.786
+(rt)-2.786 G .285(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.786 F
+F2(n)2.785 E F0 .285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 499.2 Q F1
+(Opening File Descriptors f)87 516 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
+(The redirection operator)108 528 Q([)144 544.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)A
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(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor)
-108 232.8 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G
-(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
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+(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 249.6 Q F1(Aliases)108 261.6 Q F0(allo)3.174
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 590.4 Q F2(Aliases)108 602.4 Q F0(allo)3.174
E 3.174(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674
(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .673
(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\
-ses that may be set and unset with the)108 273.6 R F2(alias)2.894 E F0
-(and)2.894 E F2(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394(iltin commands).2
-F(\(see)108 285.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E
+ses that may be set and unset with the)108 614.4 R F1(alias)2.894 E F0
+(and)2.894 E F1(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394(iltin commands).2
+F(\(see)108 626.4 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E
1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98
(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1
-F(check)108 297.6 Q .472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472
+F(check)108 638.4 Q .472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472
(If so, that w)5.472 F .473(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473
-(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473(The characters)5.473 F F2(/)2.973 E F0(,)A
-F2($)2.973 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 309.6 Q F2(=)3.612 E F0
+(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473(The characters)5.473 F F1(/)2.973 E F0(,)A
+F1($)2.973 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 650.4 Q F1(=)3.612 E F0
1.112(and an)3.612 F 3.612(yo)-.15 G 3.612(ft)-3.612 G 1.112(he shell)
--3.612 F F1(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
+-3.612 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.411 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.111
-(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 321.6 R 1.119
+(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 662.4 R 1.119
(replacement te)3.619 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G
1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.12
-(The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 333.6 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1
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F .514(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .514(ut a w)-.2 F .513
(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .513(xpanded is)-.15 F
-.295(not e)108 345.6 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
-(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F2(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F2
-.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F2
-(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 357.6 R
+.295(not e)108 686.4 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
+(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1
+.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1
+(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 698.4 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .543(ly e).15 F .543(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F
3.043(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.043 F .542
-(alue is a)-.25 F F1(blank)3.042 E F0 3.042(,t).67 G .542(hen the ne)
--3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 369.6 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
+(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.042 E F0 3.042(,t).67 G .542(hen the ne)
+-3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 710.4 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15
-E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 386.4 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0
-(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F2
-(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284
-(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 403.2 R .284
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+(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 84 R .284
(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E
.284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see)
-108 415.2 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22
-(Aliases are not e)108 432 R 1.22
+108 96 Q/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E
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(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u)
-.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F2(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22
-(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 444 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0
-(\(see the description of)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
+.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(expand_aliases)3.72 E
+F0 1.22(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 124.8 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0
+(\(see the description of)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F1
(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25
E .435
(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108
-460.8 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1
+141.6 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1
(wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .338
-(one complete line of input before e)108 472.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
+(one complete line of input before e)108 153.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
(cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338
(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .337(Aliases are e)5.337 F .337
-(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 484.8 S .904
+(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 165.6 S .904
(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.403 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404
(cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904
(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.162
-(another command does not tak)108 496.8 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662
+(another command does not tak)108 177.6 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662
G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F
1.161(The commands follo)6.161 F 1.161(wing the)-.25 F .277
-(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 508.8 R .277
+(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 189.6 R .277
(fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha)
2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .699(are e)108
-520.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F
+201.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F
.699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\
n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .612
-(because a function de\214nition is itself a command.)108 532.8 R .613
+(because a function de\214nition is itself a command.)108 213.6 R .613
(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not)5.612 F -.2
-(av)108 544.8 S .059(ailable until after that function is e)-.05 F -.15
+(av)108 225.6 S .059(ailable until after that function is e)-.05 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 2.558(cuted. T).15 F 2.558(ob)-.8 G 2.558(es)-2.558 G .058
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-(to be used in an e)108 144 Q(xpression.)-.15 E 1.406
-(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 160.8
-R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.407(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F(xadecimal.)
--.15 E .113(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 172.8 R 2.613(et)-.1 G .113
-(he form [)-2.613 F F1(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F1(base)
-2.612 E F0 .112(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .533
-(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 184.8 R F1(n)3.033 E F0 .533
+E F1(inte)3.89 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.89 E 1.39(ute using)-.2
+F F2(declar)3.89 E 3.89(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.89 E F0(is)3.89 E .333
+(assigned a v)108 465.6 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v)2.832 F .332
+(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832(As)5.332 G
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+H(ts).15 E F1(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.832 E .332
+(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 477.6 Q(xpression.)-.15 E
+1.406(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108
+494.4 R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.407(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F
+(xadecimal.)-.15 E .113(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 506.4 R 2.613(et)-.1
+G .113(he form [)-2.613 F F1(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F1
+(base)2.612 E F0 .112(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .533
+(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 518.4 R F1(n)3.033 E F0 .533
(is a number in that base.)3.033 F(If)5.534 E F1(base#)3.034 E F0 .534
-(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.034 F .16(When specifying)108 196.8
-R F1(n)2.66 E F0 2.66(,t)C .16
-(he digits greater< than 9 are represented by the lo)-2.66 F .16
+(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.034 F .513(When specifying)108
+530.4 R F1(n)3.013 E F0 3.013(,t)C .513
+(he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-3.013 F .512
(wercase letters, the uppercase letters,)-.25 F .942
-(@, and _, in that order)108 208.8 R 5.942(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.942 E F1(base)
+(@, and _, in that order)108 542.4 R 5.942(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.942 E F1(base)
3.442 E F0 .942(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.442 F .943
(wercase and uppercase letters may be used)-.25 F
-(interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 220.8 Q
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+(interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 554.4 Q
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(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234
(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .234
-(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 249.6 S
+(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 583.2 S
(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 266.4 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .255
-(Conditional e)108 278.4 R .255(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[)
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 600 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .255
+(Conditional e)108 612 R .255(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[)
2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F2(test)2.755 E F0(and)
2.755 E F2([)2.756 E F0 -.2(bu)2.756 G .256(iltin commands to test).2 F
-.77(\214le attrib)108 290.4 R .77
+.77(\214le attrib)108 624 R .77
(utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77
(Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E 1.04
-(unary or binary primaries.)108 302.4 R 1.04(If an)6.04 F(y)-.15 E F1
+(unary or binary primaries.)108 636 R 1.04(If an)6.04 F(y)-.15 E F1
(\214le)3.54 E F0(ar)3.54 E 1.041
(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F1(/de)3.541 E
(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.541(,t)C 1.041(hen \214le)-3.541 F(descriptor)108
-314.4 Q F1(n)3.789 E F0 1.289(is check)3.789 F 3.789(ed. If)-.1 F(the)
+648 Q F1(n)3.789 E F0 1.289(is check)3.789 F 3.789(ed. If)-.1 F(the)
3.789 E F1(\214le)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289
(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F1(/de)3.789 E(v/stdin)
-.15 E F0(,)A F1(/de)3.788 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 3.788(,o)C(r)-3.788 E F1
-(/de)108 326.4 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C
+(/de)108 660 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C
(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respecti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5
(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .721
(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo)
-108 343.2 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar)
--3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 355.2
-Q 1.096(When used with)108 373.2 R F2([[)3.596 E F0 3.596(,t)C(he)-3.596
+108 676.8 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar)
+-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 688.8
+Q 1.096(When used with)108 706.8 R F2([[)3.596 E F0 3.596(,t)C(he)-3.596
E F2(<)3.596 E F0(and)3.595 E F2(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le)
3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.095
E F2(test)3.595 E F0(com-)3.595 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108
-385.2 Q F2<ad61>108 409.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35
-E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2<ad62>108 421.2 Q F1
-(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
-2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F2<ad63>108 433.2 Q F1
-(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
-2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F2<ad64>108 445.2 Q
-F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15
-(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F2<ad65>108 457.2 Q F1
-(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
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-(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E
-(gular \214le.)-.15 E F2<ad67>108 481.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)
-10.58 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
-(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F2<ad68>108 493.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0
--.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
-(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2<ad6b>108 505.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E
-F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
-(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.)
--2.5 E F2<ad70>108 517.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35
-E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).)
-.15 E F2<ad72>108 529.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E
-F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F2<ad73>108
-541.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.69 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E
-F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F2<ad74>
-108 553.2 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)16.69 G(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E
-F1(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F2<ad75>108
-565.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E
-F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F2
-<ad77>108 577.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F1
-(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F2<ad78>108
-589.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E
-F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F2
-<ad47>108 601.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F1
-(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E
-(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F2<ad4c>108 613.2 Q F1
-(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.91 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
-2.5 G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2<ad4e>108 625.2 Q F1(\214le)
-2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G
-(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F2
-<ad4f>108 637.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F1
-(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E
-(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F2<ad53>108 649.2 Q F1
-(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)
-2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F1(\214le1)108 661.2 Q F2
-(\255ef)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 673.2 S(ue if).35 E F1
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-E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F1(\214le1)108 685.2 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F2
-(nt)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 697.2 S .038(ue if).35 F F1
-(\214le1)2.538 E F0 .039(is ne)2.539 F .039
-(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 F F1(\214le2)2.539 E
-F0 2.539(,o)C 2.539(ri)-2.539 G(f)-2.539 E F1(\214le1)2.539 E F0 -.15
-(ex)2.539 G .039(ists and).15 F F1(\214le2)2.539 E F0 .039(does not.)
-2.539 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 August 27)142.895 E(30)192.055 E 0 Cg
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le1)108 84 Q F0<ad>2.5 E/F2 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(ot)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if).35 E
-F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5
-(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F1
-(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2<ad6f>108 108 Q F1(optname)2.5 E F0
--.35(Tr)144 120 S .263(ue if the shell option).35 F F1(optname)2.992 E
-F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262
-(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F2<ad6f>
-2.762 E F0(option to the)144 132 Q F2(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
-(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2<ad76>108 144 Q F1(varname)2.5 E F0
--.35(Tr)144 156 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F1(varname)2.79
-E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F2<ad52>108
-168 Q F1(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 180 S(ue if the shell v).35 E
-(ariable)-.25 E F1(varname)2.79 E F0(is set and is a name reference.)
-2.68 E F2<ad7a>108 192 Q F1(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 204 S
-(ue if the length of).35 E F1(string)2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F1(string)
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-(ue if the length of).35 E F1(string)2.84 E F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F1
-(string1)108 256.8 Q F2(==)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 268.8 Q F2
-(=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 280.8 S .861
-(ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F2(=)5.861 E F0 .861
-(should be used with the)3.361 F F2(test)3.361 E F0 .862
-(command for POSIX conformance.)3.362 F .447(When used with the)144
-292.8 R F2([[)2.946 E F0 .446
-(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .746
--.15(ve \()-.15 H F2(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 304.8 Q F0(\).)A F1
-(string1)108 321.6 Q F2(!=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 333.6 S
-(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F1(string1)108 350.4 Q F2(<)2.5
-E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 362.4 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E
-F0(sorts before)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15
-E(.)-.65 E F1(string1)108 379.2 Q F2(>)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35
-(Tr)144 391.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F1
-(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F1(ar)108.33
-408 Q(g1)-.37 E F2(OP)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(OP)144 420 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2
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-(.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1
-(ar)2.885 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\
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-E F0(may be positi)2.52 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.5(rn).15 G -2.25 -.15
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+(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.)
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+(the basename of the current w)180 408 Q(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w)
+-.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F3($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)
+-.25 E F2(\\!)144 420 Q F0(the history number of this command)180 420 Q
+F2(\\#)144 432 Q F0(the command number of this command)180 432 Q F2(\\$)
+144 444 Q F0(if the ef)180 444 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H
+(ID is 0, a).15 E F2(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F2($)2.5 E
+(\\)144 456 Q F4(nnn)A F0
+(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 456 Q F4(nnn)2.5 E
+F2(\\\\)144 468 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 468 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F2(\\[)144 480 Q
+F0(be)180 480 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \
+could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F
+(control sequence into the prompt)180 492 Q F2(\\])144 504 Q F0
+(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 504 Q .119
+(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 520.8 R
+.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(positio\
+n in the history list, which may include commands restored from the his\
+tory \214le \(see)108 532.8 R F3(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0
+(belo)108 544.8 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the position in\
+ the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541
+(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 556.8 R
.546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546
(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F
-.352(tion, arithmetic e)108 244.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
--.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1
-(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .351(shell option \(see the)2.852
-F(description of the)108 256.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E
-F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)
--.25 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 273.6 Q F0 .15
+.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 568.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
+-.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F2
+(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .352(shell option \(see the)2.852
+F(description of the)108 580.8 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E
+F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)
+-.25 E F1(READLINE)72 597.6 Q F0 .151
(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti)
-108 285.6 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F1
-(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E 1.209(is gi)108 297.6 R
--.15(ve)-.25 G 3.709(na).15 G 3.709(ts)-3.709 G 1.209(hell in)-3.709 F
--.2(vo)-.4 G 3.709(cation. Line).2 F 1.208
-(editing is also used when using the)3.709 F F1<ad65>3.708 E F0 1.208
-(option to the)3.708 F F1 -.18(re)3.708 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.708 G
-3.708(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 309.6 Q .851
+108 609.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F2
+(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E 1.208(is gi)108 621.6 R -.15
+(ve)-.25 G 3.708(na).15 G 3.708(ts)-3.708 G 1.208(hell in)-3.708 F -.2
+(vo)-.4 G 3.708(cation. Line).2 F 1.208
+(editing is also used when using the)3.708 F F2<ad65>3.709 E F0 1.209
+(option to the)3.709 F F2 -.18(re)3.709 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.709 G
+3.709(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 633.6 Q .851
(ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.)-.1 F
-3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .852
-(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 321.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
+3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .851
+(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 645.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
(editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the)
--3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0
-.85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E
-(\(see)108 333.6 Q F2 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS)
--.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of)
+-3.35 F F2 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F2 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0
+.85(options to the)3.35 F F2(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E
+(\(see)108 657.6 Q F3 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS)
+-.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of)
-3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763
-(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.263 E
-(emacs)108 345.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1
-(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 362.4 Q
+(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F2(+o)3.262 E
+(emacs)108 669.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F2(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F2
+(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(Readline Notation)87 686.4 Q
F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k)
-108 374.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
-2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A
-1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 386.4 R(Similarly)6.152 E(,)
--.65 E F3(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255)
--.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653(oM)-3.653 G 1.153
-(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)108 398.4 S .831
-(yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke)3.591 G 2.131 -.65
-(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F3(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F F3(x)3.331 E F0
-3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .83
-(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65(y. T)-.05 H .83
-(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 410.4 R F3 .599(meta pr)3.099 F
-(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F3
-(x)A F0 .599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099
-(rp)-3.099 G .6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6
-(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 422.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H
-(hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\))
-.65 E .62(Readline commands may be gi)108 439.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119
-(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F3(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G
-.619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.619 E
-(ho)108 451.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti)
-.4 G 3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
+108 698.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
+2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A
+1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 710.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,)
+-.65 E F4(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255)
+-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152
+(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 722.4 S .83
+(yboards without a)-.05 F F4(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65
+(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F4(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F4(x)3.33 E F0 3.33
+(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831
+(hen the).15 F F4(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H
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+R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .6(meta pr)3.1 F(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6
+(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F1(x)A F0 .599
+(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F1(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)-3.099 G
+.599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599(hen hold).15 F
+(the Control k)108 96 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H(hile pressing the).15 E F1(x)
+3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)).65 E .619
+(Readline commands may be gi)108 112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119(nn).15 G
+(umeric)-3.119 E F1(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G .619
+(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.62 E(ho)108
+124.8 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G
+3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne)
.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619
-(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 463.2 R 1.018
-(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C
-1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018
-(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 475.2 Q
+(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 136.8 R 1.018
+(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(kill\255line)3.518 E
+F0 3.518(\)c)C 1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019
+(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 148.8 Q
(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo)
--.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 492 R F3
+-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 165.6 R F1
(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811
-(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812
-(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F3
-(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 504 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F
-.029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3
+(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811
+(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F1
+(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 177.6 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529
+F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F1
.029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H
.029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,)
--.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 516 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567
-(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567
+-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 189.6 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F
+.567(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567
(xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.)
-108 528 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 544.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\
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-R F3(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .091
-(name of this \214le)2.591 F .196(is tak)108 568.8 R .196(en from the v)
--.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F2(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G
-2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196
-(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F3(~/.inputr)2.696
-E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .197(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\
+108 201.6 Q F2(Readline Initialization)87 218.4 Q F0 .091(Readline is c\
+ustomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108
+230.4 R F1(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .092
+(name of this \214le)2.591 F .197(is tak)108 242.4 R .196(en from the v)
+-.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0
+-.25(va)2.446 G 2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196
+(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F1(~/.inputr)2.696
+E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .196(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\
es the readline library starts up, the initialization \214le is read, a\
-nd the k)108 580.8 R 1.334 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.034(indings and).15 F -.25
-(va)108 592.8 S 1.149(riables are set.).25 F 1.149(There are only a fe)
-6.149 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.15
-(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.15 E .737
-(lines are ignored.)108 604.8 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737
-(ginning with a)-.15 F F1(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737
-(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.237 E F0 .736
-(indicate conditional)3.236 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 616.8 R
+nd the k)108 254.4 R 1.335 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.035(indings and).15 F -.25
+(va)108 266.4 S 1.15(riables are set.).25 F 1.15(There are only a fe)
+6.15 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.149
+(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.149 E .736
+(lines are ignored.)108 278.4 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737
+(ginning with a)-.15 F F2(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737
+(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F2($)3.237 E F0 .737
+(indicate conditional)3.237 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 290.4 R
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-(ariable settings.)-.25 E .986(The def)108 633.6 R .986(ault k)-.1 F
--.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F3(inputr)
+(ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 307.2 R .987(ault k)-.1 F
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3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987
-(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 645.6 Q
-(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 662.4 S 2.5(re).15 G
-(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 679.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25
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-(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F/F1 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF -.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(DEL)3.761 E
-F0(,).53 E F1(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 E F1(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F1
-(NEWLINE)3.76 E F0(,).73 E F1(RET)3.76 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(RETURN)108 96 Q
-F0(,)1.1 E F1(SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F1(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0
-2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E F1 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209
-(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 112.8 R .209(ws k)-.25
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+(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 336 S 2.5(re).15 G
+(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 352.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25
+G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 364.8 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144
+376.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 388.8
+Q F1(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G
+(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F1
+(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.26(The follo)
+108 405.6 R 1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F
+F1 -.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F1
+(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 E F1(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F1(NEWLINE)3.761 E F0
+(,).73 E F1(RET)3.761 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(RETURN)108 417.6 Q F0(,)1.1 E F1
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+(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 434.4 R .209(ws k)-.25
F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209
(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)
--.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 124.8 Q F1(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A/F2
-10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline K)87 141.6 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366
-(The syntax for controlling k)108 153.6 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366
+-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 446.4 Q F1(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F2
+(Readline K)87 463.2 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366
+(The syntax for controlling k)108 475.2 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366
(indings in the).15 F F1(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366
(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the)
-5.366 F .263(command or the te)108 165.6 R .264(xt of a macro and a k)
+5.366 F .264(command or the te)108 487.2 R .264(xt of a macro and a k)
-.15 F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264(equence to which it should be bound.)
-.15 F .264(The name may be speci-)5.264 F .853(\214ed in one of tw)108
-177.6 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15
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+499.2 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15
(ey n)-.1 H .853(ame, possibly with).15 F F1(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)
3.353 E F1(Contr)3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853
-(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 189.6 Q 1.541
-(When using the form)108 206.4 R F2 -.1(ke)4.041 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F1
-(function\255name).833 E F0(or)4.041 E F1(macr)4.042 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A
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+SF(completion\255ignor)108 84 Q(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)
+144 96 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(eadline performs \214lename matching a\
+nd completion in a case\255insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.)
+.05 E F1(completion\255pr)108 108 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))
+-.18 E F0 .829(The length in characters of the common pre\214x of a lis\
+t of possible completions that is displayed)144 120 R 1.274
+(without modi\214cation.)144 132 R 1.274(When set to a v)6.274 F 1.274
+(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.275
+(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 144 S(lue are replaced with an \
+ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1
+(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 156 Q F0 .53
+(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 168 R .529
+(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .56(erated by the)
+144 180 R F1(possible\255completions)3.06 E F0 3.06(command. It)3.06 F
+.561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.061(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.061 E .561(ger v)
+-.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 192 R
+.783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \
+the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 204 S .237
(riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie)
-.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G
-.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 511.2 Q F1(con)108
-523.2 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 535.2
-R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4
-G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913
--.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541
+.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 216 Q F1(con)108 228
+Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .613(If set to)144 240 R F1(On)
+3.113 E F0 3.113(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.113 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613
+(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .912 -.15
+(ey s)-.1 H .612(equence by).15 F .541
(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
-144 547.2 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F3 .541(meta pr)3.041
-F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 559.2 Q F0(\).)A F1(disable\255completion \(Off\))
-108 571.2 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 583.2 R F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C
-.038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
+144 252 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
+.542(meta pr)3.042 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 264 Q F0(\).)A F1
+(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 276 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 288 R F1
+(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038
+(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
-144 595.2 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 607.2 Q F0 .142
-(Controls whether readline be)144 619.2 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15
-F .441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F3(Emacs)2.641 E F0
-(or)2.641 E F3(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.141 E F0
-(can be set to either)144 631.2 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 643.2 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0
-1.21(When set to)144 655.2 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G
-1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211
+144 300 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0
+(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 312 Q F0 .141
+(Controls whether readline be)144 324 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F
+.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.642 E F0
+(or)2.642 E F2(vi)2.642 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.142 E F0
+(can be set to either)144 336 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E
+F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 348 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0
+1.211(When set to)144 360 R F1(On)3.711 E F0 3.711(,o)C 3.711(no)-3.711
+G 1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.711 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.21
(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F
-(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 667.2 Q -.15(ey)-.1
-G(board.).15 E F1(enable\255k)108 679.2 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893
-(When set to)144 691.2 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
+(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 372 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
+(board.).15 E F1(enable\255brack)108 384 Q(eted\255paste \(Off\))-.1 E
+F0 1.221(When set to)144 396 R F1(On)3.721 E F0 3.721(,r)C 1.221
+(eadline will con\214gure the terminal in a w)-3.721 F 1.221
+(ay that will enable it to insert each)-.1 F .353
+(paste into the editing b)144 408 R(uf)-.2 E .353(fer as a single strin\
+g of characters, instead of treating each character as if)-.25 F .543
+(it had been read from the k)144 420 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.043(board. This)
+.15 F .543(can pre)3.043 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .544
+(nt pasted characters from being interpreted as).15 F(editing commands.)
+144 432 Q F1(enable\255k)108 444 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893
+(When set to)144 456 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F
-(tems need this to enable the arro)144 703.2 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)
--2.6 G(s.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 August 27)142.895 E(38)
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(enable\255meta\255k)108 84 Q(ey \(On\))-.1
-E F0 .64(When set to)144 96 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64
+(tems need this to enable the arro)144 468 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6
+G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 480 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64
+(When set to)144 492 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64
(eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64
(eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64
-(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 108 Q
+(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 504 Q
(On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H
2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1
-(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 120 Q F0(If set to)144 132 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0
+(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 516 Q F0(If set to)144 528 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0
2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w)
--.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 144 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1
-(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.339(If set to)144 156 R F1(On)
+-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 540 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1
+(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.339(If set to)144 552 R F1(On)
3.839 E F0 3.839(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at \
-the same location on each history line)-3.839 F(retrie)144 168 Q -.15
+the same location on each history line)-3.839 F(retrie)144 564 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G
(ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-(history\255size \(0\))108 180 Q F0 .948
-(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 192 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
+(history\255size \(unset\))108 576 Q F0 .948
+(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 588 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.)-3.448 F .949
(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.449(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.599 E .483
-(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 204 R 2.983(we)-.25 G .483
+(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 600 R 2.983(we)-.25 G .483
(ntries are sa)-2.983 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .482(set to a v)
2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F
-(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 216 Q(By def)5 E
+(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 612 Q(By def)5 E
(ault, the number of history entries is not limited.)-.1 E F1
-(horizontal\255scr)108 228 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448
-(When set to)144 240 R F1(On)2.948 E F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448
+(horizontal\255scr)108 624 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448
+(When set to)144 636 R F1(On)2.948 E F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448
(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .449
(crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\
when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\
- ne)144 252 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 264 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 276
-Q F0 .227(If set to)144 288 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .228(eadline \
+ ne)144 648 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 660 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 672
+Q F0 .227(If set to)144 684 R F1(On)2.727 E F0 2.727(,r)C .228(eadline \
will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the high bit f\
-rom the char)-2.727 F(-)-.2 E .957(acters it reads\), re)144 300 R -.05
+rom the char)-2.727 F(-)-.2 E .957(acters it reads\), re)144 696 R -.05
(ga)-.15 G .956(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F
.956(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.456 E F0 .956(is a)3.456 F
-(synon)144 312 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 324 Q
-(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .439(\
-The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search wi\
-thout subsequently e)144 336 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .935
-(ing the character as a command.)144 348 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935
-(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15 G .934
-(alue, the characters)-3.684 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ESC)3.434 E F0
-(and)144 360 Q F2(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)
-2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)108 372 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02
-(Set the current readline k)144 384 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F
-2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021
-(map names is).15 F F2 2.021(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.521 F(d,)-.37 E
-.069(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 396 R F0 2.568
-(,a)C(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0
-.068(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)
-2.568 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.568 E F0 1.543(is equi)144 408 R -.25(va)-.25
+(synon)144 708 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72
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+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(isear)108 84 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E
+('\))-.63 E F0 .439(The string of characters that should terminate an i\
+ncremental search without subsequently e)144 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-)
+.15 E .935(ing the character as a command.)144 108 R .935(If this v)
+5.935 F .935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15
+G .934(alue, the characters)-3.684 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ESC)3.434 E
+F0(and)144 120 Q F2(C\255J)2.5 E F0
+(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)108 132 S
+(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02(Set the current readline k)144 144 R -.15
+(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021(alid k)-.25
+F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.021
+(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.521 F(d,)-.37 E .069
+(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 156 R F0 2.568(,a)C
+(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068
+(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)
+2.568 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.568 E F0 1.543(is equi)144 168 R -.25(va)-.25
G 1.543(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C
1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs)
4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1
-(editing\255mode)4.044 E F0(also)4.044 E(af)144 420 Q(fects the def)-.25
-E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 432 S
-(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .368(Speci\214es the duration)144 444 R
-F2 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367
+(editing\255mode)4.044 E F0(also)4.044 E(af)144 180 Q(fects the def)-.25
+E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1
+(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 192 Q F0 .051(This string is display\
+ed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when emacs ed\
+iting)144 204 R .292(mode is acti)144 216 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.292(.T).15
+G .292(he v)-5.292 F .293(alue is e)-.25 F .293(xpanded lik)-.15 F 2.793
+(eak)-.1 G .593 -.15(ey b)-2.893 H .293
+(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control).15 F(pre\214x)144 228
+Q .602(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.101
+(ilable. Use).25 F .601(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)3.101 F .601
+(gin and end)-.15 F .019(sequences of non-printing characters, which ca\
+n be used to embed a terminal control sequence into)144 240 R
+(the mode string.)144 252 Q F1 -.1(ke)108 264 S(yseq\255timeout \(500\))
+.1 E F0 .368(Speci\214es the duration)144 276 R F2 -.37(re)2.867 G
+(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367
(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .667 -.15(ey s)
--.1 H(equence).15 E 1.356(\(one that can form a complete k)144 456 R
+-.1 H(equence).15 E 1.356(\(one that can form a complete k)144 288 R
1.656 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.356(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar)
-.1 E 3.856(,o)-.4 G 3.856(rc)-3.856 G 1.356(an tak)-3.856 F 3.856(ea)
--.1 G(dditional)-3.856 E .32(input to complete a longer k)144 468 R .62
+-.1 G(dditional)-3.856 E .32(input to complete a longer k)144 300 R .62
-.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.82(equence\). If).15 F .32(no input is recei)2.82 F
-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(dw).15 G .32(ithin the timeout,)-2.82 F F2 -.37(re)
-2.82 G(adline).37 E F0(will)2.82 E .906(use the shorter b)144 480 R .907
+2.82 G(adline).37 E F0(will)2.82 E .906(use the shorter b)144 312 R .907
(ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407(equence. The).15 F -.25
(va)3.407 G .907(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .907
-(alue of)-.25 F .05(1000 means that)144 492 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline)
+(alue of)-.25 F .05(1000 means that)144 324 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline)
.37 E F0 .05(will w)2.55 F .05(ait one second for additional input.)-.1
F .05(If this v)5.05 F .05(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051
-(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 504 R(alue,)-.25
+(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 336 R(alue,)-.25
E F2 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051
(ait until another k)-.1 F .352 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.552(sp).15 G(ressed)
--2.552 E(to decide which k)144 516 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H
-(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 528 Q(ectories \(On\))
--.18 E F0(If set to)144 540 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
+-2.552 E(to decide which k)144 348 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H
+(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 360 Q(ectories \(On\))
+-.18 E F0(If set to)144 372 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.)
-.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 552 Q F0(If set to)144
-564 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)
+.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 384 Q F0(If set to)144
+396 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)
-.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1
-(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 576 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E
-(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 588 R F1(On)2.675 E F0
+(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 408 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E
+(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 420 R F1(On)2.675 E F0
2.675(,c)C .175
(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475
--.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 600
+-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 432
Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1
-(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 612 Q F0 .192(This v)144 624 R
+(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 444 Q F0 .192(This v)144 456 R
.192(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.692 E F0 2.692(,c)C .192
(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.692 F .193
(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.693('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.693 E .457
-(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 636 R .456
+(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 468 R .456
(If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.)
-2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .456(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F
-(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 648 Q F1
-(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 660 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0
-1.585(If set to)144 672 R F1(On)4.085 E F0 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\
+(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 480 Q F1
+(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 492 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0
+1.585(If set to)144 504 R F1(On)4.085 E F0 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\
ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions)
--4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 684 Q
-(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 696 Q F0
-.507(If set to)144 708 R F1(On)3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will \
+-4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 516 Q
+(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 528 Q F0
+.507(If set to)144 540 R F1(On)3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will \
display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\
-ta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 720 Q(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)
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+E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 636 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E
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(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On)
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--.1 F F1(sho)144 276 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.691(.I)C
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-(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.039(without an)144 288 R 3.539
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(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.539 F
3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.04(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the matche\
-s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 300 Q F1
-(sho)108 312 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.019
-(If set to)144 324 R F1(On)3.519 E F0 3.519(,a)C 1.018
+s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 132 Q F1
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(dd a character to the be)-3.519 F 1.018
(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs)-.15 F
-(\(@\), vi command \(:\) or vi insertion \(+\).)144 336 Q F1
-(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 348 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 360 R
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+(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 180 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 192 R
F1(On)2.594 E F0 2.594(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.594 F .095
(ault completion beha)-.1 F .095
-(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 372 Q
+(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 204 Q
2.546(so)-.55 G .046(nly acti)-2.546 F .346 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046
(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.545(ord. If)-.1
F .045(enabled, readline does not)2.545 F 1.394(insert characters from \
-the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 384 R
-1.395(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 396 Q
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(ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1
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+(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 384 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 396 R F1(On)
3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346
-(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846
-(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B
-(when listing possible completions.)144 432 Q F1
-(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 448.8 Q F0 .05
-(Readline implements a f)108 460.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\
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-(which allo)108 472.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096
+(which allo)108 448.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096
(indings and v).15 F .096
(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .096
-(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 484.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
-(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 501.6 Q F0(The)24.89 E F1($if)2.962 E
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-(or the application using readline.)144 513.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477
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(xt of the test e)-.15 F .477
(xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F
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-12.67 E F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the)3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0
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(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211
(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065
-(mode. This)180 554.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F
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F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to)
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(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735
-(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 578.4
-Q F1(term)144 595.2 Q F0(The)15.46 E F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696
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(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.197 F .996 -.15
-(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 607.2 R
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(sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1
-(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 619.2 Q F1(=)3.232
-E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst the both full name of the ter\
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31.2 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0
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07.2 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0
(to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0
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(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F
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(ey s)-.1 H .501(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397
-(ci\214c program.)180 696 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396
+(ci\214c program.)180 672 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396
(nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15
-(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 708 Q
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-(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E
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-136.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)9.33 E(vious e)-.25 E
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-108 153.6 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)15.45 E F1($if)2.5 E F0
-(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
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+96 Q($endif)108 112.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)144 112.8 Q
+(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)
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+F1($if)2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)
+-.15 G(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 146.4 Q F0
+.356(This directi)144 158.4 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356
(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357
(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F)
-144 194.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3
+144 170.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3
-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/inputr)2.5
-E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1($include)144 218.4 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37
-E F1(Sear)87 235.2 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 247.2 R .835
+E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1($include)144 194.4 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37
+E F1(Sear)87 211.2 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 223.2 R .835
(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F
/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E
-.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 259.2 Q
+.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 235.2 Q
(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E
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-E .697(Incremental searches be)108 276 R .697
+E .697(Incremental searches be)108 252 R .697
(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F
.698(As each character of the)5.698 F .113
-(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 288 R .112
+(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 264 R .112
(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1
E 5.112(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.112 E .542
-(incremental search requires only as man)108 300 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542
+(incremental search requires only as man)108 276 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542
(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F 5.542
(.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224(acters present in the v)
-108 312 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E
+108 288 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E
F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224
(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66
-(If that v)108 324 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66
+(If that v)108 300 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66
(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25
-F .097(mental search.)108 336 R .096(Control-G will abort an incrementa\
+F .097(mental search.)108 312 R .096(Control-G will abort an incrementa\
l search and restore the original line.)5.097 F .096(When the search is)
5.096 F(terminated, the history entry containing the search string beco\
-mes the current line.)108 348 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214)108 364.8 T 1.339(nd \
+mes the current line.)108 324 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214)108 340.8 T 1.339(nd \
other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or Control-R\
as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675(search backw)108
-376.8 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F
+352.8 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F
.674(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E
-5.674(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 388.8 R .474 -.15
+5.674(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 364.8 R .474 -.15
(ey s)-.1 H .174
(equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15
F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E
-.541(instance, a)108 400.8 R F2(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541
+.541(instance, a)108 376.8 R F2(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541
(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.041 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 412.8
-Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 429.6
+(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 388.8
+Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 405.6
R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)
-3.153 F 3.153(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.153 E(en-)-.15 E
-(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 441.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G
+(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 417.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G
(earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.)
-2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\
-re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 458.4 R(The searc\
+re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 434.4 R(The searc\
h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\
-rent line.)108 470.4 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 487.2 Q F0 1.391
-(The follo)108 499.2 R 1.391
+rent line.)108 446.4 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 463.2 Q F0 1.391
+(The follo)108 475.2 R 1.391
(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391
(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F
-3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 511.2 R .122
+3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 487.2 R .122
(names without an accompan)2.622 F .122(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1
H .121(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.621(ault. In)-.1 F .121
-(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 523.2 Q F2(point)3.41 E
+(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 499.2 Q F2(point)3.41 E
F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F2(mark)3.411 E
F0 .911(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.411(db)
-.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 535.2 Q F0 2.5
+.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 511.2 Q F0 2.5
(command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E
(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re)
-2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 552 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 E
-(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 564 Q F0(Mo)144 576 Q .3 -.15
+2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 528 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 E
+(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 540 Q F0(Mo)144 552 Q .3 -.15
(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1
-(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 588 Q F0(Mo)144 600 Q .3 -.15(ve t)
--.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 612 S
-(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 624 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw)
+(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 564 Q F0(Mo)144 576 Q .3 -.15(ve t)
+-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 588 S
+(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 600 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw)
.15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108
-636 Q F0(Mo)144 648 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E
-F1 -.25(fo)108 660 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 672
+612 Q F0(Mo)144 624 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E
+F1 -.25(fo)108 636 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 648
Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F
.523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .522
(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F
-(ters and digits\).)144 684 Q F1(backward\255w)108 696 Q(ord \(M\255b\))
--.1 E F0(Mo)144 708 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41
+(ters and digits\).)144 660 Q F1(backward\255w)108 672 Q(ord \(M\255b\))
+-.1 E F0(Mo)144 684 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41
(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91
(ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F
-(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 720 Q(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q
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+(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 696 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shell\255f)108 84 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)
--.1 E F0(Mo)144 96 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .484
-(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984(ord. W)-.1 F .484
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(shell\255f)108 84 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 96 Q .784
+-.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484
+(xt w)-.15 F 2.984(ord. W)-.1 F .484
(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)-.8 F(ters.)144 108
Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 120 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 132 Q .908
-.15(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609
.15 E .491(determines the direction to mo)144 724.8 R .791 -.15(ve t)
-.15 H .491(hrough the history).15 F 5.492(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E .792 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .492
-(ument switches the direction).18 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q
-(2014 August 27)142.895 E(42)192.055 E 0 Cg EP
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+(ument switches the direction).18 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E .494(through the history \(back or forw)144 84 R 2.994
-(ard\). The)-.1 F .494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494
-(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 96
-S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15
-E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 108
-Q F0 .622(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 120 R .622
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .494
+(through the history \(back or forw)144 84 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F .494
+(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494(acilities are used to e)
+-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 96 S
+(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E
+/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 108 Q
+F0 .622(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 120 R .622
(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .623
(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 132 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5
(xpansions. See)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25
-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w)
-2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F
(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 700.8 Q 2.5
-(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 August 27)
-142.895 E(43)192.055 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(upcase\255w)108 84 Q(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E
-F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 96 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F
-4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998
--.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F
-(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 108 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15
-(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 120 Q(wncase\255w)-.1 E
-(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 132 Q 1.647
-(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147
-(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15
-(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre)
--.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 144 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
--.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 156 Q
-(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 168
-R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
--.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974
-(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 180 S(rd, b).1
-E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 192
-S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 204 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
-G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437
-(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438
-(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
-(Wi)144 216 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081
--.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781
-(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(upcase\255w)108 84 Q(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699
+(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 96 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198
+(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15
+(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)
+-.25 E -.1(wo)144 108 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15
+H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 120 Q(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0
+(Lo)144 132 Q 1.647(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647
+(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G
+(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F
+1.648(wercase the pre)-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 144 S(rd, b).1 E
+(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)
+108 156 Q(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975
+(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 168 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474
+(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15
+(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)
+-.25 E -.1(wo)144 180 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15
+H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 192 S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 204
+S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G
+.437(th an e).4 F .437(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438
+(umeric ar).15 F .438(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438
+(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)144 216 S .781(th an e).4 F .781
+(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F
+.781(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F
(fects)-.25 E(only)144 228 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi)
4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15
F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10
(ord follo)-.1 F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25
E 7.007(.T)-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007
(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G
-(ward\255w)144 724.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q
-(2014 August 27)142.895 E(44)192.055 E 0 Cg EP
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+(ward\255w)144 724.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q
+(2015 January 19)141.79 E(45)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(yank \(C\255y\))108 84 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 96 S
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(yank \(C\255y\))108 84 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 96 S
(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25
E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 108 Q F0
(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 120 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 136.8 Q
(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 148.8 Q
-(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .641
-(Add this digit to the ar)144 160.8 R .641
-(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18
-(rg)-3.141 G 3.142(ument. M\255\255).18 F .642(starts a ne)3.142 F(g-)
--.15 E(ati)144 172.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1
-(uni)108 184.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .779
-(This is another w)144 196.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279
-(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778
+(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367
+(Add this digit to the ar)144 160.8 R .367
+(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18
+(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05
+(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 172.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
+(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 184.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1
+E F0 .779(This is another w)144 196.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F
+3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778
(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
208.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 232.8 R .898
(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898
-(wed by a character that is)-.25 F .243
-(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 244.8 R .243
-(gument count for the ne)-.18 F .243(xt command is multiplied by four)
--.15 F 5.242(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.242 E(ar)144 256.8 Q .378
-(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378
-(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378(es the ar)-.1 F
-.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 268.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)
--2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1
-(Completing)87 285.6 Q(complete \(T)108 297.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
+(wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23
+(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 244.8 R 1.23
+(gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four)
+-.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 256.8 R .822
+(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823
+(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F
+(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 268.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5
+E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing)
+87 285.6 Q(complete \(T)108 297.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 309.6 R 1.137
(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 321.6 Q .532(xt as a v)
F1(possible\255v)108 705.6 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E
F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 717.6 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E
-(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 August 27)142.895 E(45)192.055 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 84 Q F0
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 84 Q F0
(Attempt completion on the te)144 96 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 108 Q F0
(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa)
144 717.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E
-(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 August 27)142.895 E(46)192.055 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(character\255sear)108 84 Q(ch \(C\255]\))
--.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144 96 S .535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035
-F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt).15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F
-.535(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.536(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
--.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .836 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E
-(searches for pre)144 108 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1
-(character\255sear)108 120 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0
-3.544(Ac)144 132 S 1.044(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15
-(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G 3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(character\255sear)108 84 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144 96 S
+.535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt)
+.15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535
+(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.536(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05
+(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .836 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre)
+144 108 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 120 Q
+(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.544(Ac)144 132 S 1.044
+(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G
+3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044
(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.043(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 144 Q F1
rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 729.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298
(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15
G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F1<ad44>2.798 E F0
-(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 August 27)142.895 E(47)192.055 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E(option to)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete)2.5 E F0
-(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E .817(Once a compspec has been fou\
-nd, it is used to generate the list of matching w)108 100.8 R 3.317
-(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817(ompspec is not)-3.317 F
-(found, the def)108 112.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0
-(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1
-(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(option to)108 84 Q
+/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)
+-.1 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the l\
+ist of matching w)108 100.8 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817
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189.6 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\
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(rds. It).1 F(tak)3.2 E .7(es place in tw)-.1 F 3.2(op)-.1 G 3.2
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(\214rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during)
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+(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 148.8 Q F0 .063
+(The last w)144 148.8 R 2.563(ord. This)-.1 F .063
+(is usually the last ar)2.563 F .064(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2
+F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .064(ord if there is only)-.1 F
+(one w)144 160.8 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%)108 172.8 Q F0(The w)144
+172.8 Q(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F2(string)A F0
+(?' search.)A F2(x)108.77 184.8 Q F1<ad>A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 184.8 S
+(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E
+(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 196.8 Q F0 .316
+(All of the w)144 196.8 R .316(ords b)-.1 F .316(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F
+.315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815
+('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.815 E F0 .315
+(if there is)2.815 F(just one w)144 208.8 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)
-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108
-220.8 Q F0(Abbre)26 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<78ad>108
-232.8 Q F0(Abbre)25.3 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1
-E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)
-108 249.6 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E
--.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 266.4 Q F0 .184
-(After the optional w)108 278.4 R .184(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4
-G .183(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F
-.183(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 290.4 Q F1(h)
-108 307.2 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
+220.8 Q F0(Abbre)144 220.8 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
+<78ad>108 232.8 Q F0(Abbre)144 232.8 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0
+(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E
+(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 249.6 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)
+-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E
+(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1
+(Modi\214ers)87 266.4 Q F0 .183(After the optional w)108 278.4 R .183
+(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4 G .184
+(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.683 F .184
+(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 290.4 Q F1(h)108
+307.2 Q F0(Remo)144 307.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
(railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t)
-108 319.2 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
+108 319.2 Q F0(Remo)144 319.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
(ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r)
-108 331.2 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
+108 331.2 Q F0(Remo)144 331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E
-(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 343.2 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a)
--.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 355.2
-Q F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2
-E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 367.2 Q F0
-(Quote the substituted w)30.44 E(ords, escaping further substitutions.)
--.1 E F1(x)108 379.2 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1
-E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)
-2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 391.2 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A
-F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 403.2 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E
-F0 .221(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.031 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221
-(in the e)3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721
-(yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .617(of /.)144
-415.2 R .617
+(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 343.2 Q F0(Remo)144 343.2 Q .3 -.15
+(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108
+355.2 Q F0(Print the ne)144 355.2 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E
+(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 367.2 Q F0
+(Quote the substituted w)144 367.2 Q
+(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 379.2 Q F0
+(Quote the substituted w)144 379.2 Q(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0
+2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)2.5 E F0(and ne)
+2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 391.2 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E
+F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 403.2 Q F2(ne)3.082 E(w)-.15 E F0 .221
+(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.032 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221(in the e)
+3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721(yd)-.15 G
+.221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .616(of /.)144 415.2 R .617
(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)
-5.617 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616
+5.616 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .617(The delimiter may)5.617
F .666(be quoted in)144 427.2 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)
3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666
(If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166
(ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E
-F0 5.666(.A).77 G .275(single backslash will quote the &.)144 439.2 R
-(If)5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544
-F F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774
-(fn)-2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E
+F0 5.666(.A).77 G .274(single backslash will quote the &.)144 439.2 R
+(If)5.274 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544
+F F2(old)3.005 E F0 .275(substituted, or)3.545 F 2.775(,i)-.4 G 2.775
+(fn)-2.775 G 2.775(op)-2.775 G(re)-2.775 E(vi-)-.25 E
(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 451.2 Q F2(string)
2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1
-(&)108 463.2 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1
-(g)108 475.2 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.)
-.15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898
-('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 487.2 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)
--.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219
-(used with `)3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218
-(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .089
+(&)108 463.2 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 463.2 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E
+F1(g)108 475.2 Q F0 .398(Cause changes to be applied o)144 475.2 R -.15
+(ve)-.15 G 2.898(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398
+(nt line.).15 F .397(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A
+F0 2.897('\()C(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 487.2 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2
+(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.218('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.718('. If)B 1.218
+(used with `)3.718 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.219
+(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .09
(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 499.2 R
--.15(ve)-.25 G .09(nt line.).15 F(An)5.09 E F1(a)2.59 E F0 .09
-(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 511.2 Q F0(.)A
-F1(G)108 523.2 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5
-('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 540 Q(UIL)-.11 E
-(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 552 R
-.062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options pre\
-ceded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108 564 Q F0(accepts)2.533 E F1<adad>2.533 E F0
-.034(to signify the end of the options.)2.533 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)2.534 E
-F0(,)A F1(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E
-F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .034(iltins do not accept options and)
-.2 F .078(do not treat)108 576 R F1<adad>2.577 E F0(specially)2.577 E
-5.077(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.077 E F1(exit)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.577 E F0
-(,)A F1(br)2.577 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(let)
-2.577 E F0 2.577(,a)C(nd)-2.577 E F1(shift)2.577 E F0 -.2(bu)2.577 G
-.077(iltins accept and process ar).2 F(gu-)-.18 E .319(ments be)108 588
-R .319(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>2.819 E F0 .319(without requiring)2.819
-F F1<adad>2.819 E F0 5.319(.O)C .319(ther b)-5.319 F .319
-(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .32(guments b)-.18 F .32
-(ut are not speci\214ed as)-.2 F 1.144(accepting options interpret ar)
-108 600 R 1.144(guments be)-.18 F 1.144(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>3.643
-E F0 1.143(as in)3.643 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.143(lid options and require).25
-F F1<adad>3.643 E F0 1.143(to pre)3.643 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.143(nt this)
-.15 F(interpretation.)108 612 Q F1(:)108 630 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A
-(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 642 R .451
-(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding)
--.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an)3.222 F
-2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. A)144 654 R
-(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 670.8 Q F2
+-.15(ve)-.25 G .089(nt line.).15 F(An)5.089 E F1(a)2.589 E F0 .089
+(may be used as a synon)2.589 F .089(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 511.2 Q F0
+(.)A F1(G)108 523.2 Q F0(Apply the follo)144 523.2 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)
+A F0 2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 540 Q(UIL)
+-.11 E(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108
+552 R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting optio\
+ns preceded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108 564 Q F0(accepts)2.534 E F1<adad>2.534 E
+F0 .034(to signify the end of the options.)2.534 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)
+2.534 E F0(,)A F1(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)
+-2.534 E F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .033
+(iltins do not accept options and).2 F .077(do not treat)108 576 R F1
+<adad>2.577 E F0(specially)2.577 E 5.077(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.077 E F1(exit)
+2.577 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(br)2.577 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A
+F1(continue)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(let)2.577 E F0 2.577(,a)C(nd)-2.577 E F1
+(shift)2.577 E F0 -.2(bu)2.577 G .077(iltins accept and process ar).2 F
+(gu-)-.18 E .32(ments be)108 588 R .32(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>2.82 E
+F0 .32(without requiring)2.82 F F1<adad>2.82 E F0 5.319(.O)C .319
+(ther b)-5.319 F .319(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .319(guments b)-.18 F
+.319(ut are not speci\214ed as)-.2 F 1.143
+(accepting options interpret ar)108 600 R 1.143(guments be)-.18 F 1.143
+(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>3.643 E F0 1.143(as in)3.643 F -.25(va)-.4 G
+1.143(lid options and require).25 F F1<adad>3.644 E F0 1.144(to pre)
+3.644 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.144(nt this).15 F(interpretation.)108 612 Q F1
+(:)108 630 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 642
+R .452(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F
+(xpanding)-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an)
+3.221 F 2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. A)144 654
+R(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 670.8 Q F2
(\214lename)6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108
682.8 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E
F0(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 694.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02
9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608
(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2(\214lename)3.108
E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)
-3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 730.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
-3.332(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.332 E F0 .832(is not in)3.332 F F2
-.832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833
-(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E .982(\214le is found in)144 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)
-3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F/F3
-10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .981(option to the)
-3.481 F F3(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981
-(iltin command is turned of).2 F .981(f, the)-.25 F F1 -.666(PA)144 96 S
-(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112(If an)5.112 F(y)-.15 E
-/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112
-(are supplied, the)2.612 F 2.612(yb)-.15 G .112
-(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F4(\214lename)144 108 Q
-F0 .342(is e)2.842 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.842(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .342
-(the positional parameters are unchanged.)2.842 F .341
-(The return status is the)5.341 F .716(status of the last command e)144
-120 R .716(xited within the script \(0 if no commands are e)-.15 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G .716(cuted\), and f).15 F .716(alse if)-.1 F F4(\214lename)
-145.91 132 Q F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F3(alias)108
-148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F3<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F4(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F4
-(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F3(Alias)144 160.8 Q F0 2.725
-(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724(guments or with the)-.18 F F3<ad70>5.224 E F0
-2.724(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F3(alias)
-5.224 E F4(name)144 172.8 Q F0(=)A F4(value)A F0 .58
-(on standard output.)3.08 F .58(When ar)5.58 F .58
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .981
+(\214le is found in)144 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)
+-.189 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F/F3 10
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .981(option to the)3.481
+F F3(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981(iltin command is turned of).2
+F .982(f, the)-.25 F F1 -.666(PA)144 96 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112
+(is not searched.)2.363 F .112(If an)5.112 F(y)-.15 E/F4 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)
+2.612 F 2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612
+F F4(\214lename)144 108 Q F0 .341(is e)2.841 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.841
+(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .341(the positional parameters are unchanged.)
+2.841 F .342(The return status is the)5.342 F .716
+(status of the last command e)144 120 R .716
+(xited within the script \(0 if no commands are e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
+.716(cuted\), and f).15 F .715(alse if)-.1 F F4(\214lename)145.91 132 Q
+F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F3(alias)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5
+E F3<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F4(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F4(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
+(..])-2.5 E F3(Alias)144 160.8 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724
+(guments or with the)-.18 F F3<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724
+(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F3(alias)5.225 E
+F4(name)144 172.8 Q F0(=)A F4(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F
+.58(When ar)5.58 F .58
(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F4(name)
-3.08 E F0(whose)144 184.8 Q F4(value)2.509 E F0 .009(is gi)2.509 F -.15
+3.08 E F0(whose)144 184.8 Q F4(value)2.508 E F0 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F4(value)
2.509 E F0 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009
-(ord to be check)-.1 F .008(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579
+(ord to be check)-.1 F .009(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579
(tution when the alias is e)144 196.8 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579
(or each)-.15 F F4(name)3.079 E F0 .579(in the ar)3.079 F .579
-(gument list for which no)-.18 F F4(value)3.079 E F0 .579(is sup-)3.079
-F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 208.8 R 1.314
+(gument list for which no)-.18 F F4(value)3.079 E F0 .578(is sup-)3.078
+F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 208.8 R 1.314
(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F3(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314
-(returns true unless a)3.814 F F4(name)3.814 E F0 1.313(is gi)3.814 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G 3.813(nf).15 G(or)-3.813 E
+(returns true unless a)3.814 F F4(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F
+-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E
(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 220.8 Q F3(bg)108 237.6 Q F0([)
-2.5 E F4(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .744(Resume each suspended job)144
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-2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0
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E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 660 Q F3(wor)2.5 E
(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 672 Q F3(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14
(each resultant w)184 684 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. The)-.15
F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)4.507 F
(resultant list which match the w)184 696 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E
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-.455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596
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-F1<ad61>144 571.2 Q F0(Each)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E
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(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad41>144 583.2 Q
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-(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 595.2 Q F0(Use function names only)
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-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 595.2 Q F0(Use function names only)
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(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25
(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558
(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 619.2 Q F0(abo)
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G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 643.2 R
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1.519(That other v)180 667.2 R 1.519(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25
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(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.395 E F0 1.995 -.55('s v)D 3.395
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(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F 2.547
(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 727.2 Q
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--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad74>144 84 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .73 -.15(ve e)
--.25 H(ach).15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2
-(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429
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-E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0(traps from the calling shell.)180 96 Q
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--.25 E F1<ad75>144 108 Q F0 .909(When the v)24.74 F .909
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(ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F(tion,)144 172.8 Q F1
(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 333.6 Q
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2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F1<ad63>144 345.6 Q F0
-(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E F1
-<ad6c>144 357.6 Q F0 .881
-(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)27.52 F .882
+(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 345.6 Q
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F1<ad6c>144 357.6 Q F0 .881
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(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180
369.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 381.6 Q F0
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-393.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\
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+(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 381.6 Q F1<ad76>
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<ad72>2.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E
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-(\\x)144 192 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E
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(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0
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(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536
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--.25 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)3.242 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A/F2 10
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(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363
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-(as started without job control.)-.1 F F2(getopts)108 506.4 Q F1
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-518.4 Q F0 .793
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-(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 530.4 R .149
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--.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 542.4 Q .578
-(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579
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+(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .578
(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665
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-(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 261.6 Q F2(command)
-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E
-(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 273.6 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5
-(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 285.6 Q F0
-(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F1
-<ad6e>144 297.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha)
-24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 F
-.194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 309.6 Q F1<ad70>144
-321.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G
-(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 333.6 Q F0
-(Display only running jobs.)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 345.6 Q F0
-(Display only stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 362.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.554 E F0
-.314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314
-(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T)
--.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 374.4 Q -.25
+, an in)144 220.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)3 E(fset)-.18 E F0(is)
+3 E(supplied as an ar)144 232.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0 2.5
+(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he history e)-2.5 E(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15
+E(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108
+249.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5
+E F1(jobs \255x)108 261.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)
+-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 273.6 Q .3
+-.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
+(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 285.6 Q F0
+(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 285.6 Q F1
+<ad6e>144 297.6 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha)
+180 297.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15
+F .193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 309.6 Q F1<ad70>
+144 321.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 321.6 Q 2.5(sp)
+-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 333.6 Q F0
+(Display only running jobs.)180 333.6 Q F1<ad73>144 345.6 Q F0
+(Display only stopped jobs.)180 345.6 Q(If)144 362.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.553
+E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313
+(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T)
+-.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 374.4 Q -.25
(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25
-E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 391.2 R F1
-<ad78>2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0
+E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 391.2 R F1
+<ad78>2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0
.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in)
-3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395
+3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394
(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 403.2 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar)
2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E
<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5
(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1
(kill \255l)108 432 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G
-(it_status).2 E F0(])A .12(Send the signal named by)144 444 R F2
-(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F2(signum)2.96 E F0 .119
-(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.869 E F0(or)3.389 E F2
-(jobspec)2.619 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.459 E F0(is)2.929 E .318
-(either a case-insensiti)144 456 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318
-(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319
-(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319
-(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 468 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0
-1.349(is a signal number)4.169 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec)
+(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 444 R F2
+(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119
+(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2
+(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319
+(either a case-insensiti)144 456 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319
+(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318
+(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318
+(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 468 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0
+1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec)
4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0
-1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 480 Q .522(gument of)-.18 F
+1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 480 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F
F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523
F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F
F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names)
.15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 492 R .28
(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E F2
--.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 504 Q .377(gument to)-.18 F F1
-<ad6c>2.877 E F0 .378
-(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378
-(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .594(nated by a signal.)144 516 R
+-.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 504 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F F1
+<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378
+(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377
+(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 516 R
F1(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F
-.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .593(alse if an error)-.1 F
+.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .594(alse if an error)-.1 F
(occurs or an in)144 528 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25
E F1(let)108 544.8 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(Each)144 556.8 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196
-(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G
-.197(luated \(see).25 F F3 .197(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855
-(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F
+(...])2.5 E(Each)144 556.8 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197
+(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G
+.196(luated \(see).25 F F3 .196(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855
+(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F
(the last)144 568.8 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G
(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)
2.5 E F1(local)108 585.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)
--2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 597.6 S
-2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06
-(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)
+-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144
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2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0
-.06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 609.6 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652
-(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F1(declar)3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
-C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .653
+.06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 609.6 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653
+(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
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(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
-621.6 Q F2(name)3.721 E F0 .861(to ha)3.541 F 1.161 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H
-.861(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F
--.4(Wi)5.86 G .86(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)144 633.6 Q F0 1.164
-(writes a list of local v)3.664 F 1.165
-(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use)
-6.165 F F1(local)3.665 E F0 1.165(when not)3.665 F .233
-(within a function.)144 645.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.233
-F F1(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F
--.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)3.092 E F0(is)2.912 E(supplied, or)144
-657.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
-(logout)108 674.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F1(map\214le)108 691.2
-Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2
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--2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 703.2 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E
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-(])A .35(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 715.2 R
--.15(xe)-.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F2
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E(ha)144 84 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25
-E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad64>144 96 Q F0(The \214rst character of)24.74
-E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(delim)2.5 E F0
-(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25
-E F1<ad6e>144 108 Q F0(Cop)24.74 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E
-F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)2.5 E F0
-(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1<ad4f>144 120 Q F0(Be)22.52 E
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(map\214le)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad64>A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
+(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1
+<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E
+F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5
+(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E
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+108 96 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
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+2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .351
+(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 108 R -.15(xe)-.15
+G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(arr)2.85 E(ay)
+-.15 E F0 2.85(,o).32 G 2.85(rf)-2.85 G .35(rom \214le descriptor)-2.85
+F F2(fd)2.85 E F0 1.248(if the)144 120 R F1<ad75>3.748 E F0 1.248
+(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9
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+F(ha)144 132 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E
+F1<ad64>144 144 Q F0(The \214rst character of)180 144 Q F2(delim)2.5 E
+F0(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)
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(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x)
-.15 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi)
--.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 132 Q F0(Discard the \214rst)
-26.41 E F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1<ad74>144 144 Q F0(Remo)
-26.97 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing ne).15 E
-(wline from each line read.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 156 Q F0
-(Read lines from \214le descriptor)24.74 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0
-(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1<ad43>144 168 Q F0(Ev)23.08 E
+-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 180 Q F0(Discard the \214rst)
+180 180 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1<ad74>144 192 Q F0(Remo)
+180 192 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing ne).15 E
+(wline from each line read.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 204 Q F0
+(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 204 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
+(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1<ad43>144 216 Q F0(Ev)180 216 Q
(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2(quantum)
2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0
-(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 180 Q
-F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)25.86 E F2
-(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 196.8 Q F1<ad43>2.967 E F0 .467
+(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 228 Q
+F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 228 Q F2
+(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 244.8 Q F1<ad43>2.968 E F0 .467
(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F1<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467
(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2
(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467
-(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 208.8 R 2.762(xo)-.15
-G 2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be ass\
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-(as additional ar)144 220.8 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E
-F0 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274
-(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275
-(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 232.8 Q
-(If not supplied with an e)144 249.6 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1
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+(is performed as well.)2.988 F .488(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F
+F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 391.2 R F2(dir)
+3.889 E F0 -.1(fa)4.269 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)
+-.4 F F1(pushd)3.54 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the directory)3.54 F .847
+(stack is empty)144 403.2 R 3.347(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.347 E .847(xistent\
directory stack element is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)
--.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 362.4 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5
-E(ails.)-.1 E F2(pwd)108 379.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255LP)A F0(])A .845
-(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 391.2 R .845
-(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844
-(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144
-403.2 R F2<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F2
-.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F2
-(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264
-(enabled. If)144 415.2 R(the)3.264 E F2<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763
-(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264
-F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
- reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 427.2 R -.25(va)
--.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 439.2 Q F2 -.18(re)108 456 S(ad)
-.18 E F0([)3.817 E F2(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad61>-3.817 E F1(aname)
-3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad64>-3.817 E F1(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F2
-<ad69>-3.817 E F1(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad6e>-3.817 E F1
-(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad4e>-3.816 E F1(nc)
-3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad70>-3.816 E F1(pr)3.816 E
-(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad74>-3.816 E F1(timeout)3.816 E F0 3.816
-(][)C F2<ad75>-3.816 E F1(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 468 Q F1(name)A F0
+-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 415.2 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5
+E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 432 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844
+(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 444 R .845
+(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845
+(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144
+456 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181
+(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1(set)
+2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263(enabled. If)
+144 468 R(the)3.263 E F1<ad4c>3.263 E F0 .763
+(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263
+F .764(The return)5.764 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
+ reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 480 R -.25(va)
+-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 492 Q F1 -.18(re)108 508.8 S(ad)
+.18 E F0([)3.816 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad61>-3.816 E F2(aname)
+3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad64>-3.816 E F2(delim)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1
+<ad69>-3.816 E F2(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad6e>-3.816 E F2
+(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.817 E F2(nc)
+3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad70>-3.817 E F2(pr)3.817 E
+(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad74>-3.817 E F2(timeout)3.817 E F0 3.817
+(][)C F1<ad75>-3.817 E F2(fd)3.817 E F0(])A([)108 520.8 Q F2(name)A F0
(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from the \
-\214le descriptor)144 480 R F1(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar)
-3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144
492 Q F2<ad75>2.538 E F0 .038
+\214le descriptor)144 532.8 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar)
+3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144
544.8 Q F1<ad75>2.538 E F0 .038
(option, and the \214rst w)2.538 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst)
--.1 F F1(name)2.539 E F0 2.539(,t).18 G .039(he second w)-2.539 F .039
-(ord to the second)-.1 F F1(name)2.539 E F0(,).18 E .42
-(and so on, with lefto)144 504 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42
+-.1 F F2(name)2.539 E F0 2.539(,t).18 G .039(he second w)-2.539 F .039
+(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)2.539 E F0(,).18 E .42
+(and so on, with lefto)144 556.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42
(ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42
-(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I)
-.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .54(are fe)144 516 R .54(wer w)-.25 F
-.541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names ar\
-e assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 528 S 3.357(lues. The).25 F .857
+(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I)
+.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .54(are fe)144 568.8 R .54(wer w)-.25
+F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names \
+are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 580.8 S 3.357(lues. The).25 F .857
(characters in)3.357 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.357 E F0 .857
(are used to split the line into w)3.107 F .857
-(ords using the same rules the shell)-.1 F .753(uses for e)144 540 R
+(ords using the same rules the shell)-.1 F .753(uses for e)144 592.8 R
.753(xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F 1.053 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E
-F2 -.75(Wo)3.253 G .753(rd Splitting).75 F F0 3.253(\). The)B .753
-(backslash character \()3.253 F F2(\\)A F0 3.253(\)m)C .754(ay be)-3.253
-F .076(used to remo)144 552 R .376 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .376 -.15(ny s).15 H
-.075(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .075
+F1 -.75(Wo)3.253 G .753(rd Splitting).75 F F0 3.253(\). The)B .753
+(backslash character \()3.253 F F1(\\)A F0 3.253(\)m)C .754(ay be)-3.253
+F .076(used to remo)144 604.8 R .376 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .376 -.15(ny s).15
+H .075(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .075
(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F(Options,)5.075 E
-(if supplied, ha)144 564 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad61>144 576 Q F1(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049(The w)
-180 588 R 1.049(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)
--.1 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05
-(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F1(aname)180.33 600 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68
-E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E
-F1(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2<ad64>144 612 Q
-F1(delim)2.5 E F0(The \214rst character of)180 624 Q F1(delim)2.5 E F0
+(if supplied, ha)144 616.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 628.8 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049
+(The w)180 640.8 R 1.049
+(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable)
+-.25 E F2(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F2
+(aname)180.33 652.8 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25
+(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5
+E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 664.8 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0
+(The \214rst character of)180 676.8 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0
(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E
-F2<ad65>144 636 Q F0 .373
-(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F2 -.18(re)
-2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.872 E F0(abo)2.622 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G(sed)-2.872 E .218
-(to obtain the line.)180 648 R .218(Readline uses the current \(or def)
-5.218 F .218(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F
-(viously)-.25 E(acti)180 660 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G
-(diting settings.)-2.5 E F2<ad69>144 672 Q F1(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)
-10.78 E F2 -.18(re)2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
-(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F1(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216
-(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-)
--.25 F(ing be)180 684 Q(gins.)-.15 E F2<ad6e>144 696 Q F1(nc)2.5 E(har)
--.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 708 S(ad).18 E F0 1.394
-(returns after reading)3.894 F F1(nc)3.894 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395
-(characters rather than w)3.894 F 1.395(aiting for a complete line of)
--.1 F(input, b)180 720 Q(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25
-E F1(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0
-(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72
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+F1<ad65>144 688.8 Q F0 .373
+(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 688.8 R F1 -.18
+(re)2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.872 E F0(abo)
+2.622 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G(sed)-2.872 E
+.218(to obtain the line.)180 700.8 R .218
+(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218
+(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E
+(acti)180 712.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad4e>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nc)
-2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 96 S(ad).18 E F0 1.269
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F
+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF<ad69>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)180 84
+Q F1 -.18(re)2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
+(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216
+(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-)
+-.25 F(ing be)180 96 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 108 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)
+-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 120 S(ad).18 E F0 1.394
+(returns after reading)3.894 F F2(nc)3.894 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395
+(characters rather than w)3.894 F 1.395(aiting for a complete line of)
+-.1 F(input, b)180 132 Q(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25
+E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0
+(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad4e>144 144
+Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 156 S(ad).18 E F0 1.269
(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E
(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.269
(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274
-(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 108 R F1 -.18(re)2.775
+(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 168 R F1 -.18(re)2.775
G(ad).18 E F0 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275(Delimiter characters encoun-)
5.275 F 1.003
-(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 120 R
+(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 180 R
F1 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F0 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F2(nc)3.502
-E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 132 Q F1<ad70>144 144 Q
-F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 156 Q F2(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0
+E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 192 Q F1<ad70>144 204 Q
+F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 216 Q F2(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0
1.161(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161
(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)
--.25 F(an)180 168 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F
+-.25 F(an)180 228 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F
(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
-<ad72>144 180 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
-25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of)
--5.543 F(the line.)180 192 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
+<ad72>144 240 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
+180 240 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of)
+-5.543 F(the line.)180 252 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)
--.25 E F1<ad73>144 204 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E
+-.25 E F1<ad73>144 264 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 264 Q
(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
-<ad74>144 216 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 228 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928 G
+<ad74>144 276 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 288 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928 G
(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428
(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .561
-(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 240 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0
+(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 300 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0
(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number)
-3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 252 Q
+3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 312 Q
(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E
.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\
g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180
-264 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 276 R .589
+324 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 336 R .589
(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589
(times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)
-.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59
-(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 288 S(riable)
+(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 348 S(riable)
.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27
(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77
F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G
-(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 300 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a)
+(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 360 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a)
-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor)
.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180
-312 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)
-.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1<ad75>144 324 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
-(Read input from \214le descriptor)14.46 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .192
-(If no)144 340.8 R F2(names)3.052 E F0 .192
+372 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)
+.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1<ad75>144 384 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
+(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 384 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .192
+(If no)144 400.8 R F2(names)3.052 E F0 .192
(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.962 F(ariable)-.25 E
/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.691 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A
F0 .191(The return code is zero,)4.691 F 1.343
-(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 352.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.843 G(ad)
+(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 412.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.843 G(ad)
.18 E F0 1.343
(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.843 F .872
-(128\), a v)144 364.8 R .871
+(128\), a v)144 424.8 R .871
(ariable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v)-.25 F
.871(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E
-(\214le descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 376.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1
-<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 393.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1
+(\214le descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 436.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1
+<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 453.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1
(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A
-F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 405.6 R -.15(ve)
+F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 465.6 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77
(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0
.77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097(quent assignment.)144
-4
17.6 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F1<ad66>3.597 E F0 1.097
+4
77.6 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F1<ad66>3.597 E F0 1.097
(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2
-(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 429.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
+(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 489.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
-.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the)
-3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-)
--.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 441.6 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277
+-.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 501.6 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277
(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.277 F F1<ad41>3.277 E
F0(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F2(name)
-3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 453.6 R -.15(ve)
+3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 513.6 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521
(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F
.522(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \
-to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 465.6 R(The)5.295 E F1
+to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 525.6 R(The)5.295 E F1
<ad70>2.795 E F0(option)2.795 E .786
(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)
-144 477.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
-489.6 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
+144 537.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
+549.6 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)
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-(ault.)-.1 E F2<ad6b>144 438 Q F0 .513(All ar)28.74 F .514
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3.445 F F2(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B
-(parameters remain unchanged.)184 288 Q .425(The options are of)144
-304.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
+(parameters remain unchanged.)184 348 Q .425(The options are of)144
+364.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
-(to be turned of)144 316.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
+(to be turned of)144 376.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066
-(current set of options may be found in)144 328.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
+(current set of options may be found in)144 388.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066
(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F
-(is encountered.)144 340.8 Q F1(shift)108 357.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
-(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 369.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0
+(is encountered.)144 400.8 Q F1(shift)108 417.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
+(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 429.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0
.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G
-.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 381.6 Q F1($#)2.583
+.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 441.6 Q F1($#)2.583
E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .083
(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga)
-.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to)
.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06
-(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 393.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
+(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 453.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
-(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 405.6 R
+(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 465.6 R
.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0
.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0
-(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 417.6 Q F1(shopt)108 434.4 Q F0([)
+(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 477.6 Q F1(shopt)108 494.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname)
--2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 446.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639
+-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 506.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639
(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E
5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375
-(listed belo)144 458.4 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H
+(listed belo)144 518.4 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H
2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .375
(option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25
F F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .374(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.874 E F0 -.2
-(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 3.325(mand. W)144 470.4 R .825
+(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 3.325(mand. W)144 530.4 R .825
(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F1<ad70>3.325 E F0 .826
(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.325 F
-.945(indication of whether or not each is set.)144 482.4 R(The)5.945 E
+.945(indication of whether or not each is set.)144 542.4 R(The)5.945 E
F1<ad70>3.445 E F0 .945(option causes output to be displayed in a form)
-3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 494.4 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3
--.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 506.4 Q
-F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 518.4
-Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144
-530.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\
-tus indicates whether the)24.74 F F2(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E .256
-(set or unset.)180 542.4 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 E
-F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G
-(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255
-(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 554.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E
-F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 566.4 Q F0
-(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
+3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 554.4 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3
+-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 566.4 Q
+F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 566.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144
+578.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)180 578.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
+<ad71>144 590.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the \
+return status indicates whether the)180 590.4 R F2(optname)2.504 E F0
+(is)2.504 E .256(set or unset.)180 602.4 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2
+(optname)2.756 E F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+
2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255
+(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 614.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E
+F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 626.4 Q F0
+(Restricts the v)180 626.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5
-E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 583.2 R F1
+E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 643.2 R F1
<ad73>3.124 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no)
3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124
E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.234
-(set or unset, respecti)144 595.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U)
+(set or unset, respecti)144 655.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U)
-.65 G 2.234(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0
-2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 607.2 Q(ault.)
+2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 667.2 Q(ault.)
