* Pragma Pack for Arrays::
* Pragma Pack for Records::
* Record Representation Clauses::
+* Handling of Records with Holes::
* Enumeration Clauses::
* Address Clauses::
* Effect of Convention on Representation::
type, in particular, always starting on a byte boundary, and the length
must be a multiple of the storage unit.
+@node Handling of Records with Holes
+@section Handling of Records with Holes
+@cindex Handling of Records with Holes
+
+As a result of alignment considerations, records may contain "holes"
+or gaps
+which do not correspond to the data bits of any of the components.
+Record representation clauses can also result in holes in records.
+
+GNAT does not attempt to clear these holes, so in record objects,
+they should be considered to hold undefined rubbish. The generated
+equality routine just tests components so does not access these
+undefined bits, and assignment and copy operations may or may not
+preserve the contents of these holes (for assignments, the holes
+in the target will in practice contain either the bits that are
+present in the holes in the source, or the bits that were present
+in the target before the assignment).
+
+If it is necessary to ensure that holes in records have all zero
+bits, then record objects for which this initialization is desired
+should be explicitly set to all zero values using Unchecked_Conversion
+or address overlays. For example
+
+@smallexample @c ada
+type HRec is record
+ C : Character;
+ I : Integer;
+end record;
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+On typical machines, integers need to be aligned on a four-byte
+boundary, resulting in three bytes of undefined rubbish following
+the 8-bit field for C. To ensure that the hole in a variable of
+type HRec is set to all zero bits,
+you could for example do:
+
+@smallexample @c ada
+type Base is record
+ Dummy1, Dummy2 : Integer := 0;
+end record;
+
+BaseVar : Base;
+RealVar : Hrec;
+for RealVar'Address use BaseVar'Address;
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+Now the 8-bytes of the value of RealVar start out containing all zero
+bits. A safer approach is to just define dummy fields, avoiding the
+holes, as in:
+
+@smallexample @c ada
+type HRec is record
+ C : Character;
+ Dummy1 : Short_Short_Integer := 0;
+ Dummy2 : Short_Short_Integer := 0;
+ Dummy3 : Short_Short_Integer := 0;
+ I : Integer;
+end record;
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+And to make absolutely sure that the intent of this is followed, you
+can use representation clauses:
+
+@smallexample @c ada
+for Hrec use record
+ C at 0 range 0 .. 7;
+ Dummy1 at 1 range 0 .. 7;
+ Dummy2 at 2 range 0 .. 7;
+ Dummy3 at 3 range 0 .. 7;
+ I at 4 range 0 .. 31;
+end record;
+for Hrec'Size use 64;
+@end smallexample
+
@node Enumeration Clauses
@section Enumeration Clauses
For completeness, references are included to other predefined library
routines defined in other sections of the Ada Reference Manual (these are
-cross-indexed from Annex A).
+cross-indexed from Annex A). For further details see the relevant
+package declarations in the run-time library. In particular, a few units
+are not implemented, as marked by the presence of pragma Unimplemented_Unit,
+and in this case the package declaration contains comments explaining why
+the unit is not implemented.
@table @code
@item Ada (A.2)
usually included implicitly in your program, and itself contains no
useful data or routines.
+@item Ada.Assertions (11.4.2)
+@code{Assertions} provides the @code{Assert} subprograms, and also
+the declaration of the @code{Assertion_Error} exception.
+
+@item Ada.Asynchronous_Task_Control (D.11)
+@code{Asynchronous_Task_Control} provides low level facilities for task
+synchronization. It is typically not implemented. See package spec for details.
+
@item Ada.Calendar (9.6)
@code{Calendar} provides time of day access, and routines for
manipulating times and durations.
+@item Ada.Calendar.Arithmetic (9.6.1)
+This package provides additional arithmetic
+operations for @code{Calendar}.
+
+@item Ada.Calendar.Formatting (9.6.1)
+This package provides formatting operations for @code{Calendar}.
+
+@item Ada.Calendar.Time_Zones (9.6.1)
+This package provides additional @code{Calendar} facilities
+for handling time zones.
+
@item Ada.Characters (A.3.1)
This is a dummy parent package that contains no useful entities
+@item Ada.Characters.Conversions (A.3.2)
+This package provides character conversion functions.
+
@item Ada.Characters.Handling (A.3.2)
This package provides some basic character handling capabilities,
including classification functions for classes of characters (e.g.@: test
in C), and also allows the exit status for the program to be set in a
system-independent manner.
+@item Ada.Complex_Text_IO (G.1.3)
+This package provides text input and output of complex numbers.
+
+@item Ada.Containers (A.18.1)
+A top level package providing a few basic definitions used by all the
+following specific child packages that provide specific kinds of
+containers.
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Bounded_Priority_Queues (A.18.31)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Bounded_Synchronized_Queues (A.18.29)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists (A.18.3)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Generic_Array_Sort (A.18.26)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Generic_Constrained_Array_Sort (A.18.26)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Generic_Sort (A.18.26)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Hashed_Maps (A.18.5)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Hashed_Sets (A.18.8)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Doubly_Linked_Lists (A.18.12)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Maps (A.18.13)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Sets (A.18.15)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Holders (A.18.18)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Multiway_Trees (A.18.17)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Ordered_Maps (A.18.14)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Ordered_Sets (A.18.16)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Vectors (A.18.11)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Multiway_Trees (A.18.10)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Ordered_Maps (A.18.6)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Ordered_Sets (A.18.9)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Synchronized_Queue_Interfaces (A.18.27)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Unbounded_Priority_Queues (A.18.30)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Unbounded_Synchronized_Queues (A.18.28)
+
+@item Ada.Containers.Vectors (A.18.2)
+
+@item Ada.Directories (A.16)
+This package provides operations on directories.