-.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144
-624 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
+684 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
4.045 F .696
(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an)
-144 636 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695(alid shell)
--.25 F(option.)144 648 Q(The list of)144 664.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
-(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 682.8 Q F0 .199
-(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)11.11 F
+144 696 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695(alid shell)
+-.25 F(option.)144 708 Q(The list of)144 724.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
+(options is:)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 January 19)141.79 E(68)
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+%%Page: 69 69
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+SF(autocd)144 84 Q F0 .199
+(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 84 R
-.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E
-(ment to the)184 694.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
+(ment to the)184 96 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E
-F1(cdable_v)144 706.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 718.8 R .156
+F1(cdable_v)144 108 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 120 R .156
(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155
(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F
-(name of a v)184 730.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
-(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q
-(2014 August 27)142.895 E(67)192.055 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(cdspell)144 84 Q F0 1.055
-(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)
-10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988
-(corrected. The)184 96 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487
+(name of a v)184 132 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
+(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 144 Q F0
+1.055
+(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184
+144 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988
+(corrected. The)184 156 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487
(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a)
--.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 108 R 4.57 -.65(y. I)
+-.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 168 R 4.57 -.65(y. I)
-.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77
(orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F
-(the command proceeds.)184 120 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5
-E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(checkhash)144 132 Q F0 2.08
-(If set,)184 144 R F1(bash)4.58 E F0 2.079
-(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.58 F 2.079
-(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 156 S(cute it.).15 E
-(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E
-(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 168 Q
-F0 .448(If set,)184 180 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448
+(the command proceeds.)184 180 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5
+E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(checkhash)144 192 Q F0 .737
+(If set,)184 204 R F1(bash)3.237 E F0 .736
+(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736
+(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 216
+Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E
+(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 228 Q
+F0 .448(If set,)184 240 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448
(lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449
(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15
-F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 192 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G
+F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 252 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G
.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.439 F .938
(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .938(xit is)-.15 F 2.203
-(attempted without an interv)184 204 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F
+(attempted without an interv)184 264 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F
/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 216 Q -.1(wa)-.1
+-.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 276 Q -.1(wa)-.1
G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G
-(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 228 Q F0 .797(If set,)184
-240 R F1(bash)3.297 E F0 .797(checks the windo)3.297 F 3.297(ws)-.25 G
+(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 288 Q F0 .797(If set,)184
+300 R F1(bash)3.297 E F0 .797(checks the windo)3.297 F 3.297(ws)-.25 G
.796(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.297 F 3.296(,u)-.65 G
-.796(pdates the)-3.296 F -.25(va)184 252 S(lues of).25 E F2(LINES)2.5 E
+.796(pdates the)-3.296 F -.25(va)184 312 S(lues of).25 E F2(LINES)2.5 E
F0(and)2.25 E F2(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144
-264 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202(attempts to sa)
-3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202
+324 Q F0 1.202(If set,)184 324 R F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202
+(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202
(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184
-276 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E
-(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 288 Q
-F0 .42(If set,)184 300 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42(changes its beha)2.92 F
+336 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E
+(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 348 Q
+F0 .42(If set,)184 360 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42(changes its beha)2.92 F
.419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .419(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)
--.15 F(guments)-.18 E .461(to the)184 312 R F1([[)2.961 E F0 .462
+-.15 F(guments)-.18 E .461(to the)184 372 R F1([[)2.961 E F0 .462
(conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E F1(=~)2.962 E F0 .462
(operator and locale-speci\214c string comparison when)2.962 F .71
-(using the)184 324 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F(s)
+(using the)184 384 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F(s)
-.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash)
3.21 F -.15(ve)3.21 G .71(rsions prior to bash-4.1).15 F .82
-(use ASCII collation and)184 336 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.321 E
+(use ASCII collation and)184 396 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.321 E
(cmp)-.37 E F0 .821(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale')
-.19 F 3.321(sc)-.55 G(ollation)-3.321 E(sequence and)184 348 Q F4(str)
-2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 360 Q F0 1.41(If set,)
-184 372 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409
+.19 F 3.321(sc)-.55 G(ollation)-3.321 E(sequence and)184 408 Q F4(str)
+2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 420 Q F0 1.41(If set,)
+184 432 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409
(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409
(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .422
-(string comparison when using the)184 384 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422
+(string comparison when using the)184 444 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422
(conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>)
-2.923 E F0 .423(operators \(see pre-)2.923 F(vious item\).)184 396 Q F1
-(compat40)144 408 Q F0 1.41(If set,)184 420 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41
+2.923 E F0 .423(operators \(see pre-)2.923 F(vious item\).)184 456 Q F1
+(compat40)144 468 Q F0 1.41(If set,)184 480 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41
(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409
(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.007
-(string comparison when using the)184 432 R F1([[)4.507 E F0 2.008
+(string comparison when using the)184 492 R F1([[)4.507 E F0 2.008
(conditional command')4.507 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)4.508 E F0(and)4.508 E F1(>)
-4.508 E F0 2.008(operators \(see)4.508 F .77(description of)184 444 R F1
+4.508 E F0 2.008(operators \(see)4.508 F .77(description of)184 504 R F1
(compat31)3.27 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769
(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .769(Bash v)5.769 F
(ersions)-.15 E .086
-(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184 456 R -.15
+(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184 516 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.587(dt).15 G .087(he interrupt; pre)-2.587 F .087(vious v)
--.25 F .087(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 468 Q
-(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 480 Q F0 1.484(If set,)
-184 492 R F1(bash)3.984 E F0 3.984(,w)C 1.484(hen in)-3.984 F F4(posix)
+-.25 F .087(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 528 Q
+(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 540 Q F0 1.484(If set,)
+184 552 R F1(bash)3.984 E F0 3.984(,w)C 1.484(hen in)-3.984 F F4(posix)
3.984 E F0 1.483
(mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)3.984 F -.15
-(ex)184 504 S .958(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.958(.T)-.55 G
+(ex)184 564 S .958(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.958(.T)-.55 G
.959(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.958 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.459
(nn).15 G .959(umber\) and)-3.459 F .59
-(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 516
+(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 576
R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .589
-(posix mode through v)184 528 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def)
+(posix mode through v)184 588 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def)
5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .59
-(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 540 Q F1(compat42)144 552 Q
-F0 1.797(If set,)184 564 R F1(bash)4.297 E F0 1.796
+(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 600 Q F1(compat42)144 612 Q
+F0 1.797(If set,)184 624 R F1(bash)4.297 E F0 1.796
(does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution w)
-4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 576 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25
-(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 588 Q F0 .653(If set,)184
-600 R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214le\
+4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 636 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25
+(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 648 Q F0 .653(If set,)184
+660 R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214le\
names and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.525
-(forming completion.)184 612 R 1.524(If not set,)6.525 F F1(bash)4.024 E
+(forming completion.)184 672 R 1.524(If not set,)6.525 F F1(bash)4.024 E
F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524
(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\
haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184
-624 R .029(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 636 R .028
+684 R .029(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 696 R .028
(ariable references in w)-.25 F .028(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .028
-(This means)5.028 F 1.072(that dollar signs in v)184 648 R 1.073
+(This means)5.028 F 1.072(that dollar signs in v)184 708 R 1.073
(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073
(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25
-(ev e)184 660 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123
+(ev e)184 720 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123
(ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F
-6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.122(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59
+6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.122(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(GNU Bash 4.4)
+72 768 Q(2015 January 19)141.79 E(69)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
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-(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 291.6 Q F3 -.2
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(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18
-E 2.5(2a)144 422.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)
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-(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68
--.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 458.4 Q .553
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(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552
(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552
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(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E
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+(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 578.4 R .236
(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236
(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855
-(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 506.4 R 1.155 -.15
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(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F
-F4(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578(result of the e)180 518.4 R .578(xpression i\
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-(guments)-.18 E 1.333(as operands.)180 530.4 R(The)6.333 E F1<ad61>3.833
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(operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558
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F .558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F
.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F
-(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180
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+(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180
+638.4 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521
+(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third)
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(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E
-(wise, the e)180 578.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144
-590.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .385(If the \214rst ar)180 602.4 R
-.385(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.885 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385
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(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144
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-(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.141 E F0 5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E F1
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-F .731
-(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25
-F F3 -.666(PA)3.231 G(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .731(If the)5.231 F F1<ad61>
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-(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.748
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-(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 550.8 R F1<ad70>
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+(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F5 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0
+-.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I)
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(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using)
-144
562.8 R F1<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F1<ad66>3.723 E F0
-1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .325(with the)
-144 574.8 R F1(command)2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type)
-5.325 E F0 .325(returns true if all of the ar)2.825 F .326
-(guments are found, f)-.18 F .326(alse if an)-.1 F 2.826(ya)-.15 G .326
-(re not)-2.826 F(found.)144 586.8 Q F1(ulimit)108 603.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
-(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F2(limit)A F0(]])A
-(Pro)144 615.6 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744(rt).15
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650.4 R F1<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F1<ad66>3.723 E F0
+1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the)
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(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
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-144 639.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208
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(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
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-(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F1<ad48>2.926 E
-F0(nor)2.926 E F1<ad53>2.926 E F0 .426
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(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78
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5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78
(is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25
-F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 699.6 R F1<ad48>2.999 E F0
-.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499
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(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F
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--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad61>144 84 Q F0
-(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F1<ad62>144 96 Q F0
-(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E F1<ad63>
-144 108 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E F1<ad64>
-144 120 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G
-(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 132 Q F0
-(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1<ad66>144 144 Q F0
-(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)26.97
-E F1<ad69>144 156 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)27.52 E F1
-<ad6c>144 168 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E
-(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 180 Q F0
-(The maximum resident set size \(man)21.97 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G
-(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 192 Q F0 .791(The \
-maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
-24.74 F 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F(be set\))180
-204 Q F1<ad70>144 216 Q F0
-(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F1
-<ad71>144 228 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)
-24.74 E F1<ad72>144 240 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)
-25.86 E F1<ad73>144 252 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144
-264 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144
-276 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G
-(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 288 Q F0 .47
-(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 F -.25(va)-.2 G .47
-(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 300
-Q F1<ad78>144 312 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F1
-<ad54>144 324 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 340.8 Q
-/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468
-(option is not used,)2.968 F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F
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-E .044(no option is gi)144 352.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1
-<ad66>2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045
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-(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks; and)-2.903 F F1<ad54>2.902 E F0(,)
-A F1<ad62>2.902 E F0(,)A F1<ad6e>2.902 E F0 2.902(,a)C(nd)-2.902 E F1
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-(gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144
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-(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 417.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
+(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 144 Q 2.5(alue. Other)
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+(The maximum sock)180 168 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E F1<ad63>
+144 180 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 180 Q F1<ad64>
+144 192 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 192 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G
+(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 204 Q F0
+(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 204 Q F1<ad66>144 216 Q
+F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180
+216 Q F1<ad69>144 228 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 228
+Q F1<ad6b>144 240 Q F0
+(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 240 Q F1<ad6c>
+144 252 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 252 Q(ed into memory)
+-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 264 Q F0(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 264 Q
+2.5(ys)-.15 G(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 276 Q
+F0 .791(The maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do\
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+-.25 F(be set\))180 288 Q F1<ad70>144 300 Q F0
+(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 300 Q F1
+<ad71>144 312 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)
+180 312 Q F1<ad72>144 324 Q F0
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+F0(The maximum stack size)180 336 Q F1<ad74>144 348 Q F0
+(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 348 Q F1<ad75>144 360 Q
+F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 360 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
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+(lid option or ar).25 F .06(gument is supplied, or an error)-.18 F
+(occurs while setting a ne)144 484.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1
+(umask)108 501.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0
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+(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 513.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
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-441.6 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382
+pted by)144 525.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
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(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
-(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 453.6 R .547
+(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 549.6 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
-(mode)144.38 465.6 Q F0 .552
-(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232
-F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 477.6 Q
+(mode)144.38 561.6 Q F0 .551
+(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231
+F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 573.6 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
-(unalias)108 494.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 506.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
+(unalias)108 590.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
+(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 602.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E
F1<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155
-F(remo)144 518.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
+F(remo)144 614.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
-(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 535.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
+(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 631.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])
-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 547.2 S 3.828(re).15 G(ach)-3.828 E F2(name)3.828 E F0
-3.828(,r).18 G(emo)-3.828 E 1.628 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.328
+2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 643.2 S 3.827(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F2(name)3.827 E F0
+3.827(,r).18 G(emo)-3.827 E 1.627 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.327
(he corresponding v).15 F 1.327(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327
-(If the)6.327 F F1<ad76>3.827 E F0 1.327(option is gi)3.827 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 1.327(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 559.2 Q F0 1.55
-(refers to a shell v)4.23 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551
-(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.051(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)
-4.051 G 1.551(riables may not be).25 F 4.642(unset. If)144 571.2 R F1
-<ad66>4.642 E F0 2.142(is speci\214ed, each)4.642 F F2(name)5.001 E F0
+(If the)6.327 F F1<ad76>3.828 E F0 1.328(option is gi)3.828 F -.15(ve)
+-.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 655.2 Q F0 1.551
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+(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.05(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)
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2.141(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821
-F(remo)144
583.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.537(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1<ad6e>
+F(remo)144
679.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.538(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1<ad6e>
2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F2(name)2.537 E F0 .037
(is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E
-F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.538 E .492
-(be unset rather than the v)144 595.2 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25
+F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.537 E .492
+(be unset rather than the v)144 691.2 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25
F F1<ad6e>5.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F1
-<ad66>2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .492(If no)5.492 F .22
-(options are supplied, each)144 607.2 R F2(name)2.72 E F0 .22
-(refers to a v)2.72 F .221(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .221
-(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.721(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.721 E 1.189
-(tion with that name is unset.)144 619.2 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F
-1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.688(df).15 G
-1.188(rom the en)-3.688 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.205
-(passed to subsequent commands.)144 631.2 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706
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+.221(options are supplied, each)144 703.2 R F2(name)2.721 E F0 .221
+(refers to a v)2.721 F .22(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .22
+(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.72(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.72 E 1.188
+(tion with that name is unset.)144 715.2 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F
+1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.689(df).15 G
+1.189(rom the en)-3.689 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.206
+(passed to subsequent commands.)144 727.2 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706
(yo)-.15 G(f)-5.706 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)5.706 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09
-E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.456 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.456 E
-F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 643.2 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.348 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)
-4.348 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.348 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E
-F3(DIRST)4.598 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 2.098(are unset, the)4.348
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+.411(ug report.)-.2 F(If)5.411 E .595(you ha)108 319.2 R .895 -.15
+(ve a \214)-.2 H .595(x, you are encouraged to mail that as well!).15 F
+.594(Suggestions and `philosophical' b)5.595 F .594(ug reports may)-.2 F
+(be mailed to)108 331.2 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F0
+(or posted to the Usenet ne)2.5 E(wsgroup)-.25 E F3(gnu.bash.b)2.5 E(ug)
+-.2 E F0(.)A(ALL b)108 348 Q(ug reports should include:)-.2 E(The v)108
+364.8 Q(ersion number of)-.15 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(The hardw)108 376.8 Q
+(are and operating system)-.1 E(The compiler used to compile)108 388.8 Q
+2.5(Ad)108 400.8 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E(viour)-.2 E
+2.5(As)108 412.8 S(hort script or `recipe' which e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(rcises the b).15 E(ug)-.2 E F1(bashb)108.27 429.6 Q(ug)-.2 E F0
(inserts the \214rst three items automatically into the template it pro)
2.72 E(vides for \214ling a b)-.15 E(ug report.)-.2 E(Comments and b)108
-345.6 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2
-E F3 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et.r).15 E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F0(.)
-.25 E F1 -.11(BU)72 362.4 S(GS).11 E F0(It')108 374.4 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G
-(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.869
-(There are some subtle dif)108 391.2 R 1.869(ferences between)-.25 F F2
+446.4 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2
+E F1 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et.r).15 E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F0(.)
+.25 E F2 -.11(BU)72 463.2 S(GS).11 E F0(It')108 475.2 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G
+(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.868
+(There are some subtle dif)108 492 R 1.868(ferences between)-.25 F F3
(bash)4.369 E F0 1.869(and traditional v)4.369 F 1.869(ersions of)-.15 F
-F2(sh)4.368 E F0 4.368(,m)C 1.868(ostly because of the)-4.368 F/F4 9
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 403.2 Q F0(speci\214cation.)2.25 E
-(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 420 Q(Shell b)108 436.8 Q
+F3(sh)4.369 E F0 4.369(,m)C 1.869(ostly because of the)-4.369 F/F4 9
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 504 Q F0(speci\214cation.)2.25 E
+(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 520.8 Q(Shell b)108 537.6 Q
(uiltin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.)-.2 E
1.315(Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' a\
-re not handled gracefully when)108 453.6 R .39
-(process suspension is attempted.)108 465.6 R .389
-(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.39 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G .389(cutes the ne).15 F .389(xt com-)-.15 F .192
-(mand in the sequence.)108 477.6 R .192(It suf)5.192 F .192(\214ces to \
-place the sequence of commands between parentheses to force it into a)
--.25 F(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 489.6 Q(Array v)108
-506.4 Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E
-(There may be only one acti)108 523.2 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H
-(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.3)72 768 Q(2014 August 27)142.895
-E(75)192.055 E 0 Cg EP
+re not handled gracefully when)108 554.4 R .389
+(process suspension is attempted.)108 566.4 R .389
+(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.389 F -.15(xe)-.15
+G .39(cutes the ne).15 F .39(xt com-)-.15 F .193(mand in the sequence.)
+108 578.4 R .192(It suf)5.193 F .192(\214ces to place the sequence of c\
+ommands between parentheses to force it into a)-.25 F
+(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 590.4 Q(Array v)108 607.2
+Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E
+(There may be only one acti)108 624 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H
+(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2015 January 19)141.79
+E(76)190.95 E 0 Cg EP
%%Trailer
end
%%EOF
@xrdef{Shell Parameter Expansion-pg}{23}
@xrdef{Command Substitution-title}{Command Substitution}
@xrdef{Command Substitution-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.4}
-@xrdef{Command Substitution-pg}{28}
@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-title}{Arithmetic Expansion}
@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.5}
@xrdef{Process Substitution-title}{Process Substitution}
@xrdef{Process Substitution-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.6}
+@xrdef{Command Substitution-pg}{29}
+@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-pg}{29}
@xrdef{Word Splitting-title}{Word Splitting}
@xrdef{Word Splitting-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.7}
-@xrdef{Arithmetic Expansion-pg}{29}
-@xrdef{Process Substitution-pg}{29}
-@xrdef{Word Splitting-pg}{29}
@xrdef{Filename Expansion-title}{Filename Expansion}
@xrdef{Filename Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.8}
+@xrdef{Process Substitution-pg}{30}
+@xrdef{Word Splitting-pg}{30}
+@xrdef{Filename Expansion-pg}{30}
@xrdef{Pattern Matching-title}{Pattern Matching}
@xrdef{Pattern Matching-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.8.1}
-@xrdef{Filename Expansion-pg}{30}
-@xrdef{Pattern Matching-pg}{30}
+@xrdef{Pattern Matching-pg}{31}
@xrdef{Quote Removal-title}{Quote Removal}
@xrdef{Quote Removal-snt}{Section@tie 3.5.9}
@xrdef{Redirections-title}{Redirections}
@xrdef{Executing Commands-snt}{Section@tie 3.7}
@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-title}{Simple Command Expansion}
@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.1}
-@xrdef{Executing Commands-pg}{35}
-@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-pg}{35}
@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-title}{Command Search and Execution}
@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.2}
-@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-pg}{36}
+@xrdef{Executing Commands-pg}{36}
+@xrdef{Simple Command Expansion-pg}{36}
@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-title}{Command Execution Environment}
@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.3}
+@xrdef{Command Search and Execution-pg}{37}
@xrdef{Command Execution Environment-pg}{37}
@xrdef{Environment-title}{Environment}
@xrdef{Environment-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.4}
+@xrdef{Environment-pg}{38}
@xrdef{Exit Status-title}{Exit Status}
@xrdef{Exit Status-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.5}
-@xrdef{Environment-pg}{38}
-@xrdef{Exit Status-pg}{38}
@xrdef{Signals-title}{Signals}
@xrdef{Signals-snt}{Section@tie 3.7.6}
+@xrdef{Exit Status-pg}{39}
+@xrdef{Signals-pg}{39}
@xrdef{Shell Scripts-title}{Shell Scripts}
@xrdef{Shell Scripts-snt}{Section@tie 3.8}
-@xrdef{Signals-pg}{39}
-@xrdef{Shell Scripts-pg}{39}
+@xrdef{Shell Scripts-pg}{40}
@xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-title}{Shell Builtin Commands}
@xrdef{Shell Builtin Commands-snt}{Chapter@tie 4}
@xrdef{Bourne Shell Builtins-title}{Bourne Shell Builtins}
@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-snt}{Section@tie 4.3}
@xrdef{The Set Builtin-title}{The Set Builtin}
@xrdef{The Set Builtin-snt}{Section@tie 4.3.1}
-@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-pg}{58}
+@xrdef{Modifying Shell Behavior-pg}{59}
@xrdef{The Set Builtin-pg}{59}
@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-title}{The Shopt Builtin}
@xrdef{The Shopt Builtin-snt}{Section@tie 4.3.2}
@xrdef{Readline Init File Syntax-pg}{104}
@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-title}{Conditional Init Constructs}
@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.2}
-@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-pg}{111}
+@xrdef{Conditional Init Constructs-pg}{112}
@xrdef{Sample Init File-title}{Sample Init File}
@xrdef{Sample Init File-snt}{Section@tie 8.3.3}
-@xrdef{Sample Init File-pg}{112}
+@xrdef{Sample Init File-pg}{113}
@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-title}{Bindable Readline Commands}
@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.4}
@xrdef{Commands For Moving-title}{Commands For Moving}
@xrdef{Commands For Moving-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.1}
@xrdef{Commands For History-title}{Commands For Manipulating The History}
@xrdef{Commands For History-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.2}
-@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-pg}{115}
-@xrdef{Commands For Moving-pg}{115}
-@xrdef{Commands For History-pg}{116}
+@xrdef{Bindable Readline Commands-pg}{116}
+@xrdef{Commands For Moving-pg}{116}
+@xrdef{Commands For History-pg}{117}
@xrdef{Commands For Text-title}{Commands For Changing Text}
@xrdef{Commands For Text-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.3}
-@xrdef{Commands For Text-pg}{117}
+@xrdef{Commands For Text-pg}{118}
@xrdef{Commands For Killing-title}{Killing And Yanking}
@xrdef{Commands For Killing-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.4}
-@xrdef{Commands For Killing-pg}{118}
+@xrdef{Commands For Killing-pg}{119}
@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-title}{Specifying Numeric Arguments}
@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.5}
-@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-pg}{119}
@xrdef{Commands For Completion-title}{Letting Readline Type For You}
@xrdef{Commands For Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.6}
-@xrdef{Commands For Completion-pg}{120}
+@xrdef{Numeric Arguments-pg}{121}
+@xrdef{Commands For Completion-pg}{121}
@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-title}{Keyboard Macros}
@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.7}
-@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-pg}{121}
@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-title}{Some Miscellaneous Commands}
@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-snt}{Section@tie 8.4.8}
-@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{122}
+@xrdef{Keyboard Macros-pg}{123}
+@xrdef{Miscellaneous Commands-pg}{123}
@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-title}{Readline vi Mode}
@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-snt}{Section@tie 8.5}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion-title}{Programmable Completion}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion-snt}{Section@tie 8.6}
-@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{124}
-@xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{124}
+@xrdef{Readline vi Mode-pg}{125}
+@xrdef{Programmable Completion-pg}{126}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-title}{Programmable Completion Builtins}
@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 8.7}
-@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{126}
+@xrdef{Programmable Completion Builtins-pg}{128}
@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-title}{A Programmable Completion Example}
@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-snt}{Section@tie 8.8}
-@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-pg}{130}
+@xrdef{A Programmable Completion Example-pg}{131}
@xrdef{Using History Interactively-title}{Using History Interactively}
@xrdef{Using History Interactively-snt}{Chapter@tie 9}
@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-title}{Bash History Facilities}
@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-snt}{Section@tie 9.1}
@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-title}{Bash History Builtins}
@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-snt}{Section@tie 9.2}
-@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{133}
-@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{133}
-@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{133}
+@xrdef{Using History Interactively-pg}{134}
+@xrdef{Bash History Facilities-pg}{134}
+@xrdef{Bash History Builtins-pg}{134}
@xrdef{History Interaction-title}{History Expansion}
@xrdef{History Interaction-snt}{Section@tie 9.3}
@xrdef{Event Designators-title}{Event Designators}
@xrdef{Event Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.1}
-@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{135}
-@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{135}
+@xrdef{History Interaction-pg}{136}
+@xrdef{Event Designators-pg}{136}
@xrdef{Word Designators-title}{Word Designators}
@xrdef{Word Designators-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.2}
-@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{136}
+@xrdef{Word Designators-pg}{137}
@xrdef{Modifiers-title}{Modifiers}
@xrdef{Modifiers-snt}{Section@tie 9.3.3}
-@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{137}
+@xrdef{Modifiers-pg}{138}
@xrdef{Installing Bash-title}{Installing Bash}
@xrdef{Installing Bash-snt}{Chapter@tie 10}
@xrdef{Basic Installation-title}{Basic Installation}
@xrdef{Basic Installation-snt}{Section@tie 10.1}
@xrdef{Compilers and Options-title}{Compilers and Options}
@xrdef{Compilers and Options-snt}{Section@tie 10.2}
-@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{138}
-@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{138}
+@xrdef{Installing Bash-pg}{139}
+@xrdef{Basic Installation-pg}{139}
@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-title}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}
@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-snt}{Section@tie 10.3}
@xrdef{Installation Names-title}{Installation Names}
@xrdef{Installation Names-snt}{Section@tie 10.4}
@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-title}{Specifying the System Type}
@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-snt}{Section@tie 10.5}
-@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{139}
-@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{139}
-@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{139}
-@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{139}
+@xrdef{Compilers and Options-pg}{140}
+@xrdef{Compiling For Multiple Architectures-pg}{140}
+@xrdef{Installation Names-pg}{140}
+@xrdef{Specifying the System Type-pg}{140}
@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-title}{Sharing Defaults}
@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-snt}{Section@tie 10.6}
@xrdef{Operation Controls-title}{Operation Controls}
@xrdef{Operation Controls-snt}{Section@tie 10.7}
@xrdef{Optional Features-title}{Optional Features}
@xrdef{Optional Features-snt}{Section@tie 10.8}
-@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{140}
-@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{140}
-@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{140}
+@xrdef{Sharing Defaults-pg}{141}
+@xrdef{Operation Controls-pg}{141}
+@xrdef{Optional Features-pg}{141}
@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-title}{Reporting Bugs}
@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-snt}{Appendix@tie @char65{}}
-@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{145}
+@xrdef{Reporting Bugs-pg}{146}
@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-title}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}
@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-snt}{Appendix@tie @char66{}}
-@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{146}
+@xrdef{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell-pg}{147}
@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-title}{GNU Free Documentation License}
@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-snt}{Appendix@tie @char67{}}
-@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{152}
+@xrdef{GNU Free Documentation License-pg}{153}
@xrdef{Indexes-title}{Indexes}
@xrdef{Indexes-snt}{Appendix@tie @char68{}}
@xrdef{Builtin Index-title}{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}
@xrdef{Builtin Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.1}
-@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{160}
-@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{160}
+@xrdef{Indexes-pg}{161}
+@xrdef{Builtin Index-pg}{161}
@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-title}{Index of Shell Reserved Words}
@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.2}
@xrdef{Variable Index-title}{Parameter and Variable Index}
@xrdef{Variable Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.3}
-@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{161}
-@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{161}
+@xrdef{Reserved Word Index-pg}{162}
+@xrdef{Variable Index-pg}{162}
@xrdef{Function Index-title}{Function Index}
@xrdef{Function Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.4}
-@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{163}
+@xrdef{Function Index-pg}{164}
@xrdef{Concept Index-title}{Concept Index}
@xrdef{Concept Index-snt}{Section@tie @char68.5}
-@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{165}
+@xrdef{Concept Index-pg}{166}
\entry{printf}{54}{\code {printf}}
\entry{read}{55}{\code {read}}
\entry{readarray}{56}{\code {readarray}}
-\entry{source}{56}{\code {source}}
+\entry{source}{57}{\code {source}}
\entry{type}{57}{\code {type}}
\entry{typeset}{57}{\code {typeset}}
\entry{ulimit}{57}{\code {ulimit}}
\entry{wait}{99}{\code {wait}}
\entry{disown}{99}{\code {disown}}
\entry{suspend}{99}{\code {suspend}}
-\entry{compgen}{126}{\code {compgen}}
-\entry{complete}{127}{\code {complete}}
-\entry{compopt}{130}{\code {compopt}}
-\entry{fc}{133}{\code {fc}}
-\entry{history}{134}{\code {history}}
+\entry{compgen}{128}{\code {compgen}}
+\entry{complete}{128}{\code {complete}}
+\entry{compopt}{131}{\code {compopt}}
+\entry{fc}{134}{\code {fc}}
+\entry{history}{135}{\code {history}}
\entry {\code {caller}}{50}
\entry {\code {cd}}{42}
\entry {\code {command}}{50}
-\entry {\code {compgen}}{126}
-\entry {\code {complete}}{127}
-\entry {\code {compopt}}{130}
+\entry {\code {compgen}}{128}
+\entry {\code {complete}}{128}
+\entry {\code {compopt}}{131}
\entry {\code {continue}}{42}
\initial {D}
\entry {\code {declare}}{50}
\entry {\code {exit}}{43}
\entry {\code {export}}{43}
\initial {F}
-\entry {\code {fc}}{133}
+\entry {\code {fc}}{134}
\entry {\code {fg}}{98}
\initial {G}
\entry {\code {getopts}}{43}
\initial {H}
\entry {\code {hash}}{44}
\entry {\code {help}}{53}
-\entry {\code {history}}{134}
+\entry {\code {history}}{135}
\initial {J}
\entry {\code {jobs}}{98}
\initial {K}
\entry {\code {set}}{59}
\entry {\code {shift}}{45}
\entry {\code {shopt}}{63}
-\entry {\code {source}}{56}
+\entry {\code {source}}{57}
\entry {\code {suspend}}{99}
\initial {T}
\entry {\code {test}}{45}
\entry{expansion, tilde}{22}{expansion, tilde}
\entry{parameter expansion}{23}{parameter expansion}
\entry{expansion, parameter}{23}{expansion, parameter}
-\entry{command substitution}{28}{command substitution}
+\entry{command substitution}{29}{command substitution}
\entry{expansion, arithmetic}{29}{expansion, arithmetic}
\entry{arithmetic expansion}{29}{arithmetic expansion}
-\entry{process substitution}{29}{process substitution}
-\entry{word splitting}{29}{word splitting}
+\entry{process substitution}{30}{process substitution}
+\entry{word splitting}{30}{word splitting}
\entry{expansion, filename}{30}{expansion, filename}
\entry{expansion, pathname}{30}{expansion, pathname}
\entry{filename expansion}{30}{filename expansion}
\entry{pathname expansion}{30}{pathname expansion}
-\entry{pattern matching}{30}{pattern matching}
-\entry{matching, pattern}{30}{matching, pattern}
+\entry{pattern matching}{31}{pattern matching}
+\entry{matching, pattern}{31}{matching, pattern}
\entry{redirection}{32}{redirection}
-\entry{command expansion}{35}{command expansion}
-\entry{command execution}{36}{command execution}
-\entry{command search}{36}{command search}
+\entry{command expansion}{36}{command expansion}
+\entry{command execution}{37}{command execution}
+\entry{command search}{37}{command search}
\entry{execution environment}{37}{execution environment}
\entry{environment}{38}{environment}
-\entry{exit status}{38}{exit status}
+\entry{exit status}{39}{exit status}
\entry{signal handling}{39}{signal handling}
-\entry{shell script}{39}{shell script}
+\entry{shell script}{40}{shell script}
\entry{special builtin}{68}{special builtin}
\entry{login shell}{82}{login shell}
\entry{interactive shell}{82}{interactive shell}
\entry{kill ring}{103}{kill ring}
\entry{initialization file, readline}{104}{initialization file, readline}
\entry{variables, readline}{105}{variables, readline}
-\entry{programmable completion}{124}{programmable completion}
-\entry{completion builtins}{126}{completion builtins}
-\entry{History, how to use}{132}{History, how to use}
-\entry{command history}{133}{command history}
-\entry{history list}{133}{history list}
-\entry{history builtins}{133}{history builtins}
-\entry{history expansion}{135}{history expansion}
-\entry{event designators}{135}{event designators}
-\entry{history events}{135}{history events}
-\entry{installation}{138}{installation}
-\entry{configuration}{138}{configuration}
-\entry{Bash installation}{138}{Bash installation}
-\entry{Bash configuration}{138}{Bash configuration}
+\entry{programmable completion}{126}{programmable completion}
+\entry{completion builtins}{128}{completion builtins}
+\entry{History, how to use}{133}{History, how to use}
+\entry{command history}{134}{command history}
+\entry{history list}{134}{history list}
+\entry{history builtins}{134}{history builtins}
+\entry{history expansion}{136}{history expansion}
+\entry{event designators}{136}{event designators}
+\entry{history events}{136}{history events}
+\entry{installation}{139}{installation}
+\entry{configuration}{139}{configuration}
+\entry{Bash installation}{139}{Bash installation}
+\entry{Bash configuration}{139}{Bash configuration}
\entry {arrays}{89}
\initial {B}
\entry {background}{97}
-\entry {Bash configuration}{138}
-\entry {Bash installation}{138}
+\entry {Bash configuration}{139}
+\entry {Bash installation}{139}
\entry {Bourne shell}{5}
\entry {brace expansion}{21}
\entry {builtin}{3}
\initial {C}
\entry {command editing}{102}
-\entry {command execution}{36}
-\entry {command expansion}{35}
-\entry {command history}{133}
-\entry {command search}{36}
-\entry {command substitution}{28}
+\entry {command execution}{37}
+\entry {command expansion}{36}
+\entry {command history}{134}
+\entry {command search}{37}
+\entry {command substitution}{29}
\entry {command timing}{8}
\entry {commands, compound}{9}
\entry {commands, conditional}{10}
\entry {commands, shell}{8}
\entry {commands, simple}{8}
\entry {comments, shell}{7}
-\entry {completion builtins}{126}
-\entry {configuration}{138}
+\entry {completion builtins}{128}
+\entry {configuration}{139}
\entry {control operator}{3}
\entry {coprocess}{15}
\initial {D}
\entry {editing command lines}{102}
\entry {environment}{38}
\entry {evaluation, arithmetic}{87}
-\entry {event designators}{135}
+\entry {event designators}{136}
\entry {execution environment}{37}
-\entry {exit status}{3, 38}
+\entry {exit status}{3, 39}
\entry {expansion}{21}
\entry {expansion, arithmetic}{29}
\entry {expansion, brace}{21}
\entry {foreground}{97}
\entry {functions, shell}{17}
\initial {H}
-\entry {history builtins}{133}
-\entry {history events}{135}
-\entry {history expansion}{135}
-\entry {history list}{133}
-\entry {History, how to use}{132}
+\entry {history builtins}{134}
+\entry {history events}{136}
+\entry {history expansion}{136}
+\entry {history list}{134}
+\entry {History, how to use}{133}
\initial {I}
\entry {identifier}{3}
\entry {initialization file, readline}{104}
-\entry {installation}{138}
+\entry {installation}{139}
\entry {interaction, readline}{101}
\entry {interactive shell}{82, 83}
\entry {internationalization}{7}
\entry {localization}{7}
\entry {login shell}{82}
\initial {M}
-\entry {matching, pattern}{30}
+\entry {matching, pattern}{31}
\entry {metacharacter}{3}
\initial {N}
\entry {name}{3}
\entry {parameters, positional}{20}
\entry {parameters, special}{20}
\entry {pathname expansion}{30}
-\entry {pattern matching}{30}
+\entry {pattern matching}{31}
\entry {pipeline}{8}
\entry {POSIX}{3}
\entry {POSIX Mode}{94}
\entry {process group}{3}
\entry {process group ID}{3}
-\entry {process substitution}{29}
-\entry {programmable completion}{124}
+\entry {process substitution}{30}
+\entry {programmable completion}{126}
\entry {prompting}{92}
\initial {Q}
\entry {quoting}{6}
\initial {S}
\entry {shell arithmetic}{87}
\entry {shell function}{17}
-\entry {shell script}{39}
+\entry {shell script}{40}
\entry {shell variable}{18}
\entry {shell, interactive}{83}
\entry {signal}{4}
\entry {variables, readline}{105}
\initial {W}
\entry {word}{4}
-\entry {word splitting}{29}
+\entry {word splitting}{30}
\initial {Y}
\entry {yanking text}{103}
-\entry{beginning-of-line (C-a)}{115}{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}
-\entry{end-of-line (C-e)}{115}{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}
-\entry{forward-char (C-f)}{115}{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}
-\entry{backward-char (C-b)}{115}{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}
-\entry{forward-word (M-f)}{115}{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}
-\entry{backward-word (M-b)}{115}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}
-\entry{shell-forward-word ()}{115}{\code {shell-forward-word ()}}
-\entry{shell-backward-word ()}{115}{\code {shell-backward-word ()}}
-\entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{115}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}
-\entry{redraw-current-line ()}{115}{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}
-\entry{accept-line (Newline or Return)}{116}{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}
-\entry{previous-history (C-p)}{116}{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}
-\entry{next-history (C-n)}{116}{\code {next-history (C-n)}}
-\entry{beginning-of-history (M-<)}{116}{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}
-\entry{end-of-history (M->)}{116}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}
-\entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{116}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}
-\entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{116}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}
-\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{116}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}
-\entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{116}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}
-\entry{history-search-forward ()}{116}{\code {history-search-forward ()}}
-\entry{history-search-backward ()}{116}{\code {history-search-backward ()}}
-\entry{history-substr-search-forward ()}{116}{\code {history-substr-search-forward ()}}
-\entry{history-substr-search-backward ()}{117}{\code {history-substr-search-backward ()}}
-\entry{yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}{117}{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}
-\entry{yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}{117}{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}
-\entry{end-of-file (usually C-d)}{117}{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}
-\entry{delete-char (C-d)}{117}{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}
-\entry{backward-delete-char (Rubout)}{117}{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}
-\entry{forward-backward-delete-char ()}{117}{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}
-\entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{117}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}
-\entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{118}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}
-\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{118}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}
-\entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{118}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}
-\entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{118}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}
-\entry{downcase-word (M-l)}{118}{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}
-\entry{capitalize-word (M-c)}{118}{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}
-\entry{overwrite-mode ()}{118}{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}
-\entry{kill-line (C-k)}{118}{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}
-\entry{backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}{118}{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}
-\entry{unix-line-discard (C-u)}{118}{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}
-\entry{kill-whole-line ()}{118}{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}
-\entry{kill-word (M-d)}{118}{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}
-\entry{backward-kill-word (M-DEL)}{119}{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}
-\entry{shell-kill-word ()}{119}{\code {shell-kill-word ()}}
-\entry{shell-backward-kill-word ()}{119}{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}
-\entry{unix-word-rubout (C-w)}{119}{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}
-\entry{unix-filename-rubout ()}{119}{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}
-\entry{delete-horizontal-space ()}{119}{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}
-\entry{kill-region ()}{119}{\code {kill-region ()}}
-\entry{copy-region-as-kill ()}{119}{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}
-\entry{copy-backward-word ()}{119}{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}
-\entry{copy-forward-word ()}{119}{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}
-\entry{yank (C-y)}{119}{\code {yank (C-y)}}
-\entry{yank-pop (M-y)}{119}{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}
-\entry{digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ...{} M--)}{119}{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}
-\entry{universal-argument ()}{119}{\code {universal-argument ()}}
-\entry{complete (TAB)}{120}{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}
-\entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{120}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}
-\entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{120}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}
-\entry{menu-complete ()}{120}{\code {menu-complete ()}}
-\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{120}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}
-\entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{120}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}
-\entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{120}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}
-\entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{120}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}
-\entry{complete-username (M-~)}{121}{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}
-\entry{possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}{121}{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}
-\entry{complete-variable (M-$)}{121}{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}
-\entry{possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}{121}{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}
-\entry{complete-hostname (M-@)}{121}{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}
-\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{121}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}
-\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{121}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}
-\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{121}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}
-\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{121}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}
-\entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{121}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}
-\entry{complete-into-braces (M-|a)}{121}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}
-\entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{121}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}
-\entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{121}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}
-\entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{121}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}
-\entry{print-last-kbd-macro ()}{122}{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}
-\entry{re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}{122}{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}
-\entry{abort (C-g)}{122}{\code {abort (C-g)}}
-\entry{do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, ...{})}{122}{\code {do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}
-\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{122}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}
-\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{122}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}
-\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{122}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}
-\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{122}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}
-\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{122}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}
-\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{122}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}
-\entry{character-search (C-])}{122}{\code {character-search (C-])}}
-\entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{122}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}
-\entry{skip-csi-sequence ()}{122}{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}
-\entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{123}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}
-\entry{dump-functions ()}{123}{\code {dump-functions ()}}
-\entry{dump-variables ()}{123}{\code {dump-variables ()}}
-\entry{dump-macros ()}{123}{\code {dump-macros ()}}
-\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{123}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}
-\entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{123}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}
-\entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{123}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}
-\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{123}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}
-\entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{123}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}
-\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{123}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}
-\entry{magic-space ()}{124}{\code {magic-space ()}}
-\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{124}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}
-\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{124}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}
-\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{124}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}
-\entry{operate-and-get-next (C-o)}{124}{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}
-\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}{124}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}}
+\entry{beginning-of-line (C-a)}{116}{\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}
+\entry{end-of-line (C-e)}{116}{\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}
+\entry{forward-char (C-f)}{116}{\code {forward-char (C-f)}}
+\entry{backward-char (C-b)}{116}{\code {backward-char (C-b)}}
+\entry{forward-word (M-f)}{116}{\code {forward-word (M-f)}}
+\entry{backward-word (M-b)}{116}{\code {backward-word (M-b)}}
+\entry{shell-forward-word ()}{116}{\code {shell-forward-word ()}}
+\entry{shell-backward-word ()}{116}{\code {shell-backward-word ()}}
+\entry{clear-screen (C-l)}{116}{\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}
+\entry{redraw-current-line ()}{116}{\code {redraw-current-line ()}}
+\entry{accept-line (Newline or Return)}{117}{\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}
+\entry{previous-history (C-p)}{117}{\code {previous-history (C-p)}}
+\entry{next-history (C-n)}{117}{\code {next-history (C-n)}}
+\entry{beginning-of-history (M-<)}{117}{\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}
+\entry{end-of-history (M->)}{117}{\code {end-of-history (M->)}}
+\entry{reverse-search-history (C-r)}{117}{\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}
+\entry{forward-search-history (C-s)}{117}{\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}
+\entry{non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}{117}{\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}
+\entry{non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}{117}{\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}
+\entry{history-search-forward ()}{117}{\code {history-search-forward ()}}
+\entry{history-search-backward ()}{117}{\code {history-search-backward ()}}
+\entry{history-substr-search-forward ()}{117}{\code {history-substr-search-forward ()}}
+\entry{history-substr-search-backward ()}{118}{\code {history-substr-search-backward ()}}
+\entry{yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}{118}{\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}
+\entry{yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}{118}{\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}
+\entry{end-of-file (usually C-d)}{118}{\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}
+\entry{delete-char (C-d)}{118}{\code {delete-char (C-d)}}
+\entry{backward-delete-char (Rubout)}{118}{\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}
+\entry{forward-backward-delete-char ()}{118}{\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}
+\entry{quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}{118}{\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}
+\entry{self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...{})}{119}{\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}
+\entry{bracketed-paste-begin ()}{119}{\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}}
+\entry{transpose-chars (C-t)}{119}{\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}
+\entry{transpose-words (M-t)}{119}{\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}
+\entry{upcase-word (M-u)}{119}{\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}
+\entry{downcase-word (M-l)}{119}{\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}
+\entry{capitalize-word (M-c)}{119}{\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}
+\entry{overwrite-mode ()}{119}{\code {overwrite-mode ()}}
+\entry{kill-line (C-k)}{119}{\code {kill-line (C-k)}}
+\entry{backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}{119}{\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}
+\entry{unix-line-discard (C-u)}{120}{\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}
+\entry{kill-whole-line ()}{120}{\code {kill-whole-line ()}}
+\entry{kill-word (M-d)}{120}{\code {kill-word (M-d)}}
+\entry{backward-kill-word (M-DEL)}{120}{\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}
+\entry{shell-kill-word ()}{120}{\code {shell-kill-word ()}}
+\entry{shell-backward-kill-word ()}{120}{\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}
+\entry{unix-word-rubout (C-w)}{120}{\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}
+\entry{unix-filename-rubout ()}{120}{\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}
+\entry{delete-horizontal-space ()}{120}{\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}
+\entry{kill-region ()}{120}{\code {kill-region ()}}
+\entry{copy-region-as-kill ()}{120}{\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}
+\entry{copy-backward-word ()}{120}{\code {copy-backward-word ()}}
+\entry{copy-forward-word ()}{120}{\code {copy-forward-word ()}}
+\entry{yank (C-y)}{120}{\code {yank (C-y)}}
+\entry{yank-pop (M-y)}{120}{\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}
+\entry{digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ...{} M--)}{121}{\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}
+\entry{universal-argument ()}{121}{\code {universal-argument ()}}
+\entry{complete (TAB)}{121}{\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}
+\entry{possible-completions (M-?)}{121}{\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}
+\entry{insert-completions (M-*)}{121}{\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}
+\entry{menu-complete ()}{121}{\code {menu-complete ()}}
+\entry{menu-complete-backward ()}{121}{\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}
+\entry{delete-char-or-list ()}{122}{\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}
+\entry{complete-filename (M-/)}{122}{\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}
+\entry{possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}{122}{\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}
+\entry{complete-username (M-~)}{122}{\code {complete-username (M-~)}}
+\entry{possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}{122}{\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}
+\entry{complete-variable (M-$)}{122}{\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}
+\entry{possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}{122}{\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}
+\entry{complete-hostname (M-@)}{122}{\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}
+\entry{possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}{122}{\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}
+\entry{complete-command (M-!)}{122}{\code {complete-command (M-!)}}
+\entry{possible-command-completions (C-x !)}{122}{\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}
+\entry{dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)}{122}{\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}
+\entry{dabbrev-expand ()}{122}{\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}
+\entry{complete-into-braces (M-|a)}{122}{\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}
+\entry{start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}{123}{\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}
+\entry{end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}{123}{\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}
+\entry{call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}{123}{\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}
+\entry{print-last-kbd-macro ()}{123}{\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}
+\entry{re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}{123}{\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}
+\entry{abort (C-g)}{123}{\code {abort (C-g)}}
+\entry{do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, ...{})}{123}{\code {do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}
+\entry{prefix-meta (ESC)}{123}{\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}
+\entry{undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}{123}{\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}
+\entry{revert-line (M-r)}{123}{\code {revert-line (M-r)}}
+\entry{tilde-expand (M-&)}{123}{\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}
+\entry{set-mark (C-@)}{123}{\code {set-mark (C-@)}}
+\entry{exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}{123}{\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}
+\entry{character-search (C-])}{123}{\code {character-search (C-])}}
+\entry{character-search-backward (M-C-])}{124}{\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}
+\entry{skip-csi-sequence ()}{124}{\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}
+\entry{insert-comment (M-#)}{124}{\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}
+\entry{dump-functions ()}{124}{\code {dump-functions ()}}
+\entry{dump-variables ()}{124}{\code {dump-variables ()}}
+\entry{dump-macros ()}{124}{\code {dump-macros ()}}
+\entry{glob-complete-word (M-g)}{124}{\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}
+\entry{glob-expand-word (C-x *)}{124}{\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}
+\entry{glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}{125}{\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}
+\entry{display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}{125}{\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}
+\entry{shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}{125}{\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}
+\entry{history-expand-line (M-^)}{125}{\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}
+\entry{magic-space ()}{125}{\code {magic-space ()}}
+\entry{alias-expand-line ()}{125}{\code {alias-expand-line ()}}
+\entry{history-and-alias-expand-line ()}{125}{\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}
+\entry{insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}{125}{\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}
+\entry{operate-and-get-next (C-o)}{125}{\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}
+\entry{edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}{125}{\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}}
\initial {A}
-\entry {\code {abort (C-g)}}{122}
-\entry {\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}{116}
-\entry {\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{124}
+\entry {\code {abort (C-g)}}{123}
+\entry {\code {accept-line (Newline or Return)}}{117}
+\entry {\code {alias-expand-line ()}}{125}
\initial {B}
-\entry {\code {backward-char (C-b)}}{115}
-\entry {\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}{117}
-\entry {\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}{118}
-\entry {\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}{119}
-\entry {\code {backward-word (M-b)}}{115}
-\entry {\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}{116}
-\entry {\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}{115}
+\entry {\code {backward-char (C-b)}}{116}
+\entry {\code {backward-delete-char (Rubout)}}{118}
+\entry {\code {backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)}}{119}
+\entry {\code {backward-kill-word (M-\key {DEL})}}{120}
+\entry {\code {backward-word (M-b)}}{116}
+\entry {\code {beginning-of-history (M-<)}}{117}
+\entry {\code {beginning-of-line (C-a)}}{116}
+\entry {\code {bracketed-paste-begin ()}}{119}
\initial {C}
-\entry {\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{121}
-\entry {\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{118}
-\entry {\code {character-search (C-])}}{122}
-\entry {\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{122}
-\entry {\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{115}
-\entry {\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}{120}
-\entry {\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{121}
-\entry {\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{120}
-\entry {\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{121}
-\entry {\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{121}
-\entry {\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{121}
-\entry {\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{121}
-\entry {\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{119}
-\entry {\code {copy-forward-word ()}}{119}
-\entry {\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}{119}
+\entry {\code {call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)}}{123}
+\entry {\code {capitalize-word (M-c)}}{119}
+\entry {\code {character-search (C-])}}{123}
+\entry {\code {character-search-backward (M-C-])}}{124}
+\entry {\code {clear-screen (C-l)}}{116}
+\entry {\code {complete (\key {TAB})}}{121}
+\entry {\code {complete-command (M-!)}}{122}
+\entry {\code {complete-filename (M-/)}}{122}
+\entry {\code {complete-hostname (M-@)}}{122}
+\entry {\code {complete-into-braces (M-{\tt \char 123})}}{122}
+\entry {\code {complete-username (M-~)}}{122}
+\entry {\code {complete-variable (M-$)}}{122}
+\entry {\code {copy-backward-word ()}}{120}
+\entry {\code {copy-forward-word ()}}{120}
+\entry {\code {copy-region-as-kill ()}}{120}
\initial {D}
-\entry {\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}{121}
-\entry {\code {delete-char (C-d)}}{117}
-\entry {\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}{120}
-\entry {\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}{119}
-\entry {\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}{119}
-\entry {\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{123}
-\entry {\code {do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{122}
-\entry {\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}{118}
-\entry {\code {dump-functions ()}}{123}
-\entry {\code {dump-macros ()}}{123}
-\entry {\code {dump-variables ()}}{123}
-\entry {\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{121}
+\entry {\code {dabbrev-expand ()}}{122}
+\entry {\code {delete-char (C-d)}}{118}
+\entry {\code {delete-char-or-list ()}}{122}
+\entry {\code {delete-horizontal-space ()}}{120}
+\entry {\code {digit-argument (\kbd {M-0}, \kbd {M-1}, \dots {} \kbd {M--})}}{121}
+\entry {\code {display-shell-version (C-x C-v)}}{125}
+\entry {\code {do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-\var {x}, \dots {})}}{123}
+\entry {\code {downcase-word (M-l)}}{119}
+\entry {\code {dump-functions ()}}{124}
+\entry {\code {dump-macros ()}}{124}
+\entry {\code {dump-variables ()}}{124}
+\entry {\code {dynamic-complete-history (M-\key {TAB})}}{122}
\initial {E}
-\entry {\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}}{124}
-\entry {\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}{121}
-\entry {\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}{117}
-\entry {\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{116}
-\entry {\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{115}
-\entry {\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{122}
+\entry {\code {edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)}}{125}
+\entry {\code {end-kbd-macro (C-x ))}}{123}
+\entry {\code {\i {end-of-file} (usually C-d)}}{118}
+\entry {\code {end-of-history (M->)}}{117}
+\entry {\code {end-of-line (C-e)}}{116}
+\entry {\code {exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)}}{123}
\initial {F}
-\entry {\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{117}
-\entry {\code {forward-char (C-f)}}{115}
-\entry {\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{116}
-\entry {\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{115}
+\entry {\code {forward-backward-delete-char ()}}{118}
+\entry {\code {forward-char (C-f)}}{116}
+\entry {\code {forward-search-history (C-s)}}{117}
+\entry {\code {forward-word (M-f)}}{116}
\initial {G}
-\entry {\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{123}
-\entry {\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{123}
-\entry {\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{123}
+\entry {\code {glob-complete-word (M-g)}}{124}
+\entry {\code {glob-expand-word (C-x *)}}{124}
+\entry {\code {glob-list-expansions (C-x g)}}{125}
\initial {H}
-\entry {\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{124}
-\entry {\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{123}
-\entry {\code {history-search-backward ()}}{116}
-\entry {\code {history-search-forward ()}}{116}
-\entry {\code {history-substr-search-backward ()}}{117}
-\entry {\code {history-substr-search-forward ()}}{116}
+\entry {\code {history-and-alias-expand-line ()}}{125}
+\entry {\code {history-expand-line (M-^)}}{125}
+\entry {\code {history-search-backward ()}}{117}
+\entry {\code {history-search-forward ()}}{117}
+\entry {\code {history-substr-search-backward ()}}{118}
+\entry {\code {history-substr-search-forward ()}}{117}
\initial {I}
-\entry {\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}{123}
-\entry {\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}{120}
-\entry {\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{124}
+\entry {\code {insert-comment (M-#)}}{124}
+\entry {\code {insert-completions (M-*)}}{121}
+\entry {\code {insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)}}{125}
\initial {K}
-\entry {\code {kill-line (C-k)}}{118}
-\entry {\code {kill-region ()}}{119}
-\entry {\code {kill-whole-line ()}}{118}
-\entry {\code {kill-word (M-d)}}{118}
+\entry {\code {kill-line (C-k)}}{119}
+\entry {\code {kill-region ()}}{120}
+\entry {\code {kill-whole-line ()}}{120}
+\entry {\code {kill-word (M-d)}}{120}
\initial {M}
-\entry {\code {magic-space ()}}{124}
-\entry {\code {menu-complete ()}}{120}
-\entry {\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{120}
+\entry {\code {magic-space ()}}{125}
+\entry {\code {menu-complete ()}}{121}
+\entry {\code {menu-complete-backward ()}}{121}
\initial {N}
-\entry {\code {next-history (C-n)}}{116}
-\entry {\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{116}
-\entry {\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{116}
+\entry {\code {next-history (C-n)}}{117}
+\entry {\code {non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)}}{117}
+\entry {\code {non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)}}{117}
\initial {O}
-\entry {\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{124}
-\entry {\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{118}
+\entry {\code {operate-and-get-next (C-o)}}{125}
+\entry {\code {overwrite-mode ()}}{119}
\initial {P}
-\entry {\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{121}
-\entry {\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}{120}
-\entry {\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}{120}
-\entry {\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{121}
-\entry {\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}{121}
-\entry {\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{121}
-\entry {\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{122}
-\entry {\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{116}
-\entry {\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}{122}
+\entry {\code {possible-command-completions (C-x !)}}{122}
+\entry {\code {possible-completions (M-?)}}{121}
+\entry {\code {possible-filename-completions (C-x /)}}{122}
+\entry {\code {possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)}}{122}
+\entry {\code {possible-username-completions (C-x ~)}}{122}
+\entry {\code {possible-variable-completions (C-x $)}}{122}
+\entry {\code {prefix-meta (\key {ESC})}}{123}
+\entry {\code {previous-history (C-p)}}{117}
+\entry {\code {print-last-kbd-macro ()}}{123}
\initial {Q}
-\entry {\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{117}
+\entry {\code {quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)}}{118}
\initial {R}
-\entry {\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}{122}
-\entry {\code {redraw-current-line ()}}{115}
-\entry {\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}{116}
-\entry {\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{122}
+\entry {\code {re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)}}{123}
+\entry {\code {redraw-current-line ()}}{116}
+\entry {\code {reverse-search-history (C-r)}}{117}
+\entry {\code {revert-line (M-r)}}{123}
\initial {S}
-\entry {\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}{118}
-\entry {\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{122}
-\entry {\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}{119}
-\entry {\code {shell-backward-word ()}}{115}
-\entry {\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{123}
-\entry {\code {shell-forward-word ()}}{115}
-\entry {\code {shell-kill-word ()}}{119}
-\entry {\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}{122}
-\entry {\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{121}
+\entry {\code {self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, \dots {})}}{119}
+\entry {\code {set-mark (C-@)}}{123}
+\entry {\code {shell-backward-kill-word ()}}{120}
+\entry {\code {shell-backward-word ()}}{116}
+\entry {\code {shell-expand-line (M-C-e)}}{125}
+\entry {\code {shell-forward-word ()}}{116}
+\entry {\code {shell-kill-word ()}}{120}
+\entry {\code {skip-csi-sequence ()}}{124}
+\entry {\code {start-kbd-macro (C-x ()}}{123}
\initial {T}
-\entry {\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{122}
-\entry {\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{118}
-\entry {\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{118}
+\entry {\code {tilde-expand (M-&)}}{123}
+\entry {\code {transpose-chars (C-t)}}{119}
+\entry {\code {transpose-words (M-t)}}{119}
\initial {U}
-\entry {\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{122}
-\entry {\code {universal-argument ()}}{119}
-\entry {\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}{119}
-\entry {\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}{118}
-\entry {\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}{119}
-\entry {\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}{118}
+\entry {\code {undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)}}{123}
+\entry {\code {universal-argument ()}}{121}
+\entry {\code {unix-filename-rubout ()}}{120}
+\entry {\code {unix-line-discard (C-u)}}{120}
+\entry {\code {unix-word-rubout (C-w)}}{120}
+\entry {\code {upcase-word (M-u)}}{119}
\initial {Y}
-\entry {\code {yank (C-y)}}{119}
-\entry {\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}{117}
-\entry {\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}{117}
-\entry {\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}{119}
+\entry {\code {yank (C-y)}}{120}
+\entry {\code {yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)}}{118}
+\entry {\code {yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)}}{118}
+\entry {\code {yank-pop (M-y)}}{120}
<HTML>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-<!-- Created on September, 15 2014 by texi2html 1.64 -->
+<!-- Created on February, 23 2015 by texi2html 1.64 -->
<!--
Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author)
Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
<H1>Bash Reference Manual</H1></P><P>
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 4.3, 6 September 2014).
+the Bash shell (version 4.4, 19 January 2015).
The Bash home page is <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</A>.
</P><P>
-This is Edition 4.3, last updated 6 September 2014,
+This is Edition 4.4, last updated 19 January 2015,
of <CITE>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</CITE>,
-for <CODE>Bash</CODE>, Version 4.3.
+for <CODE>Bash</CODE>, Version 4.4.
</P><P>
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
<CODE>case</CODE> will selectively execute the <VAR>command-list</VAR> corresponding to
the first <VAR>pattern</VAR> that matches <VAR>word</VAR>.
-If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
+If the <CODE>nocasematch</CODE> shell option
(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
to the rules described below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>,
as if the <CODE>extglob</CODE> shell option were enabled.
The <SAMP>`='</SAMP> operator is identical to <SAMP>`=='</SAMP>.
-If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
+If the <CODE>nocasematch</CODE> shell option
(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
expression's return value is 2.
-If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
+If the <CODE>nocasematch</CODE> shell option
(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
</P><P>
If the first character of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an exclamation point (!),
+and <VAR>parameter</VAR> is not a <VAR>nameref</VAR>,
it introduces a level of variable indirection.
Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
<VAR>parameter</VAR> as the name of the variable; this variable is then
expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
than the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> itself.
This is known as <CODE>indirect expansion</CODE>.
+If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+variable referenced by <VAR>parameter</VAR> instead of performing the
+complete indirect expansion.
The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!<VAR>prefix</VAR>*}
and ${!<VAR>name</VAR>[@]}
described below.
of the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>.
If <VAR>string</VAR> is null, matches of <VAR>pattern</VAR> are deleted
and the <CODE>/</CODE> following <VAR>pattern</VAR> may be omitted.
+If the <CODE>nocasematch</CODE> shell option
+(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>,
the substitution operation is applied to each positional
parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
is an array variable subscripted with <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>,
the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+<P>
+
+<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>@<VAR>operator</VAR>}</CODE>
+<DD>The expansion is either a transformation of the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>
+or information about <VAR>parameter</VAR> itself, depending on the value of
+<VAR>operator</VAR>. Each <VAR>operator</VAR> is a single letter:
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><CODE>Q</CODE>
+<DD>The expansion is a string that is the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> quoted in a
+format that can be reused as input.
+<DT><CODE>E</CODE>
+<DD>The expansion is a string that is the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> with backslash
+escape sequences expanded as with the <CODE>$'<small>...</small>'</CODE> quoting mechansim.
+<DT><CODE>P</CODE>
+<DD>The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of
+<VAR>parameter</VAR> as if it were a prompt string (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>).
+<DT><CODE>A</CODE>
+<DD>The expansion is a string in the form of a <CODE>declare</CODE> command that, if
+evaluated, will recreate <VAR>parameter</VAR> with its attributes and value.
+<DT><CODE>a</CODE>
+<DD>The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing
+<VAR>parameter</VAR>'s attributes.
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>,
+the operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If <VAR>parameter</VAR>
+is an array variable subscripted with <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>,
+the operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+</P><P>
+
+The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname
+expansion as described below.
</DL>
<P>
shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a
pattern. If <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>
is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in
-<CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> is removed from the list of matches. The filenames
+<CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> is removed from the list of matches.
+If the <CODE>nocaseglob</CODE> option is set, the matching against the patterns in
+<CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> is performed without regard to case.
+The filenames
<TT>`.'</TT> and <TT>`..'</TT>
are always ignored when <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>
is set and not null.
current source until a line containing only <VAR>word</VAR>
(with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of
the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
-input for a command.
+input (or file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR> if <VAR>n</VAR> is specified) for a command.
<P>
The format of here-documents is:
-<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><<[-]<VAR>word</VAR>
+<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]<<[-]<VAR>word</VAR>
<VAR>here-document</VAR>
<VAR>delimiter</VAR>
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
<H3> 3.6.7 Here Strings </H3>
<!--docid::SEC47::-->
A variant of here documents, the format is:
-<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><<< <VAR>word</VAR>
+<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]<<< <VAR>word</VAR>
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
The <VAR>word</VAR> undergoes
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its
-standard input.
+standard input (or file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR> if <VAR>n</VAR> is specified).
</P><P>
<HR SIZE="6">
The <VAR>option</VAR> can be any of the options accepted by <CODE>declare</CODE>.
<CODE>local</CODE> can only be used within a function; it makes the variable
<VAR>name</VAR> have a visible scope restricted to that function and its
-children. The return status is zero unless <CODE>local</CODE> is used outside
+children.
+If <VAR>name</VAR> is <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, the set of shell options is made local to the
+function in which <CODE>local</CODE> is invoked: shell options changed using
+the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin inside the function are restored to their original
+values when the function returns.
+The return status is zero unless <CODE>local</CODE> is used outside
a function, an invalid <VAR>name</VAR> is supplied, or <VAR>name</VAR> is a
readonly variable.
</P><P>
<DT><CODE>-n <VAR>nchars</VAR></CODE>
<DD><CODE>read</CODE> returns after reading <VAR>nchars</VAR> characters rather than
-waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer
+waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer
than <VAR>nchars</VAR> characters are read before the delimiter.
<P>
<DT><CODE>ulimit</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX117"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>ulimit [-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST] [<VAR>limit</VAR>]
+<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [<VAR>limit</VAR>]
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
<CODE>ulimit</CODE> provides control over the resources available to processes
<DD>The maximum number of pending signals.
<P>
+<DT><CODE>-k</CODE>
+<DD>The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+<P>
+
<DT><CODE>-l</CODE>
<DD>The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
<P>
<DD>The maximum number of file locks.
<P>
+<DT><CODE>-P</CODE>
+<DD>The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
+<P>
+
<DT><CODE>-T</CODE>
<DD>The maximum number of threads.
</DL>
both the hard and soft limits are set.
If no option is given, then <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte
increments, except for <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP>, which is in seconds; <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP>,
-which is in units of 512-byte blocks; and <SAMP>`-T'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-b'</SAMP>,
-<SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>, which are unscaled values.
+which is in units of 512-byte blocks; and <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-T'</SAMP>,
+<SAMP>`-b'</SAMP>,
+<SAMP>`-k'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>, which are unscaled values.
</P><P>
The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>-a</CODE>
-<DD>Mark variables and function which are modified or created for export
-to the environment of subsequent commands.
+<DD>Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the
+export attribute and marked for export to the environment of
+subsequent commands.
<P>
<DT><CODE>-b</CODE>
<DT><CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
<DD>If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when
performing matching while executing <CODE>case</CODE> or <CODE>[[</CODE>
-conditional commands.
+conditional commands,
+when performing pattern substitution word expansions,
+or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
<P>
<DT><CODE>nullglob</CODE>
base, and <VAR>n</VAR> is a number in that base.
If <VAR>base</VAR><CODE>#</CODE> is omitted, then base 10 is used.
When specifying <VAR>n</VAR>,
-he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
+the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
the uppercase letters, <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`_'</SAMP>, in that order.
If <VAR>base</VAR> is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
<CODE>${<VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]}</CODE>.
If <VAR>subscript</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or
<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
-Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
-referencing with a subscript of 0.
If the <VAR>subscript</VAR>
used to reference an element of an indexed array
evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
and an index of -1 refers to the last element.
</P><P>
+Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing with a subscript of 0.
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and
+<CODE>bash</CODE> will create an array if necessary.
+</P><P>
+
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
value. The null string is a valid value.
</P><P>
is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
-<DT><CODE>colored-stats</CODE>
+<DT><CODE>colored-completion-prefix</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX335"></A>
+If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, when listing completions, Readline displays the
+common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the <CODE>LS_COLORS</CODE>
+environment variable.
+The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
+<P>
+
+<DT><CODE>colored-stats</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX336"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline displays possible completions using different
colors to indicate their file type.
The color definitions are taken from the value of the <CODE>LS_COLORS</CODE>
<P>
<DT><CODE>comment-begin</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX336"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX337"></A>
The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
<CODE>insert-comment</CODE> command is executed. The default value
is <CODE>"#"</CODE>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>completion-display-width</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX337"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX338"></A>
The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
when performing completion.
The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
<P>
<DT><CODE>completion-ignore-case</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX338"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX339"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline performs filename matching and completion
in a case-insensitive fashion.
The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>completion-map-case</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX339"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX340"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, and <VAR>completion-ignore-case</VAR> is enabled, Readline
treats hyphens (<SAMP>`-'</SAMP>) and underscores (<SAMP>`_'</SAMP>) as equivalent when
performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
<P>
<DT><CODE>completion-prefix-display-length</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX340"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX341"></A>
The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a
value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
<P>
<DT><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX341"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX342"></A>
The number of possible completions that determines when the user is
asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
If the number of possible completions is greater than this value,
<P>
<DT><CODE>convert-meta</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX342"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX343"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will convert characters with the
eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth
bit and prefixing an <KBD>ESC</KBD> character, converting them to a
<P>
<DT><CODE>disable-completion</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX343"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX344"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`On'</SAMP>, Readline will inhibit word completion.
Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had
been mapped to <CODE>self-insert</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>editing-mode</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX344"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX345"></A>
The <CODE>editing-mode</CODE> variable controls which default set of
key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing
mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be
set to either <SAMP>`emacs'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`vi'</SAMP>.
<P>
+<DT><CODE>emacs-mode-string</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX346"></A>
+This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the <SAMP>`\1'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`\2'</SAMP> escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+The default is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>.
+<P>
+
<DT><CODE>echo-control-characters</CODE>
-<DD>When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
+<DD><A NAME="IDX347"></A>
+When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
keyboard. The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>.
<P>
+<DT><CODE>enable-bracketed-paste</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX348"></A>
+When set to <SAMP>`On'</SAMP>, Readline will configure the terminal in a way
+that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a
+single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if
+it had been read from the keyboard. This can prevent pasted characters
+from being interpreted as editing commands. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
+<P>
+
<DT><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX345"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX349"></A>
When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will try to enable the application
keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
arrow keys. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX346"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX350"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
attempts word completion. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>history-preserve-point</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX347"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX351"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, the history code attempts to place the point (the
current cursor position) at the
same location on each history line retrieved with <CODE>previous-history</CODE>
<P>
<DT><CODE>history-size</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX348"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX352"></A>
Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
are saved.
<P>
<DT><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX349"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX353"></A>
This variable can be set to either <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. Setting it
to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll
horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width
<P>
<DT><CODE>input-meta</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX350"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX351"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX354"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX355"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it
will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
<P>
<DT><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX352"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX356"></A>
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without
subsequently executing the character as a command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A>).
If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <KBD>ESC</KBD> and
<P>
<DT><CODE>keymap</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX353"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX357"></A>
Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding commands.
Acceptable <CODE>keymap</CODE> names are
<CODE>emacs</CODE>,
<P>
<DT><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX354"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX358"></A>
This variable, when set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, causes Readline to display an
asterisk (<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
This variable is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP> by default.
<P>
<DT><CODE>mark-symlinked-directories</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX355"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX359"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, completed names which are symbolic links
to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
<CODE>mark-directories</CODE>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>match-hidden-files</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX356"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX360"></A>
This variable, when set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, causes Readline to match files whose
names begin with a <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> (hidden files) when performing filename
completion.
<P>
<DT><CODE>menu-complete-display-prefix</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX357"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX361"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
the list. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>output-meta</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX358"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX362"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will display characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>page-completions</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX359"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX363"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline uses an internal <CODE>more</CODE>-like pager
to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
This variable is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by default.
<P>
<DT><CODE>revert-all-at-newline</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX360"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX364"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will undo all changes to history lines
before returning when <CODE>accept-line</CODE> is executed. By default,
history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
<P>
<DT><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX361"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX365"></A>
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If
set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>,
words which have more than one possible completion cause the
<P>
<DT><CODE>show-all-if-unmodified</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX362"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX366"></A>
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
a fashion similar to <VAR>show-all-if-ambiguous</VAR>.
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>,
<P>
<DT><CODE>show-mode-in-prompt</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX363"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX367"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, add a character to the beginning of the prompt
-indicating the editing mode: emacs (<SAMP>`@'</SAMP>), vi command (<SAMP>`:'</SAMP>),
-or vi insertion (<SAMP>`+'</SAMP>).
+indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
+The mode strings are user-settable.
The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>skip-completed-text</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX364"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX368"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, this alters the default completion behavior when
inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline
The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
+<DT><CODE>vi-cmd-mode-string</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX369"></A>
+This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the <SAMP>`\1'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`\2'</SAMP> escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+The default is <SAMP>`(cmd)'</SAMP>.
+<P>
+
+<DT><CODE>vi-ins-mode-string</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX370"></A>
+This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the <SAMP>`\1'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`\2'</SAMP> escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+The default is <SAMP>`(ins)'</SAMP>.
+<P>
+
<DT><CODE>visible-stats</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX365"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX371"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, a character denoting a file's type
is appended to the filename when listing possible
completions. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<H3> 8.4.1 Commands For Moving </H3>
<!--docid::SEC109::-->
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX366"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX372"></A>
<DT><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX367"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX373"></A>
Move to the start of the current line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX368"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX374"></A>
<DT><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX369"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX375"></A>
Move to the end of the line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX370"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX376"></A>
<DT><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX371"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX377"></A>
Move forward a character.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX372"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX378"></A>
<DT><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX373"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX379"></A>
Move back a character.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX374"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX380"></A>
<DT><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX375"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX381"></A>
Move forward to the end of the next word.
Words are composed of letters and digits.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX376"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX382"></A>
<DT><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX377"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX383"></A>
Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
Words are composed of letters and digits.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX378"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX384"></A>
<DT><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX379"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX385"></A>
Move forward to the end of the next word.
Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX380"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX386"></A>
<DT><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX381"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX387"></A>
Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX382"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX388"></A>
<DT><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX383"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX389"></A>
Clear the screen and redraw the current line,
leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX384"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX390"></A>
<DT><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX385"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX391"></A>
Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.
<P>
<P>
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX386"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX392"></A>
<DT><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX387"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX393"></A>
Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
If this line is
non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of
to its original state.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX388"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX394"></A>
<DT><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX389"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX395"></A>
Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous command.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX390"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX396"></A>
<DT><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX391"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX397"></A>
Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX392"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX398"></A>
<DT><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-<)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX393"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX399"></A>
Move to the first line in the history.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX394"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX400"></A>
<DT><CODE>end-of-history (M->)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX395"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX401"></A>
Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX396"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX402"></A>
<DT><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX397"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX403"></A>
Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through
the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX398"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX404"></A>
<DT><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX399"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX405"></A>
Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through
the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX400"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX406"></A>
<DT><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX401"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX407"></A>
Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
for a string supplied by the user.
The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX402"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX408"></A>
<DT><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX403"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX409"></A>
Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
for a string supplied by the user.
The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX404"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX410"></A>
<DT><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX405"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX411"></A>
Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point.
The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX406"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX412"></A>
<DT><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX407"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX413"></A>
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point.
The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX408"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX414"></A>
<DT><CODE>history-substr-search-forward ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX409"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX415"></A>
Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point.
The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX410"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX416"></A>
<DT><CODE>history-substr-search-backward ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX411"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX417"></A>
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point.
The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX412"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX418"></A>
<DT><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX413"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX419"></A>
Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
the second word on the previous line) at point.
With an argument <VAR>n</VAR>,
as if the <SAMP>`!<VAR>n</VAR>'</SAMP> history expansion had been specified.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX414"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX420"></A>
<DT><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX415"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX421"></A>
Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
previous history entry).
With a numeric argument, behave exactly like <CODE>yank-nth-arg</CODE>.
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX416"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX422"></A>
<DT><CODE><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX417"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX423"></A>
The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
<CODE>stty</CODE>. If this character is read when there are no characters
on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX418"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX424"></A>
<DT><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX419"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX425"></A>
Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the
same character as the tty EOF character, as <KBD>C-d</KBD>
commonly is, see above for the effects.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX420"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX426"></A>
<DT><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX421"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX427"></A>
Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means
to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX422"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX428"></A>
<DT><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX423"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX429"></A>
Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX424"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX430"></A>
<DT><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX425"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX431"></A>
Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is
how to insert key sequences like <KBD>C-q</KBD>, for example.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX426"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX432"></A>
<DT><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX427"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX433"></A>
Insert yourself.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX428"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX434"></A>
+<DT><CODE>bracketed-paste-begin ()</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX435"></A>
+This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste" escape
+sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default.
+It allows Readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating
+each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. The characters
+are inserted as if each one was bound to <CODE>self-insert</CODE>) instead of
+executing any editing commands.
+<P>
+
+<A NAME="IDX436"></A>
<DT><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX429"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX437"></A>
Drag the character before the cursor forward over
the character at the cursor, moving the
cursor forward as well. If the insertion point
Negative arguments have no effect.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX430"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX438"></A>
<DT><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX431"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX439"></A>
Drag the word before point past the word after point,
moving point past that word as well.
If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes
the last two words on the line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX432"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX440"></A>
<DT><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX433"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX441"></A>
Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX434"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX442"></A>
<DT><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX435"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX443"></A>
Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX436"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX444"></A>
<DT><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX437"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX445"></A>
Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX438"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX446"></A>
<DT><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX439"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX447"></A>
Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument,
switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric
argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX440"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX448"></A>
<DT><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX441"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX449"></A>
Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX442"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX450"></A>
<DT><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX443"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX451"></A>
Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX444"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX452"></A>
<DT><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX445"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX453"></A>
Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX446"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX454"></A>
<DT><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX447"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX455"></A>
Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
By default, this is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX448"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX456"></A>
<DT><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX449"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX457"></A>
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word.
Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>forward-word</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX450"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX458"></A>
<DT><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX451"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX459"></A>
Kill the word behind point.
Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>backward-word</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX452"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX460"></A>
<DT><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX453"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX461"></A>
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word.
Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>shell-forward-word</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX454"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX462"></A>
<DT><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX455"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX463"></A>
Kill the word behind point.
Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>shell-backward-word</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX456"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX464"></A>
<DT><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX457"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX465"></A>
Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX458"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX466"></A>
<DT><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX459"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX467"></A>
Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
as the word boundaries.
The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX460"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX468"></A>
<DT><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX461"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX469"></A>
Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX462"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX470"></A>
<DT><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX463"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX471"></A>
Kill the text in the current region.
By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX464"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX472"></A>
<DT><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX465"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX473"></A>
Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
right away. By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX466"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX474"></A>
<DT><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX467"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX475"></A>
Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
The word boundaries are the same as <CODE>backward-word</CODE>.
By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX468"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX476"></A>
<DT><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX469"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX477"></A>
Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.
The word boundaries are the same as <CODE>forward-word</CODE>.
By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX470"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX478"></A>
<DT><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX471"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX479"></A>
Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX472"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX480"></A>
<DT><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX473"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX481"></A>
Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if
the prior command is <CODE>yank</CODE> or <CODE>yank-pop</CODE>.
</DL>
<!--docid::SEC113::-->
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX474"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX482"></A>
<DT><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX475"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX483"></A>
Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
argument. <KBD>M--</KBD> starts a negative argument.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX476"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX484"></A>
<DT><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX477"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX485"></A>
This is another way to specify an argument.
If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a
leading minus sign, those digits define the argument.
If the command is followed by digits, executing <CODE>universal-argument</CODE>
again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
-character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count
+character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count
for the next command is multiplied by four.
The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
<P>
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX478"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX486"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX479"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX487"></A>
Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
The actual completion performed is application-specific.
Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX480"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX488"></A>
<DT><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX481"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX489"></A>
List the possible completions of the text before point.
When displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used
for display to the value of <CODE>completion-display-width</CODE>, the value of
the environment variable <CODE>COLUMNS</CODE>, or the screen width, in that order.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX482"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX490"></A>
<DT><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX483"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX491"></A>
Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
been generated by <CODE>possible-completions</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX484"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX492"></A>
<DT><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX485"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX493"></A>
Similar to <CODE>complete</CODE>, but replaces the word to be completed
with a single match from the list of possible completions.
Repeated execution of <CODE>menu-complete</CODE> steps through the list
by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX486"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX494"></A>
<DT><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX487"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX495"></A>
Identical to <CODE>menu-complete</CODE>, but moves backward through the list
of possible completions, as if <CODE>menu-complete</CODE> had been given a
negative argument.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX488"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX496"></A>
<DT><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX489"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX497"></A>
Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
end of the line (like <CODE>delete-char</CODE>).
If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX490"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX498"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX491"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX499"></A>
Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX492"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX500"></A>
<DT><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX493"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX501"></A>
List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a filename.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX494"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX502"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX495"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX503"></A>
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a username.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX496"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX504"></A>
<DT><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX497"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX505"></A>
List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a username.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX498"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX506"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX499"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX507"></A>
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a shell variable.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX500"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX508"></A>
<DT><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX501"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX509"></A>
List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a shell variable.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX502"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX510"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX503"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX511"></A>
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a hostname.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX504"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX512"></A>
<DT><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX505"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX513"></A>
List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a hostname.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX506"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX514"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX507"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX515"></A>
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a command name. Command completion attempts to
match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
in that order.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX508"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX516"></A>
<DT><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX509"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX517"></A>
List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a command name.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX510"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX518"></A>
<DT><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX511"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX519"></A>
Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
the text against lines from the history list for possible
completion matches.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX512"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX520"></A>
<DT><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX513"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX521"></A>
Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing
the text against lines from the history list for possible
completion matches.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX514"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX522"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX515"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX523"></A>
Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions
enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell
(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>).
<!--docid::SEC115::-->
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX516"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX524"></A>
<DT><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX517"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX525"></A>
Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX518"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX526"></A>
<DT><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX519"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX527"></A>
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and save the definition.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX520"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX528"></A>
<DT><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX521"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX529"></A>
Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX522"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX530"></A>
<DT><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX523"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX531"></A>
Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
<VAR>inputrc</VAR> file.
<P>
<!--docid::SEC116::-->
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX524"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX532"></A>
<DT><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX525"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX533"></A>
Read in the contents of the <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file, and incorporate
any bindings or variable assignments found there.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX526"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX534"></A>
<DT><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX527"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX535"></A>
Abort the current editing command and
ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of
<CODE>bell-style</CODE>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX528"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX536"></A>
<DT><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX529"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX537"></A>
If the metafied character <VAR>x</VAR> is lowercase, run the command
that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX530"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX538"></A>
<DT><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX531"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX539"></A>
Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards
without a meta key. Typing <SAMP>`<KBD>ESC</KBD> f'</SAMP> is equivalent to typing
<KBD>M-f</KBD>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX532"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX540"></A>
<DT><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX533"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX541"></A>
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX534"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX542"></A>
<DT><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX535"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX543"></A>
Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the <CODE>undo</CODE>
command enough times to get back to the beginning.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX536"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX544"></A>
<DT><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX537"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX545"></A>
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX538"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX546"></A>
<DT><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX539"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX547"></A>
Set the mark to the point. If a
numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX540"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX548"></A>
<DT><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX541"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX549"></A>
Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to
the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX542"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX550"></A>
<DT><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX543"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX551"></A>
A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX544"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX552"></A>
<DT><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX545"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX553"></A>
A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent
occurrences.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX546"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX554"></A>
<DT><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX547"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX555"></A>
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a
Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is
but usually bound to ESC-[.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX548"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX556"></A>
<DT><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX549"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX557"></A>
Without a numeric argument, the value of the <CODE>comment-begin</CODE>
variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
will be executed by the shell.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX550"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX558"></A>
<DT><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX551"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX559"></A>
Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX552"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX560"></A>
<DT><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX553"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX561"></A>
Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX554"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX562"></A>
<DT><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX555"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX563"></A>
Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX556"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX564"></A>
<DT><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX557"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX565"></A>
The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to
generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX558"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX566"></A>
<DT><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX559"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX567"></A>
The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word.
If a numeric argument is supplied, a <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is appended before
pathname expansion.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX560"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX568"></A>
<DT><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX561"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX569"></A>
The list of expansions that would have been generated by
<CODE>glob-expand-word</CODE> is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
If a numeric argument is supplied, a <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is appended before
pathname expansion.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX562"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX570"></A>
<DT><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX563"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX571"></A>
Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX564"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX572"></A>
<DT><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX565"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX573"></A>
Expand the line as the shell does.
This performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell
word expansions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX566"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX574"></A>
<DT><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX567"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX575"></A>
Perform history expansion on the current line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX568"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX576"></A>
<DT><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX569"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX577"></A>
Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space
(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX570"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX578"></A>
<DT><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX571"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX579"></A>
Perform alias expansion on the current line (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX572"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX580"></A>
<DT><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX573"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX581"></A>
Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX574"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX582"></A>
<DT><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX575"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX583"></A>
A synonym for <CODE>yank-last-arg</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX576"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX584"></A>
<DT><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX577"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX585"></A>
Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any
argument is ignored.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX578"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX586"></A>
<DT><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX579"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX587"></A>
Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell
commands.
Bash attempts to invoke
Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
A leading <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> negates the pattern; in this case any completion
not matching the pattern will be removed.
+If the <CODE>nocasematch</CODE> shell option
+(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
</P><P>
Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>compgen</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX580"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX588"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>compgen [<VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>word</VAR>]</CODE>
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
</P><P>
<DT><CODE>complete</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX581"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX589"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o <VAR>comp-option</VAR>] [-DE] [-A <VAR>action</VAR>] [-G <VAR>globpat</VAR>] [-W <VAR>wordlist</VAR>]
[-F <VAR>function</VAR>] [-C <VAR>command</VAR>] [-X <VAR>filterpat</VAR>]
[-P <VAR>prefix</VAR>] [-S <VAR>suffix</VAR>] <VAR>name</VAR> [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>]</CODE>
(quoting filenames is the default).
<P>
+<DT><CODE>nosort</CODE>
+<DD>Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically.
+<P>
+
<DT><CODE>nospace</CODE>
<DD>Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
the end of the line.
</P><P>
<DT><CODE>compopt</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX582"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX590"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>compopt</CODE> [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-DE] [+o <VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>name</VAR>]
</pre></td></tr></table>Modify completion options for each <VAR>name</VAR> according to the
<VAR>option</VAR>s, or for the currently-executing completion if no <VAR>name</VAR>s
in the <TT>`examples/complete'</TT> subdirectory.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX583"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX591"></A>
</P><P>
<A NAME="Using History Interactively"></A>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>fc</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX584"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX592"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>fc [-e <VAR>ename</VAR>] [-lnr] [<VAR>first</VAR>] [<VAR>last</VAR>]</CODE>
<CODE>fc -s [<VAR>pat</VAR>=<VAR>rep</VAR>] [<VAR>command</VAR>]</CODE>
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
</P><P>
<DT><CODE>history</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX585"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX593"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>history [<VAR>n</VAR>]
history -c
history -d <VAR>offset</VAR>
history list.
Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
position in the history list.
-<A NAME="IDX586"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX594"></A>
</P><P>
<DL COMPACT>
above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A> to be enabled.
<P>
+<DT><CODE>--enable-function-import</CODE>
+<DD>Include support for importing function definitions exported by another
+instance of the shell from the environment. This option is enabled by
+default.
+<P>
+
<DT><CODE>--enable-glob-asciirange-default</CODE>
<DD>Set the default value of the <VAR>globasciiranges</VAR> shell option described
above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A> to be enabled.
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX101"><CODE>caller</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX80"><CODE>cd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX102"><CODE>command</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX58
0"><CODE>compgen</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX58
1"><CODE>complete</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
82"><CODE>compopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX58
8"><CODE>compgen</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX58
9"><CODE>complete</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
90"><CODE>compopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX81"><CODE>continue</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX85"><CODE>export</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
84"><CODE>fc</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
92"><CODE>fc</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX319"><CODE>fg</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX87"><CODE>hash</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX106"><CODE>help</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
85"><CODE>history</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
93"><CODE>history</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_J"></A>J</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX320"><CODE>jobs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX122"><CODE>CDPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX177"><CODE>CHILD_MAX</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX178"><CODE>CHILD_MAX</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX335"><CODE>colored-stats</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX335"><CODE>colored-completion-prefix</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX336"><CODE>colored-stats</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX179"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX180"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX33
6"><CODE>comment-begin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX33
7"><CODE>comment-begin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX181"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX182"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX189"><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX192"><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX193"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX194"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX33
7"><CODE>completion-display-width</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX33
8"><CODE>completion-ignore-case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
39"><CODE>completion-map-case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX34
0"><CODE>completion-prefix-display-length</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX34
1"><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX33
8"><CODE>completion-display-width</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX33
9"><CODE>completion-ignore-case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
40"><CODE>completion-map-case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX34
1"><CODE>completion-prefix-display-length</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX34
2"><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX195"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX196"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX34
2"><CODE>convert-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX34
3"><CODE>convert-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX197"><CODE>COPROC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX198"><CODE>COPROC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX199"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX200"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX34
3"><CODE>disable-completion</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX34
4"><CODE>disable-completion</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX344"><CODE>editing-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX347"><CODE>echo-control-characters</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX345"><CODE>editing-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX201"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX202"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX345"><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX346"><CODE>emacs-mode-string</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX348"><CODE>enable-bracketed-paste</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX349"><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX203"><CODE>ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX204"><CODE>ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX205"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX206"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
46"><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
50"><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX207"><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX228"><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX229"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX230"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
47"><CODE>history-preserve-point</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
48"><CODE>history-size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
51"><CODE>history-preserve-point</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
52"><CODE>history-size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX231"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX232"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX233"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX234"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX123"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX124"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
49"><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
53"><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX235"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX236"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX237"><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX126"><CODE>IFS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX241"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX242"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35
0"><CODE>input-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35
4"><CODE>input-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX243"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX244"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35
2"><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35
6"><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35
3"><CODE>keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35
7"><CODE>keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX245"><CODE>LANG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX130"><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX265"><CODE>MAPFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX266"><CODE>MAPFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35
4"><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35
5"><CODE>mark-symlinked-directories</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
56"><CODE>match-hidden-files</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
57"><CODE>menu-complete-display-prefix</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35
1"><CODE>meta-flag</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35
8"><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35
9"><CODE>mark-symlinked-directories</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
60"><CODE>match-hidden-files</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
61"><CODE>menu-complete-display-prefix</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35
5"><CODE>meta-flag</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX267"><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX134"><CODE>OPTIND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX271"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX272"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
58"><CODE>output-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
62"><CODE>output-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
59"><CODE>page-completions</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
63"><CODE>page-completions</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX135"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX136"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX273"><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX294"><CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX295"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX296"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX36
0"><CODE>revert-all-at-newline</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX36
4"><CODE>revert-all-at-newline</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX297"><CODE>SECONDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX302"><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX303"><CODE>SHLVL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX304"><CODE>SHLVL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX36
1"><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX36
2"><CODE>show-all-if-unmodified</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX36
3"><CODE>show-mode-in-prompt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX36
4"><CODE>skip-completed-text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX36
5"><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX36
6"><CODE>show-all-if-unmodified</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX36
7"><CODE>show-mode-in-prompt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX36
8"><CODE>skip-completed-text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX22"><CODE>TEXTDOMAIN</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX312"><CODE>UID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_V"></A>V</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX365"><CODE>visible-stats</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX369"><CODE>vi-cmd-mode-string</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX370"><CODE>vi-ins-mode-string</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX371"><CODE>visible-stats</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#vr_!" style="text-decoration:none"><b>!</b></A>
<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
26"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
27"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
86"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
87"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX57
0"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX57
1"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
34"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
35"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
92"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
93"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX57
8"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX57
9"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX372"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX373"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX420"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX421"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX442"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX443"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX450"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX451"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX376"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX377"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX392"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX393"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX366"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX367"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX378"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX379"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX426"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX427"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX450"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX451"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX458"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX459"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX382"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX383"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX398"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX399"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX372"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX373"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX434"><CODE>bracketed-paste-begin ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX435"><CODE>bracketed-paste-begin ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX52
0"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX52
1"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
36"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
37"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
42"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
43"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
44"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
45"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX38
2"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX38
3"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
78"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
79"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
06"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
07"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX49
0"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX49
1"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
02"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
03"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
14"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
15"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
494"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
495"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
498"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
499"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
66"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
67"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
68"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
69"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
64"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
65"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX52
8"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX52
9"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
44"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
45"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
50"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
51"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
52"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
53"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX38
8"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX38
9"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
86"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
87"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
14"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
15"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX49
8"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX49
9"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
10"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
11"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
22"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
23"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
502"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
503"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
506"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
507"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
74"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
75"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
76"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
77"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
72"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
73"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
12"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
13"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
18"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
19"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
88"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
89"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX46
0"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX46
1"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
74"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
75"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
62"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
63"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
28"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
29"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
34"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
35"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX55
0"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX55
1"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
54"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
55"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
52"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
53"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX51
0"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX51
1"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
20"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
21"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
24"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
25"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
96"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
97"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX46
8"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX46
9"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
82"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
83"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
70"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
71"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
36"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
37"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
42"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
43"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX55
8"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX55
9"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
62"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
63"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
60"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
61"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX51
8"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX51
9"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
78"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
79"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
18"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
19"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
16"><CODE><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
17"><CODE><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
394"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
395"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
68"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
69"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX54
0"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX54
1"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
86"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
87"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
26"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
27"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
22"><CODE><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
23"><CODE><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
400"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
401"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
74"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
75"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX54
8"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX54
9"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX42
2"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX42
3"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX37
0"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX37
1"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
398"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
399"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
74"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
75"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX42
8"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX42
9"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX37
6"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX37
7"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
404"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
405"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
80"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
81"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
56"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
57"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
58"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
59"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX56
0"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX56
1"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
64"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
65"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
66"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
67"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX56
8"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX56
9"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
72"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
73"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
66"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
67"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
06"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
07"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
04"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
05"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX41
0"><CODE>history-substr-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX41
1"><CODE>history-substr-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
08"><CODE>history-substr-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
09"><CODE>history-substr-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
80"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
81"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
74"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
75"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
12"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
13"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
10"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
11"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX41
6"><CODE>history-substr-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX41
7"><CODE>history-substr-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
14"><CODE>history-substr-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
15"><CODE>history-substr-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
48"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
49"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
82"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
83"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
74"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
75"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
56"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
57"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
90"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
91"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
82"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
83"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX44
0"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX44
1"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
62"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
63"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
46"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
47"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
48"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
49"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX44
8"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX44
9"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
70"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
71"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
54"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
55"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
56"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
57"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
68"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
69"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
84"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
85"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
86"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
87"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
76"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
77"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
92"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
93"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
94"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
95"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_N"></A>N</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX39
0"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX39
1"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX40
2"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX40
3"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX40
0"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX40
1"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX39
6"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX39
7"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX40
8"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX40
9"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX40
6"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX40
7"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
76"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
77"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
38"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
39"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
84"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
85"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
46"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
47"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
08"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
09"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX48
0"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX48
1"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
492"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
493"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
04"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
05"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
496"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
497"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX50
0"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX50
1"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX53
0"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX53
1"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
88"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
89"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
22"><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
23"><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
16"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
17"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX48
8"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX48
9"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
500"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
501"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
12"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
13"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
504"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
505"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX50
8"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX50
9"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX53
8"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX53
9"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
94"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
95"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
30"><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
31"><CODE>print-last-kbd-macro ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_Q"></A>Q</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
24"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
25"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
30"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
31"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
24"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
25"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
84"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
85"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
396"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
397"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
34"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
35"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
32"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
33"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
90"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
91"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
402"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX
403"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
42"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
43"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
26"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
27"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
38"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
39"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
54"><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
55"><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX38
0"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX38
1"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
64"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
65"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
78"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
79"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
52"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
53"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
46"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
47"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
16"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
17"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
32"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
33"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
46"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
47"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
62"><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
63"><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX38
6"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX38
7"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
72"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
73"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
84"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3
85"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
60"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
61"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
54"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
55"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
24"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
25"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
36"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
37"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
28"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
29"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX43
0"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX43
1"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
44"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
45"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
36"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
37"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX43
8"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX43
9"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
32"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
33"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
76"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
77"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
58"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
59"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
44"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
45"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
56"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
57"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
32"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
33"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
40"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
41"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
84"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
85"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
66"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
67"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
52"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
53"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
64"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
65"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
40"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
41"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_Y"></A>Y</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX47
0"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX47
1"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
14"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
15"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX41
2"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX41
3"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
72"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
73"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX47
8"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX47
9"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
20"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
21"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX41
8"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX41
9"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
80"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4
81"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#fn_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">history builtins</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
86">history events</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
94">history events</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">history expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3 History Expansion</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">history list</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
83">History, how to use</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5
91">History, how to use</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX11">identifier</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1>About this document</H1>
-This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>September, 15 2014</I>
+This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>February, 23 2015</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
<P></P>
<BR>
<FONT SIZE="-1">
This document was generated
-by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>September, 15 2014</I>
+by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>February, 23 2015</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
-This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from
-/usr/homes/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi.
+This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 5.2 from
+bashref.texi.
-This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 4.3, 6 September 2014).
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
+Bash shell (version 4.4, 19 January 2015).
- This is Edition 4.3, last updated 6 September 2014, of `The GNU Bash
-Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.3.
+ This is Edition 4.4, last updated 19 January 2015, of 'The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 4.4.
Copyright (C) 1988-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
-
INFO-DIR-SECTION Basics
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Bash: (bash). The GNU Bourne-Again SHell.
Bash Features
*************
-This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 4.3, 6 September 2014). The Bash home page is
-`http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/'.
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
+Bash shell (version 4.4, 19 January 2015). The Bash home page is
+<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
- This is Edition 4.3, last updated 6 September 2014, of `The GNU Bash
-Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.3.
+ This is Edition 4.4, last updated 19 January 2015, of 'The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 4.4.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has
-borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (`sh'), the Korn Shell
-(`ksh'), and the C-shell (`csh' and its successor, `tcsh'). The
+borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell ('sh'), the Korn Shell
+('ksh'), and the C-shell ('csh' and its successor, 'tcsh'). The
following menu breaks the features up into categories, noting which
features were inspired by other shells and which are specific to Bash.
* Indexes:: Various indexes for this manual.
\1f
-File: bashref.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Definitions, Prev: Top, Up: Top
+File: bashref.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Definitions, Up: Top
1 Introduction
**************
=================
Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, for the GNU
-operating system. The name is an acronym for the `Bourne-Again SHell',
+operating system. The name is an acronym for the 'Bourne-Again SHell',
a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of the
-current Unix shell `sh', which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell
-Labs Research version of Unix.
+current Unix shell 'sh', which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs
+Research version of Unix.
- Bash is largely compatible with `sh' and incorporates useful
-features from the Korn shell `ksh' and the C shell `csh'. It is
-intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and
-Tools portion of the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1).
-It offers functional improvements over `sh' for both interactive and
-programming use.
+ Bash is largely compatible with 'sh' and incorporates useful features
+from the Korn shell 'ksh' and the C shell 'csh'. It is intended to be a
+conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools portion of
+the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). It offers
+functional improvements over 'sh' for both interactive and programming
+use.
While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including a
-version of `csh', Bash is the default shell. Like other GNU software,
+version of 'csh', Bash is the default shell. Like other GNU software,
Bash is quite portable. It currently runs on nearly every version of
Unix and a few other operating systems - independently-supported ports
exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms.
1.2 What is a shell?
====================
-At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes
-commands. The term macro processor means functionality where text and
-symbols are expanded to create larger expressions.
+At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes commands.
+The term macro processor means functionality where text and symbols are
+expanded to create larger expressions.
A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
features allow these utilities to be combined. Files containing
commands can be created, and become commands themselves. These new
commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as
-`/bin', allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to
+'/bin', allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to
automate their common tasks.
Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In
Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands ("builtins")
implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via
-separate utilities. For example, `cd', `break', `continue', and `exec'
+separate utilities. For example, 'cd', 'break', 'continue', and 'exec'
cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly
-manipulate the shell itself. The `history', `getopts', `kill', or `pwd'
+manipulate the shell itself. The 'history', 'getopts', 'kill', or 'pwd'
builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, but
they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. All of the shell
builtins are described in subsequent sections.
While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and
complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming languages.
-Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables, flow
-control constructs, quoting, and functions.
+Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables, flow control
+constructs, quoting, and functions.
Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather
than to augment the programming language. These interactive features
These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
-`POSIX'
- A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash is
- primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the
- POSIX 1003.1 standard.
+'POSIX'
+ A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash is primarily
+ concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the POSIX 1003.1
+ standard.
-`blank'
+'blank'
A space or tab character.
-`builtin'
+'builtin'
A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself,
rather than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
-`control operator'
- A `token' that performs a control function. It is a `newline' or
- one of the following: `||', `&&', `&', `;', `;;', `|', `|&', `(',
- or `)'.
+'control operator'
+ A 'token' that performs a control function. It is a 'newline' or
+ one of the following: '||', '&&', '&', ';', ';;', '|', '|&', '(',
+ or ')'.
-`exit status'
+'exit status'
The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is
restricted to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
-`field'
+'field'
A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions.
- After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields
- are used as the command name and arguments.
+ After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are
+ used as the command name and arguments.
-`filename'
+'filename'
A string of characters used to identify a file.
-`job'
+'job'
A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes
descended from it, that are all in the same process group.
-`job control'
+'job control'
A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and
restart (resume) execution of processes.
-`metacharacter'
+'metacharacter'
A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter
- is a `blank' or one of the following characters: `|', `&', `;',
- `(', `)', `<', or `>'.
+ is a 'blank' or one of the following characters: '|', '&', ';',
+ '(', ')', '<', or '>'.
-`name'
- A `word' consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
- and beginning with a letter or underscore. `Name's are used as
+'name'
+ A 'word' consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
+ and beginning with a letter or underscore. 'Name's are used as
shell variable and function names. Also referred to as an
- `identifier'.
+ 'identifier'.
-`operator'
- A `control operator' or a `redirection operator'. *Note
+'operator'
+ A 'control operator' or a 'redirection operator'. *Note
Redirections::, for a list of redirection operators. Operators
- contain at least one unquoted `metacharacter'.
+ contain at least one unquoted 'metacharacter'.
-`process group'
+'process group'
A collection of related processes each having the same process
group ID.
-`process group ID'
- A unique identifier that represents a `process group' during its
+'process group ID'
+ A unique identifier that represents a 'process group' during its
lifetime.
-`reserved word'
- A `word' that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved
- words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as `for' and
- `while'.
+'reserved word'
+ A 'word' that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved
+ words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as 'for' and
+ 'while'.
-`return status'
- A synonym for `exit status'.
+'return status'
+ A synonym for 'exit status'.
-`signal'
+'signal'
A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel of an
event occurring in the system.
-`special builtin'
+'special builtin'
A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
POSIX standard.
-`token'
- A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell.
- It is either a `word' or an `operator'.
+'token'
+ A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. It
+ is either a 'word' or an 'operator'.
-`word'
- A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. Words
- may not include unquoted `metacharacters'.
+'word'
+ A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. Words may
+ not include unquoted 'metacharacters'.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Basic Shell Features, Next: Shell Builtin Commands, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top
3 Basic Shell Features
**********************
-Bash is an acronym for `Bourne-Again SHell'. The Bourne shell is the
-traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. All of
-the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for
+Bash is an acronym for 'Bourne-Again SHell'. The Bourne shell is the
+traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. All of the
+Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for
evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX specification for the
-`standard' Unix shell.
+'standard' Unix shell.
- This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks':
+ This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's 'building blocks':
commands, control structures, shell functions, shell parameters, shell
expansions, redirections, which are a way to direct input and output
from and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
* Quoting:: How to remove the special meaning from characters.
* Comments:: How to specify comments.
- When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a sequence of
+When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a sequence of
operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a comment, the
-shell ignores the comment symbol (`#'), and the rest of that line.
+shell ignores the comment symbol ('#'), and the rest of that line.
- Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and divides
+ Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and divides
the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules to
select which meanings to assign various words and characters.
reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the following:
1. Reads its input from a file (*note Shell Scripts::), from a string
- supplied as an argument to the `-c' invocation option (*note
+ supplied as an argument to the '-c' invocation option (*note
Invoking Bash::), or from the user's terminal.
2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting
rules described in *note Quoting::. These tokens are separated by
- `metacharacters'. Alias expansion is performed by this step
- (*note Aliases::).
+ 'metacharacters'. Alias expansion is performed by this step (*note
+ Aliases::).
3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell
Commands::).
7. Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit
status (*note Exit Status::).
-
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Quoting, Next: Comments, Prev: Shell Operation, Up: Shell Syntax
* ANSI-C Quoting:: How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.
* Locale Translation:: How to translate strings into different languages.
- Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters
-or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special
-treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being
-recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
+Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
+words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
+for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized
+as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
Each of the shell metacharacters (*note Definitions::) has special
meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.
When the command history expansion facilities are being used (*note
-History Interaction::), the HISTORY EXPANSION character, usually `!',
+History Interaction::), the HISTORY EXPANSION character, usually '!',
must be quoted to prevent history expansion. *Note Bash History
Facilities::, for more details concerning history expansion.
3.1.2.1 Escape Character
........................
-A non-quoted backslash `\' is the Bash escape character. It preserves
-the literal value of the next character that follows, with the
-exception of `newline'. If a `\newline' pair appears, and the
-backslash itself is not quoted, the `\newline' is treated as a line
-continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and
-effectively ignored).
+A non-quoted backslash '\' is the Bash escape character. It preserves
+the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception
+of 'newline'. If a '\newline' pair appears, and the backslash itself is
+not quoted, the '\newline' is treated as a line continuation (that is,
+it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored).
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Single Quotes, Next: Double Quotes, Prev: Escape Character, Up: Quoting
3.1.2.2 Single Quotes
.....................
-Enclosing characters in single quotes (`'') preserves the literal value
+Enclosing characters in single quotes (''') preserves the literal value
of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur
between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
3.1.2.3 Double Quotes
.....................
-Enclosing characters in double quotes (`"') preserves the literal value
-of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of `$', ``',
-`\', and, when history expansion is enabled, `!'. The characters `$'
-and ``' retain their special meaning within double quotes (*note Shell
+Enclosing characters in double quotes ('"') preserves the literal value
+of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of '$', '`',
+'\', and, when history expansion is enabled, '!'. The characters '$'
+and '`' retain their special meaning within double quotes (*note Shell
Expansions::). The backslash retains its special meaning only when
-followed by one of the following characters: `$', ``', `"', `\', or
-`newline'. Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one
+followed by one of the following characters: '$', '`', '"', '\', or
+'newline'. Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one
of these characters are removed. Backslashes preceding characters
without a special meaning are left unmodified. A double quote may be
quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a backslash. If
-enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an `!' appearing in
-double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The backslash preceding
-the `!' is not removed.
+enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an '!' appearing in
+double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The backslash preceding the
+'!' is not removed.
- The special parameters `*' and `@' have special meaning when in
+ The special parameters '*' and '@' have special meaning when in
double quotes (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
\1f
3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting
......................
-Words of the form `$'STRING'' are treated specially. The word expands
+Words of the form '$'STRING'' are treated specially. The word expands
to STRING, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by
the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are
decoded as follows:
-`\a'
+'\a'
alert (bell)
-
-`\b'
+'\b'
backspace
-
-`\e'
-`\E'
+'\e'
+'\E'
an escape character (not ANSI C)
-
-`\f'
+'\f'
form feed
-
-`\n'
+'\n'
newline
-
-`\r'
+'\r'
carriage return
-
-`\t'
+'\t'
horizontal tab
-
-`\v'
+'\v'
vertical tab
-
-`\\'
+'\\'
backslash
-
-`\''
+'\''
single quote
-
-`\"'
+'\"'
double quote
-
-`\NNN'
+'\NNN'
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to
three digits)
-
-`\xHH'
+'\xHH'
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
(one or two hex digits)
-
-`\uHHHH'
+'\uHHHH'
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
-
-`\UHHHHHHHH'
+'\UHHHHHHHH'
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
-
-`\cX'
+'\cX'
a control-X character
-The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
-been present.
+The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been
+present.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Locale Translation, Prev: ANSI-C Quoting, Up: Quoting
3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation
...................................
-A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (`$') will cause the
-string to be translated according to the current locale. If the
-current locale is `C' or `POSIX', the dollar sign is ignored. If the
-string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.
+A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ('$') will cause the
+string to be translated according to the current locale. If the current
+locale is 'C' or 'POSIX', the dollar sign is ignored. If the string is
+translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.
- Some systems use the message catalog selected by the `LC_MESSAGES'
+ Some systems use the message catalog selected by the 'LC_MESSAGES'
shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the
-value of the `TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly adding a suffix of
-`.mo'. If you use the `TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may need to set the
-`TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message catalog files.
+value of the 'TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly adding a suffix of
+'.mo'. If you use the 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may need to set the
+'TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message catalog files.
Still others use both variables in this fashion:
-`TEXTDOMAINDIR'/`LC_MESSAGES'/LC_MESSAGES/`TEXTDOMAIN'.mo.
+'TEXTDOMAINDIR'/'LC_MESSAGES'/LC_MESSAGES/'TEXTDOMAIN'.mo.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Comments, Prev: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax
--------------
In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
-`interactive_comments' option to the `shopt' builtin is enabled (*note
-The Shopt Builtin::), a word beginning with `#' causes that word and
-all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive
-shell without the `interactive_comments' option enabled does not allow
-comments. The `interactive_comments' option is on by default in
+'interactive_comments' option to the 'shopt' builtin is enabled (*note
+The Shopt Builtin::), a word beginning with '#' causes that word and all
+remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell
+without the 'interactive_comments' option enabled does not allow
+comments. The 'interactive_comments' option is on by default in
interactive shells. *Note Interactive Shells::, for a description of
what makes a shell interactive.
3.2 Shell Commands
==================
-A simple shell command such as `echo a b c' consists of the command
+A simple shell command such as 'echo a b c' consists of the command
itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces.
More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged
---------------------
A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. It's
-just a sequence of words separated by `blank's, terminated by one of
-the shell's control operators (*note Definitions::). The first word
-generally specifies a command to be executed, with the rest of the
-words being that command's arguments.
+just a sequence of words separated by 'blank's, terminated by one of the
+shell's control operators (*note Definitions::). The first word
+generally specifies a command to be executed, with the rest of the words
+being that command's arguments.
The return status (*note Exit Status::) of a simple command is its
-exit status as provided by the POSIX 1003.1 `waitpid' function, or
-128+N if the command was terminated by signal N.
+exit status as provided by the POSIX 1003.1 'waitpid' function, or 128+N
+if the command was terminated by signal N.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Pipelines, Next: Lists, Prev: Simple Commands, Up: Shell Commands
3.2.2 Pipelines
---------------
-A `pipeline' is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of
-the control operators `|' or `|&'.
+A 'pipeline' is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of
+the control operators '|' or '|&'.
The format for a pipeline is
[time [-p]] [!] COMMAND1 [ | or |& COMMAND2 ] ...
The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe to
-the input of the next command. That is, each command reads the
-previous command's output. This connection is performed before any
-redirections specified by the command.
+the input of the next command. That is, each command reads the previous
+command's output. This connection is performed before any redirections
+specified by the command.
- If `|&' is used, COMMAND1's standard error, in addition to its
+ If '|&' is used, COMMAND1's standard error, in addition to its
standard output, is connected to COMMAND2's standard input through the
-pipe; it is shorthand for `2>&1 |'. This implicit redirection of the
+pipe; it is shorthand for '2>&1 |'. This implicit redirection of the
standard error to the standard output is performed after any
redirections specified by the command.
- The reserved word `time' causes timing statistics to be printed for
+ The reserved word 'time' causes timing statistics to be printed for
the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently consist of
elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the
-command's execution. The `-p' option changes the output format to that
+command's execution. The '-p' option changes the output format to that
specified by POSIX. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX
-Mode::), it does not recognize `time' as a reserved word if the next
-token begins with a `-'. The `TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a
+Mode::), it does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a '-'. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a
format string that specifies how the timing information should be
displayed. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available
-formats. The use of `time' as a reserved word permits the timing of
-shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external `time'
+formats. The use of 'time' as a reserved word permits the timing of
+shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external 'time'
command cannot time these easily.
- When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), `time'
-may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the
-total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The
-`TIMEFORMAT' variable may be used to specify the format of the time
+ When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), 'time' may
+be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the total
+user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The
+'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be used to specify the format of the time
information.
If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the
Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell (*note
Command Execution Environment::). The exit status of a pipeline is the
-exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the `pipefail'
-option is enabled (*note The Set Builtin::). If `pipefail' is enabled,
+exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail'
+option is enabled (*note The Set Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled,
the pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost)
command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit
-successfully. If the reserved word `!' precedes the pipeline, the exit
+successfully. If the reserved word '!' precedes the pipeline, the exit
status is the logical negation of the exit status as described above.
The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before
returning a value.
3.2.3 Lists of Commands
-----------------------
-A `list' is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the
-operators `;', `&', `&&', or `||', and optionally terminated by one of
-`;', `&', or a `newline'.
+A 'list' is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the
+operators ';', '&', '&&', or '||', and optionally terminated by one of
+';', '&', or a 'newline'.
- Of these list operators, `&&' and `||' have equal precedence,
-followed by `;' and `&', which have equal precedence.
+ Of these list operators, '&&' and '||' have equal precedence,
+followed by ';' and '&', which have equal precedence.
- A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a `list' to delimit
+ A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a 'list' to delimit
commands, equivalent to a semicolon.
- If a command is terminated by the control operator `&', the shell
+ If a command is terminated by the control operator '&', the shell
executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is known as
executing the command in the BACKGROUND. The shell does not wait for
the command to finish, and the return status is 0 (true). When job
control is not active (*note Job Control::), the standard input for
asynchronous commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections, is
-redirected from `/dev/null'.
+redirected from '/dev/null'.
- Commands separated by a `;' are executed sequentially; the shell
+ Commands separated by a ';' are executed sequentially; the shell
waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the
exit status of the last command executed.
AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by
-the control operators `&&' and `||', respectively. AND and OR lists
-are executed with left associativity.
+the control operators '&&' and '||', respectively. AND and OR lists are
+executed with left associativity.
An AND list has the form
COMMAND1 && COMMAND2
-COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status
-of zero.
+COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status of
+zero.
An OR list has the form
COMMAND1 || COMMAND2
* Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution.
* Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands.
- Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. Each
-construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is
-terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. Any
-redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with a compound command
-apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly
-overridden.
+Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. Each construct
+begins with a reserved word or control operator and is terminated by a
+corresponding reserved word or operator. Any redirections (*note
+Redirections::) associated with a compound command apply to all commands
+within that compound command unless explicitly overridden.
In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description
may be separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines,
Bash supports the following looping constructs.
- Note that wherever a `;' appears in the description of a command's
+ Note that wherever a ';' appears in the description of a command's
syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
-`until'
- The syntax of the `until' command is:
+'until'
+ The syntax of the 'until' command is:
until TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done
the last command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none
was executed.
-`while'
- The syntax of the `while' command is:
+'while'
+ The syntax of the 'while' command is:
while TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done
command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none was
executed.
-`for'
- The syntax of the `for' command is:
+'for'
+ The syntax of the 'for' command is:
for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done
Expand WORDS, and execute COMMANDS once for each member in the
- resultant list, with NAME bound to the current member. If `in
- WORDS' is not present, the `for' command executes the COMMANDS
- once for each positional parameter that is set, as if `in "$@"'
- had been specified (*note Special Parameters::). The return
- status is the exit status of the last command that executes. If
- there are no items in the expansion of WORDS, no commands are
- executed, and the return status is zero.
+ resultant list, with NAME bound to the current member. If 'in
+ WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command executes the COMMANDS once
+ for each positional parameter that is set, as if 'in "$@"' had been
+ specified (*note Special Parameters::). The return status is the
+ exit status of the last command that executes. If there are no
+ items in the expansion of WORDS, no commands are executed, and the
+ return status is zero.
- An alternate form of the `for' command is also supported:
+ An alternate form of the 'for' command is also supported:
for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 )) ; do COMMANDS ; done
command in COMMANDS that is executed, or false if any of the
expressions is invalid.
- The `break' and `continue' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
+ The 'break' and 'continue' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
may be used to control loop execution.
\1f
3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs
..............................
-`if'
- The syntax of the `if' command is:
+'if'
+ The syntax of the 'if' command is:
if TEST-COMMANDS; then
CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS;
The TEST-COMMANDS list is executed, and if its return status is
zero, the CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS list is executed. If TEST-COMMANDS
- returns a non-zero status, each `elif' list is executed in turn,
+ returns a non-zero status, each 'elif' list is executed in turn,
and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding MORE-CONSEQUENTS
- is executed and the command completes. If `else
+ is executed and the command completes. If 'else
ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS' is present, and the final command in the
- final `if' or `elif' clause has a non-zero exit status, then
+ final 'if' or 'elif' clause has a non-zero exit status, then
ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS is executed. The return status is the exit
- status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition
- tested true.
+ status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested
+ true.
-`case'
- The syntax of the `case' command is:
+'case'
+ The syntax of the 'case' command is:
case WORD in [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... esac
- `case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to
- the first PATTERN that matches WORD. If the shell option
- `nocasematch' (see the description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt
- Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to
- the case of alphabetic characters. The `|' is used to separate
- multiple patterns, and the `)' operator terminates a pattern list.
+ 'case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to
+ the first PATTERN that matches WORD. If the 'nocasematch' shell
+ option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt
+ Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the
+ case of alphabetic characters. The '|' is used to separate
+ multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates a pattern list.
A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known as a
CLAUSE.
- Each clause must be terminated with `;;', `;&', or `;;&'. The
- WORD undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
+ Each clause must be terminated with ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The WORD
+ undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before
matching is attempted. Each PATTERN undergoes tilde expansion,
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
expansion.
- There may be an arbitrary number of `case' clauses, each terminated
- by a `;;', `;&', or `;;&'. The first pattern that matches
+ There may be an arbitrary number of 'case' clauses, each terminated
+ by a ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The first pattern that matches
determines the command-list that is executed. It's a common idiom
- to use `*' as the final pattern to define the default case, since
+ to use '*' as the final pattern to define the default case, since
that pattern will always match.
- Here is an example using `case' in a script that could be used to
+ Here is an example using 'case' in a script that could be used to
describe one interesting feature of an animal:
echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: "
esac
echo " legs."
- If the `;;' operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted
- after the first pattern match. Using `;&' in place of `;;'
- causes execution to continue with the COMMAND-LIST associated with
- the next clause, if any. Using `;;&' in place of `;;' causes the
- shell to test the patterns in the next clause, if any, and execute
- any associated COMMAND-LIST on a successful match.
+ If the ';;' operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted
+ after the first pattern match. Using ';&' in place of ';;' causes
+ execution to continue with the COMMAND-LIST associated with the
+ next clause, if any. Using ';;&' in place of ';;' causes the shell
+ to test the patterns in the next clause, if any, and execute any
+ associated COMMAND-LIST on a successful match.
The return status is zero if no PATTERN is matched. Otherwise, the
return status is the exit status of the COMMAND-LIST executed.
-`select'
- The `select' construct allows the easy generation of menus. It
- has almost the same syntax as the `for' command:
+'select'
+
+ The 'select' construct allows the easy generation of menus. It has
+ almost the same syntax as the 'for' command:
select NAME [in WORDS ...]; do COMMANDS; done
- The list of words following `in' is expanded, generating a list of
+ The list of words following 'in' is expanded, generating a list of
items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error
- output stream, each preceded by a number. If the `in WORDS' is
- omitted, the positional parameters are printed, as if `in "$@"'
- had been specified. The `PS3' prompt is then displayed and a line
- is read from the standard input. If the line consists of a number
- corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value of
- NAME is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and
- prompt are displayed again. If `EOF' is read, the `select'
- command completes. Any other value read causes NAME to be set to
- null. The line read is saved in the variable `REPLY'.
-
- The COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a `break'
- command is executed, at which point the `select' command completes.
+ output stream, each preceded by a number. If the 'in WORDS' is
+ omitted, the positional parameters are printed, as if 'in "$@"' had
+ been specified. The 'PS3' prompt is then displayed and a line is
+ read from the standard input. If the line consists of a number
+ corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value of NAME
+ is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt
+ are displayed again. If 'EOF' is read, the 'select' command
+ completes. Any other value read causes NAME to be set to null.
+ The line read is saved in the variable 'REPLY'.
+
+ The COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a 'break'
+ command is executed, at which point the 'select' command completes.
Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the
current directory, and displays the name and index of the file
break;
done
-`((...))'
+'((...))'
(( EXPRESSION ))
The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules
expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the
return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to
let "EXPRESSION"
- *Note Bash Builtins::, for a full description of the `let' builtin.
+ *Note Bash Builtins::, for a full description of the 'let' builtin.
-`[[...]]'
+'[[...]]'
[[ EXPRESSION ]]
Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
- conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of
- the primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional
- Expressions::. Word splitting and filename expansion are not
- performed on the words between the `[[' and `]]'; tilde expansion,
- parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command
- substitution, process substitution, and quote removal are
- performed. Conditional operators such as `-f' must be unquoted to
- be recognized as primaries.
-
- When used with `[[', the `<' and `>' operators sort
+ conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the
+ primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::.
+ Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the
+ words between the '[[' and ']]'; tilde expansion, parameter and
+ variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution,
+ process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Conditional
+ operators such as '-f' must be unquoted to be recognized as
+ primaries.
+
+ When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
- When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right
+ When the '==' and '!=' operators are used, the string to the right
of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to
the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::, as if the
- `extglob' shell option were enabled. The `=' operator is
- identical to `=='. If the shell option `nocasematch' (see the
- description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled,
- the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
- characters. The return value is 0 if the string matches (`==') or
- does not match (`!=')the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of
- the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be
- matched as a string.
-
- An additional binary operator, `=~', is available, with the same
- precedence as `==' and `!='. When it is used, the string to the
+ 'extglob' shell option were enabled. The '=' operator is identical
+ to '=='. If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of
+ 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is
+ performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The
+ return value is 0 if the string matches ('==') or does not match
+ ('!=')the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may be
+ quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string.
+
+ An additional binary operator, '=~', is available, with the same
+ precedence as '==' and '!='. When it is used, the string to the
right of the operator is considered an extended regular expression
and matched accordingly (as in regex3)). The return value is 0 if
the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular
- expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
- expression's return value is 2. If the shell option `nocasematch'
- (see the description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is
- enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of
- alphabetic characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to
- force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. Bracket
- expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully,
- since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between
- brackets. If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting
- the variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as
- a string. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions
- within the regular expression are saved in the array variable
- `BASH_REMATCH'. The element of `BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 is the
- portion of the string matching the entire regular expression. The
- element of `BASH_REMATCH' with index N is the portion of the
- string matching the Nth parenthesized subexpression.
+ expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional expression's
+ return value is 2. If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the
+ description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled,
+ the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
+ characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the
+ quoted portion to be matched as a string. Bracket expressions in
+ regular expressions must be treated carefully, since normal quoting
+ characters lose their meanings between brackets. If the pattern is
+ stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable expansion forces
+ the entire pattern to be matched as a string. Substrings matched
+ by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are
+ saved in the array variable 'BASH_REMATCH'. The element of
+ 'BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 is the portion of the string matching
+ the entire regular expression. The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with
+ index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized
+ subexpression.
For example, the following will match a line (stored in the shell
variable LINE) if there is a sequence of characters in the value
- consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters,
- zero or one instances of `a', then a `b':
+ consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters, zero
+ or one instances of 'a', then a 'b':
[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]]
- That means values like `aab' and ` aaaaaab' will match, as will a
- line containing a `b' anywhere in its value.
+ That means values like 'aab' and ' aaaaaab' will match, as will a
+ line containing a 'b' anywhere in its value.
Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a
useful way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are
special to the shell. It is sometimes difficult to specify a
- regular expression literally without using quotes, or to keep
- track of the quoting used by regular expressions while paying
- attention to the shell's quote removal. Using a shell variable to
- store the pattern decreases these problems. For example, the
- following is equivalent to the above:
+ regular expression literally without using quotes, or to keep track
+ of the quoting used by regular expressions while paying attention
+ to the shell's quote removal. Using a shell variable to store the
+ pattern decreases these problems. For example, the following is
+ equivalent to the above:
pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b'
[[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
If you want to match a character that's special to the regular
expression grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special
- meaning. This means that in the pattern `xxx.txt', the `.'
- matches any character in the string (its usual regular expression
- meaning), but in the pattern `"xxx.txt"' it can only match a
- literal `.'. Shell programmers should take special care with
- backslashes, since backslashes are used both by the shell and
- regular expressions to remove the special meaning from the
- following character. The following two sets of commands are _not_
- equivalent:
+ meaning. This means that in the pattern 'xxx.txt', the '.' matches
+ any character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning),
+ but in the pattern '"xxx.txt"' it can only match a literal '.'.
+ Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since
+ backslashes are used both by the shell and regular expressions to
+ remove the special meaning from the following character. The
+ following two sets of commands are _not_ equivalent:
pattern='\.'
[[ . =~ $pattern ]]
[[ . =~ '\.' ]]
The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not,
- because in the second two the backslash will be part of the
- pattern to be matched. In the first two examples, the backslash
- removes the special meaning from `.', so the literal `.' matches.
- If the string in the first examples were anything other than `.',
- say `a', the pattern would not match, because the quoted `.' in the
- pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
+ because in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern
+ to be matched. In the first two examples, the backslash removes
+ the special meaning from '.', so the literal '.' matches. If the
+ string in the first examples were anything other than '.', say 'a',
+ the pattern would not match, because the quoted '.' in the pattern
+ loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
in decreasing order of precedence:
- `( EXPRESSION )'
- Returns the value of EXPRESSION. This may be used to
- override the normal precedence of operators.
+ '( EXPRESSION )'
+ Returns the value of EXPRESSION. This may be used to override
+ the normal precedence of operators.
- `! EXPRESSION'
+ '! EXPRESSION'
True if EXPRESSION is false.
- `EXPRESSION1 && EXPRESSION2'
+ 'EXPRESSION1 && EXPRESSION2'
True if both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true.
- `EXPRESSION1 || EXPRESSION2'
+ 'EXPRESSION1 || EXPRESSION2'
True if either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true.
- The `&&' and `||' operators do not evaluate EXPRESSION2 if the
- value of EXPRESSION1 is sufficient to determine the return value
- of the entire conditional expression.
+ The '&&' and '||' operators do not evaluate EXPRESSION2 if the
+ value of EXPRESSION1 is sufficient to determine the return value of
+ the entire conditional expression.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Command Grouping, Prev: Conditional Constructs, Up: Compound Commands
Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed as a
unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied to the
-entire command list. For example, the output of all the commands in
-the list may be redirected to a single stream.
+entire command list. For example, the output of all the commands in the
+list may be redirected to a single stream.
-`()'
+'()'
( LIST )
Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
Since the LIST is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do
not remain in effect after the subshell completes.
-`{}'
+'{}'
{ LIST; }
Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to
In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle
difference between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The
-braces are `reserved words', so they must be separated from the LIST by
-`blank's or other shell metacharacters. The parentheses are
-`operators', and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if
+braces are 'reserved words', so they must be separated from the LIST by
+'blank's or other shell metacharacters. The parentheses are
+'operators', and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if
they are not separated from the LIST by whitespace.
The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
3.2.5 Coprocesses
-----------------
-A `coprocess' is a shell command preceded by the `coproc' reserved word.
+A 'coprocess' is a shell command preceded by the 'coproc' reserved word.
A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
-had been terminated with the `&' control operator, with a two-way pipe
+had been terminated with the '&' control operator, with a two-way pipe
established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
The format for a coprocess is:
as the first word of the simple command.
When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
-(*note Arrays::) named `NAME' in the context of the executing shell.
+(*note Arrays::) named 'NAME' in the context of the executing shell.
The standard output of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file
descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned
-to `NAME'[0]. The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to
+to 'NAME'[0]. The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to
a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is
-assigned to `NAME'[1]. This pipe is established before any
-redirections specified by the command (*note Redirections::). The file
-descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and
-redirections using standard word expansions. The file descriptors are
-not available in subshells.
+assigned to 'NAME'[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections
+specified by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors
+can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using
+standard word expansions. The file descriptors are not available in
+subshells.
The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
-available as the value of the variable `NAME'_PID. The `wait' builtin
+available as the value of the variable 'NAME'_PID. The 'wait' builtin
command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the
-`coproc' command always returns success. The return status of a
+'coproc' command always returns success. The return status of a
coprocess is the exit status of COMMAND.
\1f
read from files. GNU Parallel provides shorthand references to many of
the most common operations (input lines, various portions of the input
line, different ways to specify the input source, and so on). Parallel
-can replace `xargs' or feed commands from its input sources to several
+can replace 'xargs' or feed commands from its input sources to several
different instances of Bash.
For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation.
A few examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
- For example, it is easy to replace `xargs' to gzip all html files in
+ For example, it is easy to replace 'xargs' to gzip all html files in
the current directory and its subdirectories:
find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
- If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file
-names, use find's `-print0' option and parallel's `-0' option.
+If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file
+names, use find's '-print0' option and parallel's '-0' option.
You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when
-the number of files is too large to process with one `mv' invocation:
+the number of files is too large to process with one 'mv' invocation:
ls | parallel mv {} destdir
As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard
-input. While using `ls' will work in most instances, it is not
+input. While using 'ls' will work in most instances, it is not
sufficient to deal with all filenames. If you need to accommodate
special characters in filenames, you can use
as alluded to above.
- This will run as many `mv' commands as there are files in the current
-directory. You can emulate a parallel `xargs' by adding the `-X'
+ This will run as many 'mv' commands as there are files in the current
+directory. You can emulate a parallel 'xargs' by adding the '-X'
option:
find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir
with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" | process-output
- Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename
-extensions, which lends itself to batch file transformations or
-renaming:
+ Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions,
+which lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}"
- This will recompress all files in the current directory with names
+This will recompress all files in the current directory with names
ending in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
-(We use `ls' for brevity here; using `find' as above is more robust in
+(We use 'ls' for brevity here; using 'find' as above is more robust in
the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.) Parallel can
take arguments from the command line; the above can also be written as
If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input
order in the output. For instance, the following command
{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel traceroute
- will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
-Adding the `-k' option
+will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
+Adding the '-k' option
{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel -k traceroute
- will ensure that the output of `traceroute foss.org.my' is displayed
+will ensure that the output of 'traceroute foss.org.my' is displayed
first.
Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in
-parallel, similar to `cat file | bash'. It is not uncommon to take a
-list of filenames, create a series of shell commands to operate on
-them, and feed that list of commnds to a shell. Parallel can speed
-this up. Assuming that `file' contains a list of shell commands, one
-per line,
+parallel, similar to 'cat file | bash'. It is not uncommon to take a
+list of filenames, create a series of shell commands to operate on them,
+and feed that list of commnds to a shell. Parallel can speed this up.
+Assuming that 'file' contains a list of shell commands, one per line,
parallel -j 10 < file
single name for the group. They are executed just like a "regular"
command. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command
name, the list of commands associated with that function name is
-executed. Shell functions are executed in the current shell context;
-no new process is created to interpret them.
+executed. Shell functions are executed in the current shell context; no
+new process is created to interpret them.
- Functions are declared using this syntax:
+ Functions are declared using this syntax:
NAME () COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ]
or
function NAME [()] COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ]
This defines a shell function named NAME. The reserved word
-`function' is optional. If the `function' reserved word is supplied,
+'function' is optional. If the 'function' reserved word is supplied,
the parentheses are optional. The BODY of the function is the compound
command COMPOUND-COMMAND (*note Compound Commands::). That command is
-usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any compound
-command listed above, with one exception: If the `function' reserved
-word is used, but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are
-required. COMPOUND-COMMAND is executed whenever NAME is specified as
-the name of a command. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash
-POSIX Mode::), NAME may not be the same as one of the special builtins
-(*note Special Builtins::). Any redirections (*note Redirections::)
-associated with the shell function are performed when the function is
-executed.
-
- A function definition may be deleted using the `-f' option to the
-`unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any compound command
+listed above, with one exception: If the 'function' reserved word is
+used, but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
+COMPOUND-COMMAND is executed whenever NAME is specified as the name of a
+command. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::),
+NAME may not be the same as one of the special builtins (*note Special
+Builtins::). Any redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with
+the shell function are performed when the function is executed.
+
+ A function definition may be deleted using the '-f' option to the
+'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax
error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
last command executed in the body.
Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly
-braces that surround the body of the function must be separated from
-the body by `blank's or newlines. This is because the braces are
-reserved words and are only recognized as such when they are separated
-from the command list by whitespace or another shell metacharacter.
-Also, when using the braces, the LIST must be terminated by a semicolon,
-a `&', or a newline.
-
- When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become
-the positional parameters during its execution (*note Positional
-Parameters::). The special parameter `#' that expands to the number of
+braces that surround the body of the function must be separated from the
+body by 'blank's or newlines. This is because the braces are reserved
+words and are only recognized as such when they are separated from the
+command list by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. Also, when
+using the braces, the LIST must be terminated by a semicolon, a '&', or
+a newline.
+
+ When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+positional parameters during its execution (*note Positional
+Parameters::). The special parameter '#' that expands to the number of
positional parameters is updated to reflect the change. Special
-parameter `0' is unchanged. The first element of the `FUNCNAME'
+parameter '0' is unchanged. The first element of the 'FUNCNAME'
variable is set to the name of the function while the function is
executing.
All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical
-between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the `DEBUG'
-and `RETURN' traps are not inherited unless the function has been given
-the `trace' attribute using the `declare' builtin or the `-o functrace'
-option has been enabled with the `set' builtin, (in which case all
-functions inherit the `DEBUG' and `RETURN' traps), and the `ERR' trap
-is not inherited unless the `-o errtrace' shell option has been enabled.
-*Note Bourne Shell Builtins::, for the description of the `trap'
+between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the 'DEBUG' and
+'RETURN' traps are not inherited unless the function has been given the
+'trace' attribute using the 'declare' builtin or the '-o functrace'
+option has been enabled with the 'set' builtin, (in which case all
+functions inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps), and the 'ERR' trap is
+not inherited unless the '-o errtrace' shell option has been enabled.
+*Note Bourne Shell Builtins::, for the description of the 'trap'
builtin.
- The `FUNCNEST' variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0,
+ The 'FUNCNEST' variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0,
defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that
exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.
- If the builtin command `return' is executed in a function, the
-function completes and execution resumes with the next command after
-the function call. Any command associated with the `RETURN' trap is
+ If the builtin command 'return' is executed in a function, the
+function completes and execution resumes with the next command after the
+function call. Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap is
executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the
-values of the positional parameters and the special parameter `#' are
-restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. If
-a numeric argument is given to `return', that is the function's return
-status; otherwise the function's return status is the exit status of
-the last command executed before the `return'.
+values of the positional parameters and the special parameter '#' are
+restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. If a
+numeric argument is given to 'return', that is the function's return
+status; otherwise the function's return status is the exit status of the
+last command executed before the 'return'.
- Variables local to the function may be declared with the `local'
+ Variables local to the function may be declared with the 'local'
builtin. These variables are visible only to the function and the
commands it invokes.
- Function names and definitions may be listed with the `-f' option to
-the `declare' (`typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The
-`-F' option to `declare' or `typeset' will list the function names only
-(and optionally the source file and line number, if the `extdebug'
-shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells
-automatically have them defined with the `-f' option to the `export'
+ Function names and definitions may be listed with the '-f' option to
+the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The
+'-F' option to 'declare' or 'typeset' will list the function names only
+(and optionally the source file and line number, if the 'extdebug' shell
+option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells
+automatically have them defined with the '-f' option to the 'export'
builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Note that shell functions and
variables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named
entries in the environment passed to the shell's children. Care should
be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
- Functions may be recursive. The `FUNCNEST' variable may be used to
+ Functions may be recursive. The 'FUNCNEST' variable may be used to
limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of
function invocations. By default, no limit is placed on the number of
-recursive calls.
+recursive calls.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Parameters, Next: Shell Expansions, Prev: Shell Functions, Up: Basic Shell Features
* Positional Parameters:: The shell's command-line arguments.
* Special Parameters:: Parameters denoted by special characters.
- A PARAMETER is an entity that stores values. It can be a `name', a
+A PARAMETER is an entity that stores values. It can be a 'name', a
number, or one of the special characters listed below. A VARIABLE is a
-parameter denoted by a `name'. A variable has a VALUE and zero or more
-ATTRIBUTES. Attributes are assigned using the `declare' builtin command
-(see the description of the `declare' builtin in *note Bash Builtins::).
+parameter denoted by a 'name'. A variable has a VALUE and zero or more
+ATTRIBUTES. Attributes are assigned using the 'declare' builtin command
+(see the description of the 'declare' builtin in *note Bash Builtins::).
A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string
is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
-the `unset' builtin command.
+the 'unset' builtin command.
A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
NAME=[VALUE]
- If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
+If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (detailed
-below). If the variable has its `integer' attribute set, then VALUE is
-evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the `$((...))' expansion
+below). If the variable has its 'integer' attribute set, then VALUE is
+evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the '$((...))' expansion
is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::). Word splitting is not
-performed, with the exception of `"$@"' as explained below. Filename
+performed, with the exception of '"$@"' as explained below. Filename
expansion is not performed. Assignment statements may also appear as
-arguments to the `alias', `declare', `typeset', `export', `readonly',
-and `local' builtin commands (DECLARATION commands). When in POSIX
-mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), these builtins may appear in a command
-after one or more instances of the `command' builtin and retain these
+arguments to the 'alias', 'declare', 'typeset', 'export', 'readonly',
+and 'local' builtin commands (DECLARATION commands). When in POSIX mode
+(*note Bash POSIX Mode::), these builtins may appear in a command after
+one or more instances of the 'command' builtin and retain these
assignment statement properties.
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to
-a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the `+=' operator can
+a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the '+=' operator can
be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. This
-includes arguments to builtin commands such as `declare' that accept
-assignment statements (DECLARATION commands). When `+=' is applied to
-a variable for which the INTEGER attribute has been set, VALUE is
+includes arguments to builtin commands such as 'declare' that accept
+assignment statements (DECLARATION commands). When '+=' is applied to a
+variable for which the INTEGER attribute has been set, VALUE is
evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's
-current value, which is also evaluated. When `+=' is applied to an
+current value, which is also evaluated. When '+=' is applied to an
array variable using compound assignment (*note Arrays::), the
-variable's value is not unset (as it is when using `='), and new values
+variable's value is not unset (as it is when using '='), and new values
are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's
-maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value
+maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value
pairs in an associative array. When applied to a string-valued
variable, VALUE is expanded and appended to the variable's value.
- A variable can be assigned the NAMEREF attribute using the `-n'
+ A variable can be assigned the NAMEREF attribute using the '-n'
option to the \fBdeclare\fP or \fBlocal\fP builtin commands (*note Bash
Builtins::) to create a NAMEREF, or a reference to another variable.
This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever the
For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its
first argument, running
declare -n ref=$1
- inside the function creates a nameref variable REF whose value is
-the variable name passed as the first argument. References and
-assignments to REF, and changes to its attributes, are treated as
-references, assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable
-whose name was passed as `$1'.
+inside the function creates a nameref variable REF whose value is the
+variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments
+to REF, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references,
+assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was
+passed as '$1'.
- If the control variable in a `for' loop has the nameref attribute,
+ If the control variable in a 'for' loop has the nameref attribute,
the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
executed. Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
-array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the `-n' option to the
-`unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Otherwise, if `unset'
+array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the '-n' option to the
+'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Otherwise, if 'unset'
is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the
variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
---------------------------
A POSITIONAL PARAMETER is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
-other than the single digit `0'. Positional parameters are assigned
+other than the single digit '0'. Positional parameters are assigned
from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned
-using the `set' builtin command. Positional parameter `N' may be
-referenced as `${N}', or as `$N' when `N' consists of a single digit.
+using the 'set' builtin command. Positional parameter 'N' may be
+referenced as '${N}', or as '$N' when 'N' consists of a single digit.
Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.
-The `set' and `shift' builtins are used to set and unset them (*note
+The 'set' and 'shift' builtins are used to set and unset them (*note
Shell Builtin Commands::). The positional parameters are temporarily
replaced when a shell function is executed (*note Shell Functions::).
- When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit
-is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
+ When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is
+expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Special Parameters, Prev: Positional Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters
The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
-`*'
- ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
- When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional
+'*'
+ ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
+ the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional
parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is
performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and
pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double
quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each
- parameter separated by the first character of the `IFS' special
- variable. That is, `"$*"' is equivalent to `"$1C$2C..."', where C
- is the first character of the value of the `IFS' variable. If
- `IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If `IFS'
+ parameter separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special
+ variable. That is, '"$*"' is equivalent to '"$1C$2C..."', where C
+ is the first character of the value of the 'IFS' variable. If
+ 'IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If 'IFS'
is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
-`@'
- ($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
- When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter
- expands to a separate word. That is, `"$@"' is equivalent to
- `"$1" "$2" ...'. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a
- word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the
- beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last
- parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. When
- there are no positional parameters, `"$@"' and `$@' expand to
- nothing (i.e., they are removed).
-
-`#'
+'@'
+ ($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
+ the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands
+ to a separate word. That is, '"$@"' is equivalent to '"$1" "$2"
+ ...'. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the
+ expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part
+ of the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is
+ joined with the last part of the original word. When there are no
+ positional parameters, '"$@"' and '$@' expand to nothing (i.e.,
+ they are removed).
+
+'#'
($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
-`?'
- ($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed
+'?'
+ ($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed
foreground pipeline.
-`-'
+'-'
($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified
- upon invocation, by the `set' builtin command, or those set by the
- shell itself (such as the `-i' option).
+ upon invocation, by the 'set' builtin command, or those set by the
+ shell itself (such as the '-i' option).
-`$'
- ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a `()' subshell,
+'$'
+ ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a '()' subshell,
it expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the
subshell.
-`!'
- ($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed
- into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command
- or using the `bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::).
-
-`0'
- ($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is
- set at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of
- commands (*note Shell Scripts::), `$0' is set to the name of that
- file. If Bash is started with the `-c' option (*note Invoking
- Bash::), then `$0' is set to the first argument after the string
- to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the
+'!'
+ ($!) Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed
+ into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or
+ using the 'bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::).
+
+'0'
+ ($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set
+ at shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of
+ commands (*note Shell Scripts::), '$0' is set to the name of that
+ file. If Bash is started with the '-c' option (*note Invoking
+ Bash::), then '$0' is set to the first argument after the string to
+ be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the
filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
-`_'
+'_'
($_, an underscore.) At shell startup, set to the absolute
- pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed
- as passed in the environment or argument list. Subsequently,
- expands to the last argument to the previous command, after
- expansion. Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each
- command executed and placed in the environment exported to that
- command. When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the
- mail file.
+ pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as
+ passed in the environment or argument list. Subsequently, expands
+ to the last argument to the previous command, after expansion.
+ Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
+ and placed in the environment exported to that command. When
+ checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Expansions, Next: Redirections, Prev: Shell Parameters, Up: Basic Shell Features
====================
Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
-`token's. There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
+'token's. There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
* brace expansion
-
* tilde expansion
-
* parameter and variable expansion
-
* command substitution
-
* arithmetic expansion
-
* word splitting
-
* filename expansion
* Menu:
Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can
change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a
single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the
-expansions of `"$@"' (*note Special Parameters::) and `"${NAME[@]}"'
+expansions of '"$@"' (*note Special Parameters::) and '"${NAME[@]}"'
(*note Arrays::).
- After all expansions, `quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is
+ After all expansions, 'quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is
performed.
\1f
bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
ade ace abe
- A sequence expression takes the form `{X..Y[..INCR]}', where X and Y
+ A sequence expression takes the form '{X..Y[..INCR]}', where X and Y
are either integers or single characters, and INCR, an optional
increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression
expands to each number between X and Y, inclusive. Supplied integers
-may be prefixed with `0' to force each term to have the same width.
+may be prefixed with '0' to force each term to have the same width.
When either X or Y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all
-generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding
-where necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands
-to each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using
-the default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type.
+generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where
+necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each
+character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the
+default C locale. Note that both X and Y must be of the same type.
When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It
is strictly textual. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation
to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. To
-avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string `${' is not
+avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string '${' is not
considered eligible for brace expansion.
A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence
expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
- A { or `,' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being
+ A { or ',' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being
considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with
-parameter expansion, the string `${' is not considered eligible for
+parameter expansion, the string '${' is not considered eligible for
brace expansion.
This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix
3.5.2 Tilde Expansion
---------------------
-If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~'), all of the
+If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ('~'), all of the
characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there
is no unquoted slash) are considered a TILDE-PREFIX. If none of the
characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible LOGIN NAME.
If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
-value of the `HOME' shell variable. If `HOME' is unset, the home
+value of the 'HOME' shell variable. If 'HOME' is unset, the home
directory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead.
Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
associated with the specified login name.
- If the tilde-prefix is `~+', the value of the shell variable `PWD'
-replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is `~-', the value of
-the shell variable `OLDPWD', if it is set, is substituted.
+ If the tilde-prefix is '~+', the value of the shell variable 'PWD'
+replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is '~-', the value of
+the shell variable 'OLDPWD', if it is set, is substituted.
If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of
-a number N, optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is
+a number N, optionally prefixed by a '+' or a '-', the tilde-prefix is
replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it
-would be displayed by the `dirs' builtin invoked with the characters
+would be displayed by the 'dirs' builtin invoked with the characters
following tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument (*note The Directory
Stack::). If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number
-without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed.
+without a leading '+' or '-', '+' is assumed.
If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word
is left unchanged.
Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes
-immediately following a `:' or the first `='. In these cases, tilde
+immediately following a ':' or the first '='. In these cases, tilde
expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with
-tildes in assignments to `PATH', `MAILPATH', and `CDPATH', and the
-shell assigns the expanded value.
+tildes in assignments to 'PATH', 'MAILPATH', and 'CDPATH', and the shell
+assigns the expanded value.
The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
-`~'
- The value of `$HOME'
+'~'
+ The value of '$HOME'
+'~/foo'
+ '$HOME/foo'
-`~/foo'
- `$HOME/foo'
+'~fred/foo'
+ The subdirectory 'foo' of the home directory of the user 'fred'
-`~fred/foo'
- The subdirectory `foo' of the home directory of the user `fred'
+'~+/foo'
+ '$PWD/foo'
-`~+/foo'
- `$PWD/foo'
+'~-/foo'
+ '${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo'
-`~-/foo'
- `${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo'
+'~N'
+ The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N'
-`~N'
- The string that would be displayed by `dirs +N'
+'~+N'
+ The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N'
-`~+N'
- The string that would be displayed by `dirs +N'
-
-`~-N'
- The string that would be displayed by `dirs -N'
+'~-N'
+ The string that would be displayed by 'dirs -N'
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Parameter Expansion, Next: Command Substitution, Prev: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions
3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion
-------------------------------
-The `$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
+The '$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
could be interpreted as part of the name.
- When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}' not
+ When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first '}' not
escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
expansion.
parameter with more than one digit, or when PARAMETER is followed by a
character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name.
- If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), it
-introduces a level of variable indirection. Bash uses the value of the
-variable formed from the rest of PARAMETER as the name of the variable;
-this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
-the substitution, rather than the value of PARAMETER itself. This is
-known as `indirect expansion'. The exceptions to this are the
-expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and ${!NAME[@]} described below. The
-exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
-introduce indirection.
+ If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), and
+PARAMETER is not a NAMEREF, it introduces a level of variable
+indirection. Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest
+of PARAMETER as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded
+and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the
+value of PARAMETER itself. This is known as 'indirect expansion'. If
+PARAMETER is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable
+referenced by PARAMETER instead of performing the complete indirect
+expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and
+${!NAME[@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately
+follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection.
In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion,
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
When not performing substring expansion, using the form described
-below (e.g., `:-'), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
+below (e.g., ':-'), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.
Put another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both
PARAMETER's existence and that its value is not null; if the colon is
omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
-`${PARAMETER:-WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER:-WORD}'
If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is
substituted. Otherwise, the value of PARAMETER is substituted.
-`${PARAMETER:=WORD}'
- If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is assigned
- to PARAMETER. The value of PARAMETER is then substituted.
- Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to
- in this way.
+'${PARAMETER:=WORD}'
+ If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is assigned to
+ PARAMETER. The value of PARAMETER is then substituted. Positional
+ parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this
+ way.
-`${PARAMETER:?WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER:?WORD}'
If PARAMETER is null or unset, the expansion of WORD (or a message
to that effect if WORD is not present) is written to the standard
error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise,
the value of PARAMETER is substituted.
-`${PARAMETER:+WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER:+WORD}'
If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise
the expansion of WORD is substituted.
-`${PARAMETER:OFFSET}'
-`${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}'
+'${PARAMETER:OFFSET}'
+'${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}'
This is referred to as Substring Expansion. It expands to up to
LENGTH characters of the value of PARAMETER starting at the
- character specified by OFFSET. If PARAMETER is `@', an indexed
- array subscripted by `@' or `*', or an associative array name, the
+ character specified by OFFSET. If PARAMETER is '@', an indexed
+ array subscripted by '@' or '*', or an associative array name, the
results differ as described below. If LENGTH is omitted, it
expands to the substring of the value of PARAMETER starting at the
character specified by OFFSET and extending to the end of the
rather than a number of characters, and the expansion is the
characters between OFFSET and that result. Note that a negative
offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to
- avoid being confused with the `:-' expansion.
+ avoid being confused with the ':-' expansion.
Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on
parameters and subscripted arrays:
$ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2}
bcdef
- If PARAMETER is `@', the result is LENGTH positional parameters
+ If PARAMETER is '@', the result is LENGTH positional parameters
beginning at OFFSET. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one
greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1
evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is an expansion
./bash 1
$ echo ${@: -7:0}
- If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by `@' or `*',
+
+ If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by '@' or '*',
the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning with
- `${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to
- one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is
- an expansion error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero.
+ '${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one
+ greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It is an
+ expansion error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero.
These examples show how you can use substring expansion with
indexed arrays:
0 1
$ echo ${array[@]: -7:0}
+
Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces
undefined results.
Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If
- OFFSET is 0, and the positional parameters are used, `$@' is
+ OFFSET is 0, and the positional parameters are used, '$@' is
prefixed to the list.
-`${!PREFIX*}'
-`${!PREFIX@}'
+'${!PREFIX*}'
+'${!PREFIX@}'
Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with PREFIX,
- separated by the first character of the `IFS' special variable.
- When `@' is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
+ separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special variable.
+ When '@' is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
each variable name expands to a separate word.
-`${!NAME[@]}'
-`${!NAME[*]}'
+'${!NAME[@]}'
+'${!NAME[*]}'
If NAME is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
(keys) assigned in NAME. If NAME is not an array, expands to 0 if
- NAME is set and null otherwise. When `@' is used and the
- expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a
- separate word.
+ NAME is set and null otherwise. When '@' is used and the expansion
+ appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word.
-`${#PARAMETER}'
+'${#PARAMETER}'
The length in characters of the expanded value of PARAMETER is
- substituted. If PARAMETER is `*' or `@', the value substituted is
- the number of positional parameters. If PARAMETER is an array
- name subscripted by `*' or `@', the value substituted is the
- number of elements in the array. If PARAMETER is an indexed array
- name subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted
- as relative to one greater than the maximum index of PARAMETER, so
- negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an
- index of -1 references the last element.
-
-`${PARAMETER#WORD}'
-`${PARAMETER##WORD}'
+ substituted. If PARAMETER is '*' or '@', the value substituted is
+ the number of positional parameters. If PARAMETER is an array name
+ subscripted by '*' or '@', the value substituted is the number of
+ elements in the array. If PARAMETER is an indexed array name
+ subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as
+ relative to one greater than the maximum index of PARAMETER, so
+ negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index
+ of -1 references the last element.
+
+'${PARAMETER#WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER##WORD}'
The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
- expansion (*note Filename Expansion::). If the pattern matches
- the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result
- of the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER with the
- shortest matching pattern (the `#' case) or the longest matching
- pattern (the `##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the
- pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parameter
- in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is
- an array variable subscripted with `@' or `*', the pattern removal
- operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the
- expansion is the resultant list.
-
-`${PARAMETER%WORD}'
-`${PARAMETER%%WORD}'
+ expansion (*note Filename Expansion::). If the pattern matches the
+ beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of
+ the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER with the shortest
+ matching pattern (the '#' case) or the longest matching pattern
+ (the '##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the pattern
+ removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn,
+ and the expansion is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array
+ variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation
+ is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion
+ is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER%WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER%%WORD}'
The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the
expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of the expansion is
- the value of PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the `%'
- case) or the longest matching pattern (the `%%' case) deleted. If
- PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the pattern removal operation is applied
+ the value of PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the '%'
+ case) or the longest matching pattern (the '%%' case) deleted. If
+ PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied
to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
- resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted
- with `@' or `*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each
- member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
- list.
+ resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with
+ '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each member
+ of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}'
-`${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}'
The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
expansion. PARAMETER is expanded and the longest match of PATTERN
against its value is replaced with STRING. If PATTERN begins with
- `/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced with STRING. Normally
- only the first match is replaced. If PATTERN begins with `#', it
- must match at the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER.
- If PATTERN begins with `%', it must match at the end of the
- expanded value of PARAMETER. If STRING is null, matches of
- PATTERN are deleted and the `/' following PATTERN may be omitted.
- If PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the substitution operation is applied
- to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
- resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted
- with `@' or `*', the substitution operation is applied to each
- member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
- list.
-
-`${PARAMETER^PATTERN}'
-`${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}'
-`${PARAMETER,PATTERN}'
-`${PARAMETER,,PATTERN}'
+ '/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced with STRING. Normally
+ only the first match is replaced. If PATTERN begins with '#', it
+ must match at the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If
+ PATTERN begins with '%', it must match at the end of the expanded
+ value of PARAMETER. If STRING is null, matches of PATTERN are
+ deleted and the '/' following PATTERN may be omitted. If the
+ 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note
+ The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without
+ regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If PARAMETER is '@'
+ or '*', the substitution operation is applied to each positional
+ parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If
+ PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the
+ substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in
+ turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER^PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER,PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER,,PATTERN}'
This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in
PARAMETER. The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
filename expansion. Each character in the expanded value of
PARAMETER is tested against PATTERN, and, if it matches the
pattern, its case is converted. The pattern should not attempt to
- match more than one character. The `^' operator converts
- lowercase letters matching PATTERN to uppercase; the `,' operator
- converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The `^^' and
- `,,' expansions convert each matched character in the expanded
- value; the `^' and `,' expansions match and convert only the first
+ match more than one character. The '^' operator converts lowercase
+ letters matching PATTERN to uppercase; the ',' operator converts
+ matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The '^^' and ',,'
+ expansions convert each matched character in the expanded value;
+ the '^' and ',' expansions match and convert only the first
character in the expanded value. If PATTERN is omitted, it is
- treated like a `?', which matches every character. If PARAMETER
- is `@' or `*', the case modification operation is applied to each
+ treated like a '?', which matches every character. If PARAMETER is
+ '@' or '*', the case modification operation is applied to each
positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
- list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with `@' or
- `*', the case modification operation is applied to each member of
+ list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or
+ '*', the case modification operation is applied to each member of
the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+'${PARAMETER@OPERATOR}'
+ The expansion is either a transformation of the value of PARAMETER
+ or information about PARAMETER itself, depending on the value of
+ OPERATOR. Each OPERATOR is a single letter:
+
+ 'Q'
+ The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER
+ quoted in a format that can be reused as input.
+ 'E'
+ The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with
+ backslash escape sequences expanded as with the '$'...''
+ quoting mechansim.
+ 'P'
+ The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the
+ value of PARAMETER as if it were a prompt string (*note
+ Controlling the Prompt::).
+ 'A'
+ The expansion is a string in the form of a 'declare' command
+ that, if evaluated, will recreate PARAMETER with its
+ attributes and value.
+ 'a'
+ The expansion is a string consisting of flag values
+ representing PARAMETER's attributes.
+
+ If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the operation is applied to each
+ positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or
+ '*', the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn,
+ and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+ The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and
+ pathname expansion as described below.
+
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Command Substitution, Next: Arithmetic Expansion, Prev: Shell Parameter Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions
command itself. Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed
as follows:
$(COMMAND)
- or
+or
`COMMAND`
Bash performs the expansion by executing COMMAND and replacing the
command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any
trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they
-may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution `$(cat
-FILE)' can be replaced by the equivalent but faster `$(< FILE)'.
+may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution '$(cat
+FILE)' can be replaced by the equivalent but faster '$(< FILE)'.
When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
-retains its literal meaning except when followed by `$', ``', or `\'.
+retains its literal meaning except when followed by '$', '`', or '\'.
The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command
-substitution. When using the `$(COMMAND)' form, all characters between
+substitution. When using the '$(COMMAND)' form, all characters between
the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the
--------------------------
Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
-and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic
-expansion is:
+and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion
+is:
$(( EXPRESSION ))
nested.
The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
-(*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints
-a message indicating failure to the standard error and no substitution
+(*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a
+message indicating failure to the standard error and no substitution
occurs.
\1f
--------------------------
Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes
-(FIFOs) or the `/dev/fd' method of naming open files. It takes the
-form of
+(FIFOs) or the '/dev/fd' method of naming open files. It takes the form
+of
<(LIST)
- or
+or
>(LIST)
- The process LIST is run with its input or output connected to a FIFO
-or some file in `/dev/fd'. The name of this file is passed as an
-argument to the current command as the result of the expansion. If the
-`>(LIST)' form is used, writing to the file will provide input for
-LIST. If the `<(LIST)' form is used, the file passed as an argument
-should be read to obtain the output of LIST. Note that no space may
-appear between the `<' or `>' and the left parenthesis, otherwise the
-construct would be interpreted as a redirection.
+The process LIST is run with its input or output connected to a FIFO or
+some file in '/dev/fd'. The name of this file is passed as an argument
+to the current command as the result of the expansion. If the '>(LIST)'
+form is used, writing to the file will provide input for LIST. If the
+'<(LIST)' form is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to
+obtain the output of LIST. Note that no space may appear between the
+'<' or '>' and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be
+interpreted as a redirection.
When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
substitution, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double
quotes for word splitting.
- The shell treats each character of `$IFS' as a delimiter, and splits
-the results of the other expansions into words using these characters
-as field terminators. If `IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly
-`<space><tab><newline>', the default, then sequences of ` <space>',
-`<tab>', and `<newline>' at the beginning and end of the results of the
-previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of `IFS' characters
-not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. If `IFS' has a
+ The shell treats each character of '$IFS' as a delimiter, and splits
+the results of the other expansions into words using these characters as
+field terminators. If 'IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly
+'<space><tab><newline>', the default, then sequences of ' <space>',
+'<tab>', and '<newline>' at the beginning and end of the results of the
+previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of 'IFS' characters
+not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. If 'IFS' has a
value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace
-characters `space' and `tab' are ignored at the beginning and end of the
-word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of `IFS' (an
-`IFS' whitespace character). Any character in `IFS' that is not `IFS'
-whitespace, along with any adjacent `IFS' whitespace characters,
-delimits a field. A sequence of `IFS' whitespace characters is also
-treated as a delimiter. If the value of `IFS' is null, no word
+characters 'space' and 'tab' are ignored at the beginning and end of the
+word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of 'IFS' (an
+'IFS' whitespace character). Any character in 'IFS' that is not 'IFS'
+whitespace, along with any adjacent 'IFS' whitespace characters,
+delimits a field. A sequence of 'IFS' whitespace characters is also
+treated as a delimiter. If the value of 'IFS' is null, no word
splitting occurs.
- Explicit null arguments (`""' or `''') are retained. Unquoted
-implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters
-that have no values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is
-expanded within double quotes, a null argument results and is retained.
+ Explicit null arguments ('""' or '''') are retained. Unquoted
+implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that
+have no values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded
+within double quotes, a null argument results and is retained.
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
* Pattern Matching:: How the shell matches patterns.
- After word splitting, unless the `-f' option has been set (*note The
-Set Builtin::), Bash scans each word for the characters `*', `?', and
-`['. If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as
-a PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames
+After word splitting, unless the '-f' option has been set (*note The Set
+Builtin::), Bash scans each word for the characters '*', '?', and '['.
+If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as a
+PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames
matching the pattern (*note Pattern Matching::). If no matching
-filenames are found, and the shell option `nullglob' is disabled, the
-word is left unchanged. If the `nullglob' option is set, and no
-matches are found, the word is removed. If the `failglob' shell option
-is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed and the
-command is not executed. If the shell option `nocaseglob' is enabled,
-the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
-characters.
-
- When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character `.' at
-the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be
-matched explicitly, unless the shell option `dotglob' is set. When
-matching a filename, the slash character must always be matched
-explicitly. In other cases, the `.' character is not treated specially.
-
- See the description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a
-description of the `nocaseglob', `nullglob', `failglob', and `dotglob'
+filenames are found, and the shell option 'nullglob' is disabled, the
+word is left unchanged. If the 'nullglob' option is set, and no matches
+are found, the word is removed. If the 'failglob' shell option is set,
+and no matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is
+not executed. If the shell option 'nocaseglob' is enabled, the match is
+performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+ When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character '.' at
+the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched
+explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set. When matching a
+filename, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In
+other cases, the '.' character is not treated specially.
+
+ See the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a
+description of the 'nocaseglob', 'nullglob', 'failglob', and 'dotglob'
options.
- The `GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of
-filenames matching a pattern. If `GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching
-filename that also matches one of the patterns in `GLOBIGNORE' is
-removed from the list of matches. The filenames `.' and `..' are
-always ignored when `GLOBIGNORE' is set and not null. However, setting
-`GLOBIGNORE' to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the
-`dotglob' shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a `.'
-will match. To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning
-with a `.', make `.*' one of the patterns in `GLOBIGNORE'. The
-`dotglob' option is disabled when `GLOBIGNORE' is unset.
+ The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of
+filenames matching a pattern. If 'GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching
+filename that also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is
+removed from the list of matches. If the 'nocaseglob' option is set,
+the matching against the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is performed without
+regard to case. The filenames '.' and '..' are always ignored when
+'GLOBIGNORE' is set and not null. However, setting 'GLOBIGNORE' to a
+non-null value has the effect of enabling the 'dotglob' shell option, so
+all other filenames beginning with a '.' will match. To get the old
+behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a '.', make '.*' one of
+the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE'. The 'dotglob' option is disabled when
+'GLOBIGNORE' is unset.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Pattern Matching, Up: Filename Expansion
characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
-`*'
- Matches any string, including the null string. When the
- `globstar' shell option is enabled, and `*' is used in a filename
- expansion context, two adjacent `*'s used as a single pattern will
- match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
- If followed by a `/', two adjacent `*'s will match only
- directories and subdirectories.