+
+@item Ada.Directories.Hierarchical_File_Names (A.16.1)
+This package provides additional directory operations handling
+hiearchical file names.
+
+@item Ada.Directories.Information (A.16)
+This is an implementation defined package for additional directory
+operations, which is not implemented in GNAT.
+
@item Ada.Decimal (F.2)
This package provides constants describing the range of decimal numbers
implemented, and also a decimal divide routine (analogous to the COBOL
fixed-length, containing an arbitrary definite Ada type, indexed by an
integer record number.
+@item Ada.Dispatching (D.2.1)
+A parent package containing definitions for task dispatching operations.
+
+@item Ada.Dispatching.EDF (D.2.6)
+Not implemented in GNAT.
+
+@item Ada.Dispatching.Non_Preemptive (D.2.4)
+Not implemented in GNAT.
+
+@item Ada.Dispatching.Round_Robin (D.2.5)
+Not implemented in GNAT.
+
@item Ada.Dynamic_Priorities (D.5)
This package allows the priorities of a task to be adjusted dynamically
as the task is running.
+@item Ada.Environment_Variables (A.17)
+This package provides facilities for accessing environment variables.
+
@item Ada.Exceptions (11.4.1)
This package provides additional information on exceptions, and also
contains facilities for treating exceptions as data objects, and raising
exceptions with associated messages.
+@item Ada.Execution_Time (D.14)
+Not implemented in GNAT.
+
+@item Ada.Execution_Time.Group_Budgets (D.14.2)
+Not implemented in GNAT.
+
+@item Ada.Execution_Time.Timers (D.14.1)'
+Not implemented in GNAT.
+
@item Ada.Finalization (7.6)
This package contains the declarations and subprograms to support the
use of controlled types, providing for automatic initialization and
-finalization (analogous to the constructors and destructors of C++)
+finalization (analogous to the constructors and destructors of C++).
+
+@item Ada.Float_Text_IO (A.10.9)
+A library level instantiation of Text_IO.Float_IO for type Float.
+
+@item Ada.Float_Wide_Text_IO (A.10.9)
+A library level instantiation of Wide_Text_IO.Float_IO for type Float.
+
+@item Ada.Float_Wide_Wide_Text_IO (A.10.9)
+A library level instantiation of Wide_Wide_Text_IO.Float_IO for type Float.
+
+@item Ada.Integer_Text_IO (A.10.9)
+A library level instantiation of Text_IO.Integer_IO for type Integer.
+
+@item Ada.Integer_Wide_Text_IO (A.10.9)
+A library level instantiation of Wide_Text_IO.Integer_IO for type Integer.
+
+@item Ada.Integer_Wide_Wide_Text_IO (A.10.9)
+A library level instantiation of Wide_Wide_Text_IO.Integer_IO for type Integer.
@item Ada.Interrupts (C.3.2)
This package provides facilities for interfacing to interrupts, which
This package defines the set of exceptions that can be raised by use of
the standard IO packages.
+@item Ada.Iterator_Interfaces (5.5.1)
+This package provides a generic interface to generalized iterators.
+
+@item Ada.Locales (A.19)
+This package provides declarations providing information (Language
+and Country) about the current locale.
+
@item Ada.Numerics
This package contains some standard constants and exceptions used
throughout the numerics packages. Note that the constants pi and e are
defined here, and it is better to use these definitions than rolling
your own.
+@item Ada.Numerics.Complex_Arrays (G.3.2)
+Provides operations on arrays of complex numbers.
+
@item Ada.Numerics.Complex_Elementary_Functions
Provides the implementation of standard elementary functions (such as
log and trigonometric functions) operating on complex numbers using the
@code{Ada.Numerics.Long_Elementary_Functions}
@end table
+@item Ada.Numerics.Generic_Real_Arrays (G.3.1)
+Generic operations on arrays of reals
+
+@item Ada.Numerics.Real_Arrays (G.3.1)
+Preinstantiation of Ada.Numerics.Generic_Real_Arrays (Float).
+
@item Ada.Real_Time (D.8)
This package provides facilities similar to those of @code{Calendar}, but
operating with a finer clock suitable for real time control. Note that
the GNAT runtime depends is deliberately reset by some external event,
then such a backward jump may occur.
+@item Ada.Real_Time.Timing_Events (D.15)
+Not implemented in GNAT.
+
@item Ada.Sequential_IO (A.8.1)
This package provides input-output facilities for sequential files,
which can contain a sequence of values of a single type, which can be
somewhat more limited than the unbounded model, but avoids the use of
dynamic allocation or finalization.
+@item Ada.Strings.Bounded.Equal_Case_Insensitive (A.4.10)
+Provides case-insensitive comparisons of bounded strings
+
@item Ada.Strings.Fixed (A.4.3)
This package provides facilities for handling fixed length strings.
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