-
-`?'
+'*'
+ Matches any string, including the null string. When the 'globstar'
+ shell option is enabled, and '*' is used in a filename expansion
+ context, two adjacent '*'s used as a single pattern will match all
+ files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If followed
+ by a '/', two adjacent '*'s will match only directories and
+ subdirectories.
+'?'
Matches any single character.
-
-`[...]'
+'[...]'
Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters
separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character
that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the
current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched.
- If the first character following the `[' is a `!' or a `^' then
- any character not enclosed is matched. A `-' may be matched by
- including it as the first or last character in the set. A `]' may
+ If the first character following the '[' is a '!' or a '^' then any
+ character not enclosed is matched. A '-' may be matched by
+ including it as the first or last character in the set. A ']' may
be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The
sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
- the current locale and the values of the `LC_COLLATE' and `LC_ALL'
+ the current locale and the values of the 'LC_COLLATE' and 'LC_ALL'
shell variables, if set.
- For example, in the default C locale, `[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to
- `[abcdxyz]'. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order,
- and in these locales `[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to
- `[abcdxyz]'; it might be equivalent to `[aBbCcDdxXyYz]', for
+ For example, in the default C locale, '[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to
+ '[abcdxyz]'. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and
+ in these locales '[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to
+ '[abcdxyz]'; it might be equivalent to '[aBbCcDdxXyYz]', for
example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in
bracket expressions, you can force the use of the C locale by
- setting the `LC_COLLATE' or `LC_ALL' environment variable to the
- value `C', or enable the `globasciiranges' shell option.
+ setting the 'LC_COLLATE' or 'LC_ALL' environment variable to the
+ value 'C', or enable the 'globasciiranges' shell option.
- Within `[' and `]', CHARACTER CLASSES can be specified using the
- syntax `[:'CLASS`:]', where CLASS is one of the following classes
+ Within '[' and ']', CHARACTER CLASSES can be specified using the
+ syntax '[:'CLASS':]', where CLASS is one of the following classes
defined in the POSIX standard:
alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
print punct space upper word xdigit
A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
- The `word' character class matches letters, digits, and the
- character `_'.
+ The 'word' character class matches letters, digits, and the
+ character '_'.
- Within `[' and `]', an EQUIVALENCE CLASS can be specified using
- the syntax `[='C`=]', which matches all characters with the same
+ Within '[' and ']', an EQUIVALENCE CLASS can be specified using the
+ syntax '[='C'=]', which matches all characters with the same
collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the
character C.
- Within `[' and `]', the syntax `[.'SYMBOL`.]' matches the
- collating symbol SYMBOL.
+ Within '[' and ']', the syntax '[.'SYMBOL'.]' matches the collating
+ symbol SYMBOL.
- If the `extglob' shell option is enabled using the `shopt' builtin,
+ If the 'extglob' shell option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin,
several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the
following description, a PATTERN-LIST is a list of one or more patterns
-separated by a `|'. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more
+separated by a '|'. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more
of the following sub-patterns:
-`?(PATTERN-LIST)'
+'?(PATTERN-LIST)'
Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
-`*(PATTERN-LIST)'
+'*(PATTERN-LIST)'
Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
-`+(PATTERN-LIST)'
+'+(PATTERN-LIST)'
Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
-`@(PATTERN-LIST)'
+'@(PATTERN-LIST)'
Matches one of the given patterns.
-`!(PATTERN-LIST)'
+'!(PATTERN-LIST)'
Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
\1f
-------------------
After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
-characters `\', `'', and `"' that did not result from one of the above
+characters '\', ''', and '"' that did not result from one of the above
expansions are removed.
\1f
follow a command. Redirections are processed in the order they appear,
from left to right.
- Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
-may instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case,
-for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will
-allocate a file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}.
-If >&- or <&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines
-the file descriptor to close.
+ Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
+instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case, for
+each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
+file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}. If >&- or
+<&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines the file
+descriptor to close.
In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
-omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is `<',
-the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If
-the first character of the redirection operator is `>', the redirection
+omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is '<', the
+redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
+first character of the redirection operator is '>', the redirection
refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
The word following the redirection operator in the following
descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
-expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. If
-it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
+expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. If it
+expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
- Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example,
-the command
+ Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
+command
ls > DIRLIST 2>&1
- directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
+directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
(file descriptor 2) to the file DIRLIST, while the command
ls 2>&1 > DIRLIST
- directs only the standard output to file DIRLIST, because the
-standard error was made a copy of the standard output before the
-standard output was redirected to DIRLIST.
+directs only the standard output to file DIRLIST, because the standard
+error was made a copy of the standard output before the standard output
+was redirected to DIRLIST.
Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
redirections, as described in the following table:
-`/dev/fd/FD'
+'/dev/fd/FD'
If FD is a valid integer, file descriptor FD is duplicated.
-`/dev/stdin'
+'/dev/stdin'
File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
-`/dev/stdout'
+'/dev/stdout'
File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
-`/dev/stderr'
+'/dev/stderr'
File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
-`/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT'
+'/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT'
If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an
integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the
corresponding TCP socket.
-`/dev/udp/HOST/PORT'
+'/dev/udp/HOST/PORT'
If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an
integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the
corresponding UDP socket.
-----------------------
Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the
-expansion of WORD to be opened for reading on file descriptor `n', or
-the standard input (file descriptor 0) if `n' is not specified.
+expansion of WORD to be opened for reading on file descriptor 'n', or
+the standard input (file descriptor 0) if 'n' is not specified.
The general format for redirecting input is:
[N]<WORD
The general format for redirecting output is:
[N]>[|]WORD
- If the redirection operator is `>', and the `noclobber' option to
-the `set' builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the
-file whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a
-regular file. If the redirection operator is `>|', or the redirection
-operator is `>' and the `noclobber' option is not enabled, the
-redirection is attempted even if the file named by WORD exists.
+ If the redirection operator is '>', and the 'noclobber' option to the
+'set' builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
+whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular
+file. If the redirection operator is '>|', or the redirection operator
+is '>' and the 'noclobber' option is not enabled, the redirection is
+attempted even if the file named by WORD exists.
3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output
---------------------------------
-Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name
-results from the expansion of WORD to be opened for appending on file
-descriptor N, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not
-specified. If the file does not exist it is created.
+Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name results
+from the expansion of WORD to be opened for appending on file descriptor
+N, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified. If
+the file does not exist it is created.
The general format for appending output is:
[N]>>WORD
There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
error:
&>WORD
- and
+and
>&WORD
- Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically
+Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically
equivalent to
>WORD 2>&1
- When using the second form, WORD may not expand to a number or `-'.
+ When using the second form, WORD may not expand to a number or '-'.
If it does, other redirection operators apply (see Duplicating File
Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons.
--------------------------------------------------
This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
-the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the
-file whose name is the expansion of WORD.
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file
+whose name is the expansion of WORD.
The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
&>>WORD
- This is semantically equivalent to
+This is semantically equivalent to
>>WORD 2>&1
(see Duplicating File Descriptors below).
This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
current source until a line containing only WORD (with no trailing
blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
-as the standard input for a command.
+as the standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified) for a
+command.
The format of here-documents is:
- <<[-]WORD
+ [N]<<[-]WORD
HERE-DOCUMENT
DELIMITER
- No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
-arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on WORD. If
-any characters in WORD are quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote
+ No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, or filename expansion is performed on WORD. If any
+characters in WORD are quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote
removal on WORD, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
If WORD is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to
-parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
-the character sequence `\newline' is ignored, and `\' must be used to
-quote the characters `\', `$', and ``'.
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the
+character sequence '\newline' is ignored, and '\' must be used to quote
+the characters '\', '$', and '`'.
- If the redirection operator is `<<-', then all leading tab
-characters are stripped from input lines and the line containing
-DELIMITER. This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be
-indented in a natural fashion.
+ If the redirection operator is '<<-', then all leading tab characters
+are stripped from input lines and the line containing DELIMITER. This
+allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
+fashion.
3.6.7 Here Strings
------------------
A variant of here documents, the format is:
- <<< WORD
+ [N]<<< WORD
The WORD undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and
quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
-The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its
-standard input.
+The result is supplied as a single string to the command on its standard
+input (or file descriptor N if N is specified).
3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors
----------------------------------
The redirection operator
[N]<&WORD
- is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If WORD expands to one
-or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by N is made to be a copy
-of that file descriptor. If the digits in WORD do not specify a file
+is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If WORD expands to one or
+more digits, the file descriptor denoted by N is made to be a copy of
+that file descriptor. If the digits in WORD do not specify a file
descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If WORD
-evaluates to `-', file descriptor N is closed. If N is not specified,
+evaluates to '-', file descriptor N is closed. If N is not specified,
the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
The operator
[N]>&WORD
- is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If N is not
+is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If N is not
specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
digits in WORD do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a
-redirection error occurs. If WORD evaluates to `-', file descriptor N
-is closed. As a special case, if N is omitted, and WORD does not
-expand to one or more digits or `-', the standard output and standard
-error are redirected as described previously.
+redirection error occurs. If WORD evaluates to '-', file descriptor N
+is closed. As a special case, if N is omitted, and WORD does not expand
+to one or more digits or '-', the standard output and standard error are
+redirected as described previously.
3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors
-----------------------------
The redirection operator
[N]<&DIGIT-
- moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the
-standard input (file descriptor 0) if N is not specified. DIGIT is
-closed after being duplicated to N.
+moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard
+input (file descriptor 0) if N is not specified. DIGIT is closed after
+being duplicated to N.
Similarly, the redirection operator
[N]>&DIGIT-
- moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the
-standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified.
+moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard
+output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified.
3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing
-------------------------------------------------------
The redirection operator
[N]<>WORD
- causes the file whose name is the expansion of WORD to be opened for
+causes the file whose name is the expansion of WORD to be opened for
both reading and writing on file descriptor N, or on file descriptor 0
if N is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
3. Redirections are performed as described above (*note
Redirections::).
- 4. The text after the `=' in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+ 4. The text after the '=' in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that
function is invoked as described in *note Shell Functions::.
- 2. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it
- in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin
- is invoked.
-
- 3. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and
- contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of `$PATH' for a
- directory containing an executable file by that name. Bash uses a
- hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable files to
- avoid multiple `PATH' searches (see the description of `hash' in
- *note Bourne Shell Builtins::). A full search of the directories
- in `$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the
- hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for
- a defined shell function named `command_not_found_handle'. If
- that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and
- the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the
- function's exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. If
- that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message
- and returns an exit status of 127.
-
- 4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one
- or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a
- separate execution environment. Argument 0 is set to the name
- given, and the remaining arguments to the command are set to the
- arguments supplied, if any.
+ 2. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it in
+ the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is
+ invoked.
+
+ 3. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains
+ no slashes, Bash searches each element of '$PATH' for a directory
+ containing an executable file by that name. Bash uses a hash table
+ to remember the full pathnames of executable files to avoid
+ multiple 'PATH' searches (see the description of 'hash' in *note
+ Bourne Shell Builtins::). A full search of the directories in
+ '$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the hash
+ table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a
+ defined shell function named 'command_not_found_handle'. If that
+ function exists, it is invoked with the original command and the
+ original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's
+ exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. If that function
+ is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an
+ exit status of 127.
+
+ 4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
+ more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate
+ execution environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and
+ the remaining arguments to the command are set to the arguments
+ supplied, if any.
5. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
6. If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
the command to complete and collects its exit status.
-
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Command Execution Environment, Next: Environment, Prev: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands
The shell has an EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT, which consists of the following:
* open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
- redirections supplied to the `exec' builtin
+ redirections supplied to the 'exec' builtin
- * the current working directory as set by `cd', `pushd', or `popd',
+ * the current working directory as set by 'cd', 'pushd', or 'popd',
or inherited by the shell at invocation
- * the file creation mode mask as set by `umask' or inherited from
- the shell's parent
+ * the file creation mode mask as set by 'umask' or inherited from the
+ shell's parent
- * current traps set by `trap'
+ * current traps set by 'trap'
- * shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with `set'
+ * shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with 'set'
or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
* shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
shell's parent in the environment
* options enabled at invocation (either by default or with
- command-line arguments) or by `set'
+ command-line arguments) or by 'set'
- * options enabled by `shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::)
+ * options enabled by 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::)
- * shell aliases defined with `alias' (*note Aliases::)
+ * shell aliases defined with 'alias' (*note Aliases::)
* various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note
- Lists::), the value of `$$', and the value of `$PPID'
-
+ Lists::), the value of '$$', and the value of '$PPID'
- When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to
-be executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that
+ When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
+executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that
consists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are
inherited from the shell.
* traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
-
A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
shell's execution environment.
subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value
-of the `-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, Bash
-clears the `-e' option in such subshells.
+of the '-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, Bash
+clears the '-e' option in such subshells.
- If a command is followed by a `&' and job control is not active, the
-default standard input for the command is the empty file `/dev/null'.
+ If a command is followed by a '&' and job control is not active, the
+default standard input for the command is the empty file '/dev/null'.
Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
calling shell as modified by redirections.
When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
ENVIRONMENT. This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form
-`name=value'.
+'name=value'.
Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On
invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
for each name found, automatically marking it for EXPORT to child
-processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The `export'
-and `declare -x' commands allow parameters and functions to be added to
-and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the
+processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The 'export' and
+'declare -x' commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the
environment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment,
replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command
consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be
-modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the `unset' and
-`export -n' commands, plus any additions via the `export' and `declare
--x' commands.
+modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the 'unset' and 'export
+-n' commands, plus any additions via the 'export' and 'declare -x'
+commands.
The environment for any simple command or function may be augmented
temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described in
*note Shell Parameters::. These assignment statements affect only the
environment seen by that command.
- If the `-k' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::), then all
+ If the '-k' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::), then all
parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
just those that precede the command name.
- When Bash invokes an external command, the variable `$_' is set to
+ When Bash invokes an external command, the variable '$_' is set to
the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its
environment.
status has succeeded. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. This
seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there is one well-defined
way to indicate success and a variety of ways to indicate various
-failure modes. When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose
-number is N, Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status.
+failure modes. When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number
+is N, Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status.
If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it
returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable,
-------------
When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
-`SIGTERM' (so that `kill 0' does not kill an interactive shell), and
-`SIGINT' is caught and handled (so that the `wait' builtin is
-interruptible). When Bash receives a `SIGINT', it breaks out of any
-executing loops. In all cases, Bash ignores `SIGQUIT'. If job control
-is in effect (*note Job Control::), Bash ignores `SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU',
-and `SIGTSTP'.
+'SIGTERM' (so that 'kill 0' does not kill an interactive shell), and
+'SIGINT' is caught and handled (so that the 'wait' builtin is
+interruptible). When Bash receives a 'SIGINT', it breaks out of any
+executing loops. In all cases, Bash ignores 'SIGQUIT'. If job control
+is in effect (*note Job Control::), Bash ignores 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU',
+and 'SIGTSTP'.
Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
values inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not
-in effect, asynchronous commands ignore `SIGINT' and `SIGQUIT' in
+in effect, asynchronous commands ignore 'SIGINT' and 'SIGQUIT' in
addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of
command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
-`SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU', and `SIGTSTP'.
+'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'.
- The shell exits by default upon receipt of a `SIGHUP'. Before
-exiting, an interactive shell resends the `SIGHUP' to all jobs, running
-or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent `SIGCONT' to ensure that they receive
-the `SIGHUP'. To prevent the shell from sending the `SIGHUP' signal to
+ The shell exits by default upon receipt of a 'SIGHUP'. Before
+exiting, an interactive shell resends the 'SIGHUP' to all jobs, running
+or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent 'SIGCONT' to ensure that they receive
+the 'SIGHUP'. To prevent the shell from sending the 'SIGHUP' signal to
a particular job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the
-`disown' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::) or marked to not
-receive `SIGHUP' using `disown -h'.
+'disown' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::) or marked to not receive
+'SIGHUP' using 'disown -h'.
- If the `huponexit' shell option has been set with `shopt' (*note
-The Shopt Builtin::), Bash sends a `SIGHUP' to all jobs when an
-interactive login shell exits.
+ If the 'huponexit' shell option has been set with 'shopt' (*note The
+Shopt Builtin::), Bash sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an interactive
+login shell exits.
If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the
-command completes. When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous command
-via the `wait' builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has
-been set will cause the `wait' builtin to return immediately with an
-exit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is
-executed.
+command completes. When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous command via
+the 'wait' builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been
+set will cause the 'wait' builtin to return immediately with an exit
+status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Scripts, Prev: Executing Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features
A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such a
file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, and
-neither the `-c' nor `-s' option is supplied (*note Invoking Bash::),
+neither the '-c' nor '-s' option is supplied (*note Invoking Bash::),
Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This mode
of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first searches
for the file in the current directory, and looks in the directories in
-`$PATH' if not found there.
+'$PATH' if not found there.
- When Bash runs a shell script, it sets the special parameter `0' to
+ When Bash runs a shell script, it sets the special parameter '0' to
the name of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the
positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are
given. If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional
parameters are unset.
- A shell script may be made executable by using the `chmod' command
-to turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while
-searching the `$PATH' for a command, it spawns a subshell to execute
-it. In other words, executing
+ A shell script may be made executable by using the 'chmod' command to
+turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while searching
+the '$PATH' for a command, it spawns a subshell to execute it. In other
+words, executing
filename ARGUMENTS
- is equivalent to executing
+is equivalent to executing
bash filename ARGUMENTS
-if `filename' is an executable shell script. This subshell
+if 'filename' is an executable shell script. This subshell
reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been
invoked to interpret the script, with the exception that the locations
-of commands remembered by the parent (see the description of `hash' in
+of commands remembered by the parent (see the description of 'hash' in
*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) are retained by the child.
Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's
command execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with
-the two characters `#!', the remainder of the line specifies an
-interpreter for the program. Thus, you can specify Bash, `awk', Perl,
+the two characters '#!', the remainder of the line specifies an
+interpreter for the program. Thus, you can specify Bash, 'awk', Perl,
or some other interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that
language.
do not handle it themselves. Note that some older versions of Unix
limit the interpreter name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters.
- Bash scripts often begin with `#! /bin/bash' (assuming that Bash has
-been installed in `/bin'), since this ensures that Bash will be used to
+ Bash scripts often begin with '#! /bin/bash' (assuming that Bash has
+been installed in '/bin'), since this ensures that Bash will be used to
interpret the script, even if it is executed under another shell.
\1f
* Special Builtins:: Builtin commands classified specially by
POSIX.
- Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. When the
-name of a builtin command is used as the first word of a simple command
+Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. When the name
+of a builtin command is used as the first word of a simple command
(*note Simple Commands::), the shell executes the command directly,
without invoking another program. Builtin commands are necessary to
implement functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain with
separate utilities.
This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from
-the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique to
-or have been extended in Bash.
+the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique to or
+have been extended in Bash.
Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control facilities
Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash.
Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting
-options preceded by `-' accepts `--' to signify the end of the options.
-The `:', `true', `false', and `test' builtins do not accept options and
-do not treat `--' specially. The `exit', `logout', `break',
-`continue', `let', and `shift' builtins accept and process arguments
-beginning with `-' without requiring `--'. Other builtins that accept
-arguments but are not specified as accepting options interpret
-arguments beginning with `-' as invalid options and require `--' to
-prevent this interpretation.
+options preceded by '-' accepts '--' to signify the end of the options.
+The ':', 'true', 'false', and 'test' builtins do not accept options and
+do not treat '--' specially. The 'exit', 'logout', 'break', 'continue',
+'let', and 'shift' builtins accept and process arguments beginning with
+'-' without requiring '--'. Other builtins that accept arguments but
+are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning
+with '-' as invalid options and require '--' to prevent this
+interpretation.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Bourne Shell Builtins, Next: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands
Shell. These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX
standard.
-`: (a colon)'
+': (a colon)'
: [ARGUMENTS]
Do nothing beyond expanding ARGUMENTS and performing redirections.
The return status is zero.
-`. (a period)'
+'. (a period)'
. FILENAME [ARGUMENTS]
- Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the
- current shell context. If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the
- `PATH' variable is used to find FILENAME. When Bash is not in
- POSIX mode, the current directory is searched if FILENAME is not
- found in `$PATH'. If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the
- positional parameters when FILENAME is executed. Otherwise the
- positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the
- exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no commands
- are executed. If FILENAME is not found, or cannot be read, the
- return status is non-zero. This builtin is equivalent to `source'.
-
-`break'
+ Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the current
+ shell context. If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the 'PATH'
+ variable is used to find FILENAME. When Bash is not in POSIX mode,
+ the current directory is searched if FILENAME is not found in
+ '$PATH'. If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional
+ parameters when FILENAME is executed. Otherwise the positional
+ parameters are unchanged. The return status is the exit status of
+ the last command executed, or zero if no commands are executed. If
+ FILENAME is not found, or cannot be read, the return status is
+ non-zero. This builtin is equivalent to 'source'.
+
+'break'
break [N]
- Exit from a `for', `while', `until', or `select' loop. If N is
- supplied, the Nth enclosing loop is exited. N must be greater
- than or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless N is not
- greater than or equal to 1.
+ Exit from a 'for', 'while', 'until', or 'select' loop. If N is
+ supplied, the Nth enclosing loop is exited. N must be greater than
+ or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless N is not greater
+ than or equal to 1.
-`cd'
+'cd'
cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [DIRECTORY]
- Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY
- is not supplied, the value of the `HOME' shell variable is used.
- Any additional arguments following DIRECTORY are ignored. If the
- shell variable `CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path: each
- directory name in `CDPATH' is searched for DIRECTORY, with
- alternative directory names in `CDPATH' separated by a colon (`:').
- If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, `CDPATH' is not used.
+ Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY is
+ not supplied, the value of the 'HOME' shell variable is used. Any
+ additional arguments following DIRECTORY are ignored. If the shell
+ variable 'CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path: each
+ directory name in 'CDPATH' is searched for DIRECTORY, with
+ alternative directory names in 'CDPATH' separated by a colon (':').
+ If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, 'CDPATH' is not used.
- The `-P' option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
- are resolved while `cd' is traversing DIRECTORY and before
- processing an instance of `..' in DIRECTORY.
+ The '-P' option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
+ are resolved while 'cd' is traversing DIRECTORY and before
+ processing an instance of '..' in DIRECTORY.
- By default, or when the `-L' option is supplied, symbolic links in
- DIRECTORY are resolved after `cd' processes an instance of `..' in
+ By default, or when the '-L' option is supplied, symbolic links in
+ DIRECTORY are resolved after 'cd' processes an instance of '..' in
DIRECTORY.
- If `..' appears in DIRECTORY, it is processed by removing the
+ If '..' appears in DIRECTORY, it is processed by removing the
immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the
beginning of DIRECTORY.
- If the `-e' option is supplied with `-P' and the current working
+ If the '-e' option is supplied with '-P' and the current working
directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful
- directory change, `cd' will return an unsuccessful status.
+ directory change, 'cd' will return an unsuccessful status.
- On systems that support it, the `-@' option presents the extended
+ On systems that support it, the '-@' option presents the extended
attributes associated with a file as a directory.
- If DIRECTORY is `-', it is converted to `$OLDPWD' before the
+ If DIRECTORY is '-', it is converted to '$OLDPWD' before the
directory change is attempted.
- If a non-empty directory name from `CDPATH' is used, or if `-' is
+ If a non-empty directory name from 'CDPATH' is used, or if '-' is
the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the
absolute pathname of the new working directory is written to the
standard output.
The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
non-zero otherwise.
-`continue'
+'continue'
continue [N]
- Resume the next iteration of an enclosing `for', `while', `until',
- or `select' loop. If N is supplied, the execution of the Nth
+ Resume the next iteration of an enclosing 'for', 'while', 'until',
+ or 'select' loop. If N is supplied, the execution of the Nth
enclosing loop is resumed. N must be greater than or equal to 1.
The return status is zero unless N is not greater than or equal to
1.
-`eval'
+'eval'
eval [ARGUMENTS]
The arguments are concatenated together into a single command,
which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as
- the exit status of `eval'. If there are no arguments or only
- empty arguments, the return status is zero.
+ the exit status of 'eval'. If there are no arguments or only empty
+ arguments, the return status is zero.
-`exec'
+'exec'
exec [-cl] [-a NAME] [COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]]
If COMMAND is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a
- new process. If the `-l' option is supplied, the shell places a
+ new process. If the '-l' option is supplied, the shell places a
dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to COMMAND.
- This is what the `login' program does. The `-c' option causes
- COMMAND to be executed with an empty environment. If `-a' is
+ This is what the 'login' program does. The '-c' option causes
+ COMMAND to be executed with an empty environment. If '-a' is
supplied, the shell passes NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND.
If COMMAND cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive
- shell exits, unless the `execfail' shell option is enabled. In
+ shell exits, unless the 'execfail' shell option is enabled. In
that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns
failure if the file cannot be executed. If no COMMAND is
specified, redirections may be used to affect the current shell
- environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return
- status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero.
+ environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return status
+ is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero.
-`exit'
+'exit'
exit [N]
Exit the shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. If
N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.
- Any trap on `EXIT' is executed before the shell terminates.
+ Any trap on 'EXIT' is executed before the shell terminates.
-`export'
+'export'
export [-fn] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]]
Mark each NAME to be passed to child processes in the environment.
- If the `-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell
- functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The `-n'
- option means to no longer mark each NAME for export. If no NAMES
- are supplied, or if the `-p' option is given, a list of names of
- all exported variables is displayed. The `-p' option displays
- output in a form that may be reused as input. If a variable name
- is followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE.
-
- The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied,
- one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or `-f' is
+ If the '-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell functions;
+ otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The '-n' option
+ means to no longer mark each NAME for export. If no NAMES are
+ supplied, or if the '-p' option is given, a list of names of all
+ exported variables is displayed. The '-p' option displays output
+ in a form that may be reused as input. If a variable name is
+ followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE.
+
+ The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one
+ of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or '-f' is
supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
-`getopts'
+'getopts'
getopts OPTSTRING NAME [ARGS]
- `getopts' is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
+ 'getopts' is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
OPTSTRING contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace. The
- colon (`:') and question mark (`?') may not be used as option
- characters. Each time it is invoked, `getopts' places the next
- option in the shell variable NAME, initializing NAME if it does
- not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into
- the variable `OPTIND'. `OPTIND' is initialized to 1 each time the
+ colon (':') and question mark ('?') may not be used as option
+ characters. Each time it is invoked, 'getopts' places the next
+ option in the shell variable NAME, initializing NAME if it does not
+ exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
+ variable 'OPTIND'. 'OPTIND' is initialized to 1 each time the
shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an
- argument, `getopts' places that argument into the variable
- `OPTARG'. The shell does not reset `OPTIND' automatically; it
- must be manually reset between multiple calls to `getopts' within
- the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
+ argument, 'getopts' places that argument into the variable
+ 'OPTARG'. The shell does not reset 'OPTIND' automatically; it must
+ be manually reset between multiple calls to 'getopts' within the
+ same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
- When the end of options is encountered, `getopts' exits with a
- return value greater than zero. `OPTIND' is set to the index of
- the first non-option argument, and NAME is set to `?'.
+ When the end of options is encountered, 'getopts' exits with a
+ return value greater than zero. 'OPTIND' is set to the index of
+ the first non-option argument, and NAME is set to '?'.
- `getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
- arguments are given in ARGS, `getopts' parses those instead.
+ 'getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ arguments are given in ARGS, 'getopts' parses those instead.
- `getopts' can report errors in two ways. If the first character of
+ 'getopts' can report errors in two ways. If the first character of
OPTSTRING is a colon, SILENT error reporting is used. In normal
operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or
- missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable `OPTERR'
+ missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable 'OPTERR'
is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
- character of `optstring' is not a colon.
+ character of 'optstring' is not a colon.
- If an invalid option is seen, `getopts' places `?' into NAME and,
- if not silent, prints an error message and unsets `OPTARG'. If
- `getopts' is silent, the option character found is placed in
- `OPTARG' and no diagnostic message is printed.
+ If an invalid option is seen, 'getopts' places '?' into NAME and,
+ if not silent, prints an error message and unsets 'OPTARG'. If
+ 'getopts' is silent, the option character found is placed in
+ 'OPTARG' and no diagnostic message is printed.
- If a required argument is not found, and `getopts' is not silent,
- a question mark (`?') is placed in NAME, `OPTARG' is unset, and a
- diagnostic message is printed. If `getopts' is silent, then a
- colon (`:') is placed in NAME and `OPTARG' is set to the option
+ If a required argument is not found, and 'getopts' is not silent, a
+ question mark ('?') is placed in NAME, 'OPTARG' is unset, and a
+ diagnostic message is printed. If 'getopts' is silent, then a
+ colon (':') is placed in NAME and 'OPTARG' is set to the option
character found.
-`hash'
+'hash'
hash [-r] [-p FILENAME] [-dt] [NAME]
- Each time `hash' is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
+ Each time 'hash' is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
commands specified as NAME arguments, so they need not be searched
- for on subsequent invocations. The commands are found by
- searching through the directories listed in `$PATH'. Any
- previously-remembered pathname is discarded. The `-p' option
+ for on subsequent invocations. The commands are found by searching
+ through the directories listed in '$PATH'. Any
+ previously-remembered pathname is discarded. The '-p' option
inhibits the path search, and FILENAME is used as the location of
- NAME. The `-r' option causes the shell to forget all remembered
- locations. The `-d' option causes the shell to forget the
- remembered location of each NAME. If the `-t' option is supplied,
+ NAME. The '-r' option causes the shell to forget all remembered
+ locations. The '-d' option causes the shell to forget the
+ remembered location of each NAME. If the '-t' option is supplied,
the full pathname to which each NAME corresponds is printed. If
- multiple NAME arguments are supplied with `-t' the NAME is printed
- before the hashed full pathname. The `-l' option causes output to
+ multiple NAME arguments are supplied with '-t' the NAME is printed
+ before the hashed full pathname. The '-l' option causes output to
be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no
- arguments are given, or if only `-l' is supplied, information
- about remembered commands is printed. The return status is zero
- unless a NAME is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
+ arguments are given, or if only '-l' is supplied, information about
+ remembered commands is printed. The return status is zero unless a
+ NAME is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
-`pwd'
+'pwd'
pwd [-LP]
Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If
- the `-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain
- symbolic links. If the `-L' option is supplied, the pathname
+ the '-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain
+ symbolic links. If the '-L' option is supplied, the pathname
printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is zero
unless an error is encountered while determining the name of the
current directory or an invalid option is supplied.
-`readonly'
+'readonly'
readonly [-aAf] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] ...
Mark each NAME as readonly. The values of these names may not be
- changed by subsequent assignment. If the `-f' option is supplied,
- each NAME refers to a shell function. The `-a' option means each
- NAME refers to an indexed array variable; the `-A' option means
- each NAME refers to an associative array variable. If both
- options are supplied, `-A' takes precedence. If no NAME arguments
- are given, or if the `-p' option is supplied, a list of all
- readonly names is printed. The other options may be used to
- restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The
- `-p' option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be
- reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the
- value of the variable is set to VALUE. The return status is zero
- unless an invalid option is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is
- not a valid shell variable or function name, or the `-f' option is
+ changed by subsequent assignment. If the '-f' option is supplied,
+ each NAME refers to a shell function. The '-a' option means each
+ NAME refers to an indexed array variable; the '-A' option means
+ each NAME refers to an associative array variable. If both options
+ are supplied, '-A' takes precedence. If no NAME arguments are
+ given, or if the '-p' option is supplied, a list of all readonly
+ names is printed. The other options may be used to restrict the
+ output to a subset of the set of readonly names. The '-p' option
+ causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as
+ input. If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the
+ variable is set to VALUE. The return status is zero unless an
+ invalid option is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is not a
+ valid shell variable or function name, or the '-f' option is
supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
-`return'
+'return'
return [N]
Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value N to
its caller. If N is not supplied, the return value is the exit
- status of the last command executed in the function. If `return'
+ status of the last command executed in the function. If 'return'
is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine
the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
- if `return' is executed during a `DEBUG' trap, the last command
+ if 'return' is executed during a 'DEBUG' trap, the last command
used to determine the status is the last command executed by the
- trap handler before `return' was invoked. `return' may also be
- used to terminate execution of a script being executed with the
- `.' (`source') builtin, returning either N or the exit status of
- the last command executed within the script as the exit status of
- the script. If N is supplied, the return value is its least
- significant 8 bits. Any command associated with the `RETURN' trap
+ trap handler before 'return' was invoked. 'return' may also be
+ used to terminate execution of a script being executed with the '.'
+ ('source') builtin, returning either N or the exit status of the
+ last command executed within the script as the exit status of the
+ script. If N is supplied, the return value is its least
+ significant 8 bits. Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap
is executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
- The return status is non-zero if `return' is supplied a non-numeric
- argument or is used outside a function and not during the
- execution of a script by `.' or `source'.
+ The return status is non-zero if 'return' is supplied a non-numeric
+ argument or is used outside a function and not during the execution
+ of a script by '.' or 'source'.
-`shift'
+'shift'
shift [N]
Shift the positional parameters to the left by N. The positional
- parameters from N+1 ... `$#' are renamed to `$1' ... `$#'-N.
- Parameters represented by the numbers `$#' to `$#'-N+1 are unset.
- N must be a non-negative number less than or equal to `$#'. If N
- is zero or greater than `$#', the positional parameters are not
+ parameters from N+1 ... '$#' are renamed to '$1' ... '$#'-N.
+ Parameters represented by the numbers '$#' to '$#'-N+1 are unset.
+ N must be a non-negative number less than or equal to '$#'. If N
+ is zero or greater than '$#', the positional parameters are not
changed. If N is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. The return
- status is zero unless N is greater than `$#' or less than zero,
+ status is zero unless N is greater than '$#' or less than zero,
non-zero otherwise.
-`test'
-`['
+'test'
+'['
test EXPR
Evaluate a conditional express ion EXPR and return a status of 0
(true) or 1 (false). Each operator and operand must be a separate
argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described
- below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. `test' does not
+ below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. 'test' does not
accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of
- `--' as signifying the end of options.
+ '--' as signifying the end of options.
- When the `[' form is used, the last argument to the command must
- be a `]'.
+ When the '[' form is used, the last argument to the command must be
+ a ']'.
Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on the
number of arguments; see below. Operator precedence is used when
there are five or more arguments.
- `! EXPR'
+ '! EXPR'
True if EXPR is false.
- `( EXPR )'
+ '( EXPR )'
Returns the value of EXPR. This may be used to override the
normal precedence of operators.
- `EXPR1 -a EXPR2'
+ 'EXPR1 -a EXPR2'
True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true.
- `EXPR1 -o EXPR2'
+ 'EXPR1 -o EXPR2'
True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true.
- The `test' and `[' builtins evaluate conditional expressions using
+ The 'test' and '[' builtins evaluate conditional expressions using
a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
- 0 arguments
+ 0 arguments
The expression is false.
- 1 argument
+ 1 argument
The expression is true if and only if the argument is not
null.
- 2 arguments
- If the first argument is `!', the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argument
- is one of the unary conditional operators (*note Bash
- Conditional Expressions::), the expression is true if the
- unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid
- unary operator, the expression is false.
+ 2 arguments
+ If the first argument is '!', the expression is true if and
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argument is
+ one of the unary conditional operators (*note Bash Conditional
+ Expressions::), the expression is true if the unary test is
+ true. If the first argument is not a valid unary operator,
+ the expression is false.
- 3 arguments
+ 3 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If
- the second argument is one of the binary conditional
- operators (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the result
- of the expression is the result of the binary test using the
- first and third arguments as operands. The `-a' and `-o'
- operators are considered binary operators when there are
- three arguments. If the first argument is `!', the value is
- the negation of the two-argument test using the second and
- third arguments. If the first argument is exactly `(' and
- the third argument is exactly `)', the result is the
- one-argument test of the second argument. Otherwise, the
- expression is false.
-
- 4 arguments
- If the first argument is `!', the result is the negation of
+ the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators
+ (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the result of the
+ expression is the result of the binary test using the first
+ and third arguments as operands. The '-a' and '-o' operators
+ are considered binary operators when there are three
+ arguments. If the first argument is '!', the value is the
+ negation of the two-argument test using the second and third
+ arguments. If the first argument is exactly '(' and the third
+ argument is exactly ')', the result is the one-argument test
+ of the second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
+
+ 4 arguments
+ If the first argument is '!', the result is the negation of
the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated
according to precedence using the rules listed above.
- 5 or more arguments
+ 5 or more arguments
The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
using the rules listed above.
- When used with `test' or `[', the `<' and `>' operators sort
+ When used with 'test' or '[', the '<' and '>' operators sort
lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
-`times'
+'times'
times
Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its
children. The return status is zero.
-`trap'
+'trap'
trap [-lp] [ARG] [SIGSPEC ...]
The commands in ARG are to be read and executed when the shell
receives signal SIGSPEC. If ARG is absent (and there is a single
- SIGSPEC) or equal to `-', each specified signal's disposition is
+ SIGSPEC) or equal to '-', each specified signal's disposition is
reset to the value it had when the shell was started. If ARG is
the null string, then the signal specified by each SIGSPEC is
ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. If ARG is not
- present and `-p' has been supplied, the shell displays the trap
+ present and '-p' has been supplied, the shell displays the trap
commands associated with each SIGSPEC. If no arguments are
- supplied, or only `-p' is given, `trap' prints the list of commands
+ supplied, or only '-p' is given, 'trap' prints the list of commands
associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as
- shell input. The `-l' option causes the shell to print a list of
+ shell input. The '-l' option causes the shell to print a list of
signal names and their corresponding numbers. Each SIGSPEC is
either a signal name or a signal number. Signal names are case
- insensitive and the `SIG' prefix is optional.
-
- If a SIGSPEC is `0' or `EXIT', ARG is executed when the shell
- exits. If a SIGSPEC is `DEBUG', the command ARG is executed
- before every simple command, `for' command, `case' command,
- `select' command, every arithmetic `for' command, and before the
- first command executes in a shell function. Refer to the
- description of the `extdebug' option to the `shopt' builtin (*note
- The Shopt Builtin::) for details of its effect on the `DEBUG' trap.
- If a SIGSPEC is `RETURN', the command ARG is executed each time a
- shell function or a script executed with the `.' or `source'
- builtins finishes executing.
-
- If a SIGSPEC is `ERR', the command ARG is executed whenever a
- pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list,
- or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to
- the following conditions. The `ERR' trap is not executed if the
- failed command is part of the command list immediately following
- an `until' or `while' keyword, part of the test following the `if'
- or `elif' reserved words, part of a command executed in a `&&' or
- `||' list except the command following the final `&&' or `||', any
+ insensitive and the 'SIG' prefix is optional.
+
+ If a SIGSPEC is '0' or 'EXIT', ARG is executed when the shell
+ exits. If a SIGSPEC is 'DEBUG', the command ARG is executed before
+ every simple command, 'for' command, 'case' command, 'select'
+ command, every arithmetic 'for' command, and before the first
+ command executes in a shell function. Refer to the description of
+ the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt
+ Builtin::) for details of its effect on the 'DEBUG' trap. If a
+ SIGSPEC is 'RETURN', the command ARG is executed each time a shell
+ function or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins
+ finishes executing.
+
+ If a SIGSPEC is 'ERR', the command ARG is executed whenever a
+ pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or
+ a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
+ following conditions. The 'ERR' trap is not executed if the failed
+ command is part of the command list immediately following an
+ 'until' or 'while' keyword, part of the test following the 'if' or
+ 'elif' reserved words, part of a command executed in a '&&' or '||'
+ list except the command following the final '&&' or '||', any
command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return
- status is being inverted using `!'. These are the same conditions
- obeyed by the `errexit' (`-e') option.
+ status is being inverted using '!'. These are the same conditions
+ obeyed by the 'errexit' ('-e') option.
Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their
original values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is
created.
- The return status is zero unless a SIGSPEC does not specify a
- valid signal.
+ The return status is zero unless a SIGSPEC does not specify a valid
+ signal.
-`umask'
+'umask'
umask [-p] [-S] [MODE]
- Set the shell process's file creation mask to MODE. If MODE
- begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not,
- it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted
- by the `chmod' command. If MODE is omitted, the current value of
- the mask is printed. If the `-S' option is supplied without a
- MODE argument, the mask is printed in a symbolic format. If the
- `-p' option is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a
- form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero if
- the mode is successfully changed or if no MODE argument is
- supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
+ Set the shell process's file creation mask to MODE. If MODE begins
+ with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by the
+ 'chmod' command. If MODE is omitted, the current value of the mask
+ is printed. If the '-S' option is supplied without a MODE
+ argument, the mask is printed in a symbolic format. If the '-p'
+ option is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a form
+ that may be reused as input. The return status is zero if the mode
+ is successfully changed or if no MODE argument is supplied, and
+ non-zero otherwise.
Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each
- number of the umask is subtracted from `7'. Thus, a umask of `022'
- results in permissions of `755'.
+ number of the umask is subtracted from '7'. Thus, a umask of '022'
+ results in permissions of '755'.
-`unset'
+'unset'
unset [-fnv] [NAME]
- Remove each variable or function NAME. If the `-v' option is
+ Remove each variable or function NAME. If the '-v' option is
given, each NAME refers to a shell variable and that variable is
- remvoved. If the `-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell
- functions, and the function definition is removed. If the `-n'
+ remvoved. If the '-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell
+ functions, and the function definition is removed. If the '-n'
option is supplied, and NAME is a variable with the NAMEREF
attribute, NAME will be unset rather than the variable it
- references. `-n' has no effect if the `-f' option is supplied.
- If no options are supplied, each NAME refers to a variable; if
- there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is
- unset. Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. The
- return status is zero unless a NAME is readonly.
+ references. '-n' has no effect if the '-f' option is supplied. If
+ no options are supplied, each NAME refers to a variable; if there
+ is no variable by that name, any function with that name is unset.
+ Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. The return
+ status is zero unless a NAME is readonly.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Builtins, Next: Modifying Shell Behavior, Prev: Bourne Shell Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands
4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
=========================
-This section describes builtin commands which are unique to or have
-been extended in Bash. Some of these commands are specified in the
-POSIX standard.
+This section describes builtin commands which are unique to or have been
+extended in Bash. Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX
+standard.
-`alias'
+'alias'
alias [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
- Without arguments or with the `-p' option, `alias' prints the list
+ Without arguments or with the '-p' option, 'alias' prints the list
of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows them to be
reused as input. If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined
for each NAME whose VALUE is given. If no VALUE is given, the name
and value of the alias is printed. Aliases are described in *note
Aliases::.
-`bind'
+'bind'
bind [-m KEYMAP] [-lpsvPSVX]
bind [-m KEYMAP] [-q FUNCTION] [-u FUNCTION] [-r KEYSEQ]
bind [-m KEYMAP] -f FILENAME
Display current Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) key and
function bindings, bind a key sequence to a Readline function or
macro, or set a Readline variable. Each non-option argument is a
- command as it would appear in a Readline initialization file
- (*note Readline Init File::), but each binding or command must be
- passed as a separate argument; e.g.,
- `"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'.
+ command as it would appear in a Readline initialization file (*note
+ Readline Init File::), but each binding or command must be passed
+ as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- `-m KEYMAP'
+ '-m KEYMAP'
Use KEYMAP as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
- bindings. Acceptable KEYMAP names are `emacs',
- `emacs-standard', `emacs-meta', `emacs-ctlx', `vi', `vi-move',
- `vi-command', and `vi-insert'. `vi' is equivalent to
- `vi-command'; `emacs' is equivalent to `emacs-standard'.
+ bindings. Acceptable KEYMAP names are 'emacs',
+ 'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move',
+ 'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'. 'vi' is equivalent to
+ 'vi-command'; 'emacs' is equivalent to 'emacs-standard'.
- `-l'
+ '-l'
List the names of all Readline functions.
- `-p'
+ '-p'
Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way
- that they can be used as input or in a Readline
- initialization file.
+ that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization
+ file.
- `-P'
+ '-P'
List current Readline function names and bindings.
- `-v'
+ '-v'
Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that
they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization
file.
- `-V'
+ '-V'
List current Readline variable names and values.
- `-s'
- Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output in such a way that they can be used as
- input or in a Readline initialization file.
+ '-s'
+ Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+ they output in such a way that they can be used as input or in
+ a Readline initialization file.
- `-S'
- Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output.
+ '-S'
+ Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+ they output.
- `-f FILENAME'
+ '-f FILENAME'
Read key bindings from FILENAME.
- `-q FUNCTION'
+ '-q FUNCTION'
Query about which keys invoke the named FUNCTION.
- `-u FUNCTION'
+ '-u FUNCTION'
Unbind all keys bound to the named FUNCTION.
- `-r KEYSEQ'
+ '-r KEYSEQ'
Remove any current binding for KEYSEQ.
- `-x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND'
+ '-x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND'
Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed whenever KEYSEQ is entered.
When SHELL-COMMAND is executed, the shell sets the
- `READLINE_LINE' variable to the contents of the Readline line
- buffer and the `READLINE_POINT' variable to the current
+ 'READLINE_LINE' variable to the contents of the Readline line
+ buffer and the 'READLINE_POINT' variable to the current
location of the insertion point. If the executed command
- changes the value of `READLINE_LINE' or `READLINE_POINT',
+ changes the value of 'READLINE_LINE' or 'READLINE_POINT',
those new values will be reflected in the editing state.
- `-X'
+ '-X'
List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
associated commands in a format that can be reused as input.
The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or
an error occurs.
-`builtin'
+'builtin'
builtin [SHELL-BUILTIN [ARGS]]
Run a shell builtin, passing it ARGS, and return its exit status.
- This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name
- as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin
- within the function. The return status is non-zero if
- SHELL-BUILTIN is not a shell builtin command.
+ This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as
+ a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within
+ the function. The return status is non-zero if SHELL-BUILTIN is
+ not a shell builtin command.
-`caller'
+'caller'
caller [EXPR]
- Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell
- function or a script executed with the `.' or `source' builtins).
+ Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function
+ or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins).
- Without EXPR, `caller' displays the line number and source
- filename of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative
- integer is supplied as EXPR, `caller' displays the line number,
- subroutine name, and source file corresponding to that position in
- the current execution call stack. This extra information may be
- used, for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is
- frame 0.
+ Without EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number and source filename
+ of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is
+ supplied as EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number, subroutine
+ name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current
+ execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
+ example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a
subroutine call or EXPR does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
-`command'
+'command'
command [-pVv] COMMAND [ARGUMENTS ...]
Runs COMMAND with ARGUMENTS ignoring any shell function named
COMMAND. Only shell builtin commands or commands found by
- searching the `PATH' are executed. If there is a shell function
- named `ls', running `command ls' within the function will execute
- the external command `ls' instead of calling the function
- recursively. The `-p' option means to use a default value for
- `PATH' that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
- The return status in this case is 127 if COMMAND cannot be found
- or an error occurred, and the exit status of COMMAND otherwise.
-
- If either the `-V' or `-v' option is supplied, a description of
- COMMAND is printed. The `-v' option causes a single word
+ searching the 'PATH' are executed. If there is a shell function
+ named 'ls', running 'command ls' within the function will execute
+ the external command 'ls' instead of calling the function
+ recursively. The '-p' option means to use a default value for
+ 'PATH' that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
+ The return status in this case is 127 if COMMAND cannot be found or
+ an error occurred, and the exit status of COMMAND otherwise.
+
+ If either the '-V' or '-v' option is supplied, a description of
+ COMMAND is printed. The '-v' option causes a single word
indicating the command or file name used to invoke COMMAND to be
- displayed; the `-V' option produces a more verbose description.
- In this case, the return status is zero if COMMAND is found, and
+ displayed; the '-V' option produces a more verbose description. In
+ this case, the return status is zero if COMMAND is found, and
non-zero if not.
-`declare'
+'declare'
declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
- Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are
- given, then display the values of variables instead.
+ Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given,
+ then display the values of variables instead.
- The `-p' option will display the attributes and values of each
- NAME. When `-p' is used with NAME arguments, additional options,
- other than `-f' and `-F', are ignored.
+ The '-p' option will display the attributes and values of each
+ NAME. When '-p' is used with NAME arguments, additional options,
+ other than '-f' and '-F', are ignored.
- When `-p' is supplied without NAME arguments, `declare' will
+ When '-p' is supplied without NAME arguments, 'declare' will
display the attributes and values of all variables having the
attributes specified by the additional options. If no other
- options are supplied with `-p', `declare' will display the
- attributes and values of all shell variables. The `-f' option
- will restrict the display to shell functions.
+ options are supplied with '-p', 'declare' will display the
+ attributes and values of all shell variables. The '-f' option will
+ restrict the display to shell functions.
- The `-F' option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
- the function name and attributes are printed. If the `extdebug'
- shell option is enabled using `shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::),
+ The '-F' option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
+ the function name and attributes are printed. If the 'extdebug'
+ shell option is enabled using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::),
the source file name and line number where the function is defined
- are displayed as well. `-F' implies `-f'.
+ are displayed as well. '-F' implies '-f'.
- The `-g' option forces variables to be created or modified at the
- global scope, even when `declare' is executed in a shell function.
+ The '-g' option forces variables to be created or modified at the
+ global scope, even when 'declare' is executed in a shell function.
It is ignored in all other cases.
The following options can be used to restrict output to variables
with the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
- `-a'
+ '-a'
Each NAME is an indexed array variable (*note Arrays::).
- `-A'
+ '-A'
Each NAME is an associative array variable (*note Arrays::).
- `-f'
+ '-f'
Use function names only.
- `-i'
+ '-i'
The variable is to be treated as an integer; arithmetic
evaluation (*note Shell Arithmetic::) is performed when the
variable is assigned a value.
- `-l'
+ '-l'
When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
attribute is disabled.
- `-n'
+ '-n'
Give each NAME the NAMEREF attribute, making it a name
- reference to another variable. That other variable is
- defined by the value of NAME. All references, assignments,
- and attribute modifications to NAME, except for changing the
- `-n' attribute itself, are performed on the variable
- referenced by NAME's value. The nameref attribute cannot be
- applied to array variables.
-
- `-r'
+ reference to another variable. That other variable is defined
+ by the value of NAME. All references, assignments, and
+ attribute modifications to NAME, except for changing the '-n'
+ attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
+ NAME's value. The nameref attribute cannot be applied to
+ array variables.
+
+ '-r'
Make NAMEs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
- `-t'
- Give each NAME the `trace' attribute. Traced functions
- inherit the `DEBUG' and `RETURN' traps from the calling shell.
+ '-t'
+ Give each NAME the 'trace' attribute. Traced functions
+ inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps from the calling shell.
The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
- `-u'
+ '-u'
When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
attribute is disabled.
- `-x'
+ '-x'
Mark each NAME for export to subsequent commands via the
environment.
- Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with the
- exceptions that `+a' may not be used to destroy an array variable
- and `+r' will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a
- function, `declare' makes each NAME local, as with the `local'
- command, unless the `-g' option is used. If a variable name is
+ Using '+' instead of '-' turns off the attribute instead, with the
+ exceptions that '+a' may not be used to destroy an array variable
+ and '+r' will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a
+ function, 'declare' makes each NAME local, as with the 'local'
+ command, unless the '-g' option is used. If a variable name is
followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE.
- When using `-a' or `-A' and the compound assignment syntax to
+ When using '-a' or '-A' and the compound assignment syntax to
create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect
until subsequent assignments.
The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
- an attempt is made to define a function using `-f foo=bar', an
+ an attempt is made to define a function using '-f foo=bar', an
attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an
attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
using the compound assignment syntax (*note Arrays::), one of the
NAMES is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to
turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is
made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt
- is made to display a non-existent function with `-f'.
+ is made to display a non-existent function with '-f'.
-`echo'
+'echo'
echo [-neE] [ARG ...]
Output the ARGs, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline.
- The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If `-n' is
- specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the `-e' option
+ The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If '-n' is
+ specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the '-e' option
is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped
- characters is enabled. The `-E' option disables the
- interpretation of these escape characters, even on systems where
- they are interpreted by default. The `xpg_echo' shell option may
- be used to dynamically determine whether or not `echo' expands
- these escape characters by default. `echo' does not interpret
- `--' to mean the end of options.
-
- `echo' interprets the following escape sequences:
- `\a'
+ characters is enabled. The '-E' option disables the interpretation
+ of these escape characters, even on systems where they are
+ interpreted by default. The 'xpg_echo' shell option may be used to
+ dynamically determine whether or not 'echo' expands these escape
+ characters by default. 'echo' does not interpret '--' to mean the
+ end of options.
+
+ 'echo' interprets the following escape sequences:
+ '\a'
alert (bell)
-
- `\b'
+ '\b'
backspace
-
- `\c'
+ '\c'
suppress further output
-
- `\e'
- `\E'
+ '\e'
+ '\E'
escape
-
- `\f'
+ '\f'
form feed
-
- `\n'
+ '\n'
new line
-
- `\r'
+ '\r'
carriage return
-
- `\t'
+ '\t'
horizontal tab
-
- `\v'
+ '\v'
vertical tab
-
- `\\'
+ '\\'
backslash
-
- `\0NNN'
+ '\0NNN'
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
(zero to three octal digits)
-
- `\xHH'
+ '\xHH'
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
HH (one or two hex digits)
-
- `\uHHHH'
+ '\uHHHH'
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
-
- `\UHHHHHHHH'
+ '\UHHHHHHHH'
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
-`enable'
+'enable'
enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f FILENAME] [NAME ...]
Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
- allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
- to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the
- shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If
- `-n' is used, the NAMEs become disabled. Otherwise NAMEs are
- enabled. For example, to use the `test' binary found via `$PATH'
- instead of the shell builtin version, type `enable -n test'.
-
- If the `-p' option is supplied, or no NAME arguments appear, a
- list of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the
- list consists of all enabled shell builtins. The `-a' option
- means to list each builtin with an indication of whether or not it
- is enabled.
-
- The `-f' option means to load the new builtin command NAME from
+ allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to
+ be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the
+ shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If '-n'
+ is used, the NAMEs become disabled. Otherwise NAMEs are enabled.
+ For example, to use the 'test' binary found via '$PATH' instead of
+ the shell builtin version, type 'enable -n test'.
+
+ If the '-p' option is supplied, or no NAME arguments appear, a list
+ of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list
+ consists of all enabled shell builtins. The '-a' option means to
+ list each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is
+ enabled.
+
+ The '-f' option means to load the new builtin command NAME from
shared object FILENAME, on systems that support dynamic loading.
- The `-d' option will delete a builtin loaded with `-f'.
+ The '-d' option will delete a builtin loaded with '-f'.
If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
- The `-s' option restricts `enable' to the POSIX special builtins.
- If `-s' is used with `-f', the new builtin becomes a special
+ The '-s' option restricts 'enable' to the POSIX special builtins.
+ If '-s' is used with '-f', the new builtin becomes a special
builtin (*note Special Builtins::).
The return status is zero unless a NAME is not a shell builtin or
there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
-`help'
+'help'
help [-dms] [PATTERN]
Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN is
- specified, `help' gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ specified, 'help' gives detailed help on all commands matching
PATTERN, otherwise a list of the builtins is printed.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- `-d'
+ '-d'
Display a short description of each PATTERN
-
- `-m'
+ '-m'
Display the description of each PATTERN in a manpage-like
format
-
- `-s'
+ '-s'
Display only a short usage synopsis for each PATTERN
The return status is zero unless no command matches PATTERN.
-`let'
+'let'
let EXPRESSION [EXPRESSION ...]
- The `let' builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
+ The 'let' builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
variables. Each EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules
given below in *note Shell Arithmetic::. If the last EXPRESSION
- evaluates to 0, `let' returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned.
+ evaluates to 0, 'let' returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned.
-`local'
+'local'
local [OPTION] NAME[=VALUE] ...
For each argument, a local variable named NAME is created, and
assigned VALUE. The OPTION can be any of the options accepted by
- `declare'. `local' can only be used within a function; it makes
+ 'declare'. 'local' can only be used within a function; it makes
the variable NAME have a visible scope restricted to that function
- and its children. The return status is zero unless `local' is
- used outside a function, an invalid NAME is supplied, or NAME is a
- readonly variable.
-
-`logout'
+ and its children. If NAME is '-', the set of shell options is made
+ local to the function in which 'local' is invoked: shell options
+ changed using the 'set' builtin inside the function are restored to
+ their original values when the function returns. The return status
+ is zero unless 'local' is used outside a function, an invalid NAME
+ is supplied, or NAME is a readonly variable.
+
+'logout'
logout [N]
Exit a login shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent.
-`mapfile'
+'mapfile'
mapfile [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD]
[-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY]
Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
- ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the `-u' option is supplied.
- The variable `MAPFILE' is the default ARRAY. Options, if
- supplied, have the following meanings:
+ ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied.
+ The variable 'MAPFILE' is the default ARRAY. Options, if supplied,
+ have the following meanings:
- `-d'
+ '-d'
The first character of DELIM is used to terminate each input
line, rather than newline.
-
- `-n'
+ '-n'
Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are
copied.
-
- `-O'
+ '-O'
Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index
is 0.
-
- `-s'
+ '-s'
Discard the first COUNT lines read.
-
- `-t'
+ '-t'
Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
-
- `-u'
+ '-u'
Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard
input.
-
- `-C'
- Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUMP lines are read. The
- `-c' option specifies QUANTUM.
-
- `-c'
+ '-C'
+ Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUMP lines are read. The '-c'
+ option specifies QUANTUM.
+ '-c'
Specify the number of lines read between each call to
CALLBACK.
- If `-C' is specified without `-c', the default quantum is 5000.
- When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
+ If '-C' is specified without '-c', the default quantum is 5000.
+ When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
element as additional arguments. CALLBACK is evaluated after the
line is read but before the array element is assigned.
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, `mapfile' will clear ARRAY
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, 'mapfile' will clear ARRAY
before assigning to it.
- `mapfile' returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
- argument is supplied, ARRAY is invalid or unassignable, or ARRAY
- is not an indexed array.
+ 'mapfile' returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+ argument is supplied, ARRAY is invalid or unassignable, or ARRAY is
+ not an indexed array.
-`printf'
+'printf'
printf [-v VAR] FORMAT [ARGUMENTS]
Write the formatted ARGUMENTS to the standard output under the
- control of the FORMAT. The `-v' option causes the output to be
+ control of the FORMAT. The '-v' option causes the output to be
assigned to the variable VAR rather than being printed to the
standard output.
output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied
to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which
causes printing of the next successive ARGUMENT. In addition to
- the standard `printf(1)' formats, `printf' interprets the
- following extensions:
-
- `%b'
- Causes `printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the
- corresponding ARGUMENT, except that `\c' terminates output,
- backslashes in `\'', `\"', and `\?' are not removed, and
- octal escapes beginning with `\0' may contain up to four
- digits.
-
- `%q'
- Causes `printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a
+ the standard 'printf(1)' formats, 'printf' interprets the following
+ extensions:
+
+ '%b'
+ Causes 'printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+ corresponding ARGUMENT, except that '\c' terminates output,
+ backslashes in '\'', '\"', and '\?' are not removed, and octal
+ escapes beginning with '\0' may contain up to four digits.
+ '%q'
+ Causes 'printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a
format that can be reused as shell input.
-
- `%(DATEFMT)T'
- Causes `printf' to output the date-time string resulting from
- using DATEFMT as a format string for `strftime'(3). The
+ '%(DATEFMT)T'
+ Causes 'printf' to output the date-time string resulting from
+ using DATEFMT as a format string for 'strftime'(3). The
corresponding ARGUMENT is an integer representing the number
of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument values may
- be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents
- the time the shell was invoked. If no argument is specified,
+ be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the
+ time the shell was invoked. If no argument is specified,
conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. This is an
- exception to the usual `printf' behavior.
+ exception to the usual 'printf' behavior.
- Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C
- language constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is
- allowed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote,
- the value is the ASCII value of the following character.
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language
+ constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
+ if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is
+ the ASCII value of the following character.
The FORMAT is reused as necessary to consume all of the ARGUMENTS.
If the FORMAT requires more ARGUMENTS than are supplied, the extra
appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on
success, non-zero on failure.
-`read'
+'read'
read [-ers] [-a ANAME] [-d DELIM] [-i TEXT] [-n NCHARS]
[-N NCHARS] [-p PROMPT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-u FD] [NAME ...]
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
- descriptor FD supplied as an argument to the `-u' option, and the
+ descriptor FD supplied as an argument to the '-u' option, and the
first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the
second NAME, and so on, with leftover words and their intervening
separators assigned to the last NAME. If there are fewer words
read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are
- assigned empty values. The characters in the value of the `IFS'
- variable are used to split the line into words using the same
- rules the shell uses for expansion (described above in *note Word
- Splitting::). The backslash character `\' may be used to remove
+ assigned empty values. The characters in the value of the 'IFS'
+ variable are used to split the line into words using the same rules
+ the shell uses for expansion (described above in *note Word
+ Splitting::). The backslash character '\' may be used to remove
any special meaning for the next character read and for line
continuation. If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned
- to the variable `REPLY'. The return code is zero, unless
- end-of-file is encountered, `read' times out (in which case the
- return code is greater than 128), a variable assignment error
- (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid
- file descriptor is supplied as the argument to `-u'.
+ to the variable 'REPLY'. The return code is zero, unless
+ end-of-file is encountered, 'read' times out (in which case the
+ return code is greater than 128), a variable assignment error (such
+ as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file
+ descriptor is supplied as the argument to '-u'.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- `-a ANAME'
+ '-a ANAME'
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
variable ANAME, starting at 0. All elements are removed from
ANAME before the assignment. Other NAME arguments are
ignored.
- `-d DELIM'
+ '-d DELIM'
The first character of DELIM is used to terminate the input
line, rather than newline.
- `-e'
+ '-e'
Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to obtain the
line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing
was not previously active) editing settings.
- `-i TEXT'
+ '-i TEXT'
If Readline is being used to read the line, TEXT is placed
into the editing buffer before editing begins.
- `-n NCHARS'
- `read' returns after reading NCHARS characters rather than
- waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter
+ '-n NCHARS'
+ 'read' returns after reading NCHARS characters rather than
+ waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter
if fewer than NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter.
- `-N NCHARS'
- `read' returns after reading exactly NCHARS characters rather
+ '-N NCHARS'
+ 'read' returns after reading exactly NCHARS characters rather
than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is
- encountered or `read' times out. Delimiter characters
+ encountered or 'read' times out. Delimiter characters
encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not
- cause `read' to return until NCHARS characters are read.
+ cause 'read' to return until NCHARS characters are read.
- `-p PROMPT'
+ '-p PROMPT'
Display PROMPT, without a trailing newline, before attempting
to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is
coming from a terminal.
- `-r'
+ '-r'
If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape
character. The backslash is considered to be part of the
- line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be
- used as a line continuation.
+ line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used
+ as a line continuation.
- `-s'
+ '-s'
Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters
are not echoed.
- `-t TIMEOUT'
- Cause `read' to time out and return failure if a complete
- line of input (or a specified number of characters) is not
- read within TIMEOUT seconds. TIMEOUT may be a decimal
- number with a fractional portion following the decimal point.
- This option is only effective if `read' is reading input from
- a terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect
- when reading from regular files. If `read' times out, `read'
- saves any partial input read into the specified variable NAME.
- If TIMEOUT is 0, `read' returns immediately, without trying to
+ '-t TIMEOUT'
+ Cause 'read' to time out and return failure if a complete line
+ of input (or a specified number of characters) is not read
+ within TIMEOUT seconds. TIMEOUT may be a decimal number with
+ a fractional portion following the decimal point. This option
+ is only effective if 'read' is reading input from a terminal,
+ pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
+ from regular files. If 'read' times out, 'read' saves any
+ partial input read into the specified variable NAME. If
+ TIMEOUT is 0, 'read' returns immediately, without trying to
read and data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on
the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit
status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
- `-u FD'
+ '-u FD'
Read input from file descriptor FD.
-`readarray'
+'readarray'
readarray [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD]
[-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY]
Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
- ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the `-u' option is supplied.
+ ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied.
- A synonym for `mapfile'.
+ A synonym for 'mapfile'.
-`source'
+'source'
source FILENAME
- A synonym for `.' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+ A synonym for '.' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
-`type'
+'type'
type [-afptP] [NAME ...]
For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.
- If the `-t' option is used, `type' prints a single word which is
- one of `alias', `function', `builtin', `file' or `keyword', if
- NAME is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or
- shell reserved word, respectively. If the NAME is not found, then
- nothing is printed, and `type' returns a failure status.
+ If the '-t' option is used, 'type' prints a single word which is
+ one of 'alias', 'function', 'builtin', 'file' or 'keyword', if NAME
+ is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or shell
+ reserved word, respectively. If the NAME is not found, then
+ nothing is printed, and 'type' returns a failure status.
- If the `-p' option is used, `type' either returns the name of the
- disk file that would be executed, or nothing if `-t' would not
- return `file'.
+ If the '-p' option is used, 'type' either returns the name of the
+ disk file that would be executed, or nothing if '-t' would not
+ return 'file'.
- The `-P' option forces a path search for each NAME, even if `-t'
- would not return `file'.
+ The '-P' option forces a path search for each NAME, even if '-t'
+ would not return 'file'.
- If a command is hashed, `-p' and `-P' print the hashed value,
- which is not necessarily the file that appears first in `$PATH'.
+ If a command is hashed, '-p' and '-P' print the hashed value, which
+ is not necessarily the file that appears first in '$PATH'.
- If the `-a' option is used, `type' returns all of the places that
+ If the '-a' option is used, 'type' returns all of the places that
contain an executable named FILE. This includes aliases and
- functions, if and only if the `-p' option is not also used.
+ functions, if and only if the '-p' option is not also used.
- If the `-f' option is used, `type' does not attempt to find shell
- functions, as with the `command' builtin.
+ If the '-f' option is used, 'type' does not attempt to find shell
+ functions, as with the 'command' builtin.
The return status is zero if all of the NAMES are found, non-zero
if any are not found.
-`typeset'
+'typeset'
typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
- The `typeset' command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
- shell. It is a synonym for the `declare' builtin command.
+ The 'typeset' command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
+ shell. It is a synonym for the 'declare' builtin command.
-`ulimit'
- ulimit [-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST] [LIMIT]
+'ulimit'
+ ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [LIMIT]
- `ulimit' provides control over the resources available to processes
+ 'ulimit' provides control over the resources available to processes
started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an
option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
- `-S'
+ '-S'
Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource.
- `-H'
+ '-H'
Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource.
- `-a'
+ '-a'
All current limits are reported.
- `-b'
+ '-b'
The maximum socket buffer size.
- `-c'
+ '-c'
The maximum size of core files created.
- `-d'
+ '-d'
The maximum size of a process's data segment.
- `-e'
+ '-e'
The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
- `-f'
+ '-f'
The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children.
- `-i'
+ '-i'
The maximum number of pending signals.
- `-l'
+ '-k'
+ The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+
+ '-l'
The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
- `-m'
+ '-m'
The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this
limit).
- `-n'
+ '-n'
The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do
not allow this value to be set).
- `-p'
+ '-p'
The pipe buffer size.
- `-q'
+ '-q'
The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
- `-r'
+ '-r'
The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
- `-s'
+ '-s'
The maximum stack size.
- `-t'
+ '-t'
The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
- `-u'
+ '-u'
The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
- `-v'
+ '-v'
The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell,
and, on some systems, to its children.
- `-x'
+ '-x'
The maximum number of file locks.
- `-T'
+ '-P'
+ The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
+
+ '-T'
The maximum number of threads.
- If LIMIT is given, and the `-a' option is not used, LIMIT is the
+ If LIMIT is given, and the '-a' option is not used, LIMIT is the
new value of the specified resource. The special LIMIT values
- `hard', `soft', and `unlimited' stand for the current hard limit,
+ 'hard', 'soft', and 'unlimited' stand for the current hard limit,
the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. A hard limit
- cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft
- limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
- Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified
- resource is printed, unless the `-H' option is supplied. When
- setting new limits, if neither `-H' nor `-S' is supplied, both the
- hard and soft limits are set. If no option is given, then `-f' is
- assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for `-t',
- which is in seconds; `-p', which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
- and `-T', `-b', `-n' and `-u', which are unscaled values.
+ cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit
+ may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. Otherwise, the
+ current value of the soft limit for the specified resource is
+ printed, unless the '-H' option is supplied. When setting new
+ limits, if neither '-H' nor '-S' is supplied, both the hard and
+ soft limits are set. If no option is given, then '-f' is assumed.
+ Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for '-t', which is in
+ seconds; '-p', which is in units of 512-byte blocks; and '-P',
+ '-T', '-b', '-k', '-n' and '-u', which are unscaled values.
The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is
supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
-`unalias'
+'unalias'
unalias [-a] [NAME ... ]
- Remove each NAME from the list of aliases. If `-a' is supplied,
+ Remove each NAME from the list of aliases. If '-a' is supplied,
all aliases are removed. Aliases are described in *note Aliases::.
\1f
4.3.1 The Set Builtin
---------------------
-This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. `set'
+This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. 'set'
allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional
parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
-`set'
+'set'
set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
- If no options or arguments are supplied, `set' displays the names
+ If no options or arguments are supplied, 'set' displays the names
and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according
to the current locale, in a format that may be reused as input for
setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only
- variables cannot be reset. In POSIX mode, only shell variables
- are listed.
+ variables cannot be reset. In POSIX mode, only shell variables are
+ listed.
When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
- `-a'
- Mark variables and function which are modified or created for
- export to the environment of subsequent commands.
+ '-a'
+ Each variable or function that is created or modified is given
+ the export attribute and marked for export to the environment
+ of subsequent commands.
- `-b'
+ '-b'
Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
immediately, rather than before printing the next primary
prompt.
- `-e'
+ '-e'
Exit immediately if a pipeline (*note Pipelines::), which may
consist of a single simple command (*note Simple Commands::),
a list (*note Lists::), or a compound command (*note Compound
Commands::) returns a non-zero status. The shell does not
exit if the command that fails is part of the command list
- immediately following a `while' or `until' keyword, part of
- the test in an `if' statement, part of any command executed
- in a `&&' or `||' list except the command following the final
- `&&' or `||', any command in a pipeline but the last, or if
- the command's return status is being inverted with `!'. If a
+ immediately following a 'while' or 'until' keyword, part of
+ the test in an 'if' statement, part of any command executed in
+ a '&&' or '||' list except the command following the final
+ '&&' or '||', any command in a pipeline but the last, or if
+ the command's return status is being inverted with '!'. If a
compound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero
- status because a command failed while `-e' was being ignored,
- the shell does not exit. A trap on `ERR', if set, is
- executed before the shell exits.
+ status because a command failed while '-e' was being ignored,
+ the shell does not exit. A trap on 'ERR', if set, is executed
+ before the shell exits.
- This option applies to the shell environment and each
- subshell environment separately (*note Command Execution
+ This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell
+ environment separately (*note Command Execution
Environment::), and may cause subshells to exit before
executing all the commands in the subshell.
If a compound command or shell function executes in a context
- where `-e' is being ignored, none of the commands executed
+ where '-e' is being ignored, none of the commands executed
within the compound command or function body will be affected
- by the `-e' setting, even if `-e' is set and a command
- returns a failure status. If a compound command or shell
- function sets `-e' while executing in a context where `-e' is
- ignored, that setting will not have any effect until the
- compound command or the command containing the function call
- completes.
-
- `-f'
+ by the '-e' setting, even if '-e' is set and a command returns
+ a failure status. If a compound command or shell function
+ sets '-e' while executing in a context where '-e' is ignored,
+ that setting will not have any effect until the compound
+ command or the command containing the function call completes.
+
+ '-f'
Disable filename expansion (globbing).
- `-h'
+ '-h'
Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for
execution. This option is enabled by default.
- `-k'
+ '-k'
All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed
in the environment for a command, not just those that precede
the command name.
- `-m'
+ '-m'
Job control is enabled (*note Job Control::). All processes
run in a separate process group. When a background job
completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit status.
- `-n'
+ '-n'
Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to
check a script for syntax errors. This option is ignored by
interactive shells.
- `-o OPTION-NAME'
+ '-o OPTION-NAME'
+
Set the option corresponding to OPTION-NAME:
- `allexport'
- Same as `-a'.
+ 'allexport'
+ Same as '-a'.
- `braceexpand'
- Same as `-B'.
+ 'braceexpand'
+ Same as '-B'.
- `emacs'
- Use an `emacs'-style line editing interface (*note
+ 'emacs'
+ Use an 'emacs'-style line editing interface (*note
Command Line Editing::). This also affects the editing
- interface used for `read -e'.
+ interface used for 'read -e'.
- `errexit'
- Same as `-e'.
+ 'errexit'
+ Same as '-e'.
- `errtrace'
- Same as `-E'.
+ 'errtrace'
+ Same as '-E'.
- `functrace'
- Same as `-T'.
+ 'functrace'
+ Same as '-T'.
- `hashall'
- Same as `-h'.
+ 'hashall'
+ Same as '-h'.
- `histexpand'
- Same as `-H'.
+ 'histexpand'
+ Same as '-H'.
- `history'
+ 'history'
Enable command history, as described in *note Bash
History Facilities::. This option is on by default in
interactive shells.
- `ignoreeof'
+ 'ignoreeof'
An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF.
- `keyword'
- Same as `-k'.
+ 'keyword'
+ Same as '-k'.
- `monitor'
- Same as `-m'.
+ 'monitor'
+ Same as '-m'.
- `noclobber'
- Same as `-C'.
+ 'noclobber'
+ Same as '-C'.
- `noexec'
- Same as `-n'.
+ 'noexec'
+ Same as '-n'.
- `noglob'
- Same as `-f'.
+ 'noglob'
+ Same as '-f'.
- `nolog'
+ 'nolog'
Currently ignored.
- `notify'
- Same as `-b'.
+ 'notify'
+ Same as '-b'.
- `nounset'
- Same as `-u'.
+ 'nounset'
+ Same as '-u'.
- `onecmd'
- Same as `-t'.
+ 'onecmd'
+ Same as '-t'.
- `physical'
- Same as `-P'.
+ 'physical'
+ Same as '-P'.
- `pipefail'
+ 'pipefail'
If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of
the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero
status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline exit
successfully. This option is disabled by default.
- `posix'
+ 'posix'
Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation
differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard
- (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). This is intended to make
- Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard.
+ (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). This is intended to make Bash
+ behave as a strict superset of that standard.
- `privileged'
- Same as `-p'.
+ 'privileged'
+ Same as '-p'.
- `verbose'
- Same as `-v'.
+ 'verbose'
+ Same as '-v'.
- `vi'
- Use a `vi'-style line editing interface. This also
- affects the editing interface used for `read -e'.
+ 'vi'
+ Use a 'vi'-style line editing interface. This also
+ affects the editing interface used for 'read -e'.
- `xtrace'
- Same as `-x'.
+ 'xtrace'
+ Same as '-x'.
- `-p'
- Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the `$BASH_ENV' and
- `$ENV' files are not processed, shell functions are not
- inherited from the environment, and the `SHELLOPTS',
- `BASHOPTS', `CDPATH' and `GLOBIGNORE' variables, if they
+ '-p'
+ Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the '$BASH_ENV' and
+ '$ENV' files are not processed, shell functions are not
+ inherited from the environment, and the 'SHELLOPTS',
+ 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH' and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if they
appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is
started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
- real user (group) id, and the `-p' option is not supplied,
+ real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied,
these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to
- the real user id. If the `-p' option is supplied at startup,
+ the real user id. If the '-p' option is supplied at startup,
the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off
causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real
user and group ids.
- `-t'
+ '-t'
Exit after reading and executing one command.
- `-u'
+ '-u'
Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special
- parameters `@' or `*' as an error when performing parameter
+ parameters '@' or '*' as an error when performing parameter
expansion. An error message will be written to the standard
error, and a non-interactive shell will exit.
- `-v'
+ '-v'
Print shell input lines as they are read.
- `-x'
- Print a trace of simple commands, `for' commands, `case'
- commands, `select' commands, and arithmetic `for' commands
- and their arguments or associated word lists after they are
- expanded and before they are executed. The value of the `PS4'
+ '-x'
+ Print a trace of simple commands, 'for' commands, 'case'
+ commands, 'select' commands, and arithmetic 'for' commands and
+ their arguments or associated word lists after they are
+ expanded and before they are executed. The value of the 'PS4'
variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before
the command and its expanded arguments.
- `-B'
+ '-B'
The shell will perform brace expansion (*note Brace
Expansion::). This option is on by default.
- `-C'
- Prevent output redirection using `>', `>&', and `<>' from
+ '-C'
+ Prevent output redirection using '>', '>&', and '<>' from
overwriting existing files.
- `-E'
- If set, any trap on `ERR' is inherited by shell functions,
+ '-E'
+ If set, any trap on 'ERR' is inherited by shell functions,
command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell
- environment. The `ERR' trap is normally not inherited in
- such cases.
+ environment. The 'ERR' trap is normally not inherited in such
+ cases.
- `-H'
- Enable `!' style history substitution (*note History
+ '-H'
+ Enable '!' style history substitution (*note History
Interaction::). This option is on by default for interactive
shells.
- `-P'
- If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing
- commands such as `cd' which change the current directory.
- The physical directory is used instead. By default, Bash
- follows the logical chain of directories when performing
- commands which change the current directory.
+ '-P'
+ If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands
+ such as 'cd' which change the current directory. The physical
+ directory is used instead. By default, Bash follows the
+ logical chain of directories when performing commands which
+ change the current directory.
- For example, if `/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to
- `/usr/local/sys' then:
+ For example, if '/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to
+ '/usr/local/sys' then:
$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
/usr/sys
$ cd ..; pwd
/usr
- If `set -P' is on, then:
+ If 'set -P' is on, then:
$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
/usr/local/sys
$ cd ..; pwd
/usr/local
- `-T'
- If set, any trap on `DEBUG' and `RETURN' are inherited by
+ '-T'
+ If set, any trap on 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' are inherited by
shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed
- in a subshell environment. The `DEBUG' and `RETURN' traps
- are normally not inherited in such cases.
+ in a subshell environment. The 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps are
+ normally not inherited in such cases.
- `--'
+ '--'
If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters
are set to the ARGUMENTS, even if some of them begin with a
- `-'.
+ '-'.
- `-'
- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining ARGUMENTS to
- be assigned to the positional parameters. The `-x' and `-v'
+ '-'
+ Signal the end of options, cause all remaining ARGUMENTS to be
+ assigned to the positional parameters. The '-x' and '-v'
options are turned off. If there are no arguments, the
positional parameters remain unchanged.
- Using `+' rather than `-' causes these options to be turned off.
+ Using '+' rather than '-' causes these options to be turned off.
The options can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The
- current set of options may be found in `$-'.
+ current set of options may be found in '$-'.
The remaining N ARGUMENTS are positional parameters and are
- assigned, in order, to `$1', `$2', ... `$N'. The special
- parameter `#' is set to N.
+ assigned, in order, to '$1', '$2', ... '$N'. The special parameter
+ '#' is set to N.
The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is
supplied.
This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
-`shopt'
+'shopt'
shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [OPTNAME ...]
Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
- The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the `-o'
- option is used, those available with the `-o' option to the `set'
+ The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the '-o'
+ option is used, those available with the '-o' option to the 'set'
builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::). With no options, or
- with the `-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed,
- with an indication of whether or not each is set. The `-p' option
+ with the '-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed,
+ with an indication of whether or not each is set. The '-p' option
causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as
input. Other options have the following meanings:
- `-s'
+ '-s'
Enable (set) each OPTNAME.
- `-u'
+ '-u'
Disable (unset) each OPTNAME.
- `-q'
+ '-q'
Suppresses normal output; the return status indicates whether
the OPTNAME is set or unset. If multiple OPTNAME arguments
- are given with `-q', the return status is zero if all
- OPTNAMES are enabled; non-zero otherwise.
+ are given with '-q', the return status is zero if all OPTNAMES
+ are enabled; non-zero otherwise.
- `-o'
+ '-o'
Restricts the values of OPTNAME to be those defined for the
- `-o' option to the `set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
+ '-o' option to the 'set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
- If either `-s' or `-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, `shopt'
+ If either '-s' or '-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, 'shopt'
shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
- Unless otherwise noted, the `shopt' options are disabled (off) by
+ Unless otherwise noted, the 'shopt' options are disabled (off) by
default.
The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are
the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell
option.
- The list of `shopt' options is:
- `autocd'
+ The list of 'shopt' options is:
+
+ 'autocd'
If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is
- executed as if it were the argument to the `cd' command.
- This option is only used by interactive shells.
+ executed as if it were the argument to the 'cd' command. This
+ option is only used by interactive shells.
- `cdable_vars'
- If this is set, an argument to the `cd' builtin command that
+ 'cdable_vars'
+ If this is set, an argument to the 'cd' builtin command that
is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
- `cdspell'
+ 'cdspell'
If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component
- in a `cd' command will be corrected. The errors checked for
+ in a 'cd' command will be corrected. The errors checked for
are transposed characters, a missing character, and a
character too many. If a correction is found, the corrected
path is printed, and the command proceeds. This option is
only used by interactive shells.
- `checkhash'
+ 'checkhash'
If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
- table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
- command no longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
+ table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command
+ no longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
- `checkjobs'
+ 'checkjobs'
If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs
- before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are
- running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a second
- exit is attempted without an intervening command (*note Job
+ before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running,
+ this causes the exit to be deferred until a second exit is
+ attempted without an intervening command (*note Job
Control::). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs
are stopped.
- `checkwinsize'
- If set, Bash checks the window size after each command and,
- if necessary, updates the values of `LINES' and `COLUMNS'.
+ 'checkwinsize'
+ If set, Bash checks the window size after each command and, if
+ necessary, updates the values of 'LINES' and 'COLUMNS'.
- `cmdhist'
+ 'cmdhist'
If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
command in the same history entry. This allows easy
re-editing of multi-line commands.
- `compat31'
+ 'compat31'
If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with
- respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's `=~'
- operator and with respect to locale-specific string
- comparison when using the `[[' conditional command's `<' and
- `>' operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII
+ respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's '=~'
+ operator and with respect to locale-specific string comparison
+ when using the '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>'
+ operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII
collation and strcmp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).
- `compat32'
+ 'compat32'
If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with
respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
- `[[' conditional command's `<' and `>' operators (see
- previous item).
+ '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>' operators (see previous
+ item).
- `compat40'
+ 'compat40'
If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with
respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
- `[[' conditional command's `<' and `>' operators (see
- description of `compat31') and the effect of interrupting a
+ '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>' operators (see
+ description of 'compat31') and the effect of interrupting a
command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list
as if the shell received the interrupt; previous versions
continue with the next command in the list.
- `compat41'
+ 'compat41'
If set, Bash, when in POSIX mode, treats a single quote in a
- double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character.
- The single quotes must match (an even number) and the
- characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.
- This is the behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1. The
- default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
+ double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character. The
+ single quotes must match (an even number) and the characters
+ between the single quotes are considered quoted. This is the
+ behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1. The default Bash
+ behavior remains as in previous versions.
- `compat42'
+ 'compat42'
If set, Bash does not process the replacement string in the
pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal.
- `complete_fullquote'
+ 'complete_fullquote'
If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and
directory names when performing completion. If not set, Bash
removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of
however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be
quoted, either. This is active only when bash is using
backslashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is
- set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in
- versions through 4.2.
+ set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in versions
+ through 4.2.
- `direxpand'
- If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of
- word expansion when performing filename completion. This
- changes the contents of the readline editing buffer. If not
- set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed.
+ 'direxpand'
+ If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of word
+ expansion when performing filename completion. This changes
+ the contents of the readline editing buffer. If not set, Bash
+ attempts to preserve what the user typed.
- `dirspell'
+ 'dirspell'
If set, Bash attempts spelling correction on directory names
during word completion if the directory name initially
supplied does not exist.
- `dotglob'
- If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the
+ 'dotglob'
+ If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a '.' in the
results of filename expansion.
- `execfail'
+ 'execfail'
If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it
- cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the `exec'
- builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if `exec'
+ cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the 'exec'
+ builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if 'exec'
fails.
- `expand_aliases'
+ 'expand_aliases'
If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
*note Aliases::. This option is enabled by default for
interactive shells.
- `extdebug'
+ 'extdebug'
If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
- 1. The `-F' option to the `declare' builtin (*note Bash
- Builtins::) displays the source file name and line
- number corresponding to each function name supplied as
- an argument.
+ 1. The '-F' option to the 'declare' builtin (*note Bash
+ Builtins::) displays the source file name and line number
+ corresponding to each function name supplied as an
+ argument.
- 2. If the command run by the `DEBUG' trap returns a
- non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not
- executed.
+ 2. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a non-zero
+ value, the next command is skipped and not executed.
- 3. If the command run by the `DEBUG' trap returns a value
- of 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a
- shell function or a shell script executed by the `.' or
- `source' builtins), the shell simulates a call to
- `return'.
+ 3. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a value of
+ 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell
+ function or a shell script executed by the '.' or
+ 'source' builtins), the shell simulates a call to
+ 'return'.
- 4. `BASH_ARGC' and `BASH_ARGV' are updated as described in
+ 4. 'BASH_ARGC' and 'BASH_ARGV' are updated as described in
their descriptions (*note Bash Variables::).
5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
- functions, and subshells invoked with `( COMMAND )'
- inherit the `DEBUG' and `RETURN' traps.
+ functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )'
+ inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps.
6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
- functions, and subshells invoked with `( COMMAND )'
- inherit the `ERR' trap.
+ functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )'
+ inherit the 'ERR' trap.
- `extglob'
+ 'extglob'
If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
(*note Pattern Matching::) are enabled.
- `extquote'
- If set, `$'STRING'' and `$"STRING"' quoting is performed
- within `${PARAMETER}' expansions enclosed in double quotes.
+ 'extquote'
+ If set, '$'STRING'' and '$"STRING"' quoting is performed
+ within '${PARAMETER}' expansions enclosed in double quotes.
This option is enabled by default.
- `failglob'
- If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
- filename expansion result in an expansion error.
+ 'failglob'
+ If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename
+ expansion result in an expansion error.
- `force_fignore'
- If set, the suffixes specified by the `FIGNORE' shell variable
- cause words to be ignored when performing word completion
- even if the ignored words are the only possible completions.
- *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of `FIGNORE'. This
- option is enabled by default.
+ 'force_fignore'
+ If set, the suffixes specified by the 'FIGNORE' shell variable
+ cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even
+ if the ignored words are the only possible completions. *Note
+ Bash Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'. This option
+ is enabled by default.
- `globasciiranges'
+ 'globasciiranges'
If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket
expressions (*note Pattern Matching::) behave as if in the
traditional C locale when performing comparisons. That is,
the current locale's collating sequence is not taken into
- account, so `b' will not collate between `A' and `B', and
+ account, so 'b' will not collate between 'A' and 'B', and
upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate
together.
- `globstar'
- If set, the pattern `**' used in a filename expansion context
+ 'globstar'
+ If set, the pattern '**' used in a filename expansion context
will match all files and zero or more directories and
- subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a `/', only
+ subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a '/', only
directories and subdirectories match.
- `gnu_errfmt'
+ 'gnu_errfmt'
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU
error message format.
- `histappend'
+ 'histappend'
If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the
- value of the `HISTFILE' variable when the shell exits, rather
+ value of the 'HISTFILE' variable when the shell exits, rather
than overwriting the file.
- `histreedit'
+ 'histreedit'
If set, and Readline is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
- `histverify'
+ 'histverify'
If set, and Readline is being used, the results of history
substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser.
Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the Readline
editing buffer, allowing further modification.
- `hostcomplete'
+ 'hostcomplete'
If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to
- perform hostname completion when a word containing a `@' is
+ perform hostname completion when a word containing a '@' is
being completed (*note Commands For Completion::). This
option is enabled by default.
- `huponexit'
- If set, Bash will send `SIGHUP' to all jobs when an
+ 'huponexit'
+ If set, Bash will send 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an
interactive login shell exits (*note Signals::).
- `interactive_comments'
- Allow a word beginning with `#' to cause that word and all
+ 'interactive_comments'
+ Allow a word beginning with '#' to cause that word and all
remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an
interactive shell. This option is enabled by default.
- `lastpipe'
- If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the
- last command of a pipeline not executed in the background in
- the current shell environment.
+ 'lastpipe'
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last
+ command of a pipeline not executed in the background in the
+ current shell environment.
- `lithist'
- If enabled, and the `cmdhist' option is enabled, multi-line
+ 'lithist'
+ If enabled, and the 'cmdhist' option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
- `login_shell'
+ 'login_shell'
The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
(*note Invoking Bash::). The value may not be changed.
- `mailwarn'
+ 'mailwarn'
If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
- accessed since the last time it was checked, the message
- `"The mail in MAILFILE has been read"' is displayed.
+ accessed since the last time it was checked, the message '"The
+ mail in MAILFILE has been read"' is displayed.
- `no_empty_cmd_completion'
+ 'no_empty_cmd_completion'
If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to
- search the `PATH' for possible completions when completion is
+ search the 'PATH' for possible completions when completion is
attempted on an empty line.
- `nocaseglob'
+ 'nocaseglob'
If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion
when performing filename expansion.
- `nocasematch'
+ 'nocasematch'
If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion
- when performing matching while executing `case' or `[['
- conditional commands.
+ when performing matching while executing 'case' or '[['
+ conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution
+ word expansions, or when filtering possible completions as
+ part of programmable completion.
- `nullglob'
+ 'nullglob'
If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no files to
expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
- `progcomp'
+ 'progcomp'
If set, the programmable completion facilities (*note
Programmable Completion::) are enabled. This option is
enabled by default.
- `promptvars'
+ 'promptvars'
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command
substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after
being expanded as described below (*note Controlling the
Prompt::). This option is enabled by default.
- `restricted_shell'
+ 'restricted_shell'
The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
(*note The Restricted Shell::). The value may not be changed.
This is not reset when the startup files are executed,
allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell
is restricted.
- `shift_verbose'
- If this is set, the `shift' builtin prints an error message
+ 'shift_verbose'
+ If this is set, the 'shift' builtin prints an error message
when the shift count exceeds the number of positional
parameters.
- `sourcepath'
- If set, the `source' builtin uses the value of `PATH' to find
+ 'sourcepath'
+ If set, the 'source' builtin uses the value of 'PATH' to find
the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
This option is enabled by default.
- `xpg_echo'
- If set, the `echo' builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+ 'xpg_echo'
+ If set, the 'echo' builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
by default.
-
The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are
enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options,
the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell
as the Bourne Shell.
* Bash Variables:: List of variables that exist in Bash.
- This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. Bash
+This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. Bash
automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.
\1f
Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
-`CDPATH'
- A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for
- the `cd' builtin command.
+'CDPATH'
+ A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for the
+ 'cd' builtin command.
-`HOME'
- The current user's home directory; the default for the `cd' builtin
+'HOME'
+ The current user's home directory; the default for the 'cd' builtin
command. The value of this variable is also used by tilde
expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
-`IFS'
+'IFS'
A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell
splits words as part of expansion.
-`MAIL'
+'MAIL'
If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name and the
- `MAILPATH' variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the
+ 'MAILPATH' variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the
arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
-`MAILPATH'
+'MAILPATH'
A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically
checks for new mail. Each list entry can specify the message that
- is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating
- the filename from the message with a `?'. When used in the text
- of the message, `$_' expands to the name of the current mail file.
+ is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating the
+ filename from the message with a '?'. When used in the text of the
+ message, '$_' expands to the name of the current mail file.
-`OPTARG'
- The value of the last option argument processed by the `getopts'
+'OPTARG'
+ The value of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts'
builtin.
-`OPTIND'
- The index of the last option argument processed by the `getopts'
+'OPTIND'
+ The index of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts'
builtin.
-`PATH'
+'PATH'
A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
commands. A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of
- `PATH' indicates the current directory. A null directory name may
+ 'PATH' indicates the current directory. A null directory name may
appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.
-`PS1'
- The primary prompt string. The default value is `\s-\v\$ '.
- *Note Controlling the Prompt::, for the complete list of escape
- sequences that are expanded before `PS1' is displayed.
-
-`PS2'
- The secondary prompt string. The default value is `> '.
+'PS1'
+ The primary prompt string. The default value is '\s-\v\$ '. *Note
+ Controlling the Prompt::, for the complete list of escape sequences
+ that are expanded before 'PS1' is displayed.
+'PS2'
+ The secondary prompt string. The default value is '> '.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Variables, Prev: Bourne Shell Variables, Up: Shell Variables
variables for controlling the job control facilities (*note Job Control
Variables::).
-`BASH'
+'BASH'
The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
-`BASHOPTS'
+'BASHOPTS'
A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the
- list is a valid argument for the `-s' option to the `shopt'
- builtin command (*note The Shopt Builtin::). The options
- appearing in `BASHOPTS' are those reported as `on' by `shopt'. If
- this variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each
- shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any
- startup files. This variable is readonly.
-
-`BASHPID'
+ list is a valid argument for the '-s' option to the 'shopt' builtin
+ command (*note The Shopt Builtin::). The options appearing in
+ 'BASHOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'shopt'. If this variable
+ is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell option in the
+ list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This
+ variable is readonly.
+
+'BASHPID'
Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This
- differs from `$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+ differs from '$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells
that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
-`BASH_ALIASES'
+'BASH_ALIASES'
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
- internal list of aliases as maintained by the `alias' builtin.
+ internal list of aliases as maintained by the 'alias' builtin.
(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array
- appear in the alias list; unsetting array elements cause aliases
- to be removed from the alias list.
+ appear in the alias list; unsetting array elements cause aliases to
+ be removed from the alias list.
-`BASH_ARGC'
+'BASH_ARGC'
An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of
parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script
- executed with `.' or `source') is at the top of the stack. When a
+ executed with '.' or 'source') is at the top of the stack. When a
subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed
- onto `BASH_ARGC'. The shell sets `BASH_ARGC' only when in
- extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a
- description of the `extdebug' option to the `shopt' builtin).
+ onto 'BASH_ARGC'. The shell sets 'BASH_ARGC' only when in extended
+ debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of
+ the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin).
-`BASH_ARGV'
+'BASH_ARGV'
An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current
bash execution call stack. The final parameter of the last
subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of
the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed,
- the parameters supplied are pushed onto `BASH_ARGV'. The shell
- sets `BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note
- The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of the `extdebug' option to
- the `shopt' builtin).
+ the parameters supplied are pushed onto 'BASH_ARGV'. The shell
+ sets 'BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note
+ The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to
+ the 'shopt' builtin).
-`BASH_CMDS'
+'BASH_CMDS'
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
- internal hash table of commands as maintained by the `hash' builtin
+ internal hash table of commands as maintained by the 'hash' builtin
(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array
appear in the hash table; unsetting array elements cause commands
to be removed from the hash table.
-`BASH_COMMAND'
+'BASH_COMMAND'
The command currently being executed or about to be executed,
- unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
- in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
+ unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in
+ which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
-`BASH_COMPAT'
+'BASH_COMPAT'
The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. *Note
The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of the various compatibility
- levels and their effects. The value may be a decimal number
- (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired
- compatibility level. If `BASH_COMPAT' is unset or set to the
- empty string, the compatibility level is set to the default for
- the current version. If `BASH_COMPAT' is set to a value that is
- not one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an
- error message and sets the compatibility level to the default for
- the current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to
- the compatibility options accepted by the `shopt' builtin
- described above (for example, COMPAT42 means that 4.2 and 42 are
- valid values). The current version is also a valid value.
-
-`BASH_ENV'
+ levels and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g.,
+ 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired
+ compatibility level. If 'BASH_COMPAT' is unset or set to the empty
+ string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the
+ current version. If 'BASH_COMPAT' is set to a value that is not
+ one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error
+ message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the
+ current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to the
+ compatibility options accepted by the 'shopt' builtin described
+ above (for example, COMPAT42 means that 4.2 and 42 are valid
+ values). The current version is also a valid value.
+
+'BASH_ENV'
If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup
file to read before executing the script. *Note Bash Startup
Files::.
-`BASH_EXECUTION_STRING'
- The command argument to the `-c' invocation option.
+'BASH_EXECUTION_STRING'
+ The command argument to the '-c' invocation option.
-`BASH_LINENO'
+'BASH_LINENO'
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
files where each corresponding member of FUNCNAME was invoked.
- `${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file
- (`${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}') where `${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or
- `${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if referenced within another shell
- function). Use `LINENO' to obtain the current line number.
-
-`BASH_REMATCH'
- An array variable whose members are assigned by the `=~' binary
- operator to the `[[' conditional command (*note Conditional
+ '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file
+ ('${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}') where '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or
+ '${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if referenced within another shell
+ function). Use 'LINENO' to obtain the current line number.
+
+'BASH_REMATCH'
+ An array variable whose members are assigned by the '=~' binary
+ operator to the '[[' conditional command (*note Conditional
Constructs::). The element with index 0 is the portion of the
string matching the entire regular expression. The element with
- index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth
- parenthesized subexpression. This variable is read-only.
+ index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized
+ subexpression. This variable is read-only.
-`BASH_SOURCE'
+'BASH_SOURCE'
An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
- corresponding shell function names in the `FUNCNAME' array
- variable are defined. The shell function `${FUNCNAME[$i]}' is
- defined in the file `${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}' and called from
- `${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}'
+ corresponding shell function names in the 'FUNCNAME' array variable
+ are defined. The shell function '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' is defined in
+ the file '${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}' and called from
+ '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}'
-`BASH_SUBSHELL'
+'BASH_SUBSHELL'
Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment
when the shell begins executing in that environment. The initial
value is 0.
-`BASH_VERSINFO'
+'BASH_VERSINFO'
A readonly array variable (*note Arrays::) whose members hold
- version information for this instance of Bash. The values
- assigned to the array members are as follows:
+ version information for this instance of Bash. The values assigned
+ to the array members are as follows:
- `BASH_VERSINFO[0]'
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[0]'
The major version number (the RELEASE).
- `BASH_VERSINFO[1]'
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[1]'
The minor version number (the VERSION).
- `BASH_VERSINFO[2]'
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[2]'
The patch level.
- `BASH_VERSINFO[3]'
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[3]'
The build version.
- `BASH_VERSINFO[4]'
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[4]'
The release status (e.g., BETA1).
- `BASH_VERSINFO[5]'
- The value of `MACHTYPE'.
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO[5]'
+ The value of 'MACHTYPE'.
-`BASH_VERSION'
+'BASH_VERSION'
The version number of the current instance of Bash.
-`BASH_XTRACEFD'
+'BASH_XTRACEFD'
If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
- will write the trace output generated when `set -x' is enabled to
+ will write the trace output generated when 'set -x' is enabled to
that file descriptor. This allows tracing output to be separated
from diagnostic and error messages. The file descriptor is closed
- when `BASH_XTRACEFD' is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting
- `BASH_XTRACEFD' or assigning it the empty string causes the trace
+ when 'BASH_XTRACEFD' is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting
+ 'BASH_XTRACEFD' or assigning it the empty string causes the trace
output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting
- `BASH_XTRACEFD' to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then
+ 'BASH_XTRACEFD' to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then
unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed.
-`CHILD_MAX'
+'CHILD_MAX'
Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a
POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently
8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is
system-dependent.
-`COLUMNS'
- Used by the `select' command to determine the terminal width when
- printing selection lists. Automatically set if the `checkwinsize'
- option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an
- interactive shell upon receipt of a `SIGWINCH'.
+'COLUMNS'
+ Used by the 'select' command to determine the terminal width when
+ printing selection lists. Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize'
+ option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive
+ shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'.
-`COMP_CWORD'
- An index into `${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current
+'COMP_CWORD'
+ An index into '${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current
cursor position. This variable is available only in shell
functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (*note
Programmable Completion::).
-`COMP_LINE'
- The current command line. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
+'COMP_LINE'
+ The current command line. This variable is available only in shell
+ functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
-`COMP_POINT'
+'COMP_POINT'
The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning
of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the
end of the current command, the value of this variable is equal to
- `${#COMP_LINE}'. This variable is available only in shell
+ '${#COMP_LINE}'. This variable is available only in shell
functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
-`COMP_TYPE'
+'COMP_TYPE'
Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion
attempted that caused a completion function to be called: TAB, for
- normal completion, `?', for listing completions after successive
- tabs, `!', for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
- `@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or `%',
- for menu completion. This variable is available only in shell
+ normal completion, '?', for listing completions after successive
+ tabs, '!', for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
+ '@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or '%', for
+ menu completion. This variable is available only in shell
functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
-`COMP_KEY'
+'COMP_KEY'
The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
completion function.
-`COMP_WORDBREAKS'
+'COMP_WORDBREAKS'
The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
- separators when performing word completion. If `COMP_WORDBREAKS'
+ separators when performing word completion. If 'COMP_WORDBREAKS'
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
-`COMP_WORDS'
- An array variable consisting of the individual words in the
- current command line. The line is split into words as Readline
- would split it, using `COMP_WORDBREAKS' as described above. This
- variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
- programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable
- Completion::).
+'COMP_WORDS'
+ An array variable consisting of the individual words in the current
+ command line. The line is split into words as Readline would split
+ it, using 'COMP_WORDBREAKS' as described above. This variable is
+ available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable
+ completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
-`COMPREPLY'
+'COMPREPLY'
An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable
completion facility (*note Programmable Completion::). Each array
element contains one possible completion.
-`COPROC'
+'COPROC'
An array variable created to hold the file descriptors for output
from and input to an unnamed coprocess (*note Coprocesses::).
-`DIRSTACK'
+'DIRSTACK'
An array variable containing the current contents of the directory
stack. Directories appear in the stack in the order they are
- displayed by the `dirs' builtin. Assigning to members of this
+ displayed by the 'dirs' builtin. Assigning to members of this
array variable may be used to modify directories already in the
- stack, but the `pushd' and `popd' builtins must be used to add and
+ stack, but the 'pushd' and 'popd' builtins must be used to add and
remove directories. Assignment to this variable will not change
- the current directory. If `DIRSTACK' is unset, it loses its
+ the current directory. If 'DIRSTACK' is unset, it loses its
special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
-`EMACS'
+'EMACS'
If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
- starts with value `t', it assumes that the shell is running in an
+ starts with value 't', it assumes that the shell is running in an
Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
-`ENV'
- Similar to `BASH_ENV'; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX
- Mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+'ENV'
+ Similar to 'BASH_ENV'; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX Mode
+ (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
-`EUID'
+'EUID'
The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
is readonly.
-`FCEDIT'
- The editor used as a default by the `-e' option to the `fc'
- builtin command.
+'FCEDIT'
+ The editor used as a default by the '-e' option to the 'fc' builtin
+ command.
-`FIGNORE'
+'FIGNORE'
A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
filename completion. A filename whose suffix matches one of the
- entries in `FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched
- filenames. A sample value is `.o:~'
+ entries in 'FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched
+ filenames. A sample value is '.o:~'
-`FUNCNAME'
+'FUNCNAME'
An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
- currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0
- is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The
- bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is `"main"'.
+ currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is
+ the name of any currently-executing shell function. The
+ bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is '"main"'.
This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
- Assignments to `FUNCNAME' have no effect and return an error
- status. If `FUNCNAME' is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ Assignments to 'FUNCNAME' have no effect and return an error
+ status. If 'FUNCNAME' is unset, it loses its special properties,
even if it is subsequently reset.
- This variable can be used with `BASH_LINENO' and `BASH_SOURCE'.
- Each element of `FUNCNAME' has corresponding elements in
- `BASH_LINENO' and `BASH_SOURCE' to describe the call stack. For
- instance, `${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called from the file
- `${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' at line number `${BASH_LINENO[$i]}'. The
- `caller' builtin displays the current call stack using this
+ This variable can be used with 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE'.
+ Each element of 'FUNCNAME' has corresponding elements in
+ 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE' to describe the call stack. For
+ instance, '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called from the file
+ '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' at line number '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}'. The
+ 'caller' builtin displays the current call stack using this
information.
-`FUNCNEST'
+'FUNCNEST'
If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this
nesting level will cause the current command to abort.
-`GLOBIGNORE'
+'GLOBIGNORE'
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
be ignored by filename expansion. If a filename matched by a
filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in
- `GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches.
+ 'GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches.
-`GROUPS'
+'GROUPS'
An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
- current user is a member. Assignments to `GROUPS' have no effect
- and return an error status. If `GROUPS' is unset, it loses its
+ current user is a member. Assignments to 'GROUPS' have no effect
+ and return an error status. If 'GROUPS' is unset, it loses its
special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
-`histchars'
+'histchars'
Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The
first character is the HISTORY EXPANSION character, that is, the
character which signifies the start of a history expansion,
- normally `!'. The second character is the character which
- signifies `quick substitution' when seen as the first character on
- a line, normally `^'. The optional third character is the
+ normally '!'. The second character is the character which
+ signifies 'quick substitution' when seen as the first character on
+ a line, normally '^'. The optional third character is the
character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a
- comment when found as the first character of a word, usually `#'.
+ comment when found as the first character of a word, usually '#'.
The history comment character causes history substitution to be
skipped for the remaining words on the line. It does not
- necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line
- as a comment.
+ necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as
+ a comment.
-`HISTCMD'
+'HISTCMD'
The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
- command. If `HISTCMD' is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ command. If 'HISTCMD' is unset, it loses its special properties,
even if it is subsequently reset.
-`HISTCONTROL'
- A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
- saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
- `ignorespace', lines which begin with a space character are not
- saved in the history list. A value of `ignoredups' causes lines
- which match the previous history entry to not be saved. A value
- of `ignoreboth' is shorthand for `ignorespace' and `ignoredups'.
- A value of `erasedups' causes all previous lines matching the
- current line to be removed from the history list before that line
- is saved. Any value not in the above list is ignored. If
- `HISTCONTROL' is unset, or does not include a valid value, all
- lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
- subject to the value of `HISTIGNORE'. The second and subsequent
- lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are
- added to the history regardless of the value of `HISTCONTROL'.
-
-`HISTFILE'
+'HISTCONTROL'
+ A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved
+ on the history list. If the list of values includes 'ignorespace',
+ lines which begin with a space character are not saved in the
+ history list. A value of 'ignoredups' causes lines which match the
+ previous history entry to not be saved. A value of 'ignoreboth' is
+ shorthand for 'ignorespace' and 'ignoredups'. A value of
+ 'erasedups' causes all previous lines matching the current line to
+ be removed from the history list before that line is saved. Any
+ value not in the above list is ignored. If 'HISTCONTROL' is unset,
+ or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell
+ parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value of
+ 'HISTIGNORE'. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
+ compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
+ regardless of the value of 'HISTCONTROL'.
+
+'HISTFILE'
The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The
- default value is `~/.bash_history'.
+ default value is '~/.bash_history'.
-`HISTFILESIZE'
+'HISTFILESIZE'
The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When
this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated,
if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines by
- removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated
- to this size after writing it when a shell exits. If the value is
- 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values
- and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell
- sets the default value to the value of `HISTSIZE' after reading
- any startup files.
-
-`HISTIGNORE'
+ removing the oldest entries. The history file is also truncated to
+ this size after writing it when a shell exits. If the value is 0,
+ the history file is truncated to zero size. Non-numeric values and
+ numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation. The shell sets
+ the default value to the value of 'HISTSIZE' after reading any
+ startup files.
+
+'HISTIGNORE'
A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
- line (no implicit `*' is appended). Each pattern is tested
- against the line after the checks specified by `HISTCONTROL' are
- applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching
- characters, `&' matches the previous history line. `&' may be
- escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed before
- attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a
- multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the
- history regardless of the value of `HISTIGNORE'.
-
- `HISTIGNORE' subsumes the function of `HISTCONTROL'. A pattern of
- `&' is identical to `ignoredups', and a pattern of `[ ]*' is
- identical to `ignorespace'. Combining these two patterns,
+ line (no implicit '*' is appended). Each pattern is tested against
+ the line after the checks specified by 'HISTCONTROL' are applied.
+ In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, '&'
+ matches the previous history line. '&' may be escaped using a
+ backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The
+ second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+ not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+ 'HISTIGNORE'.
+
+ 'HISTIGNORE' subsumes the function of 'HISTCONTROL'. A pattern of
+ '&' is identical to 'ignoredups', and a pattern of '[ ]*' is
+ identical to 'ignorespace'. Combining these two patterns,
separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of
- `ignoreboth'.
+ 'ignoreboth'.
-`HISTSIZE'
- The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.
- If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
+'HISTSIZE'
+ The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. If
+ the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
on the history list (there is no limit). The shell sets the
default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
-`HISTTIMEFORMAT'
- If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
- format string for STRFTIME to print the time stamp associated with
- each history entry displayed by the `history' builtin. If this
- variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so
- they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses the
- history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other
- history lines.
-
-`HOSTFILE'
- Contains the name of a file in the same format as `/etc/hosts' that
+'HISTTIMEFORMAT'
+ If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format
+ string for STRFTIME to print the time stamp associated with each
+ history entry displayed by the 'history' builtin. If this variable
+ is set, time stamps are written to the history file so they may be
+ preserved across shell sessions. This uses the history comment
+ character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.
+
+'HOSTFILE'
+ Contains the name of a file in the same format as '/etc/hosts' that
should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The
list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the
shell is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted
after the value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file
- to the existing list. If `HOSTFILE' is set, but has no value, or
- does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read `/etc/hosts'
+ to the existing list. If 'HOSTFILE' is set, but has no value, or
+ does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read '/etc/hosts'
to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. When
- `HOSTFILE' is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+ 'HOSTFILE' is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
-`HOSTNAME'
+'HOSTNAME'
The name of the current host.
-`HOSTTYPE'
+'HOSTTYPE'
A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
-`IGNOREEOF'
- Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an `EOF' character
+'IGNOREEOF'
+ Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an 'EOF' character
as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number of
- consecutive `EOF' characters that can be read as the first
+ consecutive 'EOF' characters that can be read as the first
character on an input line before the shell will exit. If the
- variable exists but does not have a numeric value (or has no
- value) then the default is 10. If the variable does not exist,
- then `EOF' signifies the end of input to the shell. This is only
- in effect for interactive shells.
+ variable exists but does not have a numeric value (or has no value)
+ then the default is 10. If the variable does not exist, then 'EOF'
+ signifies the end of input to the shell. This is only in effect
+ for interactive shells.
-`INPUTRC'
+'INPUTRC'
The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the
- default of `~/.inputrc'.
+ default of '~/.inputrc'.
-`LANG'
+'LANG'
Used to determine the locale category for any category not
- specifically selected with a variable starting with `LC_'.
+ specifically selected with a variable starting with 'LC_'.
-`LC_ALL'
- This variable overrides the value of `LANG' and any other `LC_'
+'LC_ALL'
+ This variable overrides the value of 'LANG' and any other 'LC_'
variable specifying a locale category.
-`LC_COLLATE'
+'LC_COLLATE'
This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
- results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of
- range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences
- within filename expansion and pattern matching (*note Filename
+ results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of range
+ expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within
+ filename expansion and pattern matching (*note Filename
Expansion::).
-`LC_CTYPE'
+'LC_CTYPE'
This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern
matching (*note Filename Expansion::).
-`LC_MESSAGES'
+'LC_MESSAGES'
This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
- strings preceded by a `$' (*note Locale Translation::).
+ strings preceded by a '$' (*note Locale Translation::).
-`LC_NUMERIC'
+'LC_NUMERIC'
This variable determines the locale category used for number
formatting.
-`LINENO'
+'LINENO'
The line number in the script or shell function currently
executing.
-`LINES'
- Used by the `select' command to determine the column length for
- printing selection lists. Automatically set if the `checkwinsize'
- option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an
- interactive shell upon receipt of a `SIGWINCH'.
+'LINES'
+ Used by the 'select' command to determine the column length for
+ printing selection lists. Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize'
+ option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive
+ shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'.
-`MACHTYPE'
+'MACHTYPE'
A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash is
executing, in the standard GNU CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM format.
-`MAILCHECK'
+'MAILCHECK'
How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
- files specified in the `MAILPATH' or `MAIL' variables. The
- default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the
- shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this
- variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater
- than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
-
-`MAPFILE'
- An array variable created to hold the text read by the `mapfile'
+ files specified in the 'MAILPATH' or 'MAIL' variables. The default
+ is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the shell does
+ so before displaying the primary prompt. If this variable is
+ unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal
+ to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+
+'MAPFILE'
+ An array variable created to hold the text read by the 'mapfile'
builtin when no variable name is supplied.
-`OLDPWD'
- The previous working directory as set by the `cd' builtin.
+'OLDPWD'
+ The previous working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin.
-`OPTERR'
+'OPTERR'
If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages generated by
- the `getopts' builtin command.
+ the 'getopts' builtin command.
-`OSTYPE'
+'OSTYPE'
A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
-`PIPESTATUS'
- An array variable (*note Arrays::) containing a list of exit
- status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed
- foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command).
+'PIPESTATUS'
+ An array variable (*note Arrays::) containing a list of exit status
+ values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground
+ pipeline (which may contain only a single command).
-`POSIXLY_CORRECT'
+'POSIXLY_CORRECT'
If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell
enters POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::) before reading the
- startup files, as if the `--posix' invocation option had been
+ startup files, as if the '--posix' invocation option had been
supplied. If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables
POSIX mode, as if the command
- `set -o posix'
+ set -o posix
had been executed.
-`PPID'
+'PPID'
The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable is
readonly.
-`PROMPT_COMMAND'
- If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute before
- the printing of each primary prompt (`$PS1').
+'PROMPT_COMMAND'
+ If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute before the
+ printing of each primary prompt ('$PS1').
-`PROMPT_DIRTRIM'
+'PROMPT_DIRTRIM'
If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the
number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding
- the `\w' and `\W' prompt string escapes (*note Controlling the
+ the '\w' and '\W' prompt string escapes (*note Controlling the
Prompt::). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
-`PS3'
- The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the `select'
- command. If this variable is not set, the `select' command
- prompts with `#? '
+'PS3'
+ The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the 'select'
+ command. If this variable is not set, the 'select' command prompts
+ with '#? '
-`PS4'
+'PS4'
The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed
- when the `-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first
- character of `PS4' is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to
- indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is `+ '.
+ when the '-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first
+ character of 'PS4' is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to
+ indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is '+ '.
-`PWD'
- The current working directory as set by the `cd' builtin.
+'PWD'
+ The current working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin.
-`RANDOM'
+'RANDOM'
Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0
and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this variable seeds
the random number generator.
-`READLINE_LINE'
- The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use with `bind -x'
+'READLINE_LINE'
+ The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use with 'bind -x'
(*note Bash Builtins::).
-`READLINE_POINT'
+'READLINE_POINT'
The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer,
- for use with `bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::).
+ for use with 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::).
-`REPLY'
- The default variable for the `read' builtin.
+'REPLY'
+ The default variable for the 'read' builtin.
-`SECONDS'
+'SECONDS'
This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was
- started. Assignment to this variable resets the count to the
- value assigned, and the expanded value becomes the value assigned
- plus the number of seconds since the assignment.
+ started. Assignment to this variable resets the count to the value
+ assigned, and the expanded value becomes the value assigned plus
+ the number of seconds since the assignment.
-`SHELL'
+'SHELL'
The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment
variable. If it is not set when the shell starts, Bash assigns to
it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
-`SHELLOPTS'
+'SHELLOPTS'
A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the
- list is a valid argument for the `-o' option to the `set' builtin
+ list is a valid argument for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
command (*note The Set Builtin::). The options appearing in
- `SHELLOPTS' are those reported as `on' by `set -o'. If this
+ 'SHELLOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'set -o'. If this
variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell
option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup
files. This variable is readonly.
-`SHLVL'
+'SHLVL'
Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started.
This is intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are
nested.
-`TIMEFORMAT'
+'TIMEFORMAT'
The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
- how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the `time'
- reserved word should be displayed. The `%' character introduces an
+ how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the 'time'
+ reserved word should be displayed. The '%' character introduces an
escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other
information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as
follows; the braces denote optional portions.
- `%%'
- A literal `%'.
+ '%%'
+ A literal '%'.
- `%[P][l]R'
+ '%[P][l]R'
The elapsed time in seconds.
- `%[P][l]U'
+ '%[P][l]U'
The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
- `%[P][l]S'
+ '%[P][l]S'
The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
- `%P'
+ '%P'
The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
The optional P is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no
- decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places
- after the decimal point may be specified; values of P greater than
- 3 are changed to 3. If P is not specified, the value 3 is used.
+ decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places after
+ the decimal point may be specified; values of P greater than 3 are
+ changed to 3. If P is not specified, the value 3 is used.
- The optional `l' specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+ The optional 'l' specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
the form MMmSS.FFs. The value of P determines whether or not the
fraction is included.
If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value
- `$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS''
+ $'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'
If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A
trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
-`TMOUT'
- If set to a value greater than zero, `TMOUT' is treated as the
- default timeout for the `read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
- The `select' command (*note Conditional Constructs::) terminates
- if input does not arrive after `TMOUT' seconds when input is coming
+'TMOUT'
+ If set to a value greater than zero, 'TMOUT' is treated as the
+ default timeout for the 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
+ The 'select' command (*note Conditional Constructs::) terminates if
+ input does not arrive after 'TMOUT' seconds when input is coming
from a terminal.
In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of
prompt. Bash terminates after waiting for that number of seconds
if a complete line of input does not arrive.
-`TMPDIR'
+'TMPDIR'
If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use.
-`UID'
+'UID'
The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is
readonly.
-
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Features, Next: Job Control, Prev: Shell Variables, Up: Top
* Bash Startup Files:: When and how Bash executes scripts.
* Interactive Shells:: What an interactive shell is.
* Bash Conditional Expressions:: Primitives used in composing expressions for
- the `test' builtin.
+ the 'test' builtin.
* Shell Arithmetic:: Arithmetic on shell variables.
* Aliases:: Substituting one command for another.
* Arrays:: Array Variables.
bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] -c STRING [ARGUMENT ...]
bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...]
- All of the single-character options used with the `set' builtin
+ All of the single-character options used with the 'set' builtin
(*note The Set Builtin::) can be used as options when the shell is
invoked. In addition, there are several multi-character options that
you can use. These options must appear on the command line before the
single-character options to be recognized.
-`--debugger'
+'--debugger'
Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt
- Builtin:: for a description of the `extdebug' option to the `shopt'
+ Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt'
builtin).
-`--dump-po-strings'
- A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by `$' is printed on
- the standard output in the GNU `gettext' PO (portable object) file
- format. Equivalent to `-D' except for the output format.
+'--dump-po-strings'
+ A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on
+ the standard output in the GNU 'gettext' PO (portable object) file
+ format. Equivalent to '-D' except for the output format.
-`--dump-strings'
- Equivalent to `-D'.
+'--dump-strings'
+ Equivalent to '-D'.
-`--help'
+'--help'
Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
-`--init-file FILENAME'
-`--rcfile FILENAME'
- Execute commands from FILENAME (instead of `~/.bashrc') in an
+'--init-file FILENAME'
+'--rcfile FILENAME'
+ Execute commands from FILENAME (instead of '~/.bashrc') in an
interactive shell.
-`--login'
- Equivalent to `-l'.
+'--login'
+ Equivalent to '-l'.
-`--noediting'
+'--noediting'
Do not use the GNU Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::)
- to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
+ to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
-`--noprofile'
- Don't load the system-wide startup file `/etc/profile' or any of
- the personal initialization files `~/.bash_profile',
- `~/.bash_login', or `~/.profile' when Bash is invoked as a login
+'--noprofile'
+ Don't load the system-wide startup file '/etc/profile' or any of
+ the personal initialization files '~/.bash_profile',
+ '~/.bash_login', or '~/.profile' when Bash is invoked as a login
shell.
-`--norc'
- Don't read the `~/.bashrc' initialization file in an interactive
- shell. This is on by default if the shell is invoked as `sh'.
+'--norc'
+ Don't read the '~/.bashrc' initialization file in an interactive
+ shell. This is on by default if the shell is invoked as 'sh'.
-`--posix'
+'--posix'
Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
- from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This is intended
- to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. *Note
- Bash POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash POSIX mode.
+ from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This is intended to
+ make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. *Note Bash
+ POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash POSIX mode.
-`--restricted'
+'--restricted'
Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::).
-`--verbose'
- Equivalent to `-v'. Print shell input lines as they're read.
+'--verbose'
+ Equivalent to '-v'. Print shell input lines as they're read.
-`--version'
+'--version'
Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard
output and exit successfully.
There are several single-character options that may be supplied at
-invocation which are not available with the `set' builtin.
+invocation which are not available with the 'set' builtin.
-`-c'
+'-c'
Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument
COMMAND_STRING, then exit. If there are arguments after the
- COMMAND_STRING, the first argument is assigned to `$0' and any
- remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters.
- The assignment to `$0' sets the name of the shell, which is used
- in warning and error messages.
+ COMMAND_STRING, the first argument is assigned to '$0' and any
+ remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters. The
+ assignment to '$0' sets the name of the shell, which is used in
+ warning and error messages.
-`-i'
+'-i'
Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are
described in *note Interactive Shells::.
-`-l'
+'-l'
Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a
- login shell with `exec -l bash'. When the shell is not
- interactive, the login shell startup files will be executed.
- `exec bash -l' or `exec bash --login' will replace the current
- shell with a Bash login shell. *Note Bash Startup Files::, for a
- description of the special behavior of a login shell.
+ login shell with 'exec -l bash'. When the shell is not
+ interactive, the login shell startup files will be executed. 'exec
+ bash -l' or 'exec bash --login' will replace the current shell with
+ a Bash login shell. *Note Bash Startup Files::, for a description
+ of the special behavior of a login shell.
-`-r'
+'-r'
Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::).
-`-s'
+'-s'
If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This
option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an
interactive shell.
-`-D'
- A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by `$' is printed on
+'-D'
+ A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on
the standard output. These are the strings that are subject to
- language translation when the current locale is not `C' or `POSIX'
- (*note Locale Translation::). This implies the `-n' option; no
+ language translation when the current locale is not 'C' or 'POSIX'
+ (*note Locale Translation::). This implies the '-n' option; no
commands will be executed.
-`[-+]O [SHOPT_OPTION]'
- SHOPT_OPTION is one of the shell options accepted by the `shopt'
+'[-+]O [SHOPT_OPTION]'
+ SHOPT_OPTION is one of the shell options accepted by the 'shopt'
builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::). If SHOPT_OPTION is present,
- `-O' sets the value of that option; `+O' unsets it. If
+ '-O' sets the value of that option; '+O' unsets it. If
SHOPT_OPTION is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
- options accepted by `shopt' are printed on the standard output.
- If the invocation option is `+O', the output is displayed in a
- format that may be reused as input.
+ options accepted by 'shopt' are printed on the standard output. If
+ the invocation option is '+O', the output is displayed in a format
+ that may be reused as input.
-`--'
- A `--' signals the end of options and disables further option
- processing. Any arguments after the `--' are treated as filenames
+'--'
+ A '--' signals the end of options and disables further option
+ processing. Any arguments after the '--' are treated as filenames
and arguments.
- A _login_ shell is one whose first character of argument zero is
-`-', or one invoked with the `--login' option.
+ A _login_ shell is one whose first character of argument zero is '-',
+or one invoked with the '--login' option.
An _interactive_ shell is one started without non-option arguments,
-unless `-s' is specified, without specifying the `-c' option, and whose
+unless '-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose
input and output are both connected to terminals (as determined by
-`isatty(3)'), or one started with the `-i' option. *Note Interactive
+'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option. *Note Interactive
Shells::, for more information.
- If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the `-c'
-nor the `-s' option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
-be the name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::).
-When Bash is invoked in this fashion, `$0' is set to the name of the
+ If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the '-c' nor
+the '-s' option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be
+the name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::).
+When Bash is invoked in this fashion, '$0' is set to the name of the
file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments.
Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. Bash's
exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the
Interactive shells are described in *note Interactive Shells::.
-Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with `--login'
+Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with '--login'
........................................................
When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
-non-interactive shell with the `--login' option, it first reads and
-executes commands from the file `/etc/profile', if that file exists.
-After reading that file, it looks for `~/.bash_profile',
-`~/.bash_login', and `~/.profile', in that order, and reads and
-executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The
-`--noprofile' option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit
+non-interactive shell with the '--login' option, it first reads and
+executes commands from the file '/etc/profile', if that file exists.
+After reading that file, it looks for '~/.bash_profile',
+'~/.bash_login', and '~/.profile', in that order, and reads and executes
+commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The
+'--noprofile' option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit
this behavior.
When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from the
-file `~/.bash_logout', if it exists.
+file '~/.bash_logout', if it exists.
Invoked as an interactive non-login shell
.........................................
When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
-reads and executes commands from `~/.bashrc', if that file exists.
-This may be inhibited by using the `--norc' option. The `--rcfile
-FILE' option will force Bash to read and execute commands from FILE
-instead of `~/.bashrc'.
+reads and executes commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists. This
+may be inhibited by using the '--norc' option. The '--rcfile FILE'
+option will force Bash to read and execute commands from FILE instead of
+'~/.bashrc'.
- So, typically, your `~/.bash_profile' contains the line
- `if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi'
- after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
+ So, typically, your '~/.bash_profile' contains the line
+ if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi
+after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
Invoked non-interactively
.........................
When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for
-example, it looks for the variable `BASH_ENV' in the environment,
+example, it looks for the variable 'BASH_ENV' in the environment,
expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as
the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the
following command were executed:
- `if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi'
- but the value of the `PATH' variable is not used to search for the
+ if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
+but the value of the 'PATH' variable is not used to search for the
filename.
As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
-`--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
+'--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
login shell startup files.
-Invoked with name `sh'
+Invoked with name 'sh'
......................
-If Bash is invoked with the name `sh', it tries to mimic the startup
-behavior of historical versions of `sh' as closely as possible, while
+If Bash is invoked with the name 'sh', it tries to mimic the startup
+behavior of historical versions of 'sh' as closely as possible, while
conforming to the POSIX standard as well.
When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
-shell with the `--login' option, it first attempts to read and execute
-commands from `/etc/profile' and `~/.profile', in that order. The
-`--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When
-invoked as an interactive shell with the name `sh', Bash looks for the
-variable `ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
-expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a
-shell invoked as `sh' does not attempt to read and execute commands
-from any other startup files, the `--rcfile' option has no effect. A
-non-interactive shell invoked with the name `sh' does not attempt to
-read any other startup files.
-
- When invoked as `sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files
+shell with the '--login' option, it first attempts to read and execute
+commands from '/etc/profile' and '~/.profile', in that order. The
+'--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When invoked
+as an interactive shell with the name 'sh', Bash looks for the variable
+'ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value
+as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as
+'sh' does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other
+startup files, the '--rcfile' option has no effect. A non-interactive
+shell invoked with the name 'sh' does not attempt to read any other
+startup files.
+
+ When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files
are read.
Invoked in POSIX mode
.....................
-When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the `--posix' command line
+When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the '--posix' command line
option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode,
-interactive shells expand the `ENV' variable and commands are read and
+interactive shells expand the 'ENV' variable and commands are read and
executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other
startup files are read.
Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
-daemon, usually `rshd', or the secure shell daemon `sshd'. If Bash
+daemon, usually 'rshd', or the secure shell daemon 'sshd'. If Bash
determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes
-commands from `~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It
-will not do this if invoked as `sh'. The `--norc' option may be used
-to inhibit this behavior, and the `--rcfile' option may be used to
-force another file to be read, but neither `rshd' nor `sshd' generally
-invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified.
+commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It will
+not do this if invoked as 'sh'. The '--norc' option may be used to
+inhibit this behavior, and the '--rcfile' option may be used to force
+another file to be read, but neither 'rshd' nor 'sshd' generally invoke
+the shell with those options or allow them to be specified.
Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs
................................................
If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
-real user (group) id, and the `-p' option is not supplied, no startup
+real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied, no startup
files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
-the `SHELLOPTS', `BASHOPTS', `CDPATH', and `GLOBIGNORE' variables, if
+the 'SHELLOPTS', 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH', and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if
they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id
-is set to the real user id. If the `-p' option is supplied at
+is set to the real user id. If the '-p' option is supplied at
invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id
is not reset.
6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?
-----------------------------------
-An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments,
-unless `-s' is specified, without specifying the `-c' option, and whose
-input and error output are both connected to terminals (as determined
-by `isatty(3)'), or one started with the `-i' option.
+An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments, unless
+'-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose input
+and error output are both connected to terminals (as determined by
+'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option.
An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's
terminal.
- The `-s' invocation option may be used to set the positional
+ The '-s' invocation option may be used to set the positional
parameters when an interactive shell is started.
\1f
--------------------------------
To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is running
-interactively, test the value of the `-' special parameter. It
-contains `i' when the shell is interactive. For example:
+interactively, test the value of the '-' special parameter. It contains
+'i' when the shell is interactive. For example:
case "$-" in
*i*) echo This shell is interactive ;;
*) echo This shell is not interactive ;;
esac
- Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable `PS1'; it is
+ Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable 'PS1'; it is
unset in non-interactive shells, and set in interactive shells. Thus:
if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then
2. Job Control (*note Job Control::) is enabled by default. When job
control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job
- control signals `SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU', and `SIGTSTP'.
+ control signals 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'.
- 3. Bash expands and displays `PS1' before reading the first line of a
- command, and expands and displays `PS2' before reading the second
+ 3. Bash expands and displays 'PS1' before reading the first line of a
+ command, and expands and displays 'PS2' before reading the second
and subsequent lines of a multi-line command.
- 4. Bash executes the value of the `PROMPT_COMMAND' variable as a
- command before printing the primary prompt, `$PS1' (*note Bash
+ 4. Bash executes the value of the 'PROMPT_COMMAND' variable as a
+ command before printing the primary prompt, '$PS1' (*note Bash
Variables::).
5. Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to read commands
from the user's terminal.
- 6. Bash inspects the value of the `ignoreeof' option to `set -o'
- instead of exiting immediately when it receives an `EOF' on its
+ 6. Bash inspects the value of the 'ignoreeof' option to 'set -o'
+ instead of exiting immediately when it receives an 'EOF' on its
standard input when reading a command (*note The Set Builtin::).
7. Command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and history
expansion (*note History Interaction::) are enabled by default.
- Bash will save the command history to the file named by `$HISTFILE'
+ Bash will save the command history to the file named by '$HISTFILE'
when a shell with history enabled exits.
8. Alias expansion (*note Aliases::) is performed by default.
- 9. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores `SIGTERM' (*note
+ 9. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores 'SIGTERM' (*note
Signals::).
- 10. In the absence of any traps, `SIGINT' is caught and handled
- ((*note Signals::). `SIGINT' will interrupt some shell builtins.
+ 10. In the absence of any traps, 'SIGINT' is caught and handled
+ ((*note Signals::). 'SIGINT' will interrupt some shell builtins.
- 11. An interactive login shell sends a `SIGHUP' to all jobs on exit if
- the `huponexit' shell option has been enabled (*note Signals::).
+ 11. An interactive login shell sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs on exit if
+ the 'huponexit' shell option has been enabled (*note Signals::).
- 12. The `-n' invocation option is ignored, and `set -n' has no effect
+ 12. The '-n' invocation option is ignored, and 'set -n' has no effect
(*note The Set Builtin::).
- 13. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of
- the `MAIL', `MAILPATH', and `MAILCHECK' shell variables (*note
- Bash Variables::).
+ 13. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of
+ the 'MAIL', 'MAILPATH', and 'MAILCHECK' shell variables (*note Bash
+ Variables::).
- 14. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after
- `set -u' has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit (*note
- The Set Builtin::).
+ 14. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables
+ after 'set -u' has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
+ (*note The Set Builtin::).
- 15. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by VAR being
- unset or null in `${VAR:?WORD}' expansions (*note Shell Parameter
+ 15. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by VAR being
+ unset or null in '${VAR:?WORD}' expansions (*note Shell Parameter
Expansion::).
- 16. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the
- shell to exit.
+ 16. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause
+ the shell to exit.
- 17. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error
+ 17. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error
status will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
- 18. A failed `exec' will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bourne
+ 18. A failed 'exec' will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bourne
Shell Builtins::).
- 19. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
+ 19. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
- 20. Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the `cd'
- builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the `cdspell'
- option to the `shopt' builtin in *note The Shopt Builtin::).
+ 20. Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the 'cd'
+ builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the 'cdspell'
+ option to the 'shopt' builtin in *note The Shopt Builtin::).
- 21. The shell will check the value of the `TMOUT' variable and exit if
+ 21. The shell will check the value of the 'TMOUT' variable and exit if
a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after
- printing `$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::).
-
+ printing '$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::).
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Conditional Expressions, Next: Shell Arithmetic, Prev: Interactive Shells, Up: Bash Features
6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions
================================
-Conditional expressions are used by the `[[' compound command and the
-`test' and `[' builtin commands.
+Conditional expressions are used by the '[[' compound command and the
+'test' and '[' builtin commands.
- Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary expressions are often
-used to examine the status of a file. There are string operators and
-numeric comparison operators as well. If the FILE argument to one of
-the primaries is of the form `/dev/fd/N', then file descriptor N is
-checked. If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of
-`/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', or `/dev/stderr', file descriptor 0, 1, or
-2, respectively, is checked.
+ Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary expressions are often used
+to examine the status of a file. There are string operators and numeric
+comparison operators as well. If the FILE argument to one of the
+primaries is of the form '/dev/fd/N', then file descriptor N is checked.
+If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of '/dev/stdin',
+'/dev/stdout', or '/dev/stderr', file descriptor 0, 1, or 2,
+respectively, is checked.
- When used with `[[', the `<' and `>' operators sort
-lexicographically using the current locale. The `test' command uses
-ASCII ordering.
+ When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort lexicographically
+using the current locale. The 'test' command uses ASCII ordering.
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow
symbolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the
link itself.
-`-a FILE'
+'-a FILE'
True if FILE exists.
-`-b FILE'
+'-b FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a block special file.
-`-c FILE'
+'-c FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a character special file.
-`-d FILE'
+'-d FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a directory.
-`-e FILE'
+'-e FILE'
True if FILE exists.
-`-f FILE'
+'-f FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a regular file.
-`-g FILE'
+'-g FILE'
True if FILE exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
-`-h FILE'
+'-h FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link.
-`-k FILE'
+'-k FILE'
True if FILE exists and its "sticky" bit is set.
-`-p FILE'
+'-p FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
-`-r FILE'
+'-r FILE'
True if FILE exists and is readable.
-`-s FILE'
+'-s FILE'
True if FILE exists and has a size greater than zero.
-`-t FD'
+'-t FD'
True if file descriptor FD is open and refers to a terminal.
-`-u FILE'
+'-u FILE'
True if FILE exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
-`-w FILE'
+'-w FILE'
True if FILE exists and is writable.
-`-x FILE'
+'-x FILE'
True if FILE exists and is executable.
-`-G FILE'
+'-G FILE'
True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective group id.
-`-L FILE'
+'-L FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link.
-`-N FILE'
+'-N FILE'
True if FILE exists and has been modified since it was last read.
-`-O FILE'
+'-O FILE'
True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective user id.
-`-S FILE'
+'-S FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a socket.
-`FILE1 -ef FILE2'
+'FILE1 -ef FILE2'
True if FILE1 and FILE2 refer to the same device and inode numbers.
-`FILE1 -nt FILE2'
- True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than
- FILE2, or if FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not.
+'FILE1 -nt FILE2'
+ True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than FILE2,
+ or if FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not.
-`FILE1 -ot FILE2'
+'FILE1 -ot FILE2'
True if FILE1 is older than FILE2, or if FILE2 exists and FILE1
does not.
-`-o OPTNAME'
+'-o OPTNAME'
True if the shell option OPTNAME is enabled. The list of options
- appears in the description of the `-o' option to the `set' builtin
+ appears in the description of the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
(*note The Set Builtin::).
-`-v VARNAME'
+'-v VARNAME'
True if the shell variable VARNAME is set (has been assigned a
value).
-`-R VARNAME'
+'-R VARNAME'
True if the shell variable VARNAME is set and is a name reference.
-`-z STRING'
+'-z STRING'
True if the length of STRING is zero.
-`-n STRING'
-`STRING'
+'-n STRING'
+'STRING'
True if the length of STRING is non-zero.
-`STRING1 == STRING2'
-`STRING1 = STRING2'
- True if the strings are equal. When used with the `[[' command,
+'STRING1 == STRING2'
+'STRING1 = STRING2'
+ True if the strings are equal. When used with the '[[' command,
this performs pattern matching as described above (*note
Conditional Constructs::).
- `=' should be used with the `test' command for POSIX conformance.
+ '=' should be used with the 'test' command for POSIX conformance.
-`STRING1 != STRING2'
+'STRING1 != STRING2'
True if the strings are not equal.
-`STRING1 < STRING2'
+'STRING1 < STRING2'
True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically.
-`STRING1 > STRING2'
+'STRING1 > STRING2'
True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.
-`ARG1 OP ARG2'
- `OP' is one of `-eq', `-ne', `-lt', `-le', `-gt', or `-ge'. These
+'ARG1 OP ARG2'
+ 'OP' is one of '-eq', '-ne', '-lt', '-le', '-gt', or '-ge'. These
arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal to, not
equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or
greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be
====================
The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of the
-shell expansions or by the `let' and the `-i' option to the `declare'
+shell expansions or by the 'let' and the '-i' option to the 'declare'
builtins.
Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for
overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The
operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the same
as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped into
-levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order
-of decreasing precedence.
+levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of
+decreasing precedence.
-`ID++ ID--'
+'ID++ ID--'
variable post-increment and post-decrement
-`++ID --ID'
+'++ID --ID'
variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
-`- +'
+'- +'
unary minus and plus
-`! ~'
+'! ~'
logical and bitwise negation
-`**'
+'**'
exponentiation
-`* / %'
+'* / %'
multiplication, division, remainder
-`+ -'
+'+ -'
addition, subtraction
-`<< >>'
+'<< >>'
left and right bitwise shifts
-`<= >= < >'
+'<= >= < >'
comparison
-`== !='
+'== !='
equality and inequality
-`&'
+'&'
bitwise AND
-`^'
+'^'
bitwise exclusive OR
-`|'
+'|'
bitwise OR
-`&&'
+'&&'
logical AND
-`||'
+'||'
logical OR
-`expr ? expr : expr'
+'expr ? expr : expr'
conditional operator
-`= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |='
+'= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |='
assignment
-`expr1 , expr2'
+'expr1 , expr2'
comma
Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the
parameter expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset
evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter
-expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an
-arithmetic expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which
-has been given the INTEGER attribute using `declare -i' is assigned a
-value. A null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have
-its INTEGER attribute turned on to be used in an expression.
+expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic
+expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been
+given the INTEGER attribute using 'declare -i' is assigned a value. A
+null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have its INTEGER
+attribute turned on to be used in an expression.
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A
-leading `0x' or `0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the
-form [BASE`#']N, where the optional BASE is a decimal number between 2
+leading '0x' or '0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the
+form [BASE'#']N, where the optional BASE is a decimal number between 2
and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and N is a number in that base.
-If BASE`#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying N, he
+If BASE'#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying N, the
digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the
-uppercase letters, `@', and `_', in that order. If BASE is less than
-or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used
-interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.
+uppercase letters, '@', and '_', in that order. If BASE is less than or
+equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably
+to represent numbers between 10 and 35.
Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
ALIASES allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
-aliases that may be set and unset with the `alias' and `unalias'
-builtin commands.
+aliases that may be set and unset with the 'alias' and 'unalias' builtin
+commands.
The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see
if it has an alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the
-alias. The characters `/', `$', ``', `=' and any of the shell
+alias. The characters '/', '$', '`', '=' and any of the shell
metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an
alias name. The replacement text may contain any valid shell input,
including shell metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text
is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being
expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias
-`ls' to `"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively
+'ls' to '"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively
expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value
is a BLANK, then the next command word following the alias is also
checked for alias expansion.
- Aliases are created and listed with the `alias' command, and removed
-with the `unalias' command.
+ Aliases are created and listed with the 'alias' command, and removed
+with the 'unalias' command.
- There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text,
-as in `csh'. If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
+ There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, as
+in 'csh'. If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
(*note Shell Functions::).
Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless
-the `expand_aliases' shell option is set using `shopt' (*note The Shopt
+the 'expand_aliases' shell option is set using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt
Builtin::).
The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
-confusing. Bash always reads at least one complete line of input
-before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are
-expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an
-alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does not
-take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands
-following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new
-alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
-Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the
-function is executed, because a function definition is itself a
-command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not
-available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put
-alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use `alias' in
-compound commands.
+confusing. Bash always reads at least one complete line of input before
+executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are expanded when a
+command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias
+definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take
+effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the
+alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. This
+behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases are
+expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is
+executed, because a function definition is itself a command. As a
+consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after
+that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias definitions on
+a separate line, and do not use 'alias' in compound commands.
For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
==========
Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
-Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the `declare' builtin
-will explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the
-size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or
-assigned contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers
-(including arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are
-zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise
-noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
-
- An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is
-assigned to using the syntax
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the 'declare' builtin will
+explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of
+an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned
+contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including
+arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are zero-based;
+associative arrays use arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted,
+indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+
+ An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
+to using the syntax
NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE
The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate
to a number. To explicitly declare an array, use
declare -a NAME
- The syntax
+The syntax
declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT]
- is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored.
+is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored.
Associative arrays are created using
declare -A NAME.
- Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the
-`declare' and `readonly' builtins. Each attribute applies to all
-members of an array.
+ Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the 'declare'
+and 'readonly' builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an
+array.
Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
NAME=(VALUE1 VALUE2 ... )
- where each VALUE is of the form `[SUBSCRIPT]='STRING. Indexed array
+where each VALUE is of the form '[SUBSCRIPT]='STRING. Indexed array
assignments do not require anything but STRING. When assigning to
indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is
assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last
When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
- This syntax is also accepted by the `declare' builtin. Individual
-array elements may be assigned to using the `NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE'
+ This syntax is also accepted by the 'declare' builtin. Individual
+array elements may be assigned to using the 'NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE'
syntax introduced above.
When assigning to an indexed array, if NAME is subscripted by a
than the maximum index of NAME, so negative indices count back from the
end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
- Any element of an array may be referenced using `${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'.
+ Any element of an array may be referenced using '${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'.
The braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename
-expansion operators. If the SUBSCRIPT is `@' or `*', the word expands
-to all members of the array NAME. These subscripts differ only when
-the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted,
-`${NAME[*]}' expands to a single word with the value of each array
-member separated by the first character of the `IFS' variable, and
-`${NAME[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a separate word. When
-there are no array members, `${NAME[@]}' expands to nothing. If the
-double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the
-first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word,
-and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of
-the original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special
-parameters `@' and `*'. `${#NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}' expands to the length of
-`${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'. If SUBSCRIPT is `@' or `*', the expansion is the
-number of elements in the array. Referencing an array variable without
-a subscript is equivalent to referencing with a subscript of 0. If the
-SUBSCRIPT used to reference an element of an indexed array evaluates to
-a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
-than the maximum index of the array, so negative indices count back
-from the end of the array, and an index of -1 refers to the last
-element.
+expansion operators. If the SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the word expands
+to all members of the array NAME. These subscripts differ only when the
+word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted,
+'${NAME[*]}' expands to a single word with the value of each array
+member separated by the first character of the 'IFS' variable, and
+'${NAME[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a separate word. When
+there are no array members, '${NAME[@]}' expands to nothing. If the
+double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first
+parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and
+the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the
+original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special
+parameters '@' and '*'. '${#NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}' expands to the length of
+'${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'. If SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the expansion is the
+number of elements in the array. If the SUBSCRIPT used to reference an
+element of an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the
+array, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an
+index of -1 refers to the last element.
+
+ Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a
+valid subscript is legal, and 'bash' will create an array if necessary.
An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned
a value. The null string is a valid value.
It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as
the values. ${!NAME[@]} and ${!NAME[*]} expand to the indices assigned
in array variable NAME. The treatment when in double quotes is similar
-to the expansion of the special parameters `@' and `*' within double
+to the expansion of the special parameters '@' and '*' within double
quotes.
- The `unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. `unset
+ The 'unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. 'unset
NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT.
Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described
above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by
-filename expansion. `unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the
-entire array. A subscript of `*' or `@' also removes the entire array.
+filename expansion. 'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the
+entire array. A subscript of '*' or '@' also removes the entire array.
- The `declare', `local', and `readonly' builtins each accept a `-a'
-option to specify an indexed array and a `-A' option to specify an
-associative array. If both options are supplied, `-A' takes precedence.
-The `read' builtin accepts a `-a' option to assign a list of words read
+ The 'declare', 'local', and 'readonly' builtins each accept a '-a'
+option to specify an indexed array and a '-A' option to specify an
+associative array. If both options are supplied, '-A' takes precedence.
+The 'read' builtin accepts a '-a' option to assign a list of words read
from the standard input to an array, and can read values from the
-standard input into individual array elements. The `set' and `declare'
+standard input into individual array elements. The 'set' and 'declare'
builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as
input.
* Directory Stack Builtins:: Bash builtin commands to manipulate
the directory stack.
- The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The
-`pushd' builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes the current
-directory, and the `popd' builtin removes specified directories from
-the stack and changes the current directory to the directory removed.
-The `dirs' builtin displays the contents of the directory stack.
+The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The
+'pushd' builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes the current
+directory, and the 'popd' builtin removes specified directories from the
+stack and changes the current directory to the directory removed. The
+'dirs' builtin displays the contents of the directory stack.
The contents of the directory stack are also visible as the value of
-the `DIRSTACK' shell variable.
+the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Directory Stack Builtins, Up: The Directory Stack
6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins
------------------------------
-`dirs'
+'dirs'
dirs [-clpv] [+N | -N]
Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
- are added to the list with the `pushd' command; the `popd' command
+ are added to the list with the 'pushd' command; the 'popd' command
removes directories from the list.
- `-c'
+ '-c'
Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
-
- `-l'
+ '-l'
Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing
format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-
- `-p'
- Causes `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
+ '-p'
+ Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
line.
-
- `-v'
- Causes `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
+ '-v'
+ Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
-
- `+N'
- Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the
- list printed by `dirs' when invoked without options), starting
- with zero.
-
- `-N'
+ '+N'
+ Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
+ printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting with
+ zero.
+ '-N'
Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the
- list printed by `dirs' when invoked without options), starting
+ list printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting
with zero.
-`popd'
+'popd'
popd [-n] [+N | -N]
- Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and `cd' to the new
- top directory. When no arguments are given, `popd' removes the
- top directory from the stack and performs a `cd' to the new top
+ Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and 'cd' to the new
+ top directory. When no arguments are given, 'popd' removes the top
+ directory from the stack and performs a 'cd' to the new top
directory. The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first
- directory listed with `dirs'; that is, `popd' is equivalent to
- `popd +0'.
+ directory listed with 'dirs'; that is, 'popd' is equivalent to
+ 'popd +0'.
- `-n'
+ '-n'
Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
-
- `+N'
+ '+N'
Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
- printed by `dirs'), starting with zero.
+ printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero.
+ '-N'
+ Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list
+ printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero.
- `-N'
- Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the
- list printed by `dirs'), starting with zero.
-
-`pushd'
+'pushd'
pushd [-n] [+N | -N | DIR]
Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack and
- then `cd' to DIR. With no arguments, `pushd' exchanges the top
- two directories.
+ then 'cd' to DIR. With no arguments, 'pushd' exchanges the top two
+ directories.
- `-n'
+ '-n'
Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
-
- `+N'
+ '+N'
Brings the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
- printed by `dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
+ printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
by rotating the stack.
-
- `-N'
+ '-N'
Brings the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list
- printed by `dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
+ printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
by rotating the stack.
-
- `DIR'
+ 'DIR'
Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack,
- making it the new current directory as if it had been
- supplied as an argument to the `cd' builtin.
+ making it the new current directory as if it had been supplied
+ as an argument to the 'cd' builtin.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Controlling the Prompt, Next: The Restricted Shell, Prev: The Directory Stack, Up: Bash Features
6.9 Controlling the Prompt
==========================
-The value of the variable `PROMPT_COMMAND' is examined just before Bash
-prints each primary prompt. If `PROMPT_COMMAND' is set and has a
+The value of the variable 'PROMPT_COMMAND' is examined just before Bash
+prints each primary prompt. If 'PROMPT_COMMAND' is set and has a
non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed
on the command line.
In addition, the following table describes the special characters
-which can appear in the prompt variables `PS1' to `PS4':
+which can appear in the prompt variables 'PS1' to 'PS4':
-`\a'
+'\a'
A bell character.
-
-`\d'
+'\d'
The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26").
-
-`\D{FORMAT}'
- The FORMAT is passed to `strftime'(3) and the result is inserted
+'\D{FORMAT}'
+ The FORMAT is passed to 'strftime'(3) and the result is inserted
into the prompt string; an empty FORMAT results in a
locale-specific time representation. The braces are required.
-
-`\e'
+'\e'
An escape character.
-
-`\h'
- The hostname, up to the first `.'.
-
-`\H'
+'\h'
+ The hostname, up to the first '.'.
+'\H'
The hostname.
-
-`\j'
+'\j'
The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
-
-`\l'
+'\l'
The basename of the shell's terminal device name.
-
-`\n'
+'\n'
A newline.
-
-`\r'
+'\r'
A carriage return.
-
-`\s'
- The name of the shell, the basename of `$0' (the portion following
+'\s'
+ The name of the shell, the basename of '$0' (the portion following
the final slash).
-
-`\t'
+'\t'
The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
-
-`\T'
+'\T'
The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
-
-`\@'
+'\@'
The time, in 12-hour am/pm format.
-
-`\A'
+'\A'
The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format.
-
-`\u'
+'\u'
The username of the current user.
-
-`\v'
+'\v'
The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)
-
-`\V'
+'\V'
The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
-
-`\w'
- The current working directory, with `$HOME' abbreviated with a
- tilde (uses the `$PROMPT_DIRTRIM' variable).
-
-`\W'
- The basename of `$PWD', with `$HOME' abbreviated with a tilde.
-
-`\!'
+'\w'
+ The current working directory, with '$HOME' abbreviated with a
+ tilde (uses the '$PROMPT_DIRTRIM' variable).
+'\W'
+ The basename of '$PWD', with '$HOME' abbreviated with a tilde.
+'\!'
The history number of this command.
-
-`\#'
+'\#'
The command number of this command.
-
-`\$'
- If the effective uid is 0, `#', otherwise `$'.
-
-`\NNN'
+'\$'
+ If the effective uid is 0, '#', otherwise '$'.
+'\NNN'
The character whose ASCII code is the octal value NNN.
-
-`\\'
+'\\'
A backslash.
-
-`\['
+'\['
Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to
embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
-
-`\]'
+'\]'
End a sequence of non-printing characters.
The command number and the history number are usually different: the
After the string is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion,
command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject
-to the value of the `promptvars' shell option (*note Bash Builtins::).
+to the value of the 'promptvars' shell option (*note Bash Builtins::).
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: The Restricted Shell, Next: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: Controlling the Prompt, Up: Bash Features
6.10 The Restricted Shell
=========================
-If Bash is started with the name `rbash', or the `--restricted' or `-r'
+If Bash is started with the name 'rbash', or the '--restricted' or '-r'
option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A
restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than
-the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to `bash'
+the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to 'bash'
with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
- * Changing directories with the `cd' builtin.
-
- * Setting or unsetting the values of the `SHELL', `PATH', `ENV', or
- `BASH_ENV' variables.
-
+ * Changing directories with the 'cd' builtin.
+ * Setting or unsetting the values of the 'SHELL', 'PATH', 'ENV', or
+ 'BASH_ENV' variables.
* Specifying command names containing slashes.
-
- * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the `.'
+ * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '.'
builtin command.
-
- * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the `-p'
- option to the `hash' builtin command.
-
+ * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '-p'
+ option to the 'hash' builtin command.
* Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup.
-
- * Parsing the value of `SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at
+ * Parsing the value of 'SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at
startup.
-
- * Redirecting output using the `>', `>|', `<>', `>&', `&>', and `>>'
+ * Redirecting output using the '>', '>|', '<>', '>&', '&>', and '>>'
redirection operators.
-
- * Using the `exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command.
-
- * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the `-f' and `-d' options
- to the `enable' builtin.
-
- * Using the `enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ * Using the 'exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command.
+ * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the '-f' and '-d' options
+ to the 'enable' builtin.
+ * Using the 'enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins.
-
- * Specifying the `-p' option to the `command' builtin.
-
- * Turning off restricted mode with `set +r' or `set +o restricted'.
+ * Specifying the '-p' option to the 'command' builtin.
+ * Turning off restricted mode with 'set +r' or 'set +o restricted'.
These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (*note
-Shell Scripts::), `rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell
+Shell Scripts::), 'rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell
spawned to execute the script.
\1f
6.11 Bash POSIX Mode
====================
-Starting Bash with the `--posix' command-line option or executing `set
+Starting Bash with the '--posix' command-line option or executing 'set
-o posix' while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely
to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to match that specified
by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs.
- When invoked as `sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the
+ When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the
startup files.
- The following list is what's changed when `POSIX mode' is in effect:
+ The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect:
1. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will
- re-search `$PATH' to find the new location. This is also
- available with `shopt -s checkhash'.
+ re-search '$PATH' to find the new location. This is also available
+ with 'shopt -s checkhash'.
2. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
- exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'.
+ exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'.
3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
- is stopped is `Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example,
- `SIGTSTP'.
+ is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example,
+ 'SIGTSTP'.
- 4. The `bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job
+ 4. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job
placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
whether the job is the current or previous job.
5. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are
recognized do not undergo alias expansion.
- 6. The POSIX `PS1' and `PS2' expansions of `!' to the history number
- and `!!' to `!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed
- on the values of `PS1' and `PS2' regardless of the setting of the
- `promptvars' option.
+ 6. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number
+ and '!!' to '!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed
+ on the values of 'PS1' and 'PS2' regardless of the setting of the
+ 'promptvars' option.
- 7. The POSIX startup files are executed (`$ENV') rather than the
+ 7. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the
normal Bash files.
8. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a
command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
- 9. The `command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take
+ 9. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take
assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as
assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins
lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded
- by `command'.
+ by 'command'.
- 10. The default history file is `~/.sh_history' (this is the default
- value of `$HISTFILE').
+ 10. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default
+ value of '$HISTFILE').
- 11. The output of `kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single
- line, separated by spaces, without the `SIG' prefix.
+ 11. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single
+ line, separated by spaces, without the 'SIG' prefix.
- 12. The `kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a `SIG'
+ 12. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG'
prefix.
- 13. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in `.' FILENAME is not
+ 13. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.' FILENAME is not
found.
- 14. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
+ 14. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
expansion results in an invalid expression.
- 15. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
- read with the `.' or `source' builtins, or in a string processed by
- the `eval' builtin.
+ 15. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
+ read with the '.' or 'source' builtins, or in a string processed by
+ the 'eval' builtin.
- 16. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
- in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+ 16. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the
+ word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
- 17. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
+ 17. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
the redirection.
- 18. Function names must be valid shell `name's. That is, they may not
+ 18. Function names must be valid shell 'name's. That is, they may not
contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid
name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
- 19. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
+ 19. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
builtins.
- 20. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during
+ 20. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during
command lookup.
- 21. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
- the `PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under
- *note Tilde Expansion::.
+ 21. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+ the 'PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under *note
+ Tilde Expansion::.
- 22. The `time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
+ 22. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and
- its completed children. The `TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the
+ its completed children. The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the
format of the timing information.
- 23. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
+ 23. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be
used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless
the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
- 24. The parser does not recognize `time' as a reserved word if the next
- token begins with a `-'.
+ 24. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the
+ next token begins with a '-'.
- 25. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
+ 25. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect
options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for
assignments preceding the command name, and so on.
- 26. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+ 26. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
trying to assign a value to a readonly variable.
- 27. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+ 27. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a
special builtin, but not with any other simple command.
- 28. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
- variable in a `for' statement or the selection variable in a
- `select' statement is a readonly variable.
+ 28. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
+ iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable
+ in a 'select' statement is a readonly variable.
- 29. Process substitution is not available.
+ 29. Process substitution is not available.
- 30. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
- the `#' and `?' special parameters.
+ 30. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
+ the '#' and '?' special parameters.
- 31. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
+ 31. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
the shell environment after the builtin completes.
- 32. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the
- shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX
+ 32. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in
+ the shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX
special builtin command had been executed.
- 33. The `export' and `readonly' builtin commands display their output
+ 33. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output
in the format required by POSIX.
- 34. The `trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading `SIG'.
+ 34. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading
+ 'SIG'.
- 35. The `trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+ 35. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the
- handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they
- should use `-' as the first argument.
+ handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
+ use '-' as the first argument.
- 36. The `.' and `source' builtins do not search the current directory
- for the filename argument if it is not found by searching `PATH'.
+ 36. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory
+ for the filename argument if it is not found by searching 'PATH'.
- 37. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the
- value of the `-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX
- mode, Bash clears the `-e' option in such subshells.
+ 37. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the
+ value of the '-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX
+ mode, Bash clears the '-e' option in such subshells.
- 38. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+ 38. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
- 39. When the `alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
- display them with a leading `alias ' unless the `-p' option is
+ 39. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
+ display them with a leading 'alias ' unless the '-p' option is
supplied.
- 40. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not
+ 40. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not
display shell function names and definitions.
- 41. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+ 41. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays
variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
- 42. When the `cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname
- constructed from `$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an
- argument does not refer to an existing directory, `cd' will fail
+ 42. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname
+ constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an
+ argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail
instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode.
- 43. The `pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
+ 43. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
- system with the `-P' option.
+ system with the '-P' option.
- 44. When listing the history, the `fc' builtin does not include an
+ 44. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an
indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
- 45. The default editor used by `fc' is `ed'.
+ 45. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'.
- 46. The `type' and `command' builtins will not report a non-executable
- file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to
- execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in
- `$PATH'.
+ 46. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable
+ file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
+ such a file if it is the only so-named file found in '$PATH'.
- 47. The `vi' editing mode will invoke the `vi' editor directly when
- the `v' command is run, instead of checking `$VISUAL' and
- `$EDITOR'.
+ 47. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when
+ the 'v' command is run, instead of checking '$VISUAL' and
+ '$EDITOR'.
- 48. When the `xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
- interpret any arguments to `echo' as options. Each argument is
+ 48. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
+ interpret any arguments to 'echo' as options. Each argument is
displayed, after escape characters are converted.
- 49. The `ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the `-c'
- and `-f' options.
+ 49. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c'
+ and '-f' options.
- 50. The arrival of `SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on `SIGCHLD' does not
- interrupt the `wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+ 50. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not
+ interrupt the 'wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately.
The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
- 51. The `read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+ 51. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
has been set. If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing
- `read', the trap handler executes and `read' returns an exit
- status greater than 128.
-
-
- There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by
-default even when in POSIX mode. Specifically:
+ 'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status
+ greater than 128.
- 1. The `fc' builtin checks `$EDITOR' as a program to edit history
- entries if `FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
- `ed'. `fc' uses `ed' if `EDITOR' is unset.
+ There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
+even when in POSIX mode. Specifically:
- 2. As noted above, Bash requires the `xpg_echo' option to be enabled
- for the `echo' builtin to be fully conformant.
+ 1. The 'fc' builtin checks '$EDITOR' as a program to edit history
+ entries if 'FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
+ 'ed'. 'fc' uses 'ed' if 'EDITOR' is unset.
+ 2. As noted above, Bash requires the 'xpg_echo' option to be enabled
+ for the 'echo' builtin to be fully conformant.
Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by
-specifying the `--enable-strict-posix-default' to `configure' when
+specifying the '--enable-strict-posix-default' to 'configure' when
building (*note Optional Features::).
\1f
driver and Bash.
The shell associates a JOB with each pipeline. It keeps a table of
-currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the `jobs' command.
+currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the 'jobs' command.
When Bash starts a job asynchronously, it prints a line that looks like:
[1] 25647
- indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of
-the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647.
-All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job.
-Bash uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control.
+indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
+last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of
+the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. Bash
+uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control.
To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal
process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose
process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID)
-receive keyboard-generated signals such as `SIGINT'. These processes
+receive keyboard-generated signals such as 'SIGINT'. These processes
are said to be in the foreground. Background processes are those whose
process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune
-to keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed
-to read from or, if the user so specifies with `stty tostop', write to
-the terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write
-to when `stty tostop' is in effect) the terminal are sent a `SIGTTIN'
-(`SIGTTOU') signal by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless
+to keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to
+read from or, if the user so specifies with 'stty tostop', write to the
+terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write to
+when 'stty tostop' is in effect) the terminal are sent a 'SIGTTIN'
+('SIGTTOU') signal by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless
caught, suspends the process.
If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job
control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the SUSPEND
-character (typically `^Z', Control-Z) while a process is running causes
+character (typically '^Z', Control-Z) while a process is running causes
that process to be stopped and returns control to Bash. Typing the
-DELAYED SUSPEND character (typically `^Y', Control-Y) causes the
-process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal,
-and control to be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the
-state of this job, using the `bg' command to continue it in the
-background, the `fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the
-`kill' command to kill it. A `^Z' takes effect immediately, and has
-the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to
-be discarded.
+DELAYED SUSPEND character (typically '^Y', Control-Y) causes the process
+to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and
+control to be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of
+this job, using the 'bg' command to continue it in the background, the
+'fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the 'kill' command to
+kill it. A '^Z' takes effect immediately, and has the additional side
+effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The
-character `%' introduces a job specification (JOBSPEC).
-
- Job number `n' may be referred to as `%n'. The symbols `%%' and
-`%+' refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which is the last
-job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background.
-A single `%' (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to
-the current job. The previous job may be referenced using `%-'. If
-there is only a single job, `%+' and `%-' can both be used to refer to
-that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the `jobs'
-command), the current job is always flagged with a `+', and the
-previous job with a `-'.
+character '%' introduces a job specification (JOBSPEC).
+
+ Job number 'n' may be referred to as '%n'. The symbols '%%' and '%+'
+refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which is the last job
+stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. A
+single '%' (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the
+current job. The previous job may be referenced using '%-'. If there
+is only a single job, '%+' and '%-' can both be used to refer to that
+job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the 'jobs'
+command), the current job is always flagged with a '+', and the previous
+job with a '-'.
A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to
start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For
-example, `%ce' refers to a stopped `ce' job. Using `%?ce', on the
-other hand, refers to any job containing the string `ce' in its command
-line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash
-reports an error.
-
- Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground:
-`%1' is a synonym for `fg %1', bringing job 1 from the background into
-the foreground. Similarly, `%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background,
-equivalent to `bg %1'
-
- The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state.
-Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before
-reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other
-output. If the `-b' option to the `set' builtin is enabled, Bash
-reports such changes immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). Any trap
-on `SIGCHLD' is executed for each child process that exits.
+example, '%ce' refers to a stopped 'ce' job. Using '%?ce', on the other
+hand, refers to any job containing the string 'ce' in its command line.
+If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash reports an
+error.
+
+ Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: '%1'
+is a synonym for 'fg %1', bringing job 1 from the background into the
+foreground. Similarly, '%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background,
+equivalent to 'bg %1'
+
+ The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally,
+Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes
+in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the '-b'
+option to the 'set' builtin is enabled, Bash reports such changes
+immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). Any trap on 'SIGCHLD' is
+executed for each child process that exits.
If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or
-running, if the `checkjobs' option is enabled - see *note The Shopt
-Builtin::), the shell prints a warning message, and if the `checkjobs'
-option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The `jobs'
+running, if the 'checkjobs' option is enabled - see *note The Shopt
+Builtin::), the shell prints a warning message, and if the 'checkjobs'
+option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The 'jobs'
command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt
to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print
another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
7.2 Job Control Builtins
========================
-`bg'
+'bg'
bg [JOBSPEC ...]
Resume each suspended job JOBSPEC in the background, as if it had
- been started with `&'. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current
- job is used. The return status is zero unless it is run when job
+ been started with '&'. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job
+ is used. The return status is zero unless it is run when job
control is not enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any
JOBSPEC was not found or specifies a job that was started without
job control.
-`fg'
+'fg'
fg [JOBSPEC]
Resume the job JOBSPEC in the foreground and make it the current
job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job is used. The
- return status is that of the command placed into the foreground,
- or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with
- job control enabled, JOBSPEC does not specify a valid job or
- JOBSPEC specifies a job that was started without job control.
+ return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, or
+ non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job
+ control enabled, JOBSPEC does not specify a valid job or JOBSPEC
+ specifies a job that was started without job control.
-`jobs'
+'jobs'
jobs [-lnprs] [JOBSPEC]
jobs -x COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the
following meanings:
- `-l'
+ '-l'
List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- `-n'
+ '-n'
Display information only about jobs that have changed status
since the user was last notified of their status.
- `-p'
+ '-p'
List only the process ID of the job's process group leader.
- `-r'
+ '-r'
Display only running jobs.
- `-s'
+ '-s'
Display only stopped jobs.
- If JOBSPEC is given, output is restricted to information about
- that job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the status of all jobs is
- listed.
+ If JOBSPEC is given, output is restricted to information about that
+ job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the status of all jobs is listed.
- If the `-x' option is supplied, `jobs' replaces any JOBSPEC found
+ If the '-x' option is supplied, 'jobs' replaces any JOBSPEC found
in COMMAND or ARGUMENTS with the corresponding process group ID,
and executes COMMAND, passing it ARGUMENTs, returning its exit
status.
-`kill'
+'kill'
kill [-s SIGSPEC] [-n SIGNUM] [-SIGSPEC] JOBSPEC or PID
kill -l [EXIT_STATUS]
Send a signal specified by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM to the process named
by job specification JOBSPEC or process ID PID. SIGSPEC is either
- a case-insensitive signal name such as `SIGINT' (with or without
- the `SIG' prefix) or a signal number; SIGNUM is a signal number.
- If SIGSPEC and SIGNUM are not present, `SIGTERM' is used. The
- `-l' option lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied
- when `-l' is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the
+ a case-insensitive signal name such as 'SIGINT' (with or without
+ the 'SIG' prefix) or a signal number; SIGNUM is a signal number.
+ If SIGSPEC and SIGNUM are not present, 'SIGTERM' is used. The '-l'
+ option lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied when
+ '-l' is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the
arguments are listed, and the return status is zero. EXIT_STATUS
is a number specifying a signal number or the exit status of a
process terminated by a signal. The return status is zero if at
least one signal was successfully sent, or non-zero if an error
occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
-`wait'
+'wait'
wait [-n] [JOBSPEC or PID ...]
Wait until the child process specified by each process ID PID or
last command waited for. If a job spec is given, all processes in
the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, all currently
active child processes are waited for, and the return status is
- zero. If the `-n' option is supplied, `wait' waits for any job to
+ zero. If the '-n' option is supplied, 'wait' waits for any job to
terminate and returns its exit status. If neither JOBSPEC nor PID
specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status
is 127.
-`disown'
+'disown'
disown [-ar] [-h] [JOBSPEC ...]
Without options, remove each JOBSPEC from the table of active jobs.
- If the `-h' option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
- but is marked so that `SIGHUP' is not sent to the job if the shell
- receives a `SIGHUP'. If JOBSPEC is not present, and neither the
- `-a' nor the `-r' option is supplied, the current job is used. If
- no JOBSPEC is supplied, the `-a' option means to remove or mark
- all jobs; the `-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument restricts
+ If the '-h' option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
+ but is marked so that 'SIGHUP' is not sent to the job if the shell
+ receives a 'SIGHUP'. If JOBSPEC is not present, and neither the
+ '-a' nor the '-r' option is supplied, the current job is used. If
+ no JOBSPEC is supplied, the '-a' option means to remove or mark all
+ jobs; the '-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument restricts
operation to running jobs.
-`suspend'
+'suspend'
suspend [-f]
- Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a `SIGCONT'
- signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the `-f' option can be
+ Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a 'SIGCONT'
+ signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the '-f' option can be
used to override this and force the suspension.
- When job control is not active, the `kill' and `wait' builtins do
-not accept JOBSPEC arguments. They must be supplied process IDs.
+ When job control is not active, the 'kill' and 'wait' builtins do not
+accept JOBSPEC arguments. They must be supplied process IDs.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control
7.3 Job Control Variables
=========================
-`auto_resume'
+'auto_resume'
This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
job control. If this variable exists then single word simple
commands without redirections are treated as candidates for
resumption of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if
there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, then
the most recently accessed job will be selected. The name of a
- stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start
- it. If this variable is set to the value `exact', the string
- supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to
- `substring', the string supplied needs to match a substring of the
- name of a stopped job. The `substring' value provides
- functionality analogous to the `%?' job ID (*note Job Control
+ stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start it.
+ If this variable is set to the value 'exact', the string supplied
+ must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to
+ 'substring', the string supplied needs to match a substring of the
+ name of a stopped job. The 'substring' value provides
+ functionality analogous to the '%?' job ID (*note Job Control
Basics::). If set to any other value, the supplied string must be
a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
- analogous to the `%' job ID.
-
+ analogous to the '%' job ID.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Command Line Editing, Next: Using History Interactively, Prev: Job Control, Up: Top
editing interface. Command line editing is provided by the Readline
library, which is used by several different programs, including Bash.
Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive
-shell, unless the `--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation.
-Line editing is also used when using the `-e' option to the `read'
+shell, unless the '--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation.
+Line editing is also used when using the '-e' option to the 'read'
builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). By default, the line editing
commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing
interface is also available. Line editing can be enabled at any time
-using the `-o emacs' or `-o vi' options to the `set' builtin command
-(*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the `+o emacs' or `+o vi'
-options to `set'.
+using the '-o emacs' or '-o vi' options to the 'set' builtin command
+(*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the '+o emacs' or '+o vi'
+options to 'set'.
* Menu:
available for binding
* Readline vi Mode:: A short description of how to make Readline
behave like the vi editor.
-
* Programmable Completion:: How to specify the possible completions for
a specific command.
* Programmable Completion Builtins:: Builtin commands to specify how to
The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent
keystrokes.
- The text `C-k' is read as `Control-K' and describes the character
+ The text 'C-k' is read as 'Control-K' and describes the character
produced when the <k> key is pressed while the Control key is depressed.
- The text `M-k' is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character
+ The text 'M-k' is read as 'Meta-K' and describes the character
produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <k>
key is pressed. The Meta key is labeled <ALT> on many keyboards. On
keyboards with two keys labeled <ALT> (usually to either side of the
_first_, and then typing <k>. Either process is known as "metafying"
the <k> key.
- The text `M-C-k' is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the
-character produced by "metafying" `C-k'.
+ The text 'M-C-k' is read as 'Meta-Control-k' and describes the
+character produced by "metafying" 'C-k'.
- In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically,
-<DEL>, <ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves
-when seen in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::).
-If your keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will produce the
-desired character. The <RET> key may be labeled <Return> or <Enter> on
-some keyboards.
+ In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, <DEL>,
+<ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves when seen
+in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::). If your
+keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will produce the desired
+character. The <RET> key may be labeled <Return> or <Enter> on some
+keyboards.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Interaction, Next: Readline Init File, Prev: Introduction and Notation, Up: Command Line Editing
space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your erase
character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
- Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error
-until you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can
-type `C-b' to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your
-mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with `C-f'.
+ Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error until
+you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can type
+'C-b' to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake.
+Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with 'C-f'.
When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that
-characters to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room
-for the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text
-behind the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled
-back' to fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A
-list of the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line
-follows.
-
-`C-b'
- Move back one character.
+characters to the right of the cursor are 'pushed over' to make room for
+the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind
+the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are 'pulled back' to
+fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of
+the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
-`C-f'
+'C-b'
+ Move back one character.
+'C-f'
Move forward one character.
-
<DEL> or <Backspace>
Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
-
-`C-d'
+'C-d'
Delete the character underneath the cursor.
-
Printing characters
Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
-
-`C-_' or `C-x C-u'
+'C-_' or 'C-x C-u'
Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an
empty line.
(Depending on your configuration, the <Backspace> key be set to delete
the character to the left of the cursor and the <DEL> key set to delete
-the character underneath the cursor, like `C-d', rather than the
+the character underneath the cursor, like 'C-d', rather than the
character to the left of the cursor.)
\1f
--------------------------------
The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in
-order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many
-other commands have been added in addition to `C-b', `C-f', `C-d', and
-<DEL>. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.
+order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many other
+commands have been added in addition to 'C-b', 'C-f', 'C-d', and <DEL>.
+Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.
-`C-a'
+'C-a'
Move to the start of the line.
-
-`C-e'
+'C-e'
Move to the end of the line.
-
-`M-f'
+'M-f'
Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and
digits.
-
-`M-b'
+'M-b'
Move backward a word.
-
-`C-l'
+'C-l'
Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.
- Notice how `C-f' moves forward a character, while `M-f' moves
-forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes
-operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
+ Notice how 'C-f' moves forward a character, while 'M-f' moves forward
+a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on
+characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Killing Commands, Next: Readline Arguments, Prev: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction
-------------------------------
"Killing" text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it
-away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into
-the line. (`Cut' and `paste' are more recent jargon for `kill' and
-`yank'.)
+away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into the
+line. ('Cut' and 'paste' are more recent jargon for 'kill' and 'yank'.)
- If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you
+ If the description for a command says that it 'kills' text, then you
can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same)
place later.
- When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring".
-Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
+ When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring". Any
+number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line
specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is
-available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.
+available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.
Here is the list of commands for killing text.
-`C-k'
+'C-k'
Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the
line.
-`M-d'
+'M-d'
Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between
words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same
- as those used by `M-f'.
+ as those used by 'M-f'.
-`M-<DEL>'
+'M-<DEL>'
Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between
words, to the start of the previous word. Word boundaries are the
- same as those used by `M-b'.
-
-`C-w'
- Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is
- different than `M-<DEL>' because the word boundaries differ.
+ same as those used by 'M-b'.
+'C-w'
+ Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different
+ than 'M-<DEL>' because the word boundaries differ.
Here is how to "yank" the text back into the line. Yanking means to
copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
-`C-y'
+'C-y'
Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the
cursor.
-`M-y'
+'M-y'
Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this
- if the prior command is `C-y' or `M-y'.
+ if the prior command is 'C-y' or 'M-y'.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Arguments, Next: Searching, Prev: Readline Killing Commands, Up: Readline Interaction
argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a
command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the
-start of the line, you might type `M-- C-k'.
+start of the line, you might type 'M-- C-k'.
The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type
-meta digits before the command. If the first `digit' typed is a minus
-sign (`-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you
+meta digits before the command. If the first 'digit' typed is a minus
+sign ('-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you
have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the
-remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give
-the `C-d' command an argument of 10, you could type `M-1 0 C-d', which
-will delete the next ten characters on the input line.
+remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give the
+'C-d' command an argument of 10, you could type 'M-1 0 C-d', which will
+delete the next ten characters on the input line.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Searching, Prev: Readline Arguments, Up: Readline Interaction
Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
(*note Bash History Facilities::) for lines containing a specified
-string. There are two search modes: "incremental" and
+string. There are two search modes: "incremental" and
"non-incremental".
Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
search string. As each character of the search string is typed,
Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string
-typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters
-as needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the
-history for a particular string, type `C-r'. Typing `C-s' searches
-forward through the history. The characters present in the value of
-the `isearch-terminators' variable are used to terminate an incremental
+typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as
+needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the
+history for a particular string, type 'C-r'. Typing 'C-s' searches
+forward through the history. The characters present in the value of the
+'isearch-terminators' variable are used to terminate an incremental
search. If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <ESC> and
-`C-J' characters will terminate an incremental search. `C-g' will
-abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When the
-search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string
-becomes the current line.
-
- To find other matching entries in the history list, type `C-r' or
-`C-s' as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
-history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.
-Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the
-search and execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate
-the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the
+'C-J' characters will terminate an incremental search. 'C-g' will abort
+an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is
+terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the
+current line.
+
+ To find other matching entries in the history list, type 'C-r' or
+'C-s' as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the
+history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any
+other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search
+and execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate the
+search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the
history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the
last line found the current line, and begin editing.
- Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two
-`C-r's are typed without any intervening characters defining a new
-search string, any remembered search string is used.
+ Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two 'C-r's
+are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
+string, any remembered search string is used.
Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before
starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be
8.3 Readline Init File
======================
-Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like
-keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set
-of keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by
+Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings
+installed by default, it is possible to use a different set of
+keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by
putting commands in an "inputrc" file, conventionally in his home
directory. The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell
-variable `INPUTRC'. If that variable is unset, the default is
-`~/.inputrc'. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the
-ultimate default is `/etc/inputrc'.
+variable 'INPUTRC'. If that variable is unset, the default is
+'~/.inputrc'. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the
+ultimate default is '/etc/inputrc'.
When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init
file is read, and the key bindings are set.
- In addition, the `C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus
+ In addition, the 'C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus
incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
* Menu:
8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
-------------------------------
-There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init
-file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a `#' are
-comments. Lines beginning with a `$' indicate conditional constructs
-(*note Conditional Init Constructs::). Other lines denote variable
-settings and key bindings.
+There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init file.
+Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a '#' are comments.
+Lines beginning with a '$' indicate conditional constructs (*note
+Conditional Init Constructs::). Other lines denote variable settings
+and key bindings.
Variable Settings
You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the
- values of variables in Readline using the `set' command within the
+ values of variables in Readline using the 'set' command within the
init file. The syntax is simple:
set VARIABLE VALUE
- Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like
- key binding to use `vi' line editing commands:
+ Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like key
+ binding to use 'vi' line editing commands:
set editing-mode vi
without regard to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to
- on if the value is null or empty, ON (case-insensitive), or 1.
- Any other value results in the variable being set to off.
+ on if the value is null or empty, ON (case-insensitive), or 1. Any
+ other value results in the variable being set to off.
- The `bind -V' command lists the current Readline variable names
- and values. *Note Bash Builtins::.
+ The 'bind -V' command lists the current Readline variable names and
+ values. *Note Bash Builtins::.
A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following
variables.
- `bell-style'
- Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the
- terminal bell. If set to `none', Readline never rings the
- bell. If set to `visible', Readline uses a visible bell if
- one is available. If set to `audible' (the default),
- Readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
+ 'bell-style'
+ Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal
+ bell. If set to 'none', Readline never rings the bell. If
+ set to 'visible', Readline uses a visible bell if one is
+ available. If set to 'audible' (the default), Readline
+ attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
- `bind-tty-special-chars'
- If set to `on' (the default), Readline attempts to bind the
- control characters treated specially by the kernel's
- terminal driver to their Readline equivalents.
+ 'bind-tty-special-chars'
+ If set to 'on' (the default), Readline attempts to bind the
+ control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal
+ driver to their Readline equivalents.
- `blink-matching-paren'
- If set to `on', Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor
+ 'blink-matching-paren'
+ If set to 'on', Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor
to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthsis is
- inserted. The default is `off'.
+ inserted. The default is 'off'.
- `colored-stats'
- If set to `on', Readline displays possible completions using
+ 'colored-completion-prefix'
+ If set to 'on', when listing completions, Readline displays
+ the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a
+ different color. The color definitions are taken from the
+ value of the 'LS_COLORS' environment variable. The default is
+ 'off'.
+
+ 'colored-stats'
+ If set to 'on', Readline displays possible completions using
different colors to indicate their file type. The color
- definitions are taken from the value of the `LS_COLORS'
- environment variable. The default is `off'.
+ definitions are taken from the value of the 'LS_COLORS'
+ environment variable. The default is 'off'.
- `comment-begin'
+ 'comment-begin'
The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
- `insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is
- `"#"'.
+ 'insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is
+ '"#"'.
- `completion-display-width'
+ 'completion-display-width'
The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is
less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A
value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
The default value is -1.
- `completion-ignore-case'
- If set to `on', Readline performs filename matching and
+ 'completion-ignore-case'
+ If set to 'on', Readline performs filename matching and
completion in a case-insensitive fashion. The default value
- is `off'.
+ is 'off'.
- `completion-map-case'
- If set to `on', and COMPLETION-IGNORE-CASE is enabled,
- Readline treats hyphens (`-') and underscores (`_') as
+ 'completion-map-case'
+ If set to 'on', and COMPLETION-IGNORE-CASE is enabled,
+ Readline treats hyphens ('-') and underscores ('_') as
equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching
and completion.
- `completion-prefix-display-length'
+ 'completion-prefix-display-length'
The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of
possible completions that is displayed without modification.
When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer
than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying
possible completions.
- `completion-query-items'
+ 'completion-query-items'
The number of possible completions that determines when the
user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater
than this value, Readline will ask the user whether or not he
wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply listed. This
- variable must be set to an integer value greater than or
- equal to 0. A negative value means Readline should never ask.
- The default limit is `100'.
+ variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal
+ to 0. A negative value means Readline should never ask. The
+ default limit is '100'.
- `convert-meta'
- If set to `on', Readline will convert characters with the
+ 'convert-meta'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will convert characters with the
eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the
eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting them
- to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is `on'.
+ to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is 'on'.
- `disable-completion'
- If set to `On', Readline will inhibit word completion.
- Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if
- they had been mapped to `self-insert'. The default is `off'.
+ 'disable-completion'
+ If set to 'On', Readline will inhibit word completion.
+ Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if
+ they had been mapped to 'self-insert'. The default is 'off'.
- `editing-mode'
- The `editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key
+ 'editing-mode'
+ The 'editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key
bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs
editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
- This variable can be set to either `emacs' or `vi'.
-
- `echo-control-characters'
- When set to `on', on operating systems that indicate they
+ This variable can be set to either 'emacs' or 'vi'.
+
+ 'emacs-mode-string'
+ This string is displayed immediately before the last line of
+ the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The
+ value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of
+ meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is
+ available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end
+ sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
+ embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The
+ default is '@'.
+
+ 'echo-control-characters'
+ When set to 'on', on operating systems that indicate they
support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a
- signal generated from the keyboard. The default is `on'.
-
- `enable-keypad'
- When set to `on', Readline will try to enable the application
+ signal generated from the keyboard. The default is 'on'.
+
+ 'enable-bracketed-paste'
+ When set to 'On', Readline will configure the terminal in a
+ way that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing
+ buffer as a single string of characters, instead of treating
+ each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. This
+ can prevent pasted characters from being interpreted as
+ editing commands. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'enable-keypad'
+ When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable the application
keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable
- the arrow keys. The default is `off'.
+ the arrow keys. The default is 'off'.
- `enable-meta-key'
- When set to `on', Readline will try to enable any meta
- modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is
- called. On many terminals, the meta key is used to send
- eight-bit characters. The default is `on'.
+ 'enable-meta-key'
+ When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable any meta
+ modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
+ On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit
+ characters. The default is 'on'.
- `expand-tilde'
- If set to `on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline
- attempts word completion. The default is `off'.
+ 'expand-tilde'
+ If set to 'on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline
+ attempts word completion. The default is 'off'.
- `history-preserve-point'
- If set to `on', the history code attempts to place the point
+ 'history-preserve-point'
+ If set to 'on', the history code attempts to place the point
(the current cursor position) at the same location on each
- history line retrieved with `previous-history' or
- `next-history'. The default is `off'.
-
- `history-size'
- Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the
- history list. If set to zero, any existing history entries
- are deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value
- less than zero, the number of history entries is not limited.
- By default, the number of history entries is not limited.
-
- `horizontal-scroll-mode'
- This variable can be set to either `on' or `off'. Setting it
- to `on' means that the text of the lines being edited will
+ history line retrieved with 'previous-history' or
+ 'next-history'. The default is 'off'.
+
+ 'history-size'
+ Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history
+ list. If set to zero, any existing history entries are
+ deleted and no new entries are saved. If set to a value less
+ than zero, the number of history entries is not limited. By
+ default, the number of history entries is not limited.
+
+ 'horizontal-scroll-mode'
+ This variable can be set to either 'on' or 'off'. Setting it
+ to 'on' means that the text of the lines being edited will
scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are
longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto
- a new screen line. By default, this variable is set to `off'.
+ a new screen line. By default, this variable is set to 'off'.
- `input-meta'
- If set to `on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
+ 'input-meta'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
- default value is `off'. The name `meta-flag' is a synonym
- for this variable.
+ default value is 'off'. The name 'meta-flag' is a synonym for
+ this variable.
- `isearch-terminators'
+ 'isearch-terminators'
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
search without subsequently executing the character as a
command (*note Searching::). If this variable has not been
- given a value, the characters <ESC> and `C-J' will terminate
+ given a value, the characters <ESC> and 'C-J' will terminate
an incremental search.
- `keymap'
+ 'keymap'
Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding
- commands. Acceptable `keymap' names are `emacs',
- `emacs-standard', `emacs-meta', `emacs-ctlx', `vi', `vi-move',
- `vi-command', and `vi-insert'. `vi' is equivalent to
- `vi-command'; `emacs' is equivalent to `emacs-standard'. The
- default value is `emacs'. The value of the `editing-mode'
+ commands. Acceptable 'keymap' names are 'emacs',
+ 'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move',
+ 'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'. 'vi' is equivalent to
+ 'vi-command'; 'emacs' is equivalent to 'emacs-standard'. The
+ default value is 'emacs'. The value of the 'editing-mode'
variable also affects the default keymap.
- `keyseq-timeout'
- Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character
- when reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
- complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can
- take additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If
- no input is received within the timeout, Readline will use
- the shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this
- value to determine whether or not input is available on the
- current input source (`rl_instream' by default). The value
- is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
+ 'keyseq-timeout'
+ Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when
+ reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
+ complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take
+ additional input to complete a longer key sequence). If no
+ input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the
+ shorter but complete key sequence. Readline uses this value
+ to determine whether or not input is available on the current
+ input source ('rl_instream' by default). The value is
+ specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
Readline will wait one second for additional input. If this
variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is
- pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. The
- default value is `500'.
+ pressed to decide which key sequence to complete. The default
+ value is '500'.
- `mark-directories'
- If set to `on', completed directory names have a slash
- appended. The default is `on'.
+ 'mark-directories'
+ If set to 'on', completed directory names have a slash
+ appended. The default is 'on'.
- `mark-modified-lines'
- This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to display an
- asterisk (`*') at the start of history lines which have been
- modified. This variable is `off' by default.
+ 'mark-modified-lines'
+ This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to display an
+ asterisk ('*') at the start of history lines which have been
+ modified. This variable is 'off' by default.
- `mark-symlinked-directories'
- If set to `on', completed names which are symbolic links to
+ 'mark-symlinked-directories'
+ If set to 'on', completed names which are symbolic links to
directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
- `mark-directories'). The default is `off'.
+ 'mark-directories'). The default is 'off'.
- `match-hidden-files'
- This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to match
- files whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when
- performing filename completion. If set to `off', the leading
- `.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be
- completed. This variable is `on' by default.
+ 'match-hidden-files'
+ This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to match
+ files whose names begin with a '.' (hidden files) when
+ performing filename completion. If set to 'off', the leading
+ '.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be
+ completed. This variable is 'on' by default.
- `menu-complete-display-prefix'
- If set to `on', menu completion displays the common prefix of
+ 'menu-complete-display-prefix'
+ If set to 'on', menu completion displays the common prefix of
the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before
- cycling through the list. The default is `off'.
+ cycling through the list. The default is 'off'.
- `output-meta'
- If set to `on', Readline will display characters with the
+ 'output-meta'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will display characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
- sequence. The default is `off'.
+ sequence. The default is 'off'.
- `page-completions'
- If set to `on', Readline uses an internal `more'-like pager
- to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
- This variable is `on' by default.
+ 'page-completions'
+ If set to 'on', Readline uses an internal 'more'-like pager to
+ display a screenful of possible completions at a time. This
+ variable is 'on' by default.
- `print-completions-horizontally'
- If set to `on', Readline will display completions with matches
+ 'print-completions-horizontally'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will display completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down
- the screen. The default is `off'.
+ the screen. The default is 'off'.
- `revert-all-at-newline'
- If set to `on', Readline will undo all changes to history
- lines before returning when `accept-line' is executed. By
+ 'revert-all-at-newline'
+ If set to 'on', Readline will undo all changes to history
+ lines before returning when 'accept-line' is executed. By
default, history lines may be modified and retain individual
- undo lists across calls to `readline'. The default is `off'.
+ undo lists across calls to 'readline'. The default is 'off'.
- `show-all-if-ambiguous'
+ 'show-all-if-ambiguous'
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
- If set to `on', words which have more than one possible
+ If set to 'on', words which have more than one possible
completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
- of ringing the bell. The default value is `off'.
+ of ringing the bell. The default value is 'off'.
- `show-all-if-unmodified'
+ 'show-all-if-unmodified'
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions
in a fashion similar to SHOW-ALL-IF-AMBIGUOUS. If set to
- `on', words which have more than one possible completion
+ 'on', words which have more than one possible completion
without any possible partial completion (the possible
completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to
be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. The
- default value is `off'.
-
- `show-mode-in-prompt'
- If set to `on', add a character to the beginning of the prompt
- indicating the editing mode: emacs (`@'), vi command (`:'),
- or vi insertion (`+'). The default value is `off'.
-
- `skip-completed-text'
- If set to `on', this alters the default completion behavior
- when inserting a single match into the line. It's only
- active when performing completion in the middle of a word.
- If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the
- completion that match characters after point in the word
- being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor
- are not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled,
- attempting completion when the cursor is after the `e' in
- `Makefile' will result in `Makefile' rather than
- `Makefilefile', assuming there is a single possible
- completion. The default value is `off'.
-
- `visible-stats'
- If set to `on', a character denoting a file's type is
- appended to the filename when listing possible completions.
- The default is `off'.
-
+ default value is 'off'.
+
+ 'show-mode-in-prompt'
+ If set to 'on', add a character to the beginning of the prompt
+ indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi
+ insertion. The mode strings are user-settable. The default
+ value is 'off'.
+
+ 'skip-completed-text'
+ If set to 'on', this alters the default completion behavior
+ when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active
+ when performing completion in the middle of a word. If
+ enabled, readline does not insert characters from the
+ completion that match characters after point in the word being
+ completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are
+ not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled, attempting
+ completion when the cursor is after the 'e' in 'Makefile' will
+ result in 'Makefile' rather than 'Makefilefile', assuming
+ there is a single possible completion. The default value is
+ 'off'.
+
+ 'vi-cmd-mode-string'
+ This string is displayed immediately before the last line of
+ the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in
+ command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so
+ the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash
+ escape sequences is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes
+ to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which
+ can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode
+ string. The default is '(cmd)'.
+
+ 'vi-ins-mode-string'
+ This string is displayed immediately before the last line of
+ the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in
+ insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so
+ the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash
+ escape sequences is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes
+ to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which
+ can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode
+ string. The default is '(ins)'.
+
+ 'visible-stats'
+ If set to 'on', a character denoting a file's type is appended
+ to the filename when listing possible completions. The
+ default is 'off'.
Key Bindings
- The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is
- simple. First you need to find the name of the command that you
- want to change. The following sections contain tables of the
- command name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short
- description of what the command does.
+ The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple.
+ First you need to find the name of the command that you want to
+ change. The following sections contain tables of the command name,
+ the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what the
+ command does.
Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in
the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to,
part of the key name. The name of the key can be expressed in
different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable.
- In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to
- a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).
+ In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
+ string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).
- The `bind -p' command displays Readline function names and
- bindings in a format that can put directly into an initialization
- file. *Note Bash Builtins::.
+ The 'bind -p' command displays Readline function names and bindings
+ in a format that can put directly into an initialization file.
+ *Note Bash Builtins::.
- KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
+ KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English. For
example:
Control-u: universal-argument
Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
Control-o: "> output"
- In the above example, `C-u' is bound to the function
- `universal-argument', `M-DEL' is bound to the function
- `backward-kill-word', and `C-o' is bound to run the macro
+ In the above example, 'C-u' is bound to the function
+ 'universal-argument', 'M-DEL' is bound to the function
+ 'backward-kill-word', and 'C-o' is bound to run the macro
expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
- `> output' into the line).
+ '> output' into the line).
A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD,
NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.
- "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
+ "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an
entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key
sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes
"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
"\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
- In the above example, `C-u' is again bound to the function
- `universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example),
- `C-x C-r' is bound to the function `re-read-init-file', and
- `<ESC> <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text `Function
- Key 1'.
-
+ In the above example, 'C-u' is again bound to the function
+ 'universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example),
+ ''C-x' 'C-r'' is bound to the function 're-read-init-file',
+ and '<ESC> <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text
+ 'Function Key 1'.
The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when
specifying key sequences:
- `\C-'
+ '\C-'
control prefix
-
- `\M-'
+ '\M-'
meta prefix
-
- `\e'
+ '\e'
an escape character
-
- `\\'
+ '\\'
backslash
-
- `\"'
+ '\"'
<">, a double quotation mark
-
- `\''
+ '\''
<'>, a single quote or apostrophe
In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set
of backslash escapes is available:
- `\a'
+ '\a'
alert (bell)
-
- `\b'
+ '\b'
backspace
-
- `\d'
+ '\d'
delete
-
- `\f'
+ '\f'
form feed
-
- `\n'
+ '\n'
newline
-
- `\r'
+ '\r'
carriage return
-
- `\t'
+ '\t'
horizontal tab
-
- `\v'
+ '\v'
vertical tab
-
- `\NNN'
+ '\NNN'
the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
(one to three digits)
-
- `\xHH'
+ '\xHH'
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
HH (one or two hex digits)
used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to
be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes
described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other
- character in the macro text, including `"' and `''. For example,
- the following binding will make `C-x \' insert a single `\' into
+ character in the macro text, including '"' and '''. For example,
+ the following binding will make ''C-x' \' insert a single '\' into
the line:
"\C-x\\": "\\"
-
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Init Constructs, Next: Sample Init File, Prev: Readline Init File Syntax, Up: Readline Init File
---------------------------------
Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
-compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
-and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There
-are four parser directives used.
-
-`$if'
- The `$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the
- editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
- Readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no
- characters are required to isolate it.
-
- `mode'
- The `mode=' form of the `$if' directive is used to test
- whether Readline is in `emacs' or `vi' mode. This may be
- used in conjunction with the `set keymap' command, for
- instance, to set bindings in the `emacs-standard' and
- `emacs-ctlx' keymaps only if Readline is starting out in
- `emacs' mode.
-
- `term'
- The `term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key
+compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and
+variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are
+four parser directives used.
+
+'$if'
+ The '$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing
+ mode, the terminal being used, or the application using Readline.
+ The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters
+ are required to isolate it.
+
+ 'mode'
+ The 'mode=' form of the '$if' directive is used to test
+ whether Readline is in 'emacs' or 'vi' mode. This may be used
+ in conjunction with the 'set keymap' command, for instance, to
+ set bindings in the 'emacs-standard' and 'emacs-ctlx' keymaps
+ only if Readline is starting out in 'emacs' mode.
+
+ 'term'
+ The 'term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key
bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the
- `=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
- the portion of the terminal name before the first `-'. This
- allows `sun' to match both `sun' and `sun-cmd', for instance.
+ '=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
+ the portion of the terminal name before the first '-'. This
+ allows 'sun' to match both 'sun' and 'sun-cmd', for instance.
- `application'
+ 'application'
The APPLICATION construct is used to include
application-specific settings. Each program using the
Readline library sets the APPLICATION NAME, and you can test
"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
$endif
-`$endif'
- This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an `$if'
+'$endif'
+ This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an '$if'
command.
-`$else'
- Commands in this branch of the `$if' directive are executed if the
+'$else'
+ Commands in this branch of the '$if' directive are executed if the
test fails.
-`$include'
+'$include'
This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
commands and bindings from that file. For example, the following
- directive reads from `/etc/inputrc':
+ directive reads from '/etc/inputrc':
$include /etc/inputrc
\1f
Here is an example of an INPUTRC file. This illustrates key binding,
variable assignment, and conditional syntax.
-
# This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
# programs that use the GNU Readline library. Existing
# programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB.
* Keyboard Macros:: Saving and re-executing typed characters
* Miscellaneous Commands:: Other miscellaneous commands.
- This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
-sequences. You can list your key bindings by executing `bind -P' or,
-for a more terse format, suitable for an INPUTRC file, `bind -p'.
+This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
+sequences. You can list your key bindings by executing 'bind -P' or,
+for a more terse format, suitable for an INPUTRC file, 'bind -p'.
(*Note Bash Builtins::.) Command names without an accompanying key
sequence are unbound by default.
In the following descriptions, "point" refers to the current cursor
-position, and "mark" refers to a cursor position saved by the
-`set-mark' command. The text between the point and mark is referred to
-as the "region".
+position, and "mark" refers to a cursor position saved by the 'set-mark'
+command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the
+"region".
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
8.4.1 Commands For Moving
-------------------------
-`beginning-of-line (C-a)'
+'beginning-of-line (C-a)'
Move to the start of the current line.
-`end-of-line (C-e)'
+'end-of-line (C-e)'
Move to the end of the line.
-`forward-char (C-f)'
+'forward-char (C-f)'
Move forward a character.
-`backward-char (C-b)'
+'backward-char (C-b)'
Move back a character.
-`forward-word (M-f)'
+'forward-word (M-f)'
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of
letters and digits.
-`backward-word (M-b)'
+'backward-word (M-b)'
Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are
composed of letters and digits.
-`shell-forward-word ()'
+'shell-forward-word ()'
Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by
non-quoted shell metacharacters.
-`shell-backward-word ()'
+'shell-backward-word ()'
Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are
delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
-`clear-screen (C-l)'
+'clear-screen (C-l)'
Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current
line at the top of the screen.
-`redraw-current-line ()'
+'redraw-current-line ()'
Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.
-
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: Commands For Moving, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
-------------------------------------------
-`accept-line (Newline or Return)'
+'accept-line (Newline or Return)'
Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is
non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of
- the `HISTCONTROL' and `HISTIGNORE' variables. If this line is a
+ the 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables. If this line is a
modified history line, then restore the history line to its
original state.
-`previous-history (C-p)'
- Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous
+'previous-history (C-p)'
+ Move 'back' through the history list, fetching the previous
command.
-`next-history (C-n)'
- Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
+'next-history (C-n)'
+ Move 'forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
-`beginning-of-history (M-<)'
+'beginning-of-history (M-<)'
Move to the first line in the history.
-`end-of-history (M->)'
+'end-of-history (M->)'
Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
-`reverse-search-history (C-r)'
- Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
+'reverse-search-history (C-r)'
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
-`forward-search-history (C-s)'
- Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
+'forward-search-history (C-s)'
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
-`non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)'
- Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
- through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
- for a string supplied by the user. The search string may match
+'non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)'
+ Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
+ through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for
+ a string supplied by the user. The search string may match
anywhere in a history line.
-`non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)'
- Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
- through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
- for a string supplied by the user. The search string may match
+'non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)'
+ Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
+ through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for
+ a string supplied by the user. The search string may match
anywhere in a history line.
-`history-search-forward ()'
+'history-search-forward ()'
Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a
non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
-`history-search-backward ()'
+'history-search-backward ()'
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a
non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
-`history-substr-search-forward ()'
+'history-substr-search-forward ()'
Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a
non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
-`history-substr-search-backward ()'
+'history-substr-search-backward ()'
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. The search
string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a
non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
-`yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)'
+'yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)'
Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument N,
insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the
previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts
the Nth word from the end of the previous command. Once the
- argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the `!N'
+ argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the '!N'
history expansion had been specified.
-`yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)'
+'yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)'
Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave exactly
- like `yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to `yank-last-arg' move
- back through the history list, inserting the last word (or the
- word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in
- turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls
- determines the direction to move through the history. A negative
- argument switches the direction through the history (back or
- forward). The history expansion facilities are used to extract
- the last argument, as if the `!$' history expansion had been
- specified.
-
+ like 'yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to 'yank-last-arg' move back
+ through the history list, inserting the last word (or the word
+ specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn.
+ Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
+ the direction to move through the history. A negative argument
+ switches the direction through the history (back or forward). The
+ history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
+ as if the '!$' history expansion had been specified.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
--------------------------------
-`end-of-file (usually C-d)'
+'end-of-file (usually C-d)'
The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
- `stty'. If this character is read when there are no characters on
+ 'stty'. If this character is read when there are no characters on
the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF.
-`delete-char (C-d)'
+'delete-char (C-d)'
Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the
- same character as the tty EOF character, as `C-d' commonly is, see
+ same character as the tty EOF character, as 'C-d' commonly is, see
above for the effects.
-`backward-delete-char (Rubout)'
+'backward-delete-char (Rubout)'
Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means
to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
-`forward-backward-delete-char ()'
+'forward-backward-delete-char ()'
Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key.
-`quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)'
+'quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)'
Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to
- insert key sequences like `C-q', for example.
+ insert key sequences like 'C-q', for example.
-`self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)'
+'self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)'
Insert yourself.
-`transpose-chars (C-t)'
+'bracketed-paste-begin ()'
+ This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
+ escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is
+ assigned by default. It allows Readline to insert the pasted text
+ as a single unit without treating each character as if it had been
+ read from the keyboard. The characters are inserted as if each one
+ was bound to 'self-insert') instead of executing any editing
+ commands.
+
+'transpose-chars (C-t)'
Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at
the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well. If the insertion
point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two
characters of the line. Negative arguments have no effect.
-`transpose-words (M-t)'
+'transpose-words (M-t)'
Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point
past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of
the line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
-`upcase-word (M-u)'
+'upcase-word (M-u)'
Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
-`downcase-word (M-l)'
+'downcase-word (M-l)'
Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
-`capitalize-word (M-c)'
+'capitalize-word (M-c)'
Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative
argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
-`overwrite-mode ()'
+'overwrite-mode ()'
Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument,
switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric
argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only
- `emacs' mode; `vi' mode does overwrite differently. Each call to
- `readline()' starts in insert mode.
+ 'emacs' mode; 'vi' mode does overwrite differently. Each call to
+ 'readline()' starts in insert mode.
- In overwrite mode, characters bound to `self-insert' replace the
+ In overwrite mode, characters bound to 'self-insert' replace the
text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
- Characters bound to `backward-delete-char' replace the character
+ Characters bound to 'backward-delete-char' replace the character
before point with a space.
By default, this command is unbound.
-
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev: Commands For Text, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
-------------------------
-`kill-line (C-k)'
+'kill-line (C-k)'
Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
-`backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)'
+'backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)'
Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
-`unix-line-discard (C-u)'
+'unix-line-discard (C-u)'
Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
-`kill-whole-line ()'
+'kill-whole-line ()'
Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
By default, this is unbound.
-`kill-word (M-d)'
+'kill-word (M-d)'
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same
- as `forward-word'.
+ as 'forward-word'.
-`backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>)'
+'backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>)'
Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
- `backward-word'.
+ 'backward-word'.
-`shell-kill-word ()'
+'shell-kill-word ()'
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same
- as `shell-forward-word'.
+ as 'shell-forward-word'.
-`shell-backward-kill-word ()'
+'shell-backward-kill-word ()'
Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
- `shell-backward-word'.
+ 'shell-backward-word'.
-`unix-word-rubout (C-w)'
+'unix-word-rubout (C-w)'
Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
-`unix-filename-rubout ()'
+'unix-filename-rubout ()'
Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the
kill-ring.
-`delete-horizontal-space ()'
+'delete-horizontal-space ()'
Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is
unbound.
-`kill-region ()'
+'kill-region ()'
Kill the text in the current region. By default, this command is
unbound.
-`copy-region-as-kill ()'
+'copy-region-as-kill ()'
Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
right away. By default, this command is unbound.
-`copy-backward-word ()'
- Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word
- boundaries are the same as `backward-word'. By default, this
- command is unbound.
+'copy-backward-word ()'
+ Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries
+ are the same as 'backward-word'. By default, this command is
+ unbound.
-`copy-forward-word ()'
+'copy-forward-word ()'
Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word
- boundaries are the same as `forward-word'. By default, this
+ boundaries are the same as 'forward-word'. By default, this
command is unbound.
-`yank (C-y)'
+'yank (C-y)'
Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
-`yank-pop (M-y)'
+'yank-pop (M-y)'
Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this
- if the prior command is `yank' or `yank-pop'.
+ if the prior command is 'yank' or 'yank-pop'.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Numeric Arguments, Next: Commands For Completion, Prev: Commands For Killing, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
----------------------------------
-`digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)'
+'digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)'
Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
- argument. `M--' starts a negative argument.
+ argument. 'M--' starts a negative argument.
-`universal-argument ()'
+'universal-argument ()'
This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is
followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
- sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is
- followed by digits, executing `universal-argument' again ends the
- numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if
- this command is immediately followed by a character that is
- neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next
- command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially
- one, so executing this function the first time makes the argument
- count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so
- on. By default, this is not bound to a key.
+ sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is followed
+ by digits, executing 'universal-argument' again ends the numeric
+ argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this
+ command is immediately followed by a character that is neither a
+ digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next command is
+ multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so
+ executing this function the first time makes the argument count
+ four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on.
+ By default, this is not bound to a key.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: Numeric Arguments, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
-----------------------------------
-`complete (<TAB>)'
- Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The
- actual completion performed is application-specific. Bash
- attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text
- begins with `$'), username (if the text begins with `~'), hostname
- (if the text begins with `@'), or command (including aliases and
- functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename
- completion is attempted.
+'complete (<TAB>)'
+ Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The actual
+ completion performed is application-specific. Bash attempts
+ completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with
+ '$'), username (if the text begins with '~'), hostname (if the text
+ begins with '@'), or command (including aliases and functions) in
+ turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is
+ attempted.
-`possible-completions (M-?)'
+'possible-completions (M-?)'
List the possible completions of the text before point. When
displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used
- for display to the value of `completion-display-width', the value
- of the environment variable `COLUMNS', or the screen width, in
- that order.
+ for display to the value of 'completion-display-width', the value
+ of the environment variable 'COLUMNS', or the screen width, in that
+ order.
-`insert-completions (M-*)'
+'insert-completions (M-*)'
Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
- been generated by `possible-completions'.
+ been generated by 'possible-completions'.
-`menu-complete ()'
- Similar to `complete', but replaces the word to be completed with
- a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
- execution of `menu-complete' steps through the list of possible
+'menu-complete ()'
+ Similar to 'complete', but replaces the word to be completed with a
+ single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated
+ execution of 'menu-complete' steps through the list of possible
completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list
of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
- `bell-style') and the original text is restored. An argument of N
+ 'bell-style') and the original text is restored. An argument of N
moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
argument may be used to move backward through the list. This
command is intended to be bound to <TAB>, but is unbound by
default.
-`menu-complete-backward ()'
- Identical to `menu-complete', but moves backward through the list
- of possible completions, as if `menu-complete' had been given a
+'menu-complete-backward ()'
+ Identical to 'menu-complete', but moves backward through the list
+ of possible completions, as if 'menu-complete' had been given a
negative argument.
-`delete-char-or-list ()'
+'delete-char-or-list ()'
Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
- end of the line (like `delete-char'). If at the end of the line,
- behaves identically to `possible-completions'. This command is
+ end of the line (like 'delete-char'). If at the end of the line,
+ behaves identically to 'possible-completions'. This command is
unbound by default.
-`complete-filename (M-/)'
+'complete-filename (M-/)'
Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
-`possible-filename-completions (C-x /)'
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a filename.
+'possible-filename-completions (C-x /)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a filename.
-`complete-username (M-~)'
+'complete-username (M-~)'
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
username.
-`possible-username-completions (C-x ~)'
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a username.
+'possible-username-completions (C-x ~)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a username.
-`complete-variable (M-$)'
- Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
- shell variable.
+'complete-variable (M-$)'
+ Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell
+ variable.
-`possible-variable-completions (C-x $)'
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a shell variable.
+'possible-variable-completions (C-x $)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a shell variable.
-`complete-hostname (M-@)'
+'complete-hostname (M-@)'
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
hostname.
-`possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)'
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a hostname.
+'possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a hostname.
-`complete-command (M-!)'
+'complete-command (M-!)'
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
command name. Command completion attempts to match the text
against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins,
and finally executable filenames, in that order.
-`possible-command-completions (C-x !)'
- List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
- it as a command name.
+'possible-command-completions (C-x !)'
+ List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+ as a command name.
-`dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>)'
+'dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>)'
Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
against lines from the history list for possible completion
matches.
-`dabbrev-expand ()'
+'dabbrev-expand ()'
Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
text against lines from the history list for possible completion
matches.
-`complete-into-braces (M-{)'
+'complete-into-braces (M-{)'
Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible
completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
shell (*note Brace Expansion::).
-
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Keyboard Macros, Next: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Commands For Completion, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
---------------------
-`start-kbd-macro (C-x ()'
+'start-kbd-macro (C-x ()'
Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
-`end-kbd-macro (C-x ))'
+'end-kbd-macro (C-x ))'
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and save the definition.
-`call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)'
+'call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)'
Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the
characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
-`print-last-kbd-macro ()'
+'print-last-kbd-macro ()'
Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
INPUTRC file.
-
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bindable Readline Commands
8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
---------------------------------
-`re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)'
+'re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)'
Read in the contents of the INPUTRC file, and incorporate any
bindings or variable assignments found there.
-`abort (C-g)'
+'abort (C-g)'
Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
- (subject to the setting of `bell-style').
+ (subject to the setting of 'bell-style').
-`do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...)'
+'do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...)'
If the metafied character X is lowercase, run the command that is
bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
-`prefix-meta (<ESC>)'
+'prefix-meta (<ESC>)'
Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a
- meta key. Typing `<ESC> f' is equivalent to typing `M-f'.
+ meta key. Typing '<ESC> f' is equivalent to typing 'M-f'.
-`undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)'
+'undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)'
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
-`revert-line (M-r)'
+'revert-line (M-r)'
Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
- `undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning.
+ 'undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning.
-`tilde-expand (M-&)'
+'tilde-expand (M-&)'
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
-`set-mark (C-@)'
+'set-mark (C-@)'
Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
mark is set to that position.
-`exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)'
+'exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)'
Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set
to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the
mark.
-`character-search (C-])'
+'character-search (C-])'
A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
that character. A negative count searches for previous
occurrences.
-`character-search-backward (M-C-])'
+'character-search-backward (M-C-])'
A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent
occurrences.
-`skip-csi-sequence ()'
+'skip-csi-sequence ()'
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin
with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this
- sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will
- have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command,
- instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.
- This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+ sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have
+ no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of
+ inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. This is
+ unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
-`insert-comment (M-#)'
- Without a numeric argument, the value of the `comment-begin'
+'insert-comment (M-#)'
+ Without a numeric argument, the value of the 'comment-begin'
variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a
- numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
- the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
- of `comment-begin', the value is inserted, otherwise the
- characters in `comment-begin' are deleted from the beginning of
- the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline
- had been typed. The default value of `comment-begin' causes this
- command to make the current line a shell comment. If a numeric
- argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line will
- be executed by the shell.
-
-`dump-functions ()'
+ numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
+ characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of
+ 'comment-begin', the value is inserted, otherwise the characters in
+ 'comment-begin' are deleted from the beginning of the line. In
+ either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
+ The default value of 'comment-begin' causes this command to make
+ the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument causes the
+ comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the
+ shell.
+
+'dump-functions ()'
Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline
output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is
formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
file. This command is unbound by default.
-`dump-variables ()'
+'dump-variables ()'
Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default.
-`dump-macros ()'
+'dump-macros ()'
Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
- strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the
- output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
- INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default.
+ strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output
+ is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
+ file. This command is unbound by default.
-`glob-complete-word (M-g)'
+'glob-complete-word (M-g)'
The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is
used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
completions.
-`glob-expand-word (C-x *)'
+'glob-expand-word (C-x *)'
The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
- replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, a `*' is
+ replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is
appended before pathname expansion.
-`glob-list-expansions (C-x g)'
+'glob-list-expansions (C-x g)'
The list of expansions that would have been generated by
- `glob-expand-word' is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
- numeric argument is supplied, a `*' is appended before pathname
+ 'glob-expand-word' is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a
+ numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is appended before pathname
expansion.
-`display-shell-version (C-x C-v)'
+'display-shell-version (C-x C-v)'
Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
-`shell-expand-line (M-C-e)'
- Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and
- history expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions
- (*note Shell Expansions::).
+'shell-expand-line (M-C-e)'
+ Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and history
+ expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions (*note Shell
+ Expansions::).
-`history-expand-line (M-^)'
+'history-expand-line (M-^)'
Perform history expansion on the current line.
-`magic-space ()'
+'magic-space ()'
Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space
(*note History Interaction::).
-`alias-expand-line ()'
+'alias-expand-line ()'
Perform alias expansion on the current line (*note Aliases::).
-`history-and-alias-expand-line ()'
+'history-and-alias-expand-line ()'
Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
-`insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)'
- A synonym for `yank-last-arg'.
+'insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)'
+ A synonym for 'yank-last-arg'.
-`operate-and-get-next (C-o)'
+'operate-and-get-next (C-o)'
Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any
argument is ignored.
-`edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)'
+'edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)'
Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
- result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke `$VISUAL',
- `$EDITOR', and `emacs' as the editor, in that order.
-
+ result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke '$VISUAL',
+ '$EDITOR', and 'emacs' as the editor, in that order.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Next: Programmable Completion, Prev: Bindable Readline Commands, Up: Command Line Editing
8.5 Readline vi Mode
====================
-While the Readline library does not have a full set of `vi' editing
+While the Readline library does not have a full set of 'vi' editing
functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line.
-The Readline `vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard.
+The Readline 'vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard.
- In order to switch interactively between `emacs' and `vi' editing
-modes, use the `set -o emacs' and `set -o vi' commands (*note The Set
-Builtin::). The Readline default is `emacs' mode.
+ In order to switch interactively between 'emacs' and 'vi' editing
+modes, use the 'set -o emacs' and 'set -o vi' commands (*note The Set
+Builtin::). The Readline default is 'emacs' mode.
- When you enter a line in `vi' mode, you are already placed in
-`insertion' mode, as if you had typed an `i'. Pressing <ESC> switches
-you into `command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with
-the standard `vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with
-`k' and subsequent lines with `j', and so forth.
+ When you enter a line in 'vi' mode, you are already placed in
+'insertion' mode, as if you had typed an 'i'. Pressing <ESC> switches
+you into 'command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with
+the standard 'vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with 'k'
+and subsequent lines with 'j', and so forth.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Programmable Completion, Next: Programmable Completion Builtins, Prev: Readline vi Mode, Up: Command Line Editing
8.6 Programmable Completion
===========================
-When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
-which a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using
-the `complete' builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), the
+When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for which
+a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using the
+'complete' builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), the
programmable completion facilities are invoked.
First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been
defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty
string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any
-compspec defined with the `-E' option to `complete' is used. If the
+compspec defined with the '-E' option to 'complete' is used. If the
command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is
searched for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an
attempt is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final
slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec
-defined with the `-D' option to `complete' is used as the default.
+defined with the '-D' option to 'complete' is used as the default.
Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches
which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the
-`-f' or `-d' option is used for filename or directory name completion,
-the shell variable `FIGNORE' is used to filter the matches. *Note Bash
-Variables::, for a description of `FIGNORE'.
-
- Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the
-`-G' option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern
-need not match the word being completed. The `GLOBIGNORE' shell
-variable is not used to filter the matches, but the `FIGNORE' shell
-variable is used.
-
- Next, the string specified as the argument to the `-W' option is
-considered. The string is first split using the characters in the `IFS'
-special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word
-is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
+'-f' or '-d' option is used for filename or directory name completion,
+the shell variable 'FIGNORE' is used to filter the matches. *Note Bash
+Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'.
+
+ Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the '-G'
+option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not
+match the word being completed. The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable is not
+used to filter the matches, but the 'FIGNORE' shell variable is used.
+
+ Next, the string specified as the argument to the '-W' option is
+considered. The string is first split using the characters in the 'IFS'
+special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is
+then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as
-described above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split
-using the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results
-of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed,
-and the matching words become the possible completions.
+described above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split using
+the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results of the
+expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the
+matching words become the possible completions.
After these matches have been generated, any shell function or
-command specified with the `-F' and `-C' options is invoked. When the
-command or function is invoked, the `COMP_LINE', `COMP_POINT',
-`COMP_KEY', and `COMP_TYPE' variables are assigned values as described
+command specified with the '-F' and '-C' options is invoked. When the
+command or function is invoked, the 'COMP_LINE', 'COMP_POINT',
+'COMP_KEY', and 'COMP_TYPE' variables are assigned values as described
above (*note Bash Variables::). If a shell function is being invoked,
-the `COMP_WORDS' and `COMP_CWORD' variables are also set. When the
+the 'COMP_WORDS' and 'COMP_CWORD' variables are also set. When the
function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of
the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument
($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the
-word preceding the word being completed on the current command line.
-No filtering of the generated completions against the word being
-completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in
-generating the matches.
+word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. No
+filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
+is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
+the matches.
- Any function specified with `-F' is invoked first. The function may
-use any of the shell facilities, including the `compgen' and `compopt'
+ Any function specified with '-F' is invoked first. The function may
+use any of the shell facilities, including the 'compgen' and 'compopt'
builtins described below (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), to
generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the
-`COMPREPLY' array variable, one per array element.
+'COMPREPLY' array variable, one per array element.
- Next, any command specified with the `-C' option is invoked in an
+ Next, any command specified with the '-C' option is invoked in an
environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list
of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be
used to escape a newline, if necessary.
After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
-specified with the `-X' option is applied to the list. The filter is a
-pattern as used for pathname expansion; a `&' in the pattern is
-replaced with the text of the word being completed. A literal `&' may
-be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting
-a match. Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from
-the list. A leading `!' negates the pattern; in this case any
-completion not matching the pattern will be removed.
-
- Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the `-P' and `-S'
+specified with the '-X' option is applied to the list. The filter is a
+pattern as used for pathname expansion; a '&' in the pattern is replaced
+with the text of the word being completed. A literal '&' may be escaped
+with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+A leading '!' negates the pattern; in this case any completion not
+matching the pattern will be removed. If the 'nocasematch' shell option
+(see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is
+enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
+characters.
+
+ Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the '-P' and '-S'
options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result
is returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible
completions.
If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and
-the `-o dirnames' option was supplied to `complete' when the compspec
+the '-o dirnames' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec
was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
- If the `-o plusdirs' option was supplied to `complete' when the
+ If the '-o plusdirs' option was supplied to 'complete' when the
compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
matches are added to the results of the other actions.
- By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is
-returned to the completion code as the full set of possible completions.
-The default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default
-of filename completion is disabled. If the `-o bashdefault' option was
-supplied to `complete' when the compspec was defined, the default Bash
+ By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
+to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The
+default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default of
+filename completion is disabled. If the '-o bashdefault' option was
+supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was defined, the default Bash
completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the
-`-o default' option was supplied to `complete' when the compspec was
-defined, Readline's default completion will be performed if the
-compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no
-matches.
+'-o default' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was
+defined, Readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec
+(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches.
When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is
most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
-with `-D'. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
+with '-D'. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the
compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
command are to be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is
happening.
-`compgen'
- `compgen [OPTION] [WORD]'
+'compgen'
+ compgen [OPTION] [WORD]
Generate possible completion matches for WORD according to the
- OPTIONs, which may be any option accepted by the `complete'
- builtin with the exception of `-p' and `-r', and write the matches
- to the standard output. When using the `-F' or `-C' options, the
- various shell variables set by the programmable completion
- facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
+ OPTIONs, which may be any option accepted by the 'complete' builtin
+ with the exception of '-p' and '-r', and write the matches to the
+ standard output. When using the '-F' or '-C' options, the various
+ shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities,
+ while available, will not have useful values.
The matches will be generated in the same way as if the
programmable completion code had generated them directly from a
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or
no matches were generated.
-`complete'
- `complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o COMP-OPTION] [-DE] [-A ACTION] [-G GLOBPAT] [-W WORDLIST]
+'complete'
+ complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o COMP-OPTION] [-DE] [-A ACTION] [-G GLOBPAT] [-W WORDLIST]
[-F FUNCTION] [-C COMMAND] [-X FILTERPAT]
- [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...]'
- `complete -pr [-DE] [NAME ...]'
+ [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...]
+ complete -pr [-DE] [NAME ...]
Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed. If the
- `-p' option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+ '-p' option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to
- be reused as input. The `-r' option removes a completion
+ be reused as input. The '-r' option removes a completion
specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all
- completion specifications. The `-D' option indicates that the
- remaining options and actions should apply to the "default"
- command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for
- which no completion has previously been defined. The `-E' option
- indicates that the remaining options and actions should apply to
- "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
- blank line.
+ completion specifications. The '-D' option indicates that the
+ remaining options and actions should apply to the "default" command
+ completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no
+ completion has previously been defined. The '-E' option indicates
+ that the remaining options and actions should apply to "empty"
+ command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
The process of applying these completion specifications when word
completion is attempted is described above (*note Programmable
- Completion::). The `-D' option takes precedence over `-E'.
+ Completion::). The '-D' option takes precedence over '-E'.
Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
- arguments to the `-G', `-W', and `-X' options (and, if necessary,
- the `-P' and `-S' options) should be quoted to protect them from
- expansion before the `complete' builtin is invoked.
+ arguments to the '-G', '-W', and '-X' options (and, if necessary,
+ the '-P' and '-S' options) should be quoted to protect them from
+ expansion before the 'complete' builtin is invoked.
- `-o COMP-OPTION'
+ '-o COMP-OPTION'
The COMP-OPTION controls several aspects of the compspec's
behavior beyond the simple generation of completions.
COMP-OPTION may be one of:
- `bashdefault'
+ 'bashdefault'
Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the
compspec generates no matches.
- `default'
+ 'default'
Use Readline's default filename completion if the
compspec generates no matches.
- `dirnames'
+ 'dirnames'
Perform directory name completion if the compspec
generates no matches.
- `filenames'
+ 'filenames'
Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so
it can perform any filename-specific processing (like
adding a slash to directory names quoting special
- characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). This
- option is intended to be used with shell functions
- specified with `-F'.
+ characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). This option
+ is intended to be used with shell functions specified
+ with '-F'.
- `noquote'
+ 'noquote'
Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they
are filenames (quoting filenames is the default).
- `nospace'
+ 'nosort'
+ Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible
+ completions alphabetically.
+
+ 'nospace'
Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to
words completed at the end of the line.
- `plusdirs'
+ 'plusdirs'
After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
directory name completion is attempted and any matches
are added to the results of the other actions.
-
- `-A ACTION'
+ '-A ACTION'
The ACTION may be one of the following to generate a list of
possible completions:
- `alias'
- Alias names. May also be specified as `-a'.
+ 'alias'
+ Alias names. May also be specified as '-a'.
- `arrayvar'
+ 'arrayvar'
Array variable names.
- `binding'
+ 'binding'
Readline key binding names (*note Bindable Readline
Commands::).
- `builtin'
+ 'builtin'
Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified
- as `-b'.
+ as '-b'.
- `command'
- Command names. May also be specified as `-c'.
+ 'command'
+ Command names. May also be specified as '-c'.
- `directory'
- Directory names. May also be specified as `-d'.
+ 'directory'
+ Directory names. May also be specified as '-d'.
- `disabled'
+ 'disabled'
Names of disabled shell builtins.
- `enabled'
+ 'enabled'
Names of enabled shell builtins.
- `export'
- Names of exported shell variables. May also be
- specified as `-e'.
+ 'export'
+ Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified
+ as '-e'.
- `file'
- File names. May also be specified as `-f'.
+ 'file'
+ File names. May also be specified as '-f'.
- `function'
+ 'function'
Names of shell functions.
- `group'
- Group names. May also be specified as `-g'.
+ 'group'
+ Group names. May also be specified as '-g'.
- `helptopic'
- Help topics as accepted by the `help' builtin (*note
- Bash Builtins::).
+ 'helptopic'
+ Help topics as accepted by the 'help' builtin (*note Bash
+ Builtins::).
- `hostname'
+ 'hostname'
Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
- `HOSTFILE' shell variable (*note Bash Variables::).
+ 'HOSTFILE' shell variable (*note Bash Variables::).
- `job'
+ 'job'
Job names, if job control is active. May also be
- specified as `-j'.
+ specified as '-j'.
- `keyword'
- Shell reserved words. May also be specified as `-k'.
+ 'keyword'
+ Shell reserved words. May also be specified as '-k'.
- `running'
+ 'running'
Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
- `service'
- Service names. May also be specified as `-s'.
+ 'service'
+ Service names. May also be specified as '-s'.
- `setopt'
- Valid arguments for the `-o' option to the `set' builtin
+ 'setopt'
+ Valid arguments for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
(*note The Set Builtin::).
- `shopt'
- Shell option names as accepted by the `shopt' builtin
+ 'shopt'
+ Shell option names as accepted by the 'shopt' builtin
(*note Bash Builtins::).
- `signal'
+ 'signal'
Signal names.
- `stopped'
+ 'stopped'
Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
- `user'
- User names. May also be specified as `-u'.
+ 'user'
+ User names. May also be specified as '-u'.
- `variable'
+ 'variable'
Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as
- `-v'.
+ '-v'.
- `-C COMMAND'
+ '-C COMMAND'
COMMAND is executed in a subshell environment, and its output
is used as the possible completions.
- `-F FUNCTION'
+ '-F FUNCTION'
The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell
environment. When it is executed, $1 is the name of the
command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word
being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being
completed, as described above (*note Programmable
- Completion::). When it finishes, the possible completions
- are retrieved from the value of the `COMPREPLY' array
- variable.
+ Completion::). When it finishes, the possible completions are
+ retrieved from the value of the 'COMPREPLY' array variable.
- `-G GLOBPAT'
+ '-G GLOBPAT'
The filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT is expanded to generate
the possible completions.
- `-P PREFIX'
+ '-P PREFIX'
PREFIX is added at the beginning of each possible completion
after all other options have been applied.
- `-S SUFFIX'
- SUFFIX is appended to each possible completion after all
- other options have been applied.
+ '-S SUFFIX'
+ SUFFIX is appended to each possible completion after all other
+ options have been applied.
- `-W WORDLIST'
- The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the `IFS'
+ '-W WORDLIST'
+ The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the 'IFS'
special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is
expanded. The possible completions are the members of the
resultant list which match the word being completed.
- `-X FILTERPAT'
+ '-X FILTERPAT'
FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is
applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
- FILTERPAT is removed from the list. A leading `!' in
+ FILTERPAT is removed from the list. A leading '!' in
FILTERPAT negates the pattern; in this case, any completion
not matching FILTERPAT is removed.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
- option other than `-p' or `-r' is supplied without a NAME
- argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
- for a NAME for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
- adding a completion specification.
+ option other than '-p' or '-r' is supplied without a NAME argument,
+ an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a NAME
+ for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a
+ completion specification.
-`compopt'
- `compopt' [-o OPTION] [-DE] [+o OPTION] [NAME]
+'compopt'
+ compopt [-o OPTION] [-DE] [+o OPTION] [NAME]
Modify completion options for each NAME according to the OPTIONs,
or for the currently-executing completion if no NAMEs are supplied.
If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each
NAME or the current completion. The possible values of OPTION are
- those valid for the `complete' builtin described above. The `-D'
+ those valid for the 'complete' builtin described above. The '-D'
option indicates that the remaining options should apply to the
"default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
command for which no completion has previously been defined. The
- `-E' option indicates that the remaining options should apply to
+ '-E' option indicates that the remaining options should apply to
"empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
blank line.
- The `-D' option takes precedence over `-E'.
+ The '-D' option takes precedence over '-E'.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
attempt is made to modify the options for a NAME for which no
completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
-
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: A Programmable Completion Example, Prev: Programmable Completion Builtins, Up: Command Line Editing
=====================================
The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond
-the default actions `complete' and `compgen' provide is to use a shell
-function and bind it to a particular command using `complete -F'.
+the default actions 'complete' and 'compgen' provide is to use a shell
+function and bind it to a particular command using 'complete -F'.
- The following function provides completions for the `cd' builtin.
-It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when
-used for completion. This function uses the word passsed as `$2' to
+ The following function provides completions for the 'cd' builtin. It
+is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when used
+for completion. This function uses the word passsed as '$2' to
determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the
-`COMP_WORDS' array variable; the current word is indexed by the
-`COMP_CWORD' variable.
+'COMP_WORDS' array variable; the current word is indexed by the
+'COMP_CWORD' variable.
- The function relies on the `complete' and `compgen' builtins to do
-much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash `cd' does beyond
+ The function relies on the 'complete' and 'compgen' builtins to do
+much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash 'cd' does beyond
accepting basic directory names: tilde expansion (*note Tilde
Expansion::), searching directories in $CDPATH, which is described above
-(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::), and basic support for the
-`cdable_vars' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::). `_comp_cd'
-modifies the value of IFS so that it contains only a newline to
-accommodate file names containing spaces and tabs - `compgen' prints
-the possible completions it generates one per line.
+(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::), and basic support for the 'cdable_vars'
+shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::). '_comp_cd' modifies the value
+of IFS so that it contains only a newline to accommodate file names
+containing spaces and tabs - 'compgen' prints the possible completions
+it generates one per line.
Possible completions go into the COMPREPLY array variable, one
completion per array element. The programmable completion system
return 0
}
- We install the completion function using the `-F' option to
-`complete':
+ We install the completion function using the '-F' option to
+'complete':
# Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories;
# use the bash default completion for other arguments
Since we'd like Bash and Readline to take care of some of the other
details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash and Readline
-what to do. The `-o filenames' option tells Readline that the possible
+what to do. The '-o filenames' option tells Readline that the possible
completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted appropriately.
That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to filenames it
can determine are directories (which is why we might want to extend
-`_comp_cd' to append a slash if we're using directories found via
-CDPATH: Readline can't tell those completions are directories). The
-`-o nospace' option tells Readline to not append a space character to
-the directory name, in case we want to append to it. The `-o
-bashdefault' option brings in the rest of the "Bash default"
-completions - possible completion that Bash adds to the default Readline
-set. These include things like command name completion, variable
-completion for words beginning with `{', completions containing pathname
-expansion patterns (*note Filename Expansion::), and so on.
-
- Once installed using `complete', `_comp_cd' will be called every
-time we attempt word completion for a `cd' command.
+'_comp_cd' to append a slash if we're using directories found via
+CDPATH: Readline can't tell those completions are directories). The '-o
+nospace' option tells Readline to not append a space character to the
+directory name, in case we want to append to it. The '-o bashdefault'
+option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" completions - possible
+completion that Bash adds to the default Readline set. These include
+things like command name completion, variable completion for words
+beginning with '{', completions containing pathname expansion patterns
+(*note Filename Expansion::), and so on.
+
+ Once installed using 'complete', '_comp_cd' will be called every time
+we attempt word completion for a 'cd' command.
Many more examples - an extensive collection of completions for most
of the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands - are available as part of
the bash_completion project. This is installed by default on many
GNU/Linux distributions. Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the
-project now lives at `http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/'.
-There are ports for other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X.
+project now lives at <http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/>. There
+are ports for other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X.
An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with
-bash in the `examples/complete' subdirectory.
+bash in the 'examples/complete' subdirectory.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Installing Bash, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top
9 Using History Interactively
*****************************
-This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library
-interactively, from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a
-user's guide. For information on using the GNU History Library in
-other programs, see the GNU Readline Library Manual.
+This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively,
+from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide. For
+information on using the GNU History Library in other programs, see the
+GNU Readline Library Manual.
* Menu:
9.1 Bash History Facilities
===========================
-When the `-o history' option to the `set' builtin is enabled (*note The
+When the '-o history' option to the 'set' builtin is enabled (*note The
Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the "command history", the
-list of commands previously typed. The value of the `HISTSIZE' shell
+list of commands previously typed. The value of the 'HISTSIZE' shell
variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list.
-The text of the last `$HISTSIZE' commands (default 500) is saved. The
+The text of the last '$HISTSIZE' commands (default 500) is saved. The
shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to
-the values of the shell variables `HISTIGNORE' and `HISTCONTROL'.
+the values of the shell variables 'HISTIGNORE' and 'HISTCONTROL'.
When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the file
-named by the `HISTFILE' variable (default `~/.bash_history'). The file
-named by the value of `HISTFILE' is truncated, if necessary, to contain
+named by the 'HISTFILE' variable (default '~/.bash_history'). The file
+named by the value of 'HISTFILE' is truncated, if necessary, to contain
no more than the number of lines specified by the value of the
-`HISTFILESIZE' variable. When a shell with history enabled exits, the
-last `$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file
-named by `$HISTFILE'. If the `histappend' shell option is set (*note
+'HISTFILESIZE' variable. When a shell with history enabled exits, the
+last '$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file
+named by '$HISTFILE'. If the 'histappend' shell option is set (*note
Bash Builtins::), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise
-the history file is overwritten. If `HISTFILE' is unset, or if the
+the history file is overwritten. If 'HISTFILE' is unset, or if the
history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the
history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than
-`$HISTFILESIZE' lines. If `HISTFILESIZE' is unset, or set to null, a
+'$HISTFILESIZE' lines. If 'HISTFILESIZE' is unset, or set to null, a
non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file
is not truncated.
- If the `HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set, the time stamp information
-associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
-marked with the history comment character. When the history file is
-read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed
-immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the previous
-history line.
+ If the 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set, the time stamp information associated
+with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the
+history comment character. When the history file is read, lines
+beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a
+digit are interpreted as timestamps for the previous history line.
- The builtin command `fc' may be used to list or edit and re-execute
-a portion of the history list. The `history' builtin may be used to
+ The builtin command 'fc' may be used to list or edit and re-execute a
+portion of the history list. The 'history' builtin may be used to
display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file.
When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each
-editing mode that provide access to the history list (*note Commands
-For History::).
+editing mode that provide access to the history list (*note Commands For
+History::).
The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
-list. The `HISTCONTROL' and `HISTIGNORE' variables may be set to cause
-the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The `cmdhist'
+list. The 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables may be set to cause
+the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The 'cmdhist'
shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line
of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons
-where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The `lithist' shell
+where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The 'lithist' shell
option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
-instead of semicolons. The `shopt' builtin is used to set these
-options. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of `shopt'.
+instead of semicolons. The 'shopt' builtin is used to set these
+options. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of 'shopt'.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Bash History Builtins, Next: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Facilities, Up: Using History Interactively
9.2 Bash History Builtins
=========================
-Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the history list
-and history file.
+Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the history list and
+history file.
-`fc'
- `fc [-e ENAME] [-lnr] [FIRST] [LAST]'
- `fc -s [PAT=REP] [COMMAND]'
+'fc'
+ fc [-e ENAME] [-lnr] [FIRST] [LAST]
+ fc -s [PAT=REP] [COMMAND]
The first form selects a range of commands from FIRST to LAST from
the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them. Both
FIRST and LAST may be specified as a string (to locate the most
- recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
- index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an
- offset from the current command number). If LAST is not specified
- it is set to FIRST. If FIRST is not specified it is set to the
- previous command for editing and -16 for listing. If the `-l'
- flag is given, the commands are listed on standard output. The
- `-n' flag suppresses the command numbers when listing. The `-r'
- flag reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor
- given by ENAME is invoked on a file containing those commands. If
- ENAME is not given, the value of the following variable expansion
- is used: `${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'. This says to use the value
- of the `FCEDIT' variable if set, or the value of the `EDITOR'
- variable if that is set, or `vi' if neither is set. When editing
- is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
+ recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index
+ into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset
+ from the current command number). If LAST is not specified it is
+ set to FIRST. If FIRST is not specified it is set to the previous
+ command for editing and -16 for listing. If the '-l' flag is
+ given, the commands are listed on standard output. The '-n' flag
+ suppresses the command numbers when listing. The '-r' flag
+ reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by
+ ENAME is invoked on a file containing those commands. If ENAME is
+ not given, the value of the following variable expansion is used:
+ '${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'. This says to use the value of the
+ 'FCEDIT' variable if set, or the value of the 'EDITOR' variable if
+ that is set, or 'vi' if neither is set. When editing is complete,
+ the edited commands are echoed and executed.
In the second form, COMMAND is re-executed after each instance of
PAT in the selected command is replaced by REP. COMMAND is
intepreted the same as FIRST above.
- A useful alias to use with the `fc' command is `r='fc -s'', so
- that typing `r cc' runs the last command beginning with `cc' and
- typing `r' re-executes the last command (*note Aliases::).
+ A useful alias to use with the 'fc' command is 'r='fc -s'', so that
+ typing 'r cc' runs the last command beginning with 'cc' and typing
+ 'r' re-executes the last command (*note Aliases::).
-`history'
+'history'
history [N]
history -c
history -d OFFSET
history [-anrw] [FILENAME]
history -ps ARG
- With no options, display the history list with line numbers.
- Lines prefixed with a `*' have been modified. An argument of N
- lists only the last N lines. If the shell variable
- `HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set and not null, it is used as a format
- string for STRFTIME to display the time stamp associated with each
- displayed history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
- the formatted time stamp and the history line.
+ With no options, display the history list with line numbers. Lines
+ prefixed with a '*' have been modified. An argument of N lists
+ only the last N lines. If the shell variable 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is
+ set and not null, it is used as a format string for STRFTIME to
+ display the time stamp associated with each displayed history
+ entry. No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time
+ stamp and the history line.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
- `-c'
+ '-c'
Clear the history list. This may be combined with the other
options to replace the history list completely.
- `-d OFFSET'
- Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. OFFSET should
- be specified as it appears when the history is displayed.
+ '-d OFFSET'
+ Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. OFFSET should be
+ specified as it appears when the history is displayed.
- `-a'
+ '-a'
Append the new history lines (history lines entered since the
beginning of the current Bash session) to the history file.
- `-n'
+ '-n'
Append the history lines not already read from the history
- file to the current history list. These are lines appended
- to the history file since the beginning of the current Bash
+ file to the current history list. These are lines appended to
+ the history file since the beginning of the current Bash
session.
- `-r'
+ '-r'
Read the history file and append its contents to the history
list.
- `-w'
+ '-w'
Write out the current history list to the history file.
- `-p'
+ '-p'
Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the
result on the standard output, without storing the results in
the history list.
- `-s'
+ '-s'
The ARGs are added to the end of the history list as a single
entry.
-
- When any of the `-w', `-r', `-a', or `-n' options is used, if
+ When any of the '-w', '-r', '-a', or '-n' options is used, if
FILENAME is given, then it is used as the history file. If not,
- then the value of the `HISTFILE' variable is used.
-
+ then the value of the 'HISTFILE' variable is used.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively
=====================
The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
-to the history expansion provided by `csh'. This section describes the
+to the history expansion provided by 'csh'. This section describes the
syntax used to manipulate the history information.
History expansions introduce words from the history list into the
-input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments
-to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in
+input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to
+a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in
previous commands quickly.
History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to
substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for
inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is
called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon
-are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate
-the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion
-that Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are
-considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the
-appearance of the history expansion character, which is `!' by default.
-Only `\' and `'' may be used to escape the history expansion character.
-
- Several shell options settable with the `shopt' builtin (*note Bash
-Builtins::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion.
-If the `histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is being
-used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell
-parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline
-editing buffer for further modification. If Readline is being used,
-and the `histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history
-expansion will be reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for
-correction. The `-p' option to the `history' builtin command may be
-used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The `-s'
-option to the `history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end
-of the history list without actually executing them, so that they are
-available for subsequent recall. This is most useful in conjunction
-with Readline.
+are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate the
+selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion that
+Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one
+word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
+history expansion character, which is '!' by default. Only '\' and '''
+may be used to escape the history expansion character.
+
+ Several shell options settable with the 'shopt' builtin (*note Bash
+Builtins::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. If
+the 'histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used,
+history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser.
+Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer
+for further modification. If Readline is being used, and the
+'histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be
+reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. The '-p'
+option to the 'history' builtin command may be used to see what a
+history expansion will do before using it. The '-s' option to the
+'history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history
+list without actually executing them, so that they are available for
+subsequent recall. This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.
The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
-history expansion mechanism with the `histchars' variable, as explained
+history expansion mechanism with the 'histchars' variable, as explained
above (*note Bash Variables::). The shell uses the history comment
character to mark history timestamps when writing the history file.
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to
-the current position in the history list.
+the current position in the history list.
-`!'
+'!'
Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
- the end of the line, `=' or `(' (when the `extglob' shell option
- is enabled using the `shopt' builtin).
+ the end of the line, '=' or '(' (when the 'extglob' shell option is
+ enabled using the 'shopt' builtin).
-`!N'
+'!N'
Refer to command line N.
-`!-N'
+'!-N'
Refer to the command N lines back.
-`!!'
- Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'.
+'!!'
+ Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for '!-1'.
-`!STRING'
+'!STRING'
Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
the history list starting with STRING.
-`!?STRING[?]'
+'!?STRING[?]'
Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
- the history list containing STRING. The trailing `?' may be
+ the history list containing STRING. The trailing '?' may be
omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline.
-`^STRING1^STRING2^'
+'^STRING1^STRING2^'
Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1
- with STRING2. Equivalent to `!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'.
+ with STRING2. Equivalent to '!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'.
-`!#'
+'!#'
The entire command line typed so far.
-
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Word Designators, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Event Designators, Up: History Interaction
9.3.2 Word Designators
----------------------
-Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A
-`:' separates the event specification from the word designator. It may
-be omitted if the word designator begins with a `^', `$', `*', `-', or
-`%'. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first
-word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current
-line separated by single spaces.
+Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A ':'
+separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be
+omitted if the word designator begins with a '^', '$', '*', '-', or '%'.
+Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word
+being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line
+separated by single spaces.
For example,
-`!!'
+'!!'
designates the preceding command. When you type this, the
preceding command is repeated in toto.
-`!!:$'
+'!!:$'
designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be
- shortened to `!$'.
+ shortened to '!$'.
-`!fi:2'
+'!fi:2'
designates the second argument of the most recent command starting
- with the letters `fi'.
+ with the letters 'fi'.
Here are the word designators:
-`0 (zero)'
- The `0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
+'0 (zero)'
+ The '0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
-`N'
+'N'
The Nth word.
-`^'
+'^'
The first argument; that is, word 1.
-`$'
+'$'
The last argument.
-`%'
- The word matched by the most recent `?STRING?' search.
+'%'
+ The word matched by the most recent '?STRING?' search.
-`X-Y'
- A range of words; `-Y' abbreviates `0-Y'.
+'X-Y'
+ A range of words; '-Y' abbreviates '0-Y'.
-`*'
- All of the words, except the `0'th. This is a synonym for `1-$'.
- It is not an error to use `*' if there is just one word in the
+'*'
+ All of the words, except the '0'th. This is a synonym for '1-$'.
+ It is not an error to use '*' if there is just one word in the
event; the empty string is returned in that case.
-`X*'
- Abbreviates `X-$'
-
-`X-'
- Abbreviates `X-$' like `X*', but omits the last word.
+'X*'
+ Abbreviates 'X-$'
+'X-'
+ Abbreviates 'X-$' like 'X*', but omits the last word.
If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event.
---------------
After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or
-more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
+more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ':'.
-`h'
+'h'
Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
-`t'
+'t'
Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
-`r'
- Remove a trailing suffix of the form `.SUFFIX', leaving the
+'r'
+ Remove a trailing suffix of the form '.SUFFIX', leaving the
basename.
-`e'
+'e'
Remove all but the trailing suffix.
-`p'
+'p'
Print the new command but do not execute it.
-`q'
+'q'
Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
-`x'
- Quote the substituted words as with `q', but break into words at
+'x'
+ Quote the substituted words as with 'q', but break into words at
spaces, tabs, and newlines.
-`s/OLD/NEW/'
+'s/OLD/NEW/'
Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line.
- Any delimiter may be used in place of `/'. The delimiter may be
- quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If `&' appears in
- NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will quote the
- `&'. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character
- on the input line.
+ Any delimiter may be used in place of '/'. The delimiter may be
+ quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If '&' appears in
+ NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will quote the '&'.
+ The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the
+ input line.
-`&'
+'&'
Repeat the previous substitution.
-`g'
-`a'
+'g'
+'a'
Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in
- conjunction with `s', as in `gs/OLD/NEW/', or with `&'.
-
-`G'
- Apply the following `s' modifier once to each word in the event.
+ conjunction with 's', as in 'gs/OLD/NEW/', or with '&'.
+'G'
+ Apply the following 's' modifier once to each word in the event.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Installing Bash, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top
The simplest way to compile Bash is:
- 1. `cd' to the directory containing the source code and type
- `./configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're using
- `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type `sh
- ./configure' instead to prevent `csh' from trying to execute
- `configure' itself.
+ 1. 'cd' to the directory containing the source code and type
+ './configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're using
+ 'csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type 'sh
+ ./configure' instead to prevent 'csh' from trying to execute
+ 'configure' itself.
- Running `configure' takes some time. While running, it prints
+ Running 'configure' takes some time. While running, it prints
messages telling which features it is checking for.
- 2. Type `make' to compile Bash and build the `bashbug' bug reporting
+ 2. Type 'make' to compile Bash and build the 'bashbug' bug reporting
script.
- 3. Optionally, type `make tests' to run the Bash test suite.
+ 3. Optionally, type 'make tests' to run the Bash test suite.
- 4. Type `make install' to install `bash' and `bashbug'. This will
+ 4. Type 'make install' to install 'bash' and 'bashbug'. This will
also install the manual pages and Info file.
-
- The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
+ The 'configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses
-those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package
-(the top directory, the `builtins', `doc', and `support' directories,
-each directory under `lib', and several others). It also creates a
-`config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it
-creates a shell script named `config.status' that you can run in the
-future to recreate the current configuration, a file `config.cache'
-that saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a
-file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for
-debugging `configure'). If at some point `config.cache' contains
-results you don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it.
-
- To find out more about the options and arguments that the
-`configure' script understands, type
+those values to create a 'Makefile' in each directory of the package
+(the top directory, the 'builtins', 'doc', and 'support' directories,
+each directory under 'lib', and several others). It also creates a
+'config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it
+creates a shell script named 'config.status' that you can run in the
+future to recreate the current configuration, a file 'config.cache' that
+saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a file
+'config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging
+'configure'). If at some point 'config.cache' contains results you
+don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it.
+
+ To find out more about the options and arguments that the 'configure'
+script understands, type
bash-2.04$ ./configure --help
at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory.
If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to
-figure out how `configure' could check whether or not to do them, and
+figure out how 'configure' could check whether or not to do them, and
mail diffs or instructions to <bash-maintainers@gnu.org> so they can be
considered for the next release.
- The file `configure.ac' is used to create `configure' by a program
-called Autoconf. You only need `configure.ac' if you want to change it
-or regenerate `configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do
+ The file 'configure.ac' is used to create 'configure' by a program
+called Autoconf. You only need 'configure.ac' if you want to change it
+or regenerate 'configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do
this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or newer.
You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source
-code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the files that
-`configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of
-computer), type `make distclean'.
+code directory by typing 'make clean'. To also remove the files that
+'configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of
+computer), type 'make distclean'.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Compilers and Options, Next: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Prev: Basic Installation, Up: Installing Bash
10.2 Compilers and Options
==========================
-Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that
-the `configure' script does not know about. You can give `configure'
+Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that the
+'configure' script does not know about. You can give 'configure'
initial values for variables by setting them in the environment. Using
a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like
this:
CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
- On systems that have the `env' program, you can do it like this:
+ On systems that have the 'env' program, you can do it like this:
env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the same
time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own
-directory. To do this, you must use a version of `make' that supports
-the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'. `cd' to the directory where
-you want the object files and executables to go and run the `configure'
+directory. To do this, you must use a version of 'make' that supports
+the 'VPATH' variable, such as GNU 'make'. 'cd' to the directory where
+you want the object files and executables to go and run the 'configure'
script from the source directory. You may need to supply the
-`--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell `configure' where the source files
-are. `configure' automatically checks for the source code in the
-directory that `configure' is in and in `..'.
+'--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell 'configure' where the source files are.
+'configure' automatically checks for the source code in the directory
+that 'configure' is in and in '..'.
- If you have to use a `make' that does not supports the `VPATH'
+ If you have to use a 'make' that does not supports the 'VPATH'
variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the
source code directory. After you have installed Bash for one
-architecture, use `make distclean' before reconfiguring for another
+architecture, use 'make distclean' before reconfiguring for another
architecture.
Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use
-the `support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic
-links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example
-that creates a build directory in the current directory from a source
-directory `/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0':
+the 'support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic
+links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example that
+creates a build directory in the current directory from a source
+directory '/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0':
bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
-The `mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash
+The 'mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash
for at least one architecture before you can create build directories
for other architectures.
10.4 Installation Names
=======================
-By default, `make install' will install into `/usr/local/bin',
-`/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an installation prefix other
-than `/usr/local' by giving `configure' the option `--prefix=PATH', or
-by specifying a value for the `DESTDIR' `make' variable when running
-`make install'.
+By default, 'make install' will install into '/usr/local/bin',
+'/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an installation prefix other
+than '/usr/local' by giving 'configure' the option '--prefix=PATH', or
+by specifying a value for the 'DESTDIR' 'make' variable when running
+'make install'.
You can specify separate installation prefixes for
architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you
-give `configure' the option `--exec-prefix=PATH', `make install' will
+give 'configure' the option '--exec-prefix=PATH', 'make install' will
use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
10.5 Specifying the System Type
===============================
-There may be some features `configure' can not figure out
-automatically, but need to determine by the type of host Bash will run
-on. Usually `configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a
-message saying it can not guess the host type, give it the
-`--host=TYPE' option. `TYPE' can either be a short name for the system
-type, such as `sun4', or a canonical name with three fields:
-`CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g., `i386-unknown-freebsd4.2').
+There may be some features 'configure' can not figure out automatically,
+but need to determine by the type of host Bash will run on. Usually
+'configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a message saying it
+can not guess the host type, give it the '--host=TYPE' option. 'TYPE'
+can either be a short name for the system type, such as 'sun4', or a
+canonical name with three fields: 'CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g.,
+'i386-unknown-freebsd4.2').
- See the file `support/config.sub' for the possible values of each
+ See the file 'support/config.sub' for the possible values of each
field.
\1f
10.6 Sharing Defaults
=====================
-If you want to set default values for `configure' scripts to share, you
-can create a site shell script called `config.site' that gives default
-values for variables like `CC', `cache_file', and `prefix'. `configure'
-looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
-`PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the
-`CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script.
-A warning: the Bash `configure' looks for a site script, but not all
-`configure' scripts do.
+If you want to set default values for 'configure' scripts to share, you
+can create a site shell script called 'config.site' that gives default
+values for variables like 'CC', 'cache_file', and 'prefix'. 'configure'
+looks for 'PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
+'PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the
+'CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script.
+A warning: the Bash 'configure' looks for a site script, but not all
+'configure' scripts do.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Operation Controls, Next: Optional Features, Prev: Sharing Defaults, Up: Installing Bash
10.7 Operation Controls
=======================
-`configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates.
+'configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates.
-`--cache-file=FILE'
+'--cache-file=FILE'
Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of
- `./config.cache'. Set FILE to `/dev/null' to disable caching, for
- debugging `configure'.
+ './config.cache'. Set FILE to '/dev/null' to disable caching, for
+ debugging 'configure'.
-`--help'
- Print a summary of the options to `configure', and exit.
+'--help'
+ Print a summary of the options to 'configure', and exit.
-`--quiet'
-`--silent'
-`-q'
+'--quiet'
+'--silent'
+'-q'
Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
-`--srcdir=DIR'
+'--srcdir=DIR'
Look for the Bash source code in directory DIR. Usually
- `configure' can determine that directory automatically.
+ 'configure' can determine that directory automatically.
-`--version'
- Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure'
+'--version'
+ Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the 'configure'
script, and exit.
- `configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
-options. `configure --help' prints the complete list.
+ 'configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
+options. 'configure --help' prints the complete list.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Optional Features, Prev: Operation Controls, Up: Installing Bash
10.8 Optional Features
======================
-The Bash `configure' has a number of `--enable-FEATURE' options, where
+The Bash 'configure' has a number of '--enable-FEATURE' options, where
FEATURE indicates an optional part of Bash. There are also several
-`--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like `bash-malloc'
-or `purify'. To turn off the default use of a package, use
-`--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature that is
-enabled by default, use `--disable-FEATURE'.
+'--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like 'bash-malloc'
+or 'purify'. To turn off the default use of a package, use
+'--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature that is
+enabled by default, use '--disable-FEATURE'.
- Here is a complete list of the `--enable-' and `--with-' options
-that the Bash `configure' recognizes.
+ Here is a complete list of the '--enable-' and '--with-' options that
+the Bash 'configure' recognizes.
-`--with-afs'
+'--with-afs'
Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc.
-`--with-bash-malloc'
- Use the Bash version of `malloc' in the directory `lib/malloc'.
- This is not the same `malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an
- older version originally derived from the 4.2 BSD `malloc'. This
- `malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
- This option is enabled by default. The `NOTES' file contains a
+'--with-bash-malloc'
+ Use the Bash version of 'malloc' in the directory 'lib/malloc'.
+ This is not the same 'malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an
+ older version originally derived from the 4.2 BSD 'malloc'. This
+ 'malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
+ This option is enabled by default. The 'NOTES' file contains a
list of systems for which this should be turned off, and
- `configure' disables this option automatically for a number of
+ 'configure' disables this option automatically for a number of
systems.
-`--with-curses'
+'--with-curses'
Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should
be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap
database.
-`--with-gnu-malloc'
- A synonym for `--with-bash-malloc'.
+'--with-gnu-malloc'
+ A synonym for '--with-bash-malloc'.
-`--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]'
+'--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]'
Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of
- Readline rather than the version in `lib/readline'. This works
- only with Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is `yes' or
- not supplied, `configure' uses the values of the make variables
- `includedir' and `libdir', which are subdirectories of `prefix' by
+ Readline rather than the version in 'lib/readline'. This works
+ only with Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is 'yes' or
+ not supplied, 'configure' uses the values of the make variables
+ 'includedir' and 'libdir', which are subdirectories of 'prefix' by
default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in
the standard system include and library directories. If PREFIX is
- `no', Bash links with the version in `lib/readline'. If PREFIX is
- set to any other value, `configure' treats it as a directory
+ 'no', Bash links with the version in 'lib/readline'. If PREFIX is
+ set to any other value, 'configure' treats it as a directory
pathname and looks for the installed version of Readline in
- subdirectories of that directory (include files in
- PREFIX/`include' and the library in PREFIX/`lib').
+ subdirectories of that directory (include files in PREFIX/'include'
+ and the library in PREFIX/'lib').
-`--with-purify'
+'--with-purify'
Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from
Rational Software.
-`--enable-minimal-config'
+'--enable-minimal-config'
This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the
historical Bourne shell.
- There are several `--enable-' options that alter how Bash is
-compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
+ There are several '--enable-' options that alter how Bash is compiled
+and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
-`--enable-largefile'
+'--enable-largefile'
Enable support for large files
(http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html) if
the operating system requires special compiler options to build
- programs which can access large files. This is enabled by
- default, if the operating system provides large file support.
+ programs which can access large files. This is enabled by default,
+ if the operating system provides large file support.
-`--enable-profiling'
+'--enable-profiling'
This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be
- processed by `gprof' each time it is executed.
+ processed by 'gprof' each time it is executed.
-`--enable-static-link'
- This causes Bash to be linked statically, if `gcc' is being used.
+'--enable-static-link'
+ This causes Bash to be linked statically, if 'gcc' is being used.
This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell.
- The `minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the
+ The 'minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the
following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may
-be enabled using `enable-FEATURE'.
+be enabled using 'enable-FEATURE'.
- All of the following options except for `disabled-builtins',
-`direxpand-default', and `xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default,
+ All of the following options except for 'disabled-builtins',
+'direxpand-default', and 'xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default,
unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support.
-`--enable-alias'
- Allow alias expansion and include the `alias' and `unalias'
+'--enable-alias'
+ Allow alias expansion and include the 'alias' and 'unalias'
builtins (*note Aliases::).
-`--enable-arith-for-command'
- Include support for the alternate form of the `for' command that
- behaves like the C language `for' statement (*note Looping
+'--enable-arith-for-command'
+ Include support for the alternate form of the 'for' command that
+ behaves like the C language 'for' statement (*note Looping
Constructs::).
-`--enable-array-variables'
+'--enable-array-variables'
Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables (*note
Arrays::).
-`--enable-bang-history'
- Include support for `csh'-like history substitution (*note History
+'--enable-bang-history'
+ Include support for 'csh'-like history substitution (*note History
Interaction::).
-`--enable-brace-expansion'
- Include `csh'-like brace expansion ( `b{a,b}c' ==> `bac bbc' ).
+'--enable-brace-expansion'
+ Include 'csh'-like brace expansion ( 'b{a,b}c' ==> 'bac bbc' ).
See *note Brace Expansion::, for a complete description.
-`--enable-casemod-attributes'
- Include support for case-modifying attributes in the `declare'
+'--enable-casemod-attributes'
+ Include support for case-modifying attributes in the 'declare'
builtin and assignment statements. Variables with the UPPERCASE
attribute, for example, will have their values converted to
uppercase upon assignment.
-`--enable-casemod-expansion'
+'--enable-casemod-expansion'
Include support for case-modifying word expansions.
-`--enable-command-timing'
- Include support for recognizing `time' as a reserved word and for
- displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following `time'
+'--enable-command-timing'
+ Include support for recognizing 'time' as a reserved word and for
+ displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following 'time'
(*note Pipelines::). This allows pipelines as well as shell
builtins and functions to be timed.
-`--enable-cond-command'
- Include support for the `[[' conditional command. (*note
+'--enable-cond-command'
+ Include support for the '[[' conditional command. (*note
Conditional Constructs::).
-`--enable-cond-regexp'
+'--enable-cond-regexp'
Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the
- `=~' binary operator in the `[[' conditional command. (*note
+ '=~' binary operator in the '[[' conditional command. (*note
Conditional Constructs::).
-`--enable-coprocesses'
- Include support for coprocesses and the `coproc' reserved word
+'--enable-coprocesses'
+ Include support for coprocesses and the 'coproc' reserved word
(*note Pipelines::).
-`--enable-debugger'
+'--enable-debugger'
Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately).
-`--enable-direxpand-default'
- Cause the `direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to
+'--enable-direxpand-default'
+ Cause the 'direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to
be enabled by default when the shell starts. It is normally
disabled by default.
-`--enable-directory-stack'
- Include support for a `csh'-like directory stack and the `pushd',
- `popd', and `dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::).
+'--enable-directory-stack'
+ Include support for a 'csh'-like directory stack and the 'pushd',
+ 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::).
-`--enable-disabled-builtins'
- Allow builtin commands to be invoked via `builtin xxx' even after
- `xxx' has been disabled using `enable -n xxx'. See *note Bash
- Builtins::, for details of the `builtin' and `enable' builtin
+'--enable-disabled-builtins'
+ Allow builtin commands to be invoked via 'builtin xxx' even after
+ 'xxx' has been disabled using 'enable -n xxx'. See *note Bash
+ Builtins::, for details of the 'builtin' and 'enable' builtin
commands.
-`--enable-dparen-arithmetic'
- Include support for the `((...))' command (*note Conditional
+'--enable-dparen-arithmetic'
+ Include support for the '((...))' command (*note Conditional
Constructs::).
-`--enable-extended-glob'
+'--enable-extended-glob'
Include support for the extended pattern matching features
described above under *note Pattern Matching::.
-`--enable-extended-glob-default'
+'--enable-extended-glob-default'
Set the default value of the EXTGLOB shell option described above
under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled.
-`--enable-glob-asciirange-default'
+'--enable-function-import'
+ Include support for importing function definitions exported by
+ another instance of the shell from the environment. This option is
+ enabled by default.
+
+'--enable-glob-asciirange-default'
Set the default value of the GLOBASCIIRANGES shell option described
- above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. This
- controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern
- matching bracket expressions.
+ above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. This controls
+ the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching
+ bracket expressions.
-`--enable-help-builtin'
- Include the `help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins
+'--enable-help-builtin'
+ Include the 'help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins
and variables (*note Bash Builtins::).
-`--enable-history'
- Include command history and the `fc' and `history' builtin
- commands (*note Bash History Facilities::).
+'--enable-history'
+ Include command history and the 'fc' and 'history' builtin commands
+ (*note Bash History Facilities::).
-`--enable-job-control'
- This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if
- the operating system supports them.
+'--enable-job-control'
+ This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if the
+ operating system supports them.
-`--enable-multibyte'
+'--enable-multibyte'
This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating
system provides the necessary support.
-`--enable-net-redirections'
+'--enable-net-redirections'
This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
- `/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and `/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in
+ '/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and '/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in
redirections (*note Redirections::).
-`--enable-process-substitution'
+'--enable-process-substitution'
This enables process substitution (*note Process Substitution::) if
the operating system provides the necessary support.
-`--enable-progcomp'
+'--enable-progcomp'
Enable the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable
Completion::). If Readline is not enabled, this option has no
effect.
-`--enable-prompt-string-decoding'
+'--enable-prompt-string-decoding'
Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped
- characters in the `$PS1', `$PS2', `$PS3', and `$PS4' prompt
+ characters in the '$PS1', '$PS2', '$PS3', and '$PS4' prompt
strings. See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list
of prompt string escape sequences.
-`--enable-readline'
+'--enable-readline'
Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
version of the Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::).
-`--enable-restricted'
+'--enable-restricted'
Include support for a "restricted shell". If this is enabled,
- Bash, when called as `rbash', enters a restricted mode. See *note
+ Bash, when called as 'rbash', enters a restricted mode. See *note
The Restricted Shell::, for a description of restricted mode.
-`--enable-select'
- Include the `select' compound command, which allows the generation
+'--enable-select'
+ Include the 'select' compound command, which allows the generation
of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::).
-`--enable-separate-helpfiles'
- Use external files for the documentation displayed by the `help'
+'--enable-separate-helpfiles'
+ Use external files for the documentation displayed by the 'help'
builtin instead of storing the text internally.
-`--enable-single-help-strings'
- Store the text displayed by the `help' builtin as a single string
+'--enable-single-help-strings'
+ Store the text displayed by the 'help' builtin as a single string
for each help topic. This aids in translating the text to
- different languages. You may need to disable this if your
- compiler cannot handle very long string literals.
+ different languages. You may need to disable this if your compiler
+ cannot handle very long string literals.
-`--enable-strict-posix-default'
+'--enable-strict-posix-default'
Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
-`--enable-usg-echo-default'
- A synonym for `--enable-xpg-echo-default'.
+'--enable-usg-echo-default'
+ A synonym for '--enable-xpg-echo-default'.
-`--enable-xpg-echo-default'
- Make the `echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by
- default, without requiring the `-e' option. This sets the default
- value of the `xpg_echo' shell option to `on', which makes the Bash
- `echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix
- Specification, version 3. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a
- description of the escape sequences that `echo' recognizes.
+'--enable-xpg-echo-default'
+ Make the 'echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by
+ default, without requiring the '-e' option. This sets the default
+ value of the 'xpg_echo' shell option to 'on', which makes the Bash
+ 'echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix
+ Specification, version 3. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description
+ of the escape sequences that 'echo' recognizes.
- The file `config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor `#define' statements
-for options which are not settable from `configure'. Some of these are
-not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read
-the comments associated with each definition for more information about
-its effect.
+ The file 'config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor '#define' statements
+for options which are not settable from 'configure'. Some of these are
+not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read the
+comments associated with each definition for more information about its
+effect.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Prev: Installing Bash, Up: Top
Please report all bugs you find in Bash. But first, you should make
sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version
of Bash. The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
-`ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/'.
+<ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/>.
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
-`bashbug' command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are
-encouraged to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug
+'bashbug' command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are
+encouraged to mail that as well! Suggestions and 'philosophical' bug
reports may be mailed to <bug-bash@gnu.org> or posted to the Usenet
-newsgroup `gnu.bash.bug'.
+newsgroup 'gnu.bash.bug'.
All bug reports should include:
* The version number of Bash.
-
* The hardware and operating system.
-
* The compiler used to compile Bash.
-
* A description of the bug behaviour.
-
- * A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used
+ * A short script or 'recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used
to reproduce it.
-`bashbug' inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+'bashbug' inserts the first three items automatically into the template
it provides for filing a bug report.
Please send all reports concerning this manual to <bug-bash@gnu.org>.
implemented. There are some differences between the traditional Bourne
shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of
significance. A number of these differences are explained in greater
-depth in previous sections. This section uses the version of `sh'
+depth in previous sections. This section uses the version of 'sh'
included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as
the baseline reference.
* Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification
- differs from traditional `sh' behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+ differs from traditional 'sh' behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
* Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking
Bash::).
* Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and
- the `bind' builtin.
+ the 'bind' builtin.
* Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism (*note
- Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands `complete',
- `compgen', and `compopt', to manipulate it.
+ Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands 'complete',
+ 'compgen', and 'compopt', to manipulate it.
* Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the
- `history' and `fc' builtins to manipulate it. The Bash history
+ 'history' and 'fc' builtins to manipulate it. The Bash history
list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the
- `HISTTIMEFORMAT' variable to display it.
+ 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' variable to display it.
- * Bash implements `csh'-like history expansion (*note History
+ * Bash implements 'csh'-like history expansion (*note History
Interaction::).
* Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the
Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. Bash
provides a number of built-in array variables.
- * The `$'...'' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
- backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes,
- is supported (*note ANSI-C Quoting::).
+ * The '$'...'' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C backslash-escaped
+ characters in the text between the single quotes, is supported
+ (*note ANSI-C Quoting::).
- * Bash supports the `$"..."' quoting syntax to do locale-specific
- translation of the characters between the double quotes. The
- `-D', `--dump-strings', and `--dump-po-strings' invocation options
- list the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale
+ * Bash supports the '$"..."' quoting syntax to do locale-specific
+ translation of the characters between the double quotes. The '-D',
+ '--dump-strings', and '--dump-po-strings' invocation options list
+ the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale
Translation::).
- * Bash implements the `!' keyword to negate the return value of a
- pipeline (*note Pipelines::). Very useful when an `if' statement
- needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash `-o pipefail' option
- to `set' will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any
+ * Bash implements the '!' keyword to negate the return value of a
+ pipeline (*note Pipelines::). Very useful when an 'if' statement
+ needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash '-o pipefail' option
+ to 'set' will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any
command fails.
- * Bash has the `time' reserved word and command timing (*note
+ * Bash has the 'time' reserved word and command timing (*note
Pipelines::). The display of the timing statistics may be
- controlled with the `TIMEFORMAT' variable.
+ controlled with the 'TIMEFORMAT' variable.
- * Bash implements the `for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))' arithmetic
+ * Bash implements the 'for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))' arithmetic
for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping
Constructs::).
- * Bash includes the `select' compound command, which allows the
+ * Bash includes the 'select' compound command, which allows the
generation of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::).
- * Bash includes the `[[' compound command, which makes conditional
- testing part of the shell grammar (*note Conditional
- Constructs::), including optional regular expression matching.
+ * Bash includes the '[[' compound command, which makes conditional
+ testing part of the shell grammar (*note Conditional Constructs::),
+ including optional regular expression matching.
- * Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the `case' and
- `[[' constructs.
+ * Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the 'case' and
+ '[[' constructs.
* Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde
expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
- * Bash implements command aliases and the `alias' and `unalias'
+ * Bash implements command aliases and the 'alias' and 'unalias'
builtins (*note Aliases::).
- * Bash provides shell arithmetic, the `((' compound command (*note
+ * Bash provides shell arithmetic, the '((' compound command (*note
Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell
Arithmetic::).
* Variables present in the shell's initial environment are
automatically exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does
not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked
- using the `export' command.
+ using the 'export' command.
- * Bash supports the `+=' assignment operator, which appends to the
+ * Bash supports the '+=' assignment operator, which appends to the
value of the variable named on the left hand side.
- * Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal `%', `#', `%%' and `##'
+ * Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal '%', '#', '%%' and '##'
expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable
values (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
- * The expansion `${#xx}', which returns the length of `${xx}', is
+ * The expansion '${#xx}', which returns the length of '${xx}', is
supported (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
- * The expansion `${var:'OFFSET`[:'LENGTH`]}', which expands to the
- substring of `var''s value of length LENGTH, beginning at OFFSET,
+ * The expansion '${var:'OFFSET'[:'LENGTH']}', which expands to the
+ substring of 'var''s value of length LENGTH, beginning at OFFSET,
is present (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
- * The expansion `${var/[/]'PATTERN`[/'REPLACEMENT`]}', which matches
- PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of `var', is
+ * The expansion '${var/[/]'PATTERN'[/'REPLACEMENT']}', which matches
+ PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of 'var', is
available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
- * The expansion `${!PREFIX*}' expansion, which expands to the names
+ * The expansion '${!PREFIX*}' expansion, which expands to the names
of all shell variables whose names begin with PREFIX, is available
(*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
- * Bash has INDIRECT variable expansion using `${!word}' (*note Shell
+ * Bash has INDIRECT variable expansion using '${!word}' (*note Shell
Parameter Expansion::).
- * Bash can expand positional parameters beyond `$9' using `${NUM}'.
+ * Bash can expand positional parameters beyond '$9' using '${NUM}'.
- * The POSIX `$()' form of command substitution is implemented (*note
- Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's ```'
+ * The POSIX '$()' form of command substitution is implemented (*note
+ Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's '``'
(which is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
* Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::).
- * Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information
- about the current user (`UID', `EUID', and `GROUPS'), the current
- host (`HOSTTYPE', `OSTYPE', `MACHTYPE', and `HOSTNAME'), and the
- instance of Bash that is running (`BASH', `BASH_VERSION', and
- `BASH_VERSINFO'). *Note Bash Variables::, for details.
+ * Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about
+ the current user ('UID', 'EUID', and 'GROUPS'), the current host
+ ('HOSTTYPE', 'OSTYPE', 'MACHTYPE', and 'HOSTNAME'), and the
+ instance of Bash that is running ('BASH', 'BASH_VERSION', and
+ 'BASH_VERSINFO'). *Note Bash Variables::, for details.
- * The `IFS' variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
- not all words (*note Word Splitting::). This closes a
- longstanding shell security hole.
+ * The 'IFS' variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+ not all words (*note Word Splitting::). This closes a longstanding
+ shell security hole.
- * The filename expansion bracket expression code uses `!' and `^' to
+ * The filename expansion bracket expression code uses '!' and '^' to
negate the set of characters between the brackets. The Bourne
- shell uses only `!'.
+ shell uses only '!'.
* Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators,
including CHARACTER CLASSES, EQUIVALENCE CLASSES, and COLLATING
SYMBOLS (*note Filename Expansion::).
* Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the
- `extglob' shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::).
+ 'extglob' shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::).
* It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same
- name; `sh' does not separate the two name spaces.
+ name; 'sh' does not separate the two name spaces.
* Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
- `local' builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+ 'local' builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
(*note Bash Builtins::).
* Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
- even builtins and functions (*note Environment::). In `sh', all
+ even builtins and functions (*note Environment::). In 'sh', all
variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the
command is executed from the file system.
* Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
- * Bash contains the `<>' redirection operator, allowing a file to be
- opened for both reading and writing, and the `&>' redirection
+ * Bash contains the '<>' redirection operator, allowing a file to be
+ opened for both reading and writing, and the '&>' redirection
operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the
same file (*note Redirections::).
- * Bash includes the `<<<' redirection operator, allowing a string to
+ * Bash includes the '<<<' redirection operator, allowing a string to
be used as the standard input to a command.
- * Bash implements the `[n]<&WORD' and `[n]>&WORD' redirection
+ * Bash implements the '[n]<&WORD' and '[n]>&WORD' redirection
operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
* Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in
* Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and
services with the redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
- * The `noclobber' option is available to avoid overwriting existing
- files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::). The `>|'
- redirection operator may be used to override `noclobber'.
+ * The 'noclobber' option is available to avoid overwriting existing
+ files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::). The '>|'
+ redirection operator may be used to override 'noclobber'.
- * The Bash `cd' and `pwd' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
- each take `-L' and `-P' options to switch between logical and
+ * The Bash 'cd' and 'pwd' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
+ each take '-L' and '-P' options to switch between logical and
physical modes.
* Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name,
and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the
- function via the `builtin' and `command' builtins (*note Bash
+ function via the 'builtin' and 'command' builtins (*note Bash
Builtins::).
- * The `command' builtin allows selective disabling of functions when
+ * The 'command' builtin allows selective disabling of functions when
command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::).
- * Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the `enable'
+ * Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the 'enable'
builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
- * The Bash `exec' builtin takes additional options that allow users
+ * The Bash 'exec' builtin takes additional options that allow users
to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
* Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
- using `export -f' (*note Shell Functions::).
+ using 'export -f' (*note Shell Functions::).
- * The Bash `export', `readonly', and `declare' builtins can take a
- `-f' option to act on shell functions, a `-p' option to display
+ * The Bash 'export', 'readonly', and 'declare' builtins can take a
+ '-f' option to act on shell functions, a '-p' option to display
variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used
- as shell input, a `-n' option to remove various variable
- attributes, and `name=value' arguments to set variable attributes
+ as shell input, a '-n' option to remove various variable
+ attributes, and 'name=value' arguments to set variable attributes
and values simultaneously.
- * The Bash `hash' builtin allows a name to be associated with an
+ * The Bash 'hash' builtin allows a name to be associated with an
arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
- searching the `$PATH', using `hash -p' (*note Bourne Shell
+ searching the '$PATH', using 'hash -p' (*note Bourne Shell
Builtins::).
- * Bash includes a `help' builtin for quick reference to shell
+ * Bash includes a 'help' builtin for quick reference to shell
facilities (*note Bash Builtins::).
- * The `printf' builtin is available to display formatted output
+ * The 'printf' builtin is available to display formatted output
(*note Bash Builtins::).
- * The Bash `read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line
- ending in `\' with the `-r' option, and will use the `REPLY'
- variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
- The Bash `read' builtin also accepts a prompt string with the `-p'
- option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the
- `-e' option. The `read' builtin also has additional options to
- control input: the `-s' option will turn off echoing of input
- characters as they are read, the `-t' option will allow `read' to
- time out if input does not arrive within a specified number of
- seconds, the `-n' option will allow reading only a specified
- number of characters rather than a full line, and the `-d' option
- will read until a particular character rather than newline.
-
- * The `return' builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
- executed with the `.' or `source' builtins (*note Bourne Shell
+ * The Bash 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line
+ ending in '\' with the '-r' option, and will use the 'REPLY'
+ variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied. The
+ Bash 'read' builtin also accepts a prompt string with the '-p'
+ option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the '-e'
+ option. The 'read' builtin also has additional options to control
+ input: the '-s' option will turn off echoing of input characters as
+ they are read, the '-t' option will allow 'read' to time out if
+ input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the
+ '-n' option will allow reading only a specified number of
+ characters rather than a full line, and the '-d' option will read
+ until a particular character rather than newline.
+
+ * The 'return' builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
+ executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins (*note Bourne Shell
Builtins::).
- * Bash includes the `shopt' builtin, for finer control of shell
- optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows
- these options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note
- Invoking Bash::).
+ * Bash includes the 'shopt' builtin, for finer control of shell
+ optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these
+ options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking
+ Bash::).
- * Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the `set'
+ * Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the 'set'
builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
- * The `-x' (`xtrace') option displays commands other than simple
+ * The '-x' ('xtrace') option displays commands other than simple
commands when performing an execution trace (*note The Set
Builtin::).
- * The `test' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly
+ * The 'test' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly
different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies
the behavior based on the number of arguments.
- * Bash includes the `caller' builtin, which displays the context of
+ * Bash includes the 'caller' builtin, which displays the context of
any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed
- with the `.' or `source' builtins). This supports the bash
+ with the '.' or 'source' builtins). This supports the bash
debugger.
- * The `trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a
- `DEBUG' pseudo-signal specification, similar to `EXIT'. Commands
- specified with a `DEBUG' trap are executed before every simple
- command, `for' command, `case' command, `select' command, every
- arithmetic `for' command, and before the first command executes in
- a shell function. The `DEBUG' trap is not inherited by shell
- functions unless the function has been given the `trace' attribute
- or the `functrace' option has been enabled using the `shopt'
- builtin. The `extdebug' shell option has additional effects on the
- `DEBUG' trap.
-
- The `trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows an `ERR'
- pseudo-signal specification, similar to `EXIT' and `DEBUG'.
- Commands specified with an `ERR' trap are executed after a simple
- command fails, with a few exceptions. The `ERR' trap is not
- inherited by shell functions unless the `-o errtrace' option to
- the `set' builtin is enabled.
-
- The `trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a
- `RETURN' pseudo-signal specification, similar to `EXIT' and
- `DEBUG'. Commands specified with an `RETURN' trap are executed
+ * The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a 'DEBUG'
+ pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT'. Commands specified
+ with a 'DEBUG' trap are executed before every simple command, 'for'
+ command, 'case' command, 'select' command, every arithmetic 'for'
+ command, and before the first command executes in a shell function.
+ The 'DEBUG' trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+ function has been given the 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace'
+ option has been enabled using the 'shopt' builtin. The 'extdebug'
+ shell option has additional effects on the 'DEBUG' trap.
+
+ The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows an 'ERR'
+ pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and 'DEBUG'.
+ Commands specified with an 'ERR' trap are executed after a simple
+ command fails, with a few exceptions. The 'ERR' trap is not
+ inherited by shell functions unless the '-o errtrace' option to the
+ 'set' builtin is enabled.
+
+ The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a
+ 'RETURN' pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and
+ 'DEBUG'. Commands specified with an 'RETURN' trap are executed
before execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script
- executed with `.' or `source' returns. The `RETURN' trap is not
- inherited by shell functions unless the function has been given
- the `trace' attribute or the `functrace' option has been enabled
- using the `shopt' builtin.
+ executed with '.' or 'source' returns. The 'RETURN' trap is not
+ inherited by shell functions unless the function has been given the
+ 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace' option has been enabled using
+ the 'shopt' builtin.
- * The Bash `type' builtin is more extensive and gives more
+ * The Bash 'type' builtin is more extensive and gives more
information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::).
- * The Bash `umask' builtin permits a `-p' option to cause the output
- to be displayed in the form of a `umask' command that may be
- reused as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+ * The Bash 'umask' builtin permits a '-p' option to cause the output
+ to be displayed in the form of a 'umask' command that may be reused
+ as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
- * Bash implements a `csh'-like directory stack, and provides the
- `pushd', `popd', and `dirs' builtins to manipulate it (*note The
- Directory Stack::). Bash also makes the directory stack visible
- as the value of the `DIRSTACK' shell variable.
+ * Bash implements a 'csh'-like directory stack, and provides the
+ 'pushd', 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins to manipulate it (*note The
+ Directory Stack::). Bash also makes the directory stack visible as
+ the value of the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable.
* Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
strings when interactive (*note Controlling the Prompt::).
* The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted
Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
- * The `disown' builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job
+ * The 'disown' builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job
table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of
- `SIGHUP' to a job when the shell exits as the result of a `SIGHUP'.
+ 'SIGHUP' to a job when the shell exits as the result of a 'SIGHUP'.
* Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger
for shell scripts.
- * The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins (`mldmode' and
- `priv') not present in Bash.
+ * The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins ('mldmode' and
+ 'priv') not present in Bash.
- * Bash does not have the `stop' or `newgrp' builtins.
+ * Bash does not have the 'stop' or 'newgrp' builtins.
- * Bash does not use the `SHACCT' variable or perform shell
+ * Bash does not use the 'SHACCT' variable or perform shell
accounting.
- * The SVR4.2 `sh' uses a `TIMEOUT' variable like Bash uses `TMOUT'.
-
+ * The SVR4.2 'sh' uses a 'TIMEOUT' variable like Bash uses 'TMOUT'.
More features unique to Bash may be found in *note Bash Features::.
many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance:
* Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of a
- shell control structure such as an `if' or `while' statement.
+ shell control structure such as an 'if' or 'while' statement.
* Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will
- silently insert a needed closing quote at `EOF' under certain
+ silently insert a needed closing quote at 'EOF' under certain
circumstances. This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors.
* The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
- trapping `SIGSEGV'. If the shell is started from a process with
- `SIGSEGV' blocked (e.g., by using the `system()' C library
- function call), it misbehaves badly.
+ trapping 'SIGSEGV'. If the shell is started from a process with
+ 'SIGSEGV' blocked (e.g., by using the 'system()' C library function
+ call), it misbehaves badly.
* In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, when
- invoked without the `-p' option, will alter its real and effective
+ invoked without the '-p' option, will alter its real and effective
UID and GID if they are less than some magic threshold value,
commonly 100. This can lead to unexpected results.
- * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap `SIGSEGV',
- `SIGALRM', or `SIGCHLD'.
+ * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap 'SIGSEGV', 'SIGALRM',
+ or 'SIGCHLD'.
- * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the `IFS', `MAILCHECK', `PATH',
- `PS1', or `PS2' variables to be unset.
+ * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the 'IFS', 'MAILCHECK', 'PATH',
+ 'PS1', or 'PS2' variables to be unset.
- * The SVR4.2 shell treats `^' as the undocumented equivalent of `|'.
+ * The SVR4.2 shell treats '^' as the undocumented equivalent of '|'.
- * Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (`-x -v');
- the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (`-xv'). In
- fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument
- begins with a `-'.
+ * Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked ('-x -v');
+ the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument ('-xv'). In fact,
+ some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
+ with a '-'.
* The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits a
script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and only
for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard.
- * The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as `jsh' (it
+ * The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as 'jsh' (it
turns on job control).
\1f
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- `http://fsf.org/'
+ <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
- of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
- We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
+ of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
+ recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
- that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
- can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
+ that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
+ be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
- of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You
- accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
- way requiring permission under copyright law.
+ of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept
+ the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
+ requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
- titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
- the notice that says that the Document is released under this
- License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
- Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
- The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
- does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
+ titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
+ notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
+ If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
+ is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may
+ contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify
+ any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
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- straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
- composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
- widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
- text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
- formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
- otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
- markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
- modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
- not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A
- copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
+ straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
+ of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
+ available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
+ formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
+ suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
+ Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
+ been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
+ readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if
+ used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not
+ "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
- SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
- standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
- human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include
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- available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
- produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
+ SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
+ simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
+ Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
+ Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
+ edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
+ the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
+ the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
+ processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
- distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
- the conditions in section 3.
+ distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
+ conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
- front cover must present the full title with all words of the
- title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
- on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
- covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
- satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
- other respects.
+ front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
+ equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
+ covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
+ long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
+ conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
- numbering more than 100, you must either include a
- machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
- state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
- which the general network-using public has access to download
- using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
- copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
- latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
- begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
- this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
- location until at least one year after the last time you
- distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
- retailers) of that edition to the public.
+ numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
+ Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
+ each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
+ network-using public has access to download using public-standard
+ network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
+ of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
+ reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
+ copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
+ remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
+ year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
+ through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
- the Document well before redistributing any large number of
- copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
- version of the Document.
+ the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
+ to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
+ Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
- release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
- the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
- licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
- whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
- things in the Modified Version:
+ release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
+ Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
+ distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
+ possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in
+ the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
- distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
- previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
- in the History section of the Document). You may use the
- same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
- that version gives permission.
+ distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
+ versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
+ History section of the Document). You may use the same title
+ as a previous version if the original publisher of that
+ version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
- authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
- the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
- the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
- and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
- then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
- the previous sentence.
+ authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
+ Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
+ Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
+ publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
+ an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
+ previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
- previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
- the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
- work that was published at least four years before the
- Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
- it refers to gives permission.
+ previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
+ "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
+ that was published at least four years before the Document
+ itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
+ to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
- Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
- section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
+ Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
+ all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
- L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
- unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
- or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
- titles.
+ L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
+ in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
+ equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
- material copied from the Document, you may at your option
- designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
- add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
- Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
- other section titles.
+ material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
+ some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
+ titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
+ license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
+ section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
- and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
- of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
- passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
- added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
- Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
- previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
- you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
- replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
- publisher that added the old one.
+ and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
+ the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
+ of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+ through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
+ already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
+ by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
+ behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
+ one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
+ the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
- modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
- all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
+ modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
+ of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
- rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
- documents in all other respects.
+ rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
+ in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
- a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
- this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
- that document.
+ a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
+ License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
+ document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
- separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
- a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
+ separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
+ storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
- provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly
- and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
+ provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
+ finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
- the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from
- you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and
- not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of
- the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
+ the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
+ under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
+ permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
+ same material does not give you any rights to use it.
- 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+ 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
- `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
+ <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
- published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
- the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
- you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
- Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy
- can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
+ published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
+ Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
+ choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
+ Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
+ decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
- 11. RELICENSING
+ 11. RELICENSING
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
-
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
-Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
+Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
-recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
-free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
-permit their use in free software.
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
+software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
+their use in free software.
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
* bind: Bash Builtins. (line 21)
* break: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 31)
-* builtin: Bash Builtins. (line 102)
-* caller: Bash Builtins. (line 111)
+* builtin: Bash Builtins. (line 101)
+* caller: Bash Builtins. (line 110)
* cd: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 39)
-* command: Bash Builtins. (line 129)
+* command: Bash Builtins. (line 127)
* compgen: Programmable Completion Builtins.
(line 12)
* complete: Programmable Completion Builtins.
(line 30)
* compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins.
- (line 228)
+ (line 229)
* continue: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 80)
-* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 149)
+* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 147)
* dirs: Directory Stack Builtins.
(line 7)
* disown: Job Control Builtins.
- (line 89)
-* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 246)
-* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 308)
+ (line 88)
+* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 244)
+* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 293)
* eval: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 89)
* exec: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 137)
* hash: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 180)
-* help: Bash Builtins. (line 337)
+* help: Bash Builtins. (line 322)
* history: Bash History Builtins.
(line 40)
* jobs: Job Control Builtins.
(line 27)
* kill: Job Control Builtins.
- (line 59)
-* let: Bash Builtins. (line 358)
-* local: Bash Builtins. (line 366)
-* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 377)
-* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 382)
+ (line 58)
+* let: Bash Builtins. (line 341)
+* local: Bash Builtins. (line 349)
+* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 363)
+* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 368)
* popd: Directory Stack Builtins.
- (line 39)
-* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 434)
+ (line 34)
+* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 413)
* pushd: Directory Stack Builtins.
- (line 61)
+ (line 54)
* pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 200)
-* read: Bash Builtins. (line 482)
-* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 569)
+* read: Bash Builtins. (line 458)
+* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 545)
* readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 210)
* return: Bourne Shell Builtins.
* shift: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 250)
* shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9)
-* source: Bash Builtins. (line 578)
+* source: Bash Builtins. (line 554)
* suspend: Job Control Builtins.
- (line 101)
+ (line 100)
* test: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 263)
* times: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 339)
+ (line 338)
* trap: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 345)
-* type: Bash Builtins. (line 583)
-* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 615)
-* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 621)
+ (line 344)
+* type: Bash Builtins. (line 559)
+* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 591)
+* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 597)
* umask: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 394)
-* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 712)
+ (line 393)
+* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 694)
* unset: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 412)
+ (line 411)
* wait: Job Control Builtins.
- (line 76)
+ (line 75)
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Reserved Word Index, Next: Variable Index, Prev: Builtin Index, Up: Indexes
* !: Pipelines. (line 9)
* [[: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 119)
+ (line 120)
* ]]: Conditional Constructs.
- (line 119)
+ (line 120)
+* {: Command Grouping. (line 21)
+* }: Command Grouping. (line 21)
* case: Conditional Constructs.
(line 28)
* do: Looping Constructs. (line 12)
* time: Pipelines. (line 9)
* until: Looping Constructs. (line 12)
* while: Looping Constructs. (line 22)
-* {: Command Grouping. (line 21)
-* }: Command Grouping. (line 21)
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Variable Index, Next: Function Index, Prev: Reserved Word Index, Up: Indexes
* auto_resume: Job Control Variables.
(line 6)
* BASH: Bash Variables. (line 13)
+* BASHOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 16)
+* BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 25)
* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 30)
* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 37)
* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 47)
* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 121)
* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 144)
* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 147)
-* BASHOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 16)
-* BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 25)
* bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 38)
* bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax.
* CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 9)
* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 158)
-* colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax.
+* colored-completion-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 55)
+* colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 62)
* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 165)
* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 61)
+ (line 68)
+* completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 73)
+* completion-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 80)
+* completion-map-case: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 85)
+* completion-prefix-display-length: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 91)
+* completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 98)
+* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 217)
* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 171)
* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 200)
* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 177)
* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 190)
* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 204)
* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 210)
-* completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 66)
-* completion-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 73)
-* completion-map-case: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 78)
-* completion-prefix-display-length: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 84)
-* completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 91)
-* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 218)
* convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 101)
-* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 224)
-* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 228)
+ (line 108)
+* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 223)
+* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 227)
* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 107)
+ (line 114)
+* echo-control-characters: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 135)
* editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 112)
-* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 238)
+ (line 119)
+* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 237)
+* emacs-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 125)
+* enable-bracketed-paste: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 140)
* enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 123)
-* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 243)
-* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 247)
+ (line 148)
+* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 242)
+* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 246)
* expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 134)
-* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 251)
-* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 255)
-* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 261)
-* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 279)
-* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 284)
-* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 290)
-* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 296)
-* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 311)
-* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 316)
-* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 332)
-* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 336)
-* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 347)
+ (line 159)
+* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 250)
+* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 254)
+* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 260)
+* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 278)
+* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 283)
+* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 289)
+* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 295)
+* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 310)
+* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 315)
+* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 331)
+* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 335)
+* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 346)
* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 138)
+ (line 163)
* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 144)
-* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 366)
-* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 373)
+ (line 169)
+* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 365)
+* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 372)
* HOME: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 13)
* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 151)
-* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 382)
-* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 393)
-* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 396)
+ (line 176)
+* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 380)
+* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 391)
+* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 394)
* IFS: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 18)
-* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 399)
+* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 397)
* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 158)
-* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 409)
+ (line 183)
+* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 407)
* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 165)
+ (line 190)
* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 172)
-* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 413)
-* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 417)
-* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 421)
-* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 428)
-* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Locale Translation. (line 11)
-* LC_MESSAGES: Bash Variables. (line 433)
-* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 437)
-* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 441)
-* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 445)
-* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 451)
+ (line 197)
+* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 411)
+* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 415)
+* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 419)
+* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 426)
+* LC_MESSAGES: Locale Translation. (line 11)
+* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 431)
+* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 435)
+* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 439)
+* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 443)
+* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 449)
* MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 22)
-* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 455)
+* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 453)
* MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 27)
-* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 463)
+* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 461)
* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 201)
+ (line 226)
* mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 206)
+ (line 231)
* match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 211)
+ (line 236)
* menu-complete-display-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 218)
+ (line 243)
* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 158)
-* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 467)
+ (line 183)
+* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 465)
* OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 34)
-* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 470)
+* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 468)
* OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 38)
-* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 474)
+* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 472)
* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 223)
+ (line 248)
* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 228)
+ (line 253)
* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 42)
-* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 477)
-* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 482)
-* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 491)
-* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 495)
-* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 499)
+* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 475)
+* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 480)
+* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 489)
+* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 493)
+* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 497)
* PS1: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 48)
* PS2: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 53)
-* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 505)
-* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 510)
-* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 516)
-* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 519)
-* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 524)
-* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 528)
-* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 532)
+* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 503)
+* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 508)
+* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 514)
+* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 517)
+* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 522)
+* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 526)
+* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 530)
* revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 238)
-* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 535)
-* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 541)
-* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 546)
-* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 555)
+ (line 263)
+* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 533)
+* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 539)
+* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 544)
+* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 553)
* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 244)
+ (line 269)
* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 250)
+ (line 275)
* show-mode-in-prompt: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 259)
+ (line 284)
* skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 264)
+ (line 290)
* TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 11)
* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 11)
-* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 560)
-* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 598)
-* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 610)
-* UID: Bash Variables. (line 614)
+* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 558)
+* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 596)
+* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 608)
+* UID: Bash Variables. (line 612)
+* vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 303)
+* vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 313)
* visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 277)
+ (line 323)
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes
* Menu:
* abort (C-g): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 10)
-* accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History. (line 6)
-* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15)
-* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 17)
-* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing. (line 9)
-* backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>): Commands For Killing. (line 24)
-* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 22)
-* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History. (line 20)
-* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6)
-* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13)
-* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 52)
+ (line 10)
+* accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History.
+ (line 6)
+* alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 124)
+* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15)
+* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 17)
+* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 9)
+* backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 24)
+* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 22)
+* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History.
+ (line 20)
+* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6)
+* bracketed-paste-begin (): Commands For Text. (line 33)
+* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13)
+* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 61)
* character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 41)
+ (line 41)
* character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 46)
-* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 34)
+ (line 46)
+* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 34)
* complete (<TAB>): Commands For Completion.
- (line 6)
-* copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 58)
-* copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 63)
-* copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing. (line 54)
-* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 12)
+ (line 6)
+* complete-command (M-!): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 80)
+* complete-filename (M-/): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 49)
+* complete-hostname (M-@): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 72)
+* complete-into-braces (M-{): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 100)
+* complete-username (M-~): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 56)
+* complete-variable (M-$): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 64)
+* copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 58)
+* copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 63)
+* copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 54)
+* dabbrev-expand (): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 95)
+* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 12)
* delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion.
- (line 43)
-* delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing. (line 46)
-* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6)
+ (line 43)
+* delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 46)
+* digit-argument ('M-0', 'M-1', ... 'M--'): Numeric Arguments.
+ (line 6)
+* display-shell-version (C-x C-v): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 109)
* do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 14)
-* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 48)
+ (line 14)
+* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 57)
* dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 73)
+ (line 73)
* dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 85)
+ (line 85)
* dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 79)
-* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9)
-* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6)
-* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. (line 23)
-* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9)
+ (line 79)
+* dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 90)
+* edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 138)
+* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9)
+* end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6)
+* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History.
+ (line 23)
+* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9)
* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 36)
-* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21)
-* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12)
-* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. (line 31)
-* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18)
-* history-search-backward (): Commands For History. (line 53)
-* history-search-forward (): Commands For History. (line 47)
-* history-substr-search-backward (): Commands For History. (line 65)
-* history-substr-search-forward (): Commands For History. (line 59)
+ (line 36)
+* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21)
+* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12)
+* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History.
+ (line 31)
+* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18)
+* glob-complete-word (M-g): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 91)
+* glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 97)
+* glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 103)
+* history-and-alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 127)
+* history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 117)
+* history-search-backward (): Commands For History.
+ (line 53)
+* history-search-forward (): Commands For History.
+ (line 47)
+* history-substr-search-backward (): Commands For History.
+ (line 65)
+* history-substr-search-forward (): Commands For History.
+ (line 59)
* insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 60)
+ (line 60)
* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion.
- (line 22)
-* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. (line 6)
-* kill-region (): Commands For Killing. (line 50)
-* kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing. (line 15)
-* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing. (line 19)
+ (line 22)
+* insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 130)
+* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 6)
+* kill-region (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 50)
+* kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 15)
+* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 19)
+* magic-space (): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 120)
* menu-complete (): Commands For Completion.
- (line 26)
+ (line 26)
* menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion.
- (line 38)
-* next-history (C-n): Commands For History. (line 17)
+ (line 38)
+* next-history (C-n): Commands For History.
+ (line 17)
* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History.
- (line 41)
+ (line 41)
* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History.
- (line 35)
-* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 56)
+ (line 35)
+* operate-and-get-next (C-o): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 133)
+* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 65)
+* possible-command-completions (C-x !): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 86)
* possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion.
- (line 15)
+ (line 15)
+* possible-filename-completions (C-x /): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 52)
+* possible-hostname-completions (C-x @): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 76)
+* possible-username-completions (C-x ~): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 60)
+* possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion.
+ (line 68)
* prefix-meta (<ESC>): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 18)
-* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. (line 13)
-* print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17)
-* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 26)
+ (line 18)
+* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History.
+ (line 13)
+* print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17)
+* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 26)
* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 6)
-* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 38)
-* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. (line 27)
+ (line 6)
+* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 38)
+* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History.
+ (line 27)
* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 25)
-* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 30)
+ (line 25)
+* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 30)
* set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 32)
+ (line 32)
+* shell-backward-kill-word (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 33)
+* shell-backward-word (): Commands For Moving. (line 30)
+* shell-expand-line (M-C-e): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 112)
+* shell-forward-word (): Commands For Moving. (line 26)
+* shell-kill-word (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 28)
* skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 51)
-* start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6)
-* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 33)
-* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 39)
+ (line 51)
+* start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6)
+* tilde-expand (M-&): Miscellaneous Commands.
+ (line 29)
+* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 42)
+* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 48)
* undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands.
- (line 22)
-* universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10)
-* unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing. (line 41)
-* unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing. (line 12)
-* unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing. (line 37)
-* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 44)
-* yank (C-y): Commands For Killing. (line 68)
-* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History. (line 80)
-* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History. (line 71)
-* yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing. (line 71)
+ (line 22)
+* universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10)
+* unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 41)
+* unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 12)
+* unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 37)
+* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 53)
+* yank (C-y): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 68)
+* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History.
+ (line 80)
+* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History.
+ (line 71)
+* yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing.
+ (line 71)
\1f
File: bashref.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Function Index, Up: Indexes
* event designators: Event Designators. (line 6)
* execution environment: Command Execution Environment.
(line 6)
-* exit status <1>: Exit Status. (line 6)
* exit status: Definitions. (line 26)
+* exit status <1>: Exit Status. (line 6)
* expansion: Shell Expansions. (line 6)
* expansion, arithmetic: Arithmetic Expansion.
(line 6)
* installation: Basic Installation. (line 6)
* interaction, readline: Readline Interaction.
(line 6)
-* interactive shell <1>: Interactive Shells. (line 6)
* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 128)
+* interactive shell <1>: Interactive Shells. (line 6)
* internationalization: Locale Translation. (line 6)
* job: Definitions. (line 38)
-* job control <1>: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
* job control: Definitions. (line 42)
+* job control <1>: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
* kill ring: Readline Killing Commands.
- (line 19)
+ (line 18)
* killing text: Readline Killing Commands.
(line 6)
* localization: Locale Translation. (line 6)
* quoting: Quoting. (line 6)
* quoting, ANSI: ANSI-C Quoting. (line 6)
* Readline, how to use: Job Control Variables.
- (line 24)
+ (line 23)
* redirection: Redirections. (line 6)
* reserved word: Definitions. (line 70)
* restricted shell: The Restricted Shell.
* shell, interactive: Interactive Shells. (line 6)
* signal: Definitions. (line 78)
* signal handling: Signals. (line 6)
-* special builtin <1>: Special Builtins. (line 6)
* special builtin: Definitions. (line 82)
+* special builtin <1>: Special Builtins. (line 6)
* startup files: Bash Startup Files. (line 6)
* suspending jobs: Job Control Basics. (line 6)
* tilde expansion: Tilde Expansion. (line 6)
\1f
Tag Table:
-Node: Top\7f932
-Node: Introduction\7f2852
-Node: What is Bash?\7f3080
-Node: What is a shell?\7f4193
-Node: Definitions\7f6732
-Node: Basic Shell Features\7f9650
-Node: Shell Syntax\7f10869
-Node: Shell Operation\7f11899
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-Node: Escape Character\7f14496
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-Node: Double Quotes\7f15329
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-Node: Comments\7f18594
-Node: Shell Commands\7f19212
-Node: Simple Commands\7f20084
-Node: Pipelines\7f20715
-Node: Lists\7f23458
-Node: Compound Commands\7f25187
-Node: Looping Constructs\7f26193
-Node: Conditional Constructs\7f28656
-Node: Command Grouping\7f39586
-Node: Coprocesses\7f41065
-Node: GNU Parallel\7f42898
-Node: Shell Functions\7f46884
-Node: Shell Parameters\7f52092
-Node: Positional Parameters\7f56504
-Node: Special Parameters\7f57404
-Node: Shell Expansions\7f60743
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-Node: Tilde Expansion\7f65467
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion\7f67816
-Node: Command Substitution\7f80110
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion\7f81443
-Node: Process Substitution\7f82375
-Node: Word Splitting\7f83425
-Node: Filename Expansion\7f85073
-Node: Pattern Matching\7f87238
-Node: Quote Removal\7f90938
-Node: Redirections\7f91233
-Node: Executing Commands\7f100397
-Node: Simple Command Expansion\7f101067
-Node: Command Search and Execution\7f102997
-Node: Command Execution Environment\7f105334
-Node: Environment\7f108320
-Node: Exit Status\7f109979
-Node: Signals\7f111649
-Node: Shell Scripts\7f113617
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f116135
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f118162
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-Node: The Set Builtin\7f166577
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-Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f242709
-Node: Aliases\7f245485
-Node: Arrays\7f248032
-Node: The Directory Stack\7f253013
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f253732
-Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f256688
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-Node: Job Control\7f270851
-Node: Job Control Basics\7f271311
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-Node: Job Control Variables\7f280501
-Node: Command Line Editing\7f281659
-Node: Introduction and Notation\7f283331
-Node: Readline Interaction\7f284953
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f286144
-Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f287933
-Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f288898
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-Node: Searching\7f291862
-Node: Readline Init File\7f294048
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-Node: Commands For Moving\7f319262
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-Node: Commands For Text\7f324702
-Node: Commands For Killing\7f327631
-Node: Numeric Arguments\7f330112
-Node: Commands For Completion\7f331251
-Node: Keyboard Macros\7f335443
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f336131
-Node: Readline vi Mode\7f341937
-Node: Programmable Completion\7f342844
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f350120
-Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f359866
-Node: Using History Interactively\7f365116
-Node: Bash History Facilities\7f365800
-Node: Bash History Builtins\7f368799
-Node: History Interaction\7f372727
-Node: Event Designators\7f375432
-Node: Word Designators\7f376654
-Node: Modifiers\7f378293
-Node: Installing Bash\7f379697
-Node: Basic Installation\7f380834
-Node: Compilers and Options\7f383526
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f384267
-Node: Installation Names\7f385931
-Node: Specifying the System Type\7f386749
-Node: Sharing Defaults\7f387465
-Node: Operation Controls\7f388138
-Node: Optional Features\7f389096
-Node: Reporting Bugs\7f399159
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f400357
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f417216
-Node: Indexes\7f442412
-Node: Builtin Index\7f442866
-Node: Reserved Word Index\7f449693
-Node: Variable Index\7f452141
-Node: Function Index\7f466462
-Node: Concept Index\7f473763
+Node: Top\7f895
+Node: Introduction\7f2813
+Node: What is Bash?\7f3029
+Node: What is a shell?\7f4143
+Node: Definitions\7f6681
+Node: Basic Shell Features\7f9600
+Node: Shell Syntax\7f10819
+Node: Shell Operation\7f11845
+Node: Quoting\7f13138
+Node: Escape Character\7f14438
+Node: Single Quotes\7f14923
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+Node: ANSI-C Quoting\7f16396
+Node: Locale Translation\7f17625
+Node: Comments\7f18521
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+Node: Simple Commands\7f20011
+Node: Pipelines\7f20642
+Node: Lists\7f23385
+Node: Compound Commands\7f25114
+Node: Looping Constructs\7f26117
+Node: Conditional Constructs\7f28580
+Node: Command Grouping\7f39501
+Node: Coprocesses\7f40980
+Node: GNU Parallel\7f42812
+Node: Shell Functions\7f46785
+Node: Shell Parameters\7f51991
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+Node: Special Parameters\7f57293
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+Node: Shell Scripts\7f115473
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands\7f117988
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins\7f120012
+Node: Bash Builtins\7f140254
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior\7f168514
+Node: The Set Builtin\7f168859
+Node: The Shopt Builtin\7f179272
+Node: Special Builtins\7f193901
+Node: Shell Variables\7f194880
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables\7f195317
+Node: Bash Variables\7f197348
+Node: Bash Features\7f224220
+Node: Invoking Bash\7f225119
+Node: Bash Startup Files\7f231068
+Node: Interactive Shells\7f236088
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?\7f236498
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?\7f237147
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior\7f237962
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions\7f241261
+Node: Shell Arithmetic\7f245262
+Node: Aliases\7f248039
+Node: Arrays\7f250587
+Node: The Directory Stack\7f255671
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins\7f256388
+Node: Controlling the Prompt\7f259347
+Node: The Restricted Shell\7f262093
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode\7f263918
+Node: Job Control\7f273512
+Node: Job Control Basics\7f273972
+Node: Job Control Builtins\7f278691
+Node: Job Control Variables\7f283162
+Node: Command Line Editing\7f284318
+Node: Introduction and Notation\7f285989
+Node: Readline Interaction\7f287612
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials\7f288803
+Node: Readline Movement Commands\7f290586
+Node: Readline Killing Commands\7f291546
+Node: Readline Arguments\7f293464
+Node: Searching\7f294508
+Node: Readline Init File\7f296694
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax\7f297841
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs\7f317565
+Node: Sample Init File\7f320090
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands\7f323207
+Node: Commands For Moving\7f324411
+Node: Commands For History\7f325554
+Node: Commands For Text\7f329843
+Node: Commands For Killing\7f333232
+Node: Numeric Arguments\7f335713
+Node: Commands For Completion\7f336852
+Node: Keyboard Macros\7f341043
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands\7f341730
+Node: Readline vi Mode\7f347534
+Node: Programmable Completion\7f348441
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins\7f355902
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example\7f365788
+Node: Using History Interactively\7f371040
+Node: Bash History Facilities\7f371724
+Node: Bash History Builtins\7f374723
+Node: History Interaction\7f378654
+Node: Event Designators\7f381360
+Node: Word Designators\7f382579
+Node: Modifiers\7f384216
+Node: Installing Bash\7f385618
+Node: Basic Installation\7f386755
+Node: Compilers and Options\7f389446
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures\7f390187
+Node: Installation Names\7f391850
+Node: Specifying the System Type\7f392668
+Node: Sharing Defaults\7f393384
+Node: Operation Controls\7f394057
+Node: Optional Features\7f395015
+Node: Reporting Bugs\7f405272
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell\7f406466
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License\7f423318
+Node: Indexes\7f448495
+Node: Builtin Index\7f448949
+Node: Reserved Word Index\7f455776
+Node: Variable Index\7f458224
+Node: Function Index\7f473391
+Node: Concept Index\7f486611
\1f
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[]@texttt case @textttsl word @texttt in [ [(] @textttsl pat-tern @texttt [| @
textttsl pattern@texttt ][]) @textttsl command-list @texttt ;;][] esac[]
[16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]
[31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] Chapter 4 [40] [41] [42] [43]
[44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53]
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[]@texttt mapfile [-d @textttsl de-lim@texttt ] [-n @textttsl count@texttt ] [
-O @textttsl ori-gin@texttt ] [-s @textttsl count@texttt ] [-t] [-u @textttsl f
d@texttt ][]
.etc.
[54] [55]
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[]@texttt readarray [-d @textttsl de-lim@texttt ] [-n @textttsl count@texttt ]
[-O @textttsl ori-gin@texttt ] [-s @textttsl count@texttt ] [-t] [-u @textttsl
fd@texttt ][]
[56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] Chapter 5 [68]
[69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] Chapter 6 [79]
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[]@texttt bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@t
exttt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] [@textttsl ar-
.etc.
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[]@texttt bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@texttt
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.etc.
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[]@texttt bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @textttsl op-tion@text
tt ] [-O @textttsl shopt_option@texttt ] [@textttsl ar-
(/usr/homes/chet/src/bash/src/lib/readline/doc/rluser.texi Chapter 8 [100]
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[]@textrm In the above ex-am-ple, @textttsl C-u[] @textrm is bound to the func
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.etc.
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texinfo.tex: doing @include of hsuser.texi
(/usr/homes/chet/src/bash/src/lib/readline/doc/hsuser.texi Chapter 9
-[132] [133] [134] [135] [136]) Chapter 10 [137] [138] [139] [140] [141]
-[142] [143] Appendix A [144] Appendix B [145] [146] [147] [148] [149] [150]
-Appendix C [151]
+[133] [134] [135] [136] [137]) Chapter 10 [138] [139] [140] [141] [142]
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texinfo.tex: doing @include of fdl.texi
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%%Page: 1 7
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%%Page: 6 12
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%%Page: 24 30
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%%Page: 25 31
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%%Page: 26 32
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%%Page: 27 33
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%%Trailer
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
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@numsubsecentry{Shell Parameter Expansion}{3.5.3}{Shell Parameter Expansion}{23}
-@numsubsecentry{Command Substitution}{3.5.4}{Command Substitution}{28}
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@numsubsecentry{Arithmetic Expansion}{3.5.5}{Arithmetic Expansion}{29}
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@numsubsecentry{Filename Expansion}{3.5.8}{Filename Expansion}{30}
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@numsubsecentry{Quote Removal}{3.5.9}{Quote Removal}{32}
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@numchapentry{Shell Builtin Commands}{4}{Shell Builtin Commands}{41}
@numsecentry{Bourne Shell Builtins}{4.1}{Bourne Shell Builtins}{41}
@numsecentry{Bash Builtin Commands}{4.2}{Bash Builtins}{48}
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@numsubsecentry{The Set Builtin}{4.3.1}{The Set Builtin}{59}
@numsubsecentry{The Shopt Builtin}{4.3.2}{The Shopt Builtin}{63}
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+@numsubsecentry{Conditional Init Constructs}{8.3.2}{Conditional Init Constructs}{112}
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+@numsubsecentry{Specifying Numeric Arguments}{8.4.5}{Numeric Arguments}{121}
+@numsubsecentry{Letting Readline Type For You}{8.4.6}{Commands For Completion}{121}
+@numsubsecentry{Keyboard Macros}{8.4.7}{Keyboard Macros}{123}
+@numsubsecentry{Some Miscellaneous Commands}{8.4.8}{Miscellaneous Commands}{123}
+@numsecentry{Readline vi Mode}{8.5}{Readline vi Mode}{125}
+@numsecentry{Programmable Completion}{8.6}{Programmable Completion}{126}
+@numsecentry{Programmable Completion Builtins}{8.7}{Programmable Completion Builtins}{128}
+@numsecentry{A Programmable Completion Example}{8.8}{A Programmable Completion Example}{131}
+@numchapentry{Using History Interactively}{9}{Using History Interactively}{134}
+@numsecentry{Bash History Facilities}{9.1}{Bash History Facilities}{134}
+@numsecentry{Bash History Builtins}{9.2}{Bash History Builtins}{134}
+@numsecentry{History Expansion}{9.3}{History Interaction}{136}
+@numsubsecentry{Event Designators}{9.3.1}{Event Designators}{136}
+@numsubsecentry{Word Designators}{9.3.2}{Word Designators}{137}
+@numsubsecentry{Modifiers}{9.3.3}{Modifiers}{138}
+@numchapentry{Installing Bash}{10}{Installing Bash}{139}
+@numsecentry{Basic Installation}{10.1}{Basic Installation}{139}
+@numsecentry{Compilers and Options}{10.2}{Compilers and Options}{140}
+@numsecentry{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{10.3}{Compiling For Multiple Architectures}{140}
+@numsecentry{Installation Names}{10.4}{Installation Names}{140}
+@numsecentry{Specifying the System Type}{10.5}{Specifying the System Type}{140}
+@numsecentry{Sharing Defaults}{10.6}{Sharing Defaults}{141}
+@numsecentry{Operation Controls}{10.7}{Operation Controls}{141}
+@numsecentry{Optional Features}{10.8}{Optional Features}{141}
+@appentry{Reporting Bugs}{A}{Reporting Bugs}{146}
+@appentry{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{B}{Major Differences From The Bourne Shell}{147}
+@appsecentry{Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell}{B.1}{}{151}
+@appentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{C}{GNU Free Documentation License}{153}
+@appentry{Indexes}{D}{Indexes}{161}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Builtin Commands}{D.1}{Builtin Index}{161}
+@appsecentry{Index of Shell Reserved Words}{D.2}{Reserved Word Index}{162}
+@appsecentry{Parameter and Variable Index}{D.3}{Variable Index}{162}
+@appsecentry{Function Index}{D.4}{Function Index}{164}
+@appsecentry{Concept Index}{D.5}{Concept Index}{166}
\entry{bell-style}{105}{\code {bell-style}}
\entry{bind-tty-special-chars}{105}{\code {bind-tty-special-chars}}
\entry{blink-matching-paren}{105}{\code {blink-matching-paren}}
+\entry{colored-completion-prefix}{105}{\code {colored-completion-prefix}}
\entry{colored-stats}{105}{\code {colored-stats}}
\entry{comment-begin}{105}{\code {comment-begin}}
\entry{completion-display-width}{105}{\code {completion-display-width}}
-\entry{completion-ignore-case}{105}{\code {completion-ignore-case}}
+\entry{completion-ignore-case}{106}{\code {completion-ignore-case}}
\entry{completion-map-case}{106}{\code {completion-map-case}}
\entry{completion-prefix-display-length}{106}{\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}
\entry{completion-query-items}{106}{\code {completion-query-items}}
\entry{convert-meta}{106}{\code {convert-meta}}
\entry{disable-completion}{106}{\code {disable-completion}}
\entry{editing-mode}{106}{\code {editing-mode}}
-\entry{enable-keypad}{106}{\code {enable-keypad}}
+\entry{emacs-mode-string}{106}{\code {emacs-mode-string}}
+\entry{echo-control-characters}{107}{\code {echo-control-characters}}
+\entry{enable-bracketed-paste}{107}{\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}
+\entry{enable-keypad}{107}{\code {enable-keypad}}
\entry{expand-tilde}{107}{\code {expand-tilde}}
\entry{history-preserve-point}{107}{\code {history-preserve-point}}
\entry{history-size}{107}{\code {history-size}}
\entry{horizontal-scroll-mode}{107}{\code {horizontal-scroll-mode}}
\entry{input-meta}{107}{\code {input-meta}}
\entry{meta-flag}{107}{\code {meta-flag}}
-\entry{isearch-terminators}{107}{\code {isearch-terminators}}
-\entry{keymap}{107}{\code {keymap}}
+\entry{isearch-terminators}{108}{\code {isearch-terminators}}
+\entry{keymap}{108}{\code {keymap}}
\entry{mark-modified-lines}{108}{\code {mark-modified-lines}}
\entry{mark-symlinked-directories}{108}{\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}
\entry{match-hidden-files}{108}{\code {match-hidden-files}}
-\entry{menu-complete-display-prefix}{108}{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}
-\entry{output-meta}{108}{\code {output-meta}}
-\entry{page-completions}{108}{\code {page-completions}}
-\entry{revert-all-at-newline}{108}{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}
+\entry{menu-complete-display-prefix}{109}{\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}
+\entry{output-meta}{109}{\code {output-meta}}
+\entry{page-completions}{109}{\code {page-completions}}
+\entry{revert-all-at-newline}{109}{\code {revert-all-at-newline}}
\entry{show-all-if-ambiguous}{109}{\code {show-all-if-ambiguous}}
\entry{show-all-if-unmodified}{109}{\code {show-all-if-unmodified}}
\entry{show-mode-in-prompt}{109}{\code {show-mode-in-prompt}}
\entry{skip-completed-text}{109}{\code {skip-completed-text}}
-\entry{visible-stats}{109}{\code {visible-stats}}
+\entry{vi-cmd-mode-string}{110}{\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}
+\entry{vi-ins-mode-string}{110}{\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}
+\entry{visible-stats}{110}{\code {visible-stats}}
\initial {C}
\entry {\code {CDPATH}}{69}
\entry {\code {CHILD_MAX}}{72}
+\entry {\code {colored-completion-prefix}}{105}
\entry {\code {colored-stats}}{105}
\entry {\code {COLUMNS}}{72}
\entry {\code {comment-begin}}{105}
\entry {\code {COMP_WORDBREAKS}}{73}
\entry {\code {COMP_WORDS}}{73}
\entry {\code {completion-display-width}}{105}
-\entry {\code {completion-ignore-case}}{105}
+\entry {\code {completion-ignore-case}}{106}
\entry {\code {completion-map-case}}{106}
\entry {\code {completion-prefix-display-length}}{106}
\entry {\code {completion-query-items}}{106}
\entry {\code {DIRSTACK}}{73}
\entry {\code {disable-completion}}{106}
\initial {E}
+\entry {\code {echo-control-characters}}{107}
\entry {\code {editing-mode}}{106}
\entry {\code {EMACS}}{73}
-\entry {\code {enable-keypad}}{106}
+\entry {\code {emacs-mode-string}}{106}
+\entry {\code {enable-bracketed-paste}}{107}
+\entry {\code {enable-keypad}}{107}
\entry {\code {ENV}}{73}
\entry {\code {EUID}}{73}
\entry {\code {expand-tilde}}{107}
\entry {\code {IGNOREEOF}}{76}
\entry {\code {input-meta}}{107}
\entry {\code {INPUTRC}}{76}
-\entry {\code {isearch-terminators}}{107}
+\entry {\code {isearch-terminators}}{108}
\initial {K}
-\entry {\code {keymap}}{107}
+\entry {\code {keymap}}{108}
\initial {L}
\entry {\code {LANG}}{76}
\entry {\code {LC_ALL}}{76}
\entry {\code {mark-modified-lines}}{108}
\entry {\code {mark-symlinked-directories}}{108}
\entry {\code {match-hidden-files}}{108}
-\entry {\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}{108}
+\entry {\code {menu-complete-display-prefix}}{109}
\entry {\code {meta-flag}}{107}
\initial {O}
\entry {\code {OLDPWD}}{77}
\entry {\code {OPTERR}}{77}
\entry {\code {OPTIND}}{69}
\entry {\code {OSTYPE}}{77}
-\entry {\code {output-meta}}{108}
+\entry {\code {output-meta}}{109}
\initial {P}
-\entry {\code {page-completions}}{108}
+\entry {\code {page-completions}}{109}
\entry {\code {PATH}}{69}
\entry {\code {PIPESTATUS}}{77}
\entry {\code {POSIXLY_CORRECT}}{77}
\entry {\code {READLINE_LINE}}{78}
\entry {\code {READLINE_POINT}}{78}
\entry {\code {REPLY}}{78}
-\entry {\code {revert-all-at-newline}}{108}
+\entry {\code {revert-all-at-newline}}{109}
\initial {S}
\entry {\code {SECONDS}}{78}
\entry {\code {SHELL}}{78}
\initial {U}
\entry {\code {UID}}{79}
\initial {V}
-\entry {\code {visible-stats}}{109}
+\entry {\code {vi-cmd-mode-string}}{110}
+\entry {\code {vi-ins-mode-string}}{110}
+\entry {\code {visible-stats}}{110}
-BASH_BUILTINS(1) BASH_BUILTINS(1)
+BASH_BUILTINS(1) General Commands Manual BASH_BUILTINS(1)
various shell variables set by the programmable completion
facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
- The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
- grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
- completion specification with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is speci-
- fied, only those completions matching _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd will be displayed.
+ The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program-
+ mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple-
+ tion specification with the same flags. If _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd is specified,
+ only those completions matching _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd will be displayed.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-W\bW _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt] [-\b-F\bF _\bf_\bu_\bn_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-C\bC _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd]
[-\b-X\bX _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt] [-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\be_\bf_\bi_\bx] [-\b-S\bS _\bs_\bu_\bf_\bf_\bi_\bx] _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\b._\b._\b.]
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be -\b-p\bpr\br [-\b-D\bDE\bE] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be ...]
- Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed. If the
- -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
- completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
+ Specify how arguments to each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be should be completed. If the
+ -\b-p\bp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+ completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
to be reused as input. The -\b-r\br option removes a completion spec-
- ification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
+ ification for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, or, if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are supplied, all com-
pletion specifications. The -\b-D\bD option indicates that the
- remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default''
- command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command
- for which no completion has previously been defined. The -\b-E\bE
- option indicates that the remaining options and actions should
- apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion
+ remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default''
+ command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command
+ for which no completion has previously been defined. The -\b-E\bE
+ option indicates that the remaining options and actions should
+ apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion
attempted on a blank line.
- The process of applying these completion specifications when
- word completion is attempted is described above under P\bPr\bro\bo-\b-
- g\bgr\bra\bam\bmm\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn.
+ The process of applying these completion specifications when
+ word completion is attempted is described above under P\bPr\bro\bog\bgr\bra\bam\bm-\b-
+ m\bma\bab\bbl\ble\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn.
- Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
- arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
- -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
+ Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
+ arguments to the -\b-G\bG, -\b-W\bW, and -\b-X\bX options (and, if necessary, the
+ -\b-P\bP and -\b-S\bS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
sion before the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin is invoked.
-\b-o\bo _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn
- The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
- spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
+ The _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn controls several aspects of the comp-
+ spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
tions. _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bp_\b-_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn may be one of:
b\bba\bas\bsh\bhd\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt
Perform the rest of the default b\bba\bas\bsh\bh completions
if the compspec generates no matches.
- d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use readline's default filename completion if
+ d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt Use readline's default filename completion if
the compspec generates no matches.
d\bdi\bir\brn\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Perform directory name completion if the comp-
+ Perform directory name completion if the comp-
spec generates no matches.
f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\bes\bs
- Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
- names, so it can perform any filename-specific
- processing (like adding a slash to directory
- names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
- ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with
+ Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
+ names, so it can perform any filename-specific
+ processing (like adding a slash to directory
+ names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
+ ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with
shell functions.
- n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell readline not to quote the completed words
- if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
+ n\bno\boq\bqu\buo\bot\bte\be Tell readline not to quote the completed words
+ if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
default).
+ n\bno\bos\bso\bor\brt\bt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible
+ completions alphabetically.
n\bno\bos\bsp\bpa\bac\bce\be Tell readline not to append a space (the
default) to words completed at the end of the
line.
-\b-k\bk.
r\bru\bun\bnn\bni\bin\bng\bg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
s\bse\ber\brv\bvi\bic\bce\be Service names. May also be specified as -\b-s\bs.
- s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
+ s\bse\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bt Valid arguments for the -\b-o\bo option to the s\bse\bet\bt
builtin.
- s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
+ s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt Shell option names as accepted by the s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt
builtin.
s\bsi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl Signal names.
s\bst\bto\bop\bpp\bpe\bed\bd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
completion matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed from the list.
A leading !\b! in _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt negates the pattern; in this
- case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
+ case, any completion not matching _\bf_\bi_\bl_\bt_\be_\br_\bp_\ba_\bt is removed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- an option other than -\b-p\bp or -\b-r\br is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
- ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ an option other than -\b-p\bp or -\b-r\br is supplied without a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argu-
+ ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
adding a completion specification.
c\bco\bom\bmp\bpo\bop\bpt\bt [-\b-o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [-\b-D\bDE\bE] [+\b+o\bo _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]
Modify completion options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be according to the
- _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes
- are supplied. If no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are given, display the completion
- options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible
- values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin
- described above. The -\b-D\bD option indicates that the remaining
+ _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes
+ are supplied. If no _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bns are given, display the completion
+ options for each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be or the current completion. The possible
+ values of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn are those valid for the c\bco\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bte\be builtin
+ described above. The -\b-D\bD option indicates that the remaining
options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that
- is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion
- has previously been defined. The -\b-E\bE option indicates that the
- remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
+ is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion
+ has previously been defined. The -\b-E\bE option indicates that the
+ remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
an attempt is made to modify the options for a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be for which no
completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be [_\bn]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing f\bfo\bor\br, w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be, u\bun\bnt\bti\bil\bl, or
- s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
- loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of
- enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
+ s\bse\bel\ble\bec\bct\bt loop. If _\bn is specified, resume at the _\bnth enclosing
+ loop. _\bn must be >= 1. If _\bn is greater than the number of
+ enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _\bn is not greater
than or equal to 1.
d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\bil\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt [-\b-a\baA\bAf\bfF\bFg\bgi\bil\bln\bnr\brt\btu\bux\bx] [-\b-p\bp] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
- given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
+ Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes are
+ given then display the values of variables. The -\b-p\bp option will
display the attributes and values of each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. When -\b-p\bp is used
- with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other than -\b-f\bf and -\b-F\bF,
- are ignored. When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, it
- will display the attributes and values of all variables having
+ with _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, additional options, other than -\b-f\bf and -\b-F\bF,
+ are ignored. When -\b-p\bp is supplied without _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be arguments, it
+ will display the attributes and values of all variables having
the attributes specified by the additional options. If no other
- options are supplied with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the
- attributes and values of all shell variables. The -\b-f\bf option
- will restrict the display to shell functions. The -\b-F\bF option
- inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function
- name and attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option
- is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number
- where the function is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF
+ options are supplied with -\b-p\bp, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be will display the
+ attributes and values of all shell variables. The -\b-f\bf option
+ will restrict the display to shell functions. The -\b-F\bF option
+ inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function
+ name and attributes are printed. If the e\bex\bxt\btd\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg shell option
+ is enabled using s\bsh\bho\bop\bpt\bt, the source file name and line number
+ where the function is defined are displayed as well. The -\b-F\bF
option implies -\b-f\bf. The -\b-g\bg option forces variables to be created
- or modified at the global scope, even when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is executed
- in a shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The
- following options can be used to restrict output to variables
+ or modified at the global scope, even when d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be is executed
+ in a shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The
+ following options can be used to restrict output to variables
with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes:
- -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+ -\b-a\ba Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an indexed array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
above).
- -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
+ -\b-A\bA Each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is an associative array variable (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs
above).
-\b-f\bf Use function names only.
-\b-i\bi The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
- tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed when
+ tion (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bHM\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above) is performed when
the variable is assigned a value.
- -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
- characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
+ -\b-l\bl When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
+ characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case
attribute is disabled.
- -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
- reference to another variable. That other variable is
- defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assign-
- ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except for
- changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed on the
- variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref
+ -\b-n\bn Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\br_\be_\bf attribute, making it a name
+ reference to another variable. That other variable is
+ defined by the value of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. All references, assign-
+ ments, and attribute modifications to _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, except for
+ changing the -\b-n\bn attribute itself, are performed on the
+ variable referenced by _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be's value. The nameref
attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
-\b-r\br Make _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
- -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions
- inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling
- shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for
+ -\b-t\bt Give each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be the _\bt_\br_\ba_\bc_\be attribute. Traced functions
+ inherit the D\bDE\bEB\bBU\bUG\bG and R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN traps from the calling
+ shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for
variables.
- -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
- characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
+ -\b-u\bu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
+ characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case
attribute is disabled.
- -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the
+ -\b-x\bx Mark _\bn_\ba_\bm_\bes for export to subsequent commands via the
environment.
- Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
+ Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
the exceptions that +\b+a\ba may not be used to destroy an array vari-
- able and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly attribute. When used
+ able and +\b+r\br will not remove the readonly attribute. When used
in a function, d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be and t\bty\byp\bpe\bes\bse\bet\bt make each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be local, as with
the l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl command, unless the -\b-g\bg option is supplied. If a vari-
- able name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of the variable is
- set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the compound assignment
- syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not
+ able name is followed by =_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, the value of the variable is
+ set to _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. When using -\b-a\ba or -\b-A\bA and the compound assignment
+ syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not
take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value is 0
- unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to
- define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
- assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
- assign a value to an array variable without using the compound
- assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a
- valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
- only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
+ unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to
+ define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
+ assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
+ assign a value to an array variable without using the compound
+ assignment syntax (see A\bAr\brr\bra\bay\bys\bs above), one of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a
+ valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
+ only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to
display a non-existent function with -\b-f\bf.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bs [\b[-\b-c\bcl\blp\bpv\bv]\b] [\b[+\b+_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-_\bn]\b]
- Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
- directories. The default display is on a single line with
- directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
- the list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes
+ Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
+ directories. The default display is on a single line with
+ directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
+ the list with the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command; the p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd command removes
entries from the list.
-\b-c\bc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the
entries.
- -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
+ -\b-l\bl Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default
listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-\b-p\bp Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
-\b-v\bv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the
file cannot be executed. If _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is not specified, any redi-
rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status
- is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
+ is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
e\bex\bxi\bit\bt [_\bn]
- Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
+ Cause the shell to exit with a status of _\bn. If _\bn is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
E\bEX\bXI\bIT\bT is executed before the shell terminates.
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt [-\b-f\bfn\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd]] ...
e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt -\b-p\bp
- The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
- given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
- if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported
- variables is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the export property
+ The supplied _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are marked for automatic export to the envi-
+ ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -\b-f\bf option is
+ given, the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs refer to functions. If no _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs are given, or
+ if the -\b-p\bp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported
+ variables is printed. The -\b-n\bn option causes the export property
to be removed from each _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If a variable name is followed by
=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, the value of the variable is set to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. e\bex\bxp\bpo\bor\brt\bt returns
an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one
- of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is sup-
+ of the _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\bs is not a valid shell variable name, or -\b-f\bf is sup-
plied with a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be that is not a function.
f\bfc\bc [-\b-e\be _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-l\bln\bnr\br] [_\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt] [_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt]
f\bfc\bc -\b-s\bs [_\bp_\ba_\bt=_\br_\be_\bp] [_\bc_\bm_\bd]
- The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
- from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
- them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
- the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
- index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
- an offset from the current command number). If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not
- specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that
- ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt other-
- wise. If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not specified it is set to the previous com-
+ The first form selects a range of commands from _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt to _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt
+ from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
+ them. _\bF_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt and _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt may be specified as a string (to locate
+ the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
+ index into the history list, where a negative number is used as
+ an offset from the current command number). If _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt is not
+ specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that
+ ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt other-
+ wise. If _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt is not specified it is set to the previous com-
mand for editing and -16 for listing.
- The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
- -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
- is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
- wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
- those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
- variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
- If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
+ The -\b-n\bn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
+ -\b-r\br option reverses the order of the commands. If the -\b-l\bl option
+ is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
+ wise, the editor given by _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is invoked on a file containing
+ those commands. If _\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not given, the value of the F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT
+ variable is used, and the value of E\bED\bDI\bIT\bTO\bOR\bR if F\bFC\bCE\bED\bDI\bIT\bT is not set.
+ If neither variable is set, _\bv_\bi is used. When editing is com-
plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
- In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
- of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is intepreted the same as
- _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
- so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with
+ In the second form, _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is re-executed after each instance
+ of _\bp_\ba_\bt is replaced by _\br_\be_\bp. _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is intepreted the same as
+ _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
+ so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with
``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command.
- If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
- invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
- lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
+ If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
+ invalid option is encountered or _\bf_\bi_\br_\bs_\bt or _\bl_\ba_\bs_\bt specify history
+ lines out of range. If the -\b-e\be option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
- form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
- cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
+ form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
+ cuted, unless _\bc_\bm_\bd does not specify a valid history line, in
which case f\bfc\bc returns failure.
f\bfg\bg [_\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc]
- Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+ Resume _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not present, the shell's notion of the _\bc_\bu_\br_\br_\be_\bn_\bt _\bj_\bo_\bb
- is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
- the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
+ is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
+ the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc does not spec-
- ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
+ ify a valid job or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc specifies a job that was started
without job control.
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be [_\ba_\br_\bg_\bs]
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
- ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
- nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
- expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
- by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
- be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
- places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
+ ters. _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg contains the option characters to be recog-
+ nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
+ expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
+ by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
+ be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs
+ places the next option in the shell variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, initializing
_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is initialized to
- 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
- option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
- the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
- cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
+ 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
+ option requires an argument, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places that argument into
+ the variable O\bOP\bPT\bTA\bAR\bRG\bG. The shell does not reset O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD automati-
+ cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
ters is to be used.
- When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
- return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
+ When the end of options is encountered, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs exits with a
+ return value greater than zero. O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIN\bND\bD is set to the index of
the first non-option argument, and _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is set to ?.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs parses those instead.
- g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
- of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
- normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
- options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
- variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
+ g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs can report errors in two ways. If the first character
+ of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is a colon, _\bs_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\bt error reporting is used. In
+ normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
+ options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
+ variable O\bOP\bPT\bTE\bER\bRR\bR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, g\bge\bet\bto\bop\bpt\bts\bs places ? into _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and, if
lowing meanings:
-\b-l\bl List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
-\b-n\bn Display information only about jobs that have changed
- status since the user was last notified of their status.
- -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
+ status since the user was last notified of their status.
+ -\b-p\bp List only the process ID of the job's process group
leader.
-\b-r\br Display only running jobs.
-\b-s\bs Display only stopped jobs.
- If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
- that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
+ If _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is given, output is restricted to information about
+ that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is supplied.
If the -\b-x\bx option is supplied, j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs replaces any _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc found in
- _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
+ _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd or _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs with the corresponding process group ID, and
executes _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd passing it _\ba_\br_\bg_\bs, returning its exit status.
k\bki\bil\bll\bl [-\b-s\bs _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | -\b-n\bn _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm | -\b-_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] [_\bp_\bi_\bd | _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc] ...
k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl [_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc | _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs]
- Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
- named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
- signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
- a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
- present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
- signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
- the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+ Send the signal named by _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc or _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm to the processes
+ named by _\bp_\bi_\bd or _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc. _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is either a case-insensitive
+ signal name such as S\bSI\bIG\bGK\bKI\bIL\bLL\bL (with or without the S\bSI\bIG\bG prefix) or
+ a signal number; _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bu_\bm is a signal number. If _\bs_\bi_\bg_\bs_\bp_\be_\bc is not
+ present, then S\bSI\bIG\bGT\bTE\bER\bRM\bM is assumed. An argument of -\b-l\bl lists the
+ signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -\b-l\bl is given,
+ the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt_\b__\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs argument to
- -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
- status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
- if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
+ -\b-l\bl is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+ status of a process terminated by a signal. k\bki\bil\bll\bl returns true
+ if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
l\ble\bet\bt _\ba_\br_\bg [_\ba_\br_\bg ...]
Each _\ba_\br_\bg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see A\bAR\bRI\bIT\bTH\bH-\b-
- M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt
+ M\bME\bET\bTI\bIC\bC E\bEV\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN above). If the last _\ba_\br_\bg evaluates to 0, l\ble\bet\bt
returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ...]
- For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
- assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl [_\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn] [_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[=_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be] ... | - ]
+ For each argument, a local variable named _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is created, and
+ assigned _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be. The _\bo_\bp_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn can be any of the options accepted
by d\bde\bec\bcl\bla\bar\bre\be. When l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
- tion and its children. With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of
- local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
- l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied,
- or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly variable.
+ variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ tion and its children. If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is -, the set of shell options
+ is made local to the function in which l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is invoked: shell
+ options changed using the s\bse\bet\bt builtin inside the function are
+ restored to their original values when the function returns.
+ With no operands, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl writes a list of local variables to the
+ standard output. It is an error to use l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl when not within a
+ function. The return status is 0 unless l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl is used outside a
+ function, an invalid _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is supplied, or _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a readonly
+ variable.
l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt Exit a login shell.
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
r\bre\bea\bad\bda\bar\brr\bra\bay\by [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-n\bn _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-O\bO _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn] [-\b-s\bs _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt] [-\b-t\bt] [-\b-u\bu _\bf_\bd] [-\b-C\bC
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk] [-\b-c\bc _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm] [_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by]
- Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
- able _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd if the -\b-u\bu option is sup-
- plied. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
+ Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
+ able _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by, or from file descriptor _\bf_\bd if the -\b-u\bu option is sup-
+ plied. The variable M\bMA\bAP\bPF\bFI\bIL\bLE\bE is the default _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by. Options, if
supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-d\bd The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate each
+ -\b-d\bd The first character of _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm is used to terminate each
input line, rather than newline.
- -\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, all lines are
+ -\b-n\bn Copy at most _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines. If _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0, all lines are
copied.
- -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
+ -\b-O\bO Begin assigning to _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by at index _\bo_\br_\bi_\bg_\bi_\bn. The default
index is 0.
-\b-s\bs Discard the first _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt lines read.
-\b-t\bt Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
- -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
+ -\b-u\bu Read lines from file descriptor _\bf_\bd instead of the stan-
dard input.
- -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
+ -\b-C\bC Evaluate _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk each time _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm lines are read. The
-\b-c\bc option specifies _\bq_\bu_\ba_\bn_\bt_\bu_\bm.
- -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+ -\b-c\bc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
_\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk.
- If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
+ If -\b-C\bC is specified without -\b-c\bc, the default quantum is 5000.
When _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
- element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
+ element as additional arguments. _\bc_\ba_\bl_\bl_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk is evaluated after
the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be will clear
_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by before assigning to it.
- m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
- argument is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if
+ m\bma\bap\bpf\bfi\bil\ble\be returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+ argument is supplied, _\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is invalid or unassignable, or if
_\ba_\br_\br_\ba_\by is not an indexed array.
p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd [-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
- Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
- removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
+ Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
+ removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a c\bcd\bd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
- directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+ directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ +\b+_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
-\b-_\bn Removes the _\bnth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt (except that \\b\c\bc terminates output,
backslashes in \\b\'\b', \\b\"\b", and \\b\?\b? are not removed, and octal
escapes beginning with \\b\0\b0 may contain up to four digits).
- %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a
+ %\b%q\bq causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt in a
format that can be reused as shell input.
%\b%(\b(_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt)\b)T\bT
- causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
- from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
+ causes p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf to output the date-time string resulting
+ from using _\bd_\ba_\bt_\be_\bf_\bm_\bt as a format string for _\bs_\bt_\br_\bf_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be(3).
The corresponding _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt is an integer representing the
- number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
- values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
- -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no
- argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had
- been given. This is an exception to the usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf
+ number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
+ values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
+ -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no
+ argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had
+ been given. This is an exception to the usual p\bpr\bri\bin\bnt\btf\bf
behavior.
- Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
- if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
+ if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
is the ASCII value of the following character.
- The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
+ The _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt is reused as necessary to consume all of the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\b-
_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs. If the _\bf_\bo_\br_\bm_\ba_\bt requires more _\ba_\br_\bg_\bu_\bm_\be_\bn_\bt_\bs than are supplied,
- the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
- null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
+ the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
+ null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [+_\bn] [-_\bn]
p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd [-\b-n\bn] [_\bd_\bi_\br]
- Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
- the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+ Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+ the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
- and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
+ and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
if supplied, have the following meanings:
- -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
- directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
+ -\b-n\bn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
+ directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ +\b+_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the left of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
- -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
- from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
+ -\b-_\bn Rotates the stack so that the _\bnth directory (counting
+ from the right of the list shown by d\bdi\bir\brs\bs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
_\bd_\bi_\br Adds _\bd_\bi_\br to the directory stack at the top, making it the
- new current working directory as if it had been supplied
+ new current working directory as if it had been supplied
as the argument to the c\bcd\bd builtin.
If the p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd command is successful, a d\bdi\bir\brs\bs is performed as well.
- If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
- fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
- tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
- specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
+ If the first form is used, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the cd to _\bd_\bi_\br
+ fails. With the second form, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd returns 0 unless the direc-
+ tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
+ specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
directory fails.
p\bpw\bwd\bd [-\b-L\bLP\bP]
- Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+ Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -\b-P\bP option
is supplied or the -\b-o\bo p\bph\bhy\bys\bsi\bic\bca\bal\bl option to the s\bse\bet\bt builtin command
- is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
- contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
- occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
+ is enabled. If the -\b-L\bL option is used, the pathname printed may
+ contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
+ occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
r\bre\bea\bad\bd [-\b-e\ber\brs\bs] [-\b-a\ba _\ba_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be] [-\b-d\bd _\bd_\be_\bl_\bi_\bm] [-\b-i\bi _\bt_\be_\bx_\bt] [-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs] [-\b-p\bp
placed into the editing buffer before editing begins.
-\b-n\bn _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
r\bre\bea\bad\bd returns after reading _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters rather than
- waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delim-
+ waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim-
iter if fewer than _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs characters are read before the
delimiter.
-\b-N\bN _\bn_\bc_\bh_\ba_\br_\bs
ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
$\b$1\b1, $\b$2\b2, .\b..\b..\b. $\b$_\bn. Options, if specified, have the following
meanings:
- -\b-a\ba Automatically mark variables and functions which are
- modified or created for export to the environment of
- subsequent commands.
+ -\b-a\ba Each variable or function that is created or modified is
+ given the export attribute and marked for export to the
+ environment of subsequent commands.
-\b-b\bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
d\bdi\bir\bre\bex\bxp\bpa\ban\bnd\bd
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh replaces directory names with the results
of word expansion when performing filename completion.
- This changes the contents of the readline editing
- buffer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
+ This changes the contents of the readline editing buf-
+ fer. If not set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts to preserve what the
user typed.
d\bdi\bir\brs\bsp\bpe\bel\bll\bl
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh attempts spelling correction on directory
n\bno\boc\bca\bas\bse\bem\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing c\bca\bas\bse\be or
- [\b[[\b[ conditional commands.
+ [\b[[\b[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
+ tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
+ pletions as part of programmable completion.
n\bnu\bul\bll\blg\bgl\blo\bob\bb
If set, b\bba\bas\bsh\bh allows patterns which match no files (see
P\bPa\bat\bth\bhn\bna\bam\bme\be E\bEx\bxp\bpa\ban\bns\bsi\bio\bon\bn above) to expand to a null string,
function lookup, as with the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin. t\bty\byp\bpe\be returns true
if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found.
- u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bST\bTa\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bil\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bx [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
+ u\bul\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt [-\b-H\bHS\bSa\bab\bbc\bcd\bde\bef\bfi\bik\bkl\blm\bmn\bnp\bpq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\buv\bvx\bxP\bPT\bT [_\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt]]
Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The -\b-H\bH and -\b-S\bS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
-\b-f\bf The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children
-\b-i\bi The maximum number of pending signals
+ -\b-k\bk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
-\b-l\bl The maximum size that may be locked into memory
-\b-m\bm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
this limit)
-\b-v\bv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell and, on some systems, to its children
-\b-x\bx The maximum number of file locks
+ -\b-P\bP The maximum number of pseudoterminals
-\b-T\bT The maximum number of threads
If _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is given, and the -\b-a\ba option is not used, _\bl_\bi_\bm_\bi_\bt is the
new value of the specified resource. If no option is given,
then -\b-f\bf is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except
for -\b-t\bt, which is in seconds; -\b-p\bp, which is in units of 512-byte
- blocks; and -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled values. The
- return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is sup-
- plied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+ blocks; and -\b-P\bP, -\b-T\bT, -\b-b\bb, -\b-k\bk, -\b-n\bn, and -\b-u\bu, which are unscaled val-
+ ues. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argu-
+ ment is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk [-\b-p\bp] [-\b-S\bS] [_\bm_\bo_\bd_\be]
The user file-creation mask is set to _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be. If _\bm_\bo_\bd_\be begins with
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+(The pathname e)184 228 R 1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507
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+184 264 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534
(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
--.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 264 Q F1<ad53>144 276 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
-2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0
+-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 276 Q F1<ad53>144 288 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
+<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 288 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0
(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5
-E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 288 Q F2(wor)2.5 E
-(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 300 Q F2(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14
-(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139
-(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.007
-(each resultant w)184 312 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. The)-.15
-F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)4.507 F
-(resultant list which match the w)184 324 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E
-F1<ad58>144 336 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 348 Q F0 .456
-(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F
-.455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596
-(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 360 R 1.596
-(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 372 Q F2(\214lterpat)
-3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704
-(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0
-(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704
-(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 384 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
+E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 300 Q F2(wor)2.5 E
+(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 312 Q F2(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14
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+(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 372 R 1.596
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+(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0
+(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705
+(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 396 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 400.8 R .466
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(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
-(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0
-(or)2.967 E F1<ad72>2.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362
-(plied without a)144 412.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361
-(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H
-1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 424.8 Q F0
+(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.966 E F0
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+(plied without a)144 424.8 R F2(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361
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(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E
-F1(compopt)108 4
41.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
+F1(compopt)108 4
53.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
-(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 453.6 R
+(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 465.6 R
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-.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726
-(completion if no)144 465.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726
-(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)
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-(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 477.6 Q F2(name)
-3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v)
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+(completion if no)144 477.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725
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+(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 489.6 Q F2(name)
+3.224 E F0 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v)
5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224
-F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 489.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)
-2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he)
+F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 501.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)
+2.797 G .297(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he)
-5.297 E F1<ad44>2.797 E F0 .297
(option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F
-1.227(the `)144 501.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\
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-no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 513.6 R 2.178
-(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.178 E F1<ad45>4.678 E F0 2.177
-(option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `)
-144 525.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G
+no)-3.728 F 2.177(completion has pre)144 525.6 R 2.177
+(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.177 E F1<ad45>4.677 E F0 2.178
+(option indicates that the remaining options)4.678 F(should apply to `)
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(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5
-E 1.387(The return v)144 549.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F
--.25(va)-.4 G 1.388
+E 1.388(The return v)144 561.6 R 1.388(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F
+-.25(va)-.4 G 1.387
(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F
-(options for a)144 561.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
+(options for a)144 573.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E
-(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 578.4 Q F0([)
-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 590.4 R 1.754
+(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 590.4 Q F0([)
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(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A
F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1
-(select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753
-(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 602.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0
+(select)4.254 E F0 4.254(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.614 E F0 1.754
+(is speci\214ed,)4.494 F 1.209(resume at the)144 614.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0
1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F4 10
/Symbol SF<b3>3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209
-(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514
-(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 614.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513
-(The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is)
-3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 626.4 Q F1(declar)108 643.2
+(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .513
+(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 626.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.013('l)-.74 G .513(oop\) is resumed.)-3.013 F .514
+(The return v)5.514 F .514(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.014 E F0(is)
+3.014 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 638.4 Q F1(declar)108 655.2
Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E
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-(typeset)108 655.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
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<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
-(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 667.2 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F
-1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)
+(..])-2.5 E 1.265(Declare v)144 679.2 R 1.265(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F
+1.565 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)
3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25
-G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F
--.25(va)144 679.2 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983
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-(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)5.275 E F1<ad70>2.775 E F0 .275(is supplied)
-2.775 F(without)144 703.2 Q F2(name)4.814 E F0(ar)4.814 E 2.314
-(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.313
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-(attrib)144 715.2 Q 1.181(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)
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(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(5)203.725 E 0 Cg EP
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-(to shell functions.)144 84 R(The)6.29 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad46>3.79
-E F0 1.291(option inhibits the display of function de\214nitions; only \
-the function)3.791 F .948(name and attrib)144 96 R .948
-(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948(If the)5.948 F F1(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E
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-(,t)C .948(he source)-3.448 F 1.342(\214le name and line number where t\
-he function is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 108 R(The)6.342 E F1
-<ad46>3.842 E F0(option)3.842 E(implies)144 120 Q F1<ad66>3.892 E F0
-6.392(.T)C(he)-6.392 E F1<ad67>3.892 E F0 1.391(option forces v)3.892 F
-1.391(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 132 Q F1(declar)4.382 E(e)-.18 E F0
-1.882(is e)4.382 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.882(cuted in a shell function.).15 F
-1.883(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.882 F 1.883(The follo)6.883 F
-(wing)-.25 E .794(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 144 R
-.794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 F
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-<ad61>144 168 Q F0(Each)25.3 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0
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+(option will restrict the display)3.12 F 1.291(to shell functions.)144
+96 R(The)6.291 E F1<ad46>3.791 E F0 1.291(option inhibits the display o\
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+(name and attrib)144 108 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948(If the)
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+(ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 144 Q F1(declar)4.383 E(e)-.18 E F0 1.883
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+1.882(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.883 F 1.882(The follo)6.882 F
+(wing)-.25 E .793(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 156 R
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+<ad61>144 180 Q F0(Each)180 180 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0
(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E
(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).)
-.15 E F1<ad41>144 180 Q F0(Each)23.08 E F2(name)2.5 E F0
+.15 E F1<ad41>144 192 Q F0(Each)180 192 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)
-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144
-192 Q F0(Use function names only)26.97 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad69>144 204 Q F0
-.557(The v)27.52 F .558(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558
+204 Q F0(Use function names only)180 204 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad69>144 216 Q F0
+.558(The v)180 216 R .558(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558
(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9
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-180 216 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G
+/Times-Bold@0 SF .557(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)
+180 228 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G
(erformed when the v)-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E
-F1<ad6c>144 228 Q F0 .91(When the v)27.52 F .909
+F1<ad6c>144 240 Q F0 .909(When the v)180 240 R .909
(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909
-(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)
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--.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.819 E F0(the)3.819 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37
-E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319(ute, making it a name reference to another v)
--.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E 1.519(That other v)180 264 R 1.519
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-E F0 6.518(.A)C 1.518(ll references, assignments, and)-6.518 F(attrib)
-180 276 Q .27(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)2.77 E F0 2.77(,e)C
-.27(xcept for changing the)-2.92 F F1<ad6e>2.77 E F0(attrib)2.77 E .27
-(ute itself, are performed)-.2 F .895(on the v)180 288 R .895
-(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.395 E F0 1.995 -.55('s v)D 3.395
-(alue. The).3 F .894(nameref attrib)3.395 F .894
-(ute cannot be applied to)-.2 F(array v)180 300 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F1
-<ad72>144 312 Q F0(Mak)25.86 E(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C
-(eadonly)-5.046 E 7.546(.T)-.65 G 2.546
-(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F 2.547
-(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 324 Q F1
-<ad74>144 336 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
-2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929
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+(ll references, assignments, and)-6.519 F(attrib)180 288 Q .27
+(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)2.77 E F0 2.77(,e)C .27
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+(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.394 E F0 1.995 -.55('s v)D 3.395
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+(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.547 F 2.546
+(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 336 Q F1
+<ad74>144 348 Q F0(Gi)180 348 Q .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
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(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG)
--.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0(traps from the calling shell.)
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-(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 360 Q F0 .909(When the v)24.74 F .909
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+(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 372 Q F0 .91(When the v)180 372 R .909
(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909
-(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)
--.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 372 R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E
-(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad78>144 384 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E
-F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E
-(vironment.)-.4 E .121(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 400.8 R
-2.621(ft)-.25 G .121(he attrib)-2.621 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2
-F .12(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F
-.644(to destro)144 412.8 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v)
--3.144 F .644(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo)
-3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.145
-(ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F(tion,)144 424.8 Q F1
+(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F
+(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 384 R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E
+(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad78>144 396 Q F0(Mark)180 396 Q F2(name)2.5
+E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E
+(vironment.)-.4 E .12(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 412.8 R
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+-3.145 F .645(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo)
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+(ute. When)-.2 F .644(used in a func-)3.144 F(tion,)144 436.8 Q F1
(declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F1(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835
E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F2(name)2.835 E F0 .335
(local, as with the)2.835 F F1(local)2.835 E F0 .335
-(command, unless the)2.835 F F1<ad67>2.835 E F0(option)2.835 E 1.282
-(is supplied.)144 436.8 R 1.282(If a v)6.282 F 1.283
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(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.283(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.783
-(,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.283
-(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.783 E F0(.)A .927(When using)144
-448.8 R F1<ad61>3.427 E F0(or)3.427 E F1<ad41>3.427 E F0 .926
-(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)3.427 F .926
-(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 460.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2
+(,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.282
+(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.782 E F0(.)A .926(When using)144
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+(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 472.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2
F 3.092(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.092 G .592
(ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .592(The return v)5.592 F .592
(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .429
(option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using)
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-484.8 R .062(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .063
-(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .063
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(alue to an array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .102
-(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 496.8 R F1
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(Arrays)2.602 E F0(abo)2.602 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .102(\), one of the).15 F
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(lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25
-F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .172
-(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 520.8 R 3.46(fa)
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+(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 532.8 R 3.46(fa)
-.25 G .96(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96
-(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 532.8 Q
+(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 544.8 Q
(xistent function with)-.15 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 5
49.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1
-(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 561.6 S .328
+(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 5
61.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1
+(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 573.6 S .329
(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.)
-.4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238
-(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 573.6 R 1.238
-(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 585.6 Q
+.4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238
+(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 585.6 R 1.238
+(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 597.6 Q
F0(command; the)2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0(command remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
-2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F1<ad63>144 597.6 Q F0
-(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E F1
-<ad6c>144 609.6 Q F0 .881
-(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)27.52 F .882
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+(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 609.6 Q
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+(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 621.6 R .881
(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180
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-(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)24.74 E F1<ad76>144
-645.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\
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-(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)4.064 E F0 1.565
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-(without options, starting with zero.)180 705.6 Q 1.706(The return v)144
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-(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)4.207 E F0(inde)4.207 E -.15(xe)
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-F .096(neither the)144 124.8 R F1<ad61>2.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F
-F1<ad72>2.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E
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-<ad68>2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each)
-.15 F F2(jobspec)144 136.8 Q F0 .673(is not remo)3.483 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-3.173(df).15 G .672(rom the table, b)-3.173 F .672(ut is mark)-.2 F .672
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-(is not sent to the job if the)2.922 F .962(shell recei)144 148.8 R -.15
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+(lid option is supplied or).25 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)2.758 E F0
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+(ond the end of the direc-).15 F(tory stack.)144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0
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+E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F F2<ad72>2.596 E F0 .096
+(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F1(curr)2.596 E .096(ent job)-.37 F F0
+.096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F2<ad68>2.596 E F0 .096
+(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each).15 F F1(jobspec)
+145.74 148.8 Q F0 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.085(df).15 G
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+F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .586
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(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962
-(If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1
+(If no)5.462 F F1(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F2
<ad61>3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15
-H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.359(jobs; the)144 160.8 R F1
-<ad72>3.859 E F0 1.359(option without a)3.859 F F2(jobspec)5.599 E F0
-(ar)4.169 E 1.358(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F
-1.358(The return)6.358 F -.25(va)144 172.8 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2
+H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 172.8 R F2
+<ad72>3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F1(jobspec)5.598 E F0
+(ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F
+1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 184.8 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F1
(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E
-F1(echo)108 189.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)
--.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .424(Output the)144 201.6 R F2(ar)2.924 E(g)-.37 E
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-(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .308
-(error occurs.)144 213.6 R(If)5.308 E F1<ad6e>2.808 E F0 .308
-(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.808 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25
-F .307(If the)5.308 F F1<ad65>2.807 E F0 .307(option is gi)2.807 F -.15
-(ve)-.25 G .307(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.348(pretation of the follo)144
-225.6 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)
-6.348 E F1<ad45>3.849 E F0 1.349(option disables the)3.849 F 1.055
-(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 237.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
-3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.554
-(ya)-.15 G 1.054(re interpreted by def)-3.554 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144
-249.6 Q F1(xpg_echo)3.458 E F0 .959
-(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.458
-F F1(echo)3.459 E F0 -.15(ex)3.459 G(pands).15 E .716
-(these escape characters by def)144 261.6 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.716 E
-F0 .716(does not interpret)3.216 F F1<adad>3.216 E F0 .715
-(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.715 E F0
-(interprets the follo)144 273.6 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a)
-144 285.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 297.6 Q F0(backspace)
-27.66 E F1(\\c)144 309.6 Q F0(suppress further output)28.78 E F1(\\e)144
-321.6 Q(\\E)144 333.6 Q F0(an escape character)26.55 E F1(\\f)144 345.6
-Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 357.6 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G
-(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 369.6 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144
-381.6 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 393.6 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G
-(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 405.6 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\0)144
-417.6 Q F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E
-(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0
-(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 429.6 Q F2(HH)A F0
-(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he)-.25 E
-(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)
--.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 441.6 Q F2(HHHH)A F0
-1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 453.6 R 1.507
-(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH)
-4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 465.6 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1
-(\\U)144 477.6 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548
-(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 489.6 R .547
-(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-)
-3.047 E(HHH)180 501.6 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G
-(igits\))-2.5 E F1(enable)108 518.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C
-F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5
-(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277(Enable and disable b)144 530.4 R
+(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307
+(error occurs.)144 225.6 R(If)5.307 E F2<ad6e>2.807 E F0 .307
+(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25
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-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad64>144 343.2 Q F0(The \214rst character of)
-24.74 E F1(delim)2.5 E F0
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-(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F1 -.18(re)
-2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.872 E F0(abo)2.622 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G(sed)-2.872 E .218
+F1<ad65>144 264 Q F0 .372
+(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 264 R F1 -.18(re)
+2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E
+-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218
(to obtain the line.)180 276 R .218(Readline uses the current \(or def)
5.218 F .218(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F
(viously)-.25 E(acti)180 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G
(diting settings.)-2.5 E F1<ad69>144 300 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)
-10.78 E F1 -.18(re)2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
-(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216
-(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-)
+180 300 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
+(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216
+(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-)
-.25 F(ing be)180 312 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 324 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)
--.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 336 S(ad).18 E F0 1.394
-(returns after reading)3.894 F F2(nc)3.894 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395
-(characters rather than w)3.894 F 1.395(aiting for a complete line of)
--.1 F(input, b)180 348 Q(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25
+-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 336 S(ad).18 E F0 1.395
+(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395
+(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394(aiting for a complete line of)
+-.1 F(input, b)180 348 Q(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25
E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0
(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad4e>144 360
Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 372 S(ad).18 E F0 1.269
-(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E
-(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.269
-(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274
+(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E
+(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27
+(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275
(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 384 R F1 -.18(re)2.775
-G(ad).18 E F0 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275(Delimiter characters encoun-)
-5.275 F 1.003
+G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274(Delimiter characters encoun-)
+5.274 F 1.002
(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 396 R
-F1 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F0 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F2(nc)3.502
+F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc)3.503
E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 408 Q F1<ad70>144 420 Q
-F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 432 Q F2(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0
-1.161(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161
+F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 432 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E
+F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161
(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)
-.25 F(an)180 444 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F
(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
-<ad72>144 456 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
-25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of)
+<ad72>144 456 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
+180 456 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of)
-5.543 F(the line.)180 468 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)
--.25 E F1<ad73>144 480 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E
+-.25 E F1<ad73>144 480 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 480 Q
(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
-<ad74>144 492 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 504 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928 G
-(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428
-(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .561
+<ad74>144 492 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 504 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929 G
+(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428
+(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56
(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 516 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0
-(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number)
+(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number)
3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 528 Q
(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E
.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\
g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180
-540 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 552 R .589
-(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589
-(times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)
--.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59
+540 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 552 R .59
+(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589
+(times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2
+G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589
(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 564 S(riable)
.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27
(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77
.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180
588 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)
.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1<ad75>144 600 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0
-(Read input from \214le descriptor)14.46 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .192
-(If no)144 616.8 R F2(names)3.052 E F0 .192
-(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.962 F(ariable)-.25 E
-F3(REPL)2.691 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .191
-(The return code is zero,)4.691 F 1.343
-(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 628.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.843 G(ad)
+(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 600 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .191
+(If no)144 616.8 R F2(names)3.051 E F0 .191
+(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.961 F(ariable)-.25 E
+F3(REPL)2.692 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .192
+(The return code is zero,)4.692 F 1.344
+(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 628.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.844 G(ad)
.18 E F0 1.343
-(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.843 F .872
+(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.844 F .871
(128\), a v)144 640.8 R .871
(ariable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v)-.25 F
-.871(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E
+.872(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E
(\214le descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 652.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1
<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 669.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1
(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A
F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 681.6 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77
(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0
-.77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097(quent assignment.)144
-693.6 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F1<ad66>3.597 E F0 1.097
-(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2
-(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 705.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
+.77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144
+693.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097
+(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2
+(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 705.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
-.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the)
-3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-)
--.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 717.6 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277
-(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.27
7 F F1<ad41>3.277 E
-F0(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F2(name)
-3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 729.6 R -.15(ve)
+-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 717.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276
+(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.27
6 F F1<ad41>3.277 E
+F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name)
+3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 729.6 R -.15(ve)
-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521
(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F
-.522(The other)5.521 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(13)
+.521(The other)5.521 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(13)
198.725 E 0 Cg EP
%%Page: 14 14
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48
-(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .295(option\
-s may be used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly\
- names.)144 84 R(The)5.295 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>2.795 E F0
-(option)2.795 E .786
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
+(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .295(options may be used to restrict the o\
+utput to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 84 R(The)5.296 E/F1
+10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786
(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)
-144 96 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 108
-Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218
+144 96 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 108
+Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218
(,t)C .718(he v)-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718
(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718
(he return status is 0 unless an in)-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26
(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F
F1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 132 Q F0
(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 148.8 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
-E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 160.8 R
--.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
-(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02
-(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(is omitted,)2.76 F .596
+E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 160.8 R
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
+(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F
+5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597
(the return status is that of the last command e)144 172.8 R -.15(xe)
--.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E
-F1 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G(cuted).15 E 1.239(by a trap handler)144 184.8 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238
+-.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E
+F1 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15
+G(cuted).15 E 1.238(by a trap handler)144 184.8 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238
(he last command used to determine the status is the last command e)
--3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.066(before the trap handler)144
+-3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.067(before the trap handler)144
196.8 R 6.067(.i)-.55 G(f)-6.067 E F1 -.18(re)3.567 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E
F0 1.067(is e)3.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.067(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB)
-3.567 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.067(trap, the last command used to)3.567 F .39
+3.567 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.067(trap, the last command used to)3.567 F .389
(determine the status is the last command e)144 208.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
-.389(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.889 G(tur).18 E
-(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.889 G 2.889(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.889 H -.1(ke)
-.4 G(d.).1 E(If)144 220.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.583 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0
-.084(is used outside a function, b)2.583 F .084(ut during e)-.2 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E F0(\()5.084
-E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.584(\)c)C .084(ommand, it)-2.584 F .589
-(causes the shell to stop e)144 232.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589
-(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .588
-(or the e)3.328 F .588(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .325(mand e)
-144 244.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F
-.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .326
-(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .326(alue is)-.25 F .445
+.389(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.89 G(tur).18 E
+(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.89 G 2.89(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.89 H -.1(ke).4
+G(d.).1 E(If)144 220.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.584 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .084
+(is used outside a function, b)2.584 F .084(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe)
+-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E F0(\()5.084 E
+F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.583(\)c)C .083(ommand, it)-2.583 F .588
+(causes the shell to stop e)144 232.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588
+(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .589
+(or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .326(mand e)
+144 244.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326(cuted within the script as the e).15 F
+.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325
+(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .325(alue is)-.25 F .444
(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 256.8 R .444
-(The return status is non-zero if)5.445 F F1 -.18(re)2.944 G(tur).18 E
-(n)-.15 E F0 .444(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.944 F(gu-)-.18 E .381
+(The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F1 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E
+(n)-.15 E F0 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381
(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 268.8 R -.15
(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E
-F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.381(.A)C .681 -.15(ny c)-5.381 H(om-).15
-E .75(mand associated with the)144 280.8 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749
+F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E
+.749(mand associated with the)144 280.8 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749
(trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15
-G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 292.8 Q F1
+G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 292.8 Q F1
(set)108 309.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C
F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E
F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 321.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0
2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E
-(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 333.6 S .835
+(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 333.6 S .836
(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F
-.836(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
+.835(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784
(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 345.6
-R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .783
-(riables cannot be).25 F 2.911(reset. In)144 357.6 R F2(posix)2.911 E F0
+R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784
+(riables cannot be).25 F 2.912(reset. In)144 357.6 R F2(posix)2.912 E F0
.412(mode, only shell v)2.912 F .412(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .412
-(The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.531
-(locale. When)144 369.6 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.531 F
-3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.53(utes. An)
--.2 F 3.53(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.53 G 1.03(uments remaining).18 F 1.623
-(after option processing are treated as v)144 381.6 R 1.624
+(The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.53
+(locale. When)144 369.6 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F
+3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An)
+-.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F
+1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 381.6 R 1.623
(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order)
144 393.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A
F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3
-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 405.6 Q
-F0 .54(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539
-(ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F
-.539(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 417.6 Q
-(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 429.6 Q F0 .131
-(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F
-2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E
+F0 1.377(Each v)184 405.6 R 1.377
+(ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)
+-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib)-.15 F
+1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 417.6 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15
+E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 429.6 Q F0 .132
+(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 429.6 R
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-F3 -.27(BA)184 120 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G
-(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.775 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.025 E F0 -.25(va)2.775 G
-.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.024(ya)-.15 G .524(ppear in the en)-3.024 F
-(vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 132 R .379
-(If the shell is started with the ef)5.379 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15
-(ve u)-.25 H .38(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .462
+/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>144 96 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 96 S 1.071(rn on).45 F/F2
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+(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 132 R .38
+(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u)
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(user \(group\) id, and the)184 144 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461
-(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .461
-(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 156 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394
+(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462
+(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 156 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395
(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70>
-2.895 E F0 .395(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25
-E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 168 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G
-.387(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .386(auses the ef)-2.886
-F(fecti)-.25 E .686 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .386(ser and group ids to be).15 F
+2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25
+E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 168 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G
+.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886
+F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F
(set to the real user and group ids.)184 180 Q F1<ad74>144 192 Q F0
-(Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.).15
-E F1<ad75>144 204 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .043(eat unset v).35 F .044(aria\
-bles and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" as an)
--.25 F .183(error when performing parameter e)184 216 R 2.683
-(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.683 G .182
+(Exit after reading and e)184 192 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.)
+.15 E F1<ad75>144 204 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 204 S .044(eat unset v).35 F .044
+(ariables and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" \
+as an)-.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 216 R 2.682
+(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.682 G .183
(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746
(able or parameter)184 228 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746
(he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184
-240 Q F1<ad76>144 252 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya)
--.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 264 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315
-(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)
-2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E
-F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 276 R F1
--.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236
-(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0(follo)
-3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 288 Q
+240 Q F1<ad76>144 252 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 252 Q 2.5
+(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 264 Q F0 .315(After e)184 264 R
+.315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25
+(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)
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+276 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F
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+(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 288 Q
(xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1
-<ad42>144 300 Q F0 2.579(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578
+<ad42>144 300 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)184 300 R 2.578
(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G 5.078(\). This).15 F 2.578(is on by)5.078 F(def)184 312 Q
-(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 324 Q F0 .213(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.713 E
-F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214
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+(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 324 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 324 R F1(bash)2.714 E
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(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0
-2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F
-3.054(tors. This)184 336 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
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(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-)
.15 F(tor)184 348 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-<ad45>144 360 Q F0 .103(If set, an)27.63 F 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103(rap on)
--2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104
-(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603
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-F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838
-(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 384 Q F1
-<ad48>144 396 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531
-(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531
-F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 408 Q -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 420 Q F0 .96
-(If set, the shell does not resolv)28.19 F 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
-(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959
-(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.459 E F0 2.821
+<ad45>144 360 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 360 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104
+(rap on)-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103
+(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604
+F .838(mands e)184 372 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15
+F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839
+(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 384 Q F1
+<ad48>144 396 Q F0(Enable)184 396 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532
+(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532
+F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 408 Q -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 420 Q F0 .959
+(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 420 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959
+(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96
+(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 2.822
(that change the current w)184 432 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822
-(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.822
-(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.686(instead. By)184 444 R(def)2.686
+(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821
+(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 444 R(def)2.685
E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
(mands which change the current directory)184 456 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
-468 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
+468 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 468 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
(substitutions, and commands e)184 480 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 492 Q F0
(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 504 Q
-F0 .4(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
-(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
-(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 516 Q
-F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G
+F0 .401(If no ar)184 504 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G
+.401(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
+(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 516 Q F2
+(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G
(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144
-528 Q F0 1.945(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2
-(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.444(ea)-4.444 G
-1.944(ssigned to the positional)-4.444 F 3.445(parameters. The)184 540 R
-F1<ad78>3.445 E F0(and)3.445 E F1<ad76>3.445 E F0 .945
-(options are turned of)3.445 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .946(there are no)
-3.445 F F2(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B
+528 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 528 R
+F2(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G
+1.945(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 540 R
+F1<ad78>3.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F1<ad76>3.446 E F0 .945
+(options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no)
+3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B
(parameters remain unchanged.)184 552 Q .425(The options are of)144
568.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
-(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
-(to be turned of)144 580.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
+(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178
+(to be turned of)144 580.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
--.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066
+-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066
(current set of options may be found in)144 592.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066
-(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F
+(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F
(is encountered.)144 604.8 Q F1(shift)108 621.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
-(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 633.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0
-.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G
-.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 645.6 Q F1($#)2.583
-E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .083
-(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga)
--.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to)
-.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06
+(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 633.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0
+.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G
+.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 645.6 Q F1($#)2.582
+E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082
+(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)
+-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to)
+.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06
(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 657.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
-(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 669.6 R
-.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0
-.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0
+(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 669.6 R
+.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0
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(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 681.6 Q F1(shopt)108 698.4 Q F0([)
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--2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 710.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639
+-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 710.4 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639
(alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E
-5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F 1.677
-(listed belo)144 722.4 R 2.977 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 2.476 -.4(r, i).65 H
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+(listed belo)144 722.4 R 2.976 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 2.476 -.4(r, i).65 H
4.176(ft).4 G(he)-4.176 E F1<ad6f>4.176 E F0 1.676
(option is used, those a)4.176 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.676(ilable with the).25
-F F1<ad6f>4.176 E F0 1.676(option to the)4.176 F F1(set)4.176 E F0 -.2
-(bu)4.176 G(iltin).2 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(16)
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198.725 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48
-(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E 3.063
-(command. W)144 84 R .563(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F/F1 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>3.063 E F0 .564
-(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with)3.063 F .267
-(an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 96 R(The)5.267 E F1
-<ad70>2.767 E F0 .267(option causes output to be displayed in a form)
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
+(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E 3.064(command. W)144 84 R .564
+(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>3.064 E F0
+.563(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with)3.064 F
+.267(an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 96 R(The)5.267 E
+
F1<ad70>2.767 E F0 .267(option causes output to be displayed in a form)
2.767 F(that may be reused as input.)144 108 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3
-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 120 Q
-F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)2.5 E F0
-(.)A F1<ad75>144 132 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2(optname)2.5
-E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 144 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mod\
-e\); the return status indicates whether the)24.74 F F2(optname)2.504 E
-F0(is)2.504 E .256(set or unset.)180 156 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2
-(optname)2.756 E F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255
-(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 168 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0
-(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 180 Q F0
-(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
+F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)2.5 E
+F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 132 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)180 132 Q F2(optname)
+2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 144 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet\
+ mode\); the return status indicates whether the)180 144 R F2(optname)
+2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E .255(set or unset.)180 156 R .255(If multiple)
+5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 E F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15
+(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C
+.256(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 168 Q F2(optnames)2.5
+
E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 180 Q F0
+(Restricts the v)180 180 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0
(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5
-E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 196.8 R F1
-<ad73>3.12
4 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no)
+E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 196.8 R F1
+<ad73>3.12
5 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no)
3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124
-E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.234
+E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.233
(set or unset, respecti)144 208.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U)
-.65 G 2.234(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0
2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 220.8 Q(ault.)
-.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144
-237.6 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
-4.045 F .696
+237.6 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
+4.044 F .696
(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an)
-144 249.6 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695
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(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 261.6 Q(The list of)144 278.4 Q F1(shopt)
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59.6 R F1<ad70>3.36
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35.6 R F3<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \
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71.6 R F1<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \
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-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.648(xit from the shell.)-.15 F
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-(UG)-.09 E F2(,)A F0 1.167(the command)3.417 F F4(ar)3.997 E(g)-.37 E F0
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1.167(is e)3.887 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)
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+(command,)3.668 E F4(case)3.668 E F0(com-)3.668 E(mand,)144 537.6 Q F4
(select)2.647 E F0 .147(command, e)2.647 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .147
(ry arithmetic).15 F F4(for)2.647 E F0 .146
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-.146(option to)2.646 F(the)144 525.6 Q F3(shopt)3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)3.201
-G .7(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F3(DEB)3.2 E
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3(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F3<ad65>A F0 2.5
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1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F1<ad65>A F0 2.5
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F F4 -.666(PA)3.231 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .731
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+(If the)5.231 F F1<ad61>144 192 Q F0 1.749(option is used,)4.249 F F1
(type)4.248 E F0 1.748(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248
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168 R F2<ad70>
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204 R F1<ad70>
3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F .744
(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using)
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180 R F2<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F2<ad66>3.723 E F0
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216 R F1<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F1<ad66>3.723 E F0
1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .325(with the)
-144 192 R F2(command)2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G(iltin.).2 E F2(type)5.325
+144 228 R F1(command)2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5.325
E F0 .325(returns true if all of the ar)2.825 F .326
(guments are found, f)-.18 F .326(alse if an)-.1 F 2.826(ya)-.15 G .326
-(re not)-2.826 F(found.)144 204 Q F2(ulimit)108 220.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2
-(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F1(limit)A F0(]])A
-(Pro)144 232.8 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744(rt).15
-G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
+(re not)-2.826 F(found.)144 240 Q F1(ulimit)108 256.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
+(\255HSabcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPT)A F0([)2.5 E F2(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144
+268.8 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244
+(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
-.943(that allo)144 244.8 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F
-(The)5.943 E F
2<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F2<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944
+.943(that allo)144 280.8 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F
+(The)5.943 E F
1<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
-144 256.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208
+144 292.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208
(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
-ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 268.8 R .425
-(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F
2<ad48>2.926 E
-F0(nor)2.926 E F
2<ad53>2.926 E F0 .426
+ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 304.8 R .425
+(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F
1<ad48>2.926 E
+F0(nor)2.926 E F
1<ad53>2.926 E F0 .426
(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
-280.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
+316.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F
-.741(of the special v)144 292.8 R(alues)-.25 E F2(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F2
-(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F2(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
+.741(of the special v)144 328.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1
+(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78
-(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 304.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
-5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F1(limit)3.37 E F0 .78
+(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 340.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
+5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78
(is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25
-F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 3
16.8 R F2<ad48>2.999 E F0
+F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 3
52.8 R F1<ad48>2.999 E F0
.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F
-(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 328.8 Q 2.5
-(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2
-<ad61>144 340.8 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F2<ad62>144
-352.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E
-F2<ad63>144 364.8 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E
-F2<ad64>144 376.8 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd)
--.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F2<ad65>144 388.8 Q F0
-(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F2<ad66>144 400.8 Q
-F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)
-26.97 E F2<ad69>144 412.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)
-27.52 E F2<ad6c>144 424.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E
-(ed into memory)-.1 E F2<ad6d>144 436.8 Q F0
-(The maximum resident set size \(man)21.97 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G
-(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F2<ad6e>144 448.8 Q F0 .791(Th\
+(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 364.8 Q 2.5
+(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1
+<ad61>144 376.8 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 376.8 Q F1
+<ad62>144 388.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 388.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E
+(fer size)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 400.8 Q F0
+(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 400.8 Q F1<ad64>144 412.8
+Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 412.8 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)
+-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 424.8 Q F0
+(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 424.8 Q F1<ad66>144
+436.8 Q F0
+(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180
+436.8 Q F1<ad69>144 448.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180
+448.8 Q F1<ad6b>144 460.8 Q F0
+(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 460.8 Q F1
+<ad6c>144 472.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 472.8 Q
+(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 484.8 Q F0
+(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 484.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
+(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 496.8 Q F0 .791(Th\
e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
-24.74 F 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F(be set\))180
-460.8 Q F2<ad70>144 472.8 Q F0
-(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F2
-<ad71>144 484.8 Q F0
-(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E F2<ad72>144
-496.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F2<ad73>144
-508.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F2<ad74>144 520.8 Q F0
-(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F2<ad75>144 532.8 Q
-F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G
-(ilable to a single user).25 E F2<ad76>144 544.8 Q F0 .47
-(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 F -.25(va)-.2 G .47
+180 496.8 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F
+(be set\))180 508.8 Q F1<ad70>144 520.8 Q F0
+(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 520.8 Q F1
+<ad71>144 532.8 Q F0
+(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 532.8 Q F1
+<ad72>144 544.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 544.8
+Q F1<ad73>144 556.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 556.8 Q F1<ad74>144
+568.8 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 568.8 Q F1
+<ad75>144 580.8 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 580.8 Q -.25
+(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 592.8 Q F0 .47
+(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 592.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47
(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180
-556.8 Q F2<ad78>144 568.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E
-F2<ad54>144 580.8 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144
-597.6 Q F1(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .468
-(n, and the).15 F F2<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 F F1
-(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468
+604.8 Q F1<ad78>144 616.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180
+616.8 Q F1<ad50>144 628.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180
+628.8 Q F1<ad54>144 640.8 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 640.8 Q
+(If)144 657.6 Q F2(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+.468(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968
+F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468
(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044
-(no option is gi)144 6
09.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F2<ad66>
+(no option is gi)144 6
69.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>
2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045
-(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F2
-<ad74>2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F .403(in seconds;)144
-621.6 R F2<ad70>2.903 E F0 2.903(,w)C .402
-(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks; and)-2.903 F F2<ad54>2.902 E F0(,)
-A F2<ad62>2.902 E F0(,)A F2<ad6e>2.902 E F0 2.902(,a)C(nd)-2.902 E F2
-<ad75>2.902 E F0 2.902(,w)C .402(hich are unscaled)-2.902 F -.25(va)144
-633.6 S 3.082(lues. The).25 F .583(return status is 0 unless an in)3.083
-F -.25(va)-.4 G .583(lid option or ar).25 F .583
-(gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144
-645.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F2(umask)108 662.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2
-<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2
-(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 674.4 R F1(mode)2.7 E F0
-5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F1(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2
+(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1
+<ad74>2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F .614(in seconds;)144
+681.6 R F1<ad70>3.114 E F0 3.114(,w)C .614
+(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks; and)-3.114 F F1<ad50>3.114 E F0(,)
+A F1<ad54>3.114 E F0(,)A F1<ad62>3.114 E F0(,)A F1<ad6b>3.113 E F0(,)A
+F1<ad6e>3.113 E F0 3.113(,a)C(nd)-3.113 E F1<ad75>3.113 E F0 3.113(,w)C
+.613(hich are)-3.113 F .06(unscaled v)144 693.6 R 2.56(alues. The)-.25 F
+.06(return status is 0 unless an in)2.56 F -.25(va)-.4 G .06
+(lid option or ar).25 F .06(gument is supplied, or an error)-.18 F
+(occurs while setting a ne)144 705.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E
+(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(22)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 23 23
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61
+(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35
+E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(umask)108 84 Q F0([)
+2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2
+(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 96 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 5.2
+(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
-pted by)144 686.4 R F1 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
-698.4 Q F1(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382
-(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F
2<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
+pted by)144 108 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
+120 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382
+(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F
1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
-(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 710.4 R .547
+(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 132 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
-(he)-3.047 E F2<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F1
-(mode)144.38 722.4 Q F0 .552
+(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
+(mode)144.38 144 Q F0 .552
(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232
-F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q
-(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(22)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
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-%%BeginPageSetup
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-%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48
-(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(mode w)144
-84 Q(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
-(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E
-(alse otherwise.)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(unalias)108 100.8 Q F0
-<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E(Remo)144
-112.8 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F1(name)4.155 E F0 1.655
-(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E F2<ad61>4.155 E
-F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 F(remo)144 124.8
-Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
-(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F1(name)2.86 E F0
-(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F2(unset)108 141.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2
-(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])
-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 153.6 S 3.828(re).15 G(ach)-3.828 E F1(name)3.828 E F0
+F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 156 Q
+(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
+(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1
+(unalias)108 172.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0
+(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 184.8 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name)
+4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E
+F1<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155
+F(remo)144 196.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
+(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0
+(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 213.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1
+(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])
+2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 225.6 S 3.828(re).15 G(ach)-3.828 E F2(name)3.828 E F0
3.828(,r).18 G(emo)-3.828 E 1.628 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.328
(he corresponding v).15 F 1.327(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327
-(If the)6.327 F F
2<ad76>3.827 E F0 1.327(option is gi)3.827 F -.15(ve)
--.25 G 1.327(n, each).15 F F1(name)144.36 165.6 Q F0 1.55
+(If the)6.327 F F
1<ad76>3.827 E F0 1.327(option is gi)3.827 F -.15(ve)
+-.25 G 1.327(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 237.6 Q F0 1.55
(refers to a shell v)4.23 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551
(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.051(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)
-4.051 G 1.551(riables may not be).25 F 4.642(unset. If)144 177.6 R F2
-<ad66>4.642 E F0 2.142(is speci\214ed, each)4.642 F F1(name)5.001 E F0
+4.051 G 1.551(riables may not be).25 F 4.642(unset. If)144 249.6 R F1
+<ad66>4.642 E F0 2.142(is speci\214ed, each)4.642 F F2(name)5.001 E F0
2.141(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821
-F(remo)144
189.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.537(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F2<ad6e>
-2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F1(name)2.537 E F0 .037
-(is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F1(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E
-F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F1(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.538 E .492
-(be unset rather than the v)144 201.6 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25
-F F2<ad6e>5.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F2
+F(remo)144
261.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.537(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1<ad6e>
+2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F2(name)2.537 E F0 .037
+(is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E
+F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.538 E .492
+(be unset rather than the v)144 273.6 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25
+F F1<ad6e>5.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F1
<ad66>2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .492(If no)5.492 F .22
-(options are supplied, each)144 213.6 R F1(name)2.72 E F0 .22
+(options are supplied, each)144 285.6 R F2(name)2.72 E F0 .22
(refers to a v)2.72 F .221(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .221
(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.721(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.721 E 1.189
-(tion with that name is unset.)144 225.6 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F
+(tion with that name is unset.)144 297.6 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F
1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.688(df).15 G
1.188(rom the en)-3.688 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.205
-(passed to subsequent commands.)144 237.6 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706
+(passed to subsequent commands.)144 309.6 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706
(yo)-.15 G(f)-5.706 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)5.706 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09
E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.456 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.456 E
-F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 249.6 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.348 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)
+F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 321.6 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.348 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)
4.348 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.348 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E
F3(DIRST)4.598 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 2.098(are unset, the)4.348
F 4.597(yl)-.15 G 2.097(ose their special)-4.597 F(properties, e)144
-261.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15
+333.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15
G(re subsequently reset.)-2.5 E(The e)5 E(xit status is true unless a)
--.15 E F1(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F2(wait)108 278.4 Q
-F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C F1 2.5(n.)-2.5 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8
-(Wa)144 290.4 S .026(it for each speci\214ed child process and return i\
-ts termination status.).8 F(Each)5.027 E F1(n)2.887 E F0 .027
+-.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 350.4 Q
+F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C F2 2.5(n.)-2.5 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8
+(Wa)144 362.4 S .026(it for each speci\214ed child process and return i\
+ts termination status.).8 F(Each)5.027 E F2(n)2.887 E F0 .027
(may be a process ID)2.767 F .256
-(or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 302.4 R -.15(ve)-.25
+(or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 374.4 R -.15(ve)-.25
G .256(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G .256
(ipeline are w)-2.756 F .256(aited for)-.1 F 5.256(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.256 E
-F1(n)3.116 E F0 .317(is not gi)144 314.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .317
+F2(n)3.116 E F0 .317(is not gi)144 386.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .317
(n, all currently acti).15 F .618 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .318
(hild processes are w).15 F .318(aited for)-.1 F 2.818(,a)-.4 G .318
-(nd the return status is zero.)-2.818 F .318(If the)5.318 F F
2<ad6e>144
-326.4 Q F0 .362(option is supplied,)2.862 F F2(wait)2.862 E F0 -.1(wa)
+(nd the return status is zero.)-2.818 F .318(If the)5.318 F F
1<ad6e>144
+398.4 Q F0 .362(option is supplied,)2.862 F F1(wait)2.862 E F0 -.1(wa)
2.862 G .362(its for an).1 F 2.862(yj)-.15 G .362
(ob to terminate and returns its e)-2.862 F .361(xit status.)-.15 F(If)
-5.361 E F1(n)3.221 E F0(speci\214es)3.101 E 2.595(an)144 338.4 S(on-e)
+5.361 E F2(n)3.221 E F0(speci\214es)3.101 E 2.595(an)144 410.4 S(on-e)
-2.595 E .095(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F
.096(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.095 F .096(xit status)-.15
-F(of the last process or job w)144 350.4 Q(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5
-10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 367.2 Q F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108
-379.2 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(23)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
+F(of the last process or job w)144 422.4 Q(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5
+10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 439.2 Q F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108
+451.2 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(23)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
%%Trailer
end
%%EOF
-RBASH(1) RBASH(1)
+RBASH(1) General Commands Manual RBASH(1)
+\bo specifying command names containing /\b/
- +\bo specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
+ +\bo specifying a filename containing a /\b/ as an argument to the .\b.
builtin command
- +\bo specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +\bo specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
-\b-p\bp option to the h\bha\bas\bsh\bh builtin command
- +\bo importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+ +\bo importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup
- +\bo parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
+ +\bo parsing the value of S\bSH\bHE\bEL\bLL\bLO\bOP\bPT\bTS\bS from the shell environment at
startup
+\bo redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect-
+\bo using the e\bex\bxe\bec\bc builtin command to replace the shell with another
command
- +\bo adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
+ +\bo adding or deleting builtin commands with the -\b-f\bf and -\b-d\bd options
to the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command
- +\bo using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ +\bo using the e\ben\bna\bab\bbl\ble\be builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins
+\bo specifying the -\b-p\bp option to the c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd builtin command
These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
- When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed, r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh
- turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script.
+ When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed, r\brb\bba\bas\bsh\bh
+ turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script.
S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
bash(1)
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(RB)72 48 Q 376.2(ASH\(1\) RB)-.35 F(ASH\(1\))
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/* Fork a subshell, turn off the subshell bit, turn off job
control and call execute_command () on the command again. */
- line_number_for_err_trap = line_number;
+ line_number_for_err_trap = line_number; /* XXX - save value? */
tcmd = make_command_string (command);
paren_pid = make_child (savestring (tcmd), asynchronous);
invert = (command->flags & CMD_INVERT_RETURN) != 0;
ignore_return = (command->flags & CMD_IGNORE_RETURN) != 0;
- line_number_for_err_trap = line_number;
+ line_number_for_err_trap = line_number; /* XXX - save value? */
exec_result = execute_pipeline (command, asynchronous, pipe_in, pipe_out, fds_to_close);
if (asynchronous)
add_unwind_protect (maybe_restore_getopt_state, gs);
add_unwind_protect (pop_context, (char *)NULL);
unwind_protect_int (line_number);
+ unwind_protect_int (line_number_for_err_trap);
unwind_protect_int (return_catch_flag);
unwind_protect_jmp_buf (return_catch);
add_unwind_protect (dispose_command, (char *)tc);
/* histfile.c - functions to manipulate the history file. */
-/* Copyright (C) 1989-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1989-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file contains the GNU History Library (History), a set of
routines for managing the text of previously typed lines.
#include <stdio.h>
+#if defined (HAVE_LIMITS_H)
+# include <limits.h>
+#endif
+
#include <sys/types.h>
#if ! defined (_MINIX) && defined (HAVE_SYS_FILE_H)
# include <sys/file.h>
#include "rlshell.h"
#include "xmalloc.h"
+#if !defined (PATH_MAX)
+# define PATH_MAX 1024 /* default */
+#endif
+
/* If non-zero, we write timestamps to the history file in history_do_write() */
int history_write_timestamps = 0;
history_lines_written_to_file = orig_lines - lines;
if (rv != 0 && filename && bakname)
- histfile_restore (bakname, filename);
+ {
+ histfile_restore (bakname, filename);
+ history_lines_written_to_file = 0;
+ }
else if (rv == 0 && bakname)
unlink (bakname);
rv = errno;
if (rv != 0 && output && bakname)
- histfile_restore (bakname, output);
+ {
+ histfile_restore (bakname, output);
+ history_lines_written_to_file = 0;
+ }
else if (rv == 0 && bakname)
unlink (bakname);
projects / thirdparty / bash.git / commitdiff